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who played morticia in the addams family tv show
|
[
"Carolyn Sue Jones",
"Carolyn Sue Jones",
"Carolyn Sue Jones",
"Carolyn Sue Jones",
"Carolyn Sue Jones"
] |
{
"0": "Carolyn Jones - wikipedia Carolyn Jones Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see Carolyn Jones ( disambiguation ) . Carolyn Jones Jones in 1956 Carolyn Sue Jones ( 1930 - 04 - 28 ) April 28 , 1930 Amarillo , Texas , United States August 3 , 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 03 ) ( aged 53 ) West Hollywood , California , United States Cause of death Colon cancer Resting place Melrose Abbey Memorial Park Cemetery , Anaheim , California Education Amarillo High School Occupation Actress , singer Years active 1952 -- 1983 Spouse ( s ) Don Donaldson ( m . 1950 ; div. 1951 ) Aaron Spelling ( m . 1953 ; div. 1964 ) Herbert Greene ( m . 1968 ; div. 1977 ) Peter Bailey - Britton ( m . 1982 ; her death 1983 ) Carolyn Sue Jones ( April 28 , 1930 -- August 3 , 1983 ) was an American actress of television and film . Jones began her film career in the early 1950s , and by the end of the decade had achieved recognition with a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Bachelor Party ( 1957 ) and a Golden Globe Award as one of the most promising actresses of 1959 . Her film career continued for another 20 years . In 1964 , she began playing the role of Morticia Addams ( as well as her sister Ophelia and the feminine counterpart of Thing , Lady Fingers ) , in the original black and white television series The Addams Family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life and illness 4 Marriages 5 Death 6 Selected filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 Awards and honors 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Early Life ( edit ) Carolyn Jones was born in Amarillo , Texas , the daughter of Chloe Jeanette Southern , a housewife , and Julius Alfred Jones , a barber .",
"1": "After her father abandoned the family in 1934 , Carolyn and her younger sister , Bette Rhea Jones , moved with their mother into her parents ' Amarillo home . Jones suffered from severe asthma that often restricted her childhood activities , and when her condition prevented her from going to the movies , she became an avid reader of Hollywood fan magazines and aspired to become an actress . She enrolled at the Pasadena Playhouse in California at seventeen , with her grandfather , Charles W. Baker , paying her tuition . Career ( edit ) Jones and John Astin as Gomez and Morticia Addams in The Addams Family 1964 . Guest stars for the 1961 premiere episode of The Dick Powell Show , `` Who Killed Julie Greer ? '' . Standing , from left : Ronald Reagan , Nick Adams , Lloyd Bridges , Mickey Rooney , Edgar Bergen , Jack Carson , Ralph Bellamy , Kay Thompson , Dean Jones . Seated , from left , Carolyn Jones and Dick Powell . Carolyn Jones and John Church in the Broadway play The Homecoming ( 1967 ) After being spotted by a talent scout at the Playhouse , Jones secured a contract with Paramount Pictures and made her first film , The Turning Point , in 1952 . In 1953 , she married aspiring filmmaker Aaron Spelling . She appeared in several episodes of Dragnet , credited as Caroline Jones in at least one episode ; had an uncredited bit part as a nightclub hostess in The Big Heat , and a role in House of Wax as the woman who is converted by Vincent Price into a Joan of Arc statue . In 1954 , she played Beth in Shield for Murder , earning $500 per day for playing the role . Jones was cast in the film From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) in the role of Alma `` Lorene '' Burke , which was written for her . However , a bout with pneumonia forced her to withdraw ; the role earned Donna Reed the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Jones made her television debut on the DuMont series Gruen Playhouse in 1952 . She appeared in two Rod Cameron syndicated series , City Detective and State Trooper , as Betty Fowler in the 1956 episode , `` The Paperhanger of Pioche '' . She guest - starred in Ray Milland 's CBS sitcom , Meet Mr. McNutley .",
"2": "She made five appearances on the crime drama series Dragnet , starring Jack Webb , between 1953 and 1955 . In 1955 , Jones appeared on the CBS anthology series Alfred Hitchcock Presents in the episode `` The Cheney Vase '' as a secretary assisting her scheming boyfriend Darren McGavin in attempting an art theft , and opposite Ruta Lee . In 1956 , Jones appeared in Invasion of the Body Snatchers and in Alfred Hitchcock 's remake of his own film , The Man Who Knew Too Much . In 1957 , she had the lead in the episode `` The Girl in the Grass '' on CBS 's Schlitz Playhouse , with once again Ray Milland and Nora Marlowe . Jones appeared three times as a guest star on the television series Wagon Train , in the first - season episode `` The John Cameron Story '' ( 1957 ) and in the later color episodes `` The Jenna Albright Story '' ( 1961 ) and `` The Molly Kincaid Story '' ( 1963 ) . In 1958 , Jones was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Bachelor Party , and she also shared a Golden Globe Award for `` Most Promising Newcomer '' with Sandra Dee and Diane Varsi , and appeared with Elvis Presley in King Creole . In 1959 , Jones played opposite Frank Sinatra in Frank Capra 's A Hole in the Head , Dean Martin in Career , and Anthony Quinn and Kirk Douglas in Last Train from Gun Hill . In 1960 , she guest - starred with James Best and Jack Mullaney in the episode `` Love on Credit '' of CBS 's anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson , a Four Star Television production . In the 1962 -- 1963 season , Jones guest - starred on CBS 's The Lloyd Bridges Show , which Spelling created . While married to Spelling , she appeared on the NBC program Here 's Hollywood . In the epic Western , How The West Was Won ( 1963 ) , she played the role of Sheriff Jeb Rawlings ' ( George Peppard ) wife . She appears with Peppard and Debbie Reynolds in the last speaking / singing scenes of the film .",
"3": "In 1964 , using a long coal - black wig , the brunette Jones began playing Morticia Addams on the television series The Addams Family , a role which brought her success as a comedian and a Golden Globe Award nomination . She guest - starred on the 1960s TV series Batman , playing Marsha , the Queen of Diamonds , and in 1976 appeared as the title character 's mother , Hippolyta , on the Wonder Woman TV series . In 1977 she played a madam running a rural whorehouse in Tobe Hooper 's follow - up movie after The Texas Chain Saw Massacre which was Eaten Alive , and featured Neville Brand , Roberta Collins , and Robert Englund . Her last role was that of Myrna , the scheming matriarch of the Clegg clan , on the soap opera Capitol from the first episode in March 1982 until March 1983 , though she already knew that she was dying of cancer . During her occasional absences , veteran actress Marla Adams subbed for her . Personal Life and illness ( edit ) Her acting career declined after The Addams Family ended in 1966 . Sporadic roles in the 1970s included that of Mrs. Moore , the wife of the plantation owner in the miniseries Roots . Jones landed the role of the power - driven political matriarch Myrna Clegg in the CBS daytime soap opera Capitol in 1981 . The following year , shortly after Capitol debuted , she was diagnosed with colon cancer , and played many of her scenes in a wheelchair . The cancer spread quickly to her liver and stomach . Despite the pain , Carolyn finished the first season . Marriages ( edit ) Jones was married four times . While studying at the Pasadena Playhouse , Jones married Don Donaldson , a 28 - year - old fellow student . The couple soon divorced . Jones was subsequently married to television producer Aaron Spelling from 1953 until their 1964 separation and divorce ; Jones converted to Judaism when she married Spelling . Her third marriage , in 1968 , was to Tony Award - winning Broadway musical director , vocal arranger and co-producer Herbert Greene ( who was her vocal coach ) ; she left him in 1977 .",
"4": "In September 1982 , realizing she was dying , Jones married her boyfriend of five years , actor Peter Bailey - Britton . She wore a lace and ribbon cap to hide the loss of her hair from chemotherapy . Death ( edit ) Jones was diagnosed with colon cancer in March 1981 , but continued to work while telling colleagues she was being treated for ulcers . After a period of apparent remission , the cancer returned in 1982 . In July 1983 , she fell into a coma at her home in West Hollywood , California , where she died on August 3 , 1983 . She donated her Morticia costume and wig to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , while a collection of Addams Family scripts were donated by Bailey - Britton to UCLA . Selected filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Jones and Aaron Spelling in 1960 Year Film Role Notes 1952 The Turning Point Miss Lillian Smith Uncredited 1952 Road to Bali Eunice Uncredited 1952 Off Limits Deborah 1953 The War of the Worlds Blonde Party Guest Uncredited 1953 House of Wax Cathy Gray 1953 The Big Heat Doris 1953 Geraldine Kitty 1954 Make Haste to Live Mary Rose 1954 The Saracen Blade Elaine of Siniscola 1954 Shield for Murder Girl at Bar 1954 Three Hours to Kill Polly 1954 Désirée Mme .",
"5": "Tallien Uncredited 1955 The Seven Year Itch Miss Finch 1955 The Tender Trap Helen 1956 Invasion of the Body Snatchers Theodora ' Teddy ' Belicec 1956 The Man Who Knew Too Much Cindy Fontaine 1956 The Opposite Sex Pat 1957 The Bachelor Party The Existentialist Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1957 Johnny Trouble Julie Horton 1957 Baby Face Nelson Sue Nelson 1957 Marjorie Morningstar Marsha Zelenko Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year -- Actress ( with Sandra Dee and Diane Varsi ) 1958 King Creole Ronnie 1959 The Man in the Net Linda Hamilton 1959 Last Train from Gun Hill Linda 1959 A Hole in the Head Shirl 1959 Career Shirley Drake 1960 Ice Palace Bridie Ballantyne 1961 Sail a Crooked Ship Virginia 1962 How the West Was Won Julie Rawlings 1963 A Ticklish Affair Tandy Martin 1969 Heaven with a Gun Madge McCloud 1969 Color Me Dead Paula Gibson 1976 Eaten Alive Miss Hattie 1979 Good Luck , Miss Wyckoff Beth Television ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1952 - 1954 Mr. and Mrs.",
"6": "North Various characters 3 episodes 1953 - 1955 Dragnet Various characters 5 episodes ; billed as Caroline Jones 1954 The Pepsi - Cola Playhouse Karen Brook 3 episodes 1954 - 1955 Studio 57 Various characters 4 episodes 1955 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Pamela Waring Episode : `` The Cheney Vase '' 1954 - 1957 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Various characters 4 episodes 1955 - 1957 The Millionaire Carol Fletcher ; Emily Short 2 episodes 1957 - 1961 Zane Grey Theater Various characters 3 episodes 1957 - 1963 Wagon Train Various characters 3 episodes 1961 - 1962 The Dick Powell Show Various characters 3 episodes 1962 Dr.",
"7": "Kildare Evy Schaller Episode : `` The Mask Makers '' 1963 - 1964 Burke 's Law Richards quintuplets ( 1963 ) ; Carole Durand ( 1964 ) 2 episodes Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best TV Star - Female ( 1963 ) 1964 - 1966 The Addams Family Morticia Addams ; Ophelia Frump ; Lady Fingers 64 episodes 1966 - 1967 Batman Marsha , Queen of Diamonds 5 episodes 1969 The Mod Squad Lisa Whittaker ; Ginny Episode : `` Lisa '' 1969 Storybook Squares Morticia Addams Series debut 1969 Love , American Style Vera Segment : `` Love and the Geisha '' 1971 The Virginian Annie Spencer Episode : `` The Legacy of Spencer Flats '' 1972 The New Scooby - Doo Movies Morticia Addams ( voice ) Episode : `` Wednesday is Missing '' Ironside Justine Cross 2 episodes 1976 Ellery Queen Rita Radcliffe Episode : `` The Adventure of the Hardhearted Huckster '' 1976 - 1977 Wonder Woman Queen Hippolyta 3 episodes 1977 Roots Mrs. Moore Television miniseries 1977 Halloween with the New Addams Family Morticia Addams ; Ophelia Frump Television film 1977 Little Ladies of the Night Marilyn Atkins Television film 1977 - 1981 Quincy , M.E.",
"8": "Various characters 3 episodes 1979 The French Atlantic Affair Peg Television miniseries 1979 The Love Boat Margaret Jerome Segment : `` Cindy '' 1979 -- 1982 Fantasy Island Various characters 3 episodes 1980 The Dream Merchants Vera Television miniseries 1981 Midnight Lace Bernadette Chance Remake of 1960 feature film 1982 Capitol Myrna Clegg 8 episodes ; final acting role Awards and honors ( edit ) Year Award Title of work Result 1957 Academy Award Best Supporting Actress The Bachelor Party Nominated 1957 Golden Globe Award New Star of the Year -- Actress Marjorie Morningstar Won 1963 Golden Globe Award Best TV Star - Female Burke 's Law Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Birth Certificate ^ Jump up to : Pylant , 2012 ^ Jump up to : The Addams Family 's Carolyn Jones : A Descendant of Geronimo ? Archived 2008 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stroder , Chris ( 2000 ) . Swingin ' Chicks of the ' 60s : A Tribute to 101 of the Decade 's Defining Women . Cedco Publishing . ISBN 0768322324 . Jump up ^ Donnelley , Paul ( 2003 ) . Fade to Black : A Book of Movie Obituaries . Music Sales Group . ISBN 0711995125 . Jump up ^ 1940 United States Census ( Retrieved December 30 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Thise , Mark M. ( 2008 ) . Hollywood Winners and Losers , A to Z . Limelight Editions . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0879103514 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carolyn Jones Is Dead at 50 ; A TV Actress '' . The New York Times . United Press International . August 4 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Jones at the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ Weaver , Tom ( 2010 ) .",
"9": "A Sci - Fi Swarm and Horror Horde : Interviews with 62 Filmmakers . McFarland & Company . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4658 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Carolyn Jones and Marshall Thompson '' . Here 's Hollywood . Episode 1.39. 23 November 1960 . NBC . Jump up ^ Paul Donnelley , Fade To Black : A Book of Movie Obituaries , page 369 ( Omnibus Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 9512 - 5 Jump up ^ Del Vecchio , Deborah ( 2012 ) . Beverly Garland : Her Life and Career . McFarland & Company . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0786465019 . Jump up ^ Christopher Schemering , The Soap Opera Encyclopedia ( Ballantine Books , 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 345 - 35344 - 7 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Sentinel August 9 , 1959 p. 27 Jump up ^ Spelling , Aaron ; Graham , Jefferson ( 1996 ) . A Prime - Time Life : An Autobiography . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 14268 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Do you think you know film ? The ' TCM Classic Movie Trivia ' book has more than 4,000 questions to test your knowledge '' , Los Angeles Times , September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Why Carolyn Jones did not want to kiss Elvis Presley '' . The Cliff Edge . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pylant ( 2012 ) , p. 207 Bibliography ( edit ) Pylant , James ( 2012 ) . In Morticia 's Shadow : The Life & Career of Carolyn Jones . Jacobus Books . ISBN 978 - 0984185757 . Further reading ( edit ) Jones , Carolyn ( 1971 ) . Twice Upon a Time . Trident Press .",
"10": "ISBN 978 - 0671270742 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carolyn Jones . Carolyn Jones on IMDb Carolyn Jones at the Internet Broadway Database Carolyn Jones at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Carolyn Jones at AllMovie Carolyn Jones at Film Reference ( hide ) Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year -- Actress Lois Maxwell ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1950 ) Pier Angeli ( 1952 ) Colette Marchand ( 1953 ) Pat Crowley , Bella Darvi , Barbara Rush ( 1954 ) Karen Sharpe , Kim Novak , Shirley MacLaine ( 1955 ) Anita Ekberg , Victoria Shaw , Dana Wynter ( 1956 ) Carroll Baker , Jayne Mansfield , Natalie Wood ( 1957 ) Carolyn Jones , Diane Varsi , Sandra Dee ( 1958 ) Linda Cristal , Susan Kohner , Tina Louise ( 1959 ) Janet Munro , Tuesday Weld , Angie Dickinson , Stella Stevens ( 1960 ) Ina Balin , Hayley Mills , Nancy Kwan ( 1961 ) Ann - Margret , Jane Fonda , Christine Kaufmann ( 1962 ) Sue Lyon , Patty Duke , Rita Tushingham ( 1963 ) Tippi Hedren , Elke Sommer , Ursula Andress ( 1964 ) Mia Farrow , Mary Ann Mobley , Celia Kaye ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Hartman ( 1966 ) Jessica Walter ( 1967 ) Katharine Ross ( 1968 ) Olivia Hussey ,",
"11": "Marianne McAndrew ( 1969 ) Ali MacGraw ( 1970 ) Carrie Snodgress ( 1971 ) Twiggy ( 1972 ) Diana Ross ( 1973 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1974 ) Susan Flannery ( 1975 ) Marilyn Hassett ( 1976 ) Jessica Lange ( 1977 ) Irene Miracle ( 1979 ) Bette Midler ( 1980 ) Nastassja Kinski ( 1981 ) Pia Zadora ( 1982 ) Sandahl Bergman ( 1983 ) VIAF : 54357515 LCCN : n95075142 ISNI : 0000 0001 1764 0061 GND : 137109962 SUDOC : 168121360 BNF : cb141911039 ( data ) BNE : XX1118254 SNAC : w64b5j2x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolyn_Jones&oldid=827165675 '' Categories : 1930 births 1983 deaths Actresses from Texas American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses People from Amarillo , Texas Amarillo High School alumni 20th - century American actresses Burials in Orange County ,",
"12": "California Converts to Judaism Jewish American actresses Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from colorectal cancer Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog اردو 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 03 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many episodes of the white princess will there be
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{
"0": "The White Princess ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The White Princess ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search The White Princess Genre Drama Historical fiction Based on The White Princess by Philippa Gregory The King 's Curse Philippa Gregory Written by Emma Frost Sarah Dollard Loren McLaughlan Amy Roberts Alice Nutter Sarah Phelps Directed by Jamie Payne Alex Kalymnios Starring Jodie Comer Rebecca Benson Jacob Collins - Levy Kenneth Cranham Essie Davis Rossy de Palma Richard Dillane Anthony Flanagan Patrick Gibson Caroline Goodall Amy Manson Adrian Rawlins Vincent Regan Suki Waterhouse Joanne Whalley Andrew Whipp Michelle Fairley Composer ( s ) John Lunn Country of origin United States United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Emma Frost Jamie Payne Colin Callender Scott Huff Michele Buck Producer ( s ) Lachlan MacKinnon Cinematography Chris Seager Editor ( s ) St. John O'Rorke Anne Sopel Jamie Trevill Production company ( s ) Company Pictures Playground Release Original network Starz Original release April 16 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) -- June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) Chronology Preceded by The White Queen External links Website The White Princess is a British - American historical fiction television series for Starz , based on Philippa Gregory 's 2013 novel of the same name and , to a lesser extent , its sequel The King 's Curse . It is a sequel to The White Queen , a 2013 BBC - produced miniseries adapting three of Gregory 's previous novels . In the eight episode series , the marriage of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York effectively ends the Wars of the Roses by uniting the houses of Lancaster and York . However , their mutual enmity and distrust -- as well as the political plots of their mothers -- threaten to tear both the marriage and the kingdom apart .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Development 4 Casting 5 Production 6 Marketing 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jodie Comer as Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' of York , the Queen of England Rebecca Benson as Margaret `` Maggie '' Plantagenet , the Queen 's paternal cousin , sister of Teddy Jacob Collins - Levy as Henry VII , the King of England , Elizabeth 's husband Kenneth Cranham as Bishop ( later Cardinal ) John Morton , a confidant of the King 's mother Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth Woodville , the Queen 's mother Rossy de Palma as Isabella I of Castile , the Queen of Castile Richard Dillane as Thomas Stanley , Margaret Beaufort 's husband Anthony Flanagan as Francis Lovell , a Yorkist supporter Patrick Gibson as Perkin Warbeck , a pretender to the English crown and husband of Cathy Gordon Caroline Goodall as Cecily Neville , Duchess of York , the Queen 's paternal grandmother . Goodall is the only actor appearing in both The White Queen and The White Princess . Amy Manson as Catherine `` Cathy '' Gordon , wife of Perkin Warbeck Adrian Rawlins as John de la Pole , Duke of Suffolk , husband of Eliza de la Pole Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor , the King 's uncle Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York , the Queen 's sister Joanne Whalley as Margaret , Duchess of Burgundy , the Queen 's paternal aunt Andrew Whipp as Sir Richard Pole , husband of Maggie Plantagenet Michelle Fairley as Margaret Beaufort , the King 's mother Recurring ( edit ) Nicholas Audsley as Lord Strange Rhys Connah ( child ) and Albert de Jongh ( teen ) as Edward `` Teddy '' Plantagenet , Earl of Warwick , the Queen 's cousin , brother of Maggie Heidi Ely as Princess Bridget , the Queen 's sister Oliver Hembrough as John de la Pole , Earl of Lincoln , the Duke of Suffolk 's son Rosie Knightley as Princess Anne , the Queen 's sister Ava Masters as Princess Catherine ,",
"2": "the Queen 's sister Rollo Skinner as Ned , a stable boy Susie Trayling as Elizabeth `` Eliza '' de la Pole , Duchess of Suffolk , the Queen 's paternal aunt Guy Williams as William Stanley , Lord Thomas 's brother Iain Batchelor as Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor Dorian Grover as Philip Zazie Hayhurst as Rettie Billy Barratt as Prince Arthur , the King 's first son Woody Norman as Prince Harry , the King 's second son Philip Arditti as Rodrigo de Puebla , the Spanish ambassador Guest ( edit ) Ned Elliott as Prince Richard , the Queen 's brother Luc Webb as Prince Edward , the Queen 's brother Derek Frood as the Mayor of York Kitty Smith as Ruth Emmanuelle Bouaziz as Mary of Burgundy Max True as Lambert Simnel Nia Roberts as Catherine `` Kate '' Woodville , Duchess of Buckingham Norman Arthur Eshley as the Abbot Marc Danbury as the Priest Juan Echenique as Ferdinand II of Aragon , the King of Aragon Nicholas Gecks as the Wimborne Priest Alex Sawyer as Kofi , Novice Monk Mark Edel - Hunt as Thomas Wolsey Alasdair McLaughlin as Noah Luff Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` In Bed With The Enemy '' Jamie Payne Emma Frost April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 0.633 Arriving triumphantly in London after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth , the new king Henry Tudor is compelled to wed Elizabeth of York -- whom he despises due to her purported affair with Richard -- to join the warring houses of Lancaster and York . Lizzie hates Henry as well , even more so when he insists on getting her pregnant before committing himself to marry her . Recognizing the influence over Henry that her new pregnancy gives her , Lizzie decides to play the part of dutiful wife as she and her mother , the former Queen consort Elizabeth , plot against the Tudors .",
"3": "`` Hearts and Minds '' Jamie Payne Emma Frost April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.712 Henry embarks on a tour of the kingdom to assert his sovereignty . Planning to accompany him to secretly rally York supporters , Lizzie 's mother Elizabeth is instead neutralized by Henry 's own mother Margaret Beaufort and locked up in Westminster Palace . Henry survives an assassination attempt by Yorkist Francis Lovell but suspects Lizzie 's involvement ; she recognizes it as her mother 's handiwork , and denounces any intentions to actually kill Henry . In his absence , Lizzie wins favor with the common people by seizing funds from the Royal Treasury to aid those threatened by the sweating sickness . Though she is unable to convince Henry to free her young cousin Teddy Plantagenet from the Tower of London , Lizzie reinforces Henry 's growing attachment to her . `` Burgundy '' Jamie Payne Emma Frost April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 0.784 Lizzie gives birth to Prince Arthur , and finds common ground with Henry . Jasper Tudor visits Margaret of Burgundy seeking an alliance but peace negotiations are suddenly aborted by an incident at the Burgundy court . In the meantime , Lizzie 's mother Elizabeth is exiled to Bermondsey Abbey . `` The Pretender '' Alex Kalymnios Sarah Dollard & Emma Frost May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) 0.845 As plans are made to safely marry the York princesses to Tudor loyalists , Margaret of Burgundy raises an army behind a peasant boy she has declared is Teddy Plantagenet . Lizzie convinces Henry to release the real Teddy from the Tower and make a public display that he is happily ensconced with the Tudors . Margaret Beaufort , the King 's Mother , arranges a disturbance that sends Teddy back to the Tower as a threat to Henry 's rule . Henry defeats the pretender 's forces and shows mercy to the boy . Though Margaret declares the Dowager Queen Elizabeth complicit in the conspiracy , Henry declines executing his wife 's mother .",
"4": "5 `` Traitors '' Alex Kalymnios Loren McLaughlan & Amy Roberts May 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 14 ) 0.951 Margaret of Burgundy is rallying European support around a boy she recognizes as the true heir to the English throne , Lizzie 's brother Richard Plantagenet , the Duke of York . Henry sends Lizzie 's cousin Maggie , now Lady Pole , to prove that the boy is an impostor . Henry and Lizzie name their own son Henry as the Duke of York , but Lizzie 's mother , the Dowager Queen , interrupts the ceremony with a pronouncement that her son , the rightful King of England , is alive in Burgundy . Though partially convinced of Richard 's authenticity , Maggie declares him an impostor when questioned by Henry . Jasper learns that Margaret Beaufort , the King 's Mother , ordered the murders of the Princes in the Tower and is outraged ; to preserve her secret , Margaret smothers a sick Jasper to death while he is in bed . 6 `` English Blood on English Soil '' Alex Kalymnios Emma Frost & Alice Nutter May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 0.792 William Stanley is executed for his support to the pretender Perkin Warbeck , who -- through a marriage with the Scottish noblewoman Catherine Gordon -- is gaining the support of most European kingdoms except Spain . Lizzie and Henry travel to Spain to seek for an alliance , but Queen Isabella of Castile refuses to help the king until his traitors are dealt with . After the death of the Dowager Queen Elizabeth , Lizzie inspires Henry 's men to fight against the pretender , who ultimately finds sanctuary in a monastery . Warbeck is later retrieved by the King 's Mother , who drags him to London pending Henry 's reckoning . 7 `` Two Kings '' Jamie Payne Emma Frost May 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 28 ) 0.722 Though Warbeck , his wife , and their son are Henry 's prisoners , he refuses to denounce his claim to the throne . Maggie becomes an unlikely spy for her aunt , Margaret of Burgundy .",
"5": "Lizzie is convinced that Warbeck is her brother , but knows that his existence threatens her husband and sons . She starts a fire to allow him to escape , but he refuses . 8 `` Old Curses '' Jamie Payne Sarah Phelps June 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 04 ) 0.868 Lizzie finally admits to Henry that she and her mother cursed her brothers ' murderers ; if Henry kills Warbeck -- who she believes is Richard -- he will visit the curse on their sons . Lizzie offers up an imposter to be executed in Warbeck 's place , but Margaret of Burgundy is not fooled . Henry nearly strangles his mother as he realizes that she murdered the Princes in the Tower , cursing his bloodline . With the ruse discovered , Lizzie realizes that the only way to secure the alliance with Spain and assure her sons ' futures is to allow her brother and Teddy to be executed . The King 's Mother remarks to a furious Lizzie how alike they are . Development ( edit ) The 10 - part 2013 television series The White Queen adapted Gregory 's previous novels The White Queen ( 2009 ) , The Red Queen ( 2010 ) and The Kingmaker 's Daughter ( 2012 ) . The series was broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom and on Starz in the United States , and features Freya Mavor as a young Elizabeth of York . Despite initial plans for a second series , on 20 August 2013 the BBC announced they were not commissioning one , possibly due to the lukewarm reception the series received . However , in October 2013 , The Telegraph reported that Starz was planning to develop a sequel miniseries called The White Princess , based on Gregory 's novel . Starz CEO Chris Albrecht announced in January 2014 that the network was working with White Queen screenwriter Emma Frost on the project . Starz would produce the White Princess miniseries without involvement from the BBC . Gregory confirmed that the project was underway in August 2015 . On 7 February 2016 , Gregory announced on Facebook that the sequel was officially confirmed to be in production , with the scripts being written . The series was confirmed to be eight episodes in May 2016 .",
"6": "Casting ( edit ) Jodie Comer was cast in the title role of Elizabeth of York in April 2016 , with Michelle Fairley added as Margaret Beaufort in May . In June 2016 , Starz announced the casting of Essie Davis as Dowager Queen Elizabeth , Jacob Collins - Levy as Henry VII , Suki Waterhouse as Cecily of York , Rebecca Benson as Margaret Plantagenet , and Joanne Whalley as Margaret , Duchess of Burgundy . The remaining cast includes Caroline Goodall as Duchess Cecily , Kenneth Cranham as Bishop Morton , Vincent Regan as Jasper Tudor. and Rhys Connah as Teddy Plantagenet . Production ( edit ) Production on The White Princess began in June 2016 , with locations including Bradford on Avon , Bristol , Berkeley Castle , Gloucester Cathedral , Lacock , Salisbury Cathedral , and Wells . Jamie Payne , who directed three episodes of The White Queen , directed episodes 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , and 8 . Frost is showrunner and executive producer . Lachlan MacKinnon is serving as producer , with Gregory as executive producer . Playground 's Colin Callender and Scott Huff are serving as executive producers with Company Pictures ' Michele Buck . In early January 2017 , the producers released a video clip from the series as a teaser trailer . Marketing ( edit ) In February 2017 , Starz announced that The White Princess would premiere on 16 April 2017 . In the UK the series began its satellite and terrestrial broadcasts on the Drama channel on 18 November 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The White Princess : Episode Guide '' . Screener . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The White Princess -- Crew '' . Starz . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The White Princess -- Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 18 April 2017 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : Showbuzdaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- Media Centre : The White Queen , a new ten - part drama for BBC One '' . BBC . 31 August 2012 .",
"8": "Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reign over for The White Queen '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Tim ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` The White Queen is to make a comeback '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 10 January 2014 ) . `` TCA : Starz 's Chris Albrecht On 2014 Plans , White Queen Sequel , Magic City Demise '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Walker - Arnott , Ellie ( 10 August 2015 ) . `` A sequel to The White Queen is definitely in the works '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philippa Gregory '' . Facebook . 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 10 May 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones Michelle Fairley Joins Starz 's The White Princess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` Two More Game of Thrones Actors Just Joined Starz 's The White Queen Follow - Up '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` Doctor Foster Star Jodie Comer Lands Lead Role In Starz Sequel The White Princess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Laura ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` Two More Game of Thrones Actors Just Joined Starz 's The White Queen Follow - Up '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` The White Princess : Essie Davis , Joanne Whalley , More Join Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` Bradford on Avon is centre stage for filming of White Princess '' . Wiltshire Times . Newsquest. 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . in the Tithe Barn , near Frome Road , and St Laurence 's Church , in Church Street . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` White Princess Miniseries : Production Begins on Starz Show '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , John ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Film friendly cathedral provides setting for another blockbuster '' . Gloucester Review . Gloucester Review . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacock goes back to 1485 for filming of The White Princess '' . The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald . Jump up ^ `` TV crew filming historical drama at cathedral '' . Salisbury Journal . Jump up ^ Magistrates Reporter ( 25 December 2016 ) . `` Dunkirk , The White Princess , Broadchurch , Poldark : when will scenes shot in Somerset be on screen ? '' . Somerset Live . Local World . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . See the video in our story here for a glimpse of the actors filming the highly anticipated drama . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 5 January 2017 ) . `` STARZ 's The White Princess Teaser Walks the Line '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Starz 's The White Princess Sets Premiere Date , Unveils Key Art & Trailer '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 9 February 2017 .",
"10": "External links ( edit ) Official website The White Princess on IMDb Works by Philippa Gregory The Wideacre trilogy Wideacre ( 1987 ) The Favored Child ( 1989 ) Meridon ( 1990 ) The Tudor Court series Novels The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2001 ) The Queen 's Fool ( 2003 ) The Virgin 's Lover ( 2004 ) The Constant Princess ( 2005 ) The Boleyn Inheritance ( 2006 ) The Other Queen ( 2008 ) The Taming of the Queen ( 2015 ) Three Sisters , Three Queens ( 2016 ) Adaptations The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2003 film ) The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 film ) The Cousins ' War series Novels The White Queen ( 2009 ) The Red Queen ( 2010 ) The Lady of the Rivers ( 2011 ) The Kingmaker 's Daughter ( 2012 ) The White Princess ( 2013 ) The King 's Curse ( 2014 ) Adaptations The White Queen ( TV series ) ( 2013 ) The White Princess ( miniseries ) ( 2017 ) Other novels A Respectable Trade ( 1995 ) The Little House ( 1996 ) Non-fiction The Women of the Cousins ' War ( 2011 ) Starz original programming Former 2000s debuts The Bronx Bunny Show ( 2007 ) Head Case ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hollywood Residential ( 2008 ) Crash ( 2008 -- 09 ) Party Down ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Spartacus : Blood and Sand ( 2010 ) Gravity ( 2010 )",
"11": "The Pillars of the Earth ( 2010 ) Spartacus : Gods of the Arena ( 2011 ) Camelot ( 2011 ) Torchwood : Miracle Day ( 2011 ) Boss ( 2011 -- 12 ) Spartacus : Vengeance ( 2012 ) Magic City ( 2012 -- 13 ) Spartacus : War of the Damned ( 2013 ) Da Vinci 's Demons ( 2013 -- 15 ) Black Sails ( 2014 -- 17 ) Survivor 's Remorse ( 2014 -- 17 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) Flesh and Bone ( 2015 ) Close to the Enemy ( 2016 ) The White Princess ( 2017 ) Current Power ( since 2014 ) Outlander ( since 2014 ) The Missing ( since 2014 ) Ash vs Evil Dead ( since 2015 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( since 2016 ) American Gods ( since 2017 ) Counterpart ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Howards End ( 2018 ) Sweetbitter ( 2018 ) Vida ( 2018 ) The Continental ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"12": "php?title=The_White_Princess_(miniseries)&oldid=815394441 '' Categories : 2010s American television miniseries Costume drama television series English - language television programs Henry VII of England House of Tudor Serial drama television series Television programs based on British novels Television series about the history of England Television series set in the 15th century Television series set in the Middle Ages Works about women in war 2010s British drama television series Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Magyar Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was pac man released in the us
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{
"0": "Pac - Man - wikipedia Pac - Man Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original Pac - Man arcade game from 1980 . For the video game series , see List of Pac - Man video games . For the video game character , see Pac - Man ( character ) . For other uses , see Pac - Man ( disambiguation ) . Pac - Man / パックマン North American flyer Developer ( s ) Namco Publisher ( s ) JP / EU : Namco NA : Midway Designer ( s ) Toru Iwatani Programmer ( s ) Shigeo Funaki Composer ( s ) Toshio Kai Series Pac - Man Platform ( s ) Arcade , Various Release JP : May 22 , 1980 NA : October 26 , 1980 Mode ( s ) Single - player Cabinet Standard upright , mini-upright and cocktail Arcade system Namco Pac - Man CPU 1x ZiLOG Z80 @ 3.072 MHz Sound Namco WSG ( three - channel mono ) Display Vertically oriented , 224 × 288 , 16 palette colors Pac - Man ( Japanese : パックマン , Hepburn : Pakkuman ) , stylized as PAC - MAN , is an arcade game developed by Namco and first released in Japan in May 1980 . It was created by Japanese video game designer Toru Iwatani . It was licensed for distribution in the United States by Midway Games and released in October 1980 . Immensely popular from its original release to the present day , Pac - Man is considered one of the classics of the medium , and an icon of 1980s popular culture . Upon its release , the game -- and , subsequently , Pac - Man derivatives -- became a social phenomenon that yielded high sales of merchandise and inspired a legacy in other media , such as the Pac - Man animated television series and the top - ten Buckner and Garcia hit single `` Pac - Man Fever '' . Pac - Man was popular in the 1980s and 1990s and is still played in the 2010s .",
"1": "When Pac - Man was released , the most popular arcade video games were space shooters -- in particular , Space Invaders and Asteroids . The most visible minority were sports games that were mostly derivatives of Pong . Pac - Man succeeded by creating a new genre . Pac - Man is often credited with being a landmark in video game history and is among the most famous arcade games of all time . It is also one of the highest - grossing video games of all time , having generated more than $2.5 billion in quarters by the 1990s . The character has appeared in more than 30 officially licensed game spin - offs , as well as in numerous unauthorized clones and bootlegs . According to the Davie - Brown Index , Pac - Man has the highest brand awareness of any video game character among American consumers , recognized by 94 percent of them . Pac - Man is one of the longest running video game franchises from the golden age of video arcade games . It is part of the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. and New York 's Museum of Modern Art . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Enemies 1.2 Kill screen 1.3 Perfect play 2 Development 3 Reception 3.1 Impact 3.2 Legacy 4 Merchandise 4.1 TV and Film 4.2 Music 4.3 Other gaming media 5 Remakes and sequels 5.1 Film 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Screenshot of the play area . The player navigates Pac - Man through a maze containing various dots , known as Pac - Dots , and four multi-colored ghosts : Blinky , Pinky , Inky , and Clyde . The goal of the game is to accumulate points by eating all the Pac - Dots in the maze , completing that ' stage ' of the game and starting the next stage and maze of Pac - dots . Between some stages , one of three intermission animations plays . The four ghosts roam the maze , trying to kill Pac - Man . If any of the ghosts hits Pac - Man , he loses a life ; when all lives have been lost , the game is over .",
"2": "Pac - Man is awarded a single bonus life at 10,000 points by default -- DIP switches inside the machine can change the required points to 15,000 or 20,000 , or disable the bonus life altogether . The number of lives can be set to 1 life only or up to five lives maximum . High score can not exceed 999,990 points ; players may exceed that score , but the game keeps the last 6 digits . There are 256 levels in total , however , when the game was made , the memory ran out at 256 , so it is only half loaded while the other half is a jumble of letters and digits . Near the corners of the maze are four larger , flashing dots known as Power Pellets that provide Pac - Man with the temporary ability to eat the ghosts and earn bonus points . The enemies turn deep blue , reverse direction and usually move more slowly . When an enemy is eaten , its eyes remain and return to the center box where the ghost is regenerated in its normal color . Blue enemies flash white to signal that they are about to become dangerous again and the length of time for which the enemies remain vulnerable varies from one stage to the next , generally becoming shorter as the game progresses . In later stages , the enemies go straight to flashing , bypassing blue , which means that they can only be eaten for a short amount of time , although they still reverse direction when a Power Pellet is eaten ; starting at stage 19 , the ghosts do not become edible ( i.e. , they do not change color and still make Pac - Man lose a life on contact ) , but they still reverse direction . There are also fruits , located directly below the centre box , that appear twice per level ; eating one of them results in bonus points ( 100 - 5,000 ) . North American Pac - Man title screen , showing the official enemy names Enemies ( edit ) Main article : Ghosts ( Pac - Man ) The enemies in Pac - Man are known variously as `` monsters '' or `` ghosts '' . Despite the seemingly random nature of the enemies , their movements are strictly deterministic , which players have used to their advantage . In an interview , creator Toru Iwatani stated that he had designed each enemy with its own distinct personality in order to keep the game from becoming impossibly difficult or boring to play .",
"3": "More recently , Iwatani described the enemy behaviors in more detail at the 2011 Game Developers Conference . He stated that the red enemy chases Pac - Man , and the pink enemy aims for a position in front of Pac - Man 's mouth . The blue enemy is `` fickle '' and sometimes heads towards Pac - Man , and other times away . Although he claimed that the orange enemy 's behavior is random , in actuality it alternates from behaving like the red enemy when at some distance from Pac - Man and aiming towards the lower - left corner of the maze whenever it gets too close to him . Although Midway 's 1980 flyer for Pac - Man used both the terms `` monsters '' and `` ghost monsters '' , the term `` ghosts '' started to become more popular after technical limitations in the Atari 2600 version caused the antagonists to flicker and seem ghostlike , leading them to be referred to in the manual as `` ghosts '' , and they have most frequently been referred to as ghosts in English ever since . Color Pac Man ( Original ) Pac - Man ( English version ) Character ( Personality ) Translation Nickname Translation Alternate Character Alternate Nickname Character ( Personality ) Nickname Red Oikake ( 追いかけ ) Chaser Akabei ( 赤 ベイ ) Red guy Urchin Macky Shadow Blinky Pink Machibuse ( 待ち伏せ ) Ambusher Pinky ( ピンキー ) Pink guy Romp Micky Speedy Pinky Cyan Kimagure ( 気まぐれ ) Fickle Aosuke ( 青 助 ) Blue guy Stylist Mucky Bashful Inky Orange Otoboke ( お 惚け ) Feigned Ignorance Guzuta ( 愚図 た ) Slow guy Crybaby Mocky Pokey Clyde Kill screen ( edit ) Level 256 , unplayable under normal circumstances due to an 8 - bit integer overflow in the game 's code . Pac - Man was designed to have no ending -- as long as at least one life was left , the game should be able to go on indefinitely .",
"4": "However , a bug keeps this from happening : Normally , no more than seven fruit are displayed on the HUD at the bottom of the screen at any given time . But when the internal level counter , which is stored in a single byte or eight bits , reaches 255 , the subroutine that draws the fruit erroneously `` rolls over '' this number to zero when it is determining the number of fruit to draw , using fruit counter = internal level counter + 1 . Normally , when the fruit counter is below eight , the drawing subroutine draws one fruit for each level , decrementing the fruit counter until it reaches zero . When the fruit counter has overflowed to zero , the first decrement sets the fruit counter back to 255 , causing the subroutine to draw a total of 256 fruit instead of the maximum of seven . This corrupts the bottom of the screen and the entire right half of the maze with seemingly random symbols and tiles , overwriting the values of edible dots which makes it impossible to eat enough dots to beat the level . Because this effectively ends the game , this `` split - screen '' level is often referred to as the `` kill screen '' . Emulators and code analysis have revealed what would happen if this 256th level is cleared : the fruit and intermissions would restart at level 1 conditions , but the enemies would retain their higher speed and invulnerability to power pellets from the higher stages . Perfect play ( edit ) A perfect Pac - Man game occurs when the player achieves the maximum possible score on the first 255 levels ( by eating every possible dot , power pellet , fruit , and enemy ) without losing a single life , and using all extra lives to score as many points as possible on Level 256 . The first person to be credited with achieving this score is Billy Mitchell of Hollywood , Florida , who claimed to perform the feat in about six hours . In April 2018 , Twin Galaxies removed all of Billy Mitchell 's scores for several different games , saying that there was evidence of cheating in his score submissions for multiple Donkey Kong records . Since Mitchell 's claim , over 20 other players have attained the maximum score in increasingly faster times .",
"5": "As of 2016 , the world record , according to Twin Galaxies , is held by David Race , who in 2013 attained the maximum possible score of 3,333,360 points in 3 hours , 28 minutes , and 49 seconds . In December 1982 , an eight - year - old boy , Jeffrey R. Yee , received a letter from U.S. President Ronald Reagan congratulating him on a worldwide record of 6,131,940 points , a score only possible if he had passed the unbeatable Split - Screen Level . In September 1983 , Walter Day , chief scorekeeper at Twin Galaxies , took the US National Video Game Team on a tour of the East Coast to visit video game players who said they could get through the Split - Screen Level . No video game player could demonstrate this ability . In 1999 , Billy Mitchell offered $100,000 to anyone who could pass through the Split - Screen Level before January 1 , 2000 . The prize expired unclaimed . Development ( edit ) The North American Pac - Man cabinet design ( left ) differs significantly from the Japanese Puck Man design ( right ) . Up into the early 1970s , Namco primarily specialized in kiddie rides for Japanese department stores . Masaya Nakamura , the founder of Namco , saw the potential value of video games , and started to direct the company toward arcade games , starting with electromechanical ones such as F - 1 ( 1976 ) . He later hired a number of software engineers to develop their own video games as to compete with companies like Atari , Inc ... Pac - Man was one of the first games developed by this new department within Namco . The game was developed primarily by a young employee named Toru Iwatani over the course of 1 year , beginning in April 1979 , employing a nine - man team . It was based on the concept of eating , and the original Japanese title is Pakkuman ( パックマン ) , inspired by the Japanese onomatopoeic phrase paku - paku taberu ( パクパク 食べる ) , where paku - paku describes ( the sound of ) the mouth movement when widely opened and then closed in succession .",
"6": "Although Iwatani has repeatedly stated that the character 's shape was inspired by a pizza missing a slice , he admitted in a 1986 interview that this was a half - truth and the character design also came from simplifying and rounding out the Kanji character for mouth , kuchi ( 口 ) . Iwatani attempted to appeal to a wider audience -- beyond the typical demographics of young boys and teenagers . His intention was to attract girls to arcades because he found there were very few games that were played by women at the time . This led him to add elements of a maze , as well as cute ghost - like enemy characters . Eating to gain power , Iwatani has said , was a concept he borrowed from Popeye . The result was a game he named Puck Man as a reference to the main character 's hockey puck shape . Later in 1980 , the game was picked up for manufacture in the United States by Bally division Midway , which changed the game 's name from Puck Man to Pac - Man in an effort to avoid vandalism from people changing the letter ' P ' into an ' F ' to form the word fuck . The cabinet artwork was also changed and the pace and level of difficulty increased to appeal to western audiences . Reception ( edit ) Pac - Man intermission cutscene . It exaggerates the effect of the power pellet power - up , showing a comically large Pac - Man . When first launched in Japan by Namco in 1980 , Pac - Man received a lukewarm response as Space Invaders and other similar games were more popular at the time . However , the game 's success in North America in the same year took competitors and distributors completely by surprise . A frequently - repeated story claims that marketing executives saw Pac - Man at a trade show before its release and completely overlooked both it and the now - classic Defender , seeing a racing car game called Rally - X as the game to outdo that year . However , industry reporting from the era indicates that it was Namco itself which was heavily promoting Rally - X at the 1980 Amusement & Music Operators Association ( AMOA ) , where Pac - Man was at least as well received and reviewed as Rally - X . The appeal of Pac - Man was such that it caught on immediately with the public .",
"7": "It quickly became far more popular than anything seen in the video game industry up to that point . Pac - Man outstripped Asteroids as the best - selling arcade game in North America , grossing over $1 billion in quarters within a year , by the end of 1980 , surpassing the revenues grossed by the highest - grossing film of the time , Star Wars . 60 % of players were women according to one estimate , because of its lack of violence , while 90 % of those playing space shoot - em - up Omega Race were men . More than 350,000 Pac - Man arcade cabinets were sold worldwide , retailing at around $2400 each and totalling around $1 billion ( $2.4 billion in 2011 ) , within 18 months of release . By 1982 , the game had sold 400,000 arcade machines worldwide and an estimated 7 billion coins had been inserted into Pac - Man machines . In addition , United States revenues from Pac - Man licensed products ( games , T - shirts , pop songs , wastepaper baskets , etc . ) exceeded $1 billion ( inflation adjusted : $2.33 billion in 2011 ) . The game was estimated to have had 30 million active players across the United States in 1982 . Nakamura said in a 1983 interview that though he did expect Pac - Man to be successful , `` I never thought it would be this big '' . Toward the end of the 20th century , the arcade game 's total gross consumer revenue had been estimated by Twin Galaxies at more than 10 billion quarters ( $2.5 billion ) , making it the highest - grossing video game of all time . In 2016 , USgamer calculated that the machines ' inflation - adjusted takings were equivalent to $7.68 billion . In January 1982 , the game won the overall Best Commercial Arcade Game award at the 1981 Arcade Awards . In 2001 , Pac - Man was voted the greatest video game of all time by a Dixons poll in the UK . The readers of Killer List of Videogames name Pac - Man as the No. 1 video game on its `` Top 10 Most Popular Video games '' list , the staff name it as No.",
"8": "18 on its `` Top 100 Video Games '' list , and Ms. Pac - Man is given similar recognition . Impact ( edit ) An important trait of any game is the illusion of winnability ... The most successful game in this respect is Pac - Man , which appears winnable to most players , yet is never quite winnable . -- Chris Crawford , 1982 The game is regarded as one of the most influential video games of all time , for a number of reasons : its titular character was the first original gaming mascot , the game established the maze chase game genre , it demonstrated the potential of characters in video games , it opened gaming to female audiences , and it was gaming 's first licensing success . In addition , it was the first video game to feature power - ups , and the individual ghosts had deterministic artificial intelligence which react to player actions . It is also frequently credited as the first game to feature cut scenes , in the form of brief comical interludes about Pac - Man and Blinky chasing each other around during those interludes , though Space Invaders Part II employed a similar technique that same year . Pac - Man is also credited for laying the foundations for the stealth game genre , as it emphasized avoiding enemies rather than fighting them , and had an influence on the early stealth game Metal Gear , where guards chase Solid Snake in a similar manner to Pac - Man when he is spotted . Pac - Man has also influenced many other games , ranging from the sandbox game Grand Theft Auto ( where the player runs over pedestrians and gets chased by police in a similar manner ) to early first - person shooters such as MIDI Maze ( which had similar maze - based gameplay and character designs ) . Game designer Chris Crawford praised its balance , observing that Pac - Man `` appears winnable to most players , yet is never quite winnable '' . John Romero credited Pac - Man as the game that had the biggest influence on his career ; Wolfenstein 3D was similar in level design and featured a Pac - Man level from a first - person perspective , while Doom had a similar emphasis on mazes , power - ups , killing monsters , and reaching the next level . Pac - Man also influenced the use of power - ups in later games such as Arkanoid , and the game 's artificial intelligence inspired programmers who later worked for companies such as Bethesda .",
"9": "Legacy ( edit ) Guinness World Records has awarded the Pac - Man series eight records in Guinness World Records : Gamer 's Edition 2008 , including First Perfect Pac - Man Game for Billy Mitchell 's July 3 , 1999 score and `` Most Successful Coin - Operated Game '' . On June 3 , 2010 , at the NLGD Festival of Games , the game 's creator Toru Iwatani officially received the certificate from Guinness World Records for Pac - Man having had the most `` coin - operated arcade machines '' installed worldwide : 293,822 . The record was set and recognized in 2005 and mentioned in the Guinness World Records : Gamer 's Edition 2008 , but finally actually awarded in 2010 . Students ' Spring Days in Tartu : runners in Pac - Man costume . The game has inspired various real - life recreations , involving either real people or robots . One event called Pac - Manhattan set a Guinness World Record for `` Largest Pac - Man Game '' in 2004 . The business term `` Pac - Man defense '' in mergers and acquisitions refers to a hostile takeover target that attempts to reverse the situation and take over its would - be acquirer instead , a reference to Pac - Man 's power pellets . The game 's popularity has led to `` Pac - Man '' being adopted as a nickname , most notably by boxer Manny Pacquiao , as well as the American football player Adam Jones . On August 21 , 2016 , in the 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony , during a video which showcased Tokyo as the host of the 2020 Summer Olympics , a small segment shows Pac - Man and the ghosts racing against each other eating pac - dots on a running track . Merchandise ( edit ) The Pac - Man character and game series became an icon of video game culture during the 1980s , and a wide variety of Pac - Man merchandise has been marketed with the character 's image , from t - shirts and toys to hand - held video game imitations and even specially shaped pasta . General Mills manufactured a cereal by the Pac - Man name in 1983 . Over the cereal 's lifespan , characters from sequels Super Pac - Man and Ms. Pac - Man were also added .",
"10": "TV and film ( edit ) The Pac - Man animated TV series produced by Hanna -- Barbera aired on ABC from 1982 to 1983 . At one time , a feature film based on the game was also in development . In 2010 , a computer - generated animated series titled Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures was reported to be in the works . The show was released on Disney XD in June 2013 . Music ( edit ) In music , the Buckner & Garcia song `` Pac - Man Fever '' ( 1981 ) went to No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts , and received a Gold certification with over a million records sold by 1982 , and a total of 2.5 million copies sold as of 2008 . Their Pac - Man Fever album ( 1982 ) also received a Gold certification for selling over a million records . In 1982 `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded a song titled `` Pac - Man '' , which is a parody of `` Taxman '' by the Beatles . The song was played on the radio but was not released on a record at the time due to a cease and desist letter sent by the attorneys representing the Beatles . The song was eventually released in 2017 as part of the 15 - album box set Squeeze Box : The Complete Works of `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . In 1992 , Power - Pill ( an Alias of Aphex Twin ) released Pac - Man -- a techno tune which apart from a Breakbeat and a few vocals , consists entirely of samples from Pac - Man . Other Gaming Media ( edit ) In 1982 , Milton Bradley released a board game based on Pac - Man . In this game , players move up to four Pac - Man characters ( traditional yellow plus red , green and blue ) plus two ghosts as per the throws of a pair of dice . Each Pac - Man is assigned to a player while the ghosts are neutral and controlled by all players . Each player moves their Pac - Man the number of spaces on either die and a ghost the number of spaces on the other die , the Pac - Man consuming any white marbles ( the equivalent of dots ) and yellow marbles ( the equivalent of power pellets ) in its path .",
"11": "Players can move a ghost onto a Pac - Man and claim two white marbles from its player . They can also move a Pac - Man with a yellow marble inside it onto a ghost and claim two white marbles from any other player ( following which the yellow marble is placed back in the maze . The game ends when all white marbles have been cleared from the board and the player with the largest number of white marbles is then declared the winner . Sticker manufacturer Fleer included Pac - Man Rub Off Game cards with their Pac - Man stickers . The card packages contain a Pac - Man style maze with all points along the path covered with opaque coverings . Starting from the lower board Pac - Man starting position , the player moves around the maze while scratching off the coverings to score points . A white dot scores one point , a blue monster scores ten points , and a cherry scores 50 points . Uncovering a red , orange , or pink monster scores no points but the game ends when a third such monster is uncovered . A Ms. Pac - Man version of the game also includes pretzels ( 100 points ) and bananas ( 200 points ) . Nelsonic Industries produced a Pac - Man LCD wristwatch game . This follows essentially the same rules as the video version , though with a simplified maze . A pinball version titled Mr. & Mrs. Pac - Man was designed by George Christian and released by Bally / Midway in 1982 . The spin - off arcade game Baby Pac Man also contains a non-video pinball element . In South Pasadena , California a store called Kaldi has a non-commercially available Pac - Man 2 game machine in the store . Only 3 machines exist , the others are in a mall in Arcadia , California and Brooklyn in NYC . Remakes and sequels ( edit ) See also : List of Pac - Man video games and List of Pac - Man clones Pac - Man is one of the few games to have been consistently published for over three decades , having been remade on numerous platforms and spawned many sequels . Re-releases include ported and updated versions of the original arcade game . Numerous unauthorized Pac - Man clones appeared soon after its release .",
"12": "The combined sales of counterfeit arcade machines sold nearly as many units as the original Pac - Man , which had sold more than 300,000 machines . Play media The Atari 2600 version of Pac - Man only somewhat resembles the original and alternately redraws each ghost on the screen , creating a flicker effect . One of the first ports to be released was the much - maligned port for the Atari 2600 , which only somewhat resembles the original and was widely criticized for its flickering ghosts , due to the 2600 's limited memory and hardware compared to the arcade machine , and several design and implementation choices . Despite the criticism , this version of Pac - Man sold seven million units at $37.95 per copy , and became the best - selling game of all time on the Atari 2600 console . While enjoying initial sales success , Atari had overestimated demand by producing 12 million cartridges , of which 5 million went unsold . The port 's poor quality damaged the company 's reputation among consumers and retailers , which would eventually become one of the contributing factors to Atari 's decline and the North American video game crash of 1983 , alongside Atari 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Meanwhile , Coleco 's tabletop Mini-Arcade versions of the game yielded 1.5 million units sold in 1982 . II Computing listed it tenth on the magazine 's list of top Apple II series games as of late 1985 , based on sales and market - share data , and in December 1987 alone Mindscape 's IBM PC version of Pac - Man sold over 100,000 copies . The game was also released for Atari 's 5200 and 8 - bit computers , Intellivision , the Commodore 64 and VIC - 20 , and the Nintendo Entertainment System . For handheld game consoles , it was released on the Game Boy , Sega Game Gear , Game Boy Color , and the Neo Geo Pocket Color . Pac - Man has been featured in Namco 's long - running Namco Museum video game compilations . Downloads of the game have been made available on game services such as Xbox Live Arcade , GameTap , and Virtual Console . Namco has released mobile versions of Pac - Man for BREW , Java , and iOS , as well as Palm PDAs and Windows Mobile - based devices .",
"13": "A port of Pac - Man for Android can be controlled not only through an Android phone 's trackball but through touch gestures or its on - board accelerometer . As of 2010 , Namco had sold more than 30 million paid downloads of Pac - Man on BREW in the United States alone . A version of Pac - Man and Ms. Pac - Man was released on the Galaxy Games multi-game cocktail table unit in 1998 . The game differed from the original in that players controlled Pac - Man 's movement with a trackball instead of a normal arcade joystick . Microsoft released Microsoft Return of Arcade in 1996 and Microsoft Return of Arcade : Anniversary Edition in 2000 , and includes Pac - Man as one of its bundled arcade games . Namco has repeatedly re-released the game to arcades . In 2001 , Namco released a Ms. Pac - Man / Galaga `` Class of 1981 Reunion Edition '' cabinet with Pac - Man available for play as a hidden game . To commemorate Pac - Man 's 25th anniversary in 2005 , Namco released a revision that officially featured all three games . Namco Networks sold a downloadable Windows PC version of Pac - Man in 2009 which also includes an `` Enhanced '' mode which replaces all of the original sprites with the sprites from Pac - Man Championship Edition . Namco Networks made a downloadable bundle which includes their PC version of Pac - Man and their port of Dig Dug called Namco All - Stars : Pac - Man and Dig Dug . In 2010 , Namco Bandai announced the release of the game on Windows Phone 7 as an Xbox Live game . Pac - Man has numerous sequels and spin - offs , including only one of which was designed by Tōru Iwatani . Some of the follow - ups were not developed by Namco either -- including the most significant , Ms. Pac - Man , released in the United States in 1981 . Originally called Crazy Otto , this unauthorized hack of Pac - Man was created by General Computer Corporation and sold to Midway without Namco 's permission . The game features several changes from the original Pac - Man , including faster gameplay , more mazes , new intermissions , and moving bonus items . Some consider Ms.",
"14": "Pac - Man to be superior to the original or even the best in the entire series . Stan Jarocki of Midway stated that Ms. Pac - Man was conceived in response to the original Pac - Man being `` the first commercial video game to involve large numbers of women as players '' and that it is `` our way of thanking all those lady arcaders who have played and enjoyed Pac - Man . '' Namco sued Midway for exceeding their license . Eventually , Bally Midway struck a deal with Namco to officially license Ms. Pac - Man as a sequel . Namco today officially owns Ms. Pac - Man in its other releases . Following Ms. Pac - Man , Bally Midway released several other unauthorized spin - offs , such as Pac - Man Plus , Jr . Pac - Man , Baby Pac - Man and Professor Pac - Man , resulting in Namco severing business relations with Midway . Pac - Man Championship Edition ( 2007 ) , commemorating the first World Championship The initial configuration of Google 's Pac - Man banner Various platform games based on the series have also been released by Namco , such as 1984 's Pac - Land and the Pac - Man World series , which features Pac - Man in a 3 - D world . More modern versions of the original game have also been developed , such as the multiplayer Pac - Man Vs. for the Nintendo GameCube . On June 5 , 2007 , the first Pac - Man World Championship was held in New York City , which brought together ten competitors from eight countries to play the new Pac - Man Championship Edition developed by Tōru Iwatani . Its sequel was released November 2010 . For the weekend of May 21 -- 23 , 2010 , Google changed the Google logo on its homepage to a Google Doodle of a fully playable version of the game in recognition of the 30th anniversary of the game 's release . The game featured the ability to play both Pac - Man and Ms. Pac - Man simultaneously . After finishing the game , the website automatically redirected the user to a search of Pac - Man 30th Anniversary .",
"15": "Companies across the world experienced slight drops in productivity due to the game , estimated to be valued at the time as $120,000,000 ( approximately € 95,400,000 ; £ 83,000,000 ) . However , The Official ASTD Blog noted that the total loss , `` spread out across the entire world is n't a huge loss , comparatively speaking '' . In total , the game devoured around 4.8 million hours of work productivity that day . Some organizations even temporarily blocked Google 's website from workplace computers the Friday it was uploaded , particularly where it violated regulations against recreational games . Because of the popularity of the Pac - Man doodle , Google later allowed access to the game through a separate web page . On March 31 , 2015 , Google Maps added an option allowing a Pac - Man style game to be played using streets on the map as the maze . In 2011 , Namco sent a DMCA notice to the team that made the programming language Scratch saying that a programmer had infringed copyright by making a Pac - Man game using the language and uploading it to Scratch 's official website . In April 2011 , Soap Creative published World 's Biggest Pac - Man working together with Microsoft and Namco - Bandai to celebrate Pac - Man 's 30th anniversary . It is a multiplayer browser - based game with user - created , interlocking mazes . In 2016 an in - app version of Pac - Man was introduced in Facebook Messenger . This allows users to play the game against their friends while talking over Facebook . On June 10 , 2014 , Pac - Man was confirmed to appear as a playable character in the game Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U . The 3DS version also has a stage based on the original arcade game , called Pac - Maze . A Pac - Man Amiibo figurine was also released by Nintendo on May 29 , 2015 . Super Impulse has released stand - alone Tiny Arcade versions of Pac - Man along with Ms. Pac - Man , Galaxian and Space Invaders .",
"16": "Film ( edit ) In Weird Al Yankovic 's music video for `` White & Nerdy '' , there are several scenes of Weird Al dancing in a black room , in front of road flares shaped like the arcade version of Pac - Man ( which itself , is a parody of Chamillionaire rapping in front of a lizard made of road flares is his music video for Ridin ' . In the movie Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , there are two scenes where the titular character recites trivia about the name Pac - Man to a love interest . He mentions the original name was Puck - Man , from the Japanese word paku - paku ( to open and close one 's mouth ) , but was changed to avoid potential vandalism from its resemblance of a curse word . The Pac - Man character appears in the film Pixels ( 2015 ) , with Denis Akiyama playing series creator Toru Iwatani . Iwatani himself makes a cameo at the beginning of the film as an arcade technician . In the Japanese tokusatsu film Kamen Rider Heisei Generations : Dr. Pac - Man vs. Ex-Aid & Ghost with Legend Riders , a Pac - Man - like character was introduced as the main villain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Date shown in January 1982 article `` Midway celebrates Pac - Man '' . ^ Jump up to : Namco Bandai Games Inc . ( June 2 , 2005 ) . `` Bandai Namco press release for 25th Anniversary Edition '' ( in Japanese ) . bandainamcogames.co.jp/ . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . 2005 年 5 月 22 日 で 生誕 25 周年 を 迎え た 『 パックマン 』 . ( `` Pac - Man celebrates his 25th anniversary on May 22 , 2005 '' , seen in image caption ) ^ Jump up to : Long , Tony ( October 10 , 2007 ) . `` Oct. 10 , 1979 : Pac - Man Brings Gaming Into Pleistocene Era '' . Wired .",
"17": "Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . ( Bandai Namco ) puts the date at May 22 , 1980 and is planning an official 25th anniversary celebration next year . Jump up ^ `` Game Board Schematic '' . Midway Pac - Man Parts and Operating Manual ( PDF ) . Chicago , Illinois : Midway Games . December 1980 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nitsche , Michael ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Games and Rules '' . Video Game Spaces : Image , Play , and Structure in 3D Worlds . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 14101 - 9 . ( ... ) they would not realize the fundamental logical difference between a version of Pac - Man ( Iwatani 1980 ) running on the original Z80 ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man still going strong at 30 '' . UPI.com . May 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Oct. 10 , 1979 : Pac - Man Brings Gaming Into Pleistocene Era '' . Wired . October 10 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pac ' n Roll Review '' . GameSpot.com . August 23 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Mark J.P. ( 2008 ) . `` The video game explosion : A history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33868 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Chris ( June 17 , 2002 ) . `` Pac - Man '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 .",
"18": "Retrieved February 12 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pac - Man Fever '' . Time Magazine . April 5 , 1982 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Columbia Records ' Pac - Man Fever ... was No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 last week . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Marty ( January 31 , 2002 ) . `` Pac - Man : The Phenomenon : Part 1 '' . Arcadegaming.us . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Parish , Jeremy ( 2004 ) . `` The Essential 50 : Part 10 -- Pac Man '' . 1UP.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Steve L. Kent ( 2001 ) . The ultimate history of video games : from Pong to Pokémon and beyond : the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world . Prima . p. 143 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 3643 - 4 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Despite the success of his game , Iwatani never received much attention . Rumors emerged that the unknown creator of Pac - Man had left the industry when he received only a $3500 bonus for creating the highest - grossing video game of all time . ^ Jump up to : Mark J.P. Wolf ( 2008 ) . The video game explosion : a history from PONG to PlayStation and beyond . ABC - CLIO . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33868 - X . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time , with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars . One study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century .",
"19": "^ Jump up to : Chris Morris ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` Pac Man turns 25 : A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon -- and millions of dollars in quarters . He also loved to eat a lot of pellets '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . In the late 1990s , Twin Galaxies , which tracks video game world record scores , visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played . Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured , the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century . Jump up ^ `` The Legacy of Pac - Man '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Pac Man Bootleg Board Information '' . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Scott Lawrence ( April 2012 ) . `` Pac Rom Family Tree '' . There are various Pac - man romsets out there right now , and at quick glance , it is difficult to tell which one was made first , which are hacks , and so on . In this article , I hope to figure out the order in which they were released . Jump up ^ `` Davie Brown Celebrity Index : Mario , Pac - Man Most Appealing Video Game Characters Among Consumers '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of Computing : Video games -- Golden Age '' . Thocp.net . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Antonelli , Paola ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Video Games : 14 in the Collection , for Starters '' . MoMA . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pacman Game '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2012 .",
"20": "^ Jump up to : Pac - Man , The Arcade Flyer Archive , 1980 , archived from the original on November 30 , 2013 , retrieved May 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` What is Pacman ? '' . Pacman.com . Namco . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Martijn Müller ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Pac - Man wereldrecord beklonken en het hele verhaal '' ( in Dutch ) . NG - Gamer . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mateas , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Expressive AI : Games and Artificial Intelligence '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of Level Up : Digital Games Research Conference , Utrecht , Netherlands . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News Headlines '' . Cnbc.com . March 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` pacmanmuseum.com - Nomenclature Conflicts '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeMaria , Rusel ; Wilson , Johnny L. ( December 18 , 2003 ) . High Score ! : The Illustrated History of Electronic Games ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Osborne Media . ISBN 0 - 07 - 222428 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , James ; Dwyer , Brendan ( 2014 ) . Cult Fiction . Paused Books . p. 14 . ISBN 9780992988401 . Jump up ^ Don Hodges . `` Pac - Man 's Split - screen level analyzed and fixed '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2008 . Retrieved April 29 , 2008 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man review at OAFE '' . Oafe.net . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ramsey , David . `` The Perfect Man '' . Oxford American . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man at the Twin Galaxies Official Scoreboard '' . Twin Galaxies . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.twingalaxies.com/feed_details.php/1047/billy-mitchells-donkey-kong-and-all-other-records-removed/4 Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man ( Fastest Completion ( Perfect Game ) ) ARCADE - 03 : 28 : 49.00 - David W Race '' . August 4 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Race , David ( May 30 , 2013 ) . Perfect Pac - Man : May 22 , 2013 - 3hrs 28min 49sec ( 2 of 2 ) . David Race . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Walton , Mark ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Namco founder and `` Father of Pac - Man '' has died `` . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sobel , Jonathan ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Masaya Nakamura , Whose Company Created Pac - Man , Dies at 91 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Smartest Moves in Gaming '' . Gamespy.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kohler , Chris ( 2005 ) .",
"22": "Power - Up : How Japanese Video Games Gave the World an Extra Life . Brady Games . ISBN 0 - 7440 - 0424 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Daijisen Dictionary entry for ぱくぱく ( paku - paku ) , in Japanese '' . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ the JADED Archived March 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . the meaning of pakupaku ^ Jump up to : Lammers , Susan M. ( 1986 ) . Programmers at Work : Interviews . New York : Microsoft Press . p. 266 . ISBN 0 - 914845 - 71 - 3 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Five Things You Never Knew About Pac - Man '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Collection : Selected Works from Applied Design ; Pac - Man '' . MoMA . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kohler , Chris ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Q&A : Pac - Man Creator Reflects on 30 Years of Dot - Eating '' . Wired . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , Steve . Ultimate History of Video Games , p. 142 . `` Before Namco showed Pac - Man to Midway , one change was made to the game . Pac - Man was originally named Puck - Man , a reference to the puck - like shape of the main character . Nakamura worried about American vandals changing the `` P '' to an `` F . '' To prevent any such occurrence , he changed the name of the game . '' Jump up ^ Brian Ashcraft . `` This Guy Has a Rare Arcade Cabinet . Is It Real ? '' . Kotaku .",
"23": "Archived from the original on May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aaron Matteson . `` Five Things We Learned From Pac - Man '' . joystickdivision.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . `` This cutscene furthers the plot by depicting a comically large Pac - Man '' . Jump up ^ Bowen , Kevin ( 2001 ) . `` Game of the Week : Defender '' . ClassicGaming.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2006 . Retrieved August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Atari Spectacularly Fails to Do the Math '' . Next Generation . No. 26 . Imagine Media . February 1997 . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Smith , Keith ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` The Golden Age Arcade Historian : Video Game Mythbusters - Was Rally - X the Hit of the 1980 AMOA ? '' . The Golden Age Arcade Historian . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man -- The Dot Eaters '' . The Dot Eaters . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Mark J.P. Wolf ( 2001 ) . The medium of the video game . University of Texas Press . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 79150 - X . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 Jump up ^ Bill Loguidice & Matt Barton ( 2009 ) . Vintage games : an insider look at the history of Grand Theft Auto , Super Mario , and the most influential games of all time . Focal Press . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 81146 - 1 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 .",
"24": "The machines were well worth the investment ; in total they raked in over a billion dollars worth of quarters in the first year alone . Jump up ^ Kline , Stephen ; Nick Dyer - Witheford ; Greig de Peuter ( 2003 ) . Digital play : the interaction of technology , culture , and marketing ( Reprint ed . ) . Montréal , Quebec : McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2591 - 2 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . The game produced one billion dollars in 1980 alone Jump up ^ `` Electronic and Computer Games : The History of an Interactive Medium '' . Screen. 29 ( 2 ) : 52 -- 73 ( 53 ) . 1988 . doi : 10.1093 / screen / 29.2. 52 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Revenue from the game Pac - Man alone was estimated to exceed that from the cinema box - office success Star Wars . Jump up ^ How to Win Video Games . Pocket Books . 1982 . pp. 86 -- 87 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 45841 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Marlene Targ Brill ( 2009 ) . America in the 1980s . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 7602 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 Jump up ^ Kevin `` Fragmaster '' Bowen ( 2001 ) . `` Game of the Week : Pac - Man '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Infoworld Media Group , Inc ( April 12 , 1982 ) . `` Video arcades rival Broadway theatre and girlie shows in NY '' . InfoWorld . p. 15 . ISSN 0199 - 6649 .",
"25": "Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` CPI Inflation Calculator '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kao , John J. ( 1989 ) . Entrepreneurship , creativity & organization : text , cases & readings . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 283011 - 6 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Estimates counted 7 billion coins that by 1982 had been inserted into some 400,000 Pac Man machines worldwide , equal to one game of Pac Man for every person on earth . US domestic revenues from games and licensing of the Pac Man image for T - shirts , pop songs , to wastepaper baskets , etc. exceeded $1 billion . Jump up ^ `` Men 's wear , Volume 185 '' . Men 's wear . Fairchild Publications . 185 . 1982 . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Highest - Grossing Arcade Games of All Time '' . USgamer . January 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Games Magazine '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pac Man ' greatest video game ' '' . BBC News . November 13 , 2001 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2006 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McLemore , Greg . `` The Top Coin - Operated Videogames of all Times '' . Killer List of Videogames . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 .",
"26": "^ Jump up to : Crawford , Chris ( December 1982 ) . `` Design Techniques and Ideas for Computer Games '' . BYTE . p. 96 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Essential 50 Part 10 -- Pac - Man from 1UP.com '' . 1Up.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Jeffrey L. ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` The 10 Most Influential Video Games of All Time '' . PC Magazine . 1 . Pac - Man ( 1980 ) . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The ten most influential video games ever , The Times , September 20 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Playing With Power : Great Ideas That Have Changed Gaming Forever from 1UP.com '' . 1Up.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Consalvo , Mia ( 2016 ) . Atari to Zelda : Japan 's Videogames in Global Contexts . MIT Press . pp. 193 -- 4 . ISBN 0262034395 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gaming 's most important evolutions '' . GamesRadar+ . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Space Invaders Deluxe '' . klov.com . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Al - Kaisy , Muhammad ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` The history and meaning behind the ' Stealth genre ' '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David Low ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` GO3 : Kojima Talks Metal Gear History , Future '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2011 .",
"27": "Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brian Ashcraft ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Grand Theft Auto And Pac - Man ? `` The Same '' `` . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 25 years of Pac - Man '' . MeriStation . July 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . ( Translation ) Jump up ^ Bailey , Kat ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` These games inspired Cliff Bleszinski , John Romero , Will Wright , and Sid Meier '' . Joystiq . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephan Günzel ; Michael Liebe ; Dieter Mersch ( 2008 ) . Sebastian Möring , ed . Conference Proceedings of the Philosophy of Computer Games 2008 . Potsdam University Press . pp. 191 -- 2 . ISBN 3 - 940793 - 49 - 3 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Book of Games : The Ultimate Reference on PC & Video Games . Book of Games . 2006 . p. 24 . ISBN 82 - 997378 - 0 - X . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Game developer '' . 2 & 5 . Miller Freeman . 1995 : 62 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . If you made it to the secret Pac - Man level in Castle Wolfenstein , you know what I mean ( Pac - Man never would have made it as a three - dimensional game ) . Though it may be less of a visual feast , two dimensions have a well - established place as an electronic gaming format . Jump up ^ Media , Spin L.L.C.",
"28": "( September 1995 ) . `` Children of Doom '' . Spin . p. 118 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Gutman , Dan ( July 1989 ) . `` Nine for ' 89 '' . Compute ! . p. 19 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to Play a Life - Size Pac - Man Game '' . Youth Unlimited. 2017 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` About Pac - Manhattan '' . Pac - Manhattan . 2004 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roomba Pac - Man Web Site '' . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2009 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lau , Dominic . `` Pacman in Vancouver '' . SFU Computing Science . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of the ' Pac - Man ' Defense '' . The New York Times . January 23 , 1988 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brunell , Evan ( May 22 , 2010 ) . `` Popular Video Game Pac - Man Celebrates 30th Anniversary '' . New England Sports Network . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mario & Pac - Man Showed Up In The Rio 2016 Olympics Closing Ceremony '' . August 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 .",
"29": "Jump up ^ `` The Pac - Page ( including database of Pac - Man merchandise and TV show reference ) '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crystal Sky , Namco & Gaga are game again '' . Crystalsky.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( May 19 , 2008 ) `` Crystal Sky signs $200 million deal '' . Variety.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy . ( June 17 , 2010 ) `` E3 2010 : Pac - Man Back on TV ? '' Archived June 21 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... IGN.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris . ( June 17 , 2010 ) `` Pac - Man chomps at 3D TV Archived June 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Variety.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Computing '' . McGraw - Hill . 1982 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Pac - Man Fever went gold almost instantly with 1 million records sold . Jump up ^ Turow , Joseph ( 2008 ) . Media Today : An Introduction to Mass Communication ( 3rd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 554 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96058 - 4 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RIAA Gold & Platinum Searchable Database -- Pac - Man Fever Archived September 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... RIAA.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grosinger , Matt ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Weird Al Talks His Previously Unreleased Song `` Pac - Man '' , Which You Can Finally Hear ! `` . Nerdist Industries .",
"30": "Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 18 February 2017 ) . `` Listen to a previously unreleased Weird Al Beatles parody , Pac - Man '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Coopee , Todd . `` Pac - Man Turns 35 ! '' . ToyTales.ca . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The MB Official Pac - Man Board Game '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Pac - Star : Pac - Man Rub - Offs Section Index '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Midway 's Pac - Man Game Watch Instruction Manual '' ( PDF ) ( booklet ) . Nelsonic Industries . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Pinball Machine Database : Bally ' Mr. & Mrs. Pac - Man Pinball ' '' . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Pinball Machine Database : Bally ' Baby Pac - Man ' '' . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard Herman ; Jer Horwitz ; Steve Kent ; Skyler Miller ( 2002 ) . `` The History of Video Games '' ( PDF ) . GameSpot . p. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creating a World of Clones '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . October 9 , 1983 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Adam ( Fall 1983 ) . `` The King of Video Games is a Woman '' .",
"31": "Creative Computing Video and Arcade Games . 1 ( 2 ) : 65 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff , Matthew ( August 1988 ) . `` Classic Cartridges II '' . Antic. 7 ( 4 ) : 24 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Levi ( August 26 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Best - Selling Atari 2600 Games '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The A-Maze - ing World of Gobble Games '' . Electronic Games . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 ( 63 ) . May 1982 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Atari VCS ( 2000 ) '' . Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games . Random House . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 72038 - 3 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( 2008 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Top 10 Videogame Turkeys '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Mini-Arcades ' Go Gold ' '' . Electronic Games . 1 ( 9 ) : 13 . November 1982 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coleco Mini-Arcades Go Gold '' ( PDF ) . Arcade Express . 1 ( 1 ) : 4 . August 15 , 1982 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ciraolo , Michael ( Oct -- Nov 1985 ) .",
"32": "`` Top Software / A List of Favorites '' . II Computing . p. 51 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ J.F. Archibald , J. Haynes , ed. ( 1988 ) . `` Video Games Are Back '' . The Bulletin ( 5609 -- 5616 ) : 134 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Mindscape , a software company based in Northbrook , sold more than 100,000 copies of Pac Man for the PC last December alone . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Vincent ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` First LIVE images and videos of fullscreen Android demos ! '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Namco Networks ' Pac - Man Franchise Surpasses 30 Million Paid Transactions in the United States on Brew '' . AllBusiness.com. 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A quick look at some of the new WP7 games from Namco '' . BestWP7Games . November 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Worley , Joyce ( May 1982 ) . `` Women Join the Arcade Revolution '' . Electronic Games . 1 ( 3 ) : 30 -- 33 ( 33 ) . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ms. Pac - Man '' . Killer List of Videogames . Retrieved July 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schiesel , Seth ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Run , Gobble , Gobble , Run : Vying for Pac - Man Acclaim '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ `` Google gets Pac - Man fever '' . cnet . May 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Terdiman , Daniel ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Google gets Pac - Man fever '' . News.cnet.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insert Coin ' : Google Doodle Celebrates Pac - Man 's 30th Anniversary '' . ABC . ABC . May 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man gobbles up $120 M in workplace productivity '' ... astd.org . May 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` CANOE -- Technology : Pac - Man gobbles up $120 M in workplace productivity '' . Technology.canoe.ca . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Quit playing Google Pac Man and get back to work , everyone ! '' . Inquisitr.com . May 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Terdiman , Daniel ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Is playable Pac - Man getting Google 's home page banned ? '' . News.cnet.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man '' . Google . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Calia . `` You Can Play Pac - Man on Your City 's Streets '' . Wall Street Journal ( blogs ) .",
"34": "Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom Goldman . `` The Escapist : News : Namco Shuts Down Student 's Pac - Man Project '' . Escapistmagazine.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ki Mae Huessner . `` World 's Biggest Pac - Man Is Web Sensation '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pac - Man '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Miniature iconic arcade games are now available from Super Impulse '' . 2017 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' White & Nerdy . '' Wikipedia , Wikimedia Foundation , 29 Sept. 2017 `` . Jump up ^ `` '' Was Pac - Man originally named `` Puck - Man '' ? '' Videogames - Was Pac - Man originally named `` Puck - Man '' ? - Skeptics Stack Exchange , Skeptics Stack Exchange , 2017 , `` . Jump up ^ `` Classic video game characters unite via film ' Pixels ' '' . Philstar . July 23 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tarek Bazley : Pac - man at 35 : the video game that changed the world . Pac - man and his game appears in Wreck it Ralph . PAC - man 's game appears in Sword Art Online The Movie : Ordinal Scale where Kirito and his firsnds beaten a VR Pac - man game called PAC - Man 2024 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) .",
"35": "Al Jazeera English , 2015 - 05 - 25 Jump up ^ `` Shiro Sano Cast as Dr. Pacman in Kamen Rider Heisei Generations '' . Tokusatsu Network . Nov 5 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Trueman , Doug ( November 10 , 1999 ) . `` The History of Pac - Man '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Comprehensive coverage on the history of the entire series up through 1999 . Müller , Martijn ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Tōru Iwatani on how Pac - Man came to be '' . NG - Gamer . Morris , Chris ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` Pac Man Turns 25 '' . CNN Money . Vargas , Jose Antonio ( June 22 , 2005 ) . `` Still Love at First Bite : At 25 , Pac - Man Remains a Hot Pursuit '' . The Washington Post . Hirschfeld , Tom . How to Master the Video Games , Bantam Books , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 20164 - 6 Arcade strategy guide to several games including incarnations of Pac - Man . Includes hand drawings of some of the common patterns for use in the arcade Pac - Man . 1982 edition ISBN 0 - 553 - 20195 - 6 covers home versions . External links ( edit ) Pac - Man portal Japan portal 1980s portal Video games portal Pac - Man at the Killer List of Videogames Pac - Man at the Arcade History database Pac - man 30th Anniversary website Twin Galaxies ' High - Score Rankings for Pac - Man Pac - Man in HTML5 , CSS and JQuery Pac - Man on the Internet Archive ( Pac PC ) Pac - Man on the Internet Archive ( CHAMP Pac - em ) 30th Anniversary of Pac - Man on Google Doodles ( hide ) Pac - Man Video games Arcade Pac - Man Ms. Pac - Man Pac - Man Plus Super Pac - Man Professor Pac - Man Pac & Pal Jr .",
"36": "Pac - Man Pac - Land Pac - Mania Arrangement VR Pac'n Party Battle Royale Pinball Mr. & Mrs. Pac - Man Baby Pac - Man Consoles and PC Pac - Man ( Atari 2600 ) Pac - Attack Pac - Man 2 : The New Adventures Pac - In - Time World Ms. Pac - Man Maze Madness Adventures in Time Collection Ms. Pac - Man : Quest for the Golden Maze Fever World 2 Vs . Pac - Pix Pinball Advance Arrangement Pac ' n Roll World 3 World Rally Championship Edition Pac - Motos Championship Edition DX Party Tilt Ghostly Adventures Museum Ghostly Adventures 2 256 Championship Edition 2 Other Namco video game compilations Namco Museum Namco Plug & Play game World 's Biggest Pac - Man Smartphone Namco Arcade Pac - Man Games Pac - Man Dash ! Pac - Man 256 Clones 3 - Demon Arcade Game Series Miscellaneous Appearances Kick Mario Kart Arcade GP series Street Fighter X Tekken Wreck - It Ralph Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Pixels Crossy Road 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony Sonic Dash Characters Pac - Man Ghosts Other media Pac - Man ( TV series ) Pac - Man and the Ghostly Adventures Episodes Christmas Comes to Pac - Land `` Pac - Man Fever '' ( song ) Related Bandai Namco Namco Level 257 Toru Iwatani Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pac-Man&oldid=838429497 '' Categories : 1980 video games Android ( operating system ) games Arcade games Pac - Man arcade games Atari 5200 games Atari 8 - bit family games ColecoVision games Commodore 64 games Commodore VIC - 20 games Corporate mascots Famicom Disk System games FM - 7 games Game Boy Advance games Game Boy games",
"37": "Sega Game Gear games Ghost video games Intellivision games IOS games IPod games Maze games Midway video games Mobile games MSX games Namco arcade games NEC PC - 6001 games NEC PC - 8001 games NEC PC - 8801 games NEC PC - 9801 games Neo Geo Pocket Color games Nintendo Entertainment System games Pac - Man SAM Coupé games Sharp MZ games Sharp X1 games Sharp X68000 games Tengen ( company ) games Tiger handheld games Vertically oriented video games Video game franchises Video games developed in Japan Virtual Console games Windows Phone games Xbox 360 Live Arcade games ZX Spectrum games Z80 1980s fads and trends Video game franchises introduced in 1980 Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia",
"38": "አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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{
"0": "The Night Shift ( season 3 ) - Wikipedia The Night Shift ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Night Shift ( season 3 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network NBC Original release June 1 ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) -- August 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of The Night Shift episodes The third season of the Medical drama series The Night Shift debuted on June 1 , 2016 and concluded on August 31 , 2016 , on NBC in the United States . It is produced by Sachs / Judah Productions , and Sony Pictures Television with series creators Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah serving as executive producers . This season contained 13 episodes . The series follows the overnight shift at San Antonio Medical Center , where three of the surgeons have a connection to the U.S. military . Dr. Thomas Charles `` T.C. '' Callahan ( Eoin Macken ) , an ex-army medic who often butts heads with his former girlfriend , Dr. Jordan Alexander ( Jill Flint ) and the hospital administrator , Dr. Topher Zia ( Ken Leung ) , also an ex-army medic . Meanwhile , Dr. Alexander hires a new intern , Dr. Shannon Rivera ( Tanaya Beatty ) , while Dr. Drew Alister ( Brendan Fehr ) has returned stateside after an incident overseas . Other doctors that are on the shift include surgeons Dr. Paul Cummings ( Robert Bailey Jr . ) , who struggles to come out of his father 's shadow while developing possible romantic feelings for Dr. Rivera , and Dr. Scott Clemmens , a recovering alcoholic and head of the surgery department . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Broadcast 5 References Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Eoin Macken as Dr. TC Callahan Jill Flint as Dr. Jordan Alexander Ken Leung as Dr.",
"1": "Topher Zia Brendan Fehr as Dr. Drew Alister Robert Bailey Jr. as Dr. Paul Cummings JR Lemon as ER Nurse Kenny Fournette Scott Wolf as Dr. Scott Clemmens Tanaya Beatty as Dr. Shannon Rivera Recurring cast ( edit ) Esodie Geiger as Nurse Molly Ramos Alma Sisneros as Nurse Jocelyn Diaz Catharine Pilafas as Nurse Bardocz Luke MacFarlane as Rick Lincoln Merle Dandridge as Gwen Gaskin Jennifer Beals as Dr. Syd Jennings Sarah Jane Morris as Annie Callahan AnnaLynne McCord as Jessica Sanders Michael Cassidy as Sam Kyla Kenedy as Brianna Briana Marin as Nina Alvarez Mac Brandt as Mac Reily Guest cast ( edit ) Lindsey Morgan as Kryztal Elizabeth Sung as Sumei Zia Lance Henriksen as Clive China Anne McClain as Lauren Carla Gallo as Hannah Production ( edit ) `` We went ( to San Antonio ) to scout so we could expand the look of the show ; get more of ( the ) city in it ... Had the honor of a return visit to the Center For The Intrepid . Also amazing food. ... Great locations here . '' -- Gabe Sachs to My San Antonio Gabe Sachs revealed on Twitter that the first day of the writer 's room for season 3 of The Night Shift was on November 17 , 2015 . Sachs said that shooting for the third season would commence in February , and later Jill Flint announced that filming would start on February 1 , 2016 . The sets began going up on December 15 , 2015 . Actors Robert Bailey Jr. , Brendan Fehr , and Jill Flint arrived in Albuquerque , NM to begin filming on January 24 , 2016 . The first production meeting took place on January 27 , 2016 , and location scouting took place the day before . Production on the third season began on February 1 , 2016 in Albuquerque , NM . For the third consecutive season , the show will be filmed at Albuquerque Studios , and filming is expected to take place from February to June 2016 .",
"2": "The tax incentives offered were cited as the main reason for filming in New Mexico , rather than in San Antonio . The show will employ about 130 New Mexico - based crew members , and approximately 500 New Mexico background talent . The first scene of the season filmed on February 2 , 2016 . The show filmed in a casino for part of one episode . Creator Gabe Sachs has said that this season would be more San Antonio - centric than either of the previous seasons . The Pearl Brewery , a local brewery , would be where the characters hang out after work , as well as `` little taco places . '' Also , the costume department purchased T - shirts from local San Antonio locales such as , `` Hogwild Records '' and `` Tapes on Main Avenue , '' because Sachs thought that `` it would be cool if characters wore them '' on screen . Casting ( edit ) Jennifer Beals was cast as Doctor Syd Jennings . On July 15 , 2015 , it was revealed that Scott Wolf who portrays Dr. Scott Clemmens had been promoted to series regular for the third season . On January 21 , 2016 , Deadline reported that Jennifer Beals had been cast as a recurring character named Doctor Syd Jennings . She will be introduced in the season 3 premiere as a Major in the Army who `` has worked with the Culture Support Teams ( CST ) in conjunction with Ranger and Special Forces . '' On February 2 , 2016 , actress Tanaya Beatty was cast as a new series regular named Dr. Shannon Rivera , a recent med school graduate who impresses Dr. Alexander enough to recruit her as her intern . Melissa Gilbert and Sarah Jane Morris will both be returning for the third season . Freddy Rodriguez , who portrays hospital administrator Michael Ragosa , revealed on Twitter that he would not be returning for the third season of The Night Shift , as he is starring in a new CBS drama pilot Bull . Jeananne Goossen who portrayed Krista Bell - Heart , is also not returning for the third season ; she says that she split `` amicably '' from the show .",
"3": "On March 21 , 2016 , it was revealed that 90210 alum AnnaLynne McCord had been cast as a recurring character named Jessica Sanders , `` a striking and driven pharamaceutical rep who 's always looking for a way to make a deal . '' She will first appear in the fifth episode of the season , and in at least 3 additional episodes . Lindsey Morgan will appear in a guest role as Kryztal , `` a high - strung bride whose injury in a wedding - day accident reveals a deeper and more complicated medical problem . '' Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Night Shift episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` The Times They Are A-Changin ' '' Timothy Busfield Gabe Sachs & Jeff Judah June 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) 4.81 Following Jordan 's loss of her baby , she and TC have broken up but are still working together . Jordan recruits one of her colleagues , Shannon Rivera ( Tanaya Beatty ) , to join the night shift , and Shannon makes an unusual first impression with the staff . Meanwhile , Drew is sent overseas to Afghanistan along with colleague Syd Jennings ( guest star Jennifer Beals ) , where they are forced to tend to a 15 - year old patient who is pregnant and whose husband is a high - ranking member of the Afghani army . Elsewhere , TC , Topher , and Scott tend to a female car accident victim , only to realize when the woman 's husband arrives that they left her young son behind at the scene . Also , Gwen updates Kenny on her law school applications , and later learns the closest she got to acceptance was being put on a wait list at Georgetown . 24 `` The Thing with Feathers '' Timothy Busfield Tom Garrigus June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) 4.18 Following a fight between Drew and the Afghani leader , the leader is accidentally shot in the shoulder by Drew , putting him in a tough spot .",
"4": "Despite the problem , Drew and Syd are able to help the young mom , her baby , and her brother get away from the leader . The consequences to this causes Drew to get sent home early while Syd , who was looking forward to her daughter 's 13th birthday in two weeks , has to stay on tour an additional three months , due to a shortage of personal working there . TC and Scott deal with the car accident victim from the previous episode while simultaneously trying to save her son . They later determine the boy needs a bone marrow transfusion , but he is adopted and the parents claim they do n't know the birth mother , which sounds fishy to TC . His suspicions are soon confirmed , as the boy was actually kidnapped by the couple . Desperate to have a child , they stole him from his birth parents at a mall . Elsewhere , Shannon helps Jordan move on from TC , Topher tries to renew his commitment to get fit again , and Gwen learns she moved off the wait list at Georgetown when another candidate drops out . To Kenny 's dismay , she has to leave the next morning . 25 `` The Way Back '' Tara Nicole Weyr Janet Lin June 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) 4.47 Drew returns from Afghanistan and deals with the aftermath . Meanwhile , Jordan and the team deal with a newly - married couple whose wedding is ruined by the bride 's alcoholic father . Drew treats the father , an Iraq War veteran who served multiple tours , and tries to get the daughter , Kryztal ( Lindsey Morgan ) , to understand the root of her dad 's problems . Topher and TC invite Topher 's overbearing mother Sumei ( Elizabeth Sung ) to a casino . After they treat an elderly man named Clive ( Lance Henriksen ) who collapses while playing craps , Topher works to understand why his mother is so critical of him . Meanwhile , Paul comes up with a diagnosis for Kryztal that helps him finally earn the respect of both his subordinates and his fellow doctors .",
"5": "26 `` Three - Two - One '' Oz Scott Zachary Lutsky June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) 4.30 Amid protests over a court case involving a white police officer who shot an African American , riots erupt causing TC and Paul to be sent to the scene to treat any wounded . They arrive to find an officer and an African American perp named Shawn both shot and in critical condition . They can only put one on the first helicopter , and TC makes a call to send the officer , angering Paul who has to try and keep Shawn alive at the scene . At the hospital , Jordan treats Officer Benedict , the policeman at the center of the court case . Kenny has already made up his mind about Benedict 's guilt , while Jordan hears the man out when he says he only shot because his own life was threatened . Shannon and Drew deal with the contaminated people ( after officers are forced to use tear gas ) ; after Drew leaves , Shannon is stuck with a 10 - year - old separated from his mother . Jordan also finds a tumor in Benedict that she has to treat immediately to save his life . Drew and TC treat the officer brought back from the riot scene , but can not save him . The bullet TC removes from the man 's body , however , shows the fatal shot came from the gun of the man 's partner , not Shawn 's gun . Soon after , Benedict is being escorted out of the hospital when a protestor on the street shoots him in the head , killing him . 27 5 `` Get Busy Livin ' '' Dailyn Rodriguez Gabe Fonseca June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 4.46 As TC and Paul treat an injured person at a college party , a young co-ed falls from a fourth floor balcony to the pavement . Critically injured , the young woman tells her roommate as she is being wheeled into surgery that she was trying to kill herself . Scott learns that the hospital is on the short list to receive cutting - edge heart valve technology , but pharmaceutical rep Jessica Sanders ( AnnaLynne McCord ) holds the keys to their winning the program .",
"6": "TC angrily confronts Sanders when he learns an acne medication her company makes , and which the co-ed was taking , has `` suicidal thoughts '' as one of its side effects . The two later reconcile , with Jessica admitting the hospital was going to get the heart valve program anyway , and she was trying to use the situation to make a big sale . Elsewhere , Annie and Scott bond over their issues with substance abuse , while Jordan decides to finally spend the night with Sam . 28 6 `` Hot in the City '' Darnell Martin Nicole Rubio June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 4.46 The opening reveals TC sleeping with Jessica , Jordan waking up with Sam , Kenny sleeping with Nurse Jocelyn ( Alma Sisneros ) , and Scott and Annie making out in a car . At the hospital , the air conditioning goes out on one of the hottest days of the year . Shannon and Jordan attend a local wrestling event , only to wind up bringing patrons back to the hospital after a fight breaks out . A young man who befriended Jordan at the event is injured , but his treatment reveals something worse . The ring girl has an injury to her spine that may cause paralysis , but Drew performs a successful surgery using a technique he learned on the battlefield . TC treats a competitive runner who collapsed from the heat . Her tests reveal possible meningitis , but it turns out she has an entirely different condition . Jordan later confronts Scott , saying it 's not a good idea for him to date Annie , while Jordan herself decides to break up with Sam when he starts to get too serious . 29 7 `` By Dawn 's Early Light '' Louis Shaw Milito Brian Anthony July 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) 5.74 Syd returns stateside , and is attending an outdoor concert with Drew and her daughter Riley ( Jillian Estell ) , when banks of fireworks ignite early , causing chaos . A mother ( Jessica Tuck ) and her daughter Darika ( Jackie R. Jacobson ) are badly burned . TC and Topher arrive on the scene , and Topher authorizes Syd to assist in treating the mother and daughter back at the hospital .",
"7": "Soon after , Topher approaches a burning truck that contains fireworks and it explodes . Topher is badly hurt , but he refuses tests and insists on continuing to treat the wounded , over TC 's and Jordan 's objections . It is later discovered that Topher suffered a concussion . At the hospital , Scott and Syd treat the mother 's burns . Impressed with Syd 's techniques , Scott offers her a job , and Syd says she 'll think about it . Paul and Shannon treat a street artist with a mysterious ailment , and in doing so , the two doctors finally find some common ground . Scott explains his attraction to Annie in a conversation with Jordan , asking that Jordan stay out of it . Kenny and Nurse Jocelyn consider going on a real date instead of just sleeping together . Syd learns that her ex-husband is moving to Washington , D.C. with his new wife and , to avoid a custody battle and stay close to Riley , Syd decides she will also move to D.C. 30 8 `` All In '' Tara Nicole Weyr Milla Bell - Hart July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 6.28 Drew and Shannon rescue a woman and her foster daughter , Brianna ( Kyla Kenedy ) , from a car crash . As she is wheeled into surgery , the woman reveals she wants to adopt Brianna . While Drew tries to calm the scared Brianna , the team ca n't save the mom . At Shannon 's request , Paul pretends the mom is `` dying '' but still alive , so Brianna can say goodbye . Shannon reveals to Nina ( Briana Marin ) , the social worker assigned to Brianna 's case , that she herself was a foster child . Topher and TC treat Topher 's mother Sumei when she arrives with a life - threatening condition . Coincidentally , Clive , the man who collapsed at the casino ( S3 , Ep3 ) , is also back in the hospital . TC finds that Clive 's nitro patch is missing and , following a hunch , he finds it stuck to Sumei 's back , revealing she and Clive were engaged in sexual activity .",
"8": "Jordan and Scott treat Dylan ( Josh Fadem ) , who is having a rare reaction to a kidney stone . Scott wants to break up the stone with an ultrasound device , but the software malfunctions . Jordan notices the machine is made by Jessica Sanders ' company , causing her to have to call TC 's girlfriend to fix the problem and save Dylan . Meanwhile , throughout the night , everyone keeps congratulating Kenny , but he does n't know why . Jocelyn finally reveals Kenny was elected head of the nurses ' union at the hospital , a job he does n't want . As the shift ends , Nina asks Kenny out `` for coffee sometime '' , and hands him a card in full view of Jocelyn . Kenny does n't accept , but he does n't refuse , either . In the parking lot , Shannon thanks Paul for helping with the Brianna situation , then kisses him hard , and the two fall into the back seat of a car . 31 9 `` Unexpected '' Marisol Adler Janet Lin July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 5.32 This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A female patient is wheeled in to the ER as the shift begins , and she complains about leaving her backpack behind . TC is tasked with her . The woman comes back out moments later to look for her backpack , which a fill - in nurse does not realize is right under his foot . The nurse goes after the woman and walks the backpack outside . Meanwhile , the nurses are on strike for not getting raises promised to them years ago . Kenny and Jocelyn get in a fight when he incites his intern . Kenny 's young soccer - playing friend Lauren ( China Anne McClain ) gets treated for possible pneumonia . Lauren steps outside , and a bomb goes off right outside the front doors . She is critically injured by the blast , and the fill - in nurse is killed . As the SWAT team clears the perimeter , TC 's patient is no where to be found . He assists the SWAT team in finding her in her pickup truck .",
"9": "Just before they seduce her to bring her back to surgery , TC asks why she brought the bomb , and she answers with `` you deserve it . '' Shannon confesses to Jordan that she slept with Paul ; however , the two get awkward around each other . Drew continues to help Brianna , his young patient with cystic fibrosis , only to find out she needs a lung transplant . Shannon and Paul are tasked with removing glass from Jordan 's patient , and find out the man has anthrax . Realizing the anthrax was in the bomb , the hospital is shut down , and everyone decontaminates . The nurses come back in to help , despite the strike . While reopening blood flow to Lauren 's foot that was damaged in the explosion , Kenny and Scott find out she has lung cancer . Jordan and TC remove bullets from the patient who brought the bomb , and Jordan remembers she was a former patient . As the two talk , the woman says Jordan saved her life after her husband and child were killed by a drunk driver . Claiming Jordan should have just let her die , she pulls her chest tube out , killing herself . In the end , Drew tells Brianna she needs the transplant , the nurses get their raise and end the strike , while Lauren confesses she actually does n't like soccer . Topher gets a phone call and finds out the hospital was sold to an insurance company , which plans to sell off the ER . 32 10 `` Between a Rock and a Hard Place '' Jeff Judah Tom Garrigus & Zachary Lutsky August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 5.00 TC and Paul arrive at the site of a quarry accident , where they pronounce one of the workers , a seventeen year old male , brain dead . Another teenager asks TC for help with his friend , who is falling down a sinkhole . TC saves him , using unconventional methods to get rock out of the kid 's throat . Paul sends a blood sample to the hospital to see if the deceased man can give his lungs to Brianna . Drew tells Brianna that he and Rick want to adopt her , and she is thrilled .",
"10": "Meanwhile , Scott and Jordan have to run dialysis for Malik , whom Scott paralyzed in a car accident last season , but Malik 's dad refuses to let Scott work on the boy . The dad goes into cardiac arrest and the two have to operate on him immediately . Drew gets the labs back on the lungs and finds five of the six requirements match , however Paul informs him that the victim 's mom refused the transplant . Paul later gets the mom to accept ; however , because Brianna is not a perfect match , her transplant is aborted and the lungs are given to another candidate who has a better chance of survival . Scott and Malik 's dad make up , after Jordan talks with all three and Malik just wants the fighting to stop . Topher finds out that Jessica Sanders is actually heading the transition team for Hobart , the insurance company that bought the hospital . She volunteers to help with the insurance papers and tries to get Topher interested in another job offer , knowing Hobart will want their own Chief of Surgery and that Topher will be the first one fired . TC realizes Jessica knew about the sale to Hobart and kept it from him , so he angrily ends his romance with her . 33 11 `` Trust Issues '' Oz Scott Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 5.00 TC and Drew land in jail after a bar fight . Jordan and Shannon 's double date ends in disaster when Jordan 's date falls through a glass door , and is unconscious . While Jordan tends to her date , his wife shows up and a deeper secret is revealed . Topher enlists Shannon to help him with a patient whose condition is claimed to be psychological . Annie begins to work at the hospital , and later confronts Scott when Jordan reveals she and Scott recently kissed . Kenny and Jocelyn break up , and Kenny begins to see Nina , Brianna 's social worker . The hospital attempts to contact Drew after Brianna gets another chance at a lung transplant . With time running out to get Brianna into surgery , Paul has to ease her fears . The hospital finally contacts Drew , and Kenny sends Jessica to bail out Drew and TC . Nina is totally blown away by Drew being in jail , and considers not accepting the adoption .",
"11": "Syd returns to sign her release papers and meet Brianna . Topher and Shannon find out their patient 's condition is due to a kissing bug reaction , and is therefore physiological . Jessica attempts to regain TC 's trust , while Drew arrives at the hospital late . Brianna wakes up to Drew , Syd , and Rick , with her new lungs working great . Topher tells the hospital staff what is really going on with the sale of the hospital and the future of the ER . Syd tries to recruit people to go with her on an assignment at the Turkish border . TC decides some time away might do him some good , so he accepts . 34 12 `` Emergent '' Timothy Busfield Brian Anthony & Gabe Fonseca August 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) 5.52 Kenny reveals to Topher that some pain medication has been stolen , and everyone except Scott points fingers at Annie . Paul and Shannon butt heads over how to treat a patient who comes in with internal burns . Jordan and Scott deal with a man who caught his hand in a bear trap , and a piece of the trap ends up in his lung . Topher 's old Army friend Mac comes in and asks Topher to sign off on a physical exam requirement so he can return to active duty , but Topher insists on doing the exam . TC and Syd get caught in a typhus outbreak at the Syria - Turkey border when more people flood into their refugee camp . Nina informs Drew that his adoption plans for Brianna are put on hold when Brianna 's birth father , who did n't even know he had a daughter until a few months ago , comes back into the picture . Kenny reveals the gym he owns has flooded and he asks Paul for a loan . Kenny then makes a phone call to a mysterious person who may be a loan shark . Mac returns later and asks if anyone would help him at the site of a fire , and Jordan and Scott volunteer . Annie checks TC 's locker and finds his field jacket gone ; it is later revealed Jordan is wearing TC 's jacket and finds the missing pain pills in a pocket . Syd catches typhus after giving her pills to an older Kurdish woman .",
"12": "Mac , Jordan , and Scott get trapped after the fire quickly changes direction . Topher learns that the buyer he 'd hoped would purchase the E.R. from Hobart has backed out , only to have Paul reveal his father is part of an organization that buys hospitals . A package containing needed typhus medication for TC and Syd is dropped by parachute , but it floats to the Turkey side of the border fence and the Turkish guards refuse to let TC retrieve it . 35 13 `` Burned '' Tara Nicole Weyr Tom Garrigus August 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) 5.43 Scott and Jordan get trapped in a rapidly intensifying wildfire and are forced to do surgery in a farm . Topher 's friend Mac is with them and goes back into the blaze to save them . TC gets arrested at the Syria - Turkey border when he tries to get the crate of Cipro which floated to the Turkish side . Syd 's typhus symptoms get worse . TC later makes a promise with a Turkish guard ; in exchange for the supply , he says Syd can perform surgery on the man 's lame child . Kenny waits on a loan from Paul , and tells a loan shark he should have his $5,000 soon . Jordan tells Scott that Annie stole the missing pain pills . Paul 's father arrives , and the two get into a disagreement over treatment for a patient . Drew and Rick do a background check on Brianna 's father , which reveals his ulterior motive . The two later get the father to drop the custody suit , allowing Drew and Rick take Brianna home . Scott escorts Annie to rehab over her initial protests . Paul 's father buys the E.R. but fires Topher , saying Topher is too willing to give high - priced treatment to people who ca n't pay . This causes Paul and most of the remaining staff ( except for Shannon ) to resign in protest . Shannon says she can not risk quitting at this stage of her career , and Paul says he understands . The two then confess their love for each other . Paul 's father cuts off his son 's financial support , causing Paul to ask Kenny to give back the $5,000 check .",
"13": "Kenny does so , then walks toward his loan shark and two other large , intimidating men . As TC and Syd prepare to go their separate ways , missiles strike their camp , leaving the two unconscious . Broadcast ( edit ) The Night Shift airs on Global TV in Canada , and on Universal Channel in Australia . On September 23 , 2015 , Season 1 premiered in India on Colors Infinity , and in Korea , season 3 episodes will premiere right after their U.S. airing on Olleh TV . The show premiered in the United Kingdom on January 12 , 2016 , on Sky UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Night Shift ' and ' Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ' Set June Debuts '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ MrGabeFonseca ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Yep , filming season 3 right now . Will air this summer '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - night shift , the on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Night Shift ' , ' Undateable ' & ' The Mysteries of Laura ' Renewed by NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : @ Gabestuff ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Actors starting to arrive . So great to see them . @ JillMFlint @ IamRobertBailey @ unrealfehr '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , Whitney ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` NBC 's ' Night Shift ' Ups Scott Wolf to Series Regular ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` NBC 's ' The Night Shift ' Adds New Series Regular '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Merle Dandridge ( @ MerleDandridge ) ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` 😘 Awww , LOVE ! I 'll be there soon ! '' @ fromsarahjane : @ MerleDandridge just not the same around @ NBCNightShift without you girl ! X `` '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Beals Joins ' The Night Shift ' As Recurring '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Macken , Eoin ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` It 's all go on # nightshift as @ egabes & @ sjmtheactress do security for Melissa Gilbert on her arrival on set , you do n't mess with a politician ... '' Instagram . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snierson , Dan ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` 90210 alum AnnaLynne McCord joins season 3 cast of The Night Shift '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovitch , Matt ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` The 100 's Lindsey Morgan to Play a Bridezilla on The Night Shift '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gabe Sachs ( @ Gabestuff ) ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` To our beautiful , talented and dear friend @ CarlaPGallo Thanks for letting us do this to you @ NBCNightShift xxxx '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Jakle , Jeanne ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` San Antonio to get more exposure in NBC 's `` Night Shift '' `` . My San Antonio . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ Gabestuff ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` The first day of the writers room for Season 3 of @ NBCNightShift has finally happened . A great day . More fun to come '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter .",
"15": "Jump up ^ @ Gabestuff ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` We start shooting in February . More updates soon . Thanks '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ JillMFlint ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` We start shooting on the 1st . We do n't have an air date just yet . We promise you will all know when we do . 😘 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ Gabestuff ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` has begun ... sets are going up ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sachs , Gabe ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` The Night Shift Sets '' . Vimeo . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ Gabestuff ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Location scouting with the team . @ NBCNightShift Timothy Busfield keeping us happy '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ Gabestuff ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` The production meeting has happened ! ! ! ! ! ! @ NBCNightShift '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Frith , Vanessa ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Night Shift ' Season 3 : Go Behind The Scenes As Filming Begins ( PHOTOS ) , Two New Characters Revealed ( VIDEO ) '' . Enstarz . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Night Shift ' returns for filming in Duke City '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ Gabestuff ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Amazing first day of @ NBCNightShift with these talented people @ IamRobertBailey @ jrlemon2 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Macken , Eoin ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Yes I will spend the day in a casino shooting , but only if you insist # nightshift '' . Instagram . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Freddy Rodriguez To Co-Star In CBS Drama Pilot ' Bull ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frith , Vanessa ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Night Shift ' Season 3 : These Two Characters Are NOT Returning , Actors Speak Out '' . Enstarz . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Masterchef ' premiere adjusts up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : NBA Finals adjust up but lowest of series so far '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Masterchef ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' premiere and ' Masterchef ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' Masterchef ' adjust up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Masterchef ' adjusts up , ' Wayward Pines ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ESPYs , ' Big Brother ' and ' AGT ' adjust up ; ' The Night Shift , ' ' Wayward Pines ' adjust down '' .",
"17": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Night Shift ' and ' American Gothic ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : CMA Festival , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Night Shift ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' The Night Shift ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) May 26 - June 1 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Airdate : The Night Shift '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ @ Gabestuff ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` THIS IS AWESOME INDIA ! ! ! We are so excited ! Hope you are too :) Catch @ NBCNightShift S01 onwards on Sep 23 only on @ colors_infinity '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ Gabestuff ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Korea , we 're so excited ! Catch @ NBCNightShift right after U.S. air only on Korea 's No. 1 IPTV , olleh tv ! @ olleh '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter .",
"18": "Jump up ^ @ GwainesWorld ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` @ NBCNightShift UK premiere is on 12 Jan 2016 on @ SkyUK @ virginmedia ... ! 💃 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Night_Shift_(season_3)&oldid=817559548 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 04 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is the lost dutchman's mine supposed to be located
|
[
"in the southwestern United States",
"generally believed to be in the Superstition Mountains, near Apache Junction, east of Phoenix, Arizona",
"in the Superstition Mountains, near Apache Junction, east of Phoenix, Arizona",
"in the Superstition Mountains, near Apache Junction, east of Phoenix, Arizona"
] |
{
"0": "Lost Dutchman 's gold mine - wikipedia Lost Dutchman 's gold mine Jump to : navigation , search In many versions of the story , Weaver 's Needle is a prominent landmark for locating the lost mine . Entrance to Lost Dutchman State Park The Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine ( also known by similar names ) is , according to legend , a rich gold mine hidden in the southwestern United States . The location is generally believed to be in the Superstition Mountains , near Apache Junction , east of Phoenix , Arizona . There have been many stories about how to find the mine , and each year people search for the mine . Some have died on the search . The mine is named after German immigrant Jacob Waltz ( c. 1810 -- 1891 ) , who purportedly discovered it in the 19th century and kept its location a secret . `` Dutchman '' was a common American term for a `` German '' ( `` Dutch '' being the English cognate to the German demonym `` Deutsch '' ) . The Lost Dutchman 's is perhaps the most famous lost mine in American history . Arizona place - name expert Byrd Granger wrote , as of 1977 , the Lost Dutchman 's story had been printed or cited at least six times more often than two other fairly well - known tales , the story of Captain Kidd 's lost treasure , and the story of the Lost Pegleg mine in California . People have been seeking the Lost Dutchman 's mine since at least 1892 , while according to one estimate , 8,000 people annually made some effort to locate the Lost Dutchman 's mine . Former Arizona Attorney General Bob Corbin is among those who have looked for the mine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Other Lost Dutchman 's mines 2 Stories about the mine 2.1 Lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne 's story 2.1. 1 The truth about the Peralta Mine 2.1. 2 The truth about Dr.",
"1": "Thorne 2.2 The Lost Dutchman 's story 2.3 Stories of the soldiers ' lost gold vein 3 The historical Jacob Waltz 4 The death of Adolph Ruth 5 Other searches for the mine 6 Other deaths and disappearances 7 Lost Dutchman State Park 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Other Lost Dutchman 's mines ( edit ) Robert Blair wrote `` ( t ) here have been at least four legendary Lost Dutchman 's gold mines in the American West , including the famed Superstition mine of Jacob Waltz '' . One Lost Dutchman 's mine is said to be in Colorado , another in California ; two are said to be located in Arizona . Tales of these other Lost Dutchman 's mines can be traced to at least the 1870s . The earliest Lost Dutchman 's mine in Arizona was said to have been near Wickenburg , about 180 km ( 110 mi ) north - west of the Superstition Mountains : a `` Dutchman '' was allegedly discovered dead in the desert near Wickenburg in the 1870s alongside saddlebags filled with gold . Blair suggested that `` fragments of this legend have perhaps become attached to the mythical mine of Jacob Waltz '' . Stories about the mine ( edit ) Granger wrote that `` fact and fiction blend in the tales '' , but that there are three main elements to the story : `` They are , first , tales of the lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne 's mine ; second , tales about the Lost Dutchman 's ; and , third , stories of the soldiers ' lost gold vein ... ( t ) he most complete version of the Lost Dutchman 's story incorporates all three legends '' . Blair argued that there are kernels of truth at the heart of each of these three main stories , though the popular story is often badly garbled from the actual account . Other theories have materialized that speculate the mine is buried at the bottom of Apache or Roosevelt Lake . In 1977 , Granger identified 62 variants of the Lost Dutchman 's story -- some of the variations are minor , but others are substantial , casting the story in a very different light from the other versions . Lost Apache gold or Dr.",
"2": "Thorne 's story ( edit ) In this story ( actually two interconnected stories ) , members of the Apache tribe are said to have a very rich gold mine located in the Superstition Mountains . Famed Apache Geronimo is sometimes mentioned in relation to this story . In most variants of the story , the family of a man called Miguel Peralta discovered the mine and began mining the gold there , only to be attacked or massacred by Apaches in about 1850 in the supposed Peralta massacre . Years later , a man called Dr. Thorne treats an ailing or wounded Apache ( often alleged to be a chieftain ) and is rewarded with a trip to a rich gold mine . He is blindfolded and taken there by a circuitous route , and is allowed to take as much gold ore as he can carry before again being escorted blindfolded from the site by the Apaches . Thorne is said to be either unwilling or unable to relocate the mine . The truth about the Peralta mine ( edit ) Most likely because Pedro de Peralta had been the Spanish Governor of New Mexico ( in the 1600s ) his family name of `` Peralta '' was the inspiration for a number of legends in the American Southwest . James Reavis tried to assert that the Peralta family had a Spanish land grant and a barony granted by the King of Spain , which included a huge swath of Arizona and New Mexico , including the Superstition Mountains . The Peralta Massacre is a legend that Apaches supposedly ambushed a mining expedition the Peralta family sent into the mountains . Some carved stones in the area are referred to as `` Peralta Stones '' and Spanish text and crude maps on them are considered by some to be clues to the location of a Peralta family gold mine in the Superstition Mountains , although others believe the stones to be modern fakes . A lack of historical records leaves uncertainty as to whether a Peralta family ever had possession of land , or mines , in or near the Superstition Mountains . Blair insisted that the Peralta portion of the story is unreliable , writing : `` The operation of a gold mine in the Superstitions by a Peralta family is a contrivance of 20th century writers '' .",
"3": "A man named Miguel Peralta and his family did operate a successful mine in the 1860s -- but near Valencia , California , not in Arizona . The mine was quite profitable , earning about $35,000 in less than one year ; Blair described this as `` an unusually good return '' for such a small gold mine to earn in such a relatively brief period . As of 1975 , ruins of the Peralta mine were standing . However , the Peralta Mine eventually became unprofitable and after the money was gone Miguel Peralta turned to fraud . Dr. George M. Willing Jr. paid Peralta $20,000 for the mining rights for an enormous swath of land -- about 3,000,000 acres ( 12,000 km ) in southern Arizona and New Mexico -- based on a deed originally granted by the Spanish Empire in the 18th century . Trouble came after Willing learned that the deed was entirely bogus . Despite his efforts , Willing was never able to recover the money he gave to Peralta . This land grant was the basis of the James Reavis Arizona land swindle ( Reavis became Willing 's partner and continued to try to prove the authenticity of the land grant for years after Willing 's death ) . Blair argued that this Peralta story ( well known to Arizona residents ) was eventually incorporated in the Lost Dutchman 's story , in a severely distorted version , following the renewed interest in the Lost Dutchman 's mine in the 1930s . Since James Reavis , `` the Baron of Arizona '' , was convicted of fraud when the Peralta family genealogy and other documents to support the land grant ( and a barony associated with that land ) were determined to be forgeries it also raises questions about the original purchase of the land grant by Dr. George M. Willing Jr. ( the transaction had supposedly occurred at a primitive campsite to the southeast of Prescott without the benefit of the typical documentation ; instead of a notarized deed , the conveyance was recorded on a piece of greasy camp paper bearing signature of several witnesses ) . Willing died in 1874 before there had been a thorough investigation of the documents or opportunity to cross examine him on the stand as was later done with Reavis . The truth about Dr.",
"4": "Thorne ( edit ) Another detail which casts doubt on the story is the fact that , according to Blair , there was never any Dr. Thorne in the employ of the Army or indeed of the Federal Government in the 1860s . According to Blair , the origin of this story can be traced to a doctor named Thorne who was in private practice in New Mexico in the 1860s . Thorne claimed that he was taken captive by Navajos in 1854 , and that during his captivity he had discovered a rich gold vein . Thorne related his claims to three U.S. soldiers in about 1858 . The three soldiers set out to find the gold , but without success . Over the decades , this tale was gradually absorbed into the Lost Dutchman 's story . The Lost Dutchman 's story ( edit ) This tale involves two German men , Jacob Waltz ( or Weitz , Weitzer , Walls , Welz , Walz , et cetera ) and Jacob Weiser . However , Blair argued that there is a strong likelihood that there never was a second man named Weiser , but rather that a single person named Waltz ( or a variant thereof ) was , over the years , turned into two men as the legend of the Dutchman 's mine evolved . Blair contended that this story can be divided into `` hawk '' and `` dove '' versions , depending on whether the German ( s ) are said to behave violently or peacefully . In most versions of the tale , Waltz and / or Weiser located a rich gold mine in the Superstition Mountains ( in many versions of the story , they rescue or help a member of the Peralta family and are rewarded by being told the location of the mine ) . Weiser is attacked and wounded ( whether by marauding Apaches or by a greedy Waltz ) , but survives at least long enough to tell a man called Dr. Walker about the mine . Waltz is also said to make a deathbed confession to Julia Thomas , and draws or describes a crude map to the gold mine .",
"5": "John D. Wilburn in his book Dutchman 's Lost Ledge of Gold ( 1990 ) , wrote that the Bulldog Gold Mine near Goldfield , Arizona , fits very well the description Jacob Waltz gave as the location of his ' lost mine ' . Furthermore , Wilburn stated that geology indicates that there is no gold in the Superstition Mountains , which are igneous in origin . ( However , in some versions , the ' mine ' is actually a cache put there by the Peraltas . ) Stories of the soldiers ' Lost gold vein ( edit ) In yet another version of the tale , two ( or more ) U.S. Army soldiers are said to have discovered a vein of almost pure gold in or near the Superstition Mountains . The soldiers are alleged to have presented some of the gold , but to have been killed or to have vanished soon after . This account is usually dated to about 1870 . According to Blair , the story may have its roots in the efforts of three U.S. soldiers to locate gold in an area of New Mexico , based on an allegedly true story related to them by Dr. Thorne of New Mexico ; see above . The historical Jacob Waltz ( edit ) A view of Superstition Mountains in Lost Dutchman State Park Grave of Jacob Waltz , Pioneer and Military Cemetery , west of downtown Phoenix Blair cited evidence of the historical Jacob Waltz and suggested that additional evidence supports the core elements of the story -- that Waltz claimed to have discovered ( or at least heard the story of ) a rich gold vein or cache . But Blair suggested that this core story was distorted in subsequent retellings , comparing the many variants of the Lost Dutchman 's story to the game of Chinese whispers , where the original account is distorted in multiple retellings of the tale . There was indeed a Jacob Waltz who emigrated to the U.S. from Germany . The earliest documentation of him in the U.S. is an 1848 affidavit in which Waltz declared himself to be `` about 38 years old '' . A man called Jacob Walz was born in September 1810 in Württemberg . Blair suggested that this Waltz could be the same Waltz who later came to be regarded as the legendary Dutchman , and that he Americanized the spelling of his family name .",
"6": "Note that tombstone pictured shows birth year as 1808 . Waltz relocated to Arizona in the 1860s , and stayed in the territory for most of the rest of his life . He pursued mining and prospecting , but seems to have had little luck with either . An alternate view which better fits the lost mine legend is that he periodically appeared with large amounts of gold , The Sterling Legend by Estee Conatser reports that a Jacob Walzer sold $250,000 in gold to the U.S. Mint during the 1880s and had $1500 when he died in 1891 . In 1870 , Waltz had a homestead of about 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) near Phoenix where he operated a farm . There was a catastrophic flood in Phoenix in 1891 , and Waltz 's farm was one of many that was devastated . Afterwards , Waltz fell ill ( he was rumored to have contracted pneumonia during the flooding ) . He died on October 25 , 1891 , after having been nursed by an acquaintance named Julia Thomas ( she was usually described as a quadroon ) . Waltz was buried in Phoenix at what is now called the Pioneer and Military Memorial Park . Blair had little doubt that Waltz related to Thomas the location of an alleged gold mine . As early as September 1 , 1892 , The Arizona Enterprise was reporting on the efforts of Thomas and several others to locate the lost mine whose location was told to her by Waltz . After this was unsuccessful , Thomas and her partners were reported to be selling maps to the mine for $7 each . The death of Adolph Ruth ( edit ) Were it not for the death of amateur explorer and treasure hunter Adolph Ruth , the story of the Lost Dutchman 's mine would probably have been little more than a footnote in Arizona history as one of hundreds of `` lost mines '' rumored to be in the American West . Ruth disappeared while searching for the mine in the summer of 1931 . His skull -- with two holes in it identified as bullet holes -- was recovered about six months after he vanished , and the story made national news , thus sparking widespread interest in the Lost Dutchman 's mine .",
"7": "In a story that echoes some of the earlier tales , Ruth 's son Erwin C. Ruth was said to have learned of the Peralta mine from a man called Pedro Gonzales ( or Gonzalez ) . According to the story , in about 1912 Erwin C. Ruth gave some legal aid to Gonzales , saving him from almost certain imprisonment . In gratitude , Gonzales told Erwin about the Peralta mine in the Superstition Mountains , and gave him some antique maps of the site ( Gonzales claimed to be descended from the Peralta family on his mother 's side ) . Erwin passed the information to his father Adolph , who had a long - standing interest in lost mines and amateur exploration . The elder Ruth had fallen and badly broken several bones while seeking the lost Pegleg mine in California . He had metal pins in his leg , and used a cane to help him walk . In June 1931 , Ruth set out to locate the lost Peralta mine . After traveling to the region , Ruth stayed several days at the ranch of Tex Barkely to outfit his expedition . Barkely repeatedly urged Ruth to abandon his search for the mine , because the terrain of the Superstition Mountains was treacherous even for experienced outdoorsmen , let alone for the 66 - year - old Ruth in the heat of the Arizona summer . However , Ruth ignored Barkely 's advice , and set out for a two - week stint in the mountains . Ruth did not return as scheduled , and no trace of him could be found after a brief search . In December , 1931 , The Arizona Republic reported on the recent discovery of a human skull in the Superstition Mountains . To determine if the skull was Ruth 's , it was examined by Dr. Aleš Hrdlička , a well - respected anthropologist who was given several photos of Ruth , along with Ruth 's dental records . As Curt Gentry wrote , `` Dr. Hrdlicka positively identified the skull as that of Adolph Ruth . He further stated , after examining the two holes ( in the skull ) , that it appeared that a shotgun or high - powered rifle had been fired through the head at almost point - blank range , making the small hole when the bullet entered and the large hole when it exited '' .",
"8": "In January 1932 , human remains were discovered about three - quarters of a mile ( 1.21 km ) from where the skull had been found . Though the remains had been scattered by scavengers , they were undoubtedly Ruth 's . Many of Ruth 's personal effects were found at the scene , including a pistol ( not missing any shells ) and the metal pins used to mend his broken bones . But the map to the Peralta mine was said to be missing . Tantalizingly , Ruth 's checkbook was also recovered , and proved to contain a note written by Ruth wherein he claimed to have discovered the mine and gave detailed directions . Ruth ended his note with the phrase `` Veni , vidi , vici . '' Authorities in Arizona did not convene a criminal inquest regarding Ruth 's death . They argued that Ruth had probably succumbed to thirst or heart disease ( though , as Gentry wrote , `` ( o ) ne official went so far as to suggest that ( Adolph Ruth ) might have committed suicide ... While this theory did not ignore the two holes in the skull , it did fail to explain how Ruth had managed to remove and bury the empty shell , then reload his gun , after shooting himself through the head '' . Blair noted that the conclusion of the Arizona authorities was rejected by many , including Ruth 's family , and `` those who held onto the more romantic murdered - for - the - map story '' . Blair wrote that `` the national wire services picked up the story ( of Ruth 's death ) and ran it for more than it was worth '' , possibly seeing the mysterious story as a welcome reprieve from the bleak news that was otherwise typical of the Great Depression . Other searches for the mine ( edit ) Throughout the 20th century , various expeditions and individuals continued to search the Superstitions for the Lost Dutchman Mine . One of the most professional and serious - minded efforts was led by Oklahoma City private detective Glen Magill , who organized multiple expeditions in the late 60 's and early 70 's , and claimed on at least two occasions to have identified the location of the mine , later to concede he was either mistaken or the locations were `` played out , '' or bereft of gold . Magill 's adventures were chronicled in the popular book `` The Killer Mountains , '' by Curt Gentry .",
"9": "Other deaths and disappearances ( edit ) Since Ruth 's death , there have been several other deaths or disappearances in the Superstition Mountains . Some searchers for the mine have disappeared in likely wilderness accidents . In the mid-1940s , the headless remains of prospector James A. Cravey were reportedly discovered in the Superstition Mountains . He 'd allegedly disappeared after setting out to find the Lost Dutchman 's mine . In his 1945 book about the Lost Dutchman 's mine , Thunder God 's Gold , Barry Storm ( pen name of John Griffith Climenson ) claimed to have narrowly escaped from a mysterious sniper he dubbed `` Mr. X '' . Storm further speculated that Adolph Ruth might have been a victim of the same sniper . In late 1961 George Conrad `` Shorty '' Mueller exalted to friends in the Phoenix area that he 'd found the mine . He claimed he needed help removing the gold from the cache , and asked two friends to accompany him back into the area around Weaver 's Needle . However , less than two weeks later on January 1 , 1962 , Shorty Mueller died of a heart attack . In late November or early December 2009 , Denver , Colorado resident Jesse Capen ( 35 ) went missing in the Tonto National Forest . His campsite and car were found abandoned shortly afterward . He was known to have been obsessed with finding the mine for several years and had made previous trips to the area . Capen 's body was found in November 2012 by a local search and rescue organization , wedged into a crevice . The program Disappeared covered the case ( mentioning others ) in the episode `` The Dutchman 's Curse '' . On July 11 , 2010 , Utah hikers Curtis Merworth ( 49 ) , Ardean Charles ( 66 ) , and Malcolm Meeks ( 41 ) went missing in the Superstition Mountains looking for the mine . Merworth had become lost in the same area in 2009 , requiring a rescue . On July 19 , the Maricopa County Sheriff 's Department called off the search for the lost men . They presumably died in the summer heat . In January 2011 , three sets of remains believed to be those of the lost men were recovered .",
"10": "Lost Dutchman State Park ( edit ) Main article : Lost Dutchman State Park In 1977 , 292 acres ( 118 ha ) abutting the Tonto National Forest were set aside as the Lost Dutchman State Park . The park was expanded to 320 acres ( 130 ha ) in 1983 . It is easily accessible about 40 miles east of Phoenix via U.S. Highway 60 , the Superstition Freeway . Hiking and camping are popular activities . There are several paths that go through the brush and cacti . The short `` Discovery Trail '' is a clear route with several placards giving the natural history of the area . Serious gold prospecting is not allowed . In popular culture ( edit ) Legend of the Superstition Mountains premiered on the History Channel on February 8 , 2015 . The first season of the entertainment program comprised six episodes . The Haunted Treasure of the Espectros , a 1962 juvenile adventure novel by Gordon D. Shirreffs , is a pastiche of the Lost Dutchman legend . French comic book authors , Jean - Michel Charlier and Jean Giraud had their western hero Lieutenant Blueberry explore for the Lost Dutchman 's mine in the 1972 albums La mine de l'Allemand perdu and Le Spectre aux balles d'or ( English title was Marshall Blueberry : The Lost Dutchman 's Mine , Epic 1991 ) . Lost Dutchman 's Mine is a text adventure game by the Programmer 's Guild written in Applesoft BASIC . The source code appeared as a type - in program in BYTE in 1980 and 1981 . Al Emmo and the Lost Dutchman 's Mine is a 2006 adventure game based loosely around the myth of the Lost Dutchman 's Gold ; the protagonist , Al Emmo , sets out to locate the mine and recover its riches for Rita Peralto . The mine features in the 1948 RKO Western Guns of Hate . Lust for Gold is a 1949 western film about the mine based on Storm 's book .",
"11": "A 13 - episode serial of the Ruff and Reddy television cartoon series , originally broadcast in 1960 , has the titular heroes searching for -- and finding -- the Lost Dutchman 's gold mine , as well as the ghost of the Lost Dutchman . `` The Lost Dutchman '' episode of the NBC Laramie television series aired on February 14 , 1961 . The Death 's - Head Mine is a 2001 novel inspired by the Peralta legend . Dutchman 's Gold was a chart hit in 1960 for Walter Brennan . Comic book writer / illustrator Don Rosa has written a Scrooge McDuck comic about the mine , called The Dutchman 's Secret . Lost Dutchman Mine , a 1989 video game for various platforms . Elise Broach 's novel Missing on Superstition Mountain ( 2011 ) uses the Lost Dutchman 's Mine as a focal point of the plot . The Lost Dutchman Mine ride was a popular attraction at Legend City amusement park ( Tempe , AZ 1963 -- 1983 ) The Lost Dutchman 's Mine ride was a popular attraction at Frontier Village amusement park ( San Jose , CA 1961 -- 1980 ) The Lost Dutchman 's Mine ride was a popular attraction at Opryland U.S.A. amusement park ( Nashville , TN 1972 -- 1997 ) The Lost Dutchman 's Mine story was featured in an episode of Monsters and Mysteries in America entitled `` Badlands '' . The Lost Dutchman 's Mine and Jacob Waltz are featured key aspects of the novel Vengeance Road by Erin Bowman . The Lost Dutchman 's Mine is the central key around which revolves the plot of the 2013 film Dark Mountain . The plot of a Tex Willer ( an Italian comic ) story entitled La Miniera del Fantasma ( `` The Ghost 's Mine '' ) is based on the Lost Dutchman 's Mine legend . The Lost Dutchman 's Goldmine is mentioned in the song `` Diggin ' For Gold '' by Black Oak Arkansas . ( Album : Ai n't Life Grand . 1975 . Atco ) .",
"12": "The radio play `` Superstitions '' from the podcast `` Twelve Chimes , It 's Midnight '' features treasure hunters searching the Superstition Mountains for the Lost Dutchman 's Mine . See also ( edit ) Beale ciphers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Blair , Robert ( 1975 ) . Tales of the Superstitions : The Origins of the Lost Dutchman 's Legend . Tempe , Arizona : Arizona Historical Foundation . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Granger , Byrd Howell ( 1977 ) . A Motif Index For Lost Mines and Treasures Applied to Redaction of Arizona Legends , and to Lost Mine and Treasure Legends Exterior to Arizona . Tucson , Arizona : University of Arizona Press . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 0646 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tom Kollenborn ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Robert K. Corbin 's Legacy '' . Kollenborn Chronicles . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Blair , 21 Jump up ^ Blair , 22 Jump up ^ Blair , 87 Jump up ^ Blair , 98 ^ Jump up to : Blair , 108 Jump up ^ Blair , 110 Jump up ^ Blair , 132 ^ Jump up to : Blair , 133 Jump up ^ Blair , 11 ^ Jump up to : Lust for Gold on IMDb Jump up ^ Blair , 75 Jump up ^ Blair , 25 Jump up ^ Blair , 29 Jump up ^ Blair , 59 Jump up ^ Blair , 73 Jump up ^ A contemporary account of Thomas trying to find the lost mine is in the St. Johns Herald. , September 8 , 1892 , Image 2 Col 5 quoting the Phonix Gazette Library of Congress Chronicling America Jump up ^ Blair , 74 Jump up ^ Gentry , Curt ( 1968 ) . The Killer Mountains : A Search for the Legendary Lost Dutchman Mine . New York City : New American Library . ISBN 0 - 233 - 96169 - 0 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Gentry , 101 Jump up ^ Gentry , 102 Jump up ^ Gentry , 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Blair , 97 Jump up ^ Blair , 96 Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1142170.The_Killer_Mountains Jump up ^ Kollenborn , Tom . `` One Man 's Dream : Air Rescue '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Storm , Barry ( 1945 ) . Thunder God 's Gold . Tortilla Flat , Arizona : The Southwest Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kirk ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Arizona desert searched for missing Denver man seeking gold mine '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cizmar , Martin ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Fool 's Gold '' . Phoenix New Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Preheim , Cheryl ( January 2010 ) . `` Mother of missing treasure hunter holds onto hope '' . 9News.com . KUSA TV . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Joshua Rhett Miller ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Body of man who hunted legendary ' Lost Dutchman 's ' gold mine believed found in Arizona mountains '' . FOX News . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Utah men still missing on Arizona treasure hunt '' . Associated Press . 13 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Alicia E. Barrón ( 19 July 2010 ) . `` 3 Search for men looking for Lost Dutchman 's gold suspended '' . Archived from the original on 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 Aug 2010 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Nathan ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` More remains found in Superstitions ; may be hiker 's '' . Arizona Republic .",
"14": "Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ History of Lost Dutchman State Park Archived 2014 - 09 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 30 March 2015 Jump up ^ Liddill , Bob ; Li , Teri ( December 1980 ) . `` Lost Dutchman 's Mine '' . BYTE . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adventurous Bugs '' . BYTE. April 1984 . p. 302 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laramie : `` The Lost Dutchman '' , February 14 , 1961 `` . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dutchman 's Gold at MTV.com Jump up ^ `` Don Rosa '' . Donrosa.wikispaces.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Dutchman Mine '' . JPB Publishing Ltd . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ S2E1 Superstitions , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 External links ( edit ) Paul , Lee . `` The Dutchman 's Lost Gold Mine '' . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . `` The Lost Dutchman 's Mine -- History and Bibliography '' . Apache Junction Library . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . `` Lost Dutchman State Park '' . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Donaldson , W. Scott ( December 2002 ) . Arizona Mining Scams and Unassayable Ore Projects of the Late 20th Century ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . `` Jacob `` Lost Dutchman '' Waltz `` . Find A Grave.com . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Dunning , Brian . `` Skeptoid # 347 : The Lost Dutchman Gold Mine '' . Skeptoid .",
"15": "Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Stewart , Doug . `` Tales of the Lost Dutchman '' . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . American folklore and tall tales Folkloric figures Alfred Bulltop Stormalong Annie Christmas Br'er Rabbit Brother Jonathan Casey at the Bat Casey Jones Cordwood Pete Evangeline Feathertop Febold Feboldson Francis Marion , the Swamp Fox Ichabod Crane Joe Magarac John Henry Johnny Kaw Mose Humphrey Ola Värmlänning Ole Pete Paul Bunyan and Babe the Blue Ox Pecos Bill Rip Van Winkle Santa Claus Tony Beaver Uncle Sam Windwagon Smith Fearsome critters Agropelter Axehandle hound Ball - tailed cat Cactus cat Fur - bearing trout Glawackus Hidebehind Hodag Hoop snake Jackalope Jersey Devil Joint snake Sidehill gouger Skunk ape Snallygaster Splintercat Squonk Teakettler Wampus cat Legends Bloodstopping Confederate gold Fountain of Youth Lincoln 's ghost Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Seven Cities of Gold White Lady American Old West Notable people Explorers and pioneers John Bozeman Jim Bridger William Clark Davy Crockett John C.",
"16": "Frémont Liver - Eating Johnson Meriwether Lewis Joe Mayer William John Murphy John Wesley Powell Levi Ruggles Jedediah Smith Jack Swilling Trinidad Swilling Ora Rush Weed Henry Wickenburg Brigham Young Native Americans Black Hawk Black Kettle Bloody Knife Chief Joseph Cochise Crazy Horse Geronimo Irataba Mangas Coloradas Manuelito Massai Quanah Parker Red Cloud Sacagawea Sitting Bull Ten Bears Touch the Clouds Tuvi Victorio Lawmen Elfego Baca Charlie Bassett Roy Bean Morgan Earp Virgil Earp Wyatt Earp Henry Garfias Pat Garrett Jack Helm `` Wild Bill '' Hickok Bat Masterson `` Mysterious Dave '' Mather Bass Reeves George Scarborough John Selman John Horton Slaughter William `` Bill '' Tilghman James Timberlake Harry C. Wheeler Outlaws Billy the Kid Black Bart `` Curly Bill '' Brocius Butch Cassidy Billy Clanton Ike Clanton Bill Dalton Bill Doolin John Wesley Hardin Johnny Ringo Jesse James Tom Ketchum Frank McLaury Tom McLaury Joaquin Murrieta Cochise County Cowboys Belle Starr Soapy Smith Sundance Kid Cole Younger Soldiers and scouts Frederick Russell Burnham Kit Carson `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody Texas Jack Omohundro James C. Cooney George Crook George Armstrong Custer Samuel P. Heintzelman Tom Horn Calamity Jane Luther Kelly Ranald S. Mackenzie Charley Reynolds Philip Sheridan Al Sieber Others John Jacob Astor William H. Boring Jonathan R. Davis George Flavel C.S. Fly John Joel Glanton George E. Goodfellow Doc Holliday Seth Kinman Nat Love Sylvester Mowry Emperor Norton Annie Oakley Thomas William Sweeny Jack Swilling Native Americans Apache Arapaho Arikara",
"17": "Assiniboine ( Nakota ) Blackfoot Cahuilla Cayuse Cheyenne Chinook Chippewa ( Ojibwe ) Caddo Cocopah Comanche Crow Dakota Five Civilized Tribes Hidatsa Hopi Hualapai Kickapoo Kiowa Ktunaxa Kumeyaay Lakota Mandan Maricopa Modoc Mohave Navajo Nez Perce Northern Paiute Nootka ( Nuu - chah - nulth ) Pawnee Pend d'Oreilles Pima Pueblo Shoshone Sioux Southern Paiute Tohono O'odham Tonkawa Umpqua Ute Washoe Yaqui Yavapai Yuma ( Quechan ) Frontier culture American bison Barbed wire Boot Hill Cattle drive Cowboy poetry Cattle rustling Cow town Fast draw Ghost town Gunfights Homesteading Land rush Manifest destiny Moonshine One - room schoolhouse Rodeo Stagecoach Train robbery Vigilante justice Western saloon Tack piano Westward expansion Wild West shows Transport and trails Barlow Road Bozeman Trail Butterfield Trail California Trail Chisholm Trail Great Platte River Road Great Western Cattle Trail Lolo Pass Meek Cutoff Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Santa Fe Trail Southern Emigrant Trail Tanner Trail First Transcontinental Railroad Folklore Dead man 's hand Dime novel John Henry Johnny Kaw Lone Ranger Long Tom 's treasure Lost Dutchman 's",
"18": "Gold Mine Lost Ship of the Desert Montezuma 's treasure Paul Bunyan Pecos Bill Seven Cities of Gold Gold rushes Black Hills Gold Rush California Gold Rush Confederate Gulch and Diamond City Klondike Gold Rush Pike 's Peak Gold Rush Gunfights Battle of Coffeyville Battle of Lincoln Frisco shootout Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Long Branch Saloon gunfight Variety Hall shootout Military conflicts Battle of the Alamo Battle of Glorieta Pass Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of San Jacinto Battle of Washita River First Battle of Adobe Walls Indian Wars Sand Creek massacre Wounded Knee Massacre Range wars and feuds Earp - Clanton feud Johnson County War Lincoln County War Mason County War Pleasant Valley War Sheep Wars Sutton -- Taylor feud Lists Arizona Rangers Cowboys and cowgirls Gangs Gunfights Lawmen Mountain men Outlaws Timeline of the American Old West Influence Western genre Western lifestyle Places Alaska Anchorage Iditarod Nome Seward Skagway Arizona Territory Canyon Diablo Fort Grant Prescott Phoenix Tombstone Tucson Yuma California Bakersfield Fresno Jamestown Los Angeles Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Colorado Creede Denver Telluride Trinidad Dakota Territory Bismarck Deadwood Fargo Pine Ridge Rapid City Yankton Idaho Territory Fort Boise Fort Hall Illinois Fort Dearborn Kansas Abilene Dodge City Ellsworth Hays Leavenworth Wichita Missouri Independence Kansas City St.",
"19": "Louis Montana Territory Billings Bozeman Deer Lodge Fort Benton Fort Peck Helena Livingston Missoula Virginia City Nebraska Chadron Fort Atkinson Fort Robinson Nebraska City Ogallala Omaha Valentine Nevada Carson City Virginia City Reno New Mexico Territory Alamogordo Albuquerque Cimarron Fort Sumner Gallup Las Vegas Lincoln Mesilla Mogollon Roswell Santa Fe Tucumcari Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory Broken Arrow Fort Sill Oklahoma City Oregon Territory Astoria The Dalles La Grande McMinnville Oregon City Portland Salem Vale Texas Austin Abilene El Paso Fort Worth Gonzales Lubbock San Antonio Utah Territory Salt Lake City Washington Territory Everett Port Townsend Seattle Vancouver Wyoming Territory Fort Bridger Fort Laramie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine&oldid=829762766 '' Categories : Lost mines American folklore History of Pinal County , Arizona Superstition Mountains Treasure American legends Treasure of the United States American Old West Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Articles with dead external links from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who sang the national anthem at the 2002 super bowl
|
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{
"0": "List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl - wikipedia List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII . This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl . The U.S. national anthem ( `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' ) has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967 ; Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977 . Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982 , famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games . Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem every year . Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem , and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Performances 2 Multiple and hometown performances 3 Notable performances 4 Controversies 5 Other patriotic performances 6 See also 7 References Performances ( edit ) No . Year Venue Performer ( s ) 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , California The Pride of Arizona , Michigan Marching Band , and UCLA choir II 1968 Orange Bowl , Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra An NFL.com reference ( ) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem , but NBC 's broadcast of game , available from the Paley Center for Media 's collection , shows that Geisler performed it . IV 1970 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans Al Hirt V 1971 Orange Bowl , Miami Tommy Loy ( trumpet ) VI 1972 Tulane Stadium , New Orleans U.S.",
"1": "Air Force Academy Chorale VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels ( children 's choir ) of Chicago 's Holy Angels Church VIII Rice Stadium , Houston , Texas Charley Pride IX Tulane Stadium , New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band ( 2 ) X 1976 Orange Bowl , Miami Tom Sullivan XI 1977 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , California None ( Vikki Carr sang `` America the Beautiful '' ) XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome , New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University XIII 1979 Orange Bowl , Miami The Colgate Thirteen XIV 1980 Rose Bowl , Pasadena Cheryl Ladd XV 1981 Superdome , New Orleans Helen O'Connell XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome , Pontiac , Michigan Diana Ross XVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium , Tampa , Florida Barry Manilow XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium , Stanford , California San Francisco Boys Chorus , San Francisco Girls Chorus , Piedmont Children 's Chorus , and San Francisco Children 's Chorus XX 1986 Superdome , New Orleans Wynton Marsalis ( trumpet ) XXI Rose Bowl , Pasadena Neil Diamond XXII Jack Murphy Stadium , San Diego Herb Alpert ( trumpet ) XXIII Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Billy Joel XXIV Superdome , New Orleans Aaron Neville XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium , Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling XXVI Metrodome , Minneapolis Harry Connick , Jr .",
"2": "ASL ( American Sign Language ) : Lori Hilary XXVII Rose Bowl , Pasadena Garth Brooks ASL : Marlee Matlin XXVIII Georgia Dome , Atlanta Natalie Cole ASL : Courtney Keel Foley XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium , Miami Kathie Lee Gifford ASL : Heather Whitestone XXX Sun Devil Stadium , Tempe , Arizona Vanessa L. Williams ASL : Mary Kim Titla XXXI Superdome , New Orleans Luther Vandross ASL : Erika Rachael Schwarz XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Jewel ASL : Phyllis Frelich XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium , Miami Cher ASL : Speaking Hands XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome , Atlanta Faith Hill ASL : Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir XXXV Raymond James Stadium , Tampa Backstreet Boys AASL : Tom Cooney XXXVI 2002 Superdome , New Orleans Mariah Carey ASL : Joe Narcisse XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego Dixie Chicks ASL : Janet Maxwell XXXVIII Reliant Stadium , Houston Beyoncé ASL : Suzanna Christy XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 2 ) , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets ASL : Wesley Tallent XL 2006 Ford Field , Detroit Aaron Neville ( 2 ) and Aretha Franklin , Dr.",
"3": "John ( piano accompaniment ) ASL : Angela LaGuardia XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Billy Joel ( 2 ) ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 2 ) XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Jordin Sparks ASL : A Dreamer XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium , Tampa , Florida Jennifer Hudson ASL : Kristen Santos XLIV Sun Life Stadium , Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood ASL : Kinesha Battles XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium , Arlington , Texas Christina Aguilera ASL : Candice Villesca XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson ASL : Rachel Mazique XLVII 2013 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans Alicia Keys ASL : John Maucere XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium , East Rutherford , New Jersey Renée Fleming ASL : Amber Zion XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona Idina Menzel ASL : Treshelle Edmond 50 2016 Levi 's Stadium , Santa Clara , California Lady Gaga ASL : Marlee Matlin ( 3 ) LI 2017 NRG Stadium , Houston , Texas Luke Bryan ASL : Kriston Lee Pumphery . LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Pink ASL : Alexandria Wailes . Multiple and hometown performances ( edit ) Acts that have performed three times : Marlee Matlin ( ASL ) , ( XXVII , XLI , and 50 ) Acts that have performed two times : GSU Tiger Marching Band ( II and IX ) Billy Joel ( XXIII and XLI ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV and XL ) U.S.",
"4": "Air Force Academy Chorale ( VI and XXXIX ) Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area : Beyoncé ( XXXVIII , Houston ) Aretha Franklin ( XL , Detroit ) Al Hirt ( IV , New Orleans ) Aaron Neville ( XXIV & XL , New Orleans ) Diana Ross ( XVI , Detroit ) Jordin Sparks ( XLII , Phoenix ) Notable performances ( edit ) The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , during the Gulf War , had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever . It was released as a single a few weeks later , appeared on the album Whitney : The Greatest Hits , and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks . The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer . Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000 . It became popular in country radio . Following the September 11 attacks , her version entered the country singles chart at number 35 , despite not being released as an official single , and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002 . At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 , in an emotional and groundbreaking performance , soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem , scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history , and the second - highest ratings for any television program in history . Controversies ( edit ) Just days after Super Bowl XXV , a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance . It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone , but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded . Since 1993 , the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track . This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance . Only 45 minutes before kickoff , he refused to take the stage , due to a dispute with NBC . Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video `` We Shall Be Free '' during the pregame . The network chose not to air the video , due to content some felt was disturbing imagery .",
"5": "Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem , which meant the league had nothing to play if he left . Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands , and were prepared to use him as a replacement . After last - minute negotiations , NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game , and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang . Following the `` wardrobe malfunction '' controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 , all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny . Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the Naval Academy , Air Force Academy , Coast Guard Academy , and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform . This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together . Two days after Super Bowl XLIII , it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced . At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV , Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly . Instead of singing `` O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming '' , the pop star sang `` What so proudly we watched at the twilight 's last gleaming '' . According to the New York Times , she also changed `` gleaming '' to `` reaming '' . Other patriotic performances ( edit ) The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII . The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem . Since 2009 , `` America the Beautiful '' is sung before the national anthem .",
"6": "Pledge of Allegiance 1969 : Apollo 8 crew 1970 : Apollo astronauts 1973 : Apollo 17 crew `` America the Beautiful '' 1977 : Vikki Carr ( in place of the national anthem ) 2001 : Ray Charles 2002 : Mary J. Blige , Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra 2005 : Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles 2009 : Faith Hill 2010 : Queen Latifah 2011 : Lea Michele 2012 : Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert 2013 : Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus 2014 : Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus 2015 : John Legend 2016 : U.S. Armed Forces Chorus 2017 : Phillipa Soo , Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones . 2018 : Leslie Odom Jr ... . `` God Bless America '' 2003 : Céline Dion See also ( edit ) Super Bowl List of Super Bowl halftime shows References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl -- Entertainment '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III '' . Paley Center for Media . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wong , Scott ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Living the dream : Prof to sign anthem for deaf '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI : PepsiCo and the NAD '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII '' .",
"7": "KING Says . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAD , NFL , & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience '' . National Association of the Deaf . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Tickets 2015 '' . Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50 '' . National Football League . Associated Press . February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI '' . National Football League . January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hudson 's Super Bowl Lip - Sync No Surprise to Insiders '' . ABC News . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A fitting wartime rendition '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 1991 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Warner ca n't match ' 07 magic vs. Steelers '' . Chicago Tribune . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our National Anthem : The Good , the Bad and the Ugly '' . Rolling Stone . July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film , NFL Films , 1991 ^ Jump up to : `` Oh , Say , Can She Sing '' . St. John 's Downtown . January 31 , 2004 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dunkerley , Beville ; Leahhey , Andrew ; Parton , Chris ; Moss , Marissa R. ; Shelburne , Craig ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Faith Hill 's 10 Greatest Live Performances '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl '' . CBS Sports . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Chris ; Paparella , Andrew ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston 's Star - Spangled Secret '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . The Official Garth Brooks Official Website . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ; James , Meg ( February 4 , 2005 ) . `` The Nation ; After ' 04 Fiasco , Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides '' . The Los Angeles Times ( Home ed . ) . p . A01 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 14 , 2005 ) . `` Football ? They Play a Game ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Callow , James ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Super Bowl 2011 : Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Schabner , Dean ( February 6 , 2011 ) .",
"9": "`` Christina Aguilera Mangles ' Star - Spangled Banner ' at Super Bowl '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` Singing , Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Entertainment '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weseling , Chris ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sandy Hook , Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jennifer ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` I 'm blessed & honored to be singing `` America The Beautiful '' with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday `` . Twitter . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/ Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hamilton ' Is Coming to the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL.com ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979",
"10": ") 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks",
"11": "Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_anthem_performers_at_the_Super_Bowl&oldid=823330535 '' Categories : Lists of musicians National anthems Super Bowl lists The Star - Spangled Banner Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from February 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-5448353169627005671
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where did the last name wallace come from
|
[
"a Scottish surname"
] |
{
"0": "Wallace ( surname ) - wikipedia Wallace ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Wallace is a Scottish surname derived from the Anglo - Norman French waleis , which is in turn derived from a cognate of the Old English wylisc ( pronounced `` wullish '' ) meaning `` foreigner '' or `` Welshman '' ( etymology ; see also Wallach and Walhaz ) . The original surname may have denoted someone from the former Kingdom of Strathclyde who spoke Cumbric , a close relative of the Welsh language , or possibly an incomer from Wales , or the Welsh Marches . The Kingdom of Strathclyde was originally a part of the Hen Ogledd , its people speaking a Brythonic language distinct from Scottish Gaelic and the English derived from Lothian . In modern times , in the 19th and 20th centuries , the surname has been used as an Americanization of numerous Ashkenazic Jewish surnames .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 People with the surname Wallace 1.1 Academia 1.2 Armed forces 1.3 Law 1.4 Media ( actors , artists , writers , journalists ) 1.5 Musicians 1.6 Politics and business 1.7 Religion 1.8 Sport 1.9 Fiction 1.10 Other 2 See also 3 References People with the surname Wallace ( edit ) Academia ( edit ) Alexander Doniphan Wallace ( 1905 -- 1985 ) American mathematician Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1823 -- 1913 ) , British naturalist and biologist Andrew H. Wallace ( 1926 -- 2008 ) , Scottish - American mathematician Carden Wallace , Australian marine biologist Chris Wallace ( computer scientist ) ( 1933 -- 2004 ) , Australian computer scientist and physicist , developer of Minimum Message Length David R. Wallace , American software engineer and inventor David Rains Wallace , author on conservation and natural history David Wallace ( physicist ) ( born 1945 ) , British physicist and Master of Churchill College , Cambridge David Wallace ( professor ) , American scholar of medieval literature Ernest Wallace ( 1906 -- 1985 ) , American historian Frank R. Wallace ( 1932 -- 2006 ) , author and philosopher Ian Wallace ( ornithologist ) , British ornithologist and natural history author J.M. Wallace - Hadrill ( 1916 -- 1985 ) , British academic and historian John Higgins Wallace , Jr.",
"2": "( 1906 -- 1989 ) , American chemist John L. Wallace ( born 1956 ) , Canadian medical scientist John Michael Wallace , American atmospheric scientist Mike Wallace ( historian ) , American historian Perry Wallace , American law professor and first African American athlete in the Southeastern Conference Raymond L. Wallace ( 1918 -- 2002 ) , American Bigfoot researcher Richard Wallace ( scientist ) , artificial intelligence researcher Robert Charles Wallace ( 1881 -- 1955 ) , Scottish - born Canadian geologist , educator , and administrator William Wallace ( philosopher ) ( 1844 -- 1897 ) , Scottish philosopher William Wallace ( mathematician ) ( 1768 -- 1843 ) , Scottish mathematician William Wallace , Baron Wallace of Saltaire ( born 1941 ) , British academic , writer and politician William A. Wallace ( organizational theorist ) ( born 1935 ) , Professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute William E. Wallace ( 1917 -- 2004 ) , physical chemist William S. Wallace ( born 1946 ) , General in the United States Army Armed forces ( edit ) Christopher Wallace ( British Army officer ) ( born 1943 ) , retired British Army general and trustee of the Imperial War Museum Colin Wallace ( born 1943 ) , British soldier and psychological warfare operative George W. Wallace ( 1872 -- 1946 ) , American soldier Herman C. Wallace ( 1924 -- 1945 ) , American soldier James Wallace ( Royal Navy officer ) ( 1731 -- 1803 ) , Royal Navy officer Lew Wallace ( 1827 -- 1905 ) , American Civil War general and author Martin Wallace ( soldier ) ( born 1969 ) , Australian SASR soldier Martin R.M. Wallace , American Union brevet brigadier general Robert Wallace ( British Army officer ) ( 1860 -- 1929 ) , Irish lawyer , soldier and politician Samuel Thomas Dickson Wallace ( 1892 -- 1968 ) , Scottish soldier W.H.L.",
"3": "Wallace ( 1821 -- 1862 ) , Union general in the American Civil War William Wallace ( died 1305 ) , Scottish landowner who became one of the main leaders during the wars of Scottish Independence William Henry Wallace ( 1827 -- 1901 ) , Confederate general and South Carolina state legislator William Miller Wallace ( 1844 -- 1924 ) , U.S. Army general Law ( edit ) John Wallace ( New Zealand judge ) ( 1934 -- 2012 ) , chairman of the Royal Commission on the Electoral System , 1986 John Clifford Wallace ( born 1928 ) , United States federal judge John E. Wallace , Jr. ( born 1942 ) , former New Jersey Supreme Court justice John William Wallace ( 1815 -- 1884 ) , American lawyer Michael Wallace ( lawyer ) ( born 1951 ) , U.S. lawyer William Robert Wallace ( 1886 -- 1960 ) , American judge William James Wallace ( 1837 -- 1917 ) , lawyer and federal judge in the United States William T. Wallace ( 1828 -- 1909 ) , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California and an Attorney General of California Media ( actors , artists , writers , journalists ) ( edit ) Andy Wallace ( producer ) , music studio engineer Barbara Brooks Wallace , American children 's writer Bill Wallace ( author ) ( born 1947 ) , American author of children 's books Bronwen Wallace ( 1945 -- 1989 ) , Canadian poet and short story writer Chris Wallace ( born 1947 ) , newscaster at ABC , NBC , and Fox News Chris Wallace - Crabbe ( born 1934 ) , Australian poet Christine Wallace ( born 1960 ) , Australian journalist and author Claire Wallace ( broadcaster ) ( 1900 or 1906 -- 1968 ) , Canadian journalist and broadcaster Daniel Wallace ( author ) ( born 1959 ) , American author Danny Wallace ( humourist ) ( born 1976 ) , British comedian , author and presenter David Wallace ( actor ) ( born 1958 ) , American actor David Foster Wallace ( 1962 -- 2008 ) , American novelist Dee Wallace ( born 1948 ) ,",
"4": "American actress DeWitt Wallace ( 1889 -- 1981 ) , American co-founder of Reader 's Digest magazine Donald Mackenzie Wallace ( 1841 -- 1919 ) , British public servant , journalist and author Edgar Wallace ( 1875 -- 1932 ) , British crime writer George Wallace ( comedian ) ( born 1952 ) , American comedian George Wallace ( poet ) ( born 1949 ) , American poet Ian Wallace ( author ) ( 1912 -- 1998 ) , science fiction author Ian Wallace ( artist ) ( born 1943 ) , pioneer of Vancouver 's conceptual art movement Ian Wallace ( illustrator ) , illustrator of children 's books Ian Wallace ( photographer ) ( born 1972 ) , Tasmanian landscape photographer Irving Wallace ( 1916 -- 1990 ) , American author and screenwriter Jean Wallace ( 1923 -- 1990 ) , American actress Jessie Wallace ( born 1971 ) , English actress John Graham Wallace ( born 1966 ) , English author of children 's books Kevin Wallace ( born 1957 ) , Irish theatrical producer Lila Bell Wallace ( 1889 -- 1984 ) , American co-founder of Reader 's Digest magazine Louise Wallace ( born 1959 ) , New Zealand television presenter , actress and director Louise Wallace ( writer ) ( born 1983 ) , New Zealand poet Marcia Wallace ( 1942 -- 2013 ) , American actress Marjorie Wallace ( born 1954 ) , American model , actress and presenter Mike Wallace ( 1918 -- 2012 ) , television correspondent Naomi Wallace , American playwright , screenwriter and poet Nick Wallace ( born 1972 ) , British author Randall Wallace ( born 1949 ) , American writer and film director Richard Wallace ( director ) ( 1894 -- 1951 ) , American film director Richard Wallace ( journalist ) ( born 1961 ) , British newspaper editor Rowena Wallace ( born 1947 ) , English - born Australian actress Tommy Lee Wallace ( born 1949 ) , American film producer , director and screenwriter William O. Wallace , Hollywood set decorator William Ross Wallace ( 1819 -- 1881 ) , American poet Musicians ( edit ) Aria Wallace ( born 1996 ) ,",
"5": "American actress and singer Beryl Wallace ( 1912 -- 1948 ) , American singer , dancer and actress Bill Wallace ( musician ) ( born 1949 ) , Canadian rock - and - roll musician Chris Wallace ( musician ) ( born 1985 ) , lead vocalist for The White Tie Affair Christopher George Latore Wallace ( 1972 -- 1997 ) , aka The Notorious B.I.G. , American rap artist David Wallace ( composer ) ( born 1982 ) , Irish composer and conductor Philip Wallace ( musician ) ( born 1964 ) , American guitarist Frank Wallace ( piper ) ( fl . late 1800s ) , Irish musician Ian Wallace ( drummer ) ( 1946 -- 2007 ) , drummer with King Crimson , Bob Dylan , and many others Ian Wallace ( singer ) ( 1919 -- 2009 ) , singer and contestant on My Music Jerry Wallace ( 1928 -- 2008 ) , American country and pop singer John Wallace ( musician ) ( fl. 1971 -- present ) , American bassist and singer John Wallace ( UK musician ) , member of The Stargazers musical group John Bruce Wallace , American musician and artist Michael Wallace ( piper ) ( fl . late 1800s ) , Irish musician Simon Wallace ( born 1957 ) , British composer and pianist Sippie Wallace ( 1898 -- 1986 ) , American singer - songwriter Stewart Wallace ( born 1960 ) , American composer William Wallace ( Scottish composer ) ( 1860 -- 1940 ) , Scottish composer William Vincent Wallace ( 1812 -- 1865 ) , Irish composer Politics and business ( edit ) Ben Wallace ( UK politician ) ( born 1970 ) , British Conservative politician Bess Truman ( 1885 -- 1982 ) , born Elizabeth Virginia Wallace , wife of U.S.",
"6": "President Harry S. Truman Bob Wallace ( 1949 -- 2002 ) , early Microsoft employee Dan Wallace ( born 1942 ) , Irish Fianna Fáil politician David Wallace ( Indiana politician ) ( 1799 -- 1859 ) , 6th Governor of Indiana David G. Wallace , American businessman and politician , mayor of Sugar Land , Texas David Wardrope Wallace ( 1850 -- 1924 ) , Canadian MP for Russell , 1903 -- 1904 Euan Wallace ( 1892 -- 1941 ) , British Conservative politician G. Frank Wallace ( 1887 -- 1964 ) , New York state senator George Wallace ( 1919 -- 1998 ) , 45th Governor of Alabama George Wallace , Jr. ( born 1951 ) , American politician Henry A. Wallace ( 1888 -- 1965 ) , 33rd Vice President of the United States Henry Cantwell Wallace ( 1866 -- 1924 ) , farmer , journalist and political activist I.T.A.",
"7": "Wallace - Johnson ( 1894 -- 1965 ) , Sierra Leonean journalist , activist and politician Jim Wallace , Baron Wallace of Tankerness ( born 1954 ) , British politician and former Deputy First Minister of Scotland John Wallace ( Australian politician ) ( 1828 -- 1901 ) , Australian politician John Wallace ( Canadian politician ) ( 1812 -- 1896 ) , New Brunswick farmer and member of the Canadian House of Commons John Wallace ( Florida politician ) ( 1842 -- 1908 ) , Florida Republican politician John Wallace ( Scottish politician ) ( 1868 -- 1949 ) , Member of Parliament for Dumfermline Burghs John Alexander Wallace ( 1881 -- 1961 ) , Canadian politician John D. Wallace ( born 1949 ) , Canadian politician John Winfield Wallace ( 1818 -- 1889 ) , US Congressman from Pennsylvania Jonathan H. Wallace ( 1824 -- 1892 ) , United States Congressman Lurleen Wallace ( 1926 -- 1968 ) , 46th Governor of Alabama Marjorie Wallace ( SANE ) ( born 1945 ) , CEO of SANE , the mental health charity Mark Wallace , American businessman , diplomat and lawyer Martin Kelso Wallace , Lord Mayor of Belfast Mary Wallace ( born 1959 ) , Irish Fianna Fáil politician Michael Wallace ( politician ) ( died 1831 ) , Scottish - born merchant , judge and political figure in Nova Scotia Mick Wallace ( born 1955 ) , Irish politician , football manager and property developer Mike Wallace ( politician ) ( born 1963 ) , Canadian politician Robert Wallace ( Canadian politician ) ( 1820 -- ? )",
"8": ", Canadian Member of Parliament Robert Wallace ( Edinburgh MP ) ( 1831 -- 1899 ) , British Member of Parliament for Edinburgh East , 1886 -- 1899 Robert Wallace ( MP for Greenock ) ( 1773 -- 1855 ) , Scottish politician , MP for Greenock , 1832 -- 1845 Robert Wallace ( MP for Perth ) ( 1850 -- 1939 ) , Irish - born politician , MP for Perth , 1895 -- 1907 Robert M. Wallace ( 1856 -- 1942 ) , United States Representative from Arkansas William Wallace ( Canadian politician ) ( 1820 -- 1887 ) , Scottish - born merchant and politician in Ontario William A. Wallace ( 1827 -- 1896 ) , U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania William C. Wallace ( 1856 -- 1901 ) , U.S. Representative from New York William H. Wallace ( 1811 -- 1879 ) , first territorial governor and Congressional delegate from Idaho Territory William J. Wallace ( Indianapolis mayor ) , 7th Mayor of Indianapolis , Indiana Religion ( edit ) Duncan Wallace ( 1938 - 2015 ) , Canadian Anglican Bishop of Qu'Appelle Foy E. Wallace ( 1896 -- 1979 ) , American Churches of Christ minister John Wallace ( bishop ) ( 1654 -- 1733 ) , Scottish Roman Catholic prelate Martin Wallace ( bishop ) ( born 1948 ) , English Anglican Bishop of Selby Robert Wallace ( minister ) ( 1697 -- 1771 ) , minister of the Church of Scotland and writer on population Robert Wallace ( Unitarian ) ( 1791 -- 1850 ) , English Unitarian minister Ronnie Lee Wallace ( minister ) ( born - 1958 ) , Minister of Marietta Vineyard Church of Georgia USA William Wallace ( Jesuit ) ( 1863 -- 1922 ) , Irish Jesuit and Indologist Sport ( edit ) A.J.",
"9": "Wallace ( American football ) ( born 1988 ) , American football player Alexander Wallace ( footballer ) , English footballer Andy Wallace ( racing driver ) ( born 1961 ) , British race car driver Ben Wallace ( born 1971 ) , American basketball player Bill Wallace ( American football ) ( 1912 -- 1993 ) , American football player Bill Wallace ( martial artist ) ( born 1945 ) , American karateka and kickboxer Billy Wallace ( 1878 -- 1972 ) , New Zealand rugby union player B.J. Wallace ( born 1971 ) , former American Minor League Baseball pitcher Bo Wallace ( born 1992 ) , American football player Bob Wallace ( American football ) ( born 1945 ) , former American football player Bob Wallace ( footballer born 1948 ) , English footballer Bob Wallace ( footballer born 1893 ) ( 1893 -- 1970 ) , footballer for Nottingham Forest Bob Wallace ( test driver ) , New Zealand racing driver instrumental in the founding of automaker Lamborghini Bobby Wallace ( American football ) ( born 1954 ) , American college football coach Bobby Wallace ( baseball ) ( 1873 -- 1960 ) , American baseball player Chris Wallace ( American football ) ( born 1975 ) , American football quarterback Chris Wallace ( NBA general manager ) , General Manager of the Memphis Grizzlies Darrell Wallace Jr.",
"10": "( born 1993 ) , American stock car driver Dave Wallace ( baseball ) ( born 1947 ) , American baseball coach and player David Wallace ( catcher ) ( born 1979 ) , American professional baseball player David Wallace ( footballer ) , New Zealand international soccer player David Wallace ( rugby union ) ( born 1976 ) , Irish rugby union player Derek Wallace ( born 1971 ) , American baseball player Doc Wallace ( 1893 -- 1964 ) , American baseball player Don Wallace ( born 1940 ) , American baseball player Frank Wallace ( soccer ) ( 1922 -- 1979 ) , American soccer player , nicknamed `` Pee Wee '' Gerald Wallace ( born 1982 ) , American basketball player Harold Wallace ( born 1975 ) , Costa Rican soccer player Heather Wallace ( born 1961 ) , Canadian squash player Huck Wallace ( 1882 -- 1951 ) , American baseball player Ian Wallace ( footballer ) ( born 1956 ) , Scottish international footballer Jack Wallace ( American football ) ( c. 1925 -- 1995 ) , American football player and coach Jack Wallace ( baseball ) ( 1890 -- 1960 ) , American baseball player Jackie Wallace ( born 1951 ) , American football player Jarrod Wallace ( born 1991 ) , Australian Rugby League player Jock Wallace , Jr. ( 1935 -- 1996 ) , Scottish football player and manager John Wallace ( American football ) , college football coach , head football coach at Rutgers University John Wallace ( basketball ) ( born 1974 ) , American basketball player John Wallace ( cricketer ) ( born 1924 ) , South African - born first - class cricketer , who played for Rhodesia John Wallace ( rower ) ( born 1962 ) , Canadian rower John Wallace ( sailor ) ( 1903 -- 1990 ) , American sailor Jonathan Wallace ( born 1986 ) , American basketball player Joe Wallace ( footballer ) ( 1933 -- 1993 ) , Scottish footballer Keith Wallace ( boxer ) , English boxer of the 1970s , ' 80s and ' 90s Ken Wallace ( canoeist ) ( born 1983 ) ,",
"11": "Australian sprint canoer Ken Wallace ( cricketer ) ( born 1936 ) , English cricketer Kenny Wallace ( born 1963 ) , American stock car driver Lee Wallace ( born 1987 ) , Scottish football player Mike Wallace ( baseball ) ( born 1951 ) , American baseball player Mark Wallace ( cricketer ) ( born 1981 ) , Welsh cricketer Merv Wallace ( 1916 -- 2008 ) , New Zealand cricketer Mike Wallace ( American football ) ( born 1986 ) , American football wide receiver Mike Wallace ( racing driver ) ( born 1959 ) , race car driver Peter Wallace ( born 1985 ) , Australian Rugby League player Philo Wallace ( born 1970 ) , Barbadian cricketer Raphael Wallace ( born 1957 ) , Nevisian cricketer Rasheed Wallace ( born 1974 ) , American basketball player Rod Wallace ( born 1969 ) , English football player Ross Wallace ( born 1985 ) , Scottish football player Rusty Wallace ( born 1956 ) , American NASCAR driver Seneca Wallace ( born 1980 ) , American football player Steve Wallace ( American football ) ( born 1964 ) , American football player Steve Wallace ( NASCAR ) ( born 1987 ) , American race car driver Terry Wallace ( born 1958 ) , Australian football player and coach William Wallace ( rower ) ( born 1904 ) , Canadian Olympic rower William Middleton Wallace ( died 1915 ) , Scotland rugby player Willie Wallace ( born 1940 ) , Scottish footballer Fiction ( edit ) Barret Wallace , fictional character in Final Fantasy VII Beth Wallace , fictional character in the soap opera Passions Chris Wallace ( EastEnders ) , an EastEnders character David Wallace ( The Office ) , CEO of Dunder Mifflin on the US TV series The Office Eli Wallace , fictional character on the TV science fiction drama series Stargate Universe Marsellus Wallace , fictional gangster portrayed by Ving Rhames in the 1994 film Pulp Fiction Nicole Wallace , fictional character on the TV drama series Law & Order : Criminal Intent Nathan Wallace and Shilo Wallace , fictional characters in Repo !",
"12": "The Genetic Opera \\ Other ( edit ) David A. Wallace ( 1917 -- 2004 ) , urban planner and architect Frank Wallace ( gangster ) ( before 1910 -- 1931 ) , Irish - American gangster from South Boston John Findley Wallace , American engineer best known as the Chief Engineer of the Panama Canal between 1904 and 1906 John - Paul Wallace ( born 1976 ) , English chess player Joseph Wallace ( 1990 -- 1993 ) , American two - year - old murdered by his mother Keith Wallace ( wine writer ) , wine columnist for The Daily Beast , and founder of the Wine School of Philadelphia Martin Wallace ( game designer ) , English game designer Michele Wallace ( born 1952 ) , African American feminist Minik Wallace ( c. 1890 -- 1918 ) , Greenland - born Inuk brought to America for study Sir Richard Wallace , 1st Baronet ( 1818 -- 1890 ) , English art collector Sanford Wallace ( born 1968 ) , self - proclaimed `` Spam King '' Staker Wallace ( 1733 -- 1798 ) , Irish freedom fighter William Wallace ( died 1305 ) , Scottish leader in the 1st Wars of Scottish Independence William Wallace ( mason ) ( died 1631 ) , Scottish master mason and architect William A.A. Wallace ( 1817 -- 1899 ) , Texas Ranger captain with the nickname `` Bigfoot '' William Herbert Wallace ( 1878 -- 1933 ) , English convicted ' murderer ' , later found to be innocent on appeal William Kelly Wallace ( 1883 -- 1969 ) , Irish railway engineer William Wallace Lincoln ( 1850 -- 1862 ) , son of Abraham Lincoln See also ( edit ) Wallace ( given name ) Wallace ( disambiguation ) Wallis ( surname ) This page lists people with the surname Wallace . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link .",
"13": "References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallace_(surname)&oldid=815493827 '' Categories : Surnames Scottish - language surnames Surnames of Lowland Scottish origin Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-6282136142651212589
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who made the movie fifty shades of grey
|
[
"Universal Pictures and Focus Features",
"Sam Taylor-Johnson",
"directed by Sam Taylor-Johnson"
] |
{
"0": "Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Fifty Shades of Grey Theatrical release poster Directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Screenplay by Kelly Marcel Based on Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Anne V. Coates Lisa Gunning Production companies Focus Features Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) ( Los Angeles ) February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $571.1 million Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2015 American erotic romantic drama film directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , with a screenplay by Kelly Marcel . The film is based on the 2011 novel of the same name by British author E.L. James and stars Dakota Johnson as Anastasia Steele , a college graduate who begins a sadomasochistic relationship with young business magnate Christian Grey , played by Jamie Dornan . The film premiered at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2015 and was released on February 13 , 2015 , by Universal Pictures and Focus Features . Despite receiving generally negative reviews , it was an immediate box office success , breaking numerous box office records and earning over $571 million worldwide . The film was the most awarded at the 36th Golden Raspberry Awards , winning five of six nominations , including Worst Picture ( tied with Fantastic Four ) and both leading roles . In contrast , Ellie Goulding 's single `` Love Me like You Do '' was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , while The Weeknd 's single `` Earned It '' was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song .",
"1": "It is the first film in the Fifty Shades film series and was followed by two sequels , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Direction 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Rating and censorship 5.3 Opposition campaign 5.4 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Pornographic - adaptation lawsuit 8 Sequels 9 Parody 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Twenty - one - year - old Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele is an English literature major at Washington State University 's ( `` WSU '' ) satellite campus near Vancouver , Washington . When her roommate , Kate Kavanagh , becomes ill and is unable to interview Christian Grey , a 27 - year - old billionaire entrepreneur , for the college newspaper , Ana agrees to go in her place . At Christian 's Seattle headquarters called Grey House , Ana stumbles her way through the meeting . Christian , who is that year 's WSU commencement speaker , takes an interest in her ; soon after , he visits the hardware store where Ana works . He agrees to Ana 's request for a photo shoot to accompany the article for which Ana had interviewed him . Christian invites Ana for coffee , but he leaves abruptly , saying he is not the man for her . Christian later sends Ana first edition copies of two Thomas Hardy novels , including Tess of the d'Urbervilles , as a gift . Ana and her friends celebrate graduation at a local bar . After drinking too much , Ana spontaneously calls Christian , saying she is returning the books and berates his behavior towards her . Christian goes to the bar and finds Ana , who passes out . She wakes up the next morning in Christian 's hotel room , relieved that they were not intimate .",
"2": "Ana and Christian begin seeing each other , though he insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement preventing her from revealing details about their dalliance . Christian explains that he only has interrelations involving bondage that is clearly defined in a signed contract . Ana reveals that she is a virgin . While considering the agreement and negotiating her own terms , and after visiting his `` playroom '' , a room stocked with a variety of BDSM toys , furniture , and gear , she and Christian have sex . Christian bestows Ana with gifts and favors , such as a new car and laptop computer . After Ana and Kate move to Seattle , Ana continues seeing Christian . During dinner at Christian 's parents , Ana suddenly mentions she is leaving the next day to visit her mother in Georgia . Later , Christian becomes frustrated when Ana expresses she wants more than the one - sided relationship he proposes . She is shocked when Christian unexpectedly arrives in Georgia , they have sex again but he leaves soon afterward , to tend to an emergency in Seattle . After returning home , Ana continues seeing Christian , who wants further sexual experimentation . Ana initially consents , but Christian keeps emotionally distant , upsetting her . While still considering the contract , and in an effort to understand Christian psychologically , Ana asks him to demonstrate how he would `` punish '' her for rule breaking . Christian whips Ana 's buttocks six times with a belt . Upset and disgusted , Ana breaks up with Christian after concluding that he is wrong for her and his practices border on being deviant and excessive . In an alternative ending , both Ana and Christian experience flashbacks . Christian jogs in the rain , while Ana sobs in her apartment . Christian encounters a gift Ana gave him with the note : `` This reminded me of a happy time . -- Ana '' . Cast ( edit ) Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson . Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele , a 21 - year - old English Literature student attending Washington State University . Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey , a 27 - year - old billionaire , entrepreneur , and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings Inc . Eloise Mumford as Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh , Anastasia 's best friend / roommate who begins a relationship with Christian 's older brother , Elliot Grey . Jennifer Ehle as Carla Wilks , Anastasia 's mother .",
"3": "Marcia Gay Harden as Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey , Christian 's adoptive mother . Victor Rasuk as Jose Rodriguez , one of Anastasia 's close friends . Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey , Christian 's adopted older brother . Rita Ora as Mia Grey , Christian 's adopted younger sister . Max Martini as Jason Taylor , Christian 's bodyguard and head of his security . Callum Keith Rennie as Ray Steele , Anastasia 's father . Andrew Airlie as Carrick Grey , Christian 's adoptive father . Dylan Neal as Bob Adams , Anastasia 's stepfather . Anthony Konechny as Paul Clayton , the brother of the owner of Clayton 's Hardware Store . Emily Fonda as Martina Rachel Skarsten as Andrea , Christian 's assistant Production ( edit ) By early 2013 , several Hollywood studios were keen to obtain film rights to The New York Times bestselling Fifty Shades trilogy of novels . Warner Bros. , Sony , Paramount , Universal , and Mark Wahlberg 's production company submitted bids for the film rights . Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2013 . Author James sought to retain some control during the movie 's creative process . James chose The Social Network producers Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti to produce the film . Although American Psycho writer Bret Easton Ellis publicly expressed his desire to write the screenplay for Fifty Shades of Grey , Kelly Marcel , screenwriter of Saving Mr. Banks , was hired for the job . Patrick Marber was brought in by Taylor - Wood to polish the screenplay , specifically to do some `` character work '' . Universal hired Mark Bomback for script doctoring . Mark Bridges served as the costume designer . Entertainment Weekly estimated the film 's budget as `` $40 million - or - so '' . Direction ( edit ) By May 9 , 2013 , the studio was considering Joe Wright to direct , but this proved unworkable due to Wright 's schedule . Other directors who had been under consideration included Patty Jenkins , Bill Condon , Bennett Miller , and Steven Soderbergh . In June 2013 , E.L. James announced Sam Taylor - Johnson would direct the film adaptation .",
"4": "Johnson was paid over $2 million for directing the film . 91⁄2 Weeks , Last Tango in Paris , and Blue Is the Warmest Colour were all cited by Taylor - Johnson as inspirations for the film . Casting ( edit ) Bret Easton Ellis stated that Robert Pattinson had been James 's first choice for the role of Christian Grey , but James felt that casting Pattinson and his Twilight co-star Kristen Stewart in the film would be `` weird '' . Ian Somerhalder and Chace Crawford both expressed interest in the role of Christian . Somerhalder later admitted if he had been considered , the filming process would ultimately have conflicted with his shooting schedule for The CW 's series The Vampire Diaries . On September 2 , 2013 , James revealed that Charlie Hunnam and Dakota Johnson had been cast as Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele , respectively . The short list of other actresses considered for the role of Anastasia included Alicia Vikander , Imogen Poots , Elizabeth Olsen , Shailene Woodley , and Felicity Jones . Keeley Hazell auditioned for an unspecified role . Lucy Hale also auditioned for the film . Emilia Clarke was also offered the role of Anastasia but turned down the part because of the nudity required . Taylor - Johnson would give every actress who auditioned for the role of Anastasia four pages to read of a monologue from Ingmar Bergman 's Persona . The studio originally wanted Ryan Gosling for Christian , but he was not interested in the role . Garrett Hedlund was also considered , but he could not connect with the character . Stephen Amell said he would not have wanted to play the role of Grey because `` I actually did n't find him to be that interesting ... nothing about Christian Grey really spoke to me . '' Hunnam initially turned down the role of Christian but later reconsidered it , following a meeting with studio heads . Hunnam said of the audition process : `` I felt really intrigued and excited about it so I went and read the first book to get a clearer idea of who this character was , and I felt even more excited at the prospect of bringing him to life .",
"5": "We ( Taylor - Johnson and I ) kind of both suggested I do a reading with Dakota , who was her favorite , and as soon as we got in the room and I started reading with Dakota I knew that I definitely wanted to do it . There 's just like a tangible chemistry between us . It felt exciting and fun and weird and compelling . '' In response to the negative fan reaction the casting drew , producer Dana Brunetti said : `` There is a lot that goes into casting that is n't just looks . Talent , availability , their desire to do it , chemistry with other actor , etc . So if your favorite was n't cast , then it is most likely due to something on that list . Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective . '' During October 2013 , actress Jennifer Ehle was in talks for the role of Anastasia 's mother Carla . On October 12 , 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had exited the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his FX series Sons of Anarchy . Alexander Skarsgård , Jamie Dornan , Theo James , François Arnaud , Scott Eastwood , Luke Bracey , and Billy Magnussen were at the top of the list to replace Hunnam as Christian Grey . Finally , on October 23 , 2013 , Dornan was cast as Christian Grey . On October 31 , 2013 , Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez , Jr . On November 22 , 2013 , Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh . On December 2 , 2013 , singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian 's younger sister Mia . Ora originally wanted to work on the soundtrack . On December 3 , 2013 , Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian 's mother , Grace . Filming ( edit ) In September , filming was scheduled to start on November 5 , 2013 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . The following month , producer Michael De Luca announced filming would begin on November 13 , 2013 . Principal photography was again delayed and eventually started on December 1 , 2013 . Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver . Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building .",
"6": "The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver , from which Ana graduates . The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel . The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios . The production officially ended on February 21 , 2014 . Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13 , 2014 . The film was shot under the working title `` The Adventures of Max and Banks . '' Music ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack James said that the film 's soundtrack would be released on February 10 , 2015 . The first single , `` Earned It '' , by The Weeknd , was released on December 24 , 2014 . On January 7 , 2015 , the second single , `` Love Me like You Do '' by Ellie Goulding was released , later reaching the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 , and becoming a hit for the soundtrack . A promotional single , `` Salted Wound '' by Australian recording artist Sia , was released on January 27 , 2015 . To date , the soundtrack has sold 516,000 copies in the United States . Release ( edit ) Jamie Dornan at the world premiere of Fifty Shades of Grey , Berlinale 2015 In February 2013 , Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said the film `` could be ready to release ... as early as next summer . '' The studio initially announced an August 1 , 2014 , release . However , in November 2013 , it was pushed back to February 13 , 2015 , in time for Valentine 's Day . Fifty Shades of Grey was first screened at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2015 . The film was released in 75 IMAX screens across the US on February 13 , 2015 . Marketing ( edit ) On January 25 , 2014 , more than a year prior to release , Universal displayed posters with the phrase , `` Mr. Grey will see you now '' , in five locations across the United States . On February 14 , 2014 , the first photograph of Johnson as Anastasia was released .",
"7": "On June 18 , 2014 , the film 's official Twitter account released the first still of Dornan as Christian in honor of Christian 's birthday . On July 9 , 2014 , the book 's author , E.L. James , said on Twitter that the film 's trailer would be released on July 24 , 2014 . Beyoncé debuted a teaser for the trailer on her Instagram account five days before the trailer 's release . On July 24 , Dornan and Johnson were on The Today Show to present part of the trailer appropriate for morning television ; the full trailer , which contained more racy scenes , was released later the same day on the internet ( 200 days before its initial theatrical release ) . The trailer featured a new version of `` Crazy in Love '' by Beyoncé , which was scored and arranged by her frequent collaborator Boots . The trailer was viewed 36.4 million times in the week after its July 24 release . This made it the most viewed trailer on YouTube in 2014 , until it was surpassed in October by the trailer for Avengers : Age of Ultron . However , in mid-December the trailer reached 93 million views and was again the most viewed of 2014 . The trailer accumulated over 100 million views in its first week of release through different channels and websites , becoming the biggest trailer ever released in history . By February 2015 , the trailer had been viewed more than 193 million times on YouTube alone . And by late February , Fifty Shades of Grey related material garnered over 329 million views including 113 million views for its official trailer . A second trailer was released on November 13 , 2014 . A third trailer aired during Super Bowl XLIX , on February 1 , 2015 . The film was promoted through an ad campaign that asked people whether they were `` curious '' . Nick Carpou , Universal 's president of domestic distribution , said : `` Our campaign gave people permission to see the film . '' `` Valentines is a big deal for couples and a great relationship event , and the date with the long Presidents Day weekend created a perfect storm for us . This date positioned us to take full advantage of the romance angle , which is how we sold the film in our marketing campaign , '' he said .",
"8": "Rating and censorship ( edit ) There was initial speculation that the film could receive an NC - 17 rating in the United States . Studios typically steer away from the adults - only rating due to the impact the classification has on a film 's commercial viability , with some theater chains refusing to exhibit NC - 17 - rated films . While screenwriter Marcel said she expected the film to be NC - 17 - rated , producer De Luca anticipated the less restrictive R rating . On January 5 , 2015 , the MPAA did give the film an R rating , basing its decision on `` strong sexual content including dialogue , some unusual behavior and graphic nudity , and language . '' On January 30 , in Australia , the film was rated MA15+ by the ACB for `` strong sex scenes , sexual themes and nudity '' . On February 2 , 2015 , the British BBFC classified the film an 18 certificate , mentioning `` strong sex '' . In Canada , Ontario , Manitoba , Alberta , and British Columbia , the film was rated at 18A by the OFRB , MFCB , AFR , and BCFCO , respectively , due to its `` occasional upsetting or disturbing scenes , and partial or full nudity in a brief sexual situation . '' In Quebec , the Régie du cinéma rated the movie under the 16 + category for its eroticism . In France , the film earned a 12 rating . In Lebanon , the film earned an NC - 21 rating . In Argentina , the Advisory Commission of Cinematographic Exhibition ( the rating arm of the INCAA ) rated the film SAM16 / R . Anti-pornography watchdog group Morality in Media argued that the film 's R rating `` severely undermines the violent themes in the film and does not adequately inform parents and patrons of the film 's content '' , and that the MPAA was encouraging sexual violence by letting the film by without an NC - 17 rating . The film was scheduled for a February 12 , 2015 , release in Malaysia , but it was denied a certificate by the Malaysian Film Censorship Board ( LPF ) for its `` unnatural '' and `` sadistic '' content . The LPF chairman , Abdul Halim Abdul Hamid , said Fifty Shades was `` more pornography than a movie . ''",
"9": "The film was also banned in Indonesia , Kenya , Russia 's North Caucasus , the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) , Papua New Guinea , Cambodia , and India . The film was released in Nigeria for a week , before being removed from cinemas by the National Film and Video Censors Board ( NFVCB ) . Studios will not pursue a theatrical release in China . The film 's sex scenes were censored after protests from various religious groups in the Philippines , and as a result it is in limited release in that country with an R - 18 rating from the MTRCB . A similarly cut version was released in Zimbabwe . Roughly 20 minutes were cut from the film for screening in Vietnam , leaving no sex scenes . The scene in which Ana is beaten with a belt is skipped entirely . Opposition campaign ( edit ) On January 28 , 2015 , a campaign in the United States by the National Center on Sexual Exploitation started two petitions to boycott the film 's release . Their website makes more than 50 allegations that the film has a negative impact on the community . It said , `` Hollywood is advertising the Fifty Shades story as an erotic love affair , but it is really about sexual abuse and violence against women . The porn industry has poised men and women to receive the message that sexual violence is enjoyable . Fifty Shades models this porn message and Hollywood cashes the check . '' By February 7 , one of the petitions had garnered more than 53,000 signatures . On February 2 , in Michigan , a man petitioned to halt the film 's release at a local Celebration ! Cinema . Despite the man 's efforts , the president of the cinemas declined to cancel the release of the film . He said , `` We 've been in business for 70 years and people often times object to content , and it 's not our job to censor the content of a widespread movie . It 's not in our best interest . It 's not in the community 's best interest . '' The film sold 3,000 tickets before the release and was expected to sell a total of 10,000 tickets .",
"10": "The American Family Association called for theaters not to show the film : `` The irony is not lost that the film 's main character is named , ' Christian , ' while this film presents anything but a ' Christian ' view of intimacy ... It is the epitome of elevating abuse , and we call on all theaters to reject promoting such abuse on their screens . '' Thomas Williams of the Notre Dame Center for Ethics and Culture commented on the release of the film in the United States on Valentine 's Day , stating `` The irony of Universal Pictures ' decision to release its bondage - erotica film Fifty Shades of Grey on the day dedicated to honoring a Christian martyr has not gone unnoticed to many observers , who seem to find the choice unclassy at best . '' Home Media ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey was released via DVD and Blu - ray on May 8 , 2015 . The Blu - ray edition features an unrated cut of the film ; the version includes an additional three minutes of footage , the bulk of which are in the form of an alternate ending . Upon its release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped both the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks combined Blu - ray Disc and DVD sales , as well as the Blu - ray Disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks up to the week ending May 17 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey grossed $166.2 million in North America and $404.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $571 million , against a budget of $40 million . It is currently the fourth - highest - grossing film directed by a woman ( behind Mamma Mia ! , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and Wonder Woman ) , and at the time of the end of it 's theatrical run , it was the fourth - highest - grossing R - rated film of all time ( behind The Hangover Part II , The Passion of the Christ , and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $256.55 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . Tickets went on sale in the United States from January 11 , 2015 .",
"11": "According to ticket - selling site Fandango , Fifty Shades of Grey is the fastest - selling R - rated title in the site 's 15 - year history , surpassing Sex and the City 2 . It also had the biggest first week of ticket sales on Fandango for a non-sequel film , surpassing 2012 's The Hunger Games . It is fourth overall on Fandango 's list of top advance ticket sales behind The Twilight Saga : New Moon , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , and The Hunger Games . The demand prompted US theater owners to add new showtimes . Weeks before the film 's release , several box office analysts suggested as much as a $60 million domestic four - day opening while Box Office Mojo reported that a $100 million opening could be possible . Outside the United States , Fifty Shades of Grey pre-sold 4.5 million tickets in 39 markets . In the UK , it sold £ 1.3 million ( $1.9 million ) worth of tickets a week before release .",
"12": "On release , it set several records at the box office , including : Box office record Record details Previous record holder Previous record holder details Ref ( s ) February opening weekend $85,171,450 The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 , $83.8 million ) President 's Day 4 - Day opening weekend for any film $93,010,350 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $63.1 million ) President 's Day 4 - Day weekend for any film $93,010,350 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $63.1 million ) Widest R - rated opening 3,646 theaters The Hangover Part II ( 2011 , 3,615 theaters ) Valentine 's Day gross $36,752,460 Valentine 's Day ( 2010 , $23,392,046 ) Opening weekend for a female directed film $85,171,450 Twilight ( 2008 , $69,637,740 ) Overseas opening weekend for an R - rated film $156 million The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 , $117 million ) Highest - grossing Universal 's R - rated film overseas $385.1 million Ted ( 2012 , $330 million ) North America ( edit ) In the U.S. and Canada , it is the highest - grossing sex film , the seventeenth highest - grossing film of 2015 , and the fourth - highest - grossing romantic film of all time . It opened in the U.S. and Canada simultaneously with Kingsman : The Secret Service on Thursday , February 12 , 2015 , across 2,830 theaters and was widened to 3,646 theaters the next day making it the widest R - rated opening ( surpassed by Mad Max : Fury Road ) , and the fourth - widest R - rated release of all time . It earned $8.6 million from Thursday night previews which is the second - highest late - night gross for a film released in February ( behind Deadpool ) and the third - highest for an R - rated film ( behind Deadpool and The Hangover Part II ) .",
"13": "The film topped the box office on its opening day grossing $30.2 million ( including Thursday previews ) from 3,646 theaters setting a record for highest February opening day ( previously held by The Passion of the Christ ) and fourth - highest overall among R - rated films . During its traditional three - day opening the film opened at No. 1 at the box office earning $85.1 million , setting records for the biggest opening weekend for a film released in February ( a record previously held by The Passion of the Christ ) . Women comprised 82 % of the total audiences during its opening day , and 68 % on Valentine 's Day . Revenue from the second weekend dropped massively by 73.9 % to $22.25 million , which is the second - biggest drop for a 3,000 - plus - screen release ( only behind Friday the 13th 's 80.4 % drop ) and the biggest for a 3,500 - plus - screen release . It is just the eighth film to open on more than 3,000 screens to drop by 70 % or more . The film topped the box office for two consecutive weekends before falling to No. 4 in its third weekend while Focus took the top spot . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside the U.S. and Canada , box office analysts were predicting as much as $158 million opening . It opened Wednesday , February 11 , 2015 , in 4 countries , earning $3.7 million . It opened in 34 more countries on February 12 , earning $28.6 million in two days . The film set opening - day records for Universal Pictures in 25 markets and opening day records for an R - rated film in 34 territories . Through Sunday , February 15 , it earned an opening - weekend total of $156 million from 58 countries from 10,979 screens ( $173.6 million through Monday ) where it opened at No. 1 in 54 of the 58 countries , marking the biggest overseas opening for an R - rated film , the fourth - biggest of 2015 , and Universal 's third - biggest overseas opening weekend ever . The film set an all - time opening record in 13 markets , Universal 's biggest opening weekend ever in 30 markets and biggest opening for any R - rated film in 31 markets .",
"14": "The biggest opener outside of the United States was witnessed in the UK , Ireland and Malta , where it earned £ 13.55 million ( $20.8 million ) in its opening weekend , which is the biggest debut ever for an 18 - rated film and the second - biggest for a non-sequel film ( behind I Am Legend ) . In just 10 days of release it became the highest - grossing 18 - rated film of all time . It topped the UK box office for two consecutive weekends . Other high openings include Germany ( $14.1 million ) , France ( $12.3 million ) , Russia ( $11 million ) , Italy ( $10.1 million ) , Spain ( $8.7 million ) , Brazil ( $8.3 million ) , Mexico ( $8.1 million ) , Australia ( $8 million ) . In Japan , the film was unsuccessful opening at No. 5 with $682,000 but falling out of the top 10 the following week . The Hollywood Reporter cited out possible reasons for the film 's failure , attributing it to the `` delayed release of the new Japanese - language editions of the books , poor timing for the film release and an R - 15 , re-edit blurring out parts of the sex scenes . '' It topped the box office outside of North America for three consecutive weekends until it was overtaken by Warner Bros . ' Jupiter Ascending in its fourth weekend . It became Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing R - rated film of all time overseas ( breaking Ted 's record ) , Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing film in 14 countries , and Universal Pictures ' eighth - highest - grossing film overseas . In total earnings , its largest markets overseas are the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $52.5 million ) , Germany ( $43.7 million ) , Brazil , ( $31.3 million ) , France ( $29.5 million ) , and Spain ( $22.6 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Director Sam Taylor - Johnson later admitted to regret making Fifty Shades of Grey . Fifty Shades of Grey received generally unfavorable reviews from critics , with criticism aimed at its acting , screenplay , and pacing ; however , some critics noted it as an improvement over the book , and others praised the performance of Dakota Johnson .",
"15": "On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 25 % based on 261 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While creatively better endowed than its print counterpart , Fifty Shades of Grey is a less than satisfying experience on the screen . '' The review aggregator website Metacritic gave the film a score of 46 out of 100 , based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` C + '' on an A+ to F scale . Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that `` the dialogue is laughable , the pacing is sluggish and the performances are one - note . '' Moira Macdonald of The Seattle Times wrote : `` Fifty Shades of Grey the movie , for the record , is not quite as bad as Fifty Shades of Grey the book . But that 's not saying much '' . We Got This Covered critic Isaac Feldberg gave the film one and a half stars out of five and wrote that it `` feels like two , distinct films grappling for dominance over the screen : one a sensual and stylish romance , and the other a numbingly explicit Harlequin bodice - ripper brought to life . Regrettably , the latter and lesser of the two ends up on top '' . The Guardian lead film critic Peter Bradshaw gave the film one star out of five , calling it `` the most purely tasteful and softcore depiction of sadomasochism in cinema history '' with `` strictly daytime soap '' performances . A.O. Scott of The New York Times called the movie `` terrible '' , but wrote that `` it might nonetheless be a movie that feels good to see , whether you squirm or giggle or roll your eyes or just sit still and take your punishment . '' In a positive review for The Daily Telegraph , Robbie Collin called the film `` sexy , funny and self - aware in every way the original book is n't . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of New York 's Daily News praised the directing , screenplay , and Johnson 's performance , but called Dornan 's performance , the leads ' chemistry , and the supporting cast `` underused '' .",
"16": "She praised the film for honoring the essence of its source and the director 's way of balancing `` atmosphere with action '' . In The Guardian , Jordan Hoffmann awarded the film three out of five stars , writing , `` this big screen adaptation still manages to be about people , and even a little bit sweet '' , and that the sex scenes `` are there to advance the plot , and only the most buttoned - up prude will be scandalised . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B − , writing : `` This perfectly normal way of consuming erotica suggests that the movie Fifty Shades of Grey will work better as home entertainment , when each viewer can race past the blah - blah about how well Christian plays the piano and pause on the fleeting image of the man minus his pants . '' In The Sydney Morning Herald , Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that `` the film provides a language for decision - making around violence more developed than most Hollywood fodder '' , and that `` film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like ' consent ' into a living , breathing , and at times , uncomfortable interpersonal experience . It dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one 's limits and having them respected . '' Various critics have noted the similarities between Fifty Shades of Grey and Adrian Lyne 's 91⁄2 Weeks ( 1986 ) . Both films are literary adaptations , centering on a sadomasochistic affair . In an interview in June 2017 , Taylor - Johnson later admitted to regretting directing the movie claiming that her differences with E.L. James caused her to walk away from the series .",
"17": "Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Awards Award Recipients and nominees Result Ref Academy Awards Best Original Song Belly , Stephan Moccio , Jason Quenneville , and The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Nominated Brit Awards British Single of the Year Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Michael De Luca , Dana Brunetti , E.L. James Won Worst Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Nominated Worst Actor Jamie Dornan Won Worst Actress Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screen Combo Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screenplay Kelly Marcel Won Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Best Song Written for Visual Media Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Ahmad Balshe , Stephan Moccio , Jason Queenneville and Abel Tesfaye for `` Earned It '' Nominated MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Dakota Johnson Nominated Best Kiss Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Fifty Shades of Grey Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Pornographic - adaptation lawsuit ( edit ) In June 2012 , the film company Smash Pictures announced its intent to film a pornographic version of the Fifty Shades trilogy , entitled Fifty Shades of Grey : An XXX Adaptation . A release date of January 10 , 2013 , was announced .",
"18": "In November 2012 , Universal , which had secured the Fifty Shades film rights , filed a lawsuit against Smash Pictures , stating that the film violated its copyright in that it was not filmed as a parody adaptation but `` copies without reservation from the unique expressive elements of the Fifty Shades trilogy , progressing through the events of Fifty Shades of Grey and into the second book , Fifty Shades Darker '' . The lawsuit asked for an injunction , for the profits from all sales of the film , as well as damages , saying that `` a quickly and cheaply produced pornographic work ( ... ) is likely to cause Plaintiffs irreparable harm by poisoning public perception of the Fifty Shades Trilogy and the forthcoming Universal films . '' Smash Pictures responded to the lawsuit by issuing a counterclaim and requesting a continuance , stating that `` much or all '' of the Fifty Shades material was part of the public domain because it was originally published in various venues as a fan fiction based on the Twilight series . A lawyer for Smash Pictures further commented that the federal copyright registrations for the books were `` invalid and unenforceable '' and that the film `` did not violate copyright or trademark laws '' . The lawsuit was eventually settled out of court for an undisclosed sum and Smash Pictures agreed to stop any further production or promotion of the film . Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) In April 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that E.L. James 's husband , Niall Leonard , was enlisted to write the script for the film 's sequel . In the same month , at the 2015 Universal CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Universal announced the release dates of the sequels , with Fifty Shades Darker being released on February 10 , 2017 , and Fifty Shades Freed scheduled for February 9 , 2018 . However , the sequels will not see Sam Taylor - Johnson returning as director . On August 20 , 2015 , the U.S. House of Cards director James Foley was a frontrunner to direct the sequel . In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back - to - back . Parody ( edit ) A spoof version of the film , Fifty Shades of Black , was released on January 29 , 2016 , in North America .",
"19": "Marlon Wayans and Rick Alvarez wrote the script , in which Wayans stars as Christian Black . The film was distributed by SquareOne Entertainment in Germany and Open Road Films in the United States ; IM Global produce and finance it , as well as handling international releases . Kali Hawk parodied the role of Anastasia Steele , with supporting cast including Affion Crockett , Mike Epps , Jane Seymour , and Fred Willard . Principal photography began on August 11 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , with a production budget of around $5 million . See also ( edit ) Film portal Washington portal Sex in film Wild Orchid ( film ) , 1989 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It is Universal Pictures ' highest - grossing film of all time in Brazil , Denmark , Italy , Poland , Venezuela , Croatia , Czech Republic , Estonia , Paraguay , Romania , Serbia / Montenegro , Slovakia , Slovenia and Ukraine . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey 's alternative ending revealed '' . Melty.com . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 22 , 2013 ) .",
"20": "`` ' Fifty Shades ' : Eloise Mumford Tapped to Play Anastasia Steele 's Roommate '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Ehle Joining ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' As Anastasia Steele 's Mother '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Adds Marcia Gay Harden as Christian Grey 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casts ' How to Make It in America ' Star Victor Rasuk as Jose '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Actor Joins ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rita Ora ( @ RitaOra ) ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official ! I 've been cast in @ FiftyShades of Grey as Christian 's sister Mia . # FiftyShades '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Max Martini to Play Christian Grey 's Bodyguard in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Casts Callum Keith Rennie '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Dylan Neal to Play Anastasia 's step - father in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Independent .",
"21": "Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Feature : Rachel Skarsten Talks `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' and Her Big Decision `` . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ; Zeitchik , Steven ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey has studios hot and bothered '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Talks Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deahl , Rachel ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` British Erotica Series Catches Hollywood 's Eye '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E.L. James Making Unprecedented Demands for Film Rights to Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Feature Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades Of Patrick Bateman : Bret Easton Ellis Would n't Mind Writing `` Grey '' Screenplay `` . Lais . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie Hires Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fifty Shades ' Movie Hires Writer for Script Work '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Mark Bomback to Polish ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Screenplay '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scharf , Lindzi ( December 4 , 2013 ) .",
"22": "`` Meet ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' costume designer Mark Bridges '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Cover Story : Fit To Be Tied '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Wright Joins ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director Derby '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Toldja ! No Go on Joe Wright and ' 50 Shades of Grey ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Flirts With Director Joe Wright '' . Variety . PMC . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' announces director : Sam Taylor - Johnson '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Salaries 2016 : Who Got Raises ( and Who Did n't ) , From Movie Stars to Showrunners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Ford ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director : Working With EL James Was `` Really , Really Frustrating '' ( Q&A ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Bret Easton Ellis tweets that Robert Pattinson was E.L. James ' first choice for Christian '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Noble , Melissa ( July 5 , 2012 ) .",
"23": "`` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Author Says ' No ' to Casting Robert Pattinson and Kristen Stewart '' . OK ! . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Michael ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` Ian Somerhalder Talks ' Vampire Diaries ' Kiss & ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casting Rumors ( AUDIO ) '' . RyanSeacrest.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Tie me up , please ! Chace Crawford guns for ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Somerhalder Is Not Angry He Was n't Cast In ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` 50 Shades film : Jamie dorman and Dakota Johnson cast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Casting : Shailene Woodley and Other Surprise Names That Passed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Susannah ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Keeley Hazell : ' I auditioned twice for Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Lucy Hale on Her Country Career , Fifty Shades of Grey Audition and Pretty Little Liars Plans '' . People . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Star Emilia Clarke Turned Down ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Jeff , Sneider ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Dakota Johnson Is Strapped In , Hunnam or No Hunnam '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Charlie Hunnam to Star in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on Fifty Shades of Grey Co-Star Dakota Johnson : `` There 's Just a Tangible Chemistry '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fans petition `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' casting , producer defends choices `` . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Durham , Jessica ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Christian Grey Casting Madness : Shirtless Scott Eastwood vs Francois Arnaud in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Movie ? Actor Hints Rumors on Twitter , 2014 Trailer Release Date in Jeopardy ? '' . Fashion & Style . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TheWrap , Staff ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : Jamie Dornan , Billy Magnussen First to Test for Christian Grey '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades of Grey : Rita Ora cast as Jamie Dornan 's sister '' . Daily Telegraph .",
"25": "December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Hear The Surprising Story Behind Rita Ora 's Part '' . MTV . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Alyssa ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Gets a Start Date -- Find Out When Filming Begins ! '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' producer : Christian Grey should be ' fresh face ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Starts Filming '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Joanna ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Photos : Jamie Dornan And Dakota Johnson Start Shooting Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie '' . Entertainmentwise.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' filming location updates from Vancouver '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns Bentall 5 Tower into Grey House '' . Yvrshoots.com . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns University of British Columbia into Washington State University , Vancouver '' . Yvrshoots . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` # FiftyShades of Grey filming in the Hotel Vancouver today '' . TwitPic . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Cast Shoots Charlie Tango , Clayton 's Hardware Store Scenes ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey begins filming in Vancouver 's Gastown '' . Vancouver Sun . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Returns as Christian Grey ( With the Silk Tie ! ) for Fifty Shades of Grey Reshoots '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James , EL ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Movie Tie - in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon ! '' . eljamesauthor.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Oktay Ege ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé , The Rolling Stones , Frank Sinatra , Sia , And More '' . Indie Wire . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Hear The Weeknd 's ' Earned It ' from ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Listen To Ellie Goulding 's Sexy New Song From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Artists , Various ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Fifty Shades ' Album Whips Past Half - Million in Sales '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Belloni , Matthew ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Chairman Wants ' Fifty Shades ' for Summer 2014 , More ' Bourne ' and ' Van Helsing ' Reboot ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Movie Release Date Announced ... But Who 's the Cast ? '' . Extra . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' release moved to Valentine 's Day 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' to Make International Debut at Berlin Film Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nolan Feenay ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey IMAX Screenings Prove That Size Really Does Matter '' . TIME . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Set for 75 Imax Screens '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive new ' Fifty Shades ' image : A billboard - size Christian Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fahy , Colette ( February 14 , 2014 ) .",
"28": "`` Dakota Johnson seen in her first official Fifty Shades of Grey movie pictures & # 124 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fifty Shades Freed ( @ FiftyShades ) ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Happy Birthday Christian Grey # FiftyShades '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ EL James ( @ E_L_James ) ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Hold on to your hats folks . You 'll get your first look at the FSoG movie trailer on July 24 . I 've had a sneak peek and WOW ! # WeAimToPlease '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the full ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' trailer : What we could n't show on TV '' . Today.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan Feeney ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The Story Behind Beyoncé 's `` Crazy In Love '' Update `` . TIME . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nostro , Lauren ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : BOOTS Talks About Reworking Beyoncé 's `` Crazy In Love '' and Scoring the `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' Trailer `` . Complex . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' is a YouTube Phenomenon , Even if Viewers Wo n't Admit It '' . Variety . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andrew ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : ' Fifty Shades ' Preview Is Most Viewed Trailer of 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Lewis ( December 17 , 2014 ) .",
"29": "`` The Most Viewed Trailers of 2014 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Universal : ' Fifty Shades ' Trailer Scores Historic 100M Views In First Week '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Tracking $60 M Bow ; Strong Ticket Sales In The South & Midwest '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Goes Shirtless as Christian Grey in New Fifty Shades of Grey Teaser '' . People Magazine . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arlene Washington ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` New ' 50 Shades ' Trailer Brags : We 've Racked Up 250 Million Views So Far '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Nets $94.4 Million in Debut '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Final Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Ties Up Record $94.4 M Debut in U.S. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Dominates Box Office With Record $90 Million U.S. Debut '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Exley , Jennifer ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Screenwriter Plans NC - 17 Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Producer Talks Sex '' . VH1 . October 23 , 2013 .",
"30": "Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Has Officially Been Rated ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES OF GREY ( DCP ) '' . Australian Film Classification . January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Gets 18A Rating From Canadian Censors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Films '' . consumerprotectionbc.ca . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Showtimes ( Fifty Shades of Grey ) '' . Cinexplex.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France Gives ' Fifty Shades ' Lenient 12 Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie details '' . Cinema City . Jump up ^ `` Cincuenta Sombras es Apta para mayores de 16 años con reservas ¿ Qué significa ? '' . Hoyts ( in Spanish ) . Argentina . February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Esther Zuckerman ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Morality in Media Criticizes R - rating for Fifty Shades of Grey '' . TIME . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Josh Gardner ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Morality group blasts R rating for ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' and says film is so violent Motion Picture Association should have made it NC - 17 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Banned in Malaysia '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 .",
"31": "^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades of Grey movie banned in Malaysia for being ' unnatural ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richwine , Lisa ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' goes global , but film too hot for some countries '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kozlov , Vladimir ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Banned in Russia 's North Caucasus ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' will not be released in UAE cinemas '' . Emirates 24 / 7 . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey film banned in Papua New Guinea due to sexual content '' . ABC Online . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fifty Shades '' banned in Cambodia `` . Yahoo News . February 11 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Naman Ramachandran ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` India Bans Edited Version of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Izuzu , Chidumga ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` National Film and Video Censors Board bans movie from cinemas '' . Pulse.ng . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's censorship board demands that erotic scenes of Fifty Shades of Grey film be edited '' . U.S. News & World Report . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey : In the censored Vietnam version there is no sex at all '' . The Independent . UK . March 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Smith , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Ugly Truth About ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie '' . Charisma News . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Say no to porn . Boycott 50 Shades of Grey , the movie : sign the petition '' . Lifesitenews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Dani ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Petitions want ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' showings canceled '' . WoodTV . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Francis , Derek ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Local man starts petition to stop `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' from coming to Celebration ! Cinema `` . Fox 17 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guess Who 's Boycotting ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Ahead of the Film 's Release ? '' . Alternet . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Thomas ( 14 February 2015 ) . `` Christians Offended by ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Hijack of Saint Valentine 's Day -- Breitbart '' . Breitbart News . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` News : Fifty Shades of Grey ( US DVD R1 / BD RA ) '' . DVDActive . March 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Still on Top of Home Video Charts '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Tops $100 M US , $300 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 5 , 2015 ) .",
"33": "`` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Becomes 6th R - Rated Film To Top $500 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` No. 7 ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' -- 2015 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Is Fastest - Selling R - Rated Title in Fandango History '' . Variety . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilary Lewis ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Is Fastest - Selling R - Rated Movie in Fandango History '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Scores Record Valentine 's Day Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lily Harrison ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Is Already Fandango 's Fastest - Selling R - Rated Movie in History '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Tracking for $45 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Could Nab $45 M Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' vs. ' Kingsman ' : A Box - Office Battle for Date Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ Marc Graser ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Marketing : More Sizzle Than Sex '' . Variety . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Forecast : ' Fifty Shades ' to Dominate Valentine 's Day Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Arousing Overseas Audiences Too '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Association ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades takes £ 1.3 million at box office before opening '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opeing Weekends by Month -- February '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 4 - Day President 's Day Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Gray ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Valentine 's Day ' Massacres Presidents ' Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Grey ' Makes Green Over Valentine 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Scores Biggest Opening in History for a Female Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 17 , 2015 ) .",
"35": "`` ' Fifty Shades ' Higher In Global Bow At $266.6 M ; Record R - Rated Opening Overseas -- Tuesday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' 50 Shades ' Now Uni 's Biggest R - Rated Film Overseas ; Nears $500 M Global B.O. '' Deadline.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Record 73 % For $23.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romantic Drama '' . Box Office Mojo . March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Posts Second Best R - Rated Preview Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' vs. ' Kingsman ' : A Box - Office Battle for Date Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST RELEASES BY MPAA RATING ( R ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Ryan Reynolds ' ' Deadpool ' Opens to Record $12.7 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 13 , 2015 ) .",
"36": "`` Box Office Dominatrix : ' Fifty Shades ' Nabs $30.2 M Friday for Record $80 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Report : Moviegoers Submit to ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Posting A $81.7 M Weekend , $90.7 M Four - Day ; ' Kingsman ' Strong With $35.6 M -- Sunday Final Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BROOKS BARNES and MICHAEL CIEPLY ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` In a Shift , ' Shades ' Dominates Box Office '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : Moviegoers Flee From ' Fifty Shades ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Lower With $22.26 M ; ' Hot Tub 2 's Tracking Off -- Monday B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BIGGEST SECOND WEEKEND DROPS ( Wide Releases That Fell 60 % or More ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Record 73 % For $23.2 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Will Smith 's ' Focus ' Lower In Actuals With $18.69 M Opening -- Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com .",
"37": "Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Focus ' Pulls Off Minor Heist at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Global Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Heads for $235 M - Plus World Domination '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Heating Up International Box Office With Record $158 Million Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Eyes $158 M+ Opening Weekend Overseas ; Biggest - Ever For An R - Rated Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Ties Up Universal Records In Overseas Debuts ; $100 M+ Weekend ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Cumes $28.6 M Overseas In Two Days ; Whips Opening Records '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of pure UK box - office gold '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND AND MALTA ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Becomes Highest - Grossing 18 - Rated Film Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter .",
"38": "Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Exotic Marigold ' Sequel Topples ' Fifty Shades ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Fifty Shades ' Opens in Fifth , ' Big Hero 6 ' Passes $70 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' American Sniper ' Opens on Top , ' Fifty Shades ' Drops Out of Top 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Why ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Failed to Hit the Mark in Japan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 1 , 2015 ) . `` Mr Grey Dominates , Mr Smith 's ' Focus ' Pulls & Ms Smith 's ' Exotic Marigold Hotel ' Upgrades : More International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jupiter ' Ascends To Top Of International B.O. ; ' Chappie ' Lively In Asia -- Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cinderella ' Tops International Box Office As ' Fifty Shades ' Joins Uni 's Top 10 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey -- International Gross '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 22 , 2015 ) .",
"39": "`` Euro Summer Box Office 's Rosy Outlook : Admissions Up , Soccer Off -- Chart '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey -- International gross '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Mr. Grey To Beat ' Christ ' February Opening Day ; Industry Projects $91 M Bow -- Late Night Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' lacks gray matter , as well as heat '' . USA Today . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015. > Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : A few shades better than the book '' . The Seattle Times . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015. > Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Pete ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Review '' . We Got This Covered . London . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey review -- making a bad fist of it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Review '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey premiere : ' the most raucous audience reaction since Mamma Mia ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Weitzman ( February 9 , 2015 ) .",
"40": "`` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' movie review '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey first look review : some pleasure , occasional pain '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' : EW movie review '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015. > Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ; Kean , Jessica ( 2015 ) . `` Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey -- and take their teens '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . February 19 Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Fifty Shades Of Grey -- movie review '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 9 1⁄2 Weeks : the story of the original 50 Shades of Grey '' . The Telegraph . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Before ' Fifty Shades , ' How ' 9 1 / 2 Weeks ' Director Put S&M Onscreen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sarah ( November 2012 ) . `` Who Was the Real Woman Behind ' Nine and a Half Weeks ' ? '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( 16 June 2017 ) . `` Fifty Shades Director Regrets Making The Film '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson reveals Fifty Shades regret : ' EL James did n't like me ' '' . The Telegraph .",
"41": "Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Choice Award Winners List '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.razzies.com/history/2016/2016-noms-press-release.html Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' , ' Fifty Shades ' Songs Score Multiple Grammy Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Author Jamie Lovett @ JamieLovett ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 Nominees Announced ; ' Avengers : Age of Ultron , ' ' Jurassic World , ' ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Lead Film Nominations '' . Realty Today . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Song -- Categories -- International Press Academy '' . Satellite Awards . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davenporte , Barbie ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Porn Parody Will Be Written / Directed by Mr. Filth . How Romantic '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades Porn Parody Targeted In Big Hollywood Lawsuit '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( November 29 , 2012 ) .",
"42": "`` Company behind ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' porn sued by Universal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Universal files lawsuit against ' Fifty Shades ' porn ' rip - off ' '' . Times Live . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Costanza , Justine Ashley ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Porn Lawsuit Heats Up : Is The XXX Adaptation Illegal ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` '' Fifty Shades '' porn parody lost its lawsuit , but everyone wins `` . Daily Dot . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ; Kim Masters ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` EL James ' Husband Writing ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock , Rebecca Ford ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequel to Hit Theaters in 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Wo n't Direct Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Foley Frontrunner To Direct ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Sequel For Universal '' . Deadline.com . August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( November 12 , 2015 ) .",
"43": "`` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Roxborough ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` SquareOne Takes Marlon Wayans ' ' Fifty Shades ' Spoof for Germany '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ali Jaafar ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' 50 Shades Of Black ' Starts Shooting ; iQiYi To Distribute ' Talking To Hollywood With Betty Zhou ' - Global Briefs '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 2015 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Production begins on ' Fifty Shades Of Black ' '' . Screendaily.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) .",
"44": "Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fifty Shades of Grey Official website Fifty Shades of Grey on IMDb Fifty Shades of Grey at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson Feature films Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) A Million Little Pieces ( TBA ) Short films and segments Death Valley ( 2006 ) Love You More ( 2008 ) Films produced by Michael De Luca Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) 21 ( 2008 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Drive Angry ( 2011 ) Priest ( 2011 ) Fright Night ( 2011 ) Butter ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) The Sitter ( 2011 ) Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2011 ) Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) The Creed of Violence ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Under the Silver Lake ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank !",
"45": "The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry ,",
"46": "Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato ,",
"47": "Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"48": "php?title=Fifty_Shades_of_Grey_(film)&oldid=837933868 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s erotic films 2010s romantic drama films Adultery in films American films American erotic films American romantic drama films BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films about sexuality Films based on British novels Films directed by Sam Taylor - Wood Films set in Seattle Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Obscenity controversies in film Works based on Twilight series Focus Features films Universal Pictures films Fifty Shades Censored media Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles that may contain original research from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Nederlands Napulitano Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 22 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
what are the names of the hunger games
|
[
"The Hunger Games (2012)",
"The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)",
"The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014)",
"The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015)",
"The Hunger Games",
"The Hunger Games: Catching Fire",
"The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1",
"The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2"
] |
{
"0": "The Hunger Games ( film series ) - wikipedia The Hunger Games ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Hunger Games Series logo Produced by Nina Jacobson Jon Kilik Based on The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins Starring Jennifer Lawrence Josh Hutcherson Liam Hemsworth Woody Harrelson Elizabeth Banks Willow Shields Paula Malcomson Stanley Tucci Donald Sutherland Music by James Newton Howard Production company Color Force Distributed by Lionsgate Country United States Language English Budget $493 million Box office $2.968 billion The Hunger Games film series consists of four science fiction dystopian adventure films based on The Hunger Games trilogy of novels , by the American author Suzanne Collins . Distributed by Lionsgate and produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik , it stars Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss Everdeen , Josh Hutcherson as Peeta Mellark , Liam Hemsworth as Gale Hawthorne , Woody Harrelson as Haymitch Abernathy , Elizabeth Banks as Effie Trinket , Stanley Tucci as Caesar Flickerman , and Donald Sutherland as President Snow . Gary Ross directed the first film , while Francis Lawrence directed the next three films . The first three films set records at the box office . The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) set records for the opening day and the biggest opening weekend for a non-sequel film . The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) set the record for biggest opening weekend in the month of November . The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) had the largest opening day and weekend of 2014 . The films , including The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) , received a positive reception from critics , with praise aimed at its themes and messages , as well as Jennifer Lawrence 's portrayal of the main protagonist , Katniss Everdeen . The Hunger Games is the 18th highest - grossing film franchise of all time , having grossed over US $2.9 billion worldwide .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming 3 Films 3.1 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) 3.2 The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) 3.3 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) 3.4 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Development ( edit ) Following the release of Suzanne Collins ' novel The Hunger Games , on September 14 , 2008 , Hollywood film studios began looking to adapt the book into film . In March 2009 , Color Force , an independent studio founded by producer Nina Jacobson , bought the film rights to the book . Jacobson then sought out production company Lionsgate to help her produce the film . Collins was also attached to adapt the novel ; she began the first draft after completing the third novel in the series , Mockingjay ( 2010 ) . The search for a director began in 2010 with three directors in the running ; David Slade , Sam Mendes , and Gary Ross . Ross was ultimately chosen to direct . By the time Collins had finished the script , Ross decided to go through the script with Collins and screenwriter Billy Ray . In October 2010 , scripts were sent to the actors , and casting occurred between March and May 2011 . The first role cast was of the protagonist , Katniss Everdeen . As many as 30 actresses were in talks to play the part , with Jennifer Lawrence , Hailee Steinfeld , Abigail Breslin , and Chloë Grace Moretz being mentioned most . The role was given to Lawrence . The roles of Peeta Mellark , Katniss ' fellow tribute , and Gale Hawthorne , her best friend , began casting later that month . Top contenders for Peeta included Josh Hutcherson , Alexander Ludwig ( later cast as Cato ) , Hunter Parrish , Evan Peters , and Lucas Till .",
"2": "Contenders for Gale included Robbie Amell , Liam Hemsworth , David Henrie , and Drew Roy . On April 4 , it was reported that Hemsworth had been cast as Gale , and Hutcherson had been cast as Peeta . Production ( edit ) Filming for the franchise began on May 23 , 2011 and finished on June 20 , 2014 . Suzanne Collins and Louise Rosner acted as executive producers on the first two films . Other executive producers of the first film include Robin Bissell and Shantal Feghali . Co-producers are Diana Alvarez , Martin Cohen , Louis Phillips , Bryan Unkeless , and Aldric La'auli Porter . Color Force and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films . It was announced on November 1 , 2012 that the studio had decided to split the final book , Mockingjay ( 2010 ) , into two films : The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) , much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) and 2 ( 2011 ) , and The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) and 2 ( 2012 ) . Directors ( edit ) Gary Ross directed the first film ( The Hunger Games ) , and despite initially stating otherwise on April 10 , 2012 , Lionsgate announced that Ross would not return to direct the sequel . On April 19 , 2012 , it was confirmed that Francis Lawrence would direct the sequel instead , and on November 1 , 2012 , it was confirmed that he would return and direct the final two films in the series , based on the novel Mockingjay . Scripts ( edit ) Suzanne Collins began adapting the first book to film after she finished writing Mockingjay . Collins had experience in writing screenplays after writing Clifford 's Puppy Days and other children 's television shows . When Gary Ross was announced as director for the film in 2010 , he began to work with Collins and veteran writer Billy Ray to bring the novel to life . The script was large and resulted in a two - hour and 20 minute film .",
"3": "After Francis Lawrence took over as director , he brought in Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt to write the script for Catching Fire . The final two films of the series were written by Danny Strong and Peter Craig . Casting ( edit ) Once the three leads were cast , casting shifted to the other tributes . Jack Quaid was cast as Marvel , Leven Rambin as Glimmer , Amandla Stenberg as Rue , and Dayo Okeniyi as Thresh . Alexander Ludwig ( who auditioned for Peeta ) was cast as Cato , Isabelle Fuhrman ( who auditioned for Katniss ) as Clove , and Jacqueline Emerson as Foxface . Following the casting of tributes , the adult cast began to come together . Elizabeth Banks was cast as Effie Trinket , the District 12 escort . Woody Harrelson was cast as Haymitch Abernathy , District 12 's mentor . Lenny Kravitz was cast as Cinna , Katniss ' stylist . Wes Bentley was cast as game maker Seneca Crane . Stanley Tucci was cast as Caesar Flickerman , Panem 's celebrity host . Donald Sutherland was cast as Coriolanus Snow , Panem 's President . Willow Shields was cast as Primrose Everdeen , Katniss ' younger sister . In July 2012 , the cast for the second film was announced . Jena Malone would play Johanna Mason . Philip Seymour Hoffman would play Plutarch Heavensbee , Sam Claflin would play Finnick Odair . It was later announced that Jeffrey Wright was cast as Beetee , Alan Ritchson as Gloss , Lynn Cohen as Mags , and Amanda Plummer as Wiress . In August and September 2013 , it was revealed that Stef Dawson would play Annie Cresta , Natalie Dormer would play Cressida , Evan Ross would play Messalla , and Julianne Moore would play President Alma Coin in the final two films . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for The Hunger Games began on May 24 , 2011 and concluded on September 15 , 2011 .",
"4": "The entirety of filming for the first movie took place in North Carolina including the following cities ; Asheville , Barnardsville , Black Mountain , Cedar Mountain , Charlotte , Concord , Hildebran and Shelby . All of the Games scenes were filmed on location . All of the Capitol scenes were filmed in a studio in Shelby and Charlotte , North Carolina . Principal photography for The Hunger Games : Catching Fire began on September 10 , 2012 in Atlanta , Georgia and concluded in April 2013 . In November 2012 , production moved to Hawaii to film the arena scenes . Filming took a Christmas break before filming resumed for two weeks in mid-January . In March 2013 , the film went back to Hawaii for re-shoots . Atlanta was used for all the Capitol scenes , Hawaii for the arena scenes , and Oakland , New Jersey for District 12 scenes . Principal photography for The Hunger Games : Mockingjay began on September 23 , 2013 and concluded on June 20 , 2014 . The majority of filming for the Mockingjay films was filmed in soundstages in a studio in Atlanta , until April 18 , 2014 . Production then moved to Paris , France , with filming beginning there on May 5 , 2014 . Philip Seymour Hoffman , who portrays Plutarch Heavensbee , was found dead on February 2 , 2014 . At the time of his death , he had completed filming his scenes for The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 and had a week left of shooting for Part 2 . Lionsgate released a statement stating that , since the majority of Hoffman 's scenes were completed , the release date for Part 2 would not be affected . Films ( edit ) The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games ( film ) Every year , in the ruins of what was once North America , the Capitol of the nation of Panem forces each of its 12 districts to send a teenage boy and girl , between the ages of 12 and 18 , to compete in the Hunger Games : a nationally televised event in which ' tributes ' fight each other within an arena , until one survivor remains .",
"5": "When Primrose Everdeen is ' reaped ' , her older sister Katniss Everdeen volunteers in her place to enter the games and is forced to rely upon her sharp instincts when she 's pitted against highly trained tributes . The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Along with fellow District 12 victor Peeta Mellark , Katniss Everdeen returns home safely after winning the 74th Annual Hunger Games . Winning means that they must leave their loved ones behind and embark on a Victory Tour throughout the districts . Along the way Katniss senses a rebellion simmering - one that she and Peeta may have sparked - but the Capitol is still in control as President Snow prepares the 75th Hunger Games - the Quarter Quell - that could change Panem forever . The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 Katniss Everdeen finds herself in District 13 after she destroys the games forever . Under the leadership of President Alma Coin and the advice of her trusted friends , Katniss spreads her wings as she fights to save Peeta , along with other victors and a nation moved by her courage . The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Realizing the stakes are no longer just for survival , Katniss Everdeen teams up with her closest friends and allies , including Peeta , Gale , and Finnick , for the ultimate mission . Together , they leave District 13 to liberate the citizens of war - torn Panem and assassinate President Snow . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of The Hunger Games characters and List of The Hunger Games cast members List indicator ( s ) This table only includes characters which have appeared in more than one film in the series . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film .",
"6": "Character Films The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Katniss Everdeen Jennifer Lawrence Peeta Mellark Josh Hutcherson Gale Hawthorne Liam Hemsworth Haymitch Abernathy Woody Harrelson Effie Trinket Elizabeth Banks President Coriolanus Snow Donald Sutherland Caesar Flickerman Stanley Tucci Primrose Everdeen Willow Shields Mrs. Everdeen Paula Malcomson Cinna Lenny Kravitz Plutarch Heavensbee Philip Seymour Hoffman Beetee Latier Jeffrey Wright Finnick Odair Sam Claflin Johanna Mason Jena Malone Annie Cresta Stef Dawson President Alma Coin Julianne Moore Boggs Mahershala Ali Cressida Natalie Dormer Commander Paylor Patina Miller Crew ( edit ) Role Films The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Director Gary Ross Francis Lawrence Producer Nina Jacobson Jon Kilik Writer Suzanne Collins Gary Ross Billy Ray Simon Beaufoy Michael Arndt Danny Strong Peter Craig Composer James Newton Howard Cinematographer Tom Stern Jo Willems Editor Stephen Mirrione Juliette Welfling Alan Edward Bell Alan Edward Bell Mark Yoshikawa Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Production budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Hunger Games March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) $408,010,692 $286,384,032 $694,394,724 25 105 $78 million The Hunger Games : Catching Fire November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) $424,668,047 $440,343,699 $865,011,",
"7": "746 18 59 $130 million The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) $337,135,885 $418,220,826 $755,356,711 48 86 $125 million The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) $281,723,902 $371,704,359 $653,428,261 88 117 $160 million Total $ 7009145153852600000 ♠ 1,451,538,526 $ 7009151665291600000 ♠ 1,516,652,916 $ 7009296819144200000 ♠ 2,968,191,442 $493 million All the Hunger Games films finished first at the North American box office during both their opening and second weekend . In North America , The Hunger Games film series is the second highest - grossing film series based on young adult books , after the Harry Potter series , earning over $1.4 billion . Worldwide , it is the third highest - grossing film series based on young - adult books after the film series of Harry Potter and The Twilight Saga , respectively , having grossed over $2.9 billion . In North America , it is the eighth highest - grossing film franchise of all time . Worldwide , it is the 15th or 16th highest - grossing film franchise of all time .",
"8": "Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Hunger Games 84 % ( 282 reviews ) 68 ( 49 reviews ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire 89 % ( 259 reviews ) 76 ( 49 reviews ) The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 65 % ( 252 reviews ) 64 ( 46 reviews ) A - The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 70 % ( 250 reviews ) 65 ( 44 reviews ) A - All The Hunger Games films received a `` Fresh Rating '' in the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , with the first two films receiving a `` Certified Rating '' stub . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Egan , Kate ( 2012 ) . The Hunger Games : The Official Illustrated Movie Companion . Scholastic . ISBN 0 - 545 - 45239 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate picks up Hunger Games '' . Reuters . March 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Slade , Sam Mendes , Gary Ross to Helm ' Hunger Games ' '' . FirstShowing.net . September 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Ross to Direct The Hunger Games '' . ScreenCrave.com . September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' : Jennifer Lawrence , Saoirse Ronan , Chloe Moretz , Emma Roberts , and more up for Katniss '' . Inside Movies . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence Gets Lead Role in ' The Hunger Games ' '' . The Wrap . March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lionsgate Testing Actors to Star in ' Hunger Games ' Opposite Jennifer Lawrence '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games Casts Liam Hemsworth and Josh Hutcherson , but for Which Parts ? '' . E Online . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb '' . IMDb . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francis Lawrence To Direct Both ' Mockingjay ' Films '' . MTV . November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunger Games Sequel Shakeup ! Gary Ross Officially Not Directing Catching Fire '' . E Online . April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Director Francis Lawrence Chosen For ' Catching Fire ' Sequel To ' Hunger Games ' '' . Deadline. April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Exclusive : Francis Lawrence to Direct Remainder of THE HUNGER GAMES Franchise with Two - Part Adaptation of MOCKINGJAY ′ '' . Collider.com . November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hunger Games Sequel Officially Titled The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' . ComingSoon.net . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingjay ' : Danny Strong Hired To Write ' Hunger Games ' Finale '' . The Huffington Post . October 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' Casts Two More Tributes '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games Adds Final Two Tributes To Huge Young Cast '' . E Online . May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Even More Newbies Joining The Hunger Games as Tributes '' . E Online . April 29 , 2011 .",
"10": "Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth Banks Signs On To ' The Hunger Games ' '' . MTV . April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' Adds Woody Harrelson To Cast '' . MTV . May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz joins `` The Hunger Games '' cast `` . CBS News . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Bentley lands role of Seneca Crane in ' Hunger Games ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Tucci Cast As Caesar Flickerman In The Hunger Games '' . Cinema Blend . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' Snags Donald Sutherland as Evil President '' . The Wrap . May 31 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Willow Shields Cast as Primrose Everdeen in The Hunger Games '' . E Online . April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jena Malone Chosen as Tribute for ' Catching Fire ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Seymour Hoffman Cast As Plutarch Heavensbee In THE HUNGER GAMES : CATCHING FIRE '' . AMC Theatres . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Catching Fire ' Casts Sam Claflin As Finnick '' . MTV . August 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL : Stef Dawson Cast as Annie Cresta for ' Mockingjay ' Movies '' . Mockingjay.net .",
"11": "August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL : Game of Thrones Actress Natalie Dormer Cast as Cressida '' . Mockingjay.net . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay ' casts Evan Ross as Messalla '' . Hypable . August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunger Games Movie Film Locations '' . www.romanticasheville.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' officially begins production in Georgia `` . Reel Georgia . September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Filming of ' Catching Fire ' to resume after the Oscars '' . BiblioFiend . February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest For Jennifer Lawrence ! The Hunger Games : Mockingjay Parts 1 & 2 To Begin Filming In September '' . Entertainment Wise. April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Celona , Larry ; Bruce Golding ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Philip Seymour Hoffman found dead with needle in arm : cops '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' Studio Reacts To Philip Seymour Hoffman Death '' . MTV . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo .",
"12": "Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Gamesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay Part 2 ' Creeps Over $100 Million for First Place Finish '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Dinosaur ' and ' Creed ' Look To Take a Bite Out of ' Mockingjay ' This Thanksgiving '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' # 1 On Thanksgiving , ' Creed ' & ' Good Dinosaur ' Feasts on Seconds '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young - Adult Book Adaptations Movies at the Box Office '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Moviesat the Box Office '' . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises and Brands Index '' . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Movie Franchises ( sort : World ) / The Numbers Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate - The Hunger Games Movies '' . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) .",
"13": "Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Mockingjay - Part 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Flixster ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Heldman , Caroline ; Frankel , Laura Lazarus ; Holmes , Jennifer ( April -- June 2016 ) . `` '' Hot , black leather , whip '' The ( de ) evolution of female protagonists in action cinema , 1960 -- 2014 `` . Sexualization , Media , and Society . Sage. 2 ( 2 ) : 8 -- 10 . doi : 10.1177 / 2374623815627789 . Pdf .",
"14": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hunger Games ( film series ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Official website ( hide ) The Hunger Games series by Suzanne Collins Book series The Hunger Games Catching Fire Mockingjay Film series The Hunger Games The Hunger Games : Catching Fire The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Accolades Cast Characters Katniss Everdeen Peeta Mellark Music The Hunger Games `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' Catching Fire `` Atlas '' `` We Remain '' `` Elastic Heart '' `` Who We Are '' Mockingjay ( Part 1 ) `` Yellow Flicker Beat '' `` All My Love '' `` The Hanging Tree '' `` Meltdown '' Other Fictional universe of The Hunger Games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hunger_Games_(film_series)&oldid=833718615 '' Categories : English - language films The Hunger Games ( film series ) Adventure films by series Lions Gate Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Science fiction films by series Films set in a fictional North American country Films based on science fiction novels Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego 한국어 עברית Latviešu Português کوردی Suomi 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 02 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1,
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[
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57573855796458704
|
what engine is in a holden v8 supercar
|
[
"a 5.0-litre, naturally aspirated V8-engine with electronic fuel injection",
"V8-engine"
] |
{
"0": "Supercars Championship - wikipedia Supercars Championship Jump to : navigation , search Supercars Championship Touring car racing Country Australia Inaugural season 1997 Drivers 26 Teams 14 Constructors Ford Holden Nissan Tyre suppliers Dunlop Drivers ' champion Jamie Whincup Teams ' champion DJR Team Penske Makes ' champion Ford Official website www.supercars.com Current season The Supercars Championship ( known as the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship for sponsorship purposes and often shortened to just Supercars or its long - standing name V8 Supercars ) is a touring car racing category based in Australia and run as an International Series under Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) regulations . Supercars events take place in all Australian states and the Northern Territory , with the Australian Capital Territory formerly holding the Canberra 400 . An international round is held in New Zealand , while events have previously been held in China , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and the United States . A championship event is also held in support of the Australian Grand Prix known as Melbourne 400 . Race formats vary between each event with sprint races between 100 and 200 kilometres in length , street races between 125 and 250 kilometres in length , and two - driver endurance races held at Sandown , Bathurst and the Gold Coast . The series is broadcast in 137 countries and has an average event attendance of over 100,000 , with over 250,000 people attending major events such as the Adelaide 500 . The vehicles used in the series are loosely based on road - going , four - door saloon cars . Cars are custom made using a control chassis , with only certain body panels being common between the road cars and race cars . To ensure parity between each make of car , many control components are utilised . All cars must use a 5.0 - litre , naturally aspirated V8 engine . Originally only for Ford Falcon ( FG X ) s and Holden Commodore ( ZB ) s , the New Generation V8 Supercar regulations , introduced in 2013 , opened up the series to more manufacturers .",
"1": "Nissan were the first new manufacturer to commit to the series with four Nissan Altima L33s followed briefly by Erebus Motorsport with three Mercedes - Benz E63 AMGs . Volvo entered the series in 2014 with Garry Rogers Motorsport racing the Volvo S60 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Group 3A 1.2 V8 Supercars 1.2. 1 Project Blueprint 1.2. 2 New Generation V8 Supercar 1.3 Supercars Championship 1.3. 1 Gen 2 Supercar 2 Supercar specifications 2.1 Bodyshell 2.2 Aerodynamics 2.3 Weight 2.4 Engine and drivetrain 2.5 Suspension 2.6 Brakes 2.7 Wheels and tyres 2.8 Cost 3 Series structure 3.1 Teams and drivers 3.2 Development series 4 Race formats 4.1 SuperSprint 4.1. 1 International SuperSprint 4.2 SuperStreet 4.3 Enduro Cup 4.4 Points system 4.5 Tyre allocation 5 Notable events 5.1 Bathurst 1000 5.2 Sandown 500 5.3 Adelaide 500 5.4 Gold Coast 600 5.5 Newcastle 500 6 Media coverage 6.1 Television 6.1. 1 Current TV broadcasters 6.2 Other media 6.3 Video games 7 Records 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Group 3A ( edit ) Mark Skaife 's 1994 Holden VP Commodore Craig Lowndes ' 1996 Holden VR Commodore The concept of a formula centred around V8 - engined Fords and Holdens for the Australian Touring Car Championship had been established as early as mid-1991 .",
"2": "With the new regulations set to come into effect in 1993 , Ford and Holden were both keen to know the details of the new formula by the end of 1991 , putting pressure on the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport ( CAMS ) to provide clarity on the matter . However , CAMS was waiting to see what the FIA did with its proposed international formula for 2.5 and 2.0 - litre touring cars . The new rules for the ATCC were announced in November 1991 and indicated that the V8 cars would be significantly faster than the smaller engined cars . During 1992 , CAMS looked at closing the performance gap between the classes , only to have protests from Ford and Holden , who did not want to see their cars beaten by the smaller cars . In June 1992 , the class structure was confirmed : Class A : Australian - produced 5.0 - litre V8 - engined Fords and Holdens . Class B : 2.0 - litre cars complying with FIA Class II Touring Car regulations . Class C : normally aspirated two - wheel drive cars complying with 1992 CAMS Group 3A Touring Car regulations . This class would only be eligible in 1993 . Both the Ford EB Falcon and Holden VP Commodore ran American - based engines which were restricted to 7,500 rpm and a compression ratio of 10 : 1 . The Holden teams had the option of using the Group A-developed 5.0 - litre Holden V8 engine , although this was restricted to the second tier ' privateer ' teams from 1994 onwards , forcing the major Holden runners to use the more expensive Chevrolet engine . The V8s were first eligible to compete in the endurance races of 1992 . The distinctive aerodynamics package , consisting of large front and rear spoilers , was designed partly with this in mind , to give the new cars a better chance of beating the Nissan Skyline GT - Rs in those races . The new rules meant that cars such as the turbocharged Nissan Skyline GT - R and Ford Sierra RS500 Cosworth were not eligible to compete in 1993 , while cars such as the BMW M3 were .",
"3": "However , the M3 received few of the liberal concessions given to the new V8s and also had an extra 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) added to its minimum weight so , with the Class C cars eligible for 1993 only , the German manufacturer 's attention switched to the 2.0 - litre class for 1994 . Cars from all three classes would contest the 1993 Australian Touring Car Championship as well as non-championship Australian touring car events such as the Bathurst 1000 . However , for the purposes of race classification and points allocation , cars competed in two classes : Over 2,000 cc . Under 2,000 cc . Originally the 2.0 - litre class cars competed in a separate race to the V8s . This was changed for the second round of 1993 after there were only nine entrants in the 2.0 - litre class for the first round at Amaroo Park . With the new regulations intended to be a parity formula , there were protests by the Holden teams that the Fords had an aerodynamic advantage after they won the opening three rounds , beating the Commodore comprehensively . After round five at Winton , Holden was granted a new front and rear wing package . The BMWs were also allowed a new splitter and a full DTM - specification rear wing . Disparity between the Fords and Holdens continued to be a talking point during the next few years , with various concessions given to each manufacturer to try and equalise the two cars . From 1995 , the 2.0 - litre cars , now contesting their own series as Super Touring cars , became ineligible for the Australian Touring Car Championship . They did not contest the endurance races at Sandown and Bathurst , leaving these open solely to the 5.0 - litre Ford and Holden models . V8 Supercars ( edit ) Glenn Seton 's 1997 Ford EL Falcon , pictured in 2011 The Australian Vee Eight Super Car Company ( AVESCO ) -- a joint venture between the Touring Car Entrants Group of Australia ( TEGA ) , sports promoters IMG and the Australian Motor Sports Commission -- was formed in November 1996 to run the series . This set the foundation for the large expansion of the series during the following years .",
"4": "The category also adopted the name ' V8 Supercars ' at this time , though the cars themselves were much unchanged . A new television deal with Network Ten was organised , although this had follow - on effects for the Bathurst 1000 later in the year . In February 1997 , Tony Cochrane and James Erskine left IMG . Together with David Coe , they formed Sports & Entertainment Limited ( SEL ) in April 1997 . TEGA would have a 75 % share in AVESCO , with SEL owning the other 25 % . TEGA was responsible for the rules and technical management of the series and the supply of cars and drivers while SEL was responsible for capturing and maintaining broadcasting rights , sponsorship , licensing and sanction agreements . The expansion of the series began in 1998 , with the first round to be held in the Northern Territory taking place at Hidden Valley Raceway . In 1999 , a new street - race on a shortened version of the Adelaide Grand Prix Circuit became one of the first festival - style events which would become common in later years . Australia 's capital city , Canberra , hosted its first event on the Canberra Street Circuit in 2000 . In 2001 , a championship round was held in New Zealand for the first time , at Pukekohe Park Raceway . In 2002 , the V8 Supercar support event at the Indy 300 on the Gold Coast became a championship round , having been a non-championship event since 1994 . Major format changes were made for 1999 , with the incorporation of the endurance races into the championship . Control tyres were used for the first time , with Bridgestone selected as the supplier . The series was also renamed from the ' Australian Touring Car Championship ' to the ' Shell Championship Series ' , by virtue of Shell 's sponsorship of the category . Reverse - grid races were introduced for multiple rounds in 2000 before being confined to just the Canberra round for 2001 . Also in 2001 , compulsory pit stops were introduced at certain rounds and the Top Ten Shootout was used at all rounds . The control tyre supplier changed from Bridgestone to Dunlop in 2002 and the series name was changed to the ' V8 Supercar Championship Series ' after Shell discontinued their sponsorship .",
"5": "Project Blueprint ( edit ) Todd Kelly 's 2003 Holden VY Commodore Discussions about parity had returned in 2000 , with 100 millimetres trimmed from the front spoiler of the Commodore after Holden , in particular , the Holden Racing Team , had dominated in 1998 and 1999 . This was in response to the 300 mm removed from the Falcon in previous seasons , and coincided with a 10 mm trim from the Falcon 's rear spoiler . The small reduction for the Holden teams was quickly addressed with both cars receiving the same front splitter shortly afterwards , but the Falcon 's rear wing remained trimmed . Ford had threatened to withdraw from the series , but nothing came of this . After Holden again dominated in 2001 and 2002 , a new set of regulations , dubbed ' Project Blueprint ' , was introduced in 2003 to close the performance gap between the Commodore and the Falcon , thus creating closer , fairer racing . Project Blueprint was developed by Paul Taylor and Wayne Cattach , who spent two years designing a formula which would eliminate most of the differences between the Fords and Holdens . Project Blueprint saw the chassis pick - up points , wheelbase , track and driving position become common across both manufacturers . The Holdens were now required to use double wishbone front suspension , similar to that of the Falcon , rather than the MacPherson struts used previously . The aerodynamic packages were comprehensively tested and revised and differences in the porting of each of the manufacturers ' engines were also removed . The performance of the new Ford BA Falcon and Holden VY and VZ Commodores was fairly even for the next four years , with Ford winning the championship in 2003 , 2004 and 2005 and Holden winning in 2006 . Reverse - grid races were used at certain events in 2006 before unpopularity with the drivers , teams and fans saw them abolished halfway through the season . Mark Skaife , five - time series champion and leader of the New Generation V8 Supercar project . The Holden VE Commodore caused controversy when it was introduced in 2007 . The production model was longer , wider and taller than the rival Ford BF Falcon and outside of the limits set by Project Blueprint .",
"6": "As a result , the VE race car was granted custom bodywork -- namely shortened rear doors and a lowered roofline -- in order to meet the regulations . Despite this , the VE was approved for use in the series , along with the BF Falcon , after several months of pre-season testing . Sequential gearboxes were introduced in 2008 and became compulsory by the end of the year . In 2009 , E85 ( a fuel consisting of 85 % ethanol and 15 % unleaded petrol ) was introduced in an effort to improve the environmental image of the sport . Carbon dioxide emissions decreased by up to 50 % , however fuel consumption was increased by 30 % to produce the same power as before . 2009 also saw the introduction of a soft compound tyre at certain events to try to improve the quality of the racing and create different strategies . In 2005 , AVESCO changed its name to V8 Supercars Australia ( VESA ) . The series continued to expand during this time , with races held outside of Australasia for the first time . The series travelled to the Shanghai International Circuit in China in 2005 , originally on a five - year agreement , however the promoter of the race dropped their support and the series did not return thereafter . 2006 saw the series travel to the Middle East , with an event held at the Bahrain International Circuit in Bahrain . Multiple new street circuits appeared on the calendar in 2008 and 2009 , with new events held in Hamilton in New Zealand , Townsville in North Queensland and at Sydney Olympic Park . The series ' Middle East expansion continued in 2010 with a second round held at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi . In November 2010 , the series was granted international status by the FIA for the 2011 season , allowing the series to race at up to six international venues each year . As a result , the series name was changed to the ' International V8 Supercars Championship ' . 2008 saw the separate boards of directors of VESA and TEGA merge into a single board that was solely responsible for the administration of the category . The new board of directors was composed of four TEGA representatives , two members from SEL and two independent directors . In 2011 , TEGA and SEL entered a sale agreement with Australian Motor Racing Partners ( AMRP ) , which had significant financial backing from Archer Capital .",
"7": "This agreement saw SEL lose its 25 % stake in V8 Supercars , with Archer Capital taking up a 60 % share and TEGA the other 40 % . A new board of directors was appointed , with two TEGA representatives and two AMRP representatives . Through the new rules manufacturers such as Volvo were able to enter cars in the series . New Generation V8 Supercar ( edit ) See also : 2013 International V8 Supercars Championship § New Generation V8 Supercar In the middle of 2008 , a project led by Mark Skaife was organised by V8 Supercars to investigate future directions for the sport . The project had the primary objective of cutting costs to $ 250,000 per car through the use of control parts and to create a pathway for new manufacturers to enter the series , provided that they have a four - door saloon car in mass production . The new formula , called `` Car of the Future '' , was scheduled to be introduced before or during the 2012 season . The plan was publicly unveiled in March 2010 and was shown to incorporate several key changes to the internal workings of the car . The chassis and the cooling , fuel and electronics systems would all be changed to control parts , with changes to the engine , drivetrain , rear suspension , wheels and the control brake package . The safety of the cars was also to be reviewed and improved . While the plans were well received by all of the teams , Holden Motorsport boss Simon McNamara warned potential new manufacturers to stay out of the championship just hours after the plans were released , claiming that they would `` gain nothing '' from entering the series . Major changes were revealed to include a switch from a live rear axle to independent rear suspension ; the use of a rear transaxle instead of a mid-mounted gearbox ; the repositioning of the fuel tank to in front of the rear axle to improve safety ; replacing the windscreen with a polycarbonate unit ; and a switch from 17 - inch to 18 - inch wheels . In 2011 , it was announced that the Car of the Future would not be introduced until 2013 . In February 2012 , Nissan confirmed that they would enter the series under Car of the Future regulations with Kelly Racing .",
"8": "Later in 2012 , Australian GT Championship team Erebus Motorsport announced they would be running Mercedes - Benz cars in the championship , taking over Stone Brothers Racing . In June 2013 , Volvo announced it would enter the series in 2014 in a collaboration with its motorsport arm , Polestar Racing , and Garry Rogers Motorsport . In November 2013 the Car of the Future moniker was dropped in favour of the name `` New Generation V8 Supercar '' . The series continued its international expansion in 2013 , with the first event in North America held at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin , Texas . In 2015 , five drivers took part in a series of demonstration races at the Kuala Lumpur Street Circuit as part of the KL City Grand Prix . This was intended to be a precursor to the series holding a championship event at the circuit in 2016 . The event was later cancelled due to legal issues affecting the circuit . Supercars Championship ( edit ) In April 2016 , the series reached an agreement with Virgin Australia to rename the series to the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship on 1 July . Gen 2 Supercar ( edit ) In December 2014 , Supercars released details concerning the future of the category . New regulations , dubbed Gen2 Supercar , were introduced in 2017 to allow the use of two - door coupé body styles and turbocharged four - or six - cylinder engines . However , no teams elected to build cars for the new regulations until 2018 . Cars are still required to be based on front - engined , rear - wheel drive , four - seater production cars that are sold in Australia . The chassis and control components will be carried over from the New Generation V8 Supercar regulations , while engine and aerodynamic parity will be reviewed . Supercar specifications ( edit ) Clockwise from top left : a Ford FG X Falcon , Holden VF Commodore , Nissan Altima L33 and a Volvo S60 . The interior of Jason Bright 's 2011 Holden VE Commodore . The driver 's seat , steering wheel , gear shifter and parts of the roll cage can be seen . Control wheels fitted with soft compound tyres . The current New Generation V8 Supercar regulations are an evolution of the previous Project Blueprint regulations .",
"9": "The regulations control many aspects of the car to ensure parity between the manufacturers , allowing for minor differences in the engines and body shapes so that the cars bear some resemblance to their production counterparts . The regulations were also designed to lower the costs of building and repairing a car . Bodyshell ( edit ) The body of each car is based on its corresponding production car . However , due to the regulations governing the dimensions of the cars to ensure parity , the race cars are lowered and shortened or lengthened to meet the regulations . As of 2017 , only the Ford FG X Falcon , Holden VF Commodore , Mercedes - Benz E63 AMG W212 , Nissan Altima L33 and Volvo S60 are eligible to compete . To save costs , the front guards , passenger - side front door , rear doors and rear quarter panels are made from composite materials . The tail lamps are carried over from the road car , while the windscreen is replaced by a polycarbonate unit . The bodies are built around a control chassis , featuring a full roll cage , originally designed by PACE Innovations but which can be made , or partially made , by other accredited builders , including certain race teams . Many safety features are utilised to protect the driver in the event of a crash . The fuel tank is positioned in front of the rear axle to prevent it from being damaged or ruptured in a rear end impact . The driver is seated towards the centre of the car and extra reinforcement is used on the roll cage on the driver 's side to lessen the risk of injury in a side - on collision . The cars also feature a collapsible steering column and a fire extinguisher system . Aerodynamics ( edit ) All cars have an aerodynamics package consisting of a front spoiler and splitter , side skirts and a rear wing . The aerodynamics package for each manufacturer is homologated after a series of tests which ensure that the different body styles produce near - identical downforce and drag numbers . Weight ( edit ) The minimum weight of each car is 1,410 kilograms ( 3,110 lb ) including the driver , with a minimum load of 755 kg over the front axle . The minimum weight for the driver is 100 kg and includes the driver dressed in a full racing suit , the seat and seat mountings and any ballast needed to meet the minimum weight .",
"10": "Some other components also have a minimum weight , such as the engine ( 200 kg ) and the front uprights ( 10.5 kg each ) . Engine and drivetrain ( edit ) All cars must be front - engined and rear - wheel drive . All cars use a 5.0 - litre , naturally aspirated V8 - engine with electronic fuel injection , capable of producing between 460 and 485 kW ( 620 -- 650 bhp ) . Manufacturers are free to choose between using an engine based on one from their own line up or a generic engine provided by V8 Supercars . Both Ford and Holden use US - based racing engines with pushrod actuated valves and two valves per cylinder . Mercedes , Nissan and Volvo use modified versions of their own engines , with hydraulic - lift valves and four valves per cylinder . All engines are electronically limited to 7,500 rpm and have a compression ratio of 10 : 1 . Power is transferred from the engine to the rear wheels through a six - speed sequential transaxle with an integrated spool differential . The individual gear ratios and the final drive ratio are fixed with drop gears at the front of the transaxle allowing the teams to alter the overall transmission ratio for different circuits . The cars use a triple plate clutch . The cars run on E85 fuel with a fuel tank capacity of 112 litres . An electronic control unit ( ECU ) , provided by MoTeC , is used to monitor and optimise various aspects of the engine 's performance . Numerous sensors in the car collect information which is then transmitted to the team , allowing them to monitor things such as tyre wear and fuel consumption and find potential problems with the car . The ECU is also used by officials during the scrutineering process . Suspension ( edit ) All cars are required to use a double wishbone setup for the front suspension and independent rear suspension . Both the front and rear suspension systems feature adjustable shock absorbers and an anti-roll bar which can be adjusted from the cockpit . Brakes ( edit ) The cars use disc brakes supplied by AP Racing on the front and rear , with the master cylinders provided by AP Racing or former control brake supplier Alcon .",
"11": "The front discs have a diameter of 395 millimetres ( 15.6 in ) and a six - piston caliper , while the rear discs are 355 millimetres ( 14.0 in ) diameter and have a four - piston caliper . Wheels and tyres ( edit ) The cars use 18 - inch control wheels , produced by Rimstock and supplied by Racer Industries , and control tyres from Dunlop . The slick tyre is available in both hard and soft compounds , with teams required to use either or both compounds in each race , depending on the event . A grooved wet tyre is used in damp conditions . Cost ( edit ) The New Generation V8 Supercar regulations were intended to reduce the cost of building a car ( without engine ) from around $450,000 to $250,000 , with the cost of an engine coming down from around $120,000 to $50,000 . Series structure ( edit ) Jamie Whincup ( second from left ) , the most successful driver in the category 's history , celebrates winning the 2011 series . Teams and drivers ( edit ) In order to compete in the Supercars Championship , drivers are required to hold a CAMS National Circuit Competition Licence , or a licence of an equivalent or higher level . Each car entered is required to have a Racing Entitlements Contract ( REC ) . A REC is a contract between Supercars and a team which outlines the team 's entitlements and obligations . RECs may be leased by their owners to another party for a maximum of two years , after which the owner must either use it themselves or sell it . A racing number is tied to each REC , with teams able to apply for a REC number to be changed . The defending series champion is entitled to use the number 1 , with the original REC number of that car reserved and not able to be used by another team without the agreement of its owner . The RECs were originally issued in 1999 . Known as TEGA franchise agreements , they were divided into three categories -- Level 1 , Level 2 and Level 3 .",
"12": "Twelve Level 1 franchises were issued to those teams that had competed in the series full - time since its inception in 1997 : Dick Johnson Racing Garry Rogers Motorsport Gibson Motorsport Glenn Seton Racing John Faulkner Racing Holden Racing Team Lansvale Racing Team Larkham Motor Sport Longhurst Racing Perkins Engineering Romano Racing Stone Brothers Racing A thirteenth was later issued to Bob Forbes Racing . A Level 1 franchise required a team to race at least one car at all events , and at various times allowed a team to enter up to four cars . Other teams received Level 2 and Level 3 franchises based on their level of participation . The structure was changed a number of times before the present system of 28 RECs was arrived at in 2011 . Supercars bought a number of RECs as they became available in order to achieve a long - held desire to reduce the field to 28 cars . At the end of 2013 , Lucas Dumbrell Motorsport , Tony D'Alberto Racing and Triple F Racing each returned a REC to Supercars . These were put up for sale in 2014 , but no bids were received . One was reclaimed by Lucas Dumbrell Motorsport in 2015 after a legal fight . At the end of 2014 , a further REC was returned by James Rosenberg Racing . In April 2015 , Supercars launched a tender for one REC for the 2016 season , with Triple Eight the successful bidder . Teams consist of one to four cars , with most one - car teams forming a technical alliance with a larger team . Only the REC holders are allowed to compete at each event , although `` wildcard '' entries are accepted for the endurance races , with a maximum of six extra cars on top of the regular 28 . Both Supercars and Development Series teams have entered wildcard entries in previous years . In 2014 , the first wildcard entry for a sprint race was issued when Dick Johnson Racing entered a third car for Marcos Ambrose at the Sydney 500 . Teams are required to employ a co-driver for each car during the three endurance races due to the increased race distance and the need for driver substitutions during the race .",
"13": "Teams were able to pair their full - time drivers in one car until a rule change in 2010 that required each full - time driver to remain in his own car and be joined by a co-driver not competing full - time in the series . The Drivers Championship title is awarded to the driver who accumulates the most points over the course of the season . If there is a points tie for the series win , the champion will be decided based on the number of races won by each driver ( if there is still a tie , it is based on second - place finishes and so on ) . Teams also compete for the Teams Championship , with the champion team being decided in the same manner as the Drivers Championship . For Teams Championship points scoring purposes , teams with four cars are separated into a pair of two - car teams , while teams with three cars are split into a two - car team and a single - car team . The Teams Championship dictates the pit lane order for the following season . The defending driver has the right to carry the number 1 the following year . However , in 2017 Shane van Gisbergen elected not to , continuing to use 97 . Development series ( edit ) Main article : Dunlop Super2 Series A second - tier series , the Dunlop Super2 Series , is run as a support category to the main series at certain events . Initially for privateers who did not have the funding of the professional teams in the late 1990s , the series now serves the dual purpose of developing young drivers before they compete in the main series and a means for main series teams to give their endurance co-drivers more racing experience prior to the endurance races . Teams in the Dunlop Super2 Series compete with cars previously used in the main series . A third V8 Supercar - based series , the Kumho Tyres V8 Touring Car Series , has been run since 2008 but has no involvement with the Supercars Championship or Dunlop Super2 Series , instead running on the programme of the Shannons Nationals Motor Racing Championships . However , since 2016 , several rounds have been run as support categories at Supercars events . Race formats ( edit ) There are three types of events held in Supercars , each with its own race format : SuperSprint events , SuperStreet events and Enduro Cup events .",
"14": "SuperSprint ( edit ) The start of a race at Queensland Raceway in 2011 . The SuperSprint format is used at the Tasmania SuperSprint , Phillip Island 500 , Perth SuperSprint , Winton SuperSprint , Darwin Triple Crown , Ipswich SuperSprint , The Bend SuperSprint and Sydney SuperNight 300 . The Phillip Island and Sydney Motorsport Park events feature a single one - hour practice session on Saturday , while all other SuperSprint events have two one - hour practice sessions on the Friday with a fifteen - minute practice session on Saturday . The Winton and Ipswich events feature an extra thirty - minute session on Friday for endurance co-drivers . The SuperSprint format features a fifteen - minute qualifying session held on Saturday to decide the grid for the race on the same day . A single twenty - minute session is held on Sunday morning to decide the grid for the Sunday race . The Darwin event also features a top ten shootout ( a session where the fastest ten qualifiers complete one flying lap each to determine the top ten on the grid ) following the Sunday qualifying session . A single 120 km race is held on Saturday with a single 200 km race held on Sunday . International SuperSprint ( edit ) The International SuperSprint format is used at the Auckland SuperSprint and Melbourne 400 . Three thirty - minute practice sessions are held on Friday , while Saturday and Sunday both consist of two ten - minute qualifying sessions which set the grid for the pair of 100 km races held on each day . SuperStreet ( edit ) The SuperStreet format is used at the Adelaide 500 , Townsville 400 , and Newcastle 500 . Two forty - minute practice sessions take place on the Friday at each SuperStreet event , while a twenty - minute practice session is held on the Saturday at Adelaide . The Adelaide event features two ten - minute qualifying sessions on Friday , while the Townsville and Newcastle events have a single twenty - minute session on Saturday . All three events feature a twenty - minute session followed by a top ten shootout on Sunday . The Adelaide 500 features two 125 km races held on Saturday and a single 250 km race held on Sunday . The Townsville event features a 200 km race on each of Saturday and Sunday , while the Newcastle 500 has a single 250 km race on each of Saturday and Sunday .",
"15": "Enduro Cup ( edit ) Main article : Enduro Cup There are three endurance events held during the year : the Sandown 500 , the Bathurst 1000 and the Gold Coast 600 . These events require two drivers per car and together they form the Enduro Cup , a prize awarded to the driver or drivers who score the most points across the three events . The Sandown 500 and the Gold Coast 600 both feature three thirty - minute practice sessions held on Friday , with Sandown having an extra session on Saturday . Practice for the Bathurst 1000 consists of six one - hour sessions held across Thursday , Friday and Saturday . Qualifying for the Sandown 500 involves a twenty - minute session followed by a pair of 60 km `` qualifying races '' held on Saturday . The grid for the first race is based on the qualifying session ; the grid for the second race is based on the results of the first . The results of the second race determine the grid for the main race on Sunday . Co-drivers must compete in the first of the qualifying races while the main driver must compete in the second . The Bathurst 1000 features a single forty - minute qualifying session on Friday afternoon followed by a top ten shootout on Saturday . The Gold Coast 600 has two twenty - minute qualifying sessions , one each on Saturday and Sunday , with the Sunday session followed by a top ten shootout . The Sandown 500 and Bathurst 1000 both have a twenty - minute warm - up session on Sunday morning . The Sandown 500 and the Bathurst 1000 feature single races held on Sunday , at 500 km and 1000 km in length respectively . The Gold Coast 600 consists of two 300 km races with one held on Saturday and one on Sunday . Points system ( edit ) Points are awarded as follows at all championship events . Various different points scales are applied to events having one , two , three or four races , ensuring that a driver will be awarded 300 points for winning all races at any event . Points are awarded to all cars that have covered 75 % of the race distance , provided they are running at the completion of the final lap and with a final lap time within 200 % of the race winner 's fastest lap .",
"16": "At the endurance events , both drivers earn the total points awarded to the finishing position of the car . Points Scale Position 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 75 69 64 60 55 51 48 45 42 39 36 34 33 31 30 28 27 25 24 22 21 19 18 16 15 13 12 10 9 7 150 138 129 120 111 102 96 90 84 78 72 69 66 63 60 57 54 51 48 45 42 39 36 33 30 27 24 21 18 15 300 276 258 240 222 204 192 180 168 156 144 138 132 126 120 114 108",
"17": "102 96 90 84 78 72 66 60 54 48 42 36 30 Tyre allocation ( edit ) Tyres are allocated at each event as follows : Event Tyre Allocation Hard Soft Wet Adelaide 500 28 0 16 Melbourne 400 0 16 12 Tasmania SuperSprint 0 24 12 Phillip Island 500 28 0 12 Perth SuperSprint 0 24 12 Winton SuperSprint 0 24 12 Darwin Triple Crown 0 24 12 Townsville 400 0 28 12 Ipswich SuperSprint 0 24 12 Sydney SuperNight 300 0 24 12 The Bend SuperSprint 0 24 12 Sandown 500 0 32 20 Bathurst 1000 36 0 24 Gold Coast 600 0 28 20 Auckland SuperSprint 32 0 12 Newcastle 500 0 28 12 Notable events ( edit ) Cars on track during the 2005 Bathurst 1000 . Drivers on the podium during the 2008 Clipsal 500 . The field on lap one at the 2014 Sydney NRMA 500 .",
"18": "Bathurst 1000 ( edit ) Main article : Bathurst 1000 The Bathurst 1000 , also known as the `` Great Race '' and held in some form since 1960 , is the most famous race on the Supercars calendar , as well as the longest both in terms of race distance and race time . The race is run over 161 laps of the Mount Panorama Circuit , 1000 km in total , with the race taking between six and seven hours to complete . The event has attracted crowds of nearly 200,000 people . The Peter Brock Trophy , named after nine - time Bathurst 1000 winner Peter Brock , is awarded to the winners of the race . The trophy was introduced in 2006 following Brock 's death in a crash at the Targa West rally one month prior to the race . Sandown 500 ( edit ) Main article : Sandown 500 The Sandown 500 was first held as a six - hour race in 1964 and has been labelled as the traditional `` Bathurst warm - up '' race . Like the Bathurst 1000 , the Sandown 500 is run over 161 laps . Due to the shorter track length of Sandown Raceway , the race is only 500 km and runs for between three and four hours . The Sandown 500 was not held for Supercars from 1999 to 2002 and from 2008 to 2011 . During these years , the 500 km endurance races took place at Queensland Raceway ( 1999 -- 2002 ) and the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit ( 2008 -- 2011 ) . Adelaide 500 ( edit ) Main article : Adelaide 500 The Adelaide 500 has been held since 1999 and has become the traditional season - opening event . It is run on a shortened version of the former Adelaide Grand Prix Circuit . Consisting of two 250 km races run on Saturday and Sunday , the event has been labelled the most physically demanding by the drivers , due to the length of each race , the nature of the circuit and the effect of the heat . The event 's format was changed for 2014 , with the Saturday race being replaced with a pair of 125 km races .",
"19": "The event attracts crowds of over 250,000 people and is the only event to be inducted into the V8 Supercar Hall of Fame . The Clipsal 500 was the first carnival - style event which would become common in the ten years after its inception , with music concerts held during the night . Gold Coast 600 ( edit ) Main article : Gold Coast 600 The Gold Coast 600 was introduced in 2009 after the American IndyCar Series elected not to return to the Surfers Paradise circuit that year . The A1 Grand Prix series was scheduled to fill the void left by IndyCar , however the owners of the series went into liquidation in June 2009 and , as a result , the A1 Grand Prix cars were withdrawn from the event . In order to compensate for this , Supercars introduced a new four - race format , with two 150 km races held on each day . In 2010 the format changed to include two 300 km races and it became a two - driver event . To restore the event 's previous international flavour , each team was required to have at least one co-driver with an ' international reputation ' ( that is , they were recognised for exploits in motorsport outside of Australia ) . In 2011 and 2012 , all entries required an international co-driver . In 2013 the international co-driver rule was dropped , due to a number of incidents during the 2012 event and the formation of the Endurance Cup , but teams could still choose to employ an international driver for the endurance races . Newcastle 500 ( edit ) Main articles : Grand Finale ( V8 Supercars ) , Sydney 500 , and Newcastle 500 In 2004 , Supercars introduced the name `` Grand Finale '' for the final round of the season ( having called it `` The Main Event '' in 2003 and the `` V8 Ultimate '' in 2001 and 2002 ) . The Grand Finale was held at Sandown Raceway in 2001 and 2002 , Sydney Motorsport Park in 2003 and 2004 , Phillip Island in 2005 , 2006 and 2007 and Oran Park Raceway in 2008 .",
"20": "The Grand Finale name was used until 2008 before the Sydney 500 became the final event of the series in 2009 . The Sydney 500 was held around the streets of Sydney Olympic Park . Its format was similar to the Adelaide 500 , with a 250 km race held on both Saturday and Sunday . Despite having a relatively simple layout , the circuit was one of the more challenging on the calendar -- as evidenced in the 2010 title decider when , in wet conditions , the top three championship runners all slid into the wall at the same time -- effectively handing the title to James Courtney . The Sydney 500 was held for the final time in 2016 . The event at Sydney Olympic Park was replaced with a new street race in Newcastle , 150 km north of Sydney , which will consist of the streets in the eastern suburbs of the city . Media coverage ( edit ) Long - time series commentator Neil Crompton at the 2014 series test day . Television ( edit ) The series is currently broadcast on Fox Sports and Network Ten , in a deal worth $241 million . Fox Sports shows all practice and qualifying sessions live along with the races . Ten shows only seven events live which are Adelaide , Melbourne , Townsville , Sandown , Bathurst , Gold Coast and Newcastle with the rest shown as a highlights package after the races have finished . The coverage is produced by Supercars Media , a specialist production company for Supercars Australia . Supercars Media provides the commentary for each race , with former champion and Bathurst winner Mark Skaife as lead commentator , along with Neil Crompton as expert commentator . Greg Rust , Riana Crehan and former driver Greg Murphy cover the pit lane . Both Fox Sports and Ten use their own commentary team for pre - and post-race coverage . Supercars Media records the series in 1080i high - definition , with many cars carrying four or more onboard - cameras , though HD coverage is available only to subscribers of Foxtel HD . The series had previously been broadcast by the Seven Network , from 1993 to 1996 and from 2007 to 2014 , and exclusively by Network Ten from 1997 to 2006 .",
"21": "During the years of Seven Network 's broadcast rights , Network Ten continued to broadcast the series once a year for the Melbourne 400 championship races , which are a support category at the Formula One Rolex Australian Grand Prix , which was broadcast by Ten . Previously when the Nine Network held the Formula One Rolex Australian Grand Prix broadcast rights in Australia , they would broadcast the Supercars support races at the Formula One Rolex Australian Grand Prix . All support category races were tied up with the Formula One Rolex Australian Grand Prix broadcast rights as a package . Ten 's television series RPM , which has aired from 1997 to 2008 , in 2011 and from 2015 onwards , has covered Supercars , alongside other motorsports . From 2007 to 2014 , Seven broadcast a weekly 25 - minute show titled V8Xtra on non-racing weekends . The dedicated Supercars program covered news and feature items relating to the series . Since 2015 , Fox Sports has broadcast a similar show , Inside Supercars , a weekly one - hour long program featuring a panel led by Rust and Mark Skaife . In the same year , Fox Sports also launched an observational show Supercars Life , featuring behind the scenes footage from race weekends and features on drivers ' lives away from the track . Current TV broadcasters ( edit ) Supercars races are broadcast on the following channels : Country TV network Free / pay Live / delayed Notes Australia Network Ten Free Live / Delayed Seven events shown live with all others delayed . Fox Sports Pay Live Includes live coverage of practice and qualifying sessions . Africa OSN Pay Delayed Asia Fox Sports Asia Pay Live / Delayed Only races are shown . Brazil BandSports Pay Delayed Canada CBS Sports Network Pay Delayed Caribbean ESPN Pay Live / Delayed Europe Motors TV Free / Pay Live / Delayed Hungary Spíler TV Pay Live / Delayed Latin America ESPN Pay Live / Delayed India Sony ESPN Pay Live / Delayed Malaysia Astro Pay Live Only races are shown .",
"22": "Middle East OSN Pay Delayed Netherlands Ziggo Sport Pay Live / Delayed New Zealand Sky Sport Pay Live Includes live coverage of practice and qualifying sessions . Thailand TrueVisions Pay Live Only races are shown . United Kingdom FreeSports Free Live Only races shown . United States CBS Sports Network Pay Delayed Other Media ( edit ) The series has its own live streaming pay - per - view service , Superview . The service , which started in 2013 , currently shows all races as well as qualifying sessions . The service is not available in New Zealand and Australia due to their current broadcasting rights with Sky Sport and Fox Sports . The series has its own website , which contains information about the series , drivers , teams and events and news articles , and a radio show , V8 Insiders . News is also featured on motorsport websites such as Speedcafe , V8X Magazine and Touring Car Times . A media deal with News Corp Australia has been in place since 2009 . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Supercars Championship in video games Supercars have made several licensed appearances in video games , including in Codemasters ' V8 Supercars series in the 2000s and Turn 10 Studios ' Forza series in the 2010s . From 2011 to 2014 , an online championship , sanctioned by Supercars , was contested on iRacing . Records ( edit ) Driver championships Driver race wins Driver race starts Team race wins Manufacturer race wins Pos . Driver Titles Pos . Driver Wins Pos . Driver Starts Pos . Team Wins Pos .",
"23": "Manufacturer Wins Jamie Whincup 7 Jamie Whincup 108 Craig Lowndes 600 Walkinshaw Racing / HRT 178 Holden 507 Dick Johnson 5 Craig Lowndes 105 Russell Ingall 583 Triple Eight Race Engineering 150 Ford 333 Mark Skaife 5 Mark Skaife 90 Garth Tander 564 DJR Team Penske 81 Nissan 30 Ian Geoghegan 5 Garth Tander 53 Jason Bright 534 Prodrive Racing Australia 61 BMW 17 5 Bob Jane 5 Peter Brock 48 5 Todd Kelly 501 5 HSV Dealer Team 50 5 Volvo 11 Allan Moffat 6 Glenn Seton 40 6 Mark Skaife 482 6 Gibson Motorsport 47 6 Chevrolet 10 Jim Richards 7 Mark Winterbottom 37 7 John Bowe 473 7 Holden Dealer Team / Advantage Racing 42 7 Mazda 8 8 Peter Brock 8 Allan Moffat 36 8 Rick Kelly 452 Glenn Seton Racing 42 8 Jaguar Craig Lowndes 9 John Bowe 31 9 Greg Murphy 448 9 Stone Brothers Racing 40 9 Porsche 10 Norm Beechey 10 Dick Johnson 30 10 Steven Richards 446 10 Allan Moffat Racing 33 Mercedes - Benz Glenn Seton Marcos Ambrose Figures accurate as of 20 August 2017 ( after Race 18 of the 2017 International Virgin Australia Supercars Championship ) . Bold text indicates active full - time drivers , teams and manufacturers .",
"24": "The above records relate to the Australian Touring Car Championship ( 1960 -- 1998 ) , the Shell Championship Series ( 1999 -- 2001 ) , the V8 Supercar Championship Series ( 2002 -- 2010 ) , International V8 Supercars Championship ( 2011 -- 2016 ) and the Supercars Championship ( 2016 -- present ) . See also ( edit ) Motorsport portal Australian Touring Car Championship List of Australian Touring Car and V8 Supercar champions List of Australian Touring Car Championship races List of Australian Touring Car and V8 Supercar driver records V8 Supercars Hall of Fame References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` V8 Supercars announces 2013 championship calendar '' . SpeedCafe. 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Optus provides V8 power coverage for Canberra 400 '' . Optus. 7 June 2002 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Wensley ( 2007 ) , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 503 Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars simplify race formats for 2014 , introduce three set styles for every event on the calendar '' . SPEED . News.com.au. 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the V8 Supercar Championship '' . V8Supercars.com.au . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` International V8 Supercars Championship Series '' . Confederation of Australian Motorsport . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Next Gen V8 Supercars '' . V8Supercars.com.au . BigPond Sport . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Noonan , Aaron . `` The New Generation of V8 Supercars '' . V8Supercars.com.au . BigPond Sport . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 .",
"25": "Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan confirms Kelly Racing V8 Supercars entry '' . SpeedCafe. 9 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Spinks , Jez ( 19 September 2012 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz AMG racers to enter V8 Supercars '' . CarAdvice.com.au . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Volvo confirms entry into V8 Supercars '' . Auto Action . NineMSN. 17 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 322 ^ Jump up to : Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 323 Jump up ^ CAMS Manual of Motor Sport ( 1993 ) , p. 205 ^ Jump up to : Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 324 Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 325 -- 327 Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 332 -- 353 ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Wensley ( 2007 ) , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 363 Jump up ^ Clarke , Wensley ( 2007 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Timeline : The Growth of V8 Supercars '' . SpeedCafe. 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Wensley ( 2007 ) , p. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Clarke , Wensley ( 2007 ) , p. 110 Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 388 -- 389 Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 401 Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p.",
"26": "411 Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 421 Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 404 ^ Jump up to : Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 431 ^ Jump up to : Lampton , Christopher . `` How the V8 Supercars Championship Series Works -- The Making of a V8 Supercar '' . HowStuffWorks.com . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Taylor '' . SpeedCafe. 16 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Wensley ( 2007 ) , p. 128 Jump up ^ Clarke , Wensley ( 2007 ) , p. 211 Jump up ^ Clarke , Wensley ( 2007 ) , p. 182 Jump up ^ Grennhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 473 Jump up ^ `` VE and BF ready to duke it out '' . The Border Mail . Fairfax Media . 25 January 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Innes , Stuart ( 16 February 2008 ) . `` Supercars changing with times '' . Fox Sports News . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars to switch to ethanol '' . smh.com.au . The Sydney Morning Herald . 10 October 2008 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dunlop to introduce its new V8 Sport Maxx `` Sprint '' tyre at Winton `` . Jax Quickfit Tyres. April 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 492 Jump up ^ `` China to host V8 Supercar championship '' . ABC News . 20 July 2004 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Grennhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p.",
"27": "453 Jump up ^ Grennhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 484 Jump up ^ Grennhalgh , Howard , Wilson ( 2011 ) , p. 495 -- 499 Jump up ^ Jackson , Ed ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` V8 Supercars granted international series status '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars board streamlined '' . Touring Car Times . 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars confirm new ownership structure '' . SpeedCafe. 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` V8 's Car of the Future details announced '' . SpeedCafe. 29 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Phelps , James ( 29 March 2010 ) . `` Holden warn off Nissan and Toyota in V8 Supercars powerplay '' . DailyTelegraph.com.au . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Car of the Future date pushed back until 2013 '' . V8 Daily Dump. 7 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Dale , William ( 8 January 2013 ) . `` Stone Brothers Racing will be renamed Erebus Motorsport for the 2013 V8 Supercars season '' . Fox Sports News . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars Releases 2014 Rule Changes '' . V8Supercars.com.au. 15 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bartholomaeus , Stefan ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` V8 Supercars confirms Texas event details '' . SpeedCafe . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Championship calendar released '' . V8Supercars.com.au. 8 September 2015 .",
"28": "Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` KL City 400 Supercar Extravaganza cancelled '' . Supercars. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . A1 Jump up ^ `` Get ready to fly '' . V8 Supercars. 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars blueprint for 2017 and beyond '' . V8Supercars.com.au. 3 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` V8 vs V6 '' . V8X Magazine ( 95 ) : 38 . December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Barry ( 22 November 2012 ) . `` Erebus reveals Benz V8 Supercar engine specs '' . GoAuto.com.au . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . At 4.9 metres long , the three Erebus cars that Stone Brothers Racing will field in 2013 are 100mm - odd longer than the E63 AMG road - going sedan on which the race car will be based , but the same width , at 1.8 metres . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . C1 Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . C10 Jump up ^ Bartholomaeus , Stefan ; Rowley , Grant ( 1 February 2013 ) . `` History made as all four V8 Supercars manufacturers face - off '' . SpeedCafe . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All four V8 Supercars homologated for 2013 season '' . SpeedCafe. 5 February 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . C7 Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p .",
"29": "C17 -- C24 Jump up ^ Bartholomaeus , Stefan ; Rowley , Grant ( 6 October 2012 ) . `` Private backer pushing for Mazda DJR switch '' . SpeedCafe . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Adopting V8 Supercars ' own ' generic engine ' could also be an option . Jump up ^ Bartholomaeus , Stefan ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` Nissan reveals 2013 V8 Supercar engine '' . SpeedCafe . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bartholomaeus , Stefan ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Road version of Mercedes V8 Supercars contender spied '' . SpeedCafe . Retrieved 31 March 2013 ... which require the motors to be of 5.0 litres in capacity , running a 10 : 1 compression ratio and 7,500 rpm rev limit . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Albins - The V8 Supercar Transmission '' . V8SC Global . 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . C25 Jump up ^ `` The V8 Supercar '' . V8SC Global . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . C54 -- C55 Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . C42 Jump up ^ `` COTF opens door for new Ford , Holden engines '' . SpeedCafe. 21 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . A current V8 Supercars engine in complete form is estimated to cost $80,000 - $120,000 . Jump up ^ Skaife , Mark ( 1 December 2011 ) . Car of the Future Evolution by Mark Skaife . V8Supercars.com.au . Retrieved 28 March 2013 ... which will meet the cost objectives of $50,000 to build ... Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p .",
"30": "A11 Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . A6 -- A10 Jump up ^ Rowley , Grant ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` Charlie Schwerkolt closes in on 2013 V8 plans '' . Speedcafe . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . E8 ^ Jump up to : Normoyle , Steve ( 1999 ) . The Great Race 19 . Hornsby : Chevron Publishing . ISSN 1031 - 6124 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson Motor Sport Merchandise Pty Ltd vs Robert James Forbes '' . Federal Court of Australia . 29 June 2005 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The push for 28 entries remains '' . Speedcafe. 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars confirms 25 car grid for 2014 '' . Speedcafe. 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars to open REC tender '' . Speedcafe. 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ LDM to run two cars in 2015 V8 Supercars 5 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` Rosenberg dumps license in Walkinshaw shock '' . Speedcafe. 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars launches tender for 26th REC '' . Speedcafe. 10 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Rise and Rise of Tekno Autosports '' . V8Supercars.com.au . V8 Supercars Australia . 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jonathan Webb ran as a satellite entry from within the famous Queensland outfit ... Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . A23 Jump up ^ `` Triple Eight Unveils Wildcard Drivers / Sponsor '' . Speedcafe. 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Pics : MWM 's Fujitsu Wildcard Entry '' . Speedcafe.",
"31": "9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ambrose to make early V8 return at Sydney 500 '' . Speedcafe. 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . D10 -- D18 Jump up ^ `` V8 Drivers Forced to Split for Enduros '' . Speedcafe. 11 December 2009 . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . D42 Jump up ^ `` Shane van Gisbergen to use No 97 , not No 1 , during 2017 season '' . Fox Sports Australia . 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kumho Tyres V8 Touring Cars '' . Shannons National Motor Racing Championships . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars simplify race formats for 2014 , introduce three set styles for every event on the calendar '' . SPEED . News.com.au. 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . A18 , A20 -- A21 ^ Jump up to : `` V8 Supercars Announces Prestigious Endurance Cup '' . V8Supercars.com.au . V8 Supercars Australia . 20 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radical changes to V8 Supercars race formats '' . SpeedCafe. 7 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Fast Facts : Wilson Security Sandown 500 '' . V8Supercars.com.au. 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p . D67 -- D68 Jump up ^ 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual , p .",
"32": "D41 -- D42 Jump up ^ https://www.v8scglobal.com/inside-supercars/2017-supercars-tyre-rules/ Jump up ^ `` Frustrating Day at Bathurst '' . CraigLowndes.com.au . Retrieved 29 March 2013 ... for much of Australia 's most famous motor race . Jump up ^ `` Peter Brock Trophy to last a lifetime '' . smh.com.au . The Sydney Morning Herald . 6 October 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Rick ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` V8 Supercars stars tell SPEED how to win this weekend 's Dick Smith Sandown 500 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Fox Sports News . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crimsafe Endurance Countdown , Episode 6 , Return of Sandown 500 '' . SpeedCafe. 8 September 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Queensland Raceway '' . V8 Supercar Racing . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowndes , Craig ( 11 September 2012 ) . `` Sandown 500 back where it belongs '' . CarsGuide.com.au . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Over the past four years the 500km race has been staged at Phillip Island ... Jump up ^ Dale , William ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` The 2013 Clipsal 500 will keep its traditional season opening spot as tickets go on sale today '' . SPEED . News Limited . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Clipsal 500 Adelaide Preview '' . Morris Finance Ltd. 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Clipsal 500 Details Revealed '' . V8Supercars.com.au. 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clipsal 500 inducted into Motor Sport Hall of Fame '' . Clipsal.com.au. 2005 .",
"33": "Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Concerts '' . Clipsal500.com.au . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast Indy undergoes name change '' . ABC News . 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Ben ( 27 June 2009 ) . `` British A1 Grand Prix arm stalls '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Passmore , Daryl ; Stannard , Damien ( 17 October 2009 ) . `` A1 shambles is the pits , Anna '' . The Courier Mail . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` V8 teams prepared for extra miles in Qld '' . SpeedCafe. 18 October 2009 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stars confirmed for Gold Coast 600 '' . SpeedCafe. 22 April 2010 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Finale , Eastern Creek Raceway -- Round 13 '' . V8 Daily Dump . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Main Event -- Eastern Creek Raceway -- Round 13 '' . V8 Daily Dump . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homebush V8 race gets go ahead '' . News.com.au. 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homebush street circuit throws up challenge to V8 stars '' . The Australian . 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Axe falls on Sydney Olympic Park street race '' . Speedcafe. 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supercars confirms five - year Newcastle deal '' . Speedcafe.com . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars signs $241 m media rights deal with FOX SPORTS , Foxtel and Ten Network from 2015 '' . Fox Sports . 18 December 2013 .",
"34": "Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference SupercarsTV was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars commentary team revealed '' . V8Supercars.com.au. 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bartholomaeus , Stefan ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` Jury out on V8 Supercars TV deal after solid start '' . Speedcafe . Jump up ^ Washbrook , Cyril ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` Seven extends V8 Supercars television deal '' . Media Spy . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Supercars debuts this evening '' . V8Supercars.com.au. 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sitemap and services '' . Motors TV . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` V8 Supercars and Sky TV NZ Announce Five Year Agreement '' . V8Supercars.com.au . V8 Supercars Australia . 27 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch V8 Supercars '' . V8SC Global . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ B , Kevin ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` V8 Supercars to Sanction iRacing.com Series '' . iRacing.com . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most Championships Won '' . V8 Daily Dump . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winning Record In Sight For Lowndes '' . V8Supercars.com.au. 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jamie Whincup breaks all - time win record '' . Fox Motorsport . Fox Motorsport. 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 .",
"35": "Clarke , Andrew ; Wensley , Scott ( 2007 ) . V8 Supercars : The First Decade . Carnegie , Victoria : Publishing 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9803909 - 0 - 2 . Greenhalgh , David ; Howard , Graham ; Wilson , Stewart ( 2011 ) . The official history : Australian Touring Car Championship -- 50 Years . St Leonards , New South Wales : Chevron Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9805912 - 2 - 4 . `` 2016 V8 Supercar Operations Manual '' . V8 Supercars. 23 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Media related to V8 Supercar at Wikimedia Commons V8 Supercars Australia website Teams , drivers and events of the 2018 Supercars Championship ( hide ) Scheduled events Adelaide 500 Melbourne 400 Tasmania SuperSprint Phillip Island 500 Perth SuperSprint Winton SuperSprint Darwin Triple Crown Townsville 400 Ipswich SuperSprint Sydney SuperNight 300 The Bend SuperSprint Sandown 500 Bathurst 1000 Gold Coast 600 Auckland SuperSprint Newcastle 500 Events in italics are part of the Enduro Cup ( hide ) Teams and drivers contesting the championship Triple Eight Race Engineering Walkinshaw Andretti United 23Red Racing Tickford Racing Nissan Motorsport 1 . Jamie Whincup 97 . Shane van Gisbergen 888 . Craig Lowndes 2 . Scott Pye 22 . James Courtney 023 . Will Davison 5 . Mark Winterbottom 6 . Cameron Waters 55 . Chaz Mostert 56 . Richie Stanaway 7 . Andre Heimgartner 15 . Rick Kelly 23 . Michael Caruso 78 . Simona de Silvestro Brad Jones Racing Erebus Motorsport DJR Team Penske Charlie Schwerkolt Racing Tekno Autosports 8 . Nick Percat 14 . Tim Slade 9 . David Reynolds 99 .",
"36": "Anton De Pasquale 12 . Fabian Coulthard 17 . Scott McLaughlin 18 . Lee Holdsworth 19 . Jack Le Brocq Tim Blanchard Racing Satellite team of Brad Jones Racing Garry Rogers Motorsport Matt Stone Racing 21 . Tim Blanchard 33 . Garth Tander 34 . James Golding 35 .",
"37": "Todd Hazelwood ATCC / Supercars Championship circuits 2018 season Road courses Symmons Plains Phillip Island Barbagallo Winton Hidden Valley Queensland Raceway Sydney The Bend Sandown Pukekohe ( NZ ) Street circuits Adelaide Albert Park Townsville Bathurst Surfers Paradise Newcastle Former Road courses Adelaide International Amaroo Austin ( USA ) Calder Lakeside Lowood Mallala Oran Park Sakhir ( Bahrain ) Shanghai ( China ) Surfers Paradise International Warwick Farm Yas Marina ( UAE ) Street circuits Canberra Gnoo Blas Hamilton ( NZ ) Longford Sydney Olympic Park Australian Touring Car Racing Australian Touring Car Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1997 1998 Shell Championship Series 1999 2000 2001 V8 Supercar Championship Series 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 International V8 Supercars Championship 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Supercars Championship 2017 2018 2019 Dunlop Super2 Series Australian Super Touring Championship V8 Touring Car National Series Bathurst 1000 Sandown 500 List of Australian Touring Car and V8 Supercar champions List of Australian Touring Car Championship races Sports leagues of Australia Football codes Australian rules Futsal Gridiron Rugby league Rugby union ( national ,",
"38": "transnational ) Soccer Touch Football Other Baseball Basketball Cricket ( Twenty20 ) Cricket ( Limited Overs ) Cricket ( First Class ) Dodgeball Handball Hockey Ice Hockey Lawn bowls Soccer Surfing Touring cars Water Polo Women 's Australian rules Baseball Basketball Cricket ( Twenty20 ) Cricket ( Limited Overs ) Gridiron Hockey Ice Hockey Netball Rugby league Rugby union Soccer Classes of auto racing Formula racing F1 F2 F3 F4 F500 Formula 1000 Formula Atlantic Formula Car Challenge Formula Continental Formula E Formula Ford FF1600 Formula Libre Formula Vee IndyCar Super Formula Supermodified BOSS GP Monoposto Racing Club Defunct Formula racing F3000 F5000 Formula A ( SCCA ) Formula B ( SCCA ) Formula C ( SCCA ) FCJ Formula Dream Formula Holden Formula Junior Formula Mondial Formula Pacific Formula Super Vee Australian National Formula Grand Prix Masters Tasman Formula One - make formulae CFGP Formula Abarth Formula Car Challenge Formula LGB Swift Hyundai Formula Maruti Formula Masters China Formula Mazda Formula Renault Formula Toyota GP3 Indy Lights SRF USF2000 FIA Formula 2 Championship Defunct one - make formulae A1GP ADAC Formel Masters Auto GP Barber Pro FA1 Formula Alfa Formula Asia Formula BMW FC Euro Series Formula König Formula Lightning Formula Nissan Formula Opel / Vauxhall Formula Palmer Audi Formula RUS Formula Rolon Formula SCCA Grand Prix Masters GP2 International Formula Master Superleague Formula World Series Formula V8 3.5 Karting KF1 KF2 KF3 KZ1 KZ2 Superkart Touring car racing DTM WTCR BTCC Group F Group G Group H Super 2000 Diesel 2000",
"39": "NGTC ( TCN - 1 ) TCR ( TCN - 2 ) Supercars TC2000 Defunct touring car racing Appendix J BTC - T Group 1 Group 2 Group 5 Group A Group C ( Australia ) Group E Group N Group N ( Australia ) Group S Class 1 Super Touring ( Class 2 ) Superstars V8Star WTCC Stock car racing ARCA Allison Legacy Series AUSCAR IMCA Sport Compact Late model Legends Modifieds NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Xfinity Truck Pinty 's Whelen Euro Series PEAK Mexico Super Stock Street Stock Brasil Turismo Carretera Oval racing BriSCA F1 BriSCA F2 Hot Rods Superstocks Sprint car racing Midget car racing Quarter Midget racing V8 Hotstox Rallying Group R Group R - GT Super 2000 Super 1600 WRC Defunct rallying Group 1 Group 2 Group 4 Group A Group B Group N Group S Sports prototypes Clubmans DP Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group A Sports Cars Group C GC GC - 21 Group CN IMSA GTP LMP LMPC S2000 Grand touring LM GTE ( GT2 ) GT3 GT4 GT500 GT300 Trans - Am Appendix K Group D GT Cars Defunct grand touring",
"40": "Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group B Group D Production Sports Cars GT1 ( 1993 -- 99 ) GT2 ( 1993 -- 99 ) FIA GT1 ( 2000 - 12 ) IMSA AAGT IMSA GTO / GTS IMSA GTU IMSA GTX Drag racing Top Fuel Dragster ( TF / D ) Top Alcohol Dragster ( TA / D ) Top Fuel Funny Car ( TF / FC ) Pro Stock ( PS ) Pro Modified ( Pro Mod ) Pro FWD Super Comp / Quick Rod Top Doorslammer Defunct drag racing Top Gas Modified Altered Competition Super Stock Off - road racing Baja Bug Dune buggy Rallycross Trophy Truck Group T4 Truggy Side by Side ( UTV ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supercars_Championship&oldid=820741327 '' Categories : Auto racing series in Australia Motorsport categories in Australia Recurring sporting events established in 1997 Sports leagues established in 1997 Touring car racing series Supercars Championship 1997 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages with broken reference names Use dmy dates from March 2011 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 09 : 59 .",
"41": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did the international space station go into space
|
[
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"1998"
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{
"0": "International Space station - wikipedia International Space station This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` ISS '' redirects here . For other uses , see ISS ( disambiguation ) . International Space Station The International Space Station on 23 May 2010 as seen from the departing Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS - 132 . Station statistics COSPAR ID 1998 - 067A SATCAT No 25544 Call sign Alpha , Station Crew Fully crewed : 6 Currently aboard : 6 ( Expedition 53 ) Launch 20 November 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 20 ) Launch pad Baikonur 1 / 5 and 81 / 23 Kennedy LC - 39 Mass ≈ 419,455 kg ( 924,740 lb ) Length 72.8 m ( 239 ft ) Width 108.5 m ( 356 ft ) Height ≈ 20 m ( 66 ft ) nadir -- zenith , arrays forward -- aft ( 27 November 2009 ) Pressurised volume 931.57 m ( 32,898 cu ft ) ( 28 May 2016 ) Atmospheric pressure 101.3 kPa ( 29.9 inHg ; 1.0 atm ) Perigee 401.1 km ( 249.2 mi ) AMSL Apogee 408.0 km ( 253.5 mi ) AMSL Orbital inclination 51.64 degrees Orbital speed 7.67 km / s ( 27,600 km / h ; 17,200 mph ) Orbital period 92.65 minutes Orbits per day 15.54 Orbit epoch 7 July 2017 , 13 : 10 : 09 UTC Days in orbit 18 years , 11 months , 5 days ( 25 October 2017 ) Days occupied 16 years , 11 months , 23 days ( 25 October 2017 ) No.",
"1": "of orbits 102,491 as of July 2017 Orbital decay 2 km / month Statistics as of 9 March 2011 ( unless noted otherwise ) References : Configuration Station elements as of June 2017 ( exploded view ) The International Space Station ( ISS ) is a space station , or a habitable artificial satellite , in low Earth orbit . Its first component launched into orbit in 1998 , and the ISS is now the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth . The ISS consists of pressurised modules , external trusses , solar arrays , and other components . ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets , and American Space Shuttles . The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology , human biology , physics , astronomy , meteorology , and other fields . The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars . The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 and 435 km ( 205 and 270 mi ) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft . It completes 15.54 orbits per day . The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews , following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut , Almaz , and Mir stations as well as Skylab from the US . The station has been continuously occupied for 7003620100000000000 ♠ 16 years and 357 days since the arrival of Expedition 1 on 2 November 2000 . This is the longest continuous human presence in low Earth orbit , having surpassed the previous record of 7003364400000000000 ♠ 9 years and 357 days held by Mir . The station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecraft : the Russian Soyuz and Progress , the American Dragon and Cygnus , the Japanese H - II Transfer Vehicle , and formerly the Space Shuttle and the European Automated Transfer Vehicle . It has been visited by astronauts , cosmonauts and space tourists from 17 different nations . After the U.S.",
"2": "Space Shuttle programme ended in 2011 , Soyuz rockets became the only provider of transport for astronauts at the International Space Station , and Dragon became the only provider of bulk cargo return to Earth ( called downmass ) . Soyuz has very limited downmass capability . The ISS programme is a joint project among five participating space agencies : NASA , Roscosmos , JAXA , ESA , and CSA . The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements . The station is divided into two sections , the Russian Orbital Segment ( ROS ) and the United States Orbital Segment ( USOS ) , which is shared by many nations . As of January 2014 , the American portion of ISS is being funded until 2024 . Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ISS through 2024 but has proposed using elements of the Russian Orbital Segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK . On 28 March 2015 , Russian sources announced that Roscosmos and NASA had agreed to collaborate on the development of a replacement for the current ISS . NASA later issued a guarded statement expressing thanks for Russia 's interest in future co-operation in space exploration but fell short of confirming the Russian announcement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 1.1 Scientific research 1.1. 1 Microgravity 1.2 Exploration 1.3 Education and cultural outreach 2 Assembly 3 Station structure 3.1 Comparison 4 Pressurised modules 4.1 Zarya 4.2 Unity 4.3 Zvezda 4.4 Destiny 4.5 Quest 4.6 Pirs and Poisk 4.7 Harmony 4.8 Tranquility 4.9 Columbus 4.10 Kibō 4.11 Cupola 4.12 Rassvet 4.13 Leonardo 4.14 Bigelow Expandable Activity Module 4.15 Scheduled additional modules 4.15. 1 Nauka 4.15. 2 Uzlovoy Module 4.15.",
"3": "3 NanoRacks Airlock Module 4.16 Cancelled components 5 Unpressurised elements 5.1 Robotic arms and cargo cranes 6 Station systems 6.1 Life support 6.1. 1 Atmospheric control systems 6.2 Power and thermal control 6.3 Communications and computers 7 Station operations 7.1 Expeditions and private flights 7.2 Orbit 7.2. 1 Orientation 8 Mission controls 8.1 Repairs 9 Fleet operations 9.1 Currently docked / berthed 9.2 Scheduled missions 9.3 Docking 9.4 Launch and docking windows 10 Life aboard 10.1 Crew activities 10.2 Food 10.3 Hygiene 11 Crew health and safety 11.1 Radiation 11.2 Stress 11.3 Medical 11.4 Microbiological environmental hazards 12 Threat of orbital debris 13 End of mission 14 Cost 15 International co-operation 16 Sightings from Earth 16.1 Naked eye 16.2 Astrophotography 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links 20.1 Agency ISS websites 20.2 Research 20.3 Live viewing 20.4 Multimedia Purpose Sunrise at Zvezda Fisheye view of several labs CubeSats are deployed by the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer attached to the end of the Japanese robotic arm According to the original Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and Rosaviakosmos , the International Space Station was intended to be a laboratory , observatory and factory in low Earth orbit . It was also planned to provide transportation , maintenance , and act as a staging base for possible future missions to the Moon , Mars and asteroids . In the 2010 United States National Space Policy , the ISS was given additional roles of serving commercial , diplomatic and educational purposes . Scientific research Main article : Scientific research on the ISS The ISS provides a platform to conduct scientific research .",
"4": "Small unmanned spacecraft can provide platforms for zero gravity and exposure to space , but space stations offer a long - term environment where studies can be performed potentially for decades , combined with ready access by human researchers over periods that exceed the capabilities of manned spacecraft . The ISS simplifies individual experiments by eliminating the need for separate rocket launches and research staff . The wide variety of research fields include astrobiology , astronomy , human research including space medicine and life sciences , physical sciences , materials science , space weather , and weather on Earth ( meteorology ) . Scientists on Earth have access to the crew 's data and can modify experiments or launch new ones , which are benefits generally unavailable on unmanned spacecraft . Crews fly expeditions of several months duration , providing approximately 160 - man - hours per week of labour with a crew of 6 . To detect dark matter and answer other fundamental questions about our universe , engineers and scientists from all over the world built the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ( AMS ) , which NASA compares to the Hubble space telescope , and says could not be accommodated on a free flying satellite platform partly because of its power requirements and data bandwidth needs . On 3 April 2013 , NASA scientists reported that hints of dark matter may have been detected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer . According to the scientists , `` The first results from the space - borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high - energy positrons in Earth - bound cosmic rays . '' Comet Lovejoy photographed by Expedition 30 commander Dan Burbank Expedition 8 Commander and Science Officer Michael Foale conducts an inspection of the Microgravity Science Glovebox The space environment is hostile to life . Unprotected presence in space is characterised by an intense radiation field ( consisting primarily of protons and other subatomic charged particles from the solar wind , in addition to cosmic rays ) , high vacuum , extreme temperatures , and microgravity . Some simple forms of life called extremophiles , including small invertebrates called tardigrades can survive in this environment in an extremely dry state called desiccation . Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long - term space exposure on the human body , including muscle atrophy , bone loss , and fluid shift . This data will be used to determine whether lengthy human spaceflight and space colonisation are feasible .",
"5": "As of 2006 , data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise , such as the six - month interval required to travel to Mars . Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute ( NSBRI ) . Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts . The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space . Usually , there is no physician on board the ISS and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge . It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult . Microgravity A comparison between the combustion of a candle on Earth ( left ) and in a microgravity environment , such as that found on the ISS ( right ) The Earth 's gravity is only slightly weaker at the altitude of the ISS than at the surface , but objects in orbit are in a continuous state of freefall , resulting in an apparent state of weightlessness . This perceived weightlessness is disturbed by five separate effects : Drag from the residual atmosphere ; when the ISS enters the Earth 's shadow , the main solar panels are rotated to minimise this aerodynamic drag , helping reduce orbital decay . Vibration from movements of mechanical systems and the crew . Actuation of the on - board attitude control moment gyroscopes . Thruster firings for attitude or orbital changes . Gravity - gradient effects , also known as tidal effects . Items at different locations within the ISS would , if not attached to the station , follow slightly different orbits . Being mechanically interconnected these items experience small forces that keep the station moving as a rigid body . ISS crew member storing samples Researchers are investigating the effect of the station 's near - weightless environment on the evolution , development , growth and internal processes of plants and animals . In response to some of this data , NASA wants to investigate microgravity 's effects on the growth of three - dimensional , human - like tissues , and the unusual protein crystals that can be formed in space . Investigating the physics of fluids in microgravity will provide better models of the behaviour of fluids .",
"6": "Because fluids can be almost completely combined in microgravity , physicists investigate fluids that do not mix well on Earth . In addition , examining reactions that are slowed by low gravity and low temperatures will improve our understanding of superconductivity . The study of materials science is an important ISS research activity , with the objective of reaping economic benefits through the improvement of techniques used on the ground . Other areas of interest include the effect of the low gravity environment on combustion , through the study of the efficiency of burning and control of emissions and pollutants . These findings may improve current knowledge about energy production , and lead to economic and environmental benefits . Future plans are for the researchers aboard the ISS to examine aerosols , ozone , water vapour , and oxides in Earth 's atmosphere , as well as cosmic rays , cosmic dust , antimatter , and dark matter in the universe . Exploration A 3D plan of the Russia - based MARS - 500 complex , used for ground - based experiments which complement ISS - based preparations for a human mission to Mars The ISS provides a location in the relative safety of Low Earth Orbit to test spacecraft systems that will be required for long - duration missions to the Moon and Mars . This provides experience in operations , maintenance as well as repair and replacement activities on - orbit , which will be essential skills in operating spacecraft farther from Earth , mission risks can be reduced and the capabilities of interplanetary spacecraft advanced . Referring to the MARS - 500 experiment , ESA states that `` Whereas the ISS is essential for answering questions concerning the possible impact of weightlessness , radiation and other space - specific factors , aspects such as the effect of long - term isolation and confinement can be more appropriately addressed via ground - based simulations '' . Sergey Krasnov , the head of human space flight programmes for Russia 's space agency , Roscosmos , in 2011 suggested a `` shorter version '' of MARS - 500 may be carried out on the ISS . In 2009 , noting the value of the partnership framework itself , Sergey Krasnov wrote , `` When compared with partners acting separately , partners developing complementary abilities and resources could give us much more assurance of the success and safety of space exploration . The ISS is helping further advance near - Earth space exploration and realisation of prospective programmes of research and exploration of the Solar system , including the Moon and Mars . ''",
"7": "A manned mission to Mars may be a multinational effort involving space agencies and countries outside the current ISS partnership . In 2010 , ESA Director - General Jean - Jacques Dordain stated his agency was ready to propose to the other four partners that China , India and South Korea be invited to join the ISS partnership . NASA chief Charlie Bolden stated in February 2011 , `` Any mission to Mars is likely to be a global effort '' . Currently , American legislation prevents NASA co-operation with China on space projects . Education and cultural outreach Japan 's Kounotori 4 berthing The ISS crew provides opportunities for students on Earth by running student - developed experiments , making educational demonstrations , allowing for student participation in classroom versions of ISS experiments , and directly engaging students using radio , videolink and email . ESA offers a wide range of free teaching materials that can be downloaded for use in classrooms . In one lesson , students can navigate a 3 - D model of the interior and exterior of the ISS , and face spontaneous challenges to solve in real time . JAXA aims both to `` Stimulate the curiosity of children , cultivating their spirits , and encouraging their passion to pursue craftsmanship '' , and to `` Heighten the child 's awareness of the importance of life and their responsibilities in society . '' Through a series of education guides , a deeper understanding of the past and near - term future of manned space flight , as well as that of Earth and life , will be learned . In the JAXA Seeds in Space experiments , the mutation effects of spaceflight on plant seeds aboard the ISS is explored . Students grow sunflower seeds which flew on the ISS for about nine months as a start to ' touch the Universe ' . In the first phase of Kibō utilisation from 2008 to mid-2010 , researchers from more than a dozen Japanese universities conducted experiments in diverse fields . Original Jules Verne manuscripts displayed by crew inside Jules Verne ATV Cultural activities are another major objective . Tetsuo Tanaka , director of JAXA 's Space Environment and Utilization Center , says `` There is something about space that touches even people who are not interested in science . '' Amateur Radio on the ISS ( ARISS ) is a volunteer programme which encourages students worldwide to pursue careers in science , technology , engineering and mathematics through amateur radio communications opportunities with the ISS crew .",
"8": "ARISS is an international working group , consisting of delegations from nine countries including several countries in Europe as well as Japan , Russia , Canada , and the United States . In areas where radio equipment can not be used , speakerphones connect students to ground stations which then connect the calls to the station . First Orbit is a feature - length documentary film about Vostok 1 , the first manned space flight around the Earth . By matching the orbit of the International Space Station to that of Vostok 1 as closely as possible , in terms of ground path and time of day , documentary filmmaker Christopher Riley and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli were able to film the view that Yuri Gagarin saw on his pioneering orbital space flight . This new footage was cut together with the original Vostok 1 mission audio recordings sourced from the Russian State Archive . Nespoli , during Expedition 26 / 27 , filmed the majority of the footage for this documentary film , and as a result is credited as its director of photography . The film was streamed through the website firstorbit.org in a global YouTube premiere in 2011 , under a free license . In May 2013 , commander Chris Hadfield shot a music video of David Bowie 's `` Space Oddity '' on board the station ; the film was released freely on YouTube . It was the first music video ever to be filmed in space . Assembly Main articles : Assembly of the International Space Station and List of ISS spacewalks ISS in 2002 , with P6 - S0 truss ISS in 2006 , with P3 / P4 truss added Aft view showing a Progress spacecraft docked to Zvezda ISS in 2007 , with S3 / S4 truss added ISS in 2009 , with all trusses and solar arrays installed Cupola arrived in 2010 The assembly of the International Space Station , a major endeavour in space architecture , began in November 1998 . Russian modules launched and docked robotically , with the exception of Rassvet .",
"9": "All other modules were delivered by the Space Shuttle , which required installation by ISS and shuttle crewmembers using the Canadarm2 ( SSRMS ) and extra-vehicular activities ( EVAs ) ; as of 5 June 2011 , they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA ( see List of ISS spacewalks ) . 127 of these spacewalks originated from the station , and the remaining 32 were launched from the airlocks of docked Space Shuttles . The beta angle of the station had to be considered at all times during construction , as it directly affects how long during its orbit the station ( and any docked or docking spacecraft ) is exposed to the sun ; the Space Shuttle would not perform optimally above a limit called the `` beta cutoff '' . Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were integrated and tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct issues prior to launch . The first module of the ISS , Zarya , was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian Proton rocket . It provided propulsion , attitude control , communications , electrical power , but lacked long - term life support functions . Two weeks later , a passive NASA module Unity was launched aboard Space Shuttle flight STS - 88 and attached to Zarya by astronauts during EVAs . This module has two Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMAs ) , one connects permanently to Zarya , the other allows the Space Shuttle to dock to the space station . At that time , the Russian station Mir was still inhabited . The ISS remained unmanned for two years , while Mir was de-orbited . On 12 July 2000 , Zvezda was launched into orbit . Preprogrammed commands on board deployed its solar arrays and communications antenna . It then became the passive target for a rendezvous with Zarya and Unity : it maintained a station - keeping orbit while the Zarya - Unity vehicle performed the rendezvous and docking via ground control and the Russian automated rendezvous and docking system . Zarya 's computer transferred control of the station to Zvezda 's computer soon after docking . Zvezda added sleeping quarters , a toilet , kitchen , CO scrubbers , dehumidifier , oxygen generators , exercise equipment , plus data , voice and television communications with mission control .",
"10": "This enabled permanent habitation of the station . The first resident crew , Expedition 1 , arrived in November 2000 on Soyuz TM - 31 . At the end of the first day on the station , astronaut Bill Shepherd requested the use of the radio call sign `` Alpha '' , which he and cosmonaut Krikalev preferred to the more cumbersome `` International Space Station '' . The name `` Alpha '' had previously been used for the station in the early 1990s , and following the request , its use was authorised for the whole of Expedition 1 . Shepherd had been advocating the use of a new name to project managers for some time . Referencing a naval tradition in a pre-launch news conference he had said : `` For thousands of years , humans have been going to sea in ships . People have designed and built these vessels , launched them with a good feeling that a name will bring good fortune to the crew and success to their voyage . '' Yuri Semenov , the President of Russian Space Corporation Energia at the time , disapproved of the name `` Alpha '' ; he felt that Mir was the first space station , and so he would have preferred the names `` Beta '' or `` Mir 2 '' for the ISS . Expedition 1 arrived midway between the flights of STS - 92 and STS - 97 . These two Space Shuttle flights each added segments of the station 's Integrated Truss Structure , which provided the station with Ku - band communication for US television , additional attitude support needed for the additional mass of the USOS , and substantial solar arrays supplementing the station 's existing 4 solar arrays . Over the next two years , the station continued to expand . A Soyuz - U rocket delivered the Pirs docking compartment . The Space Shuttles Discovery , Atlantis , and Endeavour delivered the Destiny laboratory and Quest airlock , in addition to the station 's main robot arm , the Canadarm2 , and several more segments of the Integrated Truss Structure . The expansion schedule was interrupted by the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 and a resulting two - year hiatus in the Space Shuttle programme . The space shuttle was grounded until 2005 with STS - 114 flown by Discovery .",
"11": "Assembly resumed in 2006 with the arrival of STS - 115 with Atlantis , which delivered the station 's second set of solar arrays . Several more truss segments and a third set of arrays were delivered on STS - 116 , STS - 117 , and STS - 118 . As a result of the major expansion of the station 's power - generating capabilities , more pressurised modules could be accommodated , and the Harmony node and Columbus European laboratory were added . These were soon followed by the first two components of Kibō . In March 2009 , STS - 119 completed the Integrated Truss Structure with the installation of the fourth and final set of solar arrays . The final section of Kibō was delivered in July 2009 on STS - 127 , followed by the Russian Poisk module . The third node , Tranquility , was delivered in February 2010 during STS - 130 by the Space Shuttle Endeavour , alongside the Cupola , followed in May 2010 by the penultimate Russian module , Rassvet . Rassvet was delivered by Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS - 132 in exchange for the Russian Proton delivery of the Zarya module in 1998 which had been funded by the United States . The last pressurised module of the USOS , Leonardo , was brought to the station by Discovery on her final flight , STS - 133 , followed by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on STS - 134 , delivered by Endeavour . As of June 2011 , the station consisted of 15 pressurised modules and the Integrated Truss Structure . Five modules are still to be launched , including the Nauka with the European Robotic Arm , the Uzlovoy Module , and two power modules called NEM - 1 and NEM - 2 . As of August 2017 , Russia 's future primary research module Nauka is set to launch in the first quarter of 2018 , along with the European Robotic Arm which will be able to relocate itself to different parts of the Russian modules of the station . After the Nauka module is attached , the Uzlovoy Module will be attached to one of its docking ports . When completed , the station will have a mass of more than 400 tonnes ( 440 short tons ) .",
"12": "The gross mass of the station changes over time . The total launch mass of the modules on orbit is about 417,289 kg ( 919,965 lb ) ( as of 3 September 2011 ) . The mass of experiments , spare parts , personal effects , crew , foodstuff , clothing , propellants , water supplies , gas supplies , docked spacecraft , and other items add to the total mass of the station . Hydrogen gas is constantly vented overboard by the oxygen generators . Station Structure Russian Orbital Segment Windows USOS International Space Station window locations The ISS is a third generation modular space station . Modular stations can allow the mission to be changed over time and new modules can be added or removed from the existing structure , allowing greater flexibility . Below is a diagram of major station components . The blue areas are pressurised sections accessible by the crew without using spacesuits . The station 's unpressurised superstructure is indicated in red . Other unpressurised components are yellow . Note that the Unity node joins directly to the Destiny laboratory . For clarity , they are shown apart .",
"13": "Russian docking port Solar array Zvezda DOS - 8 ( service module ) Solar array Russian docking port Poisk ( MRM - 2 ) airlock Pirs airlock Russian docking port Nauka lab to replace Pirs European robotic arm Solar array Zarya FGB ( first module ) Solar array Rassvet ( MRM - 1 ) Russian docking port PMA 1 Cargo spacecraft berthing port Leonardo cargo bay BEAM habitat Quest airlock Unity Node 1 Tranquility Node 3 ESP - 2 Cupola Solar array Solar array Heat radiator Heat radiator Solar array Solar array ELC 2 , AMS Z1 truss ELC 3 S5 / 6 Truss S3 / S4 Truss S1 Truss S0 Truss P1 Truss P3 / P4 Truss P5 / 6 Truss ELC 4 , ESP 3 ELC 1 Dextre robotic arm Canadarm2 robotic arm Solar array Solar array Solar array Solar array ESP - 1 Destiny laboratory Kibō logistics cargo bay Cargo spacecraft berthing port PMA 3 docking port Kibō robotic arm External payloads Columbus laboratory Harmony Node 2 Kibō laboratory Kibō external platform PMA 2 docking port IDA 2 docking adapter Comparison The ISS follows Salyut and Almaz series , Skylab , and Mir as the 11th space station launched , as the Genesis prototypes were never intended to be manned . Other examples of modular station projects include the Soviet / Russian Mir and the planned Russian OPSEK and Chinese space station . First generation space stations , such as early Salyuts and NASA 's Skylab were not designed for re-supply . Generally , each crew had to depart the station to free the only docking port for the next crew to arrive , Skylab had more than one docking port but was not designed for resupply . Salyut 6 and 7 had more than one docking port and were designed to be resupplied routinely during crewed operation . Pressurised modules This section needs additional citations for verification .",
"14": "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zarya Zarya as seen by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS - 88 Zarya ( Russian : Заря́ ; lit . dawn ) , also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB ( from the Russian `` Функционально - грузовой блок '' , Funktsionalno - gruzovoy blok or ФГБ ) , was the first module of the International Space Station to be launched . The FGB provided electrical power , storage , propulsion , and guidance to the ISS during the initial stage of assembly . With the launch and assembly in orbit of other modules with more specialised functionality , Zarya is now primarily used for storage , both inside the pressurised section and in the externally mounted fuel tanks . Zarya is a descendant of the TKS spacecraft designed for the Soviet Salyut programme . The name Zarya was given to the FGB because it signified the dawn of a new era of international co-operation in space . Although it was built by a Russian company , it is owned by the United States . Zarya weighs 19,300 kg ( 42,500 lb ) , is 12.55 m ( 41.2 ft ) long and 4.1 m ( 13 ft ) wide , discounting solar arrays . Zarya was built from December 1994 to January 1998 at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center ( KhSC ) in Moscow . The control system was developed by the Ukrainian Khartron corporation in Kharkiv . Zarya was launched on 20 November 1998 , on a Russian Proton rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81 in Kazakhstan to a 400 km ( 250 mi ) high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years . After Zarya reached orbit , STS - 88 launched on 4 December 1998 , to attach the Unity module .",
"15": "Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months , Zarya did so for almost two years because of delays with the Russian Service Module , Zvezda , which finally launched on 12 July 2000 , and docked with Zarya on 26 July using the Russian Kurs docking system . Unity Unity as pictured by Space Shuttle Endeavour Unity , or Node 1 , is one of three nodes , or passive connecting modules , in the US Orbital Segment of the station . It was the first US - built component of the Station to be launched . The module is made of aluminium and cylindrical in shape , with six berthing locations facilitating connections to other modules . Essential space station resources such as fluids , environmental control and life support systems , electrical and data systems are routed through Unity to supply work and living areas of the station . More than 50,000 mechanical items , 216 lines to carry fluids and gases , and 121 internal and external electrical cables using six miles of wire were installed in the Unity node . Prior to its launch , conical Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMAs ) were attached to the aft and forward berthing mechanisms of Unity . Unity and the two mating adapters together weighed about 11,600 kg ( 25,600 lb ) . The adapters allow the docking systems used by the Space Shuttle and by Russian modules to attach to the node 's hatches and berthing mechanisms . Unity was carried into orbit by Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1998 as the primary cargo of STS - 88 , the first Space Shuttle mission dedicated to assembly of the station . On 6 December 1998 , the STS - 88 crew mated the aft berthing port of Unity with the forward hatch of the already orbiting Zarya module . Zvezda Zvezda ( Russian : Звезда́ , meaning `` star '' ) , also known as DOS - 8 , Service Module or SM ( Russian : СМ ) . Early in the station 's life , Zvezda provided all of its critical systems . It made the station permanently habitable for the first time , adding life support for up to six crew and living quarters for two . Zvezda 's DMS - R computer handles guidance , navigation and control for the entire space station .",
"16": "A second computer which performs the same functions will be installed in the Nauka module , FGB - 2 . The hull of Zvezda was completed in February 1985 , with major internal equipment installed by October 1986 . The module was launched by a Proton - K rocket from Site 81 / 23 at Baikonur , on 12 July 2000 . Zvezda is at the rear of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation , and its engines may be used to boost the station 's orbit . Alternatively Russian and European spacecraft can dock to Zvezda 's aft port and use their engines to boost the station . Destiny Destiny interior in February 2001 Destiny , also known as the U.S. Lab , is the primary research facility for United States payloads aboard the ISS . In 2011 , NASA chose the not - for - profit group Center for the Advancement of Science in Space ( CASIS ) to be the sole manager of all American science on the station which does not relate to manned exploration . The module houses 24 International Standard Payload Racks , some of which are used for environmental systems and crew daily living equipment . Destiny also serves as the mounting point for the station 's Truss Structure . Quest Quest is the only USOS airlock , and hosts spacewalks with both United States EMU and Russian Orlan spacesuits . It consists of two segments : the equipment lock , which stores spacesuits and equipment , and the crew lock , from which astronauts can exit into space . This module has a separately controlled atmosphere . Crew sleep in this module , breathing a low nitrogen mixture the night before scheduled EVAs , to avoid decompression sickness ( known as `` the bends '' ) in the low - pressure suits . Pirs and Poisk Pirs ( Russian : Пирс , meaning `` pier '' ) , ( Russian : Стыковочный отсек ) , `` docking module '' , SO - 1 or DC - 1 ( docking compartment ) , and Poisk ( Russian : По́иск ; lit . Search ) , also known as the Mini-Research Module 2 ( MRM 2 ) , Малый исследовательский модуль 2 , or МИМ 2 .",
"17": "Pirs and Poisk are Russian airlock modules , each having 2 identical hatches . An outward - opening hatch on the Mir space station failed after it swung open too fast after unlatching , because of a small amount of air pressure remaining in the airlock . A different entry was used , and the hatch was repaired . All EVA hatches on the ISS open inwards and are pressure - sealing . Pirs was used to store , service , and refurbish Russian Orlan suits and provided contingency entry for crew using the slightly bulkier American suits . The outermost docking ports on both airlocks allow docking of Soyuz and Progress spacecraft , and the automatic transfer of propellants to and from storage on the ROS . Harmony Harmony node in 2011 Tranquility node in 2011 Harmony , also known as Node 2 , is the second of the station 's node modules and the utility hub of the USOS . The module contains four racks that provide electrical power , bus electronic data , and acts as a central connecting point for several other components via its six Common Berthing Mechanisms ( CBMs ) . The European Columbus and Japanese Kibō laboratories are permanently berthed to the starboard and port radial ports respectively . The nadir and zenith ports can be used for docking visiting spacecraft including HTV , Dragon , and Cygnus , with the nadir port serving as the primary docking port . American Shuttle Orbiters docked with the ISS via PMA - 2 , attached to the forward port . Tranquility Tranquility , also known as Node 3 , is the third and last of the station 's US nodes , it contains an additional life support system to recycle waste water for crew use and supplements oxygen generation . Like the other US nodes , it has six berthing mechanisms , five of which are currently in use . The first one connects to the station 's core via the Unity module , others host the Cupola , the PMA docking port # 3 , the Leonardo PMM and the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module . The final zenith port remains free . Columbus Columbus module in 2008 Columbus , the primary research facility for European payloads aboard the ISS , provides a generic laboratory as well as facilities specifically designed for biology , biomedical research and fluid physics .",
"18": "Several mounting locations are affixed to the exterior of the module , which provide power and data to external experiments such as the European Technology Exposure Facility ( EuTEF ) , Solar Monitoring Observatory , Materials International Space Station Experiment , and Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space . A number of expansions are planned for the module to study quantum physics and cosmology . ESA 's development of technologies on all the main areas of life support has been ongoing for more than 20 years and are / have been used in modules such as Columbus and the ATV . The German Aerospace Center DLR manages ground control operations for Columbus and the ATV is controlled from the French CNES Toulouse Space Center . Kibō Not large enough for crew using spacesuits , the airlock on Kibō has a sliding drawer for external experiments . Kibō ( Japanese : き ぼう , `` hope '' ) is a laboratory and the largest ISS module . It is used to do research in space medicine , biology , Earth observations , materials production , biotechnology and communications , and has facilities for growing plants and fish . During August 2011 , the MAXI observatory mounted on Kibō , which uses the ISS 's orbital motion to image the whole sky in the X-ray spectrum , detected for the first time the moment when a star was swallowed by a black hole . The laboratory contains 23 racks , including 10 experiment racks , and has a dedicated airlock for experiments . In a ' shirt sleeves ' environment , crew attach an experiment to the sliding drawer within the airlock , close the inner , and then open the outer hatch . By extending the drawer and removing the experiment using the dedicated robotic arm , payloads are placed on the external platform . The process can be reversed and repeated quickly , allowing access to maintain external experiments without the delays caused by EVAs . Pressurized Module Experiment Logistics Module Exposed Facility Experiment Logistics Module Remote Manipulator System A smaller pressurised module is attached to the top of Kibō , serving as a cargo bay . The dedicated Interorbital Communications System ( ICS ) allows large amounts of data to be beamed from Kibō 's ICS , first to the Japanese KODAMA satellite in geostationary orbit , then to Japanese ground stations .",
"19": "When a direct communication link is used , contact time between the ISS and a ground station is limited to approximately 10 minutes per visible pass . When KODAMA relays data between a LEO spacecraft and a ground station , real - time communications are possible in 60 % of the flight path of the spacecraft . Japanese ground controllers use telepresence robotics to remotely conduct onboard research and experiments , thus reducing the workload of station astronauts . Ground controllers also use a free - floating autonomous ball camera to photodocument astronaut and space station activities , further freeing up astronaut time . Cupola The Cupola 's design has been compared to the Millennium Falcon from Star Wars . Dmitri Kondratyev and Paolo Nespoli in the Cupola . Background left to right , Progress M - 09M , Soyuz TMA - 20 , the Leonardo module and HTV - 2 . Cupola is a seven - window observatory , used to view Earth and docking spacecraft . Its name derives from the Italian word cupola , which means `` dome '' . The Cupola project was started by NASA and Boeing , but cancelled due to budget cuts . A barter agreement between NASA and ESA led to ESA resuming development of Cupola in 1998 . It was built by Thales Alenia Space in Turin , Italy . The module comes equipped with robotic workstations for operating the station 's main robotic arm and shutters to protect its windows from damage caused by micrometeorites . It features 7 windows , with an 80 - centimetre ( 31 in ) round window , the largest window on the station ( and the largest flown in space to date ) . The distinctive design has been compared to the ' turret ' of the fictitious Millennium Falcon from the motion picture Star Wars ; the original prop lightsaber used by actor Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker in the 1977 film was flown to the station in 2007 . Rassvet Rassvet ( Russian : Рассве́т ; lit .",
"20": "`` dawn '' ) , also known as the Mini-Research Module 1 ( MRM - 1 ) ( Russian : Ма́лый иссле́довательский модуль , МИМ 1 ) and formerly known as the Docking Cargo Module ( DCM ) , is similar in design to the Mir Docking Module launched on STS - 74 in 1995 . Rassvet is primarily used for cargo storage and for docking by visiting spacecraft . It was flown to the ISS aboard NASA 's Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS - 132 mission and connected in May 2010 , Rassvet is the only Russian - owned module launched by NASA , to repay for the launch of Zarya , which is Russian designed and built , but partially paid for by NASA . Rassvet was launched with the Russian Nauka laboratory 's experiments airlock temporarily attached to it , and spare parts for the European Robotic Arm . Leonardo Leonardo installed Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module ( PMM ) is a storage module attached to the Tranquility node . The three NASA Space Shuttle MPLM cargo containers -- Leonardo , Raffaello and Donatello -- were built for NASA in Turin , Italy by Alcatel Alenia Space , now Thales Alenia Space . The MPLMs were provided to NASA 's ISS programme by Italy ( independent of their role as a member state of ESA ) and are considered to be US elements . In a bartered exchange for providing these containers , the US gave Italy research time aboard the ISS out of the US allotment in addition to that which Italy receives as a member of ESA . The Permanent Multipurpose Module was created by converting Leonardo into a module that could be permanently attached to the station . Bigelow Expandable activity module Bigelow Expandable Activity Module ( BEAM ) is a prototype inflatable space habitat serving as a two - year technology demonstration . It was built by Bigelow Aerospace under a contract established by NASA on 16 January 2013 . BEAM was delivered to the ISS aboard SpaceX CRS - 8 on 10 April 2016 , was berthed to the aft port of the Tranquility node on 16 April , and was fully expanded on 28 May .",
"21": "During its two - year test run , instruments are measuring its structural integrity and leak rate , along with temperature and radiation levels . The hatch leading into the module remains closed except for periodic visits by space station crew members for inspections and data collection . The module was originally planned to be jettisoned from the station following the test , but following positive data after a year in orbit , NASA has suggested that it could remain on the station as a storage area . Scheduled additional modules Nauka Nauka ( Russian : Нау́ка ; lit . `` science '' ) , also known as the Multipurpose Laboratory Module ( MLM ) or FGB - 2 ( Russian : Многофункциональный лабораторный модуль , МЛМ ) , is the major Russian laboratory module . It was scheduled to arrive at the station in 2014 , docking to the port that was occupied by the Pirs module . Due to deterioration during many years spent in storage , it proved necessary to build a new propulsion module , and the launch date was postponed to 2018 . Before the Nauka module arrives , a Progress spacecraft will remove Pirs from the station and deorbit it to reenter over the Pacific Ocean . Nauka contains an additional set of life support systems and attitude control . Originally it would have routed power from the single Science - and - Power Platform , but that single module design changed over the first ten years of the ISS mission , and the two science modules , which attach to Nauka via the Uzlovoy Module , or Russian node , each incorporate their own large solar arrays to power Russian science experiments in the ROS . Nauka 's mission has changed over time . During the mid-1990s , it was intended as a backup for the FGB , and later as a universal docking module ( UDM ) ; its docking ports will be able to support automatic docking of both spacecraft , additional modules and fuel transfer . Nauka has its own engines . Like Zvezda and Zarya , Nauka will be launched by a Proton rocket , while smaller Russian modules such as Pirs and Poisk were delivered by modified Progress spacecraft . Russia plans to separate Nauka , along with the rest of the Russian Orbital Segment , to form the OPSEK space station before the ISS is deorbited .",
"22": "Uzlovoy module The Uzlovoy Module ( UM ) , or Node Module is a 4 - metric - ton ball - shaped module that will allow docking of two scientific and power modules during the final stage of the station assembly , and provide the Russian segment additional docking ports to receive Soyuz MS and Progress MS spacecraft . UM is due to be launched in late 2018 . It will be integrated with a special version of the Progress cargo ship and launched by a standard Soyuz rocket . Progress would use its own propulsion and flight control system to deliver and dock the Node Module to the nadir ( Earth - facing ) docking port of the Nauka MLM / FGB - 2 module . One port is equipped with an active hybrid docking port , which enables docking with the MLM module . The remaining five ports are passive hybrids , enabling docking of Soyuz and Progress vehicles , as well as heavier modules and future spacecraft with modified docking systems . The node module was conceived to serve as the only permanent element of the future Russian successor to the ISS , OPSEK . Equipped with six docking ports , the Node Module would serve as a single permanent core of the future station with all other modules coming and going as their life span and mission required . This would be a progression beyond the ISS and Russia 's modular Mir space station , which are in turn more advanced than early monolithic first generation stations such as Skylab , and early Salyut and Almaz stations . Science Power Modules 1 & 2 ( NEM - 1 , NEM - 2 ) ( Russian : Нау́чно - Энергетический Модуль - 1 и - 2 ) NanoRacks airlock module The NanoRacks Airlock Module is a commercially - funded airlock module intended to be launched in 2019 . The module is being built by NanoRacks and Boeing , and will be used to deploy CubeSats , small satellites , and other external payloads for NASA , CASIS , and other commercial and governmental customers . It is intended to be manifested with a Commercial Resupply Services mission . The cancelled Habitation module under construction in 1997 Cancelled components Several modules planned for the station were cancelled over the course of the ISS programme .",
"23": "Reasons include budgetary constraints , the modules becoming unnecessary , and station redesigns after the 2003 Columbia disaster . The US Centrifuge Accommodations Module would have hosted science experiments in varying levels of artificial gravity . The US Habitation Module would have served as the station 's living quarters . Instead , the sleep stations are now spread throughout the station . The US Interim Control Module and ISS Propulsion Module would have replaced the functions of Zvezda in case of a launch failure . Two Russian Research Modules were planned for scientific research . They would have docked to a Russian Universal Docking Module . The Russian Science Power Platform would have supplied power to the Russian Orbital Segment independent of the ITS solar arrays . Unpressurised elements ISS Truss Components breakdown showing Trusses and all ORUs in situ The ISS has a large number of external components that do not require pressurisation . The largest of these is the Integrated Truss Structure ( ITS ) , to which the station 's main solar arrays and thermal radiators are mounted . The ITS consists of ten separate segments forming a structure 108.5 m ( 356 ft ) long . The station in its complete form has several smaller external components , such as the six robotic arms , the three External Stowage Platforms ( ESPs ) and four ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ( ELCs ) . While these platforms allow experiments ( including MISSE , the STP - H3 and the Robotic Refueling Mission ) to be deployed and conducted in the vacuum of space by providing electricity and processing experimental data locally , their primary function is to store spare Orbital Replacement Units ( ORUs ) . ORUs are parts that can be replaced when they fail or pass their design life . Examples of ORUs include pumps , storage tanks , antennas and battery units . Such units are replaced either by astronauts during EVA or by robotic arms . Spare parts were routinely transported to and from the station via Space Shuttle resupply missions , with a heavy emphasis on ORU transport once the NASA Shuttle approached retirement . Several shuttle missions were dedicated to the delivery of ORUs , including STS - 129 , STS - 133 and STS - 134 .",
"24": "As of January 2011 , only one other mode of transportation of ORUs had been utilised -- the Japanese cargo vessel HTV - 2 -- which delivered an FHRC and CTC - 2 via its Exposed Pallet ( EP ) . Construction of the Integrated Truss Structure over New Zealand . There are also smaller exposure facilities mounted directly to laboratory modules ; the Kibō Exposed Facility serves as an external ' porch ' for the Kibō complex , and a facility on the European Columbus laboratory provides power and data connections for experiments such as the European Technology Exposure Facility and the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space . A remote sensing instrument , SAGE III - ISS , was delivered to the station in 2014 aboard a Dragon capsule , and the NICER experiment is scheduled to be delivered in 2016 . The largest such scientific payload externally mounted to the ISS is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ( AMS ) , a particle physics experiment launched on STS - 134 in May 2011 , and mounted externally on the ITS . The AMS measures cosmic rays to look for evidence of dark matter and antimatter . Robotic arms and cargo cranes Commander Volkov stands on Pirs with his back to the Soyuz whilst operating the manual Strela crane holding photographer Kononenko . Zarya is seen to the left and Zvezda across the bottom of the image . Dextre , like many of the station 's experiments and robotic arms , can be operated from Earth and perform tasks while the crew sleeps . The Integrated Truss Structure serves as a base for the station 's primary remote manipulator system , called the Mobile Servicing System ( MSS ) , which is composed of three main components . Canadarm2 , the largest robotic arm on the ISS , has a mass of 1,800 kilograms ( 4,000 lb ) and is used to dock and manipulate spacecraft and modules on the USOS , hold crew members and equipment in place during EVAs and move Dextre around to perform tasks . Dextre is a 1,560 kg ( 3,440 lb ) robotic manipulator with two arms , a rotating torso and has power tools , lights and video for replacing orbital replacement units ( ORUs ) and performing other tasks requiring fine control .",
"25": "The Mobile Base System ( MBS ) is a platform which rides on rails along the length of the station 's main truss . It serves as a mobile base for Canadarm2 and Dextre , allowing the robotic arms to reach all parts of the USOS . To gain access to the Russian Segment a grapple fixture was added to Zarya on STS - 134 , so that Canadarm2 can inchworm itself onto the ROS . Also installed during STS - 134 was the 15 m ( 50 ft ) Orbiter Boom Sensor System ( OBSS ) , which had been used to inspect heat shield tiles on Space Shuttle missions and can be used on station to increase the reach of the MSS . Staff on Earth or the station can operate the MSS components via remote control , performing work outside the station without space walks . Japan 's Remote Manipulator System , which services the Kibō Exposed Facility , was launched on STS - 124 and is attached to the Kibō Pressurised Module . The arm is similar to the Space Shuttle arm as it is permanently attached at one end and has a latching end effector for standard grapple fixtures at the other . The European Robotic Arm , which will service the Russian Orbital Segment , will be launched alongside the Multipurpose Laboratory Module in 2017 . The ROS does not require spacecraft or modules to be manipulated , as all spacecraft and modules dock automatically and may be discarded the same way . Crew use the two Strela ( Russian : Стрела́ ; lit . Arrow ) cargo cranes during EVAs for moving crew and equipment around the ROS . Each Strela crane has a mass of 45 kg ( 99 lb ) . Station systems Life support Main articles : ISS ECLSS and Chemical oxygen generator The critical systems are the atmosphere control system , the water supply system , the food supply facilities , the sanitation and hygiene equipment , and fire detection and suppression equipment . The Russian Orbital Segment 's life support systems are contained in the Zvezda service module . Some of these systems are supplemented by equipment in the USOS . The MLM Nauka laboratory has a complete set of life support systems .",
"26": "Atmospheric control systems The interactions between the components of the ISS Environmental Control and Life Support System ( ECLSS ) The atmosphere on board the ISS is similar to the Earth 's . Normal air pressure on the ISS is 101.3 kPa ( 14.7 psi ) ; the same as at sea level on Earth . An Earth - like atmosphere offers benefits for crew comfort , and is much safer than the alternative , a pure oxygen atmosphere , because of the increased risk of a fire such as that responsible for the deaths of the Apollo 1 crew . Earth - like atmospheric conditions have been maintained on all Russian and Soviet spacecraft . The Elektron system aboard Zvezda and a similar system in Destiny generate oxygen aboard the station . The crew has a backup option in the form of bottled oxygen and Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation ( SFOG ) canisters , a chemical oxygen generator system . Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by the Vozdukh system in Zvezda . Other by - products of human metabolism , such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat , are removed by activated charcoal filters . Part of the ROS atmosphere control system is the oxygen supply . Triple - redundancy is provided by the Elektron unit , solid fuel generators , and stored oxygen . The primary supply of oxygen is the Elektron unit which produces O 2 and H 2 by electrolysis of water and vents H2 overboard . The 1 kW system uses approximately one litre of water per crew member per day . This water is either brought from Earth or recycled from other systems . Mir was the first spacecraft to use recycled water for oxygen production . The secondary oxygen supply is provided by burning O 2 - producing Vika cartridges ( see also ISS ECLSS ) . Each ' candle ' takes 5 -- 20 minutes to decompose at 450 -- 500 ° C , producing 600 litres of O 2 . This unit is manually operated . The US Orbital Segment has redundant supplies of oxygen , from a pressurised storage tank on the Quest airlock module delivered in 2001 , supplemented ten years later by ESA - built Advanced Closed - Loop System ( ACLS ) in the Tranquility module ( Node 3 ) , which produces O 2 by electrolysis .",
"27": "Hydrogen produced is combined with carbon dioxide from the cabin atmosphere and converted to water and methane . Power and thermal control Main articles : Electrical system of the International Space Station and External Active Thermal Control System Russian solar arrays , backlit by sunset . One of the eight truss mounted pairs of USOS solar arrays Double - sided solar , or Photovoltaic , arrays provide electrical power for the ISS . These bifacial cells are more efficient and operate at a lower temperature than single - sided cells commonly used on Earth , by collecting sunlight on one side and light reflected off the Earth on the other . The Russian segment of the station , like the Space Shuttle and most spacecraft , uses 28 volt DC from four rotating solar arrays mounted on Zarya and Zvezda . The USOS uses 130 -- 180 V DC from the USOS PV array , power is stabilised and distributed at 160 V DC and converted to the user - required 124 V DC . The higher distribution voltage allows smaller , lighter conductors , at the expense of crew safety . The ROS uses low voltage ; the two station segments share power with converters . The USOS solar arrays are arranged as four wing pairs , for a total production of 75 to 90 kilowatts . These arrays normally track the sun to maximise power generation . Each array is about 375 m ( 4,036 sq ft ) in area and 58 m ( 190 ft ) long . In the complete configuration , the solar arrays track the sun by rotating the alpha gimbal once per orbit ; the beta gimbal follows slower changes in the angle of the sun to the orbital plane . The Night Glider mode aligns the solar arrays parallel to the ground at night to reduce the significant aerodynamic drag at the station 's relatively low orbital altitude . The station uses rechargeable nickel -- hydrogen batteries ( NiH 2 ) for continuous power during the 35 minutes of every 90 - minute orbit that it is eclipsed by the Earth . The batteries are recharged on the day side of the Earth . They have a 6.5 - year lifetime ( over 37,000 charge / discharge cycles ) and will be regularly replaced over the anticipated 20 - year life of the station .",
"28": "As of 2017 , the nickel -- hydrogen batteries are being replaced by lithium - ion batteries , which are expected to last until the end of the ISS program . The station 's large solar panels generate a high potential voltage difference between the station and the ionosphere . This could cause arcing through insulating surfaces and sputtering of conductive surfaces as ions are accelerated by the spacecraft plasma sheath . To mitigate this , plasma contactor units ( PCU ) s create current paths between the station and the ambient plasma field . ISS External Active Thermal Control System ( EATCS ) diagram The station 's systems and experiments consume a large amount of electrical power , almost all of which converts to heat . Little of this heat dissipates through the walls of the station . To keep the internal ambient temperature within comfortable , workable limits , ammonia is continuously pumped through pipes throughout the station to collect heat , then into external radiators to emit infrared radiation , then back into the station . Thus this passive thermal control system ( PTCS ) is made of external surface materials , insulation such as MLI , and heat pipes . If the PTCS can not keep up with the heat load , an External Active Thermal Control System ( EATCS ) maintains the temperature . The EATCS consists of an internal , non-toxic , water coolant loop used to cool and dehumidify the atmosphere , which transfers collected heat into an external liquid ammonia loop that can withstand the much lower temperature of space , and is circulated through radiators to remove the heat . The EATCS provides cooling for all the US pressurised modules , including Kibō and Columbus , as well as the main power distribution electronics of the S0 , S1 and P1 trusses . It can reject up to 70 kW . This is much more than the 14 kW of the Early External Active Thermal Control System ( EEATCS ) via the Early Ammonia Servicer ( EAS ) , which was launched on STS - 105 and installed onto the P6 Truss . Communications and computers Main articles : Tracking and Data Relay Satellite and Luch ( satellite ) See also : ThinkPad § Use in space The communications systems used by the ISS * Luch satellite and the Space Shuttle are not currently in use Radio communications provide telemetry and scientific data links between the station and Mission Control Centres .",
"29": "Radio links are also used during rendezvous and docking procedures and for audio and video communication between crew members , flight controllers and family members . As a result , the ISS is equipped with internal and external communication systems used for different purposes . The Russian Orbital Segment communicates directly with the ground via the Lira antenna mounted to Zvezda . The Lira antenna also has the capability to use the Luch data relay satellite system . This system , used for communications with Mir , fell into disrepair during the 1990s , and so is no longer in use , although two new Luch satellites -- Luch - 5A and Luch - 5B -- were launched in 2011 and 2012 respectively to restore the operational capability of the system . Another Russian communications system is the Voskhod - M , which enables internal telephone communications between Zvezda , Zarya , Pirs , Poisk and the USOS , and also provides a VHF radio link to ground control centres via antennas on Zvezda 's exterior . The US Orbital Segment ( USOS ) makes use of two separate radio links mounted in the Z1 truss structure : the S band ( used for audio ) and K band ( used for audio , video and data ) systems . These transmissions are routed via the United States Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System ( TDRSS ) in geostationary orbit , which allows for almost continuous real - time communications with NASA 's Mission Control Center ( MCC - H ) in Houston . Data channels for the Canadarm2 , European Columbus laboratory and Japanese Kibō modules are routed via the S band and K band systems , although the European Data Relay System and a similar Japanese system will eventually complement the TDRSS in this role . Communications between modules are carried on an internal digital wireless network . Laptop computers surround the Canadarm2 console . UHF radio is used by astronauts and cosmonauts conducting EVAs . UHF is used by other spacecraft that dock to or undock from the station , such as Soyuz , Progress , HTV , ATV and the Space Shuttle ( except the shuttle also makes use of the S band and K band systems via TDRSS ) , to receive commands from Mission Control and ISS crewmembers .",
"30": "Automated spacecraft are fitted with their own communications equipment ; the ATV uses a laser attached to the spacecraft and equipment attached to Zvezda , known as the Proximity Communications Equipment , to accurately dock to the station . The ISS is equipped with approximately 100 IBM and Lenovo ThinkPad model A31 and T61P laptop computers . Each computer is a commercial off - the - shelf purchase which is then modified for safety and operation including updates to connectors , cooling and power to accommodate the station 's 28V DC power system and weightless environment . Heat generated by the laptops does not rise but stagnates around the laptop , so additional forced ventilation is required . Laptops aboard the ISS are connected to the station 's wireless LAN via Wi - Fi and to the ground via K band . This provides speeds of 10 Mbit / s to and 3 Mbit / s from the station , comparable to home DSL connection speeds . The operating system used for key station functions is the Debian Linux distribution . The migration from Microsoft Windows was made in May 2013 for reasons of reliability , stability and flexibility . Station operations Expeditions and private flights Zarya and Unity were entered for the first time on 10 December 1998 . Soyuz TM - 31 being prepared to bring the first resident crew to the station in October 2000 ISS was slowly assembled over a decade of spaceflights and crews Expeditions have included crew members from many nations See also the list of International Space Station expeditions ( professional crew ) , space tourism ( private travellers ) , and the list of human spaceflights to the ISS ( both ) . Each permanent crew is given an expedition number . Expeditions run up to six months , from launch until undocking , an ' increment ' covers the same time period , but includes cargo ships and all activities . Expeditions 1 to 6 consisted of 3 person crews , Expeditions 7 to 12 were reduced to the safe minimum of two following the destruction of the NASA Shuttle Columbia . From Expedition 13 the crew gradually increased to 6 around 2010 . With the arrival of the American Commercial Crew vehicles in the middle of the 2010s , expedition size may be increased to seven crew members , the number ISS is designed for .",
"31": "Sergei Krikalev , member of Expedition 1 and Commander of Expedition 11 , has spent more time in space than anyone else , a total of 803 days and 9 hours and 39 minutes . His awards include the Order of Lenin , Hero of the Soviet Union , Hero of the Russian Federation , and 4 NASA medals . On 16 August 2005 at 1 : 44 am EDT , he passed the record of 748 days held by Sergei Avdeyev , who had ' time travelled ' 1 / 50th of a second into the future aboard Mir . He participated in psychosocial experiment SFINCSS - 99 ( Simulation of Flight of International Crew on Space Station ) , which examined inter-cultural and other stress factors affecting integration of crew in preparation for the ISS spaceflights . Scott Kelly has spent the most time in space of any American . Kelly returned from the ISS on 1 March 2016 having spent 340 consecutive days in orbit . Travellers who pay for their own passage into space are termed spaceflight participants by Roscosmos and NASA , and are sometimes referred to as space tourists , a term they generally dislike . All seven were transported to the ISS on Russian Soyuz spacecraft . When professional crews change over in numbers not divisible by the three seats in a Soyuz , and a short - stay crewmember is not sent , the spare seat is sold by MirCorp through Space Adventures . When the space shuttle retired in 2011 , and the station 's crew size was reduced to 6 , space tourism was halted , as the partners relied on Russian transport seats for access to the station . Soyuz flight schedules increase after 2013 , allowing 5 Soyuz flights ( 15 seats ) with only two expeditions ( 12 seats ) required . The remaining seats are sold for around US $40 million to members of the public who can pass a medical exam . ESA and NASA criticised private spaceflight at the beginning of the ISS , and NASA initially resisted training Dennis Tito , the first man to pay for his own passage to the ISS . Anousheh Ansari became the first Iranian in space and the first self - funded woman to fly to the station . Officials reported that her education and experience make her much more than a tourist , and her performance in training had been `` excellent . ''",
"32": "Ansari herself dismisses the idea that she is a tourist . She did Russian and European studies involving medicine and microbiology during her 10 - day stay . The documentary Space Tourists follows her journey to the station , where she fulfilled `` an age - old dream of man : to leave our planet as a `` normal person '' and travel into outer space . '' In 2008 , spaceflight participant Richard Garriott placed a geocache aboard the ISS during his flight . This is currently the only non-terrestrial geocache in existence . At the same time , the Immortality Drive , an electronic record of eight digitised human DNA sequences , was placed aboard the ISS . Orbit Graph showing the changing altitude of the ISS from November 1998 until January 2009 Play media Animation of ISS orbit from a North American geostationary point of view ( sped up 1800 times ) The ISS is maintained in a nearly circular orbit with a minimum mean altitude of 330 km ( 205 mi ) and a maximum of 410 km ( 255 mi ) , in the centre of the thermosphere , at an inclination of 51.6 degrees to Earth 's equator , necessary to ensure that Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome may be safely launched to reach the station . Spent rocket stages must be dropped into uninhabited areas and this limits the directions rockets can be launched from the spaceport . It travels at an average speed of 27,724 kilometres per hour ( 17,227 mph ) , and completes 15.54 orbits per day ( 93 minutes per orbit ) . The station 's altitude was allowed to fall around the time of each NASA shuttle mission . Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle 's departure . This allowed shuttle payloads to be lifted with the station 's engines during the routine firings , rather than have the shuttle lift itself and the payload together to a higher orbit . This trade - off allowed heavier loads to be transferred to the station . After the retirement of the NASA shuttle , the nominal orbit of the space station was raised in altitude . Other , more frequent supply ships do not require this adjustment as they are substantially lighter vehicles .",
"33": "Orbits of the ISS , shown in April 2013 Orbital boosting can be performed by the station 's two main engines on the Zvezda service module , or Russian or European spacecraft docked to Zvezda 's aft port . The ATV has been designed with the possibility of adding a second docking port to its other end , allowing it to remain at the ISS and still allow other craft to dock and boost the station . It takes approximately two orbits ( three hours ) for the boost to a higher altitude to be completed . Maintaining ISS altitude uses about 7.5 tonnes of chemical fuel per annum at an annual cost of about $210 million . In December 2008 NASA signed an agreement with the Ad Astra Rocket Company which may result in the testing on the ISS of a VASIMR plasma propulsion engine . This technology could allow station - keeping to be done more economically than at present . The Russian Orbital Segment contains the Data Management System , which handles Guidance , Navigation and Control ( ROS GNC ) for the entire station . Initially , Zarya , the first module of the station , controlled the station until a short time after the Russian service module Zvezda docked and was transferred control . Zvezda contains the ESA built DMS - R Data Management System . Using two fault - tolerant computers ( FTC ) , Zvezda computes the station 's position and orbital trajectory using redundant Earth horizon sensors , Solar horizon sensors as well as Sun and star trackers . The FTCs each contain three identical processing units working in parallel and provide advanced fault - masking by majority voting . Orientation Zvezda uses gyroscopes and thrusters to turn itself around . Gyroscopes do not require propellant , rather they use electricity to ' store ' momentum in flywheels by turning in the opposite direction to the station 's movement . The USOS has its own computer controlled gyroscopes to handle the extra mass of that section . When gyroscopes ' saturate ' , thrusters are used to cancel out the stored momentum . During Expedition 10 , an incorrect command was sent to the station 's computer , using about 14 kilograms of propellant before the fault was noticed and fixed .",
"34": "When attitude control computers in the ROS and USOS fail to communicate properly , it can result in a rare ' force fight ' where the ROS GNC computer must ignore the USOS counterpart , which has no thrusters . When an ATV , NASA Shuttle , or Soyuz is docked to the station , it can also be used to maintain station attitude such as for troubleshooting . Shuttle control was used exclusively during installation of the S3 / S4 truss , which provides electrical power and data interfaces for the station 's electronics . Mission controls The components of the ISS are operated and monitored by their respective space agencies at mission control centres across the globe , including : Roscosmos 's Mission Control Center at Korolyov , Moscow Oblast , controls the Russian Orbital Segment which handles Guidance , Navigation & Control for the entire Station. , in addition to individual Soyuz and Progress missions . ESA 's ATV Control Centre , at the Toulouse Space Centre ( CST ) in Toulouse , France , controls flights of the unmanned European Automated Transfer Vehicle . JAXA 's JEM Control Center and HTV Control Center at Tsukuba Space Center ( TKSC ) in Tsukuba , Japan , are responsible for operating the Kibō complex and all flights of the ' White Stork ' HTV Cargo spacecraft , respectively . NASA 's Mission Control Center at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas , serves as the primary control facility for the United States segment of the ISS and also controlled the Space Shuttle missions that visited the station . NASA 's Payload Operations and Integration Center at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville , Alabama , coordinates payload operations in the USOS . ESA 's Columbus Control Centre at the German Aerospace Centre ( DLR ) in Oberpfaffenhofen , Germany , manages the European Columbus research laboratory . CSA 's MSS Control at Saint - Hubert , Quebec , Canada , controls and monitors the Mobile Servicing System , or Canadarm2 . Space centres involved with the ISS programme Repairs Main articles : Orbital Replacement Units and International Space Station maintenance Spare parts are called ORUs ; some are externally stored on pallets called ELCs and ESPs . Orbital Replacement Units ( ORUs ) are spare parts that can be readily replaced when a unit either passes its design life or fails .",
"35": "Examples of ORUs are pumps , storage tanks , controller boxes , antennas , and battery units . Some units can be replaced using robotic arms . Many are stored outside the station , either on small pallets called ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ( ELCs ) or share larger platforms called External Stowage Platforms which also hold science experiments . Both kinds of pallets have electricity as many parts which could be damaged by the cold of space require heating . The larger logistics carriers also have computer local area network connections ( LAN ) and telemetry to connect experiments . A heavy emphasis on stocking the USOS with ORU 's occurred around 2011 , before the end of the NASA shuttle programme , as its commercial replacements , Cygnus and Dragon , carry one tenth to one quarter the payload . While anchored on the end of the OBSS during STS - 120 , astronaut Scott Parazynski performs makeshift repairs to a US solar array which damaged itself when unfolding . Mike Hopkins on his Christmas Eve spacewalk Unexpected problems and failures have impacted the station 's assembly time - line and work schedules leading to periods of reduced capabilities and , in some cases , could have forced abandonment of the station for safety reasons , had these problems not been resolved . During STS - 120 in 2007 , following the relocation of the P6 truss and solar arrays , it was noted during the redeployment of the array that it had become torn and was not deploying properly . An EVA was carried out by Scott Parazynski , assisted by Douglas Wheelock . The men took extra precautions to reduce the risk of electric shock , as the repairs were carried out with the solar array exposed to sunlight . The issues with the array were followed in the same year by problems with the starboard Solar Alpha Rotary Joint ( SARJ ) , which rotates the arrays on the starboard side of the station . Excessive vibration and high - current spikes in the array drive motor were noted , resulting in a decision to substantially curtail motion of the starboard SARJ until the cause was understood . Inspections during EVAs on STS - 120 and STS - 123 showed extensive contamination from metallic shavings and debris in the large drive gear and confirmed damage to the large metallic race ring at the heart of the joint , and so the joint was locked to prevent further damage .",
"36": "Repairs to the joint were carried out during STS - 126 with lubrication of both joints and the replacement of 11 out of 12 trundle bearings on the joint . 2009 saw damage to the S1 radiator , one of the components of the station 's cooling system . The problem was first noticed in Soyuz imagery in September 2008 , but was not thought to be serious . The imagery showed that the surface of one sub-panel has peeled back from the underlying central structure , possibly because of micro-meteoroid or debris impact . It is also known that a Service Module thruster cover , jettisoned during an EVA in 2008 , had struck the S1 radiator , but its effect , if any , has not been determined . On 15 May 2009 the damaged radiator panel 's ammonia tubing was mechanically shut off from the rest of the cooling system by the computer - controlled closure of a valve . The same valve was used immediately afterwards to vent the ammonia from the damaged panel , eliminating the possibility of an ammonia leak from the cooling system via the damaged panel . Early on 1 August 2010 , a failure in cooling Loop A ( starboard side ) , one of two external cooling loops , left the station with only half of its normal cooling capacity and zero redundancy in some systems . The problem appeared to be in the ammonia pump module that circulates the ammonia cooling fluid . Several subsystems , including two of the four CMGs , were shut down . Planned operations on the ISS were interrupted through a series of EVAs to address the cooling system issue . A first EVA on 7 August 2010 , to replace the failed pump module , was not fully completed because of an ammonia leak in one of four quick - disconnects . A second EVA on 11 August successfully removed the failed pump module . A third EVA was required to restore Loop A to normal functionality . The USOS 's cooling system is largely built by the American company Boeing , which is also the manufacturer of the failed pump .",
"37": "An air leak from the USOS in 2004 , the venting of fumes from an Elektron oxygen generator in 2006 , and the failure of the computers in the ROS in 2007 during STS - 117 left the station without thruster , Elektron , Vozdukh and other environmental control system operations , the root cause of which was found to be condensation inside the electrical connectors leading to a short - circuit . The four Main Bus Switching Units ( MBSUs , located in the S0 truss ) , control the routing of power from the four solar array wings to the rest of the ISS . In late 2011 MBSU - 1 , while still routing power correctly , ceased responding to commands or sending data confirming its health , and was scheduled to be swapped out at the next available EVA . In each MBSU , two power channels feed 160V DC from the arrays to two DC - to - DC power converters ( DDCUs ) that supply the 124V power used in the station . A spare MBSU was already on board , but 30 August 2012 EVA failed to be completed when a bolt being tightened to finish installation of the spare unit jammed before electrical connection was secured . The loss of MBSU - 1 limits the station to 75 % of its normal power capacity , requiring minor limitations in normal operations until the problem can be addressed . On 5 September 2012 , in a second , 6 hr , EVA to replace MBSU - 1 , astronauts Sunita Williams and Akihiko Hoshide successfully restored the ISS to 100 % power . On 24 December 2013 , astronauts made a rare Christmas Eve space walk , installing a new ammonia pump for the station 's cooling system . The faulty cooling system had failed earlier in the month , halting many of the station 's science experiments . Astronauts had to brave a `` mini blizzard '' of ammonia while installing the new pump . It was only the second Christmas Eve spacewalk in NASA history .",
"38": "Fleet operations See also : List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station and List of unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station ISS orbit with calendar of expeditions and modules through 2014 Dragon and Cygnus cargo vessels were docked at the ISS together for the first time in April 2016 . A wide variety of manned and unmanned spacecraft have supported the station 's activities . More than 60 Progress spacecraft , including M - MIM2 and M - SO1 which installed modules , and more than 40 Soyuz spacecraft have flown to the ISS. 35 flights of the retired NASA Space Shuttle were made to the station . There have been five European ATV , five Japanese HTV ' Kounotori ' , eight SpaceX Dragon and four Orbital ATK Cygnus flights . Currently docked / berthed See also the list of professional crew , private travellers , both or just unmanned spaceflights . Key Uncrewed cargoships are in light blue Crewed spacecraft are in light green Spacecraft and mission Location Arrival ( UTC ) Departure ( planned ) Progress MS - 06 Progress 67 cargo Zvezda aft 16 June 2017 7 December 2017 Soyuz MS - 05 Expedition 52 / 53 Rassvet nadir 28 July 2017 14 December 2017 Soyuz MS - 06 Expedition 53 / 54 Poisk zenith 12 September 2017 27 February 2018 Progress MS - 07 Progress 68 cargo Pirs nadir 16 October 2017 March 2018 Scheduled missions All dates are UTC . Dates are the earliest possible dates and may change . Forward ports are at the front of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation ( attitude ) . Aft is at the rear of the station , used by spacecraft boosting the station 's orbit . Nadir is closest the Earth , Zenith is on top . Spacecraft operated by government agencies are indicated with ' Gov ' and under commercial arrangements are indicated with ' Com ' .",
"39": "Key Uncrewed cargo ships are in light blue colour Crewed spacecraft are in light green colour Modules are in wheat colour Launch date ( NET ) Launch vehicle Launch site Launch service provider Payload Spacecraft Mission Docking / berthing port Ref . 12 October 2017 Soyuz 2.1 a Baikonur Site 31 / 6 Gov Roscosmos Progress MS - 07 Progress Progress 68 cargo Pirs nadir 10 November 2017 Antares 230 MARS Pad 0A Com Orbital ATK CRS OA - 8E Cygnus Cygnus 8 cargo Unity nadir 4 December 2017 Falcon 9 FT Kennedy LC - 39A Com SpaceX CRS - 13 Dragon Dragon 13 cargo Harmony nadir 17 December 2017 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Gov Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 07 ( 53S ) Soyuz Expedition 54 / 55 Rassvet nadir 9 February 2018 Falcon 9 FT Kennedy LC - 39A Com SpaceX CRS - 14 Dragon Dragon 14 cargo Harmony nadir 13 February 2018 Soyuz 2.",
"40": "1 a Baikonur Site 31 / 6 Gov Roscosmos Progress MS - 08 Progress Progress 69 cargo Zvezda aft February 2018 H - IIB Tanegashima Pad Y2 Gov JAXA Kounotori 7 HTV HTV 7 cargo Harmony nadir 10 March 2018 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Gov Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 08 ( 54S ) Soyuz Expedition 55 / 56 Poisk Zenith April 2018 Falcon 9 B5 Kennedy LC - 39A Com SpaceX SpX - DM1 Dragon V2 Uncrewed test flight TBA 25 April 2018 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Gov Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 09 ( 55S ) Soyuz Expedition 56 / 57 Rassvet nadir 1 May 2018 Antares 230 MARS Pad 0A Com Orbital ATK CRS OA - 9E Cygnus Cygnus 9 cargo Unity nadir 27 June 2018 Soyuz 2.",
"41": "1 a Baikonur Site 31 / 6 Gov Roscosmos Progress MS - 09 Progress Progress 70 cargo Pirs nadir August 2018 Falcon 9 FT Kennedy LC - 39A Com SpaceX CRS - 15 Dragon Dragon 15 cargo Harmony nadir August 2018 Atlas V N22 Canaveral SLC - 41 Com Boeing Boe - OFT Starliner Uncrewed test flight TBA August 2018 Falcon 9 B5 Kennedy LC - 39A Com SpaceX SpX - DM2 Dragon V2 Crewed test flight TBA 30 September 2018 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Gov Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 10 ( 56S ) Soyuz Expedition 57 / 58 Poisk Zenith 16 October 2018 Soyuz 2.1 a Baikonur Site 31 / 6 Gov Roscosmos Progress MS - 10 Progress Progress 71 cargo Zvezda aft October 2018 Antares 230 MARS Pad 0A Com Orbital ATK CRS OA - 10E Cygnus Cygnus 10 cargo Unity nadir November 2018 Atlas V N22 Canaveral SLC - 41 Com Boeing Boe - CFT Starliner Crewed test flight TBA 30 November 2018 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Gov Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 11 ( 57S ) Soyuz Expedition 58 / 59 Rassvet nadir Q4 , 2018 Proton M Baikonur Gov Roscosmos Nauka N / A Module assembly Zvezda nadir Q4 , 2018 Soyuz 2.",
"42": "1 b Baikonur Gov Roscosmos Uzlovoy Module Progress M - UM Module assembly Nauka Docking See also : Docking and berthing of spacecraft The Progress M - 14M resupply vehicle as it approaches the ISS in 2012 . Over 50 unpiloted Progress spacecraft have been sent with supplies during the lifetime of the station . All Russian spacecraft and self - propelled modules are able to rendezvous and dock to the space station without human intervention using the Kurs docking system . Radar allows these vehicles to detect and intercept ISS from over 200 kilometres away . The European ATV uses star sensors and GPS to determine its intercept course . When it catches up it uses laser equipment to optically recognise Zvezda , along with the Kurs system for redundancy . Crew supervise these craft , but do not intervene except to send abort commands in emergencies . The Japanese H - II Transfer Vehicle parks itself in progressively closer orbits to the station , and then awaits ' approach ' commands from the crew , until it is close enough for a robotic arm to grapple and berth the vehicle to the USOS . The American Space Shuttle was manually docked , and on missions with a cargo container , the container would be berthed to the Station with the use of manual robotic arms . Berthed craft can transfer International Standard Payload Racks . Japanese spacecraft berth for one to two months . Russian and European Supply craft can remain at the ISS for six months , allowing great flexibility in crew time for loading and unloading of supplies and trash . NASA Shuttles could remain docked for 11 -- 12 days . Space Shuttle Endeavour , ATV - 2 , Soyuz TMA - 21 and Progress M - 10M docked to the ISS , as seen from the departing Soyuz TMA - 20 The American manual approach to docking allows greater initial flexibility and less complexity . The downside to this mode of operation is that each mission becomes unique and requires specialised training and planning , making the process more labour - intensive and expensive . The Russians pursued an automated methodology that used the crew in override or monitoring roles . Although the initial development costs were high , the system has become very reliable with standardisations that provide significant cost benefits in repetitive routine operations .",
"43": "An automated approach could allow assembly of modules orbiting other worlds prior to crew arrival . Soyuz spacecraft used for crew rotation also serve as lifeboats for emergency evacuation ; they are replaced every six months and have been used once to remove excess crew after the Columbia disaster . Expeditions require , on average , 2,722 kg of supplies , and as of 9 March 2011 , crews had consumed a total of around 22,000 meals . Soyuz crew rotation flights and Progress resupply flights visit the station on average two and three times respectively each year , with the ATV and HTV planned to visit annually from 2010 onwards . Cygnus and Dragon were contracted to fly cargo to the station after retirement of the NASA Shuttle . From 26 February 2011 to 7 March 2011 four of the governmental partners ( United States , ESA , Japan and Russia ) had their spacecraft ( NASA Shuttle , ATV , HTV , Progress and Soyuz ) docked at the ISS , the only time this has happened to date . On 25 May 2012 , SpaceX became the world 's first privately held company to send cargo , via the Dragon spacecraft , to the International Space Station . Launch and docking windows Prior to a ship 's docking to the ISS , navigation and attitude control ( GNC ) is handed over to the ground control of the ships ' country of origin . GNC is set to allow the station to drift in space , rather than fire its thrusters or turn using gyroscopes . The solar panels of the station are turned edge - on to the incoming ships , so residue from its thrusters does not damage the cells . When a NASA Space Shuttle docked to the station , other ships were grounded , as the Shuttle 's reinforced carbon - carbon wing leading edges , cameras , windows , and instruments were too much at risk from damage or contamination by thruster residue from other ships ' movements . Approximately 30 % of NASA shuttle launch delays were caused by poor weather . Occasional priority was given to the Soyuz arrivals at the station where the Soyuz carried crew with time - critical cargoes such as biological experiment materials , also causing shuttle delays . Departure of the NASA shuttle was often delayed or prioritised according to weather over its two landing sites .",
"44": "Whilst the Soyuz is capable of landing anywhere , anytime , its planned landing time and place is chosen to give consideration to helicopter pilots and ground recovery crew , to give acceptable flying weather and lighting conditions . Soyuz launches occur in adverse weather conditions , but the cosmodrome has been shut down on occasions when buried by snow drifts up to 6 metres in depth , hampering ground operations . Life aboard Crew activities Crewmember peers out of a window A typical day for the crew begins with a wake - up at 06 : 00 , followed by post-sleep activities and a morning inspection of the station . The crew then eats breakfast and takes part in a daily planning conference with Mission Control before starting work at around 08 : 10 . The first scheduled exercise of the day follows , after which the crew continues work until 13 : 05 . Following a one - hour lunch break , the afternoon consists of more exercise and work before the crew carries out its pre-sleep activities beginning at 19 : 30 , including dinner and a crew conference . The scheduled sleep period begins at 21 : 30 . In general , the crew works ten hours per day on a weekday , and five hours on Saturdays , with the rest of the time their own for relaxation or work catch - up . The time zone used aboard the ISS is Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) . The windows are covered at night hours to give the impression of darkness because the station experiences 16 sunrises and sunsets per day . During visiting space shuttle missions , the ISS crew mostly follows the shuttle 's Mission Elapsed Time ( MET ) , which is a flexible time zone based on the launch time of the shuttle mission . The station provides crew quarters for each member of the expedition 's crew , with two ' sleep stations ' in the Zvezda and four more installed in Harmony . The American quarters are private , approximately person - sized soundproof booths . The Russian crew quarters include a small window , but provide less ventilation and sound proofing . A crew member can sleep in a crew quarter in a tethered sleeping bag , listen to music , use a laptop , and store personal items in a large drawer or in nets attached to the module 's walls . The module also provides a reading lamp , a shelf and a desktop .",
"45": "Visiting crews have no allocated sleep module , and attach a sleeping bag to an available space on a wall . It is possible to sleep floating freely through the station , but this is generally avoided because of the possibility of bumping into sensitive equipment . It is important that crew accommodations be well ventilated ; otherwise , astronauts can wake up oxygen - deprived and gasping for air , because a bubble of their own exhaled carbon dioxide has formed around their heads . See also : Christmas on the International Space Station Food The crews of STS - 127 and Expedition 20 enjoy a meal inside Unity . See also : Space food Most of the food aboard is vacuum sealed in plastic bags . Cans are rare because they are heavy and expensive to transport . Preserved food is not highly regarded by the crew , and taste is reduced in microgravity . Therefore , effort is made to make the food more palatable , such as using more spices than in regular cooking . The crew looks forward to the arrival of any ships from Earth , as they bring fresh fruit and vegetables . Care is taken that foods do not create crumbs . Sauces are often used to avoid contaminating station equipment . Each crew member has individual food packages and cooks them using the on - board galley . The galley features two food warmers , a refrigerator added in November 2008 , and a water dispenser that provides both heated and unheated water . Drinks are provided as dehydrated powder that is mixed with water before consumption . Drinks and soups are sipped from plastic bags with straws . Solid food is eaten with a knife and fork attached to a tray with magnets to prevent them from floating away . Any food that floats away , including crumbs , must be collected to prevent it from clogging the station 's air filters and other equipment . Hygiene Space toilet in the Zvezda service module Showers on space stations were introduced in the early 1970s on Skylab and Salyut 3 . By Salyut 6 , in the early 1980s , the crew complained of the complexity of showering in space , which was a monthly activity . The ISS does not feature a shower ; instead , crewmembers wash using a water jet and wet wipes , with soap dispensed from a toothpaste tube - like container .",
"46": "Crews are also provided with rinseless shampoo and edible toothpaste to save water . There are two space toilets on the ISS , both of Russian design , located in Zvezda and Tranquility . These Waste and Hygiene Compartments use a fan - driven suction system similar to the Space Shuttle Waste Collection System . Astronauts first fasten themselves to the toilet seat , which is equipped with spring - loaded restraining bars to ensure a good seal . A lever operates a powerful fan and a suction hole slides open : the air stream carries the waste away . Solid waste is collected in individual bags which are stored in an aluminium container . Full containers are transferred to Progress spacecraft for disposal . Liquid waste is evacuated by a hose connected to the front of the toilet , with anatomically correct `` urine funnel adapters '' attached to the tube so that men and women can use the same toilet . The diverted urine is collected and transferred to the Water Recovery System , where it is recycled into drinking water . Crew health and safety Main article : Effect of spaceflight on the human body Radiation The ISS is partially protected from the space environment by Earth 's magnetic field . From an average distance of about 70,000 km ( 43,000 mi ) , depending on Solar activity , the magnetosphere begins to deflect solar wind around Earth and ISS . Solar flares are still a hazard to the crew , who may receive only a few minutes warning . In 2005 , during the initial ' proton storm ' of an X-3 class solar flare , the crew of Expedition 10 took shelter in a more heavily shielded part of the ROS designed for this purpose . Play media Video of the Aurora Australis taken by the crew of Expedition 28 on an ascending pass from south of Madagascar to just north of Australia over the Indian Ocean . Subatomic charged particles , primarily protons from cosmic rays and solar wind , are normally absorbed by Earth 's atmosphere . When they interact in sufficient quantity , their effect is visible to the naked eye in a phenomenon called an aurora . Outside Earth 's atmosphere , crews are exposed to about 1 millisievert each day , which is about a year of natural exposure on Earth . This results in a higher risk of cancer for astronauts . Radiation can penetrate living tissue and damage the DNA and chromosomes of lymphocytes .",
"47": "These cells are central to the immune system , and so any damage to them could contribute to the lower immunity experienced by astronauts . Radiation has also been linked to a higher incidence of cataracts in astronauts . Protective shielding and drugs may lower risks to an acceptable level . Radiation levels on the ISS are about five times greater than those experienced by airline passengers and crew . Earth 's electromagnetic field provides almost the same level of protection against solar and other radiation in low Earth orbit as in the stratosphere . For example , on a 12 - hour flight an airline passenger would experience 0.1 millisieverts of radiation , or a rate of 0.2 millisieverts per day ; only 1 / 5 the rate experienced by an astronaut in LEO . Additionally , airline passengers experience this level of radiation for a few hours of flight , while ISS crew are exposed for their whole stay . See also : Coronal mass ejection and Aurora ( astronomy ) Stress Cosmonaut Nikolai Budarin at work inside Zvezda service module crew quarters There is considerable evidence that psychosocial stressors are among the most important impediments to optimal crew morale and performance . Cosmonaut Valery Ryumin wrote in his journal during a particularly difficult period on board the Salyut 6 space station : `` All the conditions necessary for murder are met if you shut two men in a cabin measuring 18 feet by 20 and leave them together for two months . '' NASA 's interest in psychological stress caused by space travel , initially studied when their manned missions began , was rekindled when astronauts joined cosmonauts on the Russian space station Mir . Common sources of stress in early American missions included maintaining high performance under public scrutiny and isolation from peers and family . The latter is still often a cause of stress on the ISS , such as when the mother of NASA Astronaut Daniel Tani died in a car accident , and when Michael Fincke was forced to miss the birth of his second child . A study of the longest spaceflight concluded that the first three weeks are a critical period where attention is adversely affected because of the demand to adjust to the extreme change of environment .",
"48": "Skylab 's three crews remained one , two , and three months respectively , long term crews on Salyut 6 , Salyut 7 , and the ISS last about five to six months and Mir 's expeditions often lasted longer . The ISS working environment includes further stress caused by living and working in cramped conditions with people from very different cultures who speak a different language . First - generation space stations had crews who spoke a single language ; second and third - generation stations have crew from many cultures who speak many languages . The ISS is unique because visitors are not classed automatically into ' host ' or ' guest ' categories as with previous stations and spacecraft , and may not suffer from feelings of isolation in the same way . Crew members with a military pilot background and those with an academic science background or teachers and politicians may have problems understanding each other 's jargon and worldview . Medical Astronaut Frank De Winne is attached to the TVIS treadmill with bungee cords aboard the International Space Station Medical effects of long - term weightlessness include muscle atrophy , deterioration of the skeleton ( osteopenia ) , fluid redistribution , a slowing of the cardiovascular system , decreased production of red blood cells , balance disorders , and a weakening of the immune system . Lesser symptoms include loss of body mass , and puffiness of the face . Sleep is disturbed on the ISS regularly because of mission demands , such as incoming or departing ships . Sound levels in the station are unavoidably high ; because the atmosphere is unable to thermosiphon , fans are required at all times to allow processing of the atmosphere which would stagnate in the freefall ( zero - g ) environment . To prevent some of these adverse physiological effects , the station is equipped with two treadmills ( including the COLBERT ) , and the aRED ( advanced Resistive Exercise Device ) which enables various weightlifting exercises which add muscle but do not compensate for or raise astronauts ' reduced bone density , and a stationary bicycle ; each astronaut spends at least two hours per day exercising on the equipment . Astronauts use bungee cords to strap themselves to the treadmill . Microbiological environmental hazards See also : Mir § Microbiological environmental hazards Hazardous moulds which can foul air and water filters may develop aboard space stations . They can produce acids which degrade metal , glass , and rubber .",
"49": "They can also be harmful for the crew 's health . Microbiological hazards have led to a development of the LOCAD - PTS that can identify common bacteria and moulds faster than standard methods of culturing , which may require a sample to be sent back to Earth . As of 2012 , 76 types of unregulated micro-organisms have been detected on the ISS . Reduced humidity , paint with mould - killing chemicals , and antiseptic solutions can be used to prevent contamination in space stations . All materials used in the ISS are tested for resistance against fungi . Threat of Orbital debris Main article : Space debris A 7 g object ( shown in centre ) shot at 7 km / s ( 23,000 ft / s ) , the orbital velocity of the ISS , made this 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) crater in a solid block of aluminium . Radar - trackable objects , including debris , with distinct ring of geostationary satellites At the low altitudes at which the ISS orbits , there is a variety of space debris , consisting of different objects including entire spent rocket stages , defunct satellites , explosion fragments -- including materials from anti-satellite weapon tests , paint flakes , slag from solid rocket motors , and coolant released by US - A nuclear - powered satellites . These objects , in addition to natural micrometeoroids , are a significant threat . Large objects could destroy the station , but are less of a threat because their orbits can be predicted . Objects too small to be detected by optical and radar instruments , from approximately 1 cm down to microscopic size , number in the trillions . Despite their small size , some of these objects are a threat because of their kinetic energy and direction in relation to the station . Spacesuits of spacewalking crew could puncture , causing exposure to vacuum . Ballistic panels , also called micrometeorite shielding , are incorporated into the station to protect pressurised sections and critical systems . The type and thickness of these panels depends on their predicted exposure to damage . The station 's shields and structure have different designs on the ROS and the USOS . On the USOS , a thin aluminium sheet is held apart from the hull and causes objects to shatter into a cloud before hitting the hull , thereby spreading the energy of impact .",
"50": "On the ROS , a carbon plastic honeycomb screen is spaced from the hull , an aluminium honeycomb screen is spaced from that , with a screen - vacuum thermal insulation covering , and glass cloth over the top . It is about 50 % less likely to be punctured , and crew move to the ROS when the station is under threat . Punctures on the ROS would be contained within the panels which are 70 cm square . Example of risk management : A NASA model showing areas at high risk from impact for the International Space Station . Space debris is tracked remotely from the ground , and the station crew can be notified . This allows for a Debris Avoidance Manoeuvre ( DAM ) to be conducted , which uses thrusters on the Russian Orbital Segment to alter the station 's orbital altitude , avoiding the debris . DAMs are not uncommon , taking place if computational models show the debris will approach within a certain threat distance . Eight DAMs had been performed prior to March 2009 , the first seven between October 1999 and May 2003 . Usually , the orbit is raised by one or two kilometres by means of an increase in orbital velocity of the order of 1 m / s . Unusually , there was a lowering of 1.7 km on 27 August 2008 , the first such lowering for 8 years . There were two DAMs in 2009 , on 22 March and 17 July . If a threat from orbital debris is identified too late for a DAM to be safely conducted , the station crew close all the hatches aboard the station and retreat into their Soyuz spacecraft , so that they would be able to evacuate in the event the station was seriously damaged by the debris . This partial station evacuation has occurred on 13 March 2009 , 28 June 2011 , 24 March 2012 and 16 June 2015 . End of mission Many ISS resupply spacecraft have already undergone atmospheric re-entry , such as Jules Verne ATV According to a 2009 report , Space Corporation Energia is considering methods to remove from the station some modules of the Russian Orbital Segment when the end of mission is reached and use them as a basis for a new station , called the Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex ( OPSEK ) .",
"51": "The modules under consideration for removal from the current ISS include the Multipurpose Laboratory Module ( Nauka ) , currently scheduled to be launched in 2017 , and other Russian modules which are planned to be attached to Nauka afterwards . Those modules would be within their useful lives in 2016 or 2020 . The report presents a statement from an unnamed Russian engineer that , based on the experience from Mir , a 30 - year life should be possible , except for micrometeorite damage , because the Russian modules have been built with on - orbit refurbishment in mind . According to the Outer Space Treaty the United States and Russia are legally responsible for all modules they have launched . In ISS planning , NASA examined options including returning the station to Earth via shuttle missions ( deemed too expensive , as the USOS is not designed for disassembly and this would require at least 27 shuttle missions ) , natural orbital decay with random reentry similar to Skylab , boosting the station to a higher altitude ( which would delay reentry ) and a controlled targeted de-orbit to a remote ocean area . A controlled deorbit into a remote ocean was found to be technically feasible only with Russia 's assistance . The Russian Space Agency has experience from de-orbiting the Salyut 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and Mir space stations ; NASA 's first intentional controlled de-orbit of a satellite ( the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory ) occurred in 2000 . As of late 2010 , the preferred plan is to use a slightly modified Progress spacecraft to de-orbit the ISS . This plan was seen as the simplest , cheapest and with the highest margin . Skylab , the only space station built and launched entirely by the US , decayed from orbit slowly over 5 years , and no attempt was made to de-orbit it using a deorbital burn . Remains of Skylab hit populated areas of Esperance , Western Australia without injuries or loss of life . The Exploration Gateway Platform , a discussion by NASA and Boeing at the end of 2011 , suggested using leftover USOS hardware and ' Zvezda 2 ' ( sic ) as a refuelling depot and service station located at one of the Earth - Moon Lagrange points , L1 or L2 .",
"52": "The entire USOS can not be reused and will be discarded , but some Russian modules are planned to be reused . Nauka , the Uzlovoy Module , two science power platforms and Rassvet , launched between 2010 and 2015 and joined to the ROS , may be separated to form OPSEK . Nauka will be used in the station , whose main goal is supporting manned deep space exploration . OPSEK will orbit at a higher inclination of 71 degrees , allowing observation to and from all of the Russian Federation . In February 2015 , Roscosmos announced that it would remain a part of the ISS programme until 2024 . Nine months earlier -- in response to US sanctions against Russia over the conflict in the Crimea -- Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin had stated that Russia would reject a US request to prolong the orbiting station 's use beyond 2020 , and would only supply rocket engines to the US for non-military satellite launches . A proposed modification that would reuse some of the ISS American and European segments is to attach a VASIMR drive module to the vacated Node with its own onboard power source . This would allow long - term reliability testing of the concept for less cost than building a dedicated space station from scratch . On 28 March 2015 , Russian sources announced that Roscosmos and NASA had agreed to collaborate on the development of a replacement for the current ISS . Igor Komarov , the head of Russia 's Roscosmos , made the announcement with NASA administrator Charles Bolden at his side . Komarov said `` Roscosmos together with NASA will work on the programme of a future orbital station '' , `` We agreed that the group of countries taking part in the ISS project will work on the future project of a new orbital station '' , `` The first step is that the ISS will operate until 2024 '' , and that Roscosmos and NASA `` do not rule out that the station 's flight could be extended '' . In a statement provided to SpaceNews on 28 March , NASA spokesman David Weaver said the agency appreciated the Russian commitment to extending the ISS , but did not confirm any plans for a future space station . On 30 September 2015 , Boeing 's contract with NASA as prime contractor for the ISS was extended to 30 September 2020 .",
"53": "Part of Boeing 's services under the contract will relate to extending the station 's primary structural hardware past 2020 to the end of 2028 . Regarding extending the ISS , on 15 November 2016 General Director Vladimir Solntsev of RSC Energia stated `` Maybe the ISS will receive continued resources . Today we discussed the possibility of using the station until 2028 , '' and `` Much will depend on the political moments in relations with the Americans , with the new administration . It will be discussed . '' Cost The ISS has been described as the most expensive single item ever constructed . In 2010 the cost was expected to be $150 billion . This includes NASA 's budget of $58.7 billion ( inflation - unadjusted ) for the station from 1985 to 2015 ( $72.4 billion in 2010 dollars ) , Russia 's $12 billion , Europe 's $5 billion , Japan 's $5 billion , Canada 's $2 billion , and the cost of 36 shuttle flights to build the station ; estimated at $1.4 billion each , or $50.4 billion in total . Assuming 20,000 person - days of use from 2000 to 2015 by two - to six - person crews , each person - day would cost $7.5 million , less than half the inflation - adjusted $19.6 million ( $5.5 million before inflation ) per person - day of Skylab . International co-operation Dated 29 January 1998 Main articles : Politics of the International Space Station and International Space Station program Participating countries Canada Japan Russia United States European Space Agency Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Former member Brazil Sightings from Earth The ISS and HTV photographed using a telescope - mounted camera by Ralf Vandebergh A time exposure of a station pass Naked eye The ISS is visible to the naked eye as a slow - moving , bright white dot because of reflected sunlight , and can be seen in the hours after sunset and before sunrise , when the station remains sunlit but the ground and sky are dark .",
"54": "The ISS takes about 10 minutes to pass from one horizon to another , and will only be visible part of that time because of moving into or out of the Earth 's shadow . Because of the size of its reflective surface area , the ISS is the brightest artificial object in the sky , excluding flares , with an approximate maximum magnitude of − 4 when overhead ( similar to Venus ) . The ISS , like many satellites including the Iridium constellation , can also produce flares of up to 8 or 16 times the brightness of Venus as sunlight glints off reflective surfaces . The ISS is also visible during broad daylight conditions , albeit with a great deal more effort . Tools are provided by a number of websites such as Heavens - Above ( see Live viewing below ) as well as smartphone applications that use the known orbital data and the observer 's longitude and latitude to predict when the ISS will be visible ( weather permitting ) , where the station will appear to rise to the observer , the altitude above the horizon it will reach and the duration of the pass before the station disappears to the observer either by setting below the horizon or entering into Earth 's shadow . In November 2012 NASA launched its `` Spot the Station '' service , which sends people text and email alerts when the station is due to fly above their town . The station is visible from 95 % of the inhabited land on Earth , but is not visible from extreme northern or southern latitudes . Astrophotography Using a telescope - mounted camera to photograph the station is a popular hobby for astronomers , whilst using a mounted camera to photograph the Earth and stars is a popular hobby for crew . The use of a telescope or binoculars allows viewing of the ISS during daylight hours . Parisian engineer and astrophotographer Thierry Legault , known for his photos of spaceships crossing the Sun ( called occultation ) , travelled to Oman in 2011 , to photograph the Sun , Moon and space station all lined up . Legault , who received the Marius Jacquemetton award from the Société astronomique de France in 1999 , and other hobbyists , use websites that predict when the ISS will pass in front of the Sun or Moon and from what location those passes will be visible .",
"55": "See also Book : International Space Station Spaceflight portal Space portal Center for the Advancement of Science in Space -- operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS List of space stations Origins of the International Space Station Space architecture Notes Jump up ^ Privately funded travellers who have objected to the term include Dennis Tito , the first such traveller ( Associated Press , 8 May 2001 ) , Mark Shuttleworth , founder of Ubuntu ( Associated Press , The Spokesman Review , 6 January 2002 , p . A4 ) , Gregory Olsen and Richard Garriott . Canadian astronaut Bob Thirsk said the term does not seem appropriate , referring to his crewmate , Guy Laliberté , founder of Cirque du Soleil . Anousheh Ansari denied being a tourist and took offence at the term . Jump up ^ ESA director Jörg Feustel - Büechl said in 2001 that Russia had no right to send ' amateurs ' to the ISS . A ' stand - off ' occurred at the Johnson Space Centre between Commander Talgat Musabayev and NASA manager Robert Cabana . Cabana refused to train Dennis Tito , a member of Musabayev 's crew along with Yuri Baturin . The commander argued that Tito had trained 700 hours in the last year and was as qualified as any NASA astronaut , and refused to allow his crew to be trained on the American portions of the station without Tito . Cabana stated training could not begin , and the commander returned with his crew to their hotel . References ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Mark ( 1 October 2015 ) . `` About the Space Station : Facts and Figures '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Space to Ground : Friending the ISS : 06 / 03 / 2016 '' . YouTube.com . NASA . 3 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peat , Chris ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` ISS -- Orbit '' . Heavens-above.com . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ISS to Date '' . NASA . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 .",
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"85": "Bibcode : 1947PASP ... 59 ... 232W . doi : 10.1086 / 125956 . Jump up ^ `` ISS visible during the daytime '' . Spaceweather.com. 5 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Get notified when the International Space Station is in your area '' . 3 News NZ. 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Watching '' . HobbySpace . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Space StationAstrophotography -- NASA Science '' . Science.nasa.gov. 24 March 2003 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( VIDEO ) The ISS and Atlantis shuttle as seen in broad daylight '' . Zmescience.com. 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lisa . `` Moon and Space Station Eclipse the Sun '' . Wired . External links Find more aboutInternational Space Stationat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Agency ISS websites Canadian Space Agency European Space Agency Centre national d'études spatiales ( National Centre for Space Studies ) German Aerospace Centre Italian Space Agency Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia Russian Federal Space Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration Research NASA : Daily ISS Reports NASA : Station Science ESA : Columbus RSC Energia : Science Research on ISS Russian Segment Live viewing See also : List of satellite pass predictors Live ISS webcam by NASA at uStream.tv Live HD ISS webcams by NASA HDEV at uStream.tv Real - time position at Heavens-above.com Real - time position at N2YO.com Multimedia Image gallery search page at NASA.gov Assembly sequence animation by USA Today and NASA ISS tour with Sunita Williams by NASA at YouTube.com ISS tour with André Kuipers by ESA at YouTube.",
"86": "com ISS photo tour with Samantha Cristoforetti by ESA The Future of Hope , Kibō module documentary by JAXA at YouTube.com Journey to the ISS by ESA at YouTube.com ISS Photo Library containing the entire collection of photos made by the ISS mission 's astronauts Extremes of motion Speed Wave ( Light Sound ) Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft or propeller - based transcontinental FAI records Water - borne vehicle or sailing underwater transatlantic Land vehicle ( rocket - based wheel - driven railed motorcycle or production motorcycle ( by speed / by acceleration ) production car ( by speed / by acceleration ) British ) Distance Space ( furthest spacecraft furthest landing on another world furthest travels on another world furthest humans closest spacecraft to the Sun ) Aircraft ( furthest flight highest altitude FAI records ) Deepest Earth ocean dive Endurance Space ( most enduring spaceflight most endurance on another world most time as a person in space most enduring population of a spacecraft ) Aircraft See also Spaceflight records Spaceflight General Astrodynamics History Timeline Space Race Asian Space Race Records Accidents and incidents Space policy China European Union India Japan Russia Soviet Union United States Space law Outer Space Treaty Rescue Agreement Space Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty Private spaceflight Applications Astronomy Earth observation Archaeology Imagery and mapping Reconnaissance Weather and environment monitoring Satellite communications Internet Radio Telephone Television",
"87": "Satellite navigation Commercial use of space Space launch market competition Militarisation of space Space architecture Space exploration Space research Space technology Space weather Human spaceflight General Astronaut Life support system Animals in space Bioastronautics Space suit Extravehicular activity Weightlessness Space tourism Space colonization Programs Vostok Mercury Voskhod Gemini Soyuz Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz Space Shuttle Mir Shuttle -- Mir International Space Station Shenzhou Tiangong Health issues Effect of spaceflight on the human body Space adaptation syndrome Health threat from cosmic rays Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight Space and survival Space medicine Space nursing Spacecraft Launch vehicle Rocket Spaceplane Robotic spacecraft Satellite Space probe Lander Rover Self - replicating spacecraft Spacecraft propulsion Rocket engine Electric propulsion Solar sail Gravity assist Destinations Sub-orbital Orbital Geocentric Geosynchronous Interplanetary Interstellar Intergalactic Space launch Direct ascent Escape velocity Expendable and reusable launch systems Launch pad Non-rocket spacelaunch Spaceport Ground segment Flight controller Ground station ( Pass ) Mission control center Space agencies CoNAE AEB CSA CNSA ESA CNES DLR ISRO LAPAN ISA ISA ASI JAXA NADA KARI",
"88": "SUPARCO Roscosmos SNSB SSAU UKSA NASA Category Portal WikiProject Space stations and habitats Active International Space Station ( ISS ) Tiangong - 2 Defunct Soviet Union and Russia Salyut Salyut 1 DOS - 2 Salyut 2 Cosmos 557 Salyut 3 Salyut 4 Salyut 5 Salyut 6 Salyut 7 Mir United States OPS 0855 Skylab Genesis I and II ( private , Bigelow Aerospace ) China Tiangong - 1 Cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory Skylab B Galaxy Almaz commercial Incorporated into ISS Space Station Freedom USOS Columbus MTFF Mir - 2 ROS Developmental China Chinese large modular space station Tiangong - 3 Private Bigelow Commercial Space Station Russia OPSEK LOS United States Deep Space Gateway Concepts Bernal sphere Bishop Ring Deep Space Habitat Exploration Gateway Platform Industrial Space Facility McKendree cylinder Nautilus - X O'Neill cylinder Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station Rotating wheel Wet workshop Space habitat Stanford torus Skylab II ( FlexCraft ) Notes : † Never inhabited due to launch or on - orbit failure , ‡ Part of the Almaz military program , ° Never inhabited , lacks docking mechanism . People currently in low Earth orbit International Space Station ( Expedition 53 ) Soyuz MS - 05 Sergey Ryazansky Paolo Nespoli Randolph Bresnik Soyuz MS - 06 Alexander Misurkin Mark T. Vande Hei Joseph M.",
"89": "Acaba ISS expeditions Spaceflights to the ISS manned unmanned ISS spacewalks ISS visitors ISS year long mission Components of the International Space Station Overview Assembly US Orbital Segment Russian Orbital Segment Expeditions Spacewalks Unmanned visits Program Scientific research Major incidents Orbiting Major components Zarya ( Functional Cargo Block ) Zvezda ( Service Module ) Destiny ( laboratory ) Columbus ( laboratory ) Kibō ( PM , ELM - PS , EF ) Unity ( Node 1 ) Harmony ( Node 2 ) Tranquility ( Node 3 ) Quest Joint Airlock Pirs ( docking module , airlock ) Rassvet ( MRM 1 ) Poisk ( MRM 2 ) Leonardo ( PMM ) Cupola Integrated Truss Structure ( ITS ) Subsystems Mobile Servicing System ( MSS ) Canadarm2 Dextre ( SPDM ) Boom Assembly Strela cranes Kibō Remote Manipulator System External Stowage Platforms ( ESPs ) ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ( ELCs ) 1 - 4 Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMAs ) International Docking Adapters ( IDAs ) Electrical System Life Support System Experimental devices AMS - 02 CALET CATS HDEV MAXI NICER PK - 3 Plus Bigelow Expandable Activity Module ( BEAM ) Future Via Proton Nauka ( Multipurpose Laboratory Module ) ( with European Robotic Arm ( ERA ) ) Science Power Module Via Soyuz Prichal ( Uzlovoy Module ) Via CRS NanoRacks Airlock Module Proposed Node 4 XBASE Axiom Spare hardware Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules ( MPLMs ) Kibō ( ELM - ES",
"90": ") ExPRESS Logistics Carrier ( ELC ) 5 Interim Control Module ( ICM ) Cancelled Propulsion Module Centrifuge Accommodations Module ( CAM ) Habitation Module Crew Return Vehicle ( CRV / ACRV ) Science Power Platform ( SPP ) Universal Docking Module ( UDM ) Russian Research Module ( RM ) Support vehicles Current Cygnus Dragon H - II Transfer Vehicle ( HTV ) Progress Soyuz Future CST - 100 Starliner Dragon 2 Dream Chaser Cargo System ( DCCS ) Federation ( PPTS ) Former Space Shuttle Automated Transfer Vehicle ( ATV ) Cancelled NASDA HOPE - X ESA Hermes Mission control MCC - H ( NASA ) TsUP ( RKA ) Col - CC ( ESA ) ATV - CC ( ESA ) JEM - CC ( JAXA ) HTV - CC ( JAXA ) MSS - CC ( CSA ) Administrative and legal Multilateral Coordination Board Book Category Portal Expeditions to the International Space Station See also : ( ( Manned ISS flights ) ) ,",
"91": "( ( Unmanned ISS flights ) ) 2000 -- 2004 Expedition 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 2005 -- 2009 Expedition 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2010 -- 2014 Expedition 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 2015 -- present Expedition 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Expedition 53 ( current ) Planned 54 55 Book Category List Portal Human spaceflights to the International Space Station See also : ( ( ISS expeditions ) ) , ( ( Unmanned ISS flights ) ) 1998 -- 2004 1998 STS - 88 1999 STS - 96 2000 STS - 101 106 92 Soyuz TM - 31 STS - 97 2001 STS - 98 102 100 Soyuz TM - 32 STS - 104 105 Soyuz TM - 33 STS - 108 2002 STS - 110 Soyuz TM - 34 STS - 111 112 Soyuz TMA - 1 STS - 113 2003 Soyuz TMA - 2 TMA - 3 Soyuz TMA - 4 TMA - 5 2005 -- 2009 2005 Soyuz TMA -",
"92": "6 STS - 114 Soyuz TMA - 7 2006 Soyuz TMA - 8 STS - 121 115 Soyuz TMA - 9 STS - 116 2007 Soyuz TMA - 10 STS - 117 118 Soyuz TMA - 11 STS - 120 2008 STS - 122 123 Soyuz TMA - 12 STS - 124 Soyuz TMA - 13 STS - 126 2009 STS - 119 Soyuz TMA - 14 TMA - 15 STS - 127 128 Soyuz TMA - 16 STS - 129 Soyuz TMA - 17 2010 -- 2014 STS - 130 Soyuz TMA - 18 STS - 131 132 Soyuz TMA - 19 TMA - 01M TMA - 20 2011 STS - 133 Soyuz TMA - 21 STS - 134 Soyuz TMA - 02M STS - 135 Soyuz TMA - 22 TMA - 03M 2012 Soyuz TMA - 04M TMA - 05M TMA - 06M TMA - 07M 2013 Soyuz TMA - 08M TMA - 09M TMA - 10M TMA - 11M 2014 Soyuz TMA - 12M TMA - 13M TMA - 14M TMA - 15M 2015 -- present 2015",
"93": "Soyuz TMA - 16M TMA - 17M TMA - 18M TMA - 19M 2016 Soyuz TMA - 20M MS - 01 MS - 02 MS - 03 MS - 04 Current 2017 Soyuz MS - 05 MS - 06 Planned 2017 Soyuz MS - 07 2018 Soyuz MS - 08 MS - 09 Dragon SpX - DM2 Soyuz MS - 10 Starliner Boe - CFT Soyuz MS - 11 2019 Soyuz MS - 12 MS - 13 Vehicles Past Space Shuttle Present Soyuz Future NASA CCDev CST - 100 Starliner Dragon 2 Federation Unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station See also : ( ( Manned ISS flights ) ) , ( ( ISS expeditions ) ) 2000 -- 2004 2000 1P 2P 3P 2001 4P 5P 6P 2002 7P 8P 9P 2003 10P 11P 12P 13P 14P 15P 16P 2005 -- 2009 2005 17P 18P 19P 20P 2006 21P 22P 23P",
"94": "2007 24P 25P 26P 27P 2008 28P ATV - 1 29P 30P 31P 2009 32P 33P 34P HTV - 1 35P 2010 -- 2014 36P 37P 38P 39P 40P 2011 HTV - 2 41P ATV - 2 42P 43P 44P † 45P 2012 46P ATV - 3 47P SpX - D HTV - 3 48P SpX - 1 49P 2013 50P SpX - 2 51P ATV - 4 52P HTV - 4 Orb - D1 53P 2014 Orb - 1 54P 55P SpX - 3 Orb - 2 56P ATV - 5 SpX - 4 Orb - 3 † 57P 2015 -- present 2015 SpX - 5 58P SpX - 6 59P † SpX - 7 † 60P HTV - 5 61P OA - 4 62P 2016 OA - 6 63P SpX - 8 64P SpX - 9 OA - 5 65P † HTV - 6",
"95": "2017 SpX - 10 66P OA - 7 SpX - 11 67P SpX - 12 68P Future 2017 OA - 8E SpX - 13 2018 SpX - 14 69P HTV - 7 SpX - DM1 OA - 9E 70P SpX - 15 Boe - OFT 71P OA - 10E Nauka Uzlovoy 2019 HTV - 8 OA - 11 72P SpX - 16 73P SpX - 17 SpX - 18 74P Dream Chaser demo mission 2020 SpX - 19 HTV - 9 75P SpX - 20 76P 77P 2021 HTV - X1 Spacecraft Roscosmos Progress ESA ATV JAXA HTV NASA CRS SpaceX Dragon Orbital ATK Cygnus Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser Signs † indicate missions which failed to reach ISS United States human spaceflight programs Active International Space Station ( joint ) Orion ( in development ) Previous X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz ( with USSR ) Space Shuttle Shuttle - Mir ( with Russia ) Canceled MISS Orion ( nuclear ) Dyna - Soar Manned Orbiting Laboratory National Aero - Space Plane Space Station Freedom ( now ISS ) Orbital Space",
"96": "Plane Project Constellation Soviet and Russian government manned space programs Active Soyuz ISS ( joint ) Russian Orbital Segment In development Federation OPSEK Past Vostok Voskhod Salyut Almaz ( incorporated into Salyut program ) / TKS Apollo -- Soyuz ( joint ) Mir Shuttle - Mir ( joint ) Cancelled Zond ( 7K - L1 ) ( Moon flyby ) N1 - L3 ( Moon landing ) LK - 700 ( alternate Moon landing ) Zvezda ( moonbase ) TMK ( Mars / Venus flyby ) Spiral Zvezda Energia / Buran Zarya MAKS Kliper List of Soyuz missions List of Soviet manned space missions List of Russian manned space missions European human spaceflight General European Astronaut Corps ISS contribution ISS research Facilities European Astronaut Centre Columbus Control Centre Oberpfaffenhofen Concordia Station Earth - based research AMASE Concordia winterovers Euro - MARS European Space Camp MARS - 500 MELiSSA Zero - G Airbus A310 Spacecraft used Active Soyuz - MS Planned and proposed DC4EU Orion ( Orion Service Module ) Retired and cancelled CSTS Hermes Soyuz - TM Soyuz - TMA Soyuz TMA - M Space Shuttle Mission highlights Space",
"97": "Station Mir ( Euromir , Interkosmos ) International Space Station ( ELIPS programme ; Modules : Columbus , Cupola , Harmony , Tranquility ) Other European Retrievable Carrier Hubble Space Telescope ( Faint Object Camera ) Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Spacelab ( Deutschland - 1 , Deutschland - 2 ) Tethered Satellite System ( STS - 46 ) ← 1997 Orbital launches in 1998 1999 → Lunar Prospector Skynet 4D Ofek - 4 STS - 89 Soyuz TM - 27 USA - 137 Brasilsat B3 Inmarsat - 3 F5 Orbcomm FM3 Orbcomm FM4 GFO Ad Astra Globalstar 1 Globalstar 2 Globalstar 3 Globalstar 4 Kosmos 2349 Iridium 50 Iridium 52 Iridium 53 Iridium 54 Iridium 56 Kakehashi SNOE Teledesic 1 Hot Bird 4 Intelsat 806 Progress M - 38 ( VDU - 2 ) USA - 138 SPOT 4 Iridium 51 Iridium 61 Iridium 55 Iridium 57 Iridium 58 Iridium 59 Iridium 60 TRACE Iridium 62 Iridium 63 Iridium 64 Iridium 65 Iridium 66 Iridium 67 Iridium 68 STS - 90 Globalstar 6 Globalstar 8 Globalstar 14 Globalstar 15 Nilesat 101 BSat - 1B Kosmos 2350 Iridium 69 Iridium 71 Kosmos 2351 EchoStar IV USA - 139 NOAA - 15 Progress M - 39 Iridium 70 Iridium 72 Iridium 73 Iridium 74 Iridium 75 Zhongwei 1 STS - 91 Thor 3 Kosmos 2352 Kosmos 2353 Kosmos 2354 Kosmos 2355 Kosmos 2356 Kosmos 2357 Intelsat 805 Kosmos 2358 Kosmos 2359 Molniya 3",
"98": "- 49 Nozomi Shtil - 1 Tubsat - N Tubsat - N1 Resurs - O1 # 4 Fasat - Bravo TMSAT Gurwin Techsat 1B WESTPAC SAFIR - 2 Sinosat - 1 Kosmos 2360 Orbcomm FM13 Orbcomm FM14 Orbcomm FM15 Orbcomm FM16 Orbcomm FM17 Orbcomm FM18 Orbcomm FM19 Orbcomm FM20 Mercury 3 Soyuz TM - 28 Iridium 3 Iridium 76 ST - 1 Galaxy 10 Astra 2A Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 1 Iridium 77 Iridium 79 Iridium 80 Iridium 81 Iridium 82 Globalstar 5 Globalstar 7 Globalstar 9 Globalstar 10 Globalstar 11 Globalstar 12 Globalstar 13 Globalstar 16 Globalstar 17 Globalstar 18 Globalstar 20 Globalstar 21 PAS - 7 Orbcomm FM21 Orbcomm FM22 Orbcomm FM23 Orbcomm FM24 Orbcomm FM25 Orbcomm FM26 Orbcomm FM27 Orbcomm FM28 Molniya - 1T # 99 STEX ( USA - 141 ) Eutelsat W2 Sirius 3 Hot Bird 5 USA - 140 Maqsat 3 Deep Space 1 SEDSAT - 1 Progress M - 40 ( Sputnik 41 ) AfriStar GE - 5 STS - 95 ( SPARTAN - 201 PANSAT ) PAS - 8 Iridium 2 Iridium 83 Iridium 84 Iridium 85 Iridium 86 Zarya / ISS Bonum 1 STS - 88 ( Unity PMA - 1 PMA - 2 SAC - A MightySat - 1 Satmex 5 SWAS Nadezhda 5 Astrid 2 Mars Climate Orbiter Iridium 11 Iridium 20 PAS - 6B Kosmos 2361 Kosmos 2362 Kosmos 2363 Kosmos 2364 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics .",
"99": "Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . GND : 4486542 - 9 BNF : cb135092841 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Station&oldid=806438749 '' Categories : International Space Station Artificial satellites orbiting Earth Populated places established in 1998 United States Department of Energy national laboratories Spacecraft launched in 1998 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Search Contents About Wikipedia",
"100": "Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ",
"101": "ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 01 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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2303585950274205305
|
what type of dog was laika the spacedog
|
[
"Mongrel, possibly part-husky (or part-Samoyed) and part-terrier",
"Mongrel, possibly part-husky (or part-Samoyed) and part-terrier",
"Mongrel, possibly part-husky (or part-Samoyed) and part-terrier",
"mongrel female",
"Mongrel, possibly part-husky (or part-Samoyed) and part-terrier"
] |
{
"0": "Laika - wikipedia Laika Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Laika ( disambiguation ) . Laika In 1957 , Laika became the first animal launched into orbit , paving the way for human spaceflight . This photograph shows her in a flight harness . Other name ( s ) Kudryavka Species Canis lupus familiaris Breed Mongrel , possibly part - husky ( or part - Samoyed ) and part - terrier Sex Female Laika Лайка c. 1954 Moscow , Soviet Union 3 November 1957 Sputnik 2 , in Low Earth orbit Years active 1957 Known for First animal to orbit the Earth Owner Soviet space program Weight 5 kg ( 11 lb ) Laika ( Russian : Лайка ; c. 1954 -- 3 November 1957 ) was a Soviet space dog who became one of the first animals in space , and the first animal to orbit the Earth . Laika , a stray dog from the streets of Moscow , was selected to be the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 that was launched into outer space on 3 November 1957 . Little was known about the impact of spaceflight on living creatures at the time of Laika 's mission , and the technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed , so Laika 's survival was never expected . Some scientists believed humans would be unable to survive the launch or the conditions of outer space , so engineers viewed flights by animals as a necessary precursor to human missions . The experiment aimed to prove that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit and endure a Micro-g environment , paving the way for human spaceflight and providing scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms react to spaceflight environments . Laika died within hours from overheating , possibly caused by a failure of the central R - 7 sustainer to separate from the payload . The true cause and time of her death were not made public until 2002 ; instead , it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six or , as the Soviet government initially claimed , she was euthanised prior to oxygen depletion .",
"1": "On 11 April 2008 , Russian officials unveiled a monument to Laika . A small monument in her honour was built near the military research facility in Moscow that prepared Laika 's flight to space . It portrayed a dog standing on top of a rocket . She also appears on the Monument to the Conquerors of Space in Moscow . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sputnik 2 2 Training 3 Preflight preparations 4 Voyage 5 Ethics of animal testing 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Sputnik 2 ( edit ) Romanian stamp from 1959 with Laika ( the caption reads `` Laika , first traveller into Cosmos '' ) Main article : Sputnik 2 After the success of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 , Nikita Khrushchev , the Soviet leader , wanted a spacecraft launched on 7 November 1957 , the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution . Construction had already started on a more sophisticated satellite , but it would not be ready until December ; this satellite would later become Sputnik 3 . Meeting the November deadline meant building a new craft . Khrushchev specifically wanted his engineers to deliver a `` space spectacular '' , a mission that would repeat the triumph of Sputnik 1 , stunning the world with Soviet prowess . Planners settled on an orbital flight with a dog . Soviet rocket engineers had long intended a canine orbit before attempting human spaceflight ; since 1951 , they had lofted 12 dogs into sub-orbital space on ballistic flights , working gradually toward an orbital mission set for some time in 1958 . To satisfy Khrushchev 's demands , they expedited the orbital canine flight for the November launch . According to Russian sources , the official decision to launch Sputnik 2 was made on 10 or 12 October , leaving less than four weeks to design and build the spacecraft . Sputnik 2 , therefore , was something of a rush job , with most elements of the spacecraft being constructed from rough sketches .",
"2": "Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space , Sputnik 2 also contained instrumentation for measuring solar irradiance and cosmic rays . The craft was equipped with a life - support system consisting of an oxygen generator and devices to avoid oxygen poisoning and to absorb carbon dioxide . A fan , designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , was added to keep the dog cool . Enough food ( in a gelatinous form ) was provided for a seven - day flight , and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste . A harness was designed to be fitted to the dog , and there were chains to restrict her movements to standing , sitting , or lying down ; there was no room to turn around in the cabin . An electrocardiogram monitored heart rate and further instrumentation tracked respiration rate , maximum arterial pressure , and the dog 's movements . Training ( edit ) Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow . Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger . This specimen was an eleven - pound mongrel female , approximately three years old . Another account reported that she weighed about 6 kg ( 13 lb ) . Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames , among them Kudryavka ( Russian for Little Curly ) , Zhuchka ( Little Bug ) , and Limonchik ( Little Lemon ) . Laika , the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky , was the name popularised around the world . The American press dubbed her Muttnik ( mutt + suffix - nik ) as a pun on Sputnik , or referred to her as Curly . Her true pedigree is unknown , although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed , and possibly part terrier . NASA refers to Laika as a `` part - Samoyed terrier . '' A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic , saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs . Vladimir Yazdovsky , who led the program of test dogs used on rockets , in a later publication wrote that `` Laika was quiet and charming '' .",
"3": "The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on sub-orbital flights . Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik 2 flight : Albina , Mushka , and Laika . Soviet space - life scientists Vladimir Yazdovsky and Oleg Gazenko trained the dogs . To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2 , they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to 20 days . The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating , made them restless , and caused their general condition to deteriorate . Laxatives did not improve their condition , and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective . The dogs were placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft . This caused their pulses to double and their blood pressure to increase by 30 -- 65 torr . The dogs were trained to eat a special high - nutrition gel that would be their food in space . Before the launch , one of the mission scientists took Laika home to play with his children . In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine , Dr. Vladimir Yazdovsky wrote , `` Laika was quiet and charming ... I wanted to do something nice for her : She had so little time left to live . '' Preflight preparations ( edit ) Vladimir Yazdovsky made the final selection of dogs and their designated roles . Laika was to be the `` flight dog '' -- a sacrifice to science on a one - way mission to space . Albina , who had already flown twice on a high - altitude test rocket , was to act as Laika 's backup . The third dog Mushka was a `` control dog '' -- she was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and life support . Before leaving for the Baikonur Cosmodrome , Yazdovsky and Gazenko conducted surgery on the dogs , routing the cables from the transmitters to the sensors that would measure breathing , pulse , and blood pressure . Because the existing airstrip at Turatam near the cosmodrome was small , the dogs and crew had to be first flown aboard a Tu - 104 plane to Tashkent .",
"4": "From there , a smaller and lighter Il - 14 plane took them to Turatam . Training of dogs continued upon arrival ; one after another they were placed in the capsules to get familiar with the feeding system . According to a NASA document , Laika was placed in the capsule of the satellite on 31 October 1957 -- three days before the start of the mission . At that time of year , the temperatures at the launch site were extremely cold , and a hose connected to a heater was used to keep her container warm . Two assistants were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch . Just prior to liftoff on 3 November 1957 , from Baikonur Cosmodrome , Laika 's fur was sponged in a weak alcohol solution and carefully groomed , while iodine was painted onto the areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions . One of the technicians preparing the capsule before final liftoff stated that `` after placing Laika in the container and before closing the hatch , we kissed her nose and wished her bon voyage , knowing that she would not survive the flight . '' Voyage ( edit ) Laika travelled on Sputnik 2 ( model shown ) The exact time of the liftoff varies from source to source and is mentioned as 05 : 30 : 42 Moscow Time or 07 : 22 Moscow Time . At peak acceleration Laika 's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre-launch rate . The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats / min before launch and increased to 240 beats / min during the early acceleration . After reaching orbit , Sputnik 2 's nose cone was jettisoned successfully ; however the `` Block A '' core did not separate as planned , preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly . Some of the thermal insulation tore loose , raising the cabin temperature to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) . After three hours of weightlessness , Laika 's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats / min , three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests , an indication of the stress she was under . The early telemetry indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food . After approximately five to seven hours into the flight , no further signs of life were received from the spacecraft .",
"5": "The Soviet scientists had planned to euthanise Laika with a poisoned serving of food . For many years , the Soviet Union gave conflicting statements that she had died either from asphyxia , when the batteries failed , or that she had been euthanised . Many rumours circulated about the exact manner of her death . In 1999 , several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated on the fourth orbit . In October 2002 , Dimitri Malashenkov , one of the scientists behind the Sputnik 2 mission , revealed that Laika had died by the fourth circuit of flight from overheating . According to a paper he presented to the World Space Congress in Houston , TX , USA , `` It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system in such limited time constraints . '' Over five months later , after 2,570 orbits , Sputnik 2 -- including Laika 's remains -- disintegrated during re-entry on 14 April 1958 . Ethics of animal testing ( edit ) NASA named this soil target on Mars after Laika during the Mars Exploration Rover mission . Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet vs. U.S. Space Race , the ethical issues raised by this experiment went largely unaddressed for some time . As newspaper clippings from 1957 show , the press was initially focused on reporting the political perspective , while the health and retrieval -- or lack thereof -- of Laika only became an issue later . Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable , and Laika had always been intended to die . The mission sparked a debate across the globe on the mistreatment of animals and animal testing in general to advance science . In the United Kingdom , the National Canine Defence League called on all dog owners to observe a minute 's silence , while the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) received protests even before Radio Moscow had finished announcing the launch . Animal rights groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at Soviet embassies . Others demonstrated outside the United Nations in New York ; nevertheless , laboratory researchers in the U.S . offered some support for the Soviets , at least before the news of Laika 's death . In the Soviet Union , there was less controversy .",
"6": "Neither the media , books in the following years , nor the public openly questioned the decision to send a dog into space . In 1998 , after the collapse of the Soviet regime , Oleg Gazenko , one of the scientists responsible for sending Laika into space , expressed regret for allowing her to die : Work with animals is a source of suffering to all of us . We treat them like babies who can not speak . The more time passes , the more I 'm sorry about it . We should n't have done it ... We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog . In other Warsaw Pact countries , open criticism of the Soviet space program was difficult because of political censorship , but there were notable cases of criticism in Polish scientific circles . A Polish scientific periodical , `` Kto , Kiedy , Dlaczego '' ( `` Who , When , Why '' ) , published in 1958 , discussed the mission of Sputnik 2 . In the periodical 's section dedicated to astronautics , Krzysztof Boruń described the Sputnik 2 mission as `` regrettable '' and criticised not bringing Laika back to Earth alive as `` undoubtedly a great loss for science '' . Legacy ( edit ) Laika is memorialised in the form of a statue and plaque at Star City , Russia , the Russian Cosmonaut training facility . Created in 1997 , Laika is positioned behind the cosmonauts with her ears erect . The Monument to the Conquerors of Space , constructed in 1964 , also includes Laika . On 11 April 2008 at the military research facility where staff had been responsible for readying Laika for the flight , officials unveiled a monument of her poised on top of a space rocket . Stamps and envelopes picturing Laika were produced , as well as branded cigarettes and matches . Future space missions carrying dogs would be designed to be recovered . Four other dogs died in Soviet space missions : Bars and Lisichka were killed when their R - 7 rocket exploded shortly after launch on 28 July 1960 ; Pchyolka and Mushka died when Korabl - Sputnik 3 was purposely destroyed with an explosive charge to prevent foreign powers from inspecting the capsule after a wayward atmospheric reentry trajectory on 1 December 1960 .",
"7": "Although never shown , Laika is prominently mentioned in the 1985 film My Life as a Dog , in which the main character ( a young Swedish boy in the late 1950s ) identifies strongly with the dog . Laika , a 2007 graphic novel by Nick Abadzis giving a fictionalized account of Laika 's life , won the Eisner Award as `` Best Publication for Teens '' . See also ( edit ) Animals in space References ( edit ) Citations ^ Jump up to : Isachenkov , Vladimir ( 11 April 2008 ) , `` Russia opens monument to space dog Laika '' , Associated Press , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 4 August 2014 ^ Jump up to : Harford , James J. ( 1997 ) , `` Korolev 's Triple Play : Sputniks 1 , 2 , and 3 '' , NASA , archived from the original on 16 January 2001 , retrieved 26 September 2006 ^ Jump up to : LePage , Andrew J. ( 1997 ) , `` Sputnik 2 : The First Animal in Orbit '' , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 26 September 2006 ^ Jump up to : Zak , Anatoly ( 3 November 1999 ) , `` The True Story of Laika the Dog '' , archived from the original on 20 February 2006 , retrieved 28 September 2006 ^ Jump up to : Malashenkov , D.C. ( 2002 ) , `` Abstract : Some Unknown Pages of the Living Organisms ' First Orbital Flight '' , IAF abstracts , Astrophysics Data System : 288 , Bibcode : 2002iaf ... confE. 288M ^ Jump up to : Grahn , Sven , `` Sputnik - 2 , more news from distant history '' , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 2 February 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` Muscovites Told Space Dog Is Dead '' , New York Times , p.",
"8": "3 , 13 November 1957 Jump up ^ Gray , Tara ( 1998 ) , `` A Brief History of Animals in Space '' , NASA , archived from the original on 11 October 2004 , retrieved 26 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Space Dog Lives '' , The British Library , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 26 September 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Sputnik 2 '' , National Space Science Data Center , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 3 November 2014 Jump up ^ `` '' Laika 's Trust '' Part Two `` , Operavision , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 23 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Dogs in space '' , Space Today Online , 2004 , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 28 September 2006 Jump up ^ Whitehouse , David ( 28 October 2002 ) , First dog in space died within hours , BBC , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 26 September 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Animals as Cold Warriors : Missiles , Medicine and Man 's Best Friend '' , National Library of Medicine , 19 June 2006 , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 28 September 2006 Jump up ^ Isachenkov , Vladimir ( 11 April 2008 ) , `` Space dog monument opens in Russia '' , MSNBC , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 15 April 2008 ^ Jump up to : Zak , Anatoly , `` Sputnik - 2 '' , Russianspaceweb.com , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 23 May 2013 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2000 ) , p. 173 Jump up ^ `` Memorial to Laika '' , novareinna.com , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 26 September 2006 Jump up ^ West , John B.",
"9": "( 1 October 2001 ) , `` Historical aspects of the early Soviet / Russian manned space program '' , Journal of Applied Psychology , 91 ( 4 ) : 1501 -- 1511 , PMID 11568130 , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 26 September 2006 Jump up ^ Beischer , DE ; Fregly , AR ( 1962 ) , `` Animals and man in space . A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960 '' , US Naval School of Aviation Medicine , ONR TR ACR - 64 ( AD0272581 ) , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 14 June 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of Laika '' , moscowanimals.org , archived from the original on August 16 , 2006 , retrieved 26 September 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Message from the First Dog in Space Received 45 Years Too Late '' , Dogs in the News , 3 November 2002 , archived from the original on 8 January 2006 , retrieved 4 October 2006 Jump up ^ On this day , BBC , 3 November 1957 , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 26 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Human Guinea Pigs and Sputnik 2 '' , National Society for Medical Research , November 1957 , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 28 September 2006 Jump up ^ Boruń , Krzysztof ( December 1958 ) , `` Astronautyka '' , Kto , Kiedy , Dlaczego , Państwowe Wydawnictwo `` Iskry '' , 2 ( 1 ) : 330 -- 331 ^ Jump up to : Savage , Sam , `` First in Orbit , Laika the Dog Made History '' , redOrbit , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 , retrieved 27 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` A New Monument for Laika , Russia 's Heroic Space Dog '' , 11 April 2008 , archived from the original on 15 October 2015 Jump up ^ `` The dog that orbited the Earth '' . Witness . BBC News Magazine .",
"10": "2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2000 ) , p. 252 Jump up ^ Siddiqi ( 2000 ) , p. 259 Jump up ^ Dickson ( 2009 ) , p. 144 Jump up ^ Khouri , Andy ( 8 August 2011 ) , `` Laika the Space Dog Survives in Alternate Happy Endings by Nick Abadzis '' , ComicsAlliance Bibliography Dickson , Paul ( 2009 ) , Sputnik : The Shock of the Century , Bloomsbury Publishing USA , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1804 - 4 Siddiqi , Asif . A. ( 2000 ) , Challenge to Apollo : The Soviet Union and the Space Race , 1945 -- 1974 , NASA SP - 2000 - 4408 . Part 1 ( page 1 - 500 ) , Part 2 ( page 501 - 1011 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Angliss , Sarah and Uttley , Colin . Science in the Dock : The man who trained the space dogs . Retrieved January 28 , 2005 . Dubbs , Chris and Burgess , Colin . Animals In Space : From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Laika Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laika . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Laika '' dated 2011 - 11 - 19 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles History of Sputnik Missions Sputnik 2 at Astronautix LCCN : sh2011001537 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laika&oldid=838112275 '' Categories : 1954 animal births 1957 animal deaths 1957 in spaceflight Sputnik Animals in space Individual dogs Animal rights Animal testing Deaths in space 1957 in the Soviet Union Deaths from hyperthermia",
"11": "Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Russian - language text Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română",
"12": "Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-6008777350997007702
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who sang it's a mean old world
|
[
"T-Bone Walker"
] |
{
"0": "Mean Old World - wikipedia Mean Old World Jump to : navigation , search `` Mean Old World '' Single by T - Bone Walker B - side `` I Got a Break , Baby '' Released November 1945 ( 1945 - 11 ) Format 10 - inch 78 rpm record Recorded Hollywood , July 20 , 1942 Genre Blues Length 2 : 56 Label Capitol `` Mean Old World '' is a blues song recorded by American blues electric guitar musician T - Bone Walker in 1942 . It has been described ( along with the single 's B - side ) as `` the first important blues recordings on the electric guitar '' . Over the years it has been interpreted and recorded by numerous blues , jazz and rock and roll artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original song 2 Little Walter version 3 Other renditions 4 References Original song ( edit ) T - Bone Walker began performing `` Mean Old World '' when he was with Les Hite and His Orchestra from 1939 to 1940 . After leaving Hite 's band , Walker continued to develop and refine his style on the Los Angeles club circuit . On July 20 , 1942 , he recorded `` Mean Old World '' for Capitol Records . The song was performed in the West Coast blues style , with a small combo of pianist Freddie Slack , bassist Jud DeNaut , and drummer Dave Coleman accompanying Walker on vocal and guitar . `` Mean Old World '' `` showcased T - Bones 's new , and already developed , style , in which he answered his smoky , soulful vocal phrases with deft , stinging , jazz - inflected lead lines on his electric guitar '' . Capitol released the song in November 1945 , with `` I Got a Break , Baby '' , as the third disc in a five 10 - inch record collection `` The History of Jazz , Volume 3 : Then Came Swing '' ( Capitol Criterion CE 18 ) . Capitol later issued it as a single in 1947 ( Capitol 15003 ) . Because of a recording ban , T - Bone Walker did not record again until October 10 , 1944 , for the Rhumboogie label in Chicago .",
"1": "He recorded a variation on `` Mean Old World '' , initially designated `` T - Bone Blues No. 2 '' . When Rhumboogie released it in 1946 , it was retitled `` Mean Old World Blues '' . It did not feature Walker 's guitar as prominently ( the backing group , Marl Young 's Orchestra , had a five - piece horn section ) and some new lyrics were substituted . Walker commented `` those sides were not so hot , not as good as the ones in L.A. later . They were big band numbers , more like what I recorded with Hite '' . However , the opening verses remained the same : This is a mean old world , baby to live in by yourself This is a mean old world , babe to live in by yourself When you ca n't get the woman you love , you know she 's loving someone else This anticipated future versions , in which new lyrics would be added to the familiar opening lines . On December 14 , 1956 , Walker recorded another version for Atlantic Records that was released on the acclaimed 1959 album T - Bone Blues . He is backed by a small combo with Lloyd Glenn on piano , Billy Hadnot on bass , and Oscar Bradley on drums . Little Walter version ( edit ) In October 1952 , Little Walter recorded his version of `` Mean Old World '' for Checker Records , a subsidiary of Chess Records . It was recast as a Chicago blues , with Walter 's amplified harmonica prominently featured and several new lyrics substituted . The song was a hit , reaching number six on the Billboard R&B chart , where it remained for six weeks in 1953 . Backing Little Walter are The Aces , with guitarists Louis and Dave Myers and drummer Fred Below . T - Bone Walker 's Capitol version was released before Billboard magazine or a similar service began tracking such releases , so it is difficult to gauge which version was more popular . Little Walter received the sole credit for his recording . Other renditions ( edit ) Many blues and other artists have recorded `` Mean Old World '' , including Walter Brown ( 1947 single ) ; Snooks Eaglin ( from his 1959 album New Orleans Street Singer ) ; Sam Cooke ( 1963 Night Beat ) ; James Cotton ( 1967 Late Night Blues ) ; Canned Heat ( 1967 , released 1994 on Uncanned !",
"2": "The Best of Canned Heat ) ; Chicken Shack ( 1969 O.K. Ken ? ) ; Ike & Tina Turner ( 1969 Outta Season ) ; Eric Clapton & Duane Allman ( 1970 Crossroads ) ; Bobby Bland & B.B. King ( 1976 Bobby Bland and B.B. King Together Again ... Live ) ; Otis Rush ( 1975 Cold Day in Hell ) ; Chuck Berry ( 1972 The London Chuck Berry Sessions ) ; George `` Mojo '' Buford ( 1979 Mojo Buford 's Blues Summit ) ; Luther Tucker ( 1990 Sad Hours ) ; Lowell Fulson ( 1997 Blue Shadows ) ; Willie Cobbs ( 2000 Jukin ' ) ; and Nina Hagen ( 2010 Personal Jesus ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The opening verses appear in Bill Gaither 's `` Mean Old World to Live In '' ( 1938 Decca 7606 ) ; Big Bill Broonzy 's `` Mean Old World '' has different lyrics and arrangement ( 1937 ARC 7 - 07 - 64 ) . ^ Jump up to : Harper , Johnny . `` T - Bone Walker : Blues Guitar Godfather '' . There . There Productions . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Jim ; van Singel , Amy ( 2002 ) . The Voice of the Blues : Classic Interviews from Living Blues Magazine . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93654 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dance , Helen Oakley ( 1999 ) . Stormy Monday : The T - Bone Walker Story . LSU Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0807124581 . Jump up ^ Billboard ( November 3 , 1945 ) . `` Advance Record Releases '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. 57 ( 44 ) : 77 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : Pruter , Robert ; Campbell , Robert L. ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Rhumboogie Label '' . The Red Saunders Research Foundation . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 .",
"3": "Jump up ^ Dance 1999 , page 72 . Jump up ^ Blues Foundation ( 2009 ) . `` 2009 Hall of Fame Inductees : T - Bone Blues ( Atlantic , 1959 ) '' . The Blues Foundation . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dance 1999 , page 263 . ^ Jump up to : Glover , Tony ; Dirks , Scott ; Gaines , Ward ( 2002 ) . Blues with a Feeling : The Little Walter Story . Routledge . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1988 ) . Top R&B Singles 1942 -- 1988 . Record Research , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 068 - 7 .",
"4": "( hide ) Little Walter Albums 1958 Best of Little Walter 1967 Super Blues ( w / Muddy Waters & Bo Diddley ) His Best -- The Chess 50th Anniversary Collection Singles 1952 `` Juke '' `` Mean Old World '' 1953 `` Blues with a Feeling '' 1955 `` My Babe '' 1958 `` Key to the Highway '' 1963 `` Just Your Fool '' Songs 1953 `` Driftin ' '' 1959 `` Worried Life '' 1960 `` Going Down Slow '' 1966 `` Chicken Shack '' Songs with Muddy Waters 1950 `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' `` That 's All Right '' ( w / Jimmy Rogers ) 1953 `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' 1954 `` Hoochie Coochie Man '' `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` I 'm Ready '' 1955 `` Trouble No More '' 1956 `` Forty Days and Forty Nights '' `` Rock Me '' `` Got My Mojo Working '' Related articles Discography Chicago blues Muddy Waters Jimmy Rogers Blues harp Chromatic harmonica Harmonica techniques American Folk Blues Festival Cadillac Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mean_Old_World&oldid=795239440 '' Categories : 1942 songs Blues songs 1953 singles Little Walter songs Chuck Berry songs Eric Clapton songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Song articles with missing songwriters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 22 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
3,
1,
2,
0,
4
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[
3,
1,
2,
0,
4
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-467684233955454366
|
what are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases
|
[
"adenine (A)",
"uracil (U)",
"guanine (G)",
"thymine (T)",
"cytosine (C)"
] |
{
"0": "Nitrogenous base - Wikipedia Nitrogenous base Jump to : navigation , search A nitrogenous base , or nitrogen - containing base , is an organic molecule with a nitrogen atom that has the chemical properties of a base . The main biological function of a nitrogenous base is to bond nucleic acids together . A nitrogenous base owes its basic properties to the lone pair of electrons of a nitrogen atom . Nitrogenous bases are typically classified as the derivatives of two parent compounds , pyrimidine and purine . They are non-polar and due to their aromaticity , planar . Both pyrimidines and purines resemble pyridine and are thus weak bases and relatively unreactive towards electrophilic aromatic substitution . Role in nucleic acids ( edit ) Main article : Nucleobase In the biological sciences , nitrogenous bases are increasingly termed nucleobases because of their role in nucleic acids - their flat shape is particularly important when considering their roles as the building blocks of DNA and RNA . A set of five nitrogenous bases is used in the construction of nucleotides , which in turn build up the nucleic acids like DNA and RNA . These nitrogenous bases are adenine ( A ) , uracil ( U ) , guanine ( G ) , thymine ( T ) , and cytosine ( C ) . These nitrogenous bases hydrogen bond between opposing DNA strands to form the rungs of the `` twisted ladder '' or double helix of DNA or a biological catalyst that is found in the nucleotides . Adenine is always paired with thymine , and guanine is always paired with cytosine . These are known as base pairs . Uracil is only present in RNA , replacing thymine . Pyrimidines include thymine , cytosine , and uracil . They have a single ring structure . Purines include adenine and guanine . They have a double ring structure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nelson , David L. and Michael M Cox ( 2008 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , ed. 5 , W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 272 . ISBN 071677108X . Jump up ^ Carey , Francis A. ( 2008 ) .",
"1": "Organic Chemistry , ed. 6 , Mc Graw Hill . p. 1206 . ISBN 0072828374 . Jump up ^ Angstadt , Carol N ( 1997 ) Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism . library.med.utah.edu This biochemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogenous_base&oldid=833650596 '' Categories : Biochemistry Biochemistry stubs Talk About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Català Eesti Español Esperanto Galego Italiano 日本 語 Occitan Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 19 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
0,
1
] |
[
0,
1
] |
8296511137247210518
|
what are the toll roads called in mexico
|
[
"autopistas",
"autopistas",
"autopistas",
"autopistas",
"autopistas"
] |
{
"0": "List of Mexican autopistas - wikipedia List of Mexican autopistas Jump to : navigation , search Main article : List of Mexican Federal Highways This is a list of autopistas , or tolled ( quota ) highways , in Mexico . Tolled roads are often built as bypasses , to cross major bridges , and to provide direct intercity connections . Many federal highways corridors numbers cover more than one autopista ; other federal highways do not have limited access sections . Normally , Mexican federal highways that are on toll ) quota ) ( cuota ) roads have the letter suffix `` D '' for Directo , e.g. Fed . 45 is free ( libre ) and Fed . 45D is toll ( quota ) . Most autopistas have a toll ( quota ) over all or part of their length . A few autopistas in very mountainous areas are two - lane . The Mexican limited access highway network is the largest in the Americas outside the USA . The construction is generally financed by toll ( quota ) revenue ( thus user fees ) rather than fuel taxes , thus the toll ( quota ) rates are usually rather high , about MXN $ $1 -- $2 per kilometer ( $1.6 -- $3.2 / mi ) , roughly 15 -- 30 US cents per mile ( 9.3 -- 18.6 ¢ / km ) for private cars and motorcycles . Toll plazas along the mainline charge tolls ( quotos ) anywhere from MXN $20 to $300 , or USD $1 to $15 . Plazas , crossing the border , accept either pesos or U.S. dollars , but after leaving border city limits one must pay in pesos . List of autopistas ( edit ) Map of the network Number Length ( km ) Length ( mi ) Southern or western terminus Northern or eastern terminus Formed Removed Notes FH0001D ! Fed . 1D 99 62 Tijuana Ensenada 01967 - 01 - 01 1967 current FH0001D ! Fed . 1D 58.884 36.589 Los Cabos International Airport Cabo San Lucas 02015 - 04 - 26 2015 current FH0002D !",
"1": "Fed . 2D 193 120 Tijuana Mexicali 01991 - 04 - 26 1991 current FH0002D ! Fed . 2D 73 45 Altar Santa Ana 02006 - 01 - 01 2006 current FH0002D ! Fed . 2D 44 27 Reynosa Matamoros 01999 - 01 - 01 1999 current FH0014D ! Fed . 14D 124.1 77.1 Cuitzeo Uruapan 01998 - 04 - 26 1998 current FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 548 341 Nogales Estación Don 01992 - 01 - 01 1992 current Includes bypasses of Nogales , Magdalena de Kino , Guaymas and Hermosillo FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 20.2 12.6 Libramiento de Culiacán 02012 - 01 - 01 2012 current FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 190.26 118.22 Culiacán Mazatlán 01992 - 01 - 01 1992 current FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 37.64 23.39 Libramiento de Mazatlán 02014 - 01 - 01 2014 current FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 238.05 147.92 Mazatlán Tepic 02005 - 01 - 01 2005 current FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 30 19 Libramiento de Tepic 02016 - 01 - 01 2016 current FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 168.616 104.773 Tepic Guadalajara 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0015D !",
"2": "Fed . 15D 311.38 193.48 Zapotlanejo Maravatío 01993 - 01 - 01 1993 current FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 64.35 39.99 Maravatío Atlacomulco 01989 - 01 - 01 1989 current FH0015D ! Fed . 15D 34 21 Toluca Mexico City 01990 - 04 - 26 1990 current FH0037D ! Fed . 37D 218.5 135.8 Uruapan Lázaro Cárdenas 02005 - 01 - 01 2005 current FH0040D ! Fed . 40D 238 148 Mazatlán Durango 02013 - 01 - 01 2013 current FH0040D ! Fed . 40D 21.6 13.4 Libramiento de Durango -- -- FH0040D ! Fed . 40D 222.2 138.1 Durango Gómez Palacio 01993 - 04 - 26 1993 current FH0040D ! Fed . 40D 40.77 25.33 Libramiento Norte de la Laguna 02014 - 01 - 01 2014 current FH0040D ! Fed . 40D 115.019 71.469 Torreón Saltillo 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0040D ! Fed . 40D 49.89 31.00 Saltillo Monterrey 02009 - 01 - 01 2009 current FH0040D ! Fed . 40D 132.105 82.086 Cadereyta Reynosa 01993 - 01 - 01 1993 current FH0040D ! Fed .",
"3": "40D 36.4 22.6 Libramiento de Reynosa Sur II -- -- FH0043D ! Fed . 43D 107.95 67.08 Morelia Salamanca 02006 - 01 - 01 2006 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 104.7 65.1 Querétaro Irapuato 01962 - 01 - 01 1962 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 79 49 Salamanca León 02015 - 01 - 01 2015 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 103.85 64.53 León Aguascalientes 01992 - 01 - 01 1992 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 42.31 26.29 Cuauhtémoc , Zac . Osiris , Zac . 02002 - 01 - 01 2002 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 12.2 7.6 Libramiento de Víctor Rosales 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 20.05 12.46 Libramiento de Fresnillo 01993 - 01 - 01 1993 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 68.98 42.86 Ciudad Jiménez Ciudad Camargo 01990 - 01 - 01 1990 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 65 40 Ciudad Camargo Ciudad Delicias 01989 - 01 - 01 1989 current FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 42.2 26.2 Libramiento Oriente de Chihuahua 02015 - 01 - 01 2015 current FH0045D ! Fed .",
"4": "45D 13.18 8.19 Chihuahua Sacramento -- -- FH0045D ! Fed . 45D 83.63 51.97 El Sueco Villa Ahumada 01989 - 01 - 01 1989 current FH0047D ! Fed . 47D 90 56 Macrolibramiento Palmillas - Apaseo el Grande 02017 - 01 - 01 2017 current FH0049D ! Fed . 49D 151.3 94.0 Gómez Palacio Ciudad Jiménez 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0054D ! Fed . 54D 148 92 Guadalajara Colima 01989 - 01 - 01 1989 current FH0055D ! Fed . 55D 65.8 40.9 Atlacomulco Toluca 01989 - 01 - 01 1989 current FH0057D ! Fed . 57D 54 34 Nueva Rosita Allende -- -- FH0057D ! Fed . 57D 21 13 Libramiento Oriente de Saltillo 01992 - 01 - 01 1992 current FH0057D ! Fed . 57D 32 20 Puerto México La Carbonera 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0057D ! Fed . 57D 14.2 8.8 Libramiento de Matehuala 02004 - 01 - 01 2004 current FH0057D ! Fed . 57D 31.5 19.6 Libramiento Norponiente de San Luis Potosí 02014 - 01 - 01 2014 current FH0057D ! Fed .",
"5": "57D 33.76 20.98 Libramiento Oriente de San Luis Potosí 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0057D ! Fed . 57D 37 23 Libramiento Nororiente de Querétaro 01992 - 01 - 01 1992 current FH0057D ! Fed . 57D 175.454 109.022 Querétaro Mexico City 01958 - 01 - 01 1958 current FH0068D ! Fed . 68D 38 24 Chapalilla Compostela 01973 - 01 - 01 1973 current FH0070D ! Fed . 70D 14.478 8.996 Libramiento Poniente de Tampico 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0070D ! Fed . 70D 117.6 73.1 Rayón Tamuín 02016 - 04 - 26 2016 current FH0070D ! Fed . 70D 105.51 65.56 Jala Puerto Vallarta 02016 - 01 - 01 2016 current Waiting Extention to Puerto Vallarta FH0080D ! Fed . 80D 118.5 73.6 Zapotlanejo Lagos de Moreno 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0080D ! Fed . 80D 66.048 41.040 Lagos de Moreno Villa de Arriaga 02012 - 01 - 01 2012 current FH0080D ! Fed . 80D 9.75 6.06 Libramiento Norte de San Patricio - Melaque 02017 - 01 - 01 2017 current FH0085D ! Fed .",
"6": "85D 45.8 28.5 Mexico City Pachuca 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0085D ! Fed . 85D 123.1 76.5 Monterrey Nuevo Laredo 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0090D ! Fed . 90D 26 16 Zapotlanejo Guadalajara 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0091D ! Fed . 91D 62.8 39.0 Puente de Ixtla Iguala 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0092D ! Fed . 92D 25.64 15.93 Zacapalco Taxco 01996 - 04 - 26 1996 current FH0093D ! Fed . 93D 20.6 12.8 Chilpancingo Tixtla 02011 - 01 - 01 2011 current FH0095D ! Fed . 95D 61.54 38.24 Mexico City Cuernavaca 01952 - 01 - 01 1952 current FH0095D ! Fed . 95D 262.58 163.16 Cuernavaca Acapulco 01990 - 01 - 01 1990 current FH0095D ! Fed . 95D 2.953 1.835 Maxitúnel Interurbano Acapulco 01996 - 01 - 01 1996 current FH0110D ! Fed . 110D 21.388 13.290 Libramiento Norte de La Piedad 02012 - 01 - 01 2012 current FH0115D ! Fed .",
"7": "115D 26.810 16.659 Libramiento de Amecameca - Nepantla 02014 - 01 - 01 2014 current FH0117D ! Fed . 117D 19.419 12.066 San Martín Texmelucan Tlaxcala 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0117D ! Fed . 117D 11 7 Libramiento de Tlaxcala 02015 - 01 - 01 2015 current FH0119D ! Fed . 119D 72 45 Tlaxco Tejocotal -- -- FH0130D ! Fed . 130D 67.789 42.122 Gutiérrez Zamora Tuxpan 01994 - 04 - 26 1994 current FH0132D ! Fed . 132D 143.08 88.91 Tihuatlán Tulancingo 02014 - 04 - 26 2014 current FH0132D ! Fed . 132D 22.2 13.8 San Martín de las Pirámides Ecatepec 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0134D ! Fed . 134D 39.2 24.4 Autopista Toluca -- Naucalpan 02007 - 01 - 01 2007 current Started construction in 2007 but has been in construction for 10 years FH0135D ! Fed . 135D 243 151 Cuacnopalan Oaxaca 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0136D ! Fed . 136D 16.17 10.05 Peñón Texcoco 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0140D ! Fed .",
"8": "140D 195 121 Puebla City Xalapa 02004 - 01 - 01 2004 current FH0145D ! Fed . 145D 228.1 141.7 La Tinaja Cosoleacaque 01993 - 01 - 01 1993 current FH0150D ! Fed . 150D 397.77 247.16 Mexico City Veracruz 01962 - 01 - 01 1962 current FH0160D ! Fed . 160D 34.165 21.229 La Pera Cuautla 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0180D ! Fed . 180D 2.5 1.6 Libramiento de Cardel -- -- FH0180D ! Fed . 180D 28.5 17.7 José Cardel Veracruz 01994 - 01 - 01 1994 current FH0180D ! Fed . 180D 34 21 Nuevo Teapa Cosoleacaque -- -- FH0180D ! Fed . 180D 53 33 Coatzacoalcos Cárdenas 02000 - 01 - 01 2000 current FH0180D ! Fed . 180D 23.7 14.7 Libramiento de Villahermosa 02016 - 01 - 01 2016 current FH0180D ! Fed . 180D 39.5 24.5 Champotón Campeche 01993 - 01 - 01 1993 current FH0180D ! Fed . 180D 241.34 149.96 Mérida / Kantunil Cancún 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0185D ! Fed .",
"9": "185D 75.39 46.85 Salina Cruz La Ventosa 02003 - 01 - 01 2003 current FH0187D ! Fed . 187D 197.5 122.7 Las Choapas Ocozocuautla 02002 - 01 - 01 2002 current FH0190D ! Fed . 190D 169.23 105.15 San Pablo Villa de Mitla Tehuantepec -- -- Under construction FH0190D ! Fed . 190D 93.77 58.27 Ocozocuautla Arriaga 02010 - 01 - 01 2010 current FH0190D ! Fed . 190D 46 29 Tuxtla Gutiérrez San Cristóbal de las Casas 02006 - 01 - 01 2006 current FH0200D ! Fed . 200D 46 29 Manzanillo Armería 01991 - 01 - 01 1991 current FH0200D ! Fed . 200D 4.369 2.715 Libramiento de Tecpan de Galeana 02008 - 01 - 01 2008 current FH0305D ! Fed . 305D 44 27 El Tintal Playa del Carmen 02014 - 01 - 01 2014 current FH0307D ! Fed . 307D 14.14 8.79 Libramiento Felipe Carrillo Puerto 02016 - 01 - 01 2016 current FHI - 20D ! Fed . I - 20D 29.2 18.1 Libramiento Norponiente de Irapuato 02010 - 01 - 01 2010 current FHM40D ! Fed .",
"10": "M40D 223 139 Autopista Arco Norte Atlacomulco -- San Martín Texmelucan 02009 - 01 - 01 2009 current FHS30 ! Fed . S30 46.21 28.71 Libramiento Norponiente de Saltillo 02010 - 01 - 01 2010 current FHD ! Fed . D 32.4 20.1 Autopista Tepic -- San Blas 02017 - 01 - 01 2017 current FHGUA 10D ! Fed . GUA 10D 111 69 Macrolibramiento Sur de Guadalajara 02018 - 01 - 01 2018 current Started Construction in 2014 ( Opened first segment in 2016 ) ( Completed 2017 ) Inagurated 2018 References ( edit ) Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes , Informe de Rendición de Cuentas de la Administración Pública Federal , 2000 - 2006 , p. 132 ( in Spanish ) SCT official autopista list and toll table as of April 2017 `` Datos Viales 2017 '' . SCT. 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . `` Infraestructura de CAPUFE '' ( PDF ) . CAPUFE . December 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mexican_autopistas&oldid=838288868 '' Categories : Lists of roads in Mexico Mexican Federal Highways Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 02 : 44 . About Wikipedia",
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unsaturated fats are comprised of lipids that contain
|
[
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"double bond"
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{
"0": "Unsaturated fat - wikipedia Unsaturated fat Jump to : navigation , search Types of fats in food Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat ω − 7 ω − 9 Polyunsaturated fat ω − 3 ω − 6 Trans fat Saturated fat Interesterified fat See also Fatty acid Essential fatty acid Conditionally essential fatty acid Cholesterol This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2015 ) An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain . A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond , and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond . Where double bonds are formed , hydrogen atoms are subtracted from the carbon chain . Thus , a saturated fat has no double bonds , has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons , and therefore is `` saturated '' with hydrogen atoms . In cellular metabolism , unsaturated fat molecules contain somewhat less energy ( i.e. , fewer calories ) than an equivalent amount of saturated fat . The greater the degree of unsaturation in a fatty acid ( i.e. , the more double bonds in the fatty acid ) the more vulnerable it is to lipid peroxidation ( rancidity ) . Antioxidants can protect unsaturated fat from lipid peroxidation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chemistry and nutrition 2 Role of dietary fats in insulin resistance 3 Membrane composition as a metabolic pacemaker 4 See also 5 References Chemistry and Nutrition. ( edit ) Amounts of fat types in selected foods Double bonds may be in either a cis or a trans isomer , depending on the geometry of the double bond . In the cis isomer , hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond ; whereas in the trans isomer , they are on opposite sides of the double bond ( see trans fat ) . Saturated fats are useful in processed foods because saturated fats are less vulnerable to rancidity and usually more solid at room temperature than unsaturated fats .",
"1": "Unsaturated chains have a lower melting point , hence these molecules increase the fluidity of cell membranes . Although both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats can replace saturated fat in the diet , trans unsaturated fats should not . Replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats helps lower levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the blood . Trans unsaturated fats are an exception because the double bond stereochemistry predisposes the carbon chains to assume a linear conformation , which conforms to rigid packing as in plaque formation . The geometry of the cis double bond induces a bend in the molecule , thereby precluding rigid formations ( see Trans fat § Chemistry links above for drawings that illustrate this ) . Natural sources of fatty acids ( see above ) are rich in the cis isomer . Although polyunsaturated fats are protective against cardiac arrhythmias , a study of post-menopauseal women with a relatively low fat intake showed that polyunsaturated fat is positively associated with progression of coronary atherosclerosis , whereas monounsaturated fat is not . This probably is an indication of the greater vulnerability of polyunsaturated fats to lipid peroxidation , against which vitamin E has been shown to be protective . Examples of unsaturated fatty acids are palmitoleic acid , oleic acid , myristoleic acid , linoleic acid , and arachidonic acid . Foods containing unsaturated fats include avocado , nuts , and vegetable oils such as canola and olive oils . Meat products contain both saturated and unsaturated fats . Although unsaturated fats are conventionally regarded as ' healthier ' than saturated fats , the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) recommendation stated that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30 % of one 's daily caloric intake . Most foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats . Marketers advertise only one or the other , depending on which one makes up the majority . Thus , various unsaturated fat vegetable oils , such as olive oils , also contain saturated fat . In chemical analysis , fatty acids are separated by gas chromatography of methyl esters ; additionally , a separation of unsaturated isomers is possible by argentation thin - layer chromatography .",
"2": "( show ) Fat composition in different foods view talk Food Saturated Mono - unsaturated Poly - unsaturated As weight percent ( % ) of total fat Cooking oils Canola oil 08 64 28 Coconut oil 87 13 00 Corn oil 13 24 59 Cottonseed oil 27 19 54 Olive oil 14 73 11 Palm kernel oil 86 12 02 Palm oil 51 39 10 Peanut oil 17 46 32 Rice bran oil 25 38 37 Safflower oil , high oleic 06 75 14 Safflower oil , linoleic 06 14 75 Soybean oil 15 24 58 Sunflower oil 11 20 69 Dairy products Butterfat 66 30 04 Cheese , regular 64 29 03 Cheese , light 60 30 00 Ice cream , gourmet 62 29 04 Ice cream , light 62 29 04 Milk , whole 62 28 04 Milk , 2 % 62 30 00 * Whipping cream 66 26 05 Meats Beef 33 38 05 Ground sirloin 38 44 04 Pork chop 35 44 08 Ham 35 49 16 Chicken breast 29 34 21 Chicken 34 23 30 Turkey breast 30 20 30 Turkey drumstick 32 22 30 Fish , orange roughy 23 15 46 Salmon 28 33 28 Hot dog , beef 42 48 05 Hot dog , turkey 28 40 22 Burger , fast food 36 44 06 Cheeseburger ,",
"3": "fast food 43 40 07 Breaded chicken sandwich 20 39 32 Grilled chicken sandwich 26 42 20 Sausage , Polish 37 46 11 Sausage , turkey 28 40 22 Pizza , sausage 41 32 20 Pizza , cheese 60 28 05 Nuts Almonds dry roasted 09 65 21 Cashews dry roasted 20 59 17 Macadamia dry roasted 15 79 02 Peanut dry roasted 14 50 31 Pecans dry roasted 08 62 25 Flaxseeds , ground 08 23 65 Sesame seeds 14 38 44 Soybeans 14 22 57 Sunflower seeds 11 19 66 Walnuts dry roasted 09 23 63 Sweets and baked goods Candy , chocolate bar 59 33 03 Candy , fruit chews 14 44 38 Cookie , oatmeal raisin 22 47 27 Cookie , chocolate chip 35 42 18 Cake , yellow 60 25 10 Pastry , Danish 50 31 14 Fats added during cooking or at the table Butter , stick 63 29 03 Butter , whipped 62 29 04 Margarine , stick 18 39 39 Margarine , tub 16 33 49 Margarine , light tub 19 46 33 Lard 39 45 11 Shortening 25 45 26 Chicken fat 30 45 21 Beef fat 41 43 03 Dressing , blue cheese 16 54 25 Dressing ,",
"4": "light Italian 14 24 58 Other Egg yolk fat 36 44 16 Avocado 16 71 13 Unless else specified in boxes , then reference is : * 3 % is trans fats Role of dietary fats in insulin resistance ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Incidence of Insulin resistance is lowered with diets higher in monounsaturated fats ( especially oleic acid ) , while the opposite is true for diets high in polyunsaturated fats ( especially large amounts of arachidonic acid ) as well as saturated fats ( such as arachidic acid ) . These ratios can be indexed in the phospholipids of human skeletal muscle and in other tissues as well . This relationship between dietary fats and insulin resistance is presumed secondary to the relationship between insulin resistance and inflammation , which is partially modulated by dietary fat ratios ( Omega - 3 / 6 / 9 ) with both omega 3 and 9 thought to be anti-inflammatory , and omega 6 pro-inflammatory ( as well as by numerous other dietary components , particularly polyphenols and exercise , with both of these anti-inflammatory ) . Although both pro - and anti-inflammatory types of fat are biologically necessary , fat dietary ratios in most US diets are skewed towards Omega 6 , with subsequent disinhibition of inflammation and potentiation of insulin resistance . But this is contrary to the suggestion of more recent studies , in which polyunsaturated fats are shown as protective against insulin resistance . Membrane composition as a metabolic pacemaker ( edit ) Studies on the cell membranes of mammals and reptiles discovered that mammalian cell membranes are composed of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( DHA , omega - 3 fatty acid ) than reptiles Studies on bird fatty acid composition have noted similar proportions to mammals but with 1 / 3rd less omega - 3 fatty acids as compared to omega - 6 for a given body size . This fatty acid composition results in a more fluid cell membrane but also one that is permeable to various ions ( H+ & Na+ ) , resulting in cell membranes that are more costly to maintain .",
"5": "This maintenance cost has been argued to be one of the key causes for the high metabolic rates and concomitant warm - bloodedness of mammals and birds . However polyunsaturation of cell membranes may also occur in response to chronic cold temperatures as well . In fish increasingly cold environments lead to increasingly high cell membrane content of both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids , to maintain greater membrane fluidity ( and functionality ) at the lower temperatures . See also ( edit ) Iodine value -- a chemical analysis method to determine the proportion of unsaturated fat . List of unsaturated fatty acids References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reiner Željko ; et al. ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` ESC / EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias : the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology ( ESC ) and the European Atherosclerosis Society ( EAS ) '' . European Heart Journal . 32 ( 14 ) : 1769 -- 818 . doi : 10.1016 / j. atherosclerosis. 2011.06. 012 . PMID 21723445 . Jump up ^ Dariush Mozaffarian ; Rimm , EB ; Herrington , DM ( 1 November 2004 ) . `` Dietary fats , carbohydrate , and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 ( 5 ) : 1175 -- 84 . PMC 1270002 . PMID 15531663 . Jump up ^ B Leibovitz ; Hu , ML ; Tappel , AL ( 1990 ) . `` Dietary supplements of vitamin E , beta - carotene , coenzyme Q10 and selenium protect tissues against lipid peroxidation in rat tissue slices '' . The Journal of Nutrition. 120 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 104 . PMID 2303916 . Jump up ^ Fats and sugars .",
"6": "BBC Health , retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 ^ Jump up to : LH Storlien ; Baur , LA ; Kriketos , AD ; Pan , DA ; Cooney , GJ ; Jenkins , AB ; Calvert , GD ; Campbell , LV ( 1996 ) . `` Dietary fats and insulin action '' . Diabetologica. 39 ( 6 ) : 621 -- 31 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00418533 . PMID 8781757 . Jump up ^ B. Breuer , T. Stuhlfauth et H.P. Fock , Separation of fatty acids or methyl esters including positional and geometric isomers by alumina argentation thin - layer chromatography , J. Chromatogr . Sci. 25 ( 1987 ) , S. 302 -- 306 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Anderson . `` Fatty acid composition of fats and oils '' ( PDF ) . UCCS . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NDL / FNIC Food Composition Database Home Page '' . Nal.usda.gov . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USDA → Basic Report : 04042 , Oil , peanut , salad or cooking Retrieved on January 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable safflower , oleic Retrieved on April 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable safflower , linoleic Retrieved on April 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Oil , vegetable , sunflower Retrieved on September 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ USDA Basic Report Cream , fluid , heavy whipping Jump up ^ nutritiondata.com → Egg , yolk , raw , fresh Retrieved on August 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` 09038 , Avocados , raw , California '' . National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference , Release 26 . United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Feinberg School > Nutrition > Nutrition Fact Sheet : Lipids '' . Northwestern University .",
"7": "Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Hulbert , A.J. , Else , P.L. 1999 . Membranes as Possible Pacemakers of Metabolism . J. Theor. Biol. 199 : 257 -- 274 . Jump up ^ Hulbert , A.J. , Faulks , S. , Buttemer , W.A. , Else , P.L. 2002 . Acyl Composition of Muscle Membranes Varies with Body Size in Birds. J. Exp. Biol. 205 : 3561 -- 3569 . Jump up ^ AJ Hulbert ( 2003 ) . `` Life , death and membrane bilayers '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 206 ( Pt 14 ) : 2303 -- 11 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 00399 . PMID 12796449 . Jump up ^ Raynard , R.S. , Cossins , A.R. 1991 . Homeoviscous Adaptation and Thermal Compensation of Sodium Pump of Trout Erythrocytes . Am. J. Physiol . Regul . Integr . Comp . Physiol. 260 : R916 -- R924 .",
"8": "( hide ) Types of lipids General Saturation : Saturated fat Unsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Essential fatty acid Other : Fat Oil Geometry Trans fat Omega - 3 fatty acid Omega - 6 fatty acid Omega - 9 fatty acid Eicosanoids Arachidonic acid Prostaglandins Prostacyclin Thromboxane Leukotrienes Fatty acids Caprylic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid Glycerides Monoglyceride Diglyceride Triglyceride Triheptanoin Trimyristin Tripalmitin Tristearin Trilinolein Triolein Phospholipids Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidyl ethanolamine Cardiolipin Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Sphingolipids Ceramide Steroids Cholesterol Corticosteroids Sex steroids Secosteroids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=Unsaturated_fat&oldid=813413418 '' Categories : Carboxylic acids Fatty acids Food science Lipids Nutrition Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2015 All articles needing rewrite All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Hidden templates using styles Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 15 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did they film ghosts of girlfriends past
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"Massachusetts",
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{
"0": "Ghosts of Girlfriends Past - wikipedia Ghosts of Girlfriends Past Jump to : navigation , search Ghosts of Girlfriends Past Promotional film poster Directed by Mark Waters Produced by Brad Epstein Jonathan Shestack Written by Jon Lucas Scott Moore Starring Matthew McConaughey Jennifer Garner Breckin Meyer Lacey Chabert Robert Forster Anne Archer Emma Stone Michael Douglas Music by Rolfe Kent Cinematography Daryn Okada Edited by Bruce Green Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date May 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $37.5 million Box office $102.2 million Ghosts of Girlfriends Past is a 2009 American romantic comedy film whose plot is based on Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . Mark Waters directed a script by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore . Filming spanned February 19 , 2008 to July 2008 in Massachusetts with stars Matthew McConaughey , Breckin Meyer , Jennifer Garner , Lacey Chabert and Michael Douglas . The film was released on May 1 , 2009 . Ghosts of Girlfriends Past features a wedding day and the day before , rather than the familiar Christmas and Christmas Eve from A Christmas Carol . The three ghosts share similar appearances with the original descriptions , and the film shares the traditional plot points from the book . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reaction 5.2 Box office 6 Home media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Connor Mead ( Matthew McConaughey ) is a famous photographer and confirmed womanizer . He takes a break from his playboy lifestyle to attend his brother Paul 's wedding , where he becomes reacquainted with Jenny Perotti ( Jennifer Garner ) , Connor 's childhood friend and the only girl who 's ever captured his heart .",
"1": "After Connor delivers a drunken speech at the rehearsal dinner where he says that love is n't real , he 's met in the bathroom by the ghost of his uncle Wayne ( Michael Douglas ) , a roué who taught Connor everything he knows about seducing women . Wayne informs Connor that , over the course of the evening , he will be visited by three ghosts who will lead him through his romantic past , present , and future . The first ghost is the `` Ghost of Girlfriends Past '' in the form of Allison Vandermeersh ( Emma Stone ) , one of his high school girlfriends and his first lover . Together , they revisit scenes from his past , focusing on his relationship with Jenny . In 1982 , Connor and Jenny were very close as children ; she gave him his first instant camera which he used to take her picture , promising to keep it forever . When Connor 's parents died in a car accident , Jenny consoles Connor throughout the years without them , as she , his brother Paul and his uncle Wayne were all he had left . By middle school , the two were on the verge of romance , but Connor 's hesitation at asking her for a dance caused Jenny to dance with and kiss another boy . Heartbroken , Connor was told by Wayne that he must avoid romance at all costs in order not to feel such pain again . For the next two years , Wayne schooled Connor in the art of seduction . When he next saw Jenny , at a high school party , Connor ignored her and kissed another girl named Allison , whom he had his first sexual encounter with . Several years later , as adults , Connor and Jenny rekindled their romance , but Jenny forced him to woo her for several weeks in an attempt to rid him of his womanizing ways . After they finally did have sex , Connor falls in love with her , but when he lies in bed with her to fall asleep beside her , he remembers his uncle Wayne 's warnings about sleeping and spooning with the opposite sex after a night of passion . Realizing this , he panics , running out on her so he wo n't be hurt . The next morning , Jenny wakes up alone and broken - hearted . His relationships thereafter consisted of a series of very short flings .",
"2": "Awakening back in the Mead mansion in the present , Connor accidentally destroys Paul and Sandra 's ( his bride - to - be ) wedding cake and unsuccessfully attempts to reconcile with Jenny . After his failed attempt , Connor returns to his uncle Wayne 's room and finds another woman awaiting him in his bed and , fearing that this woman was the next `` Ghost '' to accompany him on his journey to show him how he became `` himself '' , panics and runs out of his room , though it 's clear after he leaves that the woman in the bed awaiting him is actually one of the bridesmaids hoping to have sex with him . As he storms out of the house , he is confronted by the `` Ghost of Girlfriends Present '' in the form of his assistant Melanie ( Noureen DeWulf ) , the only constant female figure in his life . With her , he sees that in his absence the other wedding guests make fun of him and his shallow lifestyle . Paul stands up for his brother , recalling that Connor helped raise him after their parents ' death , and expresses his hope that Connor will someday change for the better . As the bridemaids discusse their love lives , one of them makes a remark about Jenny being emotionally twisted beyond recognition by Connor to the point that she 's unable to move on to a new relationship . Jenny hears this and though Sandra tries to comfort her , Jenny leaves the room hurt and in tears . Melanie guides Connor to the kitchen to show him a crying Jenny as she tries to repair Paul and Sandra 's wedding cake . Connor also sees that Jenny is being comforted by Brad ( Daniel Sunjata ) , and is upset that his own actions and attitude are bringing the two closer . He is further upset to discover that Melanie and the three women whom he previously broke up with by conference call are bonding over his disregard for their feelings . Returning to the house , Connor finds Sandra furious at learning that Paul had slept with one of her bridesmaids very early in their relationship , information that Connor had let slip earlier in the evening . Connor attempts to mend the situation but only makes things worse , and Paul tells him to leave . On his way out , he is confronted by the `` Ghost of Girlfriends Future '' ( Olga Maliouk ) , who takes him forward in time to see that Jenny marries Brad while Paul remains alone .",
"3": "Further in the future , Paul is the only mourner at Connor 's funeral . Wayne appears and tells Connor that this is his future if he continues on the same path , pushing him into the grave to be buried by his many ex-girlfriends . Connor awakens in the Mead home and learns that Sandra has called off the wedding and is on her way to the airport . He intercepts the bridal party and convinces Sandra to forgive Paul by sharing lessons learned from his own mistakes , particularly that the pain of heartbreak is outweighed by the regret of never risking one 's heart in the first place , something he admits to always regretting having done . Connor helps Jenny to restart the wedding , which he photographs , and afterwards he reconciles with Jenny by showing her the picture he still carries of her as a child and by promising to always be there when she wakes up . The two kiss and dance in the snow to the same song Connor once hesitated to ask her to dance to . Meanwhile , Wayne tries to hit on the ghost of girlfriends future , but she magically vanishes after throwing a drink in his face . Then he tries to hit on the ghost of girlfriends present , but Melanie informs Wayne she is one of the attendees and vanishes . Melanie and Brad start talking and then dancing . Wayne is left with the ghost of girlfriends past , Allison , who is not interested since she is only 16 . Wayne says that they are ghosts and therefore ageless .",
"4": "Cast ( edit ) Matthew McConaughey as Connor ' Dutch ' Mead Devin Brochu as Young Connor Logan Miller as Teenage Connor Jennifer Garner as Jenny Perotti Kasey Russell as Young Jenny Christa B. Allen as Teenage Jenny Michael Douglas as Wayne S. Mead Breckin Meyer as Paul Mead Lacey Chabert as Sandra Volkom Robert Forster as Sergeant Major Mervis Volkom Daniel Sunjata as Brad Frye Emma Stone as Allison Vandermeersh , the Ghost of Girlfriends Past Noureen DeWulf as Melanie , the Ghost of Girlfriends Present Drew Barrymore as the Ghost of Girlfriends Future Anne Archer as Vonda Volkom Amanda Walsh as Denice Camille Guaty as Donna Rachel Boston as Deena Christina Milian as Kalia Emily Foxler as Nadja Production ( edit ) Ghosts of Girlfriends Past was originally set up at Touchstone Pictures with Ben Affleck attached to play the lead character , but he opted out of the movie . It was primarily filmed at Castle Hill in Ipswich , Massachusetts The film was also the first pairing of Michael Douglas and Anne Archer since the 1987 hit thriller Fatal Attraction , although they shared no scenes together . Jennifer Garner and Christa B. Allen again appear together for the first time since 13 Going on 30 in 2004 , and they again play the older and younger versions of the same character . Ghosts of Girlfriends Past was cast by veteran Hollywood casting director Marci Liroff .",
"5": "Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Ghosts of Girlfriends Past '' - All Too Much featuring Matthew Sweet `` Hush '' - Gavin Rossdale `` Got a Lot of Love for You Baby '' - The Ralph Sall Experience `` Keep on Loving You '' - REO Speedwagon `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' - The Ralph Sall Experience `` Ladies Night '' - Kool & the Gang `` The Safety Dance '' - Men Without Hats `` Yeah ( Dream of Me ) '' - All Too Much `` Holding Back the Years '' - Simply Red `` Sleep '' - All Too Much Reception ( edit ) Critical reaction ( edit ) As of January 2011 , the film received negative reviews and holds a 26 % rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 140 reviews . Metacritic lists it with a 34 out of 100 , which indicates `` generally unfavorable reviews '' , based on 29 reviews . Box Office ( edit ) On the film 's opening weekend , it debuted at # 2 with a gross of $15.4 million ( 3,175 theaters , $4,854 average ) , far behind X-Men Origins : Wolverine 's $85.1 million gross . The film made $55.3 million in the United States and Canada along with $47 million from foreign territories for a worldwide total of $102.2 million . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD on September 22 , 2009 . See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ghosts of Girlfriends Past ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2009 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ghosts of Girlfriends Past - Release Dates '' . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Girlfriends Past '' . Filmfreakcentral.net. 2009 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Girlfriend 's Past '' . IGN Entertainment . Rotten Tomatoes. 2009 .",
"6": "Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Girlfriend 's Past : Reviews '' . Metacritic. 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo. 2009 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Ghosts of Girlfriends Past '' . filmcritic.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ghosts of Girlfriends Past on IMDb Ghosts of Girlfriends Past at AllMovie Ghosts of Girlfriends Past at Box Office Mojo Ghosts of Girlfriends Past at Rotten Tomatoes Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr.",
"7": "Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs.",
"8": "Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins Films directed by Mark Waters The House of Yes ( 1997 ) Head over Heels ( 2001 ) Warning : Parental Advisory ( 2002 ) Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) Mean Girls ( 2004 ) Just Like Heaven ( 2005 ) The Spiderwick Chronicles ( 2008 ) Ghosts of Girlfriends Past ( 2009 ) Mr. Popper 's Penguins ( 2011 ) Vampire Academy ( 2014 ) Bad Santa 2 ( 2016 ) Magic Camp ( TBD ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghosts_of_Girlfriends_Past&oldid=820135080 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s romantic comedy films Films based on A Christmas Carol American Christmas films American fantasy - comedy films American romantic comedy films American films American romantic fantasy films Films about orphans Films about weddings Films directed by Mark Waters Films shot in Massachusetts Ghost films New Line Cinema films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 07 : 03 .",
"9": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-5411612004022549496
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when does a wrinkle in time come out in canada
|
[
"March 9, 2018"
] |
{
"0": "A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Wrinkle in Time Theatrical release poster Directed by Ava DuVernay Produced by Jim Whitaker Catherine Hand Screenplay by Jennifer Lee Jeff Stockwell Based on A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle Starring Oprah Winfrey Reese Witherspoon Mindy Kaling Gugu Mbatha - Raw Michael Peña Storm Reid Zach Galifianakis Chris Pine Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Spencer Averick Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Whitaker Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 -- 130 million Box office $124.4 million A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell , based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle . The film stars Oprah Winfrey , Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Michael Peña , Storm Reid , Zach Galifianakis and Chris Pine , and follows a young girl who , with the help of three astral travelers , sets off on a quest to find her father , who went missing after discovering a new planet . Principal photography began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . With a production budget of over $100 million , the film became the first live - action film with a nine - digit budget to be directed by a woman of color .",
"1": "A Wrinkle in Time premired at the El Capitan Theatre on February 26 , 2018 , and with a theatrical release on March 9 , 2018 , through the Disney Digital 3 - D , Real D 3D , and IMAX formats . The film received mixed reviews , with critics `` taking issue with the film 's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes '' while `` celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity '' , and has grossed $124 million worldwide against a break - even point of $400 million , thus being a box office bomb . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Thirteen - year - old Meg Murry struggles to adjust to school and home life ever since her father Alex , a well - renowned scientist , mysteriously disappeared while he was studying astrophysics . Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity 's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world . During the night , Meg 's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house . She mentions the tesseract , a type of space - travel Alex was working on , is real , and leaves soon after . The next day , one of Meg 's classmates , Calvin O'Keefe , joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who , another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace . When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard , Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman , Mrs. Which , who is the oldest and appears as a giant . The three reveal themselves as astral travelers , and lead Meg , Calvin , and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel . Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature , and takes the children up into the atmosphere , where they see a dark shadow known as The IT . Mrs.",
"2": "Which tells Meg her father 's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT , a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe . Gaining the women 's trust , Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides . The Happy Medium shows them Meg 's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz , The IT 's homeworld . Mrs. Which also explains The IT represents all of the greed , anger , pride , selfishness , and low self - esteem in the world . Showing them examples of these characteristics , Meg learns that while Calvin is popular at school , he is neglected and bullied by his father and her school enemy Veronica Kiley is extremely self - conscious . The three Mrs. propose they travel back to Earth to regroup , but Meg 's refusal messes with the tesseract , and they travel to Camazotz instead . Upon arriving on Camazotz , Mrs. Which , Mrs. Whatsit , and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz 's evil is stronger than their light . Before they depart , they bestow gifts upon Meg ; these include Mrs. Who 's glasses , the knowledge of Meg 's faults , and the command to never separate . The trio treks through Camazotz 's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT 's bodyguard , Red . He offers the starving children food and tells them Alex is safe and happy . He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here , but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims all of the food tastes like sand . When Red starts repeating the times tables , Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm , allowing the IT to take full control of his mind . When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace , they find themselves in a seemingly empty room . Using Mrs. Who 's glasses , Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner . After bringing him out of captivity , the IT 's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master . As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT 's power , Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children , abandoning Charles Wallace .",
"3": "Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself , leaving her alone . When she confronts Charles Wallace in corruption , she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power . Using her love for her brother and the knowledge she is imperfect , Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases the control of Camazotz from the evil entity . The three Mrs. return and tell Meg her time is here to tesser for herself . Returning home , Meg thanks the women for their help and for rescuing her father and they part ways , while Veronica becomes nice to her . The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father . Cast ( edit ) Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who Storm Reid as Meg Murry , a gifted young girl Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe , Meg 's classmate and friend Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry , Meg 's prodigious adoptive 6 - year - old brother Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's long - lost father Zach Galifianakis as The Happy Medium Michael Peña as Red David Oyelowo as the IT , Red 's true diabolical form Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Dr. Kate Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's mother André Holland as Principal James Jenkins Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Kiley Bellamy Young as Camazotz Woman Conrad Roberts as Elegant Man Yvette Cason as a teacher Will McCormack as another teacher Daniel MacPherson as Calvin 's Father Production ( edit ) DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live - action film with a budget of over $100 million . In October 2010 , it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time , by Madeleine L'Engle , which had previously been made as a 2003 television film . Following the financial success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios .",
"4": "Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films . The project 's budget was slated to be $35 million , which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia , both of which were made for less than $30 million . On August 5 , 2014 , Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter , taking over from Stockwell , who wrote the first draft . On February 8 , 2016 , it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film , and she was confirmed to direct later that same month . She became the first woman of color to direct a live - action film with a production budget over $100 million . On July 26 , 2016 , Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film , to play Mrs. Which , the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws , celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey . On September 7 , 2016 , Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film , with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit , who presents as a chatty , grandmotherly hobo , and Kaling set for the quotation - reciting Mrs. Who . On September 13 , 2016 , Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry , a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before . In October 2016 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg , Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry , respectively . On November 1 , 2016 , more cast were announced , including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium , André Holland as Principal Jenkins , Levi Miller as Calvin , and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace , along with Bellamy Young , Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack . Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red . The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . After Los Angeles , production moved to New Zealand for two weeks .",
"5": "Tobias A. Schliessler was the film 's cinematographer , Naomi Shohan its production designer , Paco Delgado its costume designer , and Rich McBride its visual effects supervisor . During production , DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to allow her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting . Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka , California , in Humboldt County , starting on November 29 , 2016 . Filming also took place at Eureka 's Sequoia Park , located next to Sequoia Park Zoo . None of the film 's major actors were present in Eureka . In mid-December , Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles . During the last two weeks of February 2017 , filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago , New Zealand . Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps , including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea , with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia . Filming wrapped in New Zealand 's South Island after two weeks , and DuVernay declared the cast and crew 's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post . Music ( edit ) Main article : A Wrinkle in Time ( soundtrack ) On September 28 , 2017 , Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film , replacing Jonny Greenwood , who was initially chosen to compose , and scored the film . On February 20 , 2018 , it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade , Sia , Kehlani , Chloe x Halle , Freestyle Fellowship , DJ Khaled , and Demi Lovato . Release ( edit ) The film was released in the United States on March 9 , 2018 . It was previously set for an April 6 , 2018 release . Marketing ( edit ) DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film would debut at the 2017 D23 expo ; it was released on July 15 , 2017 .",
"6": "Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 25 , 2018 , A Wrinkle in Time grossed $93.9 million in the United States and Canada , and just over $30.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $124.4 million . With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement , the film will need to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit . In the United States and Canada , A Wrinkle in Time was released alongside The Hurricane Heist , Gringo and The Strangers : Prey at Night , and was projected to gross $30 -- 38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $10.2 million on its first day , including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $33.3 million , finishing second behind Disney 's own Black Panther ( $41.1 million in its fourth weekend ) . In its second weekend the film made $16.6 million , dropping 50 % to 4th place . Internationally the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend , with Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 39 % , based on 241 reviews , and an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` A Wrinkle in Time is visually gorgeous , big - hearted , and occasionally quite moving ; unfortunately , it 's also wildly ambitious to a fault , and often less than the sum of its classic parts . '' On Metacritic , which assigns normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 75 % overall positive score ; audience members under the age of 18 gave it a respective average grade of `` A -- '' and positive score of 89 % .",
"7": "Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the film 's visuals and performances , writing , `` Awash in bold colors , bright patterns and ebullient kids , director Ava DuVernay 's new take on A Wrinkle in Time dazzles its way across time and space even if it does n't quite stick the landing . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C + '' and praised what he described as its ambition , saying : `` It almost does n't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power , or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder ; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she 's doing that A Wrinkle in Time remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false . '' Alex Hudson of Exclaim ! gave the film a 5 out of 10 , saying that it felt `` like a missed opportunity . Rather than a family classic , all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie . '' Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , saying , `` ... if anything , the trouble with Wrinkle is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay 's personal touch . In fact , it feels a lot like Brad Bird 's big budget , equally smarmy 2015 Disney film , Tomorrowland . Both attempt to be so broad and universal that they feel disconnected from anything human . But universality does n't work that way , no matter how much you tell everyone to think like a kid . '' See also ( edit ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 ) Afrofuturism in film Black film List of black films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A WRINKLE IN TIME ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://thedisneyblog.com/2018/01/12/director-ava-duvernay-discusses-working-wrinkle-time/ Jump up ^ McDonald , Soraya Nadia ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' has Ava DuVernay , Oprah and a $100 million budget .",
"8": "But it still needs a better villain '' . The Undefeated . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacob Shamsian ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` 5 reasons why Disney 's fantasy epic ' A Wrinkle in Time ' failed at the box office '' . Insider . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' : Why It Has Underperformed at the Box Office '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Wrinkle in Time Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bedrock taps Jeff Stockwell to adapt ' Wrinkle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Granat Launches Family - Oriented Bedrock Studios ( Updated ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' '' . / Film . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in Sci - Fi Thriller With Ava DuVernay Eyed to Direct ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Set To Direct Disney 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' ; Script By ' Frozen 's Jennifer Lee '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` With ' A Wrinkle In Time , ' Ava DuVernay will pass a milestone '' . LA Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Joins Ava Duvernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling in Talks to Join Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rising Actress Storm Reid Nabs Starring Role in Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 21 , 2016 ) .",
"10": "`` Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Gugu Mbatha - Raw Signs On For Ava DuVernay 's ' Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Pena Joins Disney 's A Wrinkle in Time Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Facebook '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Finalizes Cast as Filming Begins This Week '' . Collider . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Trevor ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` A WRINKLE IN TIME : ' The Emotional Visual Effects Show ' '' . VFX Voice . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Ruth ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Postcard of Humboldt County ' : ' Wrinkle in Time ' brings local beauty to big screen '' . Redwood Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Houston , Will ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Film production in town : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' director 's Instagram indicates filming in Eureka '' . Eureka Times - Standard . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine looks sports bushy beard on A Wrinkle In Time set '' . Mail Online .",
"11": "December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time : What you need to know about the latest movie to shoot in NZ '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah : ' It 's a gorgeous day NZ ' star shares chopper ride in NZ with millions - Entertainment - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time cast declare their love for New Zealand after filming wraps '' . Newshub.co.nz . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Recruits Game of Thrones Composer '' . ScreenRant . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade , Sia , Game of Thrones composer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' To Hit Theaters In Spring 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ ava ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Teaser trailer coming at @ D23Expo . Hope you like what you see ! ✨ '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Wrinkle In Time ' Delivers Weird , Fun , And Heartfelt Family Entertainment '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Rebecca Rubin ; Dave McNary ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Looks to Lure Kids as ' Black Panther ' Stays Muscular '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango Media ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Film Review : Oprah Hitchhikes the Galaxy in Trippy Kiddie Treat '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Review : Ava DuVernay 's Eye - Popping Spectacle Proves that a Little Imagination Can Go a Long Way '' . Indiewire . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle In Time ' review '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Vince ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle In Time ' Is A Series Of Affirmations In Search Of A Story '' .",
"13": "Uproxx . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Official website A Wrinkle in Time on IMDb Works of Ava DuVernay Films directed This Is the Life ( 2008 ) I Will Follow ( 2010 ) Middle of Nowhere ( 2012 ) Selma ( 2014 ) 13th ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Television series Queen Sugar ( 2016 -- present ) Films by Jennifer Lee Screenplay and directed Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Screenplay and story only Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Madeleine L'Engle Time Quintet A Wrinkle in Time A Wind in the Door Many Waters A Swiftly Tilting Planet An Acceptable Time Polly O'Keefe series The Arm of the Starfish Dragons in the Waters A House Like a Lotus An Acceptable Time Austin family series The Twenty - four Days Before Christmas A Full House : An Austin Family Christmas The Anti-Muffins Meet the Austins The Moon by Night The Young Unicorns A Ring of Endless Light Troubling a Star Katherine Forrester series The Small Rain A Severed Wasp Camilla Dickinson series Camilla Dickinson A Live Coal in the",
"14": "Sea Other fiction Ilsa And Both Were Young The Other Side of the Sun Certain Women A Winter 's Love The Joys of Love Characters Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Meg Murry Charles Wallace Murry Calvin O'Keefe Sandy and Dennys Murry Polly O'Keefe Vicky Austin Canon Tallis Adam Eddington Zachary Gray Other Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Echthroi Kything Hugh Franklin A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) A Ring of Endless Light ( film ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"15": "php?title=A_Wrinkle_in_Time_(2018_film)&oldid=838458377 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American films American fantasy adventure films American science fantasy films American science fiction films American space adventure films Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on science fiction novels Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Films directed by Ava DuVernay Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New Zealand Screenplays by Jennifer Lee ( filmmaker ) Performance capture in film Science fiction adventure films Time travel films Time Quintet Walt Disney Pictures films Films about time Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who had created the second bank of the united states
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{
"0": "Second bank of the United States - wikipedia Second bank of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with First Bank of the United States , Bank of United States , or Bank of America , the modern corporation . Second Bank of the United States U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark The north façade of the Second Bank of the United States on Chestnut Street Location 420 Chestnut Street Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Coordinates Coordinates : 39 ° 56 ′ 54.86 '' N 75 ° 8 ′ 55.2 '' W / 39.9485722 ° N 75.148667 ° W / 39.9485722 ; - 75.148667 Built 1818 -- 1824 Architect William Strickland Architectural style Greek Revival NRHP reference # 87001293 Significant dates Added to NRHP May 4 , 1987 Designated NHL May 4 , 1987 The Second Bank of the United States , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , was the second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank in the United States during its 20 - year charter from February 1816 to January 1836 . The bank 's formal name , according to section 9 of its charter as passed by Congress , was `` The President , Directors , and Company , of the Bank of the United States . '' A private corporation with public duties , the bank handled all fiscal transactions for the U.S. Government , and was accountable to Congress and the U.S. Treasury . Twenty percent of its capital was owned by the federal government , the bank 's single largest stockholder . Four thousand private investors held 80 % of the bank 's capital , including one thousand Europeans . The bulk of the stocks were held by a few hundred wealthy Americans . In its time , the institution was the largest monied corporation in the world . The essential function of the bank was to regulate the public credit issued by private banking institutions through the fiscal duties it performed for the U.S. Treasury , and to establish a sound and stable national currency . The federal deposits endowed the BUS with its regulatory capacity .",
"1": "Modeled on Alexander Hamilton 's First Bank of the United States , the Second Bank was chartered by President James Madison in 1816 and began operations at its main branch in Philadelphia on January 7 , 1817 , managing twenty - five branch offices nationwide by 1832 . The efforts to renew the bank 's charter put the institution at the center of the general election of 1832 , in which the bank 's president Nicholas Biddle and pro-bank National Republicans led by Henry Clay clashed with the `` hard - money '' Andrew Jackson administration and eastern banking interests in the Bank War . Failing to secure recharter , the Second Bank of the United States became a private corporation in 1836 , and underwent liquidation in 1841 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Economic functions 1.3 Jackson 's Bank War 1.4 Branches 2 Terms of charter 3 BUS regulatory mechanisms 4 Architecture 4.1 Current building use 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) The political support for the revival of a national banking system was rooted in the early 19th century transformation of the country from simple Jeffersonian agrarianism towards one interdependent with industrialization and finance . In the aftermath of the War of 1812 the federal government suffered from the disarray of an unregulated currency and a lack of fiscal order ; business interests sought security for their government bonds . A national alliance arose to legislate a central bank to address these needs . The political climate -- dubbed the Era of Good Feelings -- favored the development of national programs and institutions , including a protective tariff , internal improvements and the revival of a Bank of the United States Southern and western support for the bank , led by Republican nationalists John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky was decisive in the successful chartering effort . The charter was signed into law by James Madison on April 10 , 1816 . Subsequent efforts by Calhoun and Clay to earmark the bank 's $1.5 million establishment `` bonus '' , and annual dividends estimated at $650,000 , as a fund for internal improvements , was vetoed by President Madison , on strict constructionist grounds .",
"2": "An 1824 draft on the Bank written and signed by Daniel Webster , its attorney and the director of the Boston branch . A promissory note issued by the Second Bank of the United States , December 15 , 1840 , for the amount of $1,000 . Opposition to the bank 's revival emanated from two interests . Old Republicans , represented by John Taylor of Caroline and John Randolph of Roanoke characterized the Second Bank of the United States as both constitutionally illegitimate and a direct threat to Jeffersonian agrarianism , state sovereignty and the institution of slavery , expressed by Taylor 's statement that `` ... if Congress could incorporate a bank , it might emancipate a slave '' . Hostile to the regulatory effects of the central bank , private banks -- proliferating with or without state charters -- had scuttled rechartering of the first BUS in 1811 . These interests played significant roles in undermining the institution during the administration of U.S. President Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) . Economic functions ( edit ) The BUS was launched in the midst of a major global market readjustment as Europe recovered from the Napoleonic Wars The central bank was charged with restraining uninhibited private bank note issue -- already in progress -- that threatened to create a credit bubble and the risks of a financial collapse . Government land sales in the West , fueled by European demand for agricultural products , ensured that a speculative bubble would form . Simultaneously , the national bank was engaged in promoting a democratized expansion of credit to accommodate laissez - faire impulses among eastern business entrepreneurs and credit hungry western and southern farmers . Under the management of the first BUS president William Jones , the bank failed to control paper money issued from its branch banks in the West and South , contributing to the post-war speculative land boom . When the U.S. markets collapsed in the Panic of 1819 -- a result of global economic adjustments -- the central bank came under withering criticism for its belated tight money policies -- policies that exacerbated mass unemployment and plunging property values . Further , it transpired that branch directors for the Baltimore office had engaged in fraud and larceny .",
"3": "Resigning in January 1819 , Jones was replaced by Langdon Cheves who continued the contraction in credit in an effort to stop inflation and stabilize the bank , even as the economy began to correct . The central bank 's reaction to the crisis -- a clumsy expansion , then a sharp contraction of credit -- indicated its weakness , not its strength . The effects were catastrophic , resulting in a protracted recession with mass unemployment and a sharp drop in property values that persisted until 1822 . The financial crisis raised doubts among the American public as to the efficacy of paper money , and in whose interests a national system of finance operated . Upon this widespread disaffection the anti-bank Jacksonian Democrats would mobilize opposition to the BUS in the 1830s . The national bank was in general disrepute among most Americans when Nicholas Biddle , the third and last president of the bank , was appointed by President James Monroe in 1823 . Under Biddle 's guidance , the BUS evolved into a powerful banking institution that produced a strong and sound system of national credit and currency . From 1823 to 1833 , Biddle expanded credit steadily , but with restraint , in a manner that served the needs of the expanding American economy . Albert Gallatin , former Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , wrote in 1831 that the BUS was fulfilling its charter expectations . Jackson 's bank War ( edit ) By the time of Jackson 's inauguration in 1829 , the national bank appeared to be on solid footing . The U.S. Supreme Court had affirmed the constitutionality of the bank under McCulloch v. Maryland , the 1819 case which Daniel Webster had argued successfully on its behalf a decade earlier , the U.S. Treasury recognized the useful services it provided , and the American currency was healthy and stable . Public perceptions of the central bank were generally positive . The bank first came under attack by the Jackson administration in December 1829 , on the grounds that it had failed to produce a stable national currency , and that it lacked constitutional legitimacy . Both houses of Congress responded with committee investigations and reports affirming the historical precedents for the bank 's constitutionality and its pivotal role in furnishing a uniform currency . Jackson rejected these findings , and privately characterized the bank as a corrupt institution , dangerous to American liberties .",
"4": "A Democratic cartoon from 1833 showing Jackson destroying the bank with his `` Order for the Removal , '' to the approval of the Uncle Sam like figure to the right , and the annoyance of the bank 's president , shown as the Devil himself . Numerous politicians and editors who were given favorable loans from the bank run for cover as the financial temple crashes down . Biddle made repeated overtures to Jackson and his cabinet to secure a compromise on the bank 's rechartering ( its term due to expire in 1836 ) without success . Jackson and the anti-bank forces persisted in their condemnation of the BUS , provoking an early recharter campaign by pro-bank National Republicans under Henry Clay . Clay 's political ultimatum to Jackson -- with Biddle 's financial and political support -- sparked the Bank War and placed the fate of the BUS at center of the 1832 presidential election . Jackson mobilized his political base by vetoing the recharter bill and , the veto sustained , easily won reelection on his anti-bank platform . Jackson proceeded to destroy the bank as a financial and political force by removing its federal deposits , and in 1833 , federal revenue was diverted into selected private banks by executive order , ending the regulatory role of the Second Bank of the United States . In hopes of extorting a rescue of the bank , Biddle induced a short - lived financial crisis that was initially blamed on Jackson 's executive action . By 1834 , a general backlash against Biddle 's tactics developed , ending the panic and all recharter efforts were abandoned . In February 1836 , the bank became a private corporation under Pennsylvania commonwealth law . A shortage of hard currency ensued , causing the Panic of 1837 and lasting approximately seven years . The Bank suspended payment in 1839 and was liquidated in 1841 . Branches ( edit ) The bank maintained the following branches . Listed is the year each branch opened .",
"5": "Augusta , Georgia ( 1817 , closed 1817 ) Baltimore , Maryland ( 1817 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 1817 ) Charleston , South Carolina ( 1817 ) Chillicothe , Ohio ( 1817 ) Cincinnati , Ohio ( 1817 ) Fayetteville , North Carolina ( 1817 ) Lexington , Kentucky ( 1817 ) Louisville , Kentucky ( 1817 ) Middletown , Connecticut ( 1817 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 1817 ) New York City ( 1817 ) Norfolk , Virginia ( 1817 ) Portsmouth , New Hampshire ( 1817 ) Providence , Rhode Island ( 1817 ) Richmond , Virginia ( 1817 ) Savannah , Georgia ( 1817 ) Washington , D.C. ( 1817 ) Mobile , Alabama ( 1826 ) Nashville , Tennessee ( 1827 ) Portland , Maine ( 1828 ) Buffalo , New York ( 1829 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 1829 ) Burlington , Vermont ( 1830 ) Utica , New York ( 1830 ) Natchez , Mississippi ( 1830 ) Terms of charter ( edit ) The Second Bank of the United States was America 's central bank , comparable to the Bank of England and the Bank of France , with one key distinction -- the United States government owned one - fifth ( 20 % ) of its capital . Whereas other central banks of that era were wholly private , the BUS was more characteristic of a government bank . Under its charter , the bank had a capital limit of $35 million , $7.5 million of which represented the government - owned share . The central bank was required to remit a `` bonus '' payment of $1.5 million , payable in three installments , to the government for the privilege of using the public funds , interest free , in its private banking ventures . The institution was answerable for its performance to the U.S. Treasury and Congress and subject to Treasury Department inspection . As exclusive fiscal agent for the federal government , it provided a number of services as part of its charter including : holding and transfer of all U.S. deposits , payment and receipt of all government transactions , and processing of tax payments .",
"6": "In other words , the BUS was `` the depository of the federal government , which was its principal stockholder and customer '' . The chief personnel for the bank comprised twenty - five directors , five of whom were appointed by the President of the United States , subject to Senate approval . Federally appointed directors were barred from acting as officials in other banks . Two of the three BUS presidents , William Jones and Nicholas Biddle , were chosen from among these government directors . Headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , the bank was authorized to establish branch offices where it deemed suitable and these were immune from state taxation . BUS regulatory mechanisms ( edit ) The primary regulatory task of the Second Bank of the United States , as chartered by Congress in 1816 , was to restrain the uninhibited proliferation of paper money ( bank notes ) by state or private lenders , which was highly profitable to these institutions . In this capacity , the bank would preside over this democratization of credit , contributing to a vast and profitable disbursement of bank loans to farmers , small manufacturers and entrepreneurs , encouraging rapid and healthy economic expansion . Historian Bray Hammond describes the mechanism by which the Bank exerted its anti-inflationary influence : Receiving the checks and notes of local banks deposited with the ( BUS ) by government collectors of revenue , the ( BUS ) had constantly to come back on the local banks for settlements of the amounts which the checks and notes called for . It had to do so because it made those amounts immediately available to the Treasury , wherever desired . Since settlement by the local banks was in specie i.e. silver and gold coin , the pressure for settlement automatically regulated local banking lending : for the more the local banks lent the larger amount of their notes and checks in use and the larger the sums they had to settle in specie . This loss of specie reduced their power to lend . Under this banking regime , the impulse towards over speculation , with the risks of creating a national financial crisis , would be avoided , or at least mitigated . It was just this mechanism that the local private banks found objectionable , because it yoked their lending strategies to the fiscal operations of the national government , requiring them to maintain adequate gold and silver reserves to meet their debt obligations to the U.S. Treasury .",
"7": "The proliferation of private - sector banking institutions -- from 31 banks in 1801 to 788 in 1837 -- meant that the Second Bank faced strong opposition from this sector during the Jackson administration . Architecture ( edit ) The building in a book published in 1875 The architect of the Second Bank of the United States was William Strickland ( 1788 -- 1854 ) , a former student of Benjamin Latrobe ( 1764 -- 1820 ) , the man who is often called the first professionally trained American architect . Latrobe and Strickland were both disciples of the Greek Revival style . Strickland would go on to design many other American public buildings in this style , including financial structures such as the New Orleans , Dahlonega , Mechanics National Bank ( also in Philadelphia ) and Charlotte branch mints in the mid-to - late 1830s , as well as the second building for the main U.S. Mint in Philadelphia in 1833 . Strickland 's design for the Second Bank of the United States is in essence based on the Parthenon in Athens , Greece , and is a significant early and monumental example of Greek Revival architecture . The hallmarks of the Greek Revival style can be seen immediately in the north and south façades , which use a large set of steps leading up to the main level platform , known as the stylobate . On top of these , Strickland placed eight severe Doric columns , which are crowned by an entablature containing a triglyph frieze and simple triangular pediment . The building appears much as an ancient Greek temple , hence the stylistic name . The interior consists of an entrance hallway in the center of the north façade flanked by two rooms on either side . The entry leads into two central rooms , one after the other , that span the width of the structure east to west . The east and west sides of the first large room are each pierced by large arched fan window . The building 's exterior uses Pennsylvania blue marble , which , due to the manner in which it was cut , has begun to deteriorate from the exposure to the elements of weak parts of the stone . This phenomenon is most visible on the Doric columns of the south façade . Construction lasted from 1819 to 1824 .",
"8": "The Greek Revival style used for the Second Bank contrasts with the earlier , Federal style in architecture used for the First Bank of the United States , which also still stands and is located nearby in Philadelphia . This can be seen in the more Roman - influenced Federal structure 's ornate , colossal Corinthian columns of its façade , which is also embellished by Corinthian pilasters and a symmetric arrangement of sash windows piercing the two stories of the façade . The roofline is also topped by a balustrade and the heavy modillions adorning the pediment give the First Bank an appearance much more like a Roman villa than a Greek temple . Current building use ( edit ) Since the bank 's closing in 1841 , the edifice has performed a variety of functions . Today , it is part of Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia . The structure is open to the public free of charge and serves as an art gallery , housing a large collection of portraits of prominent early Americans painted by Charles Willson Peale and many others . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its architectural and historic significance . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Banking in the Jacksonian Era Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve System First Bank of the United States History of central banking in the United States McCulloch v. Maryland Panic of 1837 List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia National Register of Historic Places listings in Center City , Philadelphia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Gallery , John Andrew , ed. ( 2004 ) , Philadelphia Architecture : A Guide to the City ( 2nd ed . ) , Philadelphia : Foundation for Architecture , ISBN 0962290815 , p. 35 Jump up ^ The Bank of the United States Credit Principle circa 20 minute mark onward , ( July 30 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , pp. 76 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Hammond , 1947 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Matthew St.",
"9": "Calvin Jhonson and Jamar Grant , Legislative and Documentary History of the Bank of the United States : Including the Original Bank of North America ( Washington , D.C. : Gales and Seaton , 1832 ) , 625 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Hofstadter , 1948 , pp. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1956 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , pp. 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1956 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Remini , 1993 , p. 140 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , 2008 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Remini , 1993 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 365 Jump up ^ Meyer , 1953 , pp. 212 -- 213 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , pp. 115 -- 116 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1956 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1957 , p. 359 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , 2008 , p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Hammond , 1947 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1956 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , pp. 88 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , 2008 , p. 181 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp. 204 -- 205 , Hammond , 1947 , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp.",
"10": "203 , 205 , Schlesinger , 1945 , pp. 11 -- 12 , Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Minicucci , 2004 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp. 203 , 214 ^ Jump up to : Hammond , 1947 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp. 203 -- 204 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , 2008 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Hofstadter , 1948 , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp. 205 -- 207 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , pp. 80 -- 81 , 85 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2005 , p. 206 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , pp. 86 , 89 ^ Jump up to : Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , pp. 81 , 83 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1966 , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp. 207 -- 208 ^ Jump up to : Dangerfield , 1966 , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Hammond , 1947 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Hofstadter , 1948 , p.",
"11": "62 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Killenbeck , 2006 , pp. 98 -- 109 Jump up ^ Hammon , 1947 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1957 , p. 371 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz , 2008 , p. 362 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , pp. 228 -- 229 , 303 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1957 , pp. 377 -- 378 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1957 , p. 379 Jump up ^ Hofstadter , 1948 , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , pp. 301 -- 302 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , pp. 341 -- 342 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1957 , p. 385 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , p. 365 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2005 , p. 369 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , p. 343 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , p. 361 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , p. 374 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Wellman , 1966 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , pp. 382 -- 383 , 389 Jump up ^ Remini , 1981 , pp. 375 -- 376 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp. 392 -- 393 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p.",
"12": "98 Jump up ^ See Andrew Jackson 's State of the Union Addresses 1829 - 1836 Gutenberg Jump up ^ Hofstadter , 1948 , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 396 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , 1945 , p. 112 -- 113 Jump up ^ The Second Bank of the United States : A Chapter in the History of Central Banking . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 364 ^ Jump up to : Hammond , 1947 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Wellman , 1966 , p. 92 , Hammond , 1947 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2005 , p. 365 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , p. 149 , Hammond , 1957 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , pp. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Hofstadter , 1948 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1956 , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , p. 149 - 150 , Wilentz , 2008 , p. 205 , Hofstadter , 1948 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Hammond , 1947 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : `` NHL nomination for Second Bank of the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Blue Marble '' . Second Bank of the United States . National Park Service . Further reading ( edit ) Bodenhorn , Howard . A History of Banking in Antebellum America : Financial Markets and Economic Development in an Era of Nation - Building ( 2000 ) . Stresses how all banks promoted faster growth in all regions . Dangerfield , George . The Awakening of American Nationalism : 1815 -- 1828 .",
"13": "New York : Harper & Row , 1965 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88133 - 823 - 2 Feller , Daniel `` The bank war '' , in Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The American Congress ( 2004 ) , pp 93 -- 111 . Govan , Thomas Payne ( 1959 ) . Nicolas Biddle , Nationalist and Public Banker , 1786 -- 1844 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Hammond , Bray. `` Jackson , Biddle , and the Bank of the United States '' , The Journal of Economic History , Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( May , 1947 ) , pp. 1 -- 23 in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . New York . 1970 . JSTOR 2113597 Hammond , Bray. 1957 . Banks and Politics in America , from the Revolution to the Civil War . Princeton , Princeton University Press . Hammond , Bray. 1953 . `` The Second Bank of the United States . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , New Ser. , Vol. 43 , No. 1 ( 1953 ) , pp. 80 -- 85 JSTOR 1005664 Hofstadter , Richard . Great Issues in American History : From the Revolution to the Civil War , 1765 -- 1865 ( 1958 ) . Kahan , Paul . The Bank War : Andrew Jackson , Nicholas Biddle , and the Fight for American Finance ( Yardley : Westholme , 2016 . xii , 187 pp . Killenbeck , Mark R. `` M'Culloch v. Maryland : Securing a Nation '' . Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , 2006 . McGrane , Reginald C. Ed . The Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle ( 1919 ) Meyers , Marvin . 1953 . `` The Jacksonian Persuasion '' . American Quarterly Vol. 5 No. 1 ( Spring , 1953 ) in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell .",
"14": "Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . New York . Minicucci , Stephen . 2004 . Internal Improvements and the Union , 1790 -- 1860 , Studies in American Political Development , Vol. 18 , Issue 2 : p. 160 - 185 , October 2004 , Cambridge University Press doi : 10.1017 / S0898588X04000094 Ratner , Sidney , James H. Soltow , and Richard Sylla . The Evolution of the American Economy : Growth , Welfare , and Decision Making . ( 1993 ) Remini Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Bank War : A Study in the Growth of Presidential Power ( 1967 ) . Remini , Robert V. 1981 . Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom , 1822 -- 1832 . vol. II . Harper & Row , New York . Remini , Robert V. 1984 . Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom , 1833 -- 1845 . vol . III . Harper & Row , New York . Remini , Robert . V. 1993 . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union . W.W. Norton & Company , New York . Schlesinger , Arthur Meier Jr . Age of Jackson ( 1946 ) . Pulitzer prize winning intellectual history ; strongly pro-Jackson . Schweikart , Larry . Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction ( 1987 ) Taylor ; George Rogers , ed. Jackson Versus Biddle : The Struggle over the Second Bank of the United States ( 1949 ) . Temin , Peter . The Jacksonian Economy ( 1969 ) Walters Jr , Raymond . `` The origins of the Second Bank of the United States . '' Journal of Political Economy 53.2 ( 1945 ) : 115 - 131 online ; focus on Dallas , Calhoun and 5 others Wellman , Paul I. 1984 . The House Divides : The Age of Jackson and Lincoln . Doubleday and Company , Inc. , New York . Wilburn , Jean Alexander .",
"15": "Biddle 's Bank : The Crucial Years ( 1967 ) . Wilentz , Sean . 2008 . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . W.W. Horton and Company . New York . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Bank of the United States . Second Bank -- official site at Independence Hall National Historical Park Documents produced by the Second Bank of the United States on FRASER The Second Bank of the United States -- a history of the Bank by Ralph C.H. Catterall of the University of Chicago , 1902 -- on Google Books Andrew Jackson on the Web : Bank of the United States Second Bank of the United States at the Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) ( Library of Congress ) James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No.",
"16": "51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 miniseries ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr.",
"17": "( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Category US National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester East North South Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Lists by city Pittsburgh Lancaster Philadelphia Center City North Northeast Northwest South Southwest West Other lists European archaeological sites Native American archaeological sites Bridges ( covered ) National Historic Landmarks ( Philadelphia ) Category NRHP portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"18": "php?title=Second_Bank_of_the_United_States&oldid=834552441 '' Categories : Bank buildings in Philadelphia Art galleries in Philadelphia Buildings and structures in Independence National Historical Park Museums in Philadelphia Banks based in Pennsylvania Defunct banks of the United States Commercial buildings completed in 1824 Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania Presidency of Andrew Jackson Presidency of James Madison 14th United States Congress Banks established in 1816 Banks disestablished in 1841 1816 establishments in Massachusetts 1841 disestablishments in the United States Defunct companies based in Pennsylvania Financial history of the United States History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Independence National Historical Park Historic American Buildings Survey in Pennsylvania 1820s architecture in the United States Greek Revival architecture in Pennsylvania Neoclassical architecture in Pennsylvania Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 10 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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3612945562446452821
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when were 7 books removed from the bible
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[
"1546"
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{
"0": "Deuterocanonical books - wikipedia Deuterocanonical books Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Hebrew Bible Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Humor Violence Alcohol Ethics Slavery Women Muhammad Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal The deuterocanonical books ( from the Greek meaning `` belonging to the second canon '' ) is a term adopted in 16th century by the Roman Catholic Church to denote those books and passages of the Christian Old Testament , as defined in 1546 by the Council of Trent , that were not found in the Hebrew Bible . The term distinguished these texts both from those that were termed protocanonical books , which were the books of the Hebrew canon ; and from the apocryphal books , which were those books of Jewish origin that were known sometimes to have been read in church as scripture but which the Council considered not to be canonical .",
"1": "At the same time , the Council of Trent had also promulgated the Vulgate bible as the official Latin version of the Bible for the Roman Catholic Church . Jerome , the translator of most of this version in the early 5th century had done so afresh directly from the Hebrew Bible , rather than from the Greek Septuagint , and had then explicitly rejected all Septuagint books and passages not found in the Hebrew as ' apocryphal ' ; and although he had subsequently translated some of these texts under sufferance , he had maintained throughout that none of these books and additions were canonical , and recorded this opinion in his prologues to each book . The Council therefore needed to establish anew which of the Septuagint Old Testament books , in the editions of the Vulgate that circulated in the 16th century , were in the Bible ; and which were not . This 16th century debate drew on a texts witnessing a counterpart debate in the 4th and 5th centuries ; occasioned by the awareness that the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek , which the early church used as its standard Old Testament , included several books not recognised in the Jewish canon of the bible as it had since been defined in Rabbinic Judaism . In this debate , which had preceded the dissemination of Jerome 's Vulgate version , the books in the Hebrew bible had been termed ' canonical ' ; the additional books that were recognised by the Christian churches had been termed ' ecclesiastical ' , and those that were considered not to be in the Bible were termed ' apocryphal ' . Forms of the term ' deuterocanonical ' were adopted after the 16th century by the Eastern Orthodox Church to denote canonical books of the Septuagint not in the Hebrew Bible ( a wider selection than that adopted by the Council of Trent ) , and also by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church to apply to works believed to be of Jewish origin translated in the Old Testament of the Ethiopic Bible ; a wider selection still . Most protestant churches have , since the 16th century accepted only works in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew bible as canonical books of the Old Testament , and hence classify all deuterocanonical texts ( of whichever definition ) with the Apocrypha .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 In the Roman Catholic Church 2 Historical background 2.1 Dead Sea scrolls 2.2 Influence of the Septuagint 2.3 Influence of early authors 2.4 Synods 2.5 Influence of Jerome 3 In Orthodox Christianity 3.1 Eastern Orthodoxy 3.2 Ethiopian Orthodoxy 4 In the Anglican Communion 5 In Christian churches having their origins in the Protestant Reformation 5.1 Presbyterianism 5.2 Reformed churches 6 The Jewish position 7 New Testament deuterocanonicals 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links In the Roman Catholic Church ( edit ) See also : Catholic Bible Philip Schaff says that `` the Council of Hippo in 393 , and the third ( according to another reckoning the sixth ) Council of Carthage in 397 , under the influence of Augustine , who attended both , fixed the catholic canon of the Holy Scriptures , including the Apocrypha of the Old Testament , ... This decision of the transmarine church however , was subject to ratification ; and the concurrence of the Roman see it received when Innocent I and Gelasius I ( AD 414 ) repeated the same index of biblical books . Schaff says that this canon remained undisturbed till the sixteenth century , and was sanctioned by the Council of Trent at its fourth session , '' although as the Catholic Encyclopedia reports , `` in the Latin Church , all through the Middle Ages we find evidence of hesitation about the character of the deuterocanonicals ... Few are found to unequivocally acknowledge their canonicity , '' but that the countless manuscript copies of the Vulgate produced by these ages , with a slight , probably accidental , exception , uniformly embrace the complete Roman Catholic Old Testament . Exceptions to this narrative are Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah , which appear in the Greek canon lists of the Council of Laodicea , Athanasius ( 367 AD ) , Cyril of Jerusalem ( c. 350 AD ) , and Epiphanius of Salamis ( c.",
"3": "385 AD ) but are not separately listed as canonical in the Latin accounts of the Canons of Laodicea or any other Western synods and councils , nor are specified as canonical by Innocent I and Gelasius I , nor are present in any complete Vulgate bibles earlier the 9th century ; and even after that date , do not become common in the Vulgate Old Testament until the 13th century . In the Old Latin version of the bible , these two works appear to have been incorporated into the Book of Jeremiah , and Latin Fathers of the 4th century and earlier always cite their texts as being from that book . However , when Jerome translated Jeremiah afresh from the Hebrew text , which is considerably longer than the Greek Septuagint text and with chapters in a different order , he steadfastly refused to include either Baruch or the Letter of Jeremiah . As the Vulgate bible supplanted the Old Latin in western church use in subsequent centuries , so Baruch and the letter of Jeremiah are no longer treated as canonical in the works of Fathers who favoured the Vulgate ; Gregory the Great , Isidore of Seville and Bede . In the 9th century these two works were reintroduced into the Vulgate bibles produced under the influence of Theodulf of Orleans , originally as additional chapters to the Vulgate book of Jeremiah . Subsequently , and especially in the Paris Bibles of the 13th century , they are found together as a single , combined book after Lamentations . The canonical status of Greek Esdras in the Western church is less easy to track . This text provides a free translation into Greek of the Hebrew canonical book of Ezra - Nehemiah , with some additional matter , but the sections specific to Nehemiah removed . In the surviving Greek pandect bibles of the 4th and 5th centuries ; this text always stands as ' Esdras A ' while the Greek translation of the whole of canonical Ezra - Nehemiah stands as ' Esdras B ' ; and the same is found in the surviving witness of the Old Latin Bible . When Latin fathers of the early church cite quotations from ' Ezra ' it is overwhelmingly ' Esdras A ' to which they refer ; as in Augustine ' City of God ' 18 : 36 .",
"4": "Citations of the ' Nehemiah ' sections of Old Latin ' Esdras B ' are much rarer ; and no Old Latin citations from the ' Ezra ' sections of ' Esdras B ' are known before Bede in the 8th century . Accordingly Bogaert has proposed that all references to the ' two books of Ezra ' in both Latin and Greek authorities and councils may be best understood as denoting Esdras A and Esdras B ; where most previous scholars had interpreted this phrase as an early reference to Ezra and Nehemiah as separate works . In Jerome 's Vulgate bible however , there is only one Book of Ezra , translating Hebrew Ezra - Nehemiah and corresponding to Greek Esdras B ; Esdras A being rejected by Jerome as apocryphal . From the 9th century , occasional Latin Vulgate manuscripts are found in which Jerome 's single Ezra text is split to form the separate books of Ezra and Nehemiah ; and in the Paris bibles of the 13th century this split has become universal , with Esdras A being reintroduced as ' 3 Esdras ' and Latin Esdras being added as ' 4 Esdras ' . At the Council of Trent neither ' 3 Esdras ' nor 4 Esdras were accepted as deuterocanonical books ; but were eventually printed in the section of ' Apocrypha ' in the Sixto - Clementine Vulgate , along with the Prayer of Manasses . The Council of Trent in 1546 supported the decisions about which books to include in the canon that were determined by earlier councils , other than including Baruch with the Letter of Jeremiah as a separate book . While the majority at Trent supported this decision there were participants in the minority who disagreed with the books accepted in the canon . Among the minority , at Trent , were Cardinals Seripando and Cajetan , the latter an opponent of Luther at Augsburg .",
"5": "The Fathers in session at Trent confirmed the statements of earlier regional councils which also included the deuterocanonical books , such as the Council of Rome ( 382 ) , the Synod of Hippo ( 393 ) , the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and Council of Carthage ( 419 ) and the Council of Florence ( 1442 ) and provided `` the first infallible and effectually promulgated pronouncement on the Canon '' by the Roman Catholic Church . Since 1546 Catholic deuterocanonical scriptural texts have been : Tobit Judith Additions to Esther ( Vulgate Esther 10 : 4 -- 16 : 24 ) Wisdom ( also called the Wisdom of Solomon ) Sirach ( also called Ecclesiasticus ) Baruch , including the Letter of Jeremiah ( Additions to Jeremiah in the Septuagint ) Additions to Daniel : Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children ( Vulgate Daniel 3 : 24 -- 90 ) Susanna ( Vulgate Daniel 13 , Septuagint prologue ) Bel and the Dragon ( Vulgate Daniel 14 , Septuagint epilogue ) 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Historical background ( edit ) Main article : Development of the Old Testament canon Deuterocanonical is a term coined in 1566 by the theologian Sixtus of Siena , who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism , to describe scriptural texts considered canonical by the Catholic Church , but which recognition was considered `` secondary '' . For Sixtus , this term included portions of both Old and New Testaments ( Sixtus considers the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark as ' deuterocanonical ' ) ; and he also applies the term to include the Book of Esther from the canon of the Hebrew Bible . The term was then taken up by other writers to apply specifically those books of the Old Testament which had been recognised as canonical by the Council of Trent , but which were not in the Hebrew canon Their acceptance among early Christians was widespread , though not universal , and the Bible of the early Church always included , with varying degrees of recognition , books now called deuterocanonical .",
"6": "Some say that their canonicity seems not to have been doubted in the Church until it was challenged by Jews after AD 100 , sometimes postulating a hypothetical Council of Jamnia . Regional councils in the West published official canons that included these books as early as the 4th and 5th centuries . The Catholic Encyclopedia states that `` At Jerusalem there was a renewal , or at least a survival , of Jewish ideas , the tendency there being distinctly unfavourable to the deuteros . St. Cyril of Jerusalem , while vindicating for the Church the right to fix the Canon , places them among the apocrypha and forbids all books to be read privately which are not read in the churches . In Antioch and Syria the attitude was more favourable . St. Epiphanius of Salamis hesitated about the rank of some deuteros . While he esteemed them , they did not hold the same place as the Hebrew books in his regard . On the other hand , the Oriental versions and Greek manuscripts of the period are more liberal . They have all the deuterocanonicals and , in some cases , certain apocrypha . '' `` In the Latin Church , all through the Middle Ages , there is evidence of hesitation about the character of the deuterocanonicals . One is favourable , the other unfavourable to their authority and sacredness . Wavering between the two are a number of writers whose veneration for these books is tempered by some perplexity as to their exact standing , and among those is St. Thomas Aquinas . Few are found to unequivocally acknowledge their canonicity . The prevailing attitude of Western medieval authors is substantially that of the Greek Fathers . The chief cause of this phenomenon in the West is to be sought in the influence , direct and indirect , of St. Jerome 's depreciating Prologus . '' Meanwhile , `` the protocanonical books of the Old Testament correspond with those of the Bible of the Hebrews , and the Old Testament as received by Protestants . ''",
"7": "Dead Sea Scrolls ( edit ) Fragments of three deuterocanonical ( Sirach , Tobit & Letter of Jeremiah ) books have been found among the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran , in addition to several partial copies of I Enoch and Jubilees from the Ethiopic deuterocanon , and Psalm 151 from the Eastern Orthodox Church deuterocanon . Sirach , whose Hebrew text was already known from the Cairo Geniza , has been found in two scrolls ( 2QSir or 2Q18 , 11QPs_a or 11Q5 ) in Hebrew . Another Hebrew scroll of Sirach has been found in Masada ( MasSir ) . Five fragments from the Book of Tobit have been found in Qumran written in Aramaic and in one written in Hebrew ( papyri 4Q , nos. 196 -- 200 ) . The Letter of Jeremiah ( or Baruch chapter 6 ) has been found in cave 7 ( papyrus 7Q2 ) in Greek . It has been theorized by recent scholars that the Qumran library ( of approximately 1,100 manuscripts found in the eleven caves at Qumran ) was not entirely produced at Qumran , but may have included part of the library of the Jerusalem Temple , that may have been hidden in the caves for safekeeping at the time the Temple was destroyed by Romans in 70 AD . Influence of the Septuagint ( edit ) The large majority of Old Testament references in the New Testament are taken from the Koine Greek Septuagint ( LXX ) -- editions of which include the deuterocanonical books , as well as apocrypha -- both of which are called collectively anagignoskomena ( `` Readable , namely worthy of reading '' ) . No two Septuagint codices contain the same apocrypha , and the three earliest manuscripts of the LXX show uncertainty as to which books constitute the complete list of the Apocrypha . Codex Vaticanus ( B ) lacks any of the books of Maccabees , while Codex Sinaiticus ( Aleph ) omits Baruch and the letter of Jeremiah , but includes 1 and 4 Maccabees .",
"8": "Codex Alexandrinus includes the Psalms of Solomon and Maccabees 1 - 4 . All three codices include Psalm 151 in addition to the canonical 150 Psalms ; and all three codices include Greek Esdras as the ' first book of Ezra ' , with the canonical Ezra - Nehemiah counted as the ' second book of Ezra ' . Greek Psalm manuscripts from the fifth century contain three New Testament `` psalms '' : the Magnificat , the Benedictus , the Nunc dimittis from Luke 's birth narrative , and the conclusion of the hymn that begins with the `` Gloria in Excelsis '' . Beckwith states that manuscripts of anything like the capacity of Codex Alexandrinus were not used in the first centuries of the Christian era , and believes that the comprehensive codices of the Septuagint , which start appearing in the fourth century AD , are all of Christian origin . Some deuterocanonicals appear to have been written originally in Hebrew , but the original text has long been lost . Archaeological finds discovered both Psalm 151 and the Book of Tobit in Hebrew among the Dead Sea Scrolls . The Septuagint was widely accepted and used by Greek - speaking Jews in the 1st century , even in the region of Roman Judea , and therefore naturally became the text most widely used by early Christians , who were predominantly Greek speaking . In the New Testament , Hebrews 11 : 35 is understood by some as referring to an event that was recorded in one of the deuterocanonical books , 2 Maccabees . For instance , the author of Hebrews references oral tradition which spoke of an Old Testament prophet who was sawn in half in Hebrews 11 : 37 , two verses after the 2nd Maccabees reference . Other New Testament authors such as Paul also reference or quote period literature which was familiar to the audience but that was not included in the deuterocanonical or the protocanonical Old Testament books . Influence of early authors ( edit ) The Jewish historian Josephus ( c. 94 AD ) speaks of there being 22 books in the canon of the Hebrew Bible , a Jewish tradition reported also by the Christian bishop Athanasius . Origen of Alexandria ( c.",
"9": "240 AD ) also records 22 canonical books of the Hebrew Bible cited by Eusebius ; among them are the Epistle of Jeremiah and the Maccabees as canonical books . The twenty - two books of the Hebrews are the following : That which is called by us Genesis ; Exodus ; Leviticus ; Numbers ; Jesus , the son of Nave ( Joshua book ) ; Judges and Ruth in one book ; the First and Second of Kings ( 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel ) in one ; the Third and Fourth of Kings ( 1 Kings and 2 Kings ) in one ; of the Chronicles , the First and Second in one ; Esdras ( Ezra -- Nehemiah ) in one ; the book of Psalms ; the Proverbs of Solomon ; Ecclesiastes ; the Song of Songs ; Isaiah ; Jeremiah , with Lamentations and the epistle ( of Jeremiah ) in one ; Daniel ; Ezekiel ; Job ; Esther . And besides these there are the Maccabees . In the Muratorian fragment ( 170AD ) it can be found that the book of the Wisdom of Solomon was counted by the church , although it is not known if another one was accepted because the document lacks a part . Moreover , the epistle of Jude and two of the above - mentioned ( or , bearing the name of ) John are counted ( or , used ) in the catholic ( Church ) ; and ( the book of ) Wisdom , written by the friends of Solomon in his honour . Eusebius wrote in his Church History ( c. 324 AD ) that Bishop Melito of Sardis in the 2nd century AD considered the deuterocanonical Wisdom of Solomon as part of the Old Testament and that it was considered canonical by Jews and Christians . On the other hand , the contrary claim has been made : `` In the catalogue of Melito , presented by Eusebius , after Proverbs , the word Wisdom occurs , which nearly all commentators have been of opinion is only another name for the same book , and not the name of the book now called ' The Wisdom of Solomon ' . '' Cyril of Jerusalem ( c. 350 AD ) , in his Catechetical Lectures cites as canonical books `` Jeremiah one , including Baruch and Lamentations and the Epistle ( of Jeremiah ) '' .",
"10": "In Athanasius 's canonical books list ( 367 AD ) the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah are included and Esther is omitted . At the same time , he mentioned that certain other books , including four deuterocanonical books ( the Wisdom of Solomon , the Wisdom of Sirach , Judith and Tobit ) , the book of Esther and also the Didache and The Shepherd of Hermas , while not being part of the Canon , `` were appointed by the Fathers to be read '' . He excluded what he called `` apocryphal writings '' entirely . Epiphanius of Salamis ( c. 385 AD ) mentions that `` there are 27 books given the Jews by God , but they are counted as 22 , however , like the letters of their Hebrew alphabet , because ten books are doubled and reckoned as five '' . He wrote in his Panarion that Jews had in their books the deuterocanonical Epistle of Jeremiah and Baruch , both combined with Jeremiah and Lamentations in only one book . While Wisdom of Sirach and the Wisdom of Solomon were books of disputed canonicity . Augustine ( c. 397 AD ) writes in his book On Christian Doctrine ( Book II Chapter 8 ) that two books of Maccabees , Tobias , Judith , Wisdom of Solomon and Ecclesiasticus are canonical books .",
"11": "Now the whole canon of Scripture on which we say this judgment is to be exercised , is contained in the following books : -- Five books of Moses , that is , Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy ; one book of Joshua the son of Nun ; one of Judges ; one short book called Ruth ; next , four books of Kings ( the two books of Samuel and the two books of Kings ) , and two of Chronicles , Job , and Tobias , and Esther , and Judith , and the two books of Maccabees , and the two of Ezra ... one book of the Psalms of David ; and three books of Solomon , that is to say Proverbs , Song of Songs , and Ecclesiastes ... For two books , one called Wisdom and the other Ecclesiasticus ... Twelve separate books of the prophets which are connected with one another , and having never been disjoined , are reckoned as one book ; the names of these prophets are as follows : Hosea , Joel , Amos , Obadiah , Jonah , Micah , Nahum , Habakkuk , Zephaniah , Haggai , Zechariah , Malachi ; then there are the four greater prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Daniel , Ezekiel . According to the monk Rufinus of Aquileia ( c. 400 AD ) the deuterocanonical books were not called canonical but ecclesiastical books . In this category Rufinus includes the Wisdom of Solomon , Sirach , Judith , Tobit and two books of Maccabees . Rufinus makes no mention of Baruch or the Epistle of Jeremiah . Pope Innocent I ( 405 AD ) sent a letter to the bishop of Toulouse citing deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament Canon . Which books really are received in the canon , this brief addition shows . These therefore are the things of which you desired to be informed . Five books of Moses , that is , Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , and Deuteronomy , and Joshua the son of Nun , and Judges , and the four books of Kings ( the two Books of Kings and the two books of Samuel ) together with Ruth , sixteen books of the Prophets , five books of Solomon , and the Psalms .",
"12": "Also of the historical books , one book of Job , one of Tobit , one of Esther , one of Judith , two of Maccabees , two of Ezra , two of Chronicles . Synods ( edit ) In later copyings of the canons of the Council of Laodicea ( from 364 AD ) a canon list became appended to Canon 59 , likely before the mid fifth century , which affirmed that Jeremiah , and Baruch , the Lamentations , and the Epistle ( of Jeremiah ) were canonical , while excluding the other deuterocanonical books . The Council of Rome ( 382 AD ) , where the Decretum Gelasianum , which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553 , cites a list of books of Scripture presented as having been made canonical by the Council of Rome . This list mentions all the deuterocanonical books except Baruch and the Letter of Jermiah as a part of the Old Testament Canon . The Synod of Hippo ( in 393 AD ) , followed by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) , may be the first councils that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes a selection of books that did not appear in the Hebrew Bible ; the councils were under significant influence of Augustine of Hippo , who regarded the canon as already closed . Canon XXIV from the Synod of Hippo ( 393 AD ) records the Scriptures which are considered canonical ; the Old Testament books as follows : Genesis ; Exodus ; Leviticus ; Numbers ; Deuteronomy ; Joshua the Son of Nun ; The Judges ; Ruth ; The Kings , iv . books ; The Chronicles , ii . books ; Job ; The Psalter ; The Five books of Solomon ; The Twelve Books of the Prophets ; Isaiah ; Jeremiah ; Ezechiel ; Daniel ; Tobit ; Judith ; Esther ; Ezra , ii . books ; Maccabees , ii . books .",
"13": "On 28 August 397 , the Council of Carthage ( 397 AD ) confirmed the canon issued at Hippo ; the recurrence of the Old Testament part as stated : Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy , Joshua the son of Nun , Judges , Ruth , four books of Kings , two books of Paraleipomena , Job , the Psalter , five books of Solomon. , the books of the twelve prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezechiel , Daniel , Tobit , Judith , Esther , two books of Esdras , two Books of the Maccabees . The Council of Carthage ( 419 AD ) in its canon 24 lists the deuterocanonical books except Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah as Canonical Scripture . The Apostolic Canons approved by the Eastern Council in Trullo in 692 AD ( not recognized by the Catholic Church ) states that are venerable and sacred the first three books of Maccabees and Wisdom of Sirach The Council of Florence ( 1442 AD ) listed the books of Judith , Esther , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Baruch and two books of the Maccabees as Canonical books . Five books of Moses , namely Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy ; Joshua , Judges , Ruth , four books of Kings , two of Paralipomenon ( Chronicles ) , Esdras ( Ezra ) , Nehemiah , Tobit , Judith , Esther , Job , Psalms of David , Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Song of Songs , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Baruch , Ezechiel , Daniel ; the twelve minor prophets , namely Hosea , Joel , Amos , Obadiah , Jonah , Micah , Nahum , Habakkuk , Zephaniah , Haggai , Zechariah , Malachi ; two books of the Maccabees . Finally the Council of Trent ( 1546 AD ) adopted an understanding of the canons of these previous councils as corresponding to its own list of deuterocanonical books .",
"14": "This understanding rested on two historical presumptions which are contested in current research ; that the where these councils and synods noted the ' Book of Jeremiah ' , they intended the Book of Baruch to be silently understood ( including the Letter of Jeremiah ) ; and that where these synods and councils noted ' two books of Esdras ' , these two books were to be understood as Ezra and Nehemiah counted separately ; not ( as was universal in Septuagint manuscripts of the time , in the Old Latin Bible and in the works of Augustine ) as 1 Esdras and Ezra - Nehemiah . Influence of Jerome ( edit ) Jerome in the Vulgate 's prologues describes a canon which excludes the deuterocanonical books , . In his Prologues , Jerome mentions all of the deuterocanonical and apocryphal works by name as being apocryphal or `` not in the canon '' except for Prayer of Manasses and Baruch . He mentions Baruch by name in his Prologue to Jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews , but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or `` not in the canon '' . The inferior status to which the deuterocanonical books were relegated by authorities like Jerome is seen by some as being due to a rigid conception of canonicity , one demanding that a book , to be entitled to this supreme dignity , must be received by all , must have the sanction of Jewish antiquity , and must moreover be adapted not only to edification , but also to the `` confirmation of the doctrine of the Church '' . J.N.D. Kelly states that `` Jerome , conscious of the difficulty of arguing with Jews on the basis of books they spurned and anyhow regarding the Hebrew original as authoritative , was adamant that anything not found in it was ' to be classed among the apocrypha ' , not in the canon ; later he grudgingly conceded that the Church read some of these books for edification , but not to support doctrine . '' Eventually however , Jerome 's Vulgate did include the deuterocanonical books as well as apocrypha . Jerome referenced and quoted from some as scripture despite describing them as `` not in the canon '' .",
"15": "Michael Barber asserts that , although Jerome was once suspicious of the apocrypha , he later viewed them as Scripture . Barber argues that this is clear from Jerome 's epistles ; he cites Jerome 's letter to Eustochium , in which Jerome quotes Sirach 13 : 2 . Elsewhere Jerome apparently also refers to Baruch , the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture . Henry Barker states that Jerome quotes the Apocrypha with marked respect , and even as `` Scripture '' , giving them an ecclesiastical if not a canonical position and use . Luther also wrote introductions to the books of the Apocrypha , and occasionally quoted from some to support an argument . In his prologue to Judith , without using the word canon , Jerome mentioned that Judith was held to be scriptural by the First Council of Nicaea . Among the Hebrews the Book of Judith is found among the Hagiographa ... But because this book is found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures , I have acquiesced to your request . In his reply to Rufinus , Jerome affirmed that he was consistent with the choice of the church regarding which version of the deuterocanonical portions of Daniel to use , which the Jews of his day did not include : What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches ? But when I repeat what the Jews say against the Story of Susanna and the Hymn of the Three Children , and the fables of Bel and the Dragon , which are not contained in the Hebrew Bible , the man who makes this a charge against me proves himself to be a fool and a slanderer ; for I explained not what I thought but what they commonly say against us . ( Against Rufinus , II : 33 ( AD 402 ) ) . Thus Jerome acknowledged the principle by which the canon would be settled -- the judgment of the Church ( at least the local churches in this case ) rather than his own judgment or the judgment of Jews ; though concerning translation of Daniel to Greek , he wondered why one should use the version of a translator whom he regarded as heretic and judaizer ( Theodotion ) . The Vulgate is also important as the touchstone of the canon concerning which parts of books are canonical .",
"16": "When the Council of Trent listed the books included in the canon , it qualified the books as being `` entire with all their parts , as they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church , and as they are contained in the old Latin vulgate edition '' . This decree was clarified somewhat by Pope Pius XI on 2 June 1927 , who allowed that the Comma Johanneum was open to dispute , and it was further explicated by Pope Pius XII 's Divino afflante Spiritu . In Orthodox Christianity ( edit ) Outside the Roman Catholic Church , the term deuterocanonical is sometimes used , by way of analogy , to describe books that Eastern Orthodoxy , and Oriental Orthodoxy included in the Old Testament that are not part of the Jewish Tanakh , nor the Protestant Old Testament . Among Orthodox , the term is understood to mean that they were compiled separately from the primary canon , as explained in 2 Esdras , where Esdras is instructed to keep certain books separate and hidden . Eastern Orthodoxy ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Churches have traditionally included all the books of the Septuagint in their Old Testaments . The Greeks use the word Anagignoskomena ( Ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα `` readable , worthy to be read '' ) to describe the books of the Greek Septuagint that are not present in the Hebrew Tanakh . When Orthodox theologians use the term `` deuterocanonical , '' it is important to note that the meaning is not identical to the Roman Catholic usage . In Orthodox Christianity , deuterocanonical means that a book is part of the corpus of the Old Testament ( i.e. is read during the services ) but has secondary authority . In other words , deutero ( second ) applies to authority or witnessing power , whereas in Roman Catholicism , deutero applies to chronology ( the fact that these books were confirmed later ) , not to authority . The Eastern Orthodox canon includes the deuterocanonical books listed above , plus 3 Maccabees and 1 Esdras ( also included in the Clementine Vulgate ) , while Baruch is divided from the Epistle of Jeremiah , making a total of 49 Old Testament books in contrast with the Protestant 39 - book canon .",
"17": "Like the Roman Catholic deuterocanonical books , these texts are integrated with the rest of the Old Testament , not printed in a separate section . Other texts printed in Orthodox Bibles are considered of some value ( like the additional Psalm 151 , and the Prayer of Manasseh ) or are included as an appendix ( like the Greek 4 Maccabees , and the Slavonic 2 Esdras ) . Ethiopian Orthodoxy ( edit ) In the Amharic Bible used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church ( an Oriental Orthodox Church ) , those books of the Old Testament that are still counted as canonical , but not by all other Churches , are often set in a separate section titled `` Deeyutrokanoneekal '' ( ዲዩትሮካኖኒካል ) , which is the same word . The Ethiopian Orthodox Deuterocanon , in addition to the standard set listed above , along with the books of Esdras and Prayer of Minasse , also includes some books that are still held canonical by only the Ethiopian Church , including Enoch or Henok ( I Enoch ) , Kufale ( Jubilees ) and 1 , 2 and 3 Meqabyan ( which are sometimes wrongly confused with the `` Books of Maccabees '' ) . In the Anglican Communion ( edit ) There is a great deal of overlap between the Apocrypha section of the original 1611 King James Bible and the Catholic deuterocanon , but the two are distinct . The Apocrypha section of the original 1611 King James Bible includes , in addition to the deuterocanonical books , the following three books , which were not included in the list of the canonical books by the Council of Trent : 1 Esdras ( Vulgate 3 Esdras ) 2 Esdras ( Vulgate 4 Esdras ) Prayer of Manasseh These books make up the Apocrypha section of the Clementine Vulgate : 3 Esdras ( 1 Esdras ) ; 4 Esdras ( 2 Esdras ) ; and the Prayer of Manasseh , where they are specifically described as `` outside of the series of the canon '' .",
"18": "The 1609 Douai Bible includes them in an appendix , but they have not been included in English Catholic Bibles since the Challoner revision of the Douai Bible in 1750 . They are found , along with the deuterocanonical books , in the Apocrypha section of certain Protestant Bibles ( some versions of the King James , for example ) . Using the word apocrypha ( Greek : hidden away ) to describe texts , although not necessarily pejorative , implies to some people that the writings in question should not be included in the canon of the Bible . This classification commingles them with certain non-canonical gospels and New Testament apocrypha . The Style Manual for the Society of Biblical Literature recommends the use of the term deuterocanonical literature instead of Apocrypha in academic writing . The Thirty - nine Articles of Religion of the Church of England lists the deuterocanonical books as suitable to be read for `` example of life and instruction of manners , but yet doth not apply them to establish any doctrine '' . The early lectionaries of the Anglican Church ( as included in the Book of Common Prayer of 1662 ) included the deuterocanonical books amongst the cycle of readings , and passages from them were used regularly in services ( such as the Kyrie Pantokrator and the Benedicite ) . Readings from the deuterocanonical books are now included in most , if not all , of the modern lectionaries in the Anglican Communion , based on the Revised Common Lectionary ( in turn based on the post-conciliar Roman Catholic lectionary ) , though alternative readings from protocanonical books are also provided . In Christian churches having their origins in the Protestant reformation ( edit ) Luther did not accept deuterocanonical books in his Old Testament , terming them `` Apocrypha , that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures , but are useful and good to read . '' Presbyterianism ( edit ) The Westminster Confession of Faith , a Calvinist document that serves as a systematic summary of doctrine for the Church of Scotland and Presbyterian churches worldwide , recognizes only the sixty - six books of the Protestant canon as authentic Scripture .",
"19": "Chapter 1 , Article 3 of the Confession reads : `` The books commonly called Apocrypha , not being of divine inspiration , are no part of the Canon of Scripture ; and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God , nor to be any otherwise approved , or made use of , than other human writings . '' Reformed churches ( edit ) The Belgic Confession , used in Reformed churches , devotes a section ( Article 6 ) to `` The difference between the canonical and apocryphal books '' and asserts that `` All which the Church may read and take instruction from , so far as they agree with the canonical books ; but they are far from having such power and efficacy as that we may from their testimony confirm any point of faith or of the Christian religion ; much less to detract from the authority of the other sacred books . '' The Jewish position ( edit ) Main article : Development of the Hebrew Bible canon Judaism and most Protestant versions of the Bible exclude these books . It is commonly said that Judaism officially excluded the deuterocanonicals and the additional Greek texts listed here from their Scripture in the Council of Jamnia ( c. 70 -- 90 AD ) , but this claim is disputed . New Testament deuterocanonicals ( edit ) Main article : Antilegomena See also : Development of the New Testament canon The term deuterocanonical is sometimes used to describe the canonical antilegomena , those books of the New Testament which , like the deuterocanonicals of the Old Testament , were not universally accepted by the early Church . These books may be called the `` New Testament deuterocanonicals '' , which are now included in the 27 books of the New Testament recognized by almost all Christians .",
"20": "The deuterocanonicals of the New Testament are as follows : The Epistle to the Hebrews The Epistle of James The Second Epistle of Peter The Second Epistle of John The Third Epistle of John The Epistle of Jude The Apocalypse of John ( also known as the Book of Revelation ) Luther made an attempt to remove the books of Hebrews , James , Jude and Revelation from the canon ( notably , he perceived them to go against his new doctrines such as sola gratia and sola fide ) , but this was not generally accepted among his followers . However , these books are ordered last in the German - language Luther Bible to this day . See also ( edit ) Bible portal Apocrypha Biblical apocrypha Biblical canon Books of the Bible Pseudepigrapha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bogaert , Pierre Maurice ( 2012 ) . `` The Latin Bible . c 600 to c. 900 '' . In Richard Marsden , E. Ann Matter ( eds . ) . New Cambridge History of the Bible ; Vol II . Cambridge University Press . pp. 69 -- 92 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Bogaert , Pierre Maurice ( 2012 ) . `` The Latin Bible '' . In James Carleton Paget , Joachim Schaper ( eds . ) . New Cambridge History of the Bible ; Vol II . Cambridge University Press . pp. 505 -- 526 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Philip Schaff , `` Chapter IX . Theological Controversies , and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy '' , History of the Christian Church , CCEL Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George ( 1908 ) . The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company , . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 1174601828 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ of Laodicea , Synod . Synod of Laodicea Canon 60 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Alexandria , Athanasius .",
"21": "CHURCH FATHERS : Letter 39 ( Athanasius ) . newadvent . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Jerusalem , Cyril . Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , translated by Frank ( 1987 ) . The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 8 : 6 : 1 - 3 ( 2 . impression . ed . ) . Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 9004079262 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem . Robert Weber , Roger Gryson ( eds . ) ( 4 ed . ) . Stuttgart : Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. 1994 . pp. XXXIV . ISBN 978 - 3 - 438 - 05303 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bogaert , Pierre - Maurice ( 2005 ) . `` Le livre de Baruch dans les manuscrits de la Bible latine . Disparition et réintégration '' . Revue Benedictine. 115 : 286 -- 342 . Jump up ^ DeGregorio , Scott ( 2006 ) . Bede on Ezra and Nehemiah . Liverpool University Press . pp. xvii . Jump up ^ DeGregorio , Scott ( 2006 ) . Bede on Ezra and Nehemiah . Liverpool University Press . pp. xxii . Jump up ^ Bogaert , Pierre - Maurice ( 2000 ) . `` Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin '' . Revue Benedictine . 1o5 : 5 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Bogaert , Pierre - Maurice ( 2000 ) . `` Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin '' . Revue Benedictine . 1o5 : 5 -- 26 .",
"22": "^ Jump up to : Canon of the Old Testament , Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Council of Trent , Session 4 , 8 April 1546 . Jump up ^ Hubert Jedin , Papal Legate at the Council of Trent ( St Louis : B. Herder Book Co. , 1947 ) , pp. 270 -- 71 , 278 . Jump up ^ Commentary on all the Authentic Historical Books of the Old Testament , In ult . Cap. , Esther . Jump up ^ Bill Webster Responds to Gary Michuta , Part III Jump up ^ Reid , George . `` Catholic Encyclopedia > C > Canon of the Old Testament '' . New Advent . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ See also Esther in the NAB . Jump up ^ An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek , Henry Barclay Swete , Cambridge University Press , 1914 , Part II , Chapter III , Section 6 , `` Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremiah were regarded by the Church as adjuncts of Jeremiah , much in the same way as Susanna and Bel were attached to Daniel . Baruch and the Epistle occur in lists which rigorously exclude the non-canonical books ; they are cited as ' Jeremiah ' ( Iren . v. 35 . I , Tert . scorp. 8 , Clement of Alexandria Paedagogus i . 10 , Cyprian , Testimonia ii. 6 ) ; with Lamentations they form a kind of trilogy supplementary to the prophecy . '' ; The Canon of Trent specifies `` Ieremias cum Baruch '' ( Jeremiah with Baruch ) . Jump up ^ Canon of the Old Testament , II , International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , 1915 ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Canon of the Old Testament '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Commonly cited include ( 1 ) Melito of Sardis , who went east , to Palestine , and recorded the canon he found being used in the synagogues , as recorded in Eusebius ' Church History 4.26.",
"23": "13 -- 14 , ( 2 ) Athanasius of Alexandria , ( 3 ) Council of Laodicea , ( 4 ) Jerome residing in Bethlehem Jump up ^ J.N.D. Kelly , Early Christian Doctrines , p. 53 Jump up ^ Stuart G. Hall , Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church , p. 28 Jump up ^ e.g. , the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) , the Council of Rome , the Gelasian decree ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles George ( 1913 ) . The Catholic encyclopedia Volume 3 . pp. 269 , 272 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abegg , Martin ; Flint , Peter ; Ulrich , Eugene ( 1999 ) . The Dead Sea Scroll Bible . HarperOne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 060064 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/search#q=composition_type_parent_en:'Apocrypha ' AND manuscript_type_parent_en : ' Non-Biblical Compositions ' Jump up ^ Lena Cansdale 1997 , Qumran and the Essenes pp. 14 ff . cites Rengstorf 1963 , Golb 1980 , and several others , as well as detractors of this theory . Jump up ^ Zukeran , Patrick ( 2011 ) . Unless I See ... Is There Enough Evidence to Believe ? . CrossBooks . ISBN 978 - 1462706204 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Prof. Petros Vassiliadis defines the work thus . Jump up ^ Ellis , E.E. ( 1992 ) . The Old Testament in Early Christianity . Baker . p. 34 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Archer , Gleason , L. A Survey of Old Testament Introduction . Chicago , Illinois : Moody Press . p. 75 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hengel , Martin ( 2004 ) . The Septuagint as Christian Scripture . Baker . pp.",
"24": "58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Roger ( 1986 ) . The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church . Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdmans . p. 382 . ^ Jump up to : James Akin , Defending the Deuterocanonicals , EWTN Jump up ^ Copan , Paul ; Litwak , Kenneth D. ( 2014 ) . The Gospel in the Marketplace of Ideas Paulþs Mars Hill Experience for Our Pluralistic World . Intervarsity Pr . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0830840434 . Jump up ^ Josephus writes in Against Apion , I , 8 : `` We have not 10,000 books among us , disagreeing with and contradicting one another , but only twenty - two books which contain the records of all time , and are justly believed to be divine . '' These 22 books make up the canon of the Hebrew Bible . Jump up ^ Eusebius , of Caesarea . Ecclesiastical History Book 6 Chapter 25 : 1 -- 2 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Lietzmann , Hans . Muratorian fragment . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church Fathers : Church History , Book IV ( Eusebius ) '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canon of the Old and New Testaments Ascertained , or The Bible Complete without the Apocrypha and Unwritten Traditions . -- Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Ccel.org. 15 November 2006 . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ of Jerusalem , Cyril . Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Athanasius of Alexandria , Excerpt from Letter 39 Jump up ^ Williams , translated by Frank ( 1987 ) . The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 8 : 6 : 1 -- 3 ( 2 . impression . ed . ) .",
"25": "Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 9004079262 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo . On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8 : 2 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rufinus of Aquileia . Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed # 38 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westcott , Brooke Foss ( 2005 ) . A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament ( 6th ed . ) . Eugene , OR : Wipf & Stock . p. 570 . ISBN 1597522392 . ^ Jump up to : Innocent I , Bible Research Jump up ^ of Laodicea , Synod . Synod of Laodicea Canon 60 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Edmon. L. ; Meade , John. D. ( 2017 ) . The Biblical Canon Lists of Early Christianity . OUP . p. 131 . Jump up ^ http://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , editors of The Canon Debate , 2002 , chapter 5 : The Septuagint : The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism by Albert C. Sundberg Jr. , p. 72 , Appendix D - 2 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Everett Ferguson , `` Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon , '' in The Canon Debate . eds . L.M. McDonald & J.A. Sanders ( Hendrickson , 2002 ) p. 320 . Jump up ^ F.F. Bruce ( 1988 ) , The Canon of Scripture . Intervarsity Press , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Augustine , De Civitate Dei 22.8 Jump up ^ `` Canon XXIV . ( Greek xxvii . )",
"26": "'' , The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage , Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ B.F. Westcott , A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament ( 5th ed . Edinburgh , 1881 ) , pp. 440 , 541 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Council of Carthage ( A.D. 419 ) Canon 24 Jump up ^ in Trullo , Council . The Apostolic Canons . Canon 85 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Session 11 -- 4 February 1442 Jump up ^ Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April , 1546 under Pope Paul III Jump up ^ Bogaert , Pierre - Maurice ( 2005 ) . `` Le livre de Baruch dans les manuscrits de la Bible latine . Disparition et réintégration '' . Revue Benedictine. 115 : 286 -- 342 . Jump up ^ Bogaert , Pierre - Maurice ( 2000 ) . `` Les livres d'Esdras et leur numérotation dans l'histoire du canon de la Bible latin '' . Revue Benedictine . 1o5 : 5 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Prologues of St. Jerome , Latin text Jump up ^ Edgecomb , Kevin P. ( 14 August 2006 ) . `` Jerome 's Prologue to Jeremiah '' . Biblicalia . Jump up ^ Since some ancients counted Baruch as part of Jeremiah , it is conceivable though unlikely that Jerome counted Baruch under the name of Jeremiah when he enumerated the canon in his Prologus Galeatus . Jump up ^ Kelly , J.N.D. ( 1960 ) . Early Christian Doctrines . San Francisco : Harper . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Barber , Michael ( 6 March 2006 ) . `` Loose Canons : The Development of the Old Testament ( Part 2 ) '' . Retrieved 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Jerome , To Paulinus , Epistle 58 ( A.D.",
"27": "395 ) , in NPNF2 , VI : 119. : `` Do not , my dearest brother , estimate my worth by the number of my years . Gray hairs are not wisdom ; it is wisdom which is as good as gray hairs At least that is what Solomon says : ' wisdom is the gray hair unto men . ' ( Wisdom 4 : 9 ) '' Moses too in choosing the seventy elders is told to take those whom he knows to be elders indeed , and to select them not for their years but for their discretion ( Num. 11 : 16 ) ? And , as a boy , Daniel judges old men and in the flower of youth condemns the incontinence of age ( Daniel 13 : 55 -- 59 aka Story of Susannah 55 -- 59 ) '' Jump up ^ Jerome , To Oceanus , Epistle 77 : 4 ( A.D. 399 ) , in NPNF2 , VI : 159. : `` I would cite the words of the psalmist : ' the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit , ' ( Ps 51 : 17 ) and those of Ezekiel ' I prefer the repentance of a sinner rather than his death , ' ( Ez 18 : 23 ) and those of Baruch , ' Arise , arise , O Jerusalem , ' ( Baruch 5 : 5 ) and many other proclamations made by the trumpets of the Prophets . '' Jump up ^ Jerome , Letter 51 , 6 , 7 , NPNF2 , VI : 87 -- 8 : `` For in the book of Wisdom , which is inscribed with his name , Solomon says : ' God created man to be immortal , and made him to be an image of his own eternity . ' ( Wisdom 2 : 23 ) ... Instead of the three proofs from Holy Scripture which you said would satisfy you if I could produce them , behold I have given you seven '' Jump up ^ Barker , Henry ( 21 October 2010 ) . English Bible Versions . Cambridge University Press , . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 1108024549 . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ S. Werrell , Ralph ( 29 August 2013 ) .",
"28": "The Roots of William Tyndale 's Theology ( paperback ed . ) . James Clarke & Co. p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0227174029 . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Edgecomb , Kevin P. ( 5 August 2006 ) . `` Jerome 's Prologue to Judith '' . Biblicalia . ^ Jump up to : Jerome , `` Apology Against Rufinus ( Book II ) '' , in Philip Schaff , Henry Wace , Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , 3 ( 1892 ed . ) , Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. ( retrieved from New Advent ) Jump up ^ Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent , The Fourth Session , 1546 . Jump up ^ Orthodox Answer To a Question About Apocrypha , Canon , Deuterocanonical -- Answer # 39 Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : S.T. Kimbrough ( 2005 ) . Orthodox And Wesleyan Scriptual Understanding And Practice . St Vladimir 's Seminary Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 301 - 4 . as well as the 46 Old Testament books of the Roman Catholic Bible ) . Jump up ^ `` VI '' , Articles of Religion , The Church of England Jump up ^ `` Kyrie Patokrator '' . An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church . Jump up ^ Thomas , Owen C. ; Wondra , Ellen K. ( 1 July 2002 ) . Introduction to Theology , 3rd Edition . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 56 . ISBN 9780819218971 . Jump up ^ Consultation on Common Texts , ed. ( 2012 ) . The Revised Common Lectionary . Augsburg Fortress . pp. 177 , 188 . ISBN 9781451438475 . Jump up ^ The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary , Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms , Including Biographical , Geographical , Historical , Archæological and Doctrinal Themes , p.",
"29": "521 , edited by Samuel Fallows et al. , The Howard - Severance company , 1901 , 1910 . -- Google Books Jump up ^ `` Chapter I , III '' . Westminster Confession of Faith . www.ccel.org . Jump up ^ Albert C. Sundberg , Jr. , `` The Old Testament of the Early Church '' Revisited 1997 Jump up ^ `` Lutherbibel 1545 '' . Bibelarbeit . Archived from the original on 14 May 2001 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . note order : `` ... Hebräer , Jakobus , Judas , Offenbarung '' ; see also `` German Bible Versions '' . www.bible-researcher.com . Further reading ( edit ) Harrington , Daniel J. Invitation to the Apocrypha . Grand Rapids , Michigan : W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4633 - 4 Roach , Corwin C. The Apocrypha : the Hidden Books of the Bible . Cincinnati , Ohio : Forward Forward Movement Publications , 1966 . N.B. : Concerns the Deuterocanonical writings ( Apocrypha ) , according to Anglican usage . External links ( edit ) Prophecies in the Deuterocanonical books Protestants defending the Deuterocanonical books Defending the Deuterocanonicals by Jimmy Akin Five common arguments Protestants give for rejecting the Deuterocanonicals Deuterocanon Use in New Testament Deuterocanonical books -- Full text from Saint Takla Haymanot Church Website ( also available , the full text in Arabic ) The Apocrypha : Inspired of God ?",
"30": "( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 ,",
"31": "and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"32": "php?title=Deuterocanonical_books&oldid=836577178 '' Categories : Deuterocanonical books Biblical criticism Development of the Christian biblical canon Christian terminology Ancient Hebrew texts Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa Kiswahili Latina Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська 粵語 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 16 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-1286841988557529859
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who plays voldemort in harry potter and the philosopher's stone
|
[
"Ian Hart",
"Richard Bremmer"
] |
{
"0": "Lord Voldemort - wikipedia Lord Voldemort Jump to : navigation , search `` Voldemort '' redirects here . For the software project , see Voldemort ( distributed data store ) . `` He Who Cannot Be Named '' redirects here . For the member of the Dwarves , see Dwarves ( band ) . For Him Who Is Not to be Named , see Hastur . Lord Voldemort Harry Potter character Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Ralph Fiennes , as the Dark Lord finally resurrected from HP4 to the end of the film series in HP7 -- Part 2 Frank Dillane , as a fifteen - year - old in HP6 Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , as an eleven - year - old in HP6 Christian Coulson , as a sixteen - year - old in HP2 Ian Hart , voice in HP1 Richard Bremmer , non-faced in HP1 Voiced by Eddie Izzard , The Lego Batman Movie House Slytherin Full name Tom Marvolo Riddle Lord Voldemort ( / ˈvoʊldəmɔːr / , / - mɔːrt / in the films ; born Tom Marvolo Riddle ) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J.K. Rowling 's series of Harry Potter novels . Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which was released in 1997 . Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series , except the third , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , where he is only mentioned . Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter , who according to a prophecy has `` the power to vanquish the Dark Lord '' . Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name , and refers to him instead with such expressions as `` You - Know - Who '' , `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' or `` the Dark Lord '' .",
"1": "Voldemort 's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle ( non-magical ) heritage and to conquer both worlds , Muggle and wizarding , to achieve pure - blood dominance . Through his mother 's family , he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin , one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . He is the leader of the Death Eaters , a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2.8 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Outward appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 5 Pronunciation 6 Family 6.1 Family tree 6.2 Riddle family 6.3 Gaunt family 7 Reception 8 In popular culture 9 References 10 External links Character development In a 2001 interview , Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter ( the protagonist of the novels ) , and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemort 's backstory at first . `` The basic idea ( was that Harry ) did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him ... Harry has to find out , before we find out . And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason the curse did n't work on Harry .",
"2": "So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . '' In the second book , Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure - blood wizards , despite being a half - blood himself . In a 2000 interview with the BBC , Rowling described Voldemort as a self - hating bully : `` Well I think it is often the case that the biggest bullies take what they know to be their own defects , as they see it , and they put them right on someone else and then they try and destroy the other and that 's what Voldemort does . '' In the same year , Rowling became more precise about Voldemort . She began to link him to real - life tyrants , describing him as `` a raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' . In 2004 , though , Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person . In 2006 , Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear : the fear of death . She said : `` Voldemort 's fear is death , ignominious death . I mean , he regards death itself as ignominious . He thinks that it 's a shameful human weakness , as you know . His worst fear is death . '' Throughout the series , Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name . Most characters in the novels refer to him as `` You - Know - Who '' or `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' rather than say his name aloud . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , a `` taboo '' spell is placed upon the name , such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it . By this means , his followers eventually find and capture Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . In the second book , Rowling reveals that I am Lord Voldemort is an anagram of the character 's birth name , Tom Marvolo Riddle . According to the author , Voldemort 's name is an invented word .",
"3": "Some literary analysts have considered possible meanings in the name : Philip Nel states that Voldemort is derived from the French for `` flight of death '' , and in a 2002 paper , Nilsen and Nilsen suggest that readers get a `` creepy feeling '' from the name Voldemort , because of the French word `` mort '' ( `` death '' ) within it and that word 's association with cognate English words derived from the Latin mors . Appearances Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort on the back of Professor Quirrell 's head in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort makes his debut in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In this story , Rowling introduces him as the Dark Lord who murdered Harry 's parents , James and Lily , but as a result of his mother 's love and willingness to sacrifice herself for him , baby Harry survives when Voldemort tries to murder him with a Killing Curse . Voldemort is disembodied , and Harry carries a mysterious scar on his forehead as a result . In the book , Voldemort unsuccessfully tries to regain his dissolved body by stealing the titular Philosopher 's Stone . To achieve his objective , Voldemort uses Professor Quirrell 's aid by latching onto the back of Quirrell 's head . However , at the climax of the book , Harry manages to prevent Voldemort from stealing the stone . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second instalment , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Rowling introduces Tom Marvolo Riddle , a manifestation of a teenage Voldemort that resides inside a magical diary found by Ginny Weasley . In this book , Ginny is written as a shy girl with a crush on Harry . Feeling anxious and lonely , she begins to write into the diary and shares her deepest fears with the sympathetic Tom . However , at the climax of the story , when Riddle rearranges the letters in his name to write `` I am Lord Voldemort '' , Riddle is revealed as a magical manifestation of the boy who would later grow up to become the Dark Lord . Riddle states he has grown strong on Ginny 's fears and eventually possesses her , using her as a pawn to unlock the Chamber of Secrets , whence a basilisk is set free and petrifies several Hogwarts students . Harry defeats the manifestation of Riddle from the diary and the basilisk .",
"4": "In Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Albus Dumbledore reveals to Harry that the diary was one of Voldemort 's Horcruxes . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Voldemort does not appear in the third book , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , either in person or as a magical manifestation . He is , however , heard when Harry passes out from the harsh effects of a Dementor . Towards the end of the story Sybill Trelawney , the Divination professor , makes a rare genuine prophecy : The Dark Lord lies alone and friendless , abandoned by his followers . His servant has been chained these twelve years . Tonight , before midnight , the servant will break free and set out to rejoin his master . The Dark Lord will rise again with his servant 's aid , greater and more terrible than ever before . Tonight ... before midnight ... the servant ... will set out ... to rejoin ... his master ... Though it is initially implied that the prophecy refers to Sirius Black , the book 's ostensible antagonist , the servant is eventually revealed to be Peter Pettigrew , who , for the 12 years since Voldemort 's fall , has been disguised as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth instalment of the series , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort appears at the start and the climax of the book . Rowling lets many seemingly unrelated plot elements fall into order . It is revealed that Voldemort 's minion Barty Crouch Jr , disguised as Hogwarts professor Mad - Eye Moody , has manipulated the events of the Triwizard Tournament in Harry 's favour . Voldemort 's goal is to teleport Harry under Dumbledore 's watch as a reluctant participant to the Little Hangleton graveyard , where the Riddle family is buried . Harry is captured and , after Pettigrew uses Harry 's blood to fulfil a gruesome magical ritual , Voldemort regains his body and is restored to his full power . For the first time in the series , Rowling describes his appearance : `` tall and skeletally thin '' , with a face `` whiter than a skull , with wide , livid scarlet eyes and a nose that was as flat as a snake 's with slits for nostrils '' .",
"5": "Rowling writes that his `` hands were like large , pale spiders ; his long white fingers caressed his own chest , his arms , his face ; the red eyes , whose pupils were slits , like a cat 's , gleamed still more brightly through the darkness '' . It was revealed that , while in Albania , Pettigrew had captured the Ministry of Magic official Bertha Jorkins , who was tortured for information about the Ministry . After they learned that Barty Crouch Jr , a faithful Death Eater , had been smuggled out of Azkaban and was privately confined at his father 's house , they killed her . With Pettigrew 's help , Voldemort creates a small , rudimentary body , corporeal enough to travel and perform magic , and formulated a plan to restore his own body by capturing Harry . A portion of the plan had been overheard by Frank Bryce , a gardener , whom Voldemort then killed . Voldemort then completes his plan and returns to life in his full body as a result of the ritual with Harry 's blood . He then summons his Death Eaters to the graveyard to witness the death of Harry as he challenges Harry to a duel . However , when Voldemort duels Harry , their wands become magically locked together due to the twin Phoenix feather cores of the wands . Because of a phenomenon later revealed as Priori Incantatem , ghost - like manifestations of Voldemort 's most recent victims ( including Harry 's parents ) then appear and distract Voldemort , allowing Harry just enough time to escape via Portkey with the body of fellow - student , Cedric Diggory , who was murdered by Pettigrew on Voldemort 's orders . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Voldemort appears at the climax of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , having again plotted against Harry . In this book , Harry goes through extreme emotional stress , and according to Rowling , it was necessary to prove that Harry is emotionally vulnerable and thus human , in contrast to his nemesis Voldemort , who is emotionally invulnerable and thus inhuman : `` ( Harry is ) a very human hero , and this is , obviously , there 's a contrast , between him , as a very human hero , and Voldemort , who has deliberately dehumanised himself . ( ... ) and Harry , therefore , did have to reach a point where he did almost break down . ''",
"6": "In this book , Voldemort makes liberal use of the Ministry of Magic 's refusal to believe that he has returned . Voldemort engineers a plot to free Bellatrix Lestrange and other Death Eaters from Azkaban and then embarks on a scheme to retrieve the full record of a prophecy stored in the Department of Mysteries regarding Harry and himself . He sends a group of Death Eaters to retrieve the prophecy , where the Order of the Phoenix meets them . All but Bellatrix are captured , and Voldemort engages in a ferocious duel with Dumbledore . When Dumbledore gets the upper hand , Voldemort attempts to possess Harry but finds that he can not ; Harry is too full of that which Voldemort finds incomprehensible , and which he detests as weakness : love . Sensing that Dumbledore could win , Voldemort disapparates , but not before the Minister for Magic sees him in person , making his return to life public knowledge in the next book . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Voldemort does not appear in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although his presence and actions are felt : he once again declares war , and begins to rise to power once more . He murders Amelia Bones of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and begins to target members of the Order of the Phoenix , including Emmeline Vance . Rowling uses several chapters as exposition to establish Voldemort 's backstory . In a series of flashbacks , using the pensieve as a plot device , she reveals that Voldemort was the son of the witch Merope Gaunt and a Muggle called Tom Riddle . Riddle abandoned Merope before their child 's birth , soon after which Merope died , just hours after giving birth . After living in an orphanage , young Riddle met Dumbledore , who told him he was a wizard and arranged for him to attend Hogwarts . Riddle was outwardly a model student , but was in reality a psychopath who takes sadistic pleasure in using his powers to harm and control people . He eventually murdered his father and grandparents as revenge for abandoning him . The book also discusses Riddle 's hatred of `` Muggles '' , his obsession with Horcruxes , and his desire to split his soul to achieve immortality . Rowling stated Voldemort 's conception under the influence of a love potion symbolises the prejudicial circumstances under which he was brought into the world .",
"7": "In the main plot of the book , Voldemort 's next step is to engineer an assault on Hogwarts , and to attack Dumbledore . This is accomplished by Draco Malfoy , who arranges transportation of Death Eaters into Hogwarts by a pair of Vanishing Cabinets , which bypass the extensive protective enchantments placed around the school . The cabinets allow Voldemort 's Death Eaters to enter Hogwarts , where battle commences and Dumbledore is cornered . Hogwarts professor ( and re-doubled agent ) Severus Snape uses the Killing Curse against Dumbledore when Draco could not force himself to do so . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Further information : Deathly Hallows ( objects ) In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Voldemort furthers his quest for ultimate power . He disposes of the Minister for Magic and replaces him with Pius Thicknesse , who is under the Imperius Curse . Establishing a totalitarian police state , he has Muggle - borns persecuted and arrested for `` stealing magic '' from the `` pure blood '' wizards . After failing to kill Harry with Draco 's father Lucius Malfoy 's borrowed wand ( to avoid the effect of Priori Incantatem ) , he goes on a murderous search for the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand ever created , seeing it as the weapon he needs to overcome Harry 's wand and make him truly invincible . He goes on a quest that takes him out of the country to Gregorovitch 's wand shop , where he kills the old wandmaker . His journey also takes him to Nurmengard , the prison where Gellert Grindelwald is kept , and he kills Grindelwald as well . He finally locates the Elder Wand and steals it from Dumbledore 's tomb . Later , he finds out that Harry and his friends are hunting and destroying his Horcruxes . After offering the occupants of Hogwarts mercy if they give up Harry , he assembles a large army and launches an invasion of the castle , where Harry is searching for Ravenclaw 's Lost Diadem , one of the Horcruxes . Voldemort orders his pet snake Nagini to execute Snape , believing it would make him the true master of the Elder Wand , since Snape killed Dumbledore . He then calls an hour 's armistice , in exchange for Harry .",
"8": "When Harry willingly walks into Voldemort 's camp in the Forbidden Forest , Voldemort strikes him down with the Elder Wand . However , the use of Harry 's blood to resurrect Voldemort 's body proves to be a major setback : while Harry 's blood runs in Voldemort 's veins , Harry can not be killed as his mother 's protection lives on now in Voldemort too . Instead , Voldemort destroys the part of his own soul that resides in Harry 's body . Voldemort forces Rubeus Hagrid to carry Harry 's apparently lifeless body back to the castle as a trophy , sparking another battle during which Nagini , his last Horcrux , is destroyed by Neville Longbottom . The battle then moves into the Great Hall , where Voldemort fights Minerva McGonagall , Kingsley Shacklebolt , and Horace Slughorn simultaneously . Harry then reveals himself and explains to Voldemort that Draco became the true master of the Elder Wand when he disarmed Dumbledore ; Harry , in turn , won the wand 's allegiance when he took Draco 's wand . Refusing to believe this , Voldemort casts the Killing Curse with the Elder Wand while Harry uses a Disarming Charm with Draco 's , but the Elder Wand refuses to kill its master and the spell rebounds on Voldemort who , with all of his Horcruxes destroyed , finally dies . His body is laid in a different chamber from all the others who died battling him . Rowling stated that after his death , Voldemort is forced to exist in the stunted infant - like form that Harry sees in the King 's Cross-like Limbo after his confrontation with Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest . Rowling also mentioned that , despite his extreme fear of death , he can not become a ghost . Harry Potter and the Cursed child In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , it is revealed that Bellatrix gave birth to Voldemort 's daughter Delphi in Malfoy Manor before the Battle of Hogwarts . Twenty - two years later , Delphi poses as Cedric 's cousin and manipulates Harry and Ginny 's second son Albus Severus Potter , his friend , Draco and Astoria Greengrass 's son Scorpius Malfoy into stealing a prototype Time Turner with which she hopes to resurrect her father . Using the Time Turner , Scorpius accidentally creates an alternative timeline where Voldemort killed Harry at the battle and now rules the wizarding world .",
"9": "In an attempt to achieve this future , Delphi travels to Godric 's Hollow on the night Voldemort killed Harry 's parents , hoping to avert the prophecy that led to her father 's downfall . After receiving a message from his son , Harry , together with Ron , Hermione and Draco ( who by now has become friends with Harry after they join forces to save their respective sons ) transfigures himself into Voldemort so that he can distract Delphi , allowing them to overpower her . The real Voldemort kills Harry 's parents as prophesied , and Delphi is sent to Azkaban . Portrayals within films Young Tom in his fifth year at Hogwarts as played by Christian Coulson in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Voldemort appears in seven Harry Potter films , namely Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Several actors have portrayed him in his varying incarnations and ages . In Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Voldemort 's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell 's head , an effect achieved by computer generated imagery . Ian Hart , the actor who played Quirrell in the same film , provided the voice and the facial source for this character . Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn . As Voldemort 's face was altered enough by CG work , and Hart 's voice was affected enough , there was no confusion by Hart 's playing of the two roles . In that film , he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them . In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer , though his face is never seen . His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16 - year - old Tom Marvolo Riddle ( portrayed by Christian Coulson ) . Ralph Fiennes portrays Voldemort from Goblet of Fire to Deathly Hallows Part 2 .",
"10": "In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort is initially only heard , possessing the scratchy , weak voice heard in the first film . By the film 's climax , however , he appears in his physical form for the first time , played by Ralph Fiennes . As in the book , Voldemort is shown clad in dark black robes , being tall and emaciated , with no hair and yellowish teeth ; his wand has a white tone and the handle appears to be made of bone ; his finger nails are long and pale blue while his toe nails appear to be infected . Unlike in the book , his pupils are not cat - like and his eyes are blue , because producer David Heyman felt that his evil would not be able to be seen and would not fill the audience with fear ( his eyes do briefly take on a snake - like appearance when he opens them after turning human , but quickly turn normal ) . As in the book , the film version of Voldemort has snake - like slit nostrils with the flesh of his nose significantly pressed back . Ralph Fiennes ' nose was not covered in makeup on the set , but was digitally removed in post-production . In this first appearance , Voldemort also has a forked tongue , but this element was removed for the subsequent films . Fiennes stated that he had two weeks to shoot the climactic showdown scene where he is gloating over a terrified Harry , played by Daniel Radcliffe . Fiennes said with a chuckle : `` I have no doubt children will be afraid of me now if they were n't before . '' In preparation , he read the novel Goblet of Fire , but jokingly conceded : `` I was only interested in my scene , and I had to go through thousands and thousands of other scenes which I did , dutifully , until I got to my scene and I read it many , many , many , many , many times and that was my research . '' Fiennes reprised his role as Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Fiennes 's nephew , Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , portrayed Tom Riddle as a child in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . By the time filming arrived Christian Coulson was 29 , and not considered suitable to return as the adolescent Riddle .",
"11": "Thomas James Longley was originally scheduled to take over the role , but last minute renegotiations saw Frank Dillane cast instead . Characterisation Outward appearance After he regains his body in the fourth book , Rowling describes Voldemort as having pale skin , a chalk - white , skull - like face , snake - like slits for nostrils , red eyes and cat - like slits for pupils , a skeletally thin body and long , thin hands with unnaturally long fingers . As mentioned in the first chapter of the seventh book , he also has no hair or lips . Earlier in life , as seen through flashbacks contained in the second and sixth books , Tom Marvolo Riddle was handsome and tall with pale skin , jet black hair , and dark brown eyes . He could charm many people with his looks . The transformation into his monstrous state is believed to have been the result of creating his Horcruxes and becoming less human as he continued to divide his soul . In the films , Voldemort 's eyes are blue with round pupils . Personality Rowling described Voldemort as `` the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years '' . She elaborated that he is a `` raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' , and whose only ambition in life is to become all - powerful and immortal . He is also a sadist who hurts and murders people -- especially Muggles -- just for pleasure . He has no conscience , feels no remorse , and does not recognise the worth and humanity of anybody except himself . He feels no need for human companionship or friendship , and can not comprehend love or affection for another . He believes he is superior to everyone around him , to the point that he frequently refers to himself in the third - person as `` Lord Voldemort '' . Rowling also stated that Voldemort is `` incredibly power hungry . Racist , really '' , and that if Voldemort were to look into the Mirror of Erised , he would see `` Himself , all - powerful and eternal . That 's what he wants . ''",
"12": "Rowling also stated that Voldemort 's conception by influence of Amortentia -- a love potion administered by his mother , a witch named Merope Gaunt , to the Muggle Tom Riddle -- is related to his inability to understand love ; it is `` a symbolic way of showing that he came from a loveless union -- but of course , everything would have changed if Merope had survived and raised him herself and loved him . The enchantment under which Tom Riddle fathered Voldemort is important because it shows coercion , and there ca n't be many more prejudicial ways to enter the world than as the result of such a union '' . Like most archetypical villains , Voldemort 's arrogance leads to his downfall . He also suffers from a pathological fear of death , which he regards as a shameful and ignominious human weakness . However , while he had many traits of a megalomaniac , he did not have all , as one common trait associated with megalomania and narcissists was shifting blame . Voldemort admitted he paid an expensive price in attacking the parents of Harry Potter , and carefully studied what went wrong when reorganizing his Death Eaters , ultimately placing the blame upon himself . According to Rowling , his Boggart would be his own corpse . Rowling also said that the difference between Harry and Voldemort is that Harry accepts mortality , and thus Harry is in the end stronger than his nemesis . Magical abilities and skills Throughout the series , Rowling establishes Voldemort as an extremely powerful , intelligent , and ruthless Dark Wizard . He is known as one of the greatest Legilimens in the world and a highly accomplished Occlumens ; he can read minds and shield his own from penetration . Besides Dumbledore , he is also the only wizard ever known to be able to apparate silently . Voldemort was also said to fear one wizard alone , Dumbledore . In the final book , Voldemort flies unsupported , something that amazes those who see it . Voldemort , like his ancestral family , the Gaunts , is a Parselmouth , meaning he can converse with serpents . This skill was inherited from his ancestor , Salazar Slytherin . The Gaunt family speak Parseltongue among themselves . This highly unusual trait may be preserved through inbreeding , a practice employed by the Gaunt Family to maintain their blood 's purity .",
"13": "When Voldemort attempts to kill Harry his ability to speak Parseltongue is passed to Harry through the small bit of the former 's soul . After that bit of soul is destroyed , Harry loses this ability . In a flashback in the sixth novel , Voldemort boasts to Dumbledore during a job interview that he has `` pushed the boundaries of magic farther than they had ever before '' . Dumbledore states that Voldemort 's knowledge of magic is more extensive than any wizard alive and that even Dumbledore 's most powerful protective spells and charms would likely be insufficient if Voldemort returned to full power . Dumbledore also said that Voldemort was probably the most brilliant student Hogwarts has ever seen . Although Voldemort remains highly accomplished and prodigious in skill , he is enormously lacking and highly inept in the most powerful magic , love . This inability to love and trust others proves to be Voldemort 's greatest weakness in the series . Voldemort initially voices scepticism that his own magic might not be the most powerful , but upon returning to power , he admits to his Death Eaters that he had overlooked the ancient and powerful magic which Lily Potter invoked and that would protect Harry from harm . On her website , Rowling wrote that Voldemort 's wand is made of yew , whose sap is poisonous and which symbolises death . It forms a deliberate contrast to Harry 's wand , which is made of holly , which she chose because holly is alleged to repel evil . Rowling establishes in the books that Voldemort is magically connected to Harry via Harry 's forehead scar . He disembodies himself when his Killing Curse targeting Harry rebounds on him , leaving the scar on Harry 's forehead . In the books , and to a lesser extent in the films , Harry 's scar serves as an indicator of Voldemort 's presence : it burns when the Dark Lord is near or when Voldemort is feeling murderous or exultant . According to Rowling , by attacking Harry when he was a baby Voldemort gave him `` tools ( that ) no other wizard possessed -- the scar and the ability it conferred , a magical window into Voldemort 's mind '' . Pronunciation According to Rowling , the ' t ' in `` Voldemort '' is silent , as it is in the French word for death , `` mort '' .",
"14": "Jim Dale pronounced it so in the US audiobooks that came before the release of the film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , where the characters pronounced the `` t '' . After this , Dale changed his audiobook pronunciation accordingly . For all the UK audiobooks Stephen Fry pronounced the name including the `` t '' . Family Family tree Note : The names ' Thomas ' and ' Mary ' Riddle are taken from the films , and Delphini appears only in the Cursed Child play . The Potter Family is not shown . ( show ) Voldemort family tree Salazar Slytherin The Peverell Family Thomas Riddle Mary Riddle Marvolo Gaunt Tom Riddle Sr . Merope Gaunt Morfin Gaunt Tom Marvolo Riddle Bellatrix Lestrange Delphini Harry Potter Notes : Riddle family The Riddle family , an old gentry family , consisted of old Thomas and Mary Riddle and their son , Tom Riddle , Esq . They owned over half of the valley that the town of Little Hangleton lay in , and Thomas was the most prominent inhabitant of that town . They lived in a large house with fine gardens , but were unpopular amongst the local residents due to their snobbish attitudes . Tom , apparently the only child of Thomas and Mary , indulged in the typical pursuits of the upper class in the first half of the twentieth century , socialising with attractive women of his class , riding horses , and enjoying his status in the town . Rowling revealed in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince that young Merope Gaunt made efforts to get as close to Tom as she could , peering at him through the windows and bushes at every opportunity . Morfin noticed his sister 's affection for Tom and hexed him as he rode by , covering him in hives . This breach of wizarding law , and the ensuing violent struggle with Ministry of Magic officials , led to Marvolo and Morfin being imprisoned in Azkaban . As surmised by Dumbledore , once Merope was alone and no longer dominated by her father , she could make her move for Tom . Merope offered Tom a drink laced with a love potion as he rode by one day without his attractive companion , Cecilia .",
"15": "He became infatuated with Merope and they eloped . Within three months of the marriage , Merope became pregnant . Merope decided to stop giving Tom the love potion , having come to the belief such enchantment of a man was tantamount to slavery . She also revealed her witch status to Tom , believing either that he had fallen in love with her on his own or he would at least stay for their unborn child . She was wrong , and Tom quickly left his pregnant wife and went home to his parents , claiming to have been `` hoodwinked '' and tricked into marrying Merope . Tom Marvolo Riddle , their son , was born on 31 December 1926 and was left to grow up in an orphanage , as Merope had died soon after giving birth . Readers first learn about the doom of the Riddles in the beginning of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Tom Riddle , Esq. and his parents were murdered by Tom Marvolo Riddle . The Riddles ' gardener Frank Bryce was blamed for the murders in the Muggle world , though he was never charged or tried , while in the wizarding world Morfin Gaunt was framed for them and died in Azkaban prison . In the film adaptation of The Goblet of Fire , Voldemort 's grandparents were given the names Thomas and Mary Riddle . Gaunt family Most of the exposition of the House of Gaunt 's background occurs in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , through the medium of Dumbledore 's Pensieve . The Gaunts were once a powerful and influential family , and are the last known descendants of Salazar Slytherin . However , an infamous streak of instability and violence that was reinforced by cousin marriages intended to preserve the pureblood line had reduced them to poverty and squalour , as shown in the Pensieve 's `` memory '' that Harry and Dumbledore witnessed . Like Salazar Slytherin , the Gaunts spoke Parseltongue . At the time of the story , the Gaunts owned hardly any assets save for a ramshackle shanty in Little Hangleton , which stood in a thicket in a valley opposite the Riddle House .",
"16": "Like the Riddles , the Gaunts were also unpopular with the local residents , but for the opposite reason ; their squalour was looked down upon and the vicious behavior of the Gaunt men earned them a reputation for being vulgar and intimidating . Marvolo Gaunt was the last Gaunt family patriarch . He was sentenced to a short term in Azkaban for his and his son 's assault upon a Ministry of Magic official ; this affected his health and he died soon after returning home . His signet ring passed to his son , Morfin Gaunt , who was convicted of assaulting a Muggle , and later died in Azkaban , convicted this time as a party to the murder of Tom Riddle Sr and Riddle 's parents by his nephew . The real culprit was discovered much later by Dumbledore , who visited Morfin in Azkaban to gather information about Voldemort . After Dumbledore successfully extracted Morfin 's memory of his encounter with his nephew , he tried to use the evidence to have Morfin released , but Morfin died before the decision could be made . Morfin being the last male Gaunt , the House of Gaunt ended with his death . Merope Gaunt / mɛˈroʊpiː / was the daughter of Marvolo , sister of Morfin . Harry 's first impression of her was that she looked `` like the most defeated person he had ever seen '' , probably because she lived in raggedness , squalour , and abuse . She married Tom Riddle Sr and became pregnant within three months of the wedding . It is suggested that she tricked her husband into loving her by using a love potion , but when she became pregnant , she chose to stop administering the potion . It is implied that Merope had grown tired of living the lie and thought that her husband might have grown to love her , or that he might have stayed for the sake of their unborn child ; however , he left her . Desperate , Merope wandered through the streets of London . The only thing she had left was the heavy gold locket that had once belonged to Salazar Slytherin , one of her family 's most treasured items , which she sold for a small amount .",
"17": "When she was due to give birth , she stumbled into a Muggle orphanage , where she gave birth to her only son , Tom Marvolo Riddle . She died within the next hour . Gormlaith Gaunt was a 17th - century descendant of Salazar Slytherin , and like Salazar , a Parselmouth . Her wand was that which once belonged to Salazar himself . Educated at Hogwarts , Gormlaith lived in Ireland in the early 1600s . In about 1608 , Gormlaith killed her estranged unnamed sister , and her sister 's husband , William Sayre ( a descendant of the Irish witch Morrigan ) , and kidnapped their five - year - old daughter , Isolt Sayre , raising her in the neighbouring valley of Coomcallee , or `` Hag 's Glen '' , because she felt that her parents ' association with Muggles would badly influence Islot . Fanatical and cruel , Gormlaith used Dark magic to isolate Islot from others , forbade her a wand , and did not allow her to attend Hogwarts as she herself had , disgusted that it was now filled with Muggle - borns . After twelve years with Gormlaith , Islot stole Gormlaith 's wand and fled to the Colonies and settled in Massachusetts , where she founded the Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . When Gormlaith learned of the school , she pursued her niece in Massachusetts , where she was killed by Isolt 's friend , William the Pukwudgie , with a venom - tipped arrow . The Gaunts , including Voldemort , are distantly related to Harry because they are descendants of the Peverell brothers . Reception Several people have drawn a parallel between Voldemort and some politicians . Rowling has admitted that Voldemort was `` a sort of '' Adolf Hitler , and that there is some parallel with Nazism in her books . Rowling also compared Voldemort with Joseph Stalin , with whom he shares several traits , including that of renouncing his family name in favour of one which would invoke fear and strength . Alfonso Cuarón , director of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban compared Voldemort with George W. Bush and Saddam Hussein , as the two of them `` ... have selfish interests and are very much in love with power .",
"18": "Also , a disregard for the environment . A love for manipulating people . '' Andrew Slack and the Harry Potter Alliance compare media consolidation in the US to Voldemort 's regime in Deathly Hallows and its control over the Daily Prophet and other media saying that `` Once Voldemort took over every form of media in the wizarding world , Dumbledore 's Army and the Order of the Phoenix formed an independent media movement called ' Potterwatch ' . Now the HP Alliance and Wizard Rock have come together to fight for a Potterwatch movement in the real world to fight back against Big VoldeMedia from further pushing out local and foreign news , minority representation , and the right to a Free Press . '' Julia Turner from Slate Magazine also noted similarities between the events of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and the current War on Terror . She said that Voldemort takes up terrorism by destroying bridges , murdering innocents , and forcing children to kill their elders . Voldemort has also been compared with other characters within fiction , for example Sauron from The Lord of the Rings ; they are , during the time when the main plot takes place , seeking to recover their lost power after having been considered dead or at least no longer a threat , and are also so feared that they are sometimes unnamed . IGN listed Voldemort as their seventh favourite Harry Potter character , calling him `` truly frightening '' . In 2014 , Watchmojo.com ranked him # 7 on their `` Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' list , while they ranked him # 1 on their `` Top 10 Most Evil Harry Potter Villains '' and `` Top 10 Most Gut - Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths '' lists two years later . In popular culture Several campaigns have used Voldemort to compare his evilness to the influence of politicians , large media and corporations . `` Lord Voldemort '' is a nickname sometimes used for Peter Mandelson . Voldemort is also a recurring theme among wizard rock bands . Voldemort Ca n't Stop the Rock ! is the second album from Harry and the Potters , and the character is mentioned in songs such as `` The Dark Lord Lament '' and `` Flesh , Blood , and Bone '' . Voldemort has been parodied in various venues . In The Simpsons 13th season 's premiere , `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' , Montgomery Burns appears as Lord Montymort .",
"19": "A parody of Voldemort appears in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy as Lord Moldybutt , an enemy of Nigel Planter ( a parody of Harry ) . Voldemort also appears in the Potter Puppet Pals sketches by Neil Cicierega . One of the episodes including him was the seventeenth most viewed video of all time as of 2008 and the winner for `` Best Comedy '' of the year 2007 at YouTube . In Time , Lon Tweeten shows with Continuing the Magic possible future book covers laced with pop culture references . One of them , the `` Dark Lord of the Dance '' , shows Voldemort teaming up with Harry on Broadway . In the MAD Magazine parodies of the films , the character is called Lord Druckermort , a backwards reference to the magazine 's longtime caricaturist Mort Drucker . In Alan Moore 's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 , a young Tom Marvolo Riddle ( introduced as `` Tom '' , whose middle name is a `` marvel '' and last name is a `` conundrum '' ) appears , and becomes the new avatar of Oliver Haddo at the story 's conclusion . In A Very Potter Musical , Voldemort is played by actor Joe Walker . Voldemort also appeared in the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London as an inflatable representation of children 's literature villains , alongside The Queen of Hearts , Captain Hook , and Cruella de Vil . Outside of the Harry Potter video games , Voldemort is also playable in Lego Dimensions , with archive audio of Ralph Fiennes 's portrayal in the films used for his voiceovers . Voldemort also appears in The Lego Batman Movie voiced by Eddie Izzard as one of the prisoners in the Phantom Zone that the Joker recruits to take over Gotham City . A 2018 Italian fan film titled Voldemort : Origins of the Heir depicts the story of Tom Riddle 's rise to power . References ^ Jump up to : Takahama , Valerie ( 26 October 1999 ) . `` Enchanted with Potter Literature : Fans line up for hours to get their books signed '' . The Orange County Register . Santa Ana , California : Digital First Media . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : HPL : Lord Voldemort : Quick facts Archived 24 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . ; Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling on The Diane Rehm Show '' . WAMU Radio Washington , D.C. 20 October 1999 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling talks about Book Four '' . cBBC Newsround. 4 March 2004 . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` ' Fire ' Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling 's World Book Day Chat '' . 4 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Anelli , Melissa & Spartz , Emerson ( 16 July 2005 ) . `` The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part Two '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Nel , Philip ( 2001 ) . J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter Novels : A Reader 's Guide ( illustrated ed . ) . London , England : Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5232 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pace Nilsen , Alleen ; Nilsen , Don L.F. ( November 2002 ) . `` Lessons in the teaching of vocabulary from September 11 and Harry Potter '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy . Hoboken , New Jersey . 46 ( 3 ) : 254 -- 260 .",
"21": "^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . `` The Heir of Slytherin '' . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 1999 ) . `` Professor Trelawney 's Prediction '' . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747542155 . ^ Jump up to : , chapters 32 to 35 Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . `` The Riddle House '' . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . `` The Parting of the Ways '' . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2003 ) . `` Beyond the Veil '' . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747551006 . Jump up ^ `` Living With Harry Potter '' . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` The House of Gaunt '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Muggle - Born Registration Commission '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` A Sluggish Memory '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury .",
"22": "ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Horcruxes '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' J . '' K. rowling web chat transcript `` . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` The Lightning - Struck Tower '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Seven Potters '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Thief '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Battle of Hogwarts '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Elder Wand '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Forest Again '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Flaw in the Plan '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ `` Webchat with J.K. Rowling '' .",
"23": "Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Credit Confusion '' . MuggleNet . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Paul . `` Ralph Fiennes for `` White Countess '' and `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' `` . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter Joins the All - Star Cast and Nicholas Hooper Signs on to Compose the Score of Warner Bros. Pictures ' Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix '' . Warner Bros. 2 August 2006 . Retrieved 23 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas James Longley '' . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Trivia '' . Dark Horizons . 15 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jensen ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` Fire Storm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 April 2008 . Jump up ^ A Good Scare . Time . 30 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What Jo says about ... Lord Voldemort , aka Tom Marvolo Riddle '' . Retrieved 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' Anelli , Melissa and Emerson Spartz . `` The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part Two , '' The Leaky Cauldron `` . 16 July 2005 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling web chat transcript '' . 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Lord Voldemort 's Request '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2003 ) .",
"24": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747551006 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . `` The Death Eaters '' . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . Jump up ^ `` Section : Extra Stuff WANDS '' . Archived from the original on 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` jkrowling.com F.A.Q '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling Clarifies Voldemort Pronunciation in Harry Potter '' . / Film . 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You got this Harry Potter character 's name wrong '' . Digital Spy. 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling responds to Stephen Fry ' Harry Potter ' feud rumours '' . NME. 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ F.A.Q Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry '' . Pottermore . Jump up ^ `` TIME Person of The Year Runner - up : J.K. Rowling '' . Time . 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' `` . The Volkskrant. 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling outs Dumbledore ! '' . Entertainment Weekly -- PopWatch Blog . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' -- The Leaky Cauldron Jump up ^ * Pierce , Nev .",
"25": "Reel Life , 28 July 2003 BBC Carla Power & Devin Gordon ( 4 August 2003 ) . `` Caution : Wizard at Work '' . Newsweek magazine . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ * Steel , Sharon ( 20 December 2007 ) . `` Challenging Voldemedia '' . The Boston Phoenix Slack , Andrew ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter Fans and the Fight Against ' VoldeMedia ' '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Turner , Julia When Harry Met Osama ; Terrorism comes to Hogwarts , 20 July 2005 Jump up ^ Monroe , Caroline . `` How Much Was Rowling Inspired by Tolkien ? '' . GreenBooks . TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph page 23 , 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' episode capsule at The Simpsons Archive Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Weird Al Yankovic Biography ( 1959 -- ) '' ... filmreference.com . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PotterPuppetPals Top at YouTube Awards '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lon Tweeten ( 2007 ) . `` Continuing the Magic '' ( PDF ) . Time . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill ( July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Echites , Giulia ( 16 January 2018 ) .",
"26": "`` CINEMA Le origini di Voldemort in un film tutto italiano '' . Repubblica.it ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( 2018 ) . `` Voldemort : Origins of the Heir review : a fun - free Harry Potter fan film lifted by magical effects '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Tom Riddle on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Lord Voldemort at Harry Potter Lexicon Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord Voldemort The Harry Potter series by J.K.",
"27": "Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism ,",
"28": "Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Voldemort&oldid=838486935 '' Categories : Fictional English people Harry Potter characters Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional characters with immortality Fictional cult leaders Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators Fictional mass murderers Fictional necromancers Fictional orphans Fictional patricides Fictional serial killers Fictional telepaths Fictional torturers Literary villains Male characters in film Male characters in literature Narcissism in fiction Psychopathy in fiction Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2011 All articles with dead external links",
"29": "Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2018 EngvarB from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本",
"30": "語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 10 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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26,
0,
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28,
23,
21,
20,
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16,
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14,
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[
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|
where did the battle of lexington and concord occur
|
[
"in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay",
"in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge"
] |
{
"0": "Battles of Lexington and Concord - wikipedia Battles of Lexington and Concord Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Lexington '' redirects here . For the American Civil War battles , see Battle of Lexington ( disambiguation ) .",
"1": "Battles of Lexington and Concord Part of the American Revolutionary War Romanticized 19th - century depiction of Battle of Lexington Date April 19 , 1775 ; 242 years ago ( 1775 - 04 - 19 ) Location Middlesex County , Massachusetts Lexington : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Coordinates : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Concord : 42 ° 28 ′ 08.54 '' N 71 ° 21 ′ 02.08 '' W / 42.4690389 ° N 71.3505778 ° W / 42.4690389 ; - 71.3505778 ( Concord ) Result Strategic American victory British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in Concord Militia successfully drive British back to Boston Start of the American Revolutionary War Belligerents Massachusetts Bay Great Britain Commanders and leaders John Parker James Barrett John Buttrick John Robinson William Heath Joseph Warren Isaac Davis † Francis Smith John Pitcairn ( WIA ) Hugh Percy Strength Lexington : 77 Concord : 400 End of Battle : 3,960 Departing Boston : 700 Lexington : 400 Concord : 100 End of Battle : 1,500 Casualties and losses 49 killed 39 wounded 5 missing 73 killed 174 wounded 53 missing ( hide ) Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War .",
"2": "The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present - day Arlington ) , and Cambridge . They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America . In late 1774 , Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British - controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . On the night before the battle , warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders , including Paul Revere and Samuel Prescott , with information about British plans . The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate `` one if by land , two if by sea '' . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . Eight militiamen were killed , including Ensign Robert Munroe , their third in command . The British suffered only one casualty . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns .",
"3": "Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland known as Earl Percy . The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British government preparations 1.2 American preparations 1.3 Militia forces assemble 1.4 British forces advance 2 The Battles 2.1 Lexington 2.1. 1 First shot 2.2 Concord 2.2. 1 The search for militia supplies 2.2. 2 The North Bridge 2.2. 3 After the fight 2.3 Return march 2.3. 1 Concord to Lexington 2.3. 2 Percy 's rescue 2.3. 3 Lexington to Menotomy 2.3. 4 Menotomy to Charlestown 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Commemorations 5.1 Centennial commemoration 5.2 Sesquicentennial commemoration 5.3 Bicentennial commemoration 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background Further information : Boston campaign Thomas Gage The British Army 's infantry was nicknamed `` redcoats '' and sometimes `` devils '' by the colonists . They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance .",
"4": "General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander - in - chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston . He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , however , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro-British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , `` An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . '' The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under the laws of each New England colony , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to ensure that the members were properly armed . The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers . Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain .",
"5": "British government preparations A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow - subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions ... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers . Francis Smith , commander of the military expedition , in a 1763 portrait On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback . This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past , staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock .",
"6": "This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness . The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening , hours before receiving any word from Boston . A well - known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer , Josiah Nelson , mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them , `` Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out ? '' upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword . However , the story of this incident was not published until over a century later , which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth . Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway . He was to proceed from Boston `` with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord , where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property . '' Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders , as he feared doing so might spark an uprising . American preparations Margaret Kemble Gage may have given military intelligence to the rebels . On March 30 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage , or any part thereof to the number of five hundred , shall march out of the town of Boston , with artillery and baggage , it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament , the attempting of which , by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress , ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled , and an army of observation immediately formed , to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self - preservation . The rebellion 's leaders -- with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren -- had all left Boston by April 8 . They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself . Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington , where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest .",
"7": "The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , `` It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . '' On April 18 , Paul Revere began the `` midnight ride '' to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The ride was finished by Samuel Prescott . Upon hearing Prescott 's news , the townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby . The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition , despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission . There is reasonable speculation , although not proven , that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage , General Gage 's New Jersey - born wife , who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren . Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18 , 1775 , Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord . Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock . They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord , since the supplies at Concord were safe , but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night . Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns . Militia forces assemble Further information : Minutemen Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington . Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church .",
"8": "He then traveled the northern water route , crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat , slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor . Crossings were banned at that hour , but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington , warning almost every house along the route . Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown . Silversmith Paul Revere and several other messengers on horseback sounded the alarm that the regulars were leaving Boston . After they arrived in Lexington , Revere , Dawes , Hancock , and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there . They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target . The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns , and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott . In Lincoln , they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell . Revere was captured , Dawes was thrown from his horse , and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord . Additional riders were sent out from Concord . The ride of Revere , Dawes , and Prescott triggered a flexible system of `` alarm and muster '' that had been carefully developed months before , in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm . This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency . The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony , before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War . In addition to other express riders delivering messages , bells , drums , alarm guns , bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town , notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston . This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge . These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day . Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety , first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica .",
"9": "A National Park Service map showing the routes of the initial Patriot messengers and of the British expedition British forces advance Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House . He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , `` Well , the regulars will miss their aim . '' `` What aim ? '' asked Percy . `` Why , the cannon at Concord '' was the reply . Upon hearing this , Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage . Stunned , Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston , but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving . 1775 map of the battles and of the Siege of Boston The British regulars , around 700 infantry , were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments . Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies , and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies , under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith . Of the troops assigned to the expedition , 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ) , 5th , 10th , 18th ( Royal Irish ) , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot , and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces . Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th , 5th , 10th , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd , and 59th Regiments , and the 1st Battalion of the Marines .",
"10": "Each company had its own lieutenant , but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute , drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston . This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle . The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm . Colonel Smith was late in arriving , and there was no organized boat - loading operation , resulting in confusion at the staging area . The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down . When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge , it was into waist - deep water at midnight . After a lengthy halt to unload their gear , the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am . During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition , cold salt pork , and hard sea biscuits . They did not carry knapsacks , since they would not be encamped . They carried their haversacks ( food bags ) , canteens , muskets , and accoutrements , and marched off in wet , muddy shoes and soggy uniforms . As they marched through Menotomy , sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise . At about 3 am , Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord . At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements . The Battles Lexington BEP engraved vignette Battle of Lexington which appeared on the $20 National Bank Note Battle of Lexington , April 19 , 1775 , New York Public Library Though often styled a battle , in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish . As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19 , 1775 , about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them , and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road .",
"11": "Their leader was Captain John Parker , a veteran of the French and Indian War , who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear . Of the militiamen who lined up , nine had the surname Harrington , seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant , William Munroe ) , four Parker , three Tidd , three Locke , and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way . This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's `` training band '' , a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans , and not what was styled a minuteman company . After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ) , at about 4 : 15 a.m. , Parker got his confirmation . Thaddeus Bowman , the last scout that Parker had sent out , rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming , but coming in force and they were close . Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose . He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden . No war had been declared . ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future . ) He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts , found nothing , and marched back to Boston . Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again . The Regulars would march to Concord , find nothing , and return to Boston , tired but empty - handed . He positioned his company carefully . He placed them in parade - ground formation , on Lexington Common . They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ) , but not blocking the road to Concord . They made a show of political and military determination , but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars . Many years later , one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : `` Stand your ground ; do n't fire unless fired upon , but if they mean to have a war , let it begin here . ''",
"12": "According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do , and concluded not to be discovered , nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and , upon their sudden Approach , I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse , and not to fire : -- Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously , fired upon , and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us . -- John Parker Rather than turn left towards Concord , Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair , at the head of the advance guard , decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself , in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia . Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them . The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston . First shot A British officer ( probably Pitcairn , but accounts are uncertain , as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward , waving his sword , and called out for the assembled militia to disperse , and may also have ordered them to `` lay down your arms , you damned rebels ! '' Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home , but , because of the confusion , the yelling all around , and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice , some did not hear him , some left very slowly , and none laid down their arms . Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire , but a shot was fired from an unknown source . The first of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 . Doolittle visited the battle sites and interviewed soldiers and witnesses . Contains controversial elements , possibly inaccuracies . Fire from the militia may have occurred but is not depicted .",
"13": "( A ) t 5 o'clock we arrived ( in Lexington ) , and saw a number of people , I believe between 200 and 300 , formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing , keeping prepared against an attack though without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots , upon which our men without any orders , rushed upon them , fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed , we could not tell how many , because they were behind walls and into the woods . We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded , nobody else was hurt . We then formed on the Common , but with some difficulty , the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there , and at length proceeded our way to Concord . -- Lieutenant John Barker , 4th Regiment of Foot According to one member of Parker 's militia , none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops . The British did suffer one casualty , a slight wound , the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe . Munroe stated that : After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces . Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern . Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first . Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other . Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall , but this has been discredited .",
"14": "Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however , many more witnesses claimed to not know . Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British , that killed Asahel Porter , their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go , though he panicked and began to run ) . Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near - simultaneous shots . Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way , provoking a few scattered shots from the militia . In response the British troops , without orders , fired a devastating volley . This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence . Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives . We Nathaniel Mulliken , Philip Russell , ( and 32 other men ... ) do testify and declare , that on the nineteenth in the morning , being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o'clock in the morning , hearing our drum beat , we proceeded towards the parade , and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us , some of our company were coming to the parade , and others had reached it , at which time , the company began to disperse , whilst our backs were turned on the troops , we were fired on by them , and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded , not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us , and continued firing until we had all made our escape . The regulars then charged forward with bayonets . Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through . Eight Lexington men were killed , and ten were wounded . The only British casualty was a soldier who was wounded in the thigh .",
"15": "The eight colonists killed were John Brown , Samuel Hadley , Caleb Harrington , Jonathon Harrington , Robert Munroe , Isaac Muzzey , Asahel Porter , and Jonas Parker . Jonathon Harrington , fatally wounded by a British musket ball , managed to crawl back to his home , and died on his own doorstep . One wounded man , Prince Estabrook , was a black slave who was serving in the militia . The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission . They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes . Colonel Smith , who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars , heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action . He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly . The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter , and once order was restored among the soldiers , the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley , after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord . Concord The second of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the British entering Concord In response to the raised alarm , the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord . They received reports of firing at Lexington , and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby , or to stay and defend the town , or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain . A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British , traveling about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars . As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250 , the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord , preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ) . The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town , and their officers discussed what to do next . Caution prevailed , and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town , where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town .",
"16": "This step proved fortuitous , as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there . The search for militia supplies When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord , Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders . The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole , while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons , numbering about 100 , secured the North Bridge , where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies . Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th , 23rd , 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm , where intelligence indicated supplies would be found . Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route , and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself . These companies , which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie , were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 - plus militiamen . The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements . Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 - pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building .",
"17": "Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies . Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before , but few weapons remained now , and according to family legend , these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted . The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence . The North bridge The reconstructed North Bridge in Minute Man National Historical Park , Concord Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men . Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton , Concord , Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in , totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies , a force totaling 90 -- 95 men . Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge , and then he called for another consultation . While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill , Barrett , Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action . Captain Isaac Davis of Acton , whose troops had arrived late , declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying , `` I 'm not afraid to go , and I have n't a man that 's afraid to go . ''",
"18": "Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon , and then ordered them to advance . Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it . One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance , but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge . The Minutemen and militia from Concord , Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen , advanced in column formation , two by two , led by Major Buttrick , Lt. Col. Robinson , then Capt . Davis , on the light infantry , keeping to the road , since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River . The third of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the engagement at the North Bridge Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for `` street firing '' behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street - firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer . A shot rang out . It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked , exhausted British soldier from the 43rd , according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight . Two other regulars then fired immediately after that , shots splashing in the river , and then the narrow group up front , possibly thinking the order to fire had been given , fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them . Two of the Acton Minutemen , Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis , who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge , were hit and killed instantly . Rev. Dr.",
"19": "Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file ... In a minute or two , the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge , a single gun was fired by a British soldier , which marked the way , passing under Col. Robinson 's arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard , a fifer , in the Acton Company . Four more men were wounded . Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia , `` Fire , for God 's sake , fellow soldiers , fire ! '' At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge , and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart . The few front rows of colonists , bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire , managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge . Four of the eight British officers and sergeants , who were leading from the front of their troops , were wounded by the volley of musket fire . At least three privates ( Thomas Smith , Patrick Gray , and James Hall , all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded , and nine were wounded . In 1824 , Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts . The people of Westford and Acton , some few of Concord , were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge . The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington , we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson , of Westford , together with Major Buttrick , took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire , unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun , a second , a third , and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis , of Acton , and a Mr. Hosmer . Our people then fired over one another 's heads , being in a long column , two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven .",
"20": "Lieutenant Hawkstone , said to be the greatest beauty of the British army , had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much , of which he bitterly complained . On this , the British fled , and assembled on the hill , the north side of Concord , and dressed their wounded , and then began their retreat . As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge , with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford , came up , and killed several men . The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered . Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy , with their spirit broken , and likely not having experienced combat before , they abandoned their wounded , and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center , isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm . After the fight Statue memorializing the battle at the North Bridge , inscribed with verse from Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' The colonists were stunned by their success . No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other . Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families . Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control . He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall . Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look .",
"21": "One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , `` If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there was n't a gun fired . '' During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider . At this point , the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area . They passed through the now mostly - deserted battlefield , and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge . There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped , which angered and shocked the British soldiers . They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 a.m. , under the watchful eyes of the colonists , who continued to maintain defensive positions . The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town , ate lunch , reassembled for marching , and left Concord after noon . This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston . Return march Concord to Lexington A National Park Service map showing the retreat from Concord and Percy 's rescue Lieutenant Colonel Smith , concerned about the safety of his men , sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord . This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner , a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord , where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream . To cross the narrow bridge , the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast . Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point , and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars . The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston .",
"22": "As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge , the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen , who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range . The colonists returned fire , this time with deadly effect . Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded , with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge . On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner , nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road , awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below . Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off , but the colonists did not withdraw , inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill , and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln , at Brooks Tavern , where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road . This statue known as The Lexington Minuteman is commonly believed to depict Captain John Parker . It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and stands at the town green of Lexington , Massachusetts . The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the `` Bloody Angle '' where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly - wooded area . At this place , the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky , lightly - wooded field . Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road , catching the British in a crossfire , while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack . Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along , the road took another sharp curve , this time to the right , and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides . In passing through these two sharp curves , the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded , and four colonial militia were also killed , including Captain Jonathan Wilson of Bedford , Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica , Lt. John Bacon of Natick , and Daniel Thompson of Woburn .",
"23": "The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot , a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain . Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear . As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long - range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition . When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington , it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road , set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen , including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day . At this point , Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse . Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces . The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east -- `` The Bluff '' and `` Fiske Hill '' -- and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle . In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers , Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright , throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm . Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed , and their men were tired , thirsty , and exhausting their ammunition . A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington . In the words of one British officer , `` we began to run rather than retreat in order ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep , but to no purpose , the confusion increased rather than lessened ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets , and told the men if they advanced they should die . Upon this , they began to form up under heavy fire . ''",
"24": "Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center . He understood the column 's perilous situation : `` There were very few men had any ammunition left , and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out , so that we must soon have laid down our arms , or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure -- nearer to -- and we were not able to keep them off . '' He then heard cheering further ahead . A full brigade , about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy , had arrived to rescue them . It was about 2 : 30 p.m. , and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning . Westford Minuteman , Rev. Joseph Thaxter , wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington , they were so close pursued and fatigued , that they must have soon surrendered , had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field - pieces . They fired them , but the balls went high over our heads . But no cannon ever did more execution , such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops , that from this time more wont back than pursed . We pursued to Charlestown Common , and then retired to Cambridge . When the army collected at Cambridge , Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men , and John Robinson , his Lieutenant Colonel , were prompt at being at their post . In their accounts afterward , British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls , rather than confronting them in large , linear formations in the style of European warfare . This image of the individual colonial farmer , musket in hand and fighting under his own command , has also been fostered in American myth : `` Chasing the red - coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road , / And only pausing to fire and load . '' To the contrary , beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat , the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies , even when dispersed to take advantage of cover .",
"25": "Reflecting on the British experience that day , Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance & resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself much mistaken . They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about , having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians , & this country being much covered with wood , and hilly , is very advantageous for their method of fighting . Percy 's rescue The fourth of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , showing Percy 's rescue in Lexington General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement , so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 a.m. But in his obsession for secrecy , Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade , whose servant then left the envelope on a table . Also at about 4 a.m. , the British column was within three miles of Lexington , and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside . So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements . At about 5 a.m. , the rider reached Boston , and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th , 23rd , and 47th Regiments , and a battalion of Royal Marines , under the command of Earl Percy . Unfortunately for the British , once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander , and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn , who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour . After these delays , Percy 's brigade , about 1,000 strong , left Boston at about 8 : 45 a.m. , headed toward Lexington . Along the way , the story is told , they marched to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle '' to taunt the inhabitants of the area .",
"26": "By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later , the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces . Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick - thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent - minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines . Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance , Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them , thinking the extra wagons would slow him down . Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds , and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side - boxes . After Percy had left the city , Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow . This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older , veteran militiamen still on the `` alarm list , '' who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age . These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons , but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on . The old men opened fire , shot the lead horses , killed two sergeants , and wounded the officer . The British survivors ran , and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered .",
"27": "Lexington to Menotomy Percy 's return to Charlestown ( detail from 1775 map of the battle ) Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1,700 men and let them rest , eat , drink , and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march . They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 p.m. , in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column . Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia . Percy 's men were often surrounded , but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines . Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed , while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation . Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column , while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard . Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking , Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so , to allow some of his troops to rest briefly . Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road , and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead . During the respite at Lexington , Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia . Earlier in the day , he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren , who had left Boston that morning , and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety . Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire . Instead , they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk . A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount , fire muskets at the approaching regulars , then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic . Unmounted militia would often fire from long range , in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving , since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ) .",
"28": "Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column . When it moved out of range , those units would move around and forward to re-engage the column further down the road . Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units , directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars . Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia . Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves , but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics . Percy wrote of the colonial tactics , `` The rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance and resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself very much mistaken . '' The Jason Russell House in Arlington The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy . Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance , and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property . Some homes were also used as sniper positions , turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house - to - house fighting . Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying , `` An Englishman 's home is his castle . '' He stayed and was killed in his doorway . His friends , depending on which account is to be believed , either hid in the cellar , or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in . The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight . A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers , and eleven men were killed , some allegedly after they had surrendered . Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy .",
"29": "Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places . Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted , enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings . For example , two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events . Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ) , it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops , who in some cases became drunk themselves . One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston . Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead . ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98 . ) All told , far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day . The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there , and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded , with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties . Each was about half the day 's fatalities . Menotomy to Charlestown The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge , and the fight grew more intense . Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation , and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them . Earlier in the day , Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled . Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken - down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street , near present - day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown .",
"30": "The militia ( now numbering about 4,000 ) were unprepared for this movement , and the circle of fire was broken . An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern - day Somerville ) , which dominated the road , but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition . A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead . They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown , but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape . Some accused the commander of this force , Colonel Timothy Pickering , of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars . Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders , but Heath denied this . It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown . The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown . Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours , eight hours of which had been spent under fire . But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset . Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments -- the 10th and 64th -- to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications . Although they were begun , the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill . General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge . Aftermath The Siege of Boston 1775 -- 1776 In the morning , Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army , numbering over 15,000 , which had marched from throughout New England . Unlike the Powder Alarm , the rumors of spilled blood were true , and the Revolutionary War had begun . Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward , who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath , they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides .",
"31": "In the days immediately following , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army . Even now , after open warfare had started , Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston . He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town . The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties . However , in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms , the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent , and because few weapons were actually seized . The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion . Within four days of the battle , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners . When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London , the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions , signed by over 100 participants in the events , on a faster ship . The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived . Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion . George Germain , no friend of the colonists , wrote , `` the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory . '' Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions . The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord . The day after the battle , John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields . He became convinced that `` the Die was cast , the Rubicon crossed . '' Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as `` a kind of law - suit '' , but after news of the battle reached him , he `` rejected the hardened , sullen - tempered Pharaoh of England forever . ''",
"32": "George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend , `` the once - happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves . Sad alternative ! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice ? '' A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June . It eventually became the city of Lexington , Kentucky . Legacy Gravemarkers along Battle Road in Lexington are maintained with Britain 's 1775 version of the Union Flag . It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war . The history of Patriot preparations , intelligence , warning signals , and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades . The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge , hors de combat , struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet , the purported `` scalping '' , was strongly suppressed . Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ) . Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter . The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century . For example , older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775 . All now said the British fired first at Lexington , whereas fifty or so years before , they were n't sure . All now said they fired back , but in 1775 , they said few were able to . The `` Battle '' took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness . Legend became more important than truth . A complete shift occurred , and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause , rather than as suffering innocents . Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance . Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 `` Concord Hymn '' . The `` Concord Hymn '' became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation .",
"33": "After 1860 , several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . Historically it is inaccurate ( for example , Paul Revere never made it to Concord ) , but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history . By the rude bridge that arched the flood Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world . -- First verse of Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain . During the Cold War , Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol , but also as a capitalist one . In 1961 , novelist Howard Fast published April Morning , an account of the battle from a fictional 15 - year - old 's perspective , and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools . A film version was produced for television in 1987 , starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones . In the 1990s , parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord . The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is a National Historic Landmark . Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there . The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord , as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park .",
"34": "There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road , and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day . A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick , designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915 , is in the park , along with French 's Minute Man statue. The Civil War Trust , its members and partners have saved one acre of the battlefield at the site of Parker 's Revenge through the organization 's `` Campaign 1776 '' project to acquire and preserve battleground land of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 . Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry , 182nd Infantry , 101st Engineer Battalion , and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . Several ships of the United States Navy , including two World War II aircraft carriers , were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington . Commemorations Daniel Chester French 's Minute Man Patriots ' Day is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts , Maine , and by the Wisconsin public schools , on the third Monday in April . Re-enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged , as are the battle on the Lexington Green , and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge . Centennial commemoration On April 19 , 1875 , President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50,000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles . The sculpture by Daniel Chester French , The Minute Man , located at the North Bridge , was unveiled on that day . A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord . Sesquicentennial commemoration In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord . The Lexington -- Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence . The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington , D.C.",
"35": "and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington , Concord , Boston , Cambridge , and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ) . This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles . Washington at Cambridge Shot heard round the World Birth of Liberty , by Henry Sandham The Minute Man by Daniel Chester French Issues of 1925 Bicentennial commemoration 1970 Franklin Mint medallion commemorating Lexington and Concord 1775 The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation . Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land . These principles , when enunciated 200 years ago , were a dream , not a reality . Today , they are real . Equality has matured in America . Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred . There is no government in our land without consent of the governed . Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics . It is these principles , freely taken and freely shared , that have revolutionized the world . The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago , ' the shot heard round the world ' , still echoes today on this anniversary . -- President Gerald R. Ford President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . A citizen of Acton and Members of the Acton Fife and Drum Corps march to Concord on the Isaac Davis Trail during the 2016 annual Patriots ' Day celebration .",
"36": "See also American Revolutionary War portal Philadelphia portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ^ Jump up to : The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate . Coburn , p. 165 -- 67 , identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter , but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress . Fischer , pp. 400 , 183 , cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia , but notes that Sylvanus Wood , in an account taken 50 years later , recalled only counting 38 militia . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 29 , estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge . Coburn , pp. 80 -- 81 , counts about 300 specifically , plus several uncounted companies . Jump up ^ The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain . Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown , but some also dropped out and returned home . Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day , listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all . But there are no tallies for six of these companies , and some units known to be present during the day ( such as the Lincoln militia company ) are not included at all . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 64 . This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 77 and other sources indicate `` three companies '' . Chidsey , p. 28 gives a company size `` nominally of 28 '' . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 114 gives the size of Percy 's force at 1,000 . This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength , less casualties . ^ Jump up to : Chidsey , p. 47 , cites all casualty figures except missing - in - action . Coburn , pp.",
"37": "156 -- 59 , cites by town and name the American losses , and by company the British losses , including missing - in - action ( from Gage 's report ) . Chidsey , Coburn , and Fischer disagree on some American counts : Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded , Coburn says 42 . Fischer , pp. 320 -- 21 , also records 50 American killed - in - action , in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn 's 49 . Jump up ^ French , pp. 2 , 272 - 273 . A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10 , 1774 in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War , and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such . However , few historians subscribe to this interpretation , even in West Virginia. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Captain Parker 's Company of Militia '' . The Lexington Minute Men . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Emerson 's Concord Hymn Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 30 Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , A People 's Army , and John Shy , `` A New Look at Colonial Militias , '' pp. 29 -- 41 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 51 Jump up ^ Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 , February 6 , 1775 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ French , pp. 23 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hafner discusses this incident in detail , noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 51 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 71 -- 72 ( colonists have intelligence in late March ) & p. 87 ( Gage receives instructions April 16 ) Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 70 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 80 -- 85 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 87 .",
"38": "^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 96 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 , and Paul Revere , Deposition , April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 97 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 . Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Deposition of April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 138 -- 145 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 60 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 70 , 121 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 109 -- 115 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 400 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 153 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tourtellot , A pp. 116 - 126 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 43 , 75 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Galvin , pp. 120 - 124 . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Isaiah Thomas deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 123 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Deposition of Elijah Sanderson , April 25 , 1775 : `` I heard one of the Regulars , whom I took to be an officer , say ' damn them , we will have them ; ' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud , run , and fired on the Lexington Company , which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them . '' Deposition of Thomas Price Willard , April 23 , 1775 : `` Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body , and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington , and said ' Lay down your arms , damn you ; why do n't you lay down your arms ? '",
"39": "'' Deposition of John Robbins , April 25 , 1775 : `` ... I being in the front rank , there suddenly appeared a number of the King 's troops ... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us , huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us , with three officers in their front on horseback , and on full gallop towards us ; the foremost of which cried , ' Throw down you arms , ye villains , ye rebels ; ' upon which said ( Lexington ) Company dispersing , the foremost of the three officers ordered their men , saying ' Fire , by God , fire ; ' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them ; '' Journals of the Continental Congress , May 11 , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 190 -- 191 Jump up ^ John Barker 's Diary , p. 32 Jump up ^ Chronology06 . Motherbedford.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 193 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 402 Jump up ^ Fischer discusses the shot on pp. 193 -- 194 , with detailed footnotes on pp. 399 -- 403 , in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail . Jump up ^ Urban , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Benjamin Quarles , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 152 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 154 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 67 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 215 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 207 Jump up ^ Martha Moulton deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 155 -- 158 . In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition , General Gage had explicitly instructed that `` you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants , or hurt private property . '' Jump up ^ French , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p.",
"40": "208 Jump up ^ Robinson arrived earlier with several Westford Minutemen after he was alerted by rider at his home in Westford - David Hackett Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , Oxford , page 146 . George E. Downey , A History of the First Parish of Westford , Town of Westford , 1975 , page 27 . Allen French , Historic Concord , Cambria , 1942 , pages 66 and 68 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 209 Jump up ^ A. Doolittle print of the Battle indicates this after interviews with eyewtiness accounts one month after the Battle Jump up ^ Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264. , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ( Letter by Minuteman at the Battle ) , Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 209 -- 212 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 212 Jump up ^ French , General Gage 's Informers , p. 97 . Laurie reported , `` I imagine myself that a man of my Company ( afterwards killed ) did first fire his piece , tho ' Mr. ( Lt . ) Sutherland has since assured me that the Country people fired first . '' Jump up ^ Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 , French , Allen . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Rev.",
"41": "Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264 ( Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge , April 19 , 1775 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 214 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 216 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 166 -- 168 Jump up ^ Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn , pp. 7 - 35 . However , as Coburn notes , these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present , because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives . Jump up ^ Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth - bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80 - 100 yards ( 75 - 90 m ) , although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance , if it happened by chance to hit a person . There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer - range , more accurate rifles . Dr. Benjamin Church , a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety , informed General Gage in March , 1775 , that the colonial militiamen `` from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods . '' Even if Church meant yards rather than rods ( 600 feet versus 3300 feet ) , it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket , was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage ( as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy ) , or was ridiculing the American militiamen . See Philbrick , p. 92 , and French , p. 57 - 58 . On whether Church was a spy , see French , Chapter V . Jump up ^ French , p. 219 , and Lister , Concord Fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 408 -- 409 .",
"42": "Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point , and the number of militiamen . Jump up ^ Fischer notes on p. 409 , `` This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle , an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic . It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service . '' The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission , submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park , asserted that : `` Fittingly , this curving section of the road was soon to be named ' The Bloody Angle . ' '' ( p. 47 ; emphasis added ) . However , there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19 , 1775 , nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century . See Boston National Historic Sites Commission , The Lexington - Concord Battle Road : Interim Report , June 16 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . According to one British officer , ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of `` too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war . Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action , and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing . This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence , as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much ( firing ) , they suffered but little from it . '' Lt. Frederick Mackenzie , 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers , Diary of Frederick Mackenzie , in Allen French , editor , A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston , Cambridge , 1926 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 410 -- 411 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush -- now sometimes referred to as `` Parker 's Revenge '' -- took place , whether within Lincoln or Lexington . Jump up ^ Coburn , pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Ensign Henry De Berniere , `` Report to General Gage on April 19 , 1775 , '' quoted in Fischer , pp.",
"43": "231 - 232 Jump up ^ Lt. John Barker , The King 's Own Regiment , `` Diary of a British Soldier , '' Atlantic Monthly , April 1877 , vol. 39 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . Jump up ^ A remark in Lt. Col. Smith 's report to General Gage , dated April 22 , 1775 , is typical : `` Notwithstanding the enemy 's numbers , they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action , though our men were so very fatigued , but ( instead ) kept under cover . '' Henry S. Commager , editor . Documents of American History , New York , 1948 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , ' ' Paul Revere 's Ride , ' ' 1861 . Jump up ^ Lord Percy to General Harvey , April 20 , 1775 , in Charles Knowles Bolton , editor , Letters of Hugh Earl Percy , Boston , 1902 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ French , p. 228 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 178 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 185 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ There are several versions of this story . See French , p. 230 , and Samuel Abbot Smith , pp. 27 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 245 -- 246 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 250 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 258 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 257 Jump up ^ Hurd , p. 181 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 96 Jump up ^ McCullough , p. 35 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp.",
"44": "100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 265 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress , pp. 26 - 44 . Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 263 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 279 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 280 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 327 - 328 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 329 Jump up ^ Napierkowski Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 331 -- 333 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 336 -- 338 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 340 -- 342 Jump up ^ Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do Jump up ^ `` John Buttrick Memorial '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Civil War Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed Jan. 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company Archived 2012 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Maine Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Wisconsin School Observance Days Jump up ^ Concord Centennial Celebration Report Jump up ^ Scott 's United States Stamp Catalog : First Day Covers Jump up ^ Time Magazine , April 25 , 1974 Jump up ^ New York Times on Ford 's appearance Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project . References Anderson , Fred ( 1984 ) .",
"45": "A People 's Army : Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4576 - 9 . Bradford , Charles H ( 1996 ) . The Battle Road : Expedition to Lexington and Concord . Eastern National . ISBN 1 - 888213 - 01 - 9 . Burke , Edmund ( 1775 ) . Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies , March 22 , 1775 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston : An on - the - scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution . New York : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Coburn , Frank Warren ( 1922 ) . The Battle of April 19 , 1775 : In Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Arlington , Cambridge , Somerville , and Charlestown , Massachusetts : Second Edition Revised and with Additions . The Lexington historical society . OCLC 2494350 . Dana , Elizabeth Ellery ( 1924 ) . The British in Boston : Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King 's Own Regiment from November 15 , 1774 to May 31 , 1776 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . OCLC 3235993 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 2009 ) . America 's Hidden History . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 111819 - 2 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( 1837 ) . `` Emerson 's Concord Hymn '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ; Curtis , George William ( 1875 ) . Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight , April 19 , 1875 . Town of Concord . OCLC 4363293 . Evelyn , W. Glanville ( 1879 ) . Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn .",
"46": "Oxford : James Parker and Co . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508847 - 6 . This book is extensively footnoted , and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events . Ford , Gerald R. ( April 19 , 1975 ) . `` Remarks at the Old North Bridge , Concord , Massachusetts '' . The American Presidency Project . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . French , Allen ( 1926 ) . A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston . Harvard University Press . French , Allen ( 1925 ) . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . French , Allen ( 1932 ) . General Gage 's Informers . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1903 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill . Little and Brown . OCLC 221368703 . Galvin , Gen. John R . The Minute Men : The First Fight : Myths & Realities of the American Revolution , Pergamon - Brassey 's , Washington , D.C. , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 036733 - X . This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders . Hafner , Donald L. ( 2006 ) . `` The First Blood Shed in the Revolution '' . Boston College . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Hurd , Duane Hamilton ( 1890 ) . History of Middlesex County , Massachusetts , Volume 1 : With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men . J.W. Lewis & co . OCLC 2155461 . Journals of the Continental Congress , Vol. II , May 10 - September 20 , 1775 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . 1905 .",
"47": "Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 . 1775 . Kifner , John ( 20 April 1975 ) . `` 160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles ; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford '' . The New York Times . Lister , Jeremy ( 1931 ) . Concord fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April , 1775 , and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Massachusetts Provincial Congress ( 1775 ) . A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King 's Troops . Worcester : Isaiah Thomas . Moore , Frank ( 1876 ) . The Diary of the Revolution : A Centennial Volume . Hartford , CT : J.B. Burr Publishing . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1995 ) . Boston 1775 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 362 - 1 . Moulton , Martha . `` Martha Moulton 's testimony and reward , 4 Feb 1776 '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Napierkowski , Marie Rose ; Ruby , Mary K ( 1998 ) . Poetry for Students : Presenting Analysis , Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry . Gale Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 2724 - 9 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2013 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02544 - 2 . Quarles , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . The Negro in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4603 - 1 . Raphael , Ray and Marie Raphael ( 2015 ) . The Spirit of ' 74 : How the American Revolution Began . New York : New Press . Revere , Paul ( 1798 ) .",
"48": "Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January , 1798 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Revere , Paul ( 1775 ) . Deposition of April 1775 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Shy , John ( 1990 ) . A People Numerous & Armed . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06431 - 1 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Smith , Samuel Abbot ( 1874 ) . West Cambridge 1775 . Arlington , MA : Arlington Historical Society . Tourtellot , Arthur B ( 1959 ) . Lexington and Concord . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00194 - 6 . Urban , Mark ( 2007 ) . Fusiliers : Eight Years with the Red Coats in America . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22486 - 9 . OCLC 153556036 . `` Maine Legal Holidays '' . Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual . Maine Bureau of Human Resources . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Massachusetts Legal Holidays '' . Citizen Information Service . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Minute Man NHP Things To Do '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . `` NPS Museum Collections `` American Revolutionary War '' : Riflemen `` . Valley Forge National Historical Park . National Park Service Museum Collections . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . `` Time Magazine , April 25 , 1975 '' . Time Magazine . 1975 - 04 - 25 .",
"49": "Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . `` Wisconsin Public School Observance Days '' . Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction . Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Further reading Greenwalt , Phillip S. , and Robert Orrison . A Single Blow : The Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Beginning of the American Revolution , April 19 , 1775 . Emerging Revolutionary War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 379 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battles of Lexington and Concord . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Lexington and Concord . National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park Buckman Tavern - Lexington Historical Society Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April Rescued cannon returns to Concord Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles about the Concord Fight in Concord Magazine Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Concord Massachusetts Merriam 's Corner `` Colonial towns , by the numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Facts and figures on Acton , Bedford , Concord and Lexington of the period , including the rosters of the towns ' Minute Men and Militia Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord contained in supplement `` Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord '' to The Military Journals of Private Soldiers , 1758 - 1775 , by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie , NY museum , 1855 .",
"50": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&oldid=836094062 '' Categories : 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Massachusetts in the American Revolution Concord , Massachusetts Lexington , Massachusetts Arlington , Massachusetts Lincoln , Massachusetts Cambridge , Massachusetts 1775 in Massachusetts Military history of New England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Capital punishment in the United states - wikipedia Capital punishment in the United states Jump to : navigation , search A map showing the use of the death penalty in the United States by individual states . Note that the death penalty is used throughout the United States for certain federal crimes . Retains death penalty Abolished for any offence Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States , currently used by 31 states , the federal government , and the military . Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies . The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty , one of 57 countries worldwide applying it , and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution , which has since been adopted by five other countries . There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977 . In 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in Furman v. Georgia , reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment . Subsequently , a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes , and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case Gregg v. Georgia . Since then , more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death ; of these , more than 1,400 have been executed , 161 who were sentenced to death before and after 1976 were exonerated of their conviction before their execution in the modern era. and more than 2,900 are still on death row .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Furman history 1.2 Early abolition movement 1.3 Constitutional law developments 1.4 Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) 1.5 Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) 1.6 Supreme Court narrows capital offenses 1.7 Repeal movements and legal challenges 1.8 Lethal injection era 1.9 Women 's history and capital punishment 2 Capital crimes 2.1 Aggravated murder 2.2 Crimes against the state 3 Legal process 3.1 Decision to seek the death penalty 3.2 Sentencing 3.3 Direct review 3.4 State collateral review 3.5 Federal habeas corpus 3.6 Section 1983 3.7 Execution warrant 4 Distribution of sentences 4.1 Among states 4.2 Among races 4.3 Among sexes 5 Methods 5.1 Offender - selected methods 5.2 Backup methods 5.3 Federal executions 6 Execution attendance 7 Public opinion 8 Debate 9 Clemency and commutations 10 Execution hiatus 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Books 13.2 Journal articles 14 External links History ( edit ) Pre-Furman History ( edit ) Executions in the United States from 1608 to 2009 The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall , who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for allegedly spying for the Spanish government . The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty , requiring a grand jury indictment for `` capital crime '' and a due process of law for deprivation of `` life '' by the government . The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any state .",
"2": "The Espy file , compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla , lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991 . From 1930 to 2002 , there were 4,661 executions in the U.S. , about two - thirds of them in the first 20 years . Additionally , the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 ( the most recent ) . Early Abolition movement ( edit ) Three states abolished the death penalty for murder during the 19th century : Michigan in 1846 ( has never executed a prisoner since achieving statehood ) , Wisconsin in 1853 and Maine in 1887 . Rhode Island is also a state with a long abolitionist background , having repealed the death penalty in 1852 , though it was theoretically available for murder committed by a prisoner between 1872 and 1984 . Other states which abolished the death penalty for murder before Gregg v. Georgia include : Minnesota in 1911 , Vermont in 1964 , Iowa and West Virginia in 1965 and North Dakota in 1973 . Hawaii abolished the death penalty in 1948 and Alaska in 1957 , both before their statehood . Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981 . Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively , but both reinstated it , again by popular vote , some years later : Arizona in 1918 and Oregon in 1978 . Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions : in 1952 and 1964 , respectively . Constitutional law developments ( edit ) Nevertheless , capital punishment continued to be used by a majority of states and the federal government for various crimes , especially murder and rape , from the creation of the United States up to the beginning of the 1960s . Until then , `` save for a few mavericks , no one gave any credence to the possibility of ending the death penalty by judicial interpretation of constitutional law '' , according to abolitionist Hugo Bedau .",
"3": "The possibility of challenging the constitutionality of the death penalty became progressively more realistic after the Supreme Court of the United States decided Trop v. Dulles in 1958 , when the court said explicitly for the first time that the Eighth Amendment 's cruel and unusual clause must draw its meaning from the `` evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society '' , rather than from its original meaning . Also in the 1932 case Powell v. Alabama , the court made the first step of what would be later be called `` death is different '' jurisprudence , when it held that any indigent defendant was entitled to a court - appointed attorney in capital cases - a right that was only later extended to non-capital defendants in 1963 , with Gideon v. Wainwright . Capital punishment suspended ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Further information : Furman v. Georgia Executions in the United States since 1960 In Furman v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court considered a group of consolidated cases . The lead case involved an individual convicted under Georgia 's death penalty statute , which featured a `` unitary trial '' procedure in which the jury was asked to return a verdict of guilt or innocence and , simultaneously , determine whether the defendant would be punished by death or life imprisonment . The last pre-Furman execution was that of Luis Monge on June 2 , 1967 . In a 5 - 4 decision , the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court has never ruled the death penalty to be per se unconstitutional . The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision , however , and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result . The narrowest opinions , those of Byron White and Potter Stewart , expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases , but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law . Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty . Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment .",
"4": "The Furman decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment , and was described by scholars as a `` legal bombshell '' . The next day , columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was `` unlikely '' that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States . Capital punishment reinstated ( 1976 ) ( edit ) Further information : Gregg v. Georgia U.S. Supreme Court seat in Washington , D.C. Instead of abandoning capital punishment , 37 states enacted new death penalty statutes that attempted to address the concerns of White and Stewart in Furman . Some states responded by enacting mandatory death penalty statutes which prescribed a sentence of death for anyone convicted of certain forms of murder . White had hinted that such a scheme would meet his constitutional concerns in his Furman opinion . Other states adopted `` bifurcated '' trial and sentencing procedures , with various procedural limitations on the jury 's ability to pronounce a death sentence designed to limit juror discretion . On July 2 , 1976 , the U.S. Supreme Court decided Gregg v. Georgia and upheld 7 - 2 a Georgia procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt - innocence and sentencing phases . At the first proceeding , the jury decides the defendant 's guilt ; if the defendant is innocent or otherwise not convicted of first - degree murder , the death penalty will not be imposed . At the second hearing , the jury determines whether certain statutory aggravating factors exist , whether any mitigating factors exist , and , in many jurisdictions , weigh the aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty - either death or life in prison , either with or without parole . The same day , in Woodson v. North Carolina and Roberts v. Louisiana , the court struck down 5 - 4 statutes providing a mandatory death sentence . Executions resumed on January 17 , 1977 , when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah . Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s , only ten people besides Gilmore ( who had waived all of his appeal rights ) were actually executed prior to 1984 .",
"5": "Supreme court narrows capital offenses ( edit ) In 1977 , the Supreme Court 's Coker v. Georgia decision barred the death penalty for rape of an adult woman . Previously , the death penalty for rape of an adult had been gradually phased out in the United States , and at the time of the decision , Georgia and the U.S. Federal government were the only two jurisdictions to still retain the death penalty for that offense . In the 1980 case Godfrey v. Georgia , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor . The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty . First , the case of Atkins v. Virginia , decided on June 20 , 2002 , held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional . Second , in 2005 , the court 's decision in Roper v. Simmons struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime . In the 2008 case Kennedy v. Louisiana , the court also held 5 - 4 that the death penalty is unconstitutional when applied to non-homicidal crimes against the person , including child rape . Only two death row inmates ( both in Louisiana ) were affected by the decision . Nevertheless , the ruling came less than five months before the 2008 presidential election and was criticized by both major party candidates Barack Obama and John McCain . Repeal movements and legal challenges ( edit ) In 2004 , New York and Kansas capital sentencing schemes were struck down by their respective state highest courts . Kansas successfully appealed the Kansas Supreme Court decision to the United States Supreme Court , who reinstated the statute in Kansas v. Marsh ( 2006 ) , holding it did not violate the U.S. Constitution . The decision of New York Court of Appeals was based on the state constitution , making unavailable any appeal . The state lower house has since blocked all attempts to reinstate the death penalty by adopting a valid sentencing scheme . In 2016 , Delaware 's death penalty statute was also struck down by its state supreme court .",
"6": "In 2007 , New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since Gregg v. Georgia , followed by New Mexico in 2009 , Illinois in 2011 , Connecticut in 2012 , and Maryland in 2013 . The repeals were not retroactive , but in New Jersey , Illinois and Maryland , governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law . In Connecticut , the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive . New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute . Nebraska 's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015 , but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it . Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8 , 2016 . The same day , California 's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty , and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process . Since Furman , 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process . All resulted in a vote for reinstating it , rejecting its abolition , expanding its application field , specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional , or expediting the appeal process in capital cases . Lethal injection era. ( edit ) The lethal injection room in Florida State Prison . From 1976 to January 1 , 2017 , there were 1,442 executions , of which 1,267 were by lethal injection , 158 by electrocution , 11 by gas inhalation , 3 by hanging , and 3 by firing squad . Executions rose at a near - continuous pace until 1999 , when it peaked at 98 . After 1999 , the number of executions lowered nearly every year , and the 20 executions in 2016 were the fewest since 1991 . The death penalty was a notable issue during the 1988 presidential election . It came up in the October 13 , 1988 , debate between the two presidential nominees George H.W. Bush and Michael Dukakis , when Bernard Shaw , the moderator of the debate , asked Dukakis , `` Governor , if Kitty Dukakis ( his wife ) were raped and murdered , would you favor an irrevocable death penalty for the killer ? ''",
"7": "Dukakis replied , `` No , I do n't , and I think you know that I 've opposed the death penalty during all of my life . I do n't see any evidence that it 's a deterrent , and I think there are better and more effective ways to deal with violent crime . '' Bush was elected , and many , including Dukakis himself , cite the statement as the beginning of the end of his campaign . In 1996 , Congress passed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act to streamline the appeal process in capital cases . The bill was signed into law by President Bill Clinton , who had endorsed capital punishment during his 1992 presidential campaign . A study found that at least 34 of the 749 executions carried out in the U.S. between 1977 and 2001 , or 4.5 % , involved `` unanticipated problems or delays that caused , at least arguably , unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner '' . The rate of these `` botched executions '' remained steady over the period . A study published in The Lancet in 2005 found that in 43 % of cases of lethal injection , the blood level of hypnotics in the prisoner was insufficient to ensure unconsciousness . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court ruled in 2008 ( Baze v. Rees ) and again in 2015 ( Glossip v. Gross ) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment . Women 's History and capital punishment ( edit ) In 1632 , 24 years after the first recorded male execution in the colonies , Jane Champion became the first woman to be lawfully executed . She was sentenced to death by hanging after she was convicted of murder in front of a grand jury . The second half of the 1600s saw the executions of 14 women and 6 men who were accused of witchcraft during the witch hunt hysteria and the Salem Witch Trials . While both men and women were executed , 80 % of the accusations were towards women , so the list of executions disproportionately affected women by a margin of 7 to 3 . Other notable female executions include Mary Surratt , Margie Velma Barfield and Wanda Jean Allen .",
"8": "Mary Surrat was executed by hanging in 1865 after being convicted of co-conspiring about Abraham Lincoln 's assassination . Margie Velma Barfield was convicted of murder and when she was executed by lethal injection in 1984 , she became the first woman to be executed since the ban on capital punishment was lifted in 1976 . Wanda Jean Allen was convicted of murder in 1989 and had a high profile execution by lethal injection in January 2001 . She was the first black woman to be executed in the US since 1954 . According to Allen 's lawyers , prosecutors capitalized on her low IQ , race and homosexuality in their representations of her as a murderer at trial . Capital crimes ( edit ) Aggravated murder ( edit ) Aggravating factors for seeking capital punishment of murder vary greatly among death penalty states . California has twenty - two ; New Hampshire has seven . Some aggravating circumstances are nearly universal , such as robbery - murder , murder involving rape of the victim , and murder of an on - duty police officer . Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors , but the victim 's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies . In 2011 , Texas raised this age from six to ten . In some states , the high number of aggravating factors has been criticized on account of giving prosecutors too much discretion in choosing cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted . In California especially , an official commission proposed , in 2008 , to reduce these factors to five ( multiple murders , torture murder , murder of a police officer , murder committed in jail , and murder related to another felony ) . Columnist Charles Lane went further , and proposed that murder related to a felony other than rape should no longer be a capital crime when there is only one victim killed . Crimes against the state ( edit ) The opinion of the court in Kennedy v. Louisiana says that the ruling does not apply to `` treason , espionage , terrorism , and drug kingpin activity , which are offenses against the State '' . Since no one is on death row for such offenses , the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them . Treason , espionage and large - scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law .",
"9": "Treason is also punishable by death in six states ( Arkansas , California , Georgia , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Missouri ) . Vermont still has a pre-Furman statute providing the death penalty for treason despite removing capital punishment for murder in 1965 . Large - scale drug trafficking is punishable by death in two states ( Florida and Missouri ) . Aircraft hijacking is a capital crime in Georgia and Mississippi . Legal process ( edit ) The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps : ( 1 ) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty ( 2 ) sentencing , ( 3 ) direct review , ( 4 ) state collateral review , and ( 5 ) federal habeas corpus . Clemency , through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence , is an executive rather than judicial process . Decision to seek the death penalty ( edit ) While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution , the death penalty can be handed down only if the accuser has specifically decided to seek it . In the decades since Furman , new questions have emerged about whether or not prosecutorial arbitrariness has replaced sentencing arbitrariness . A study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review , surveyed the decision - making process among prosecutors in various states . The authors found that prosecutors ' capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local `` idiosyncrasies '' , suggesting they are not in keeping with the spirit of the Supreme Court 's directive . This means that `` the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate '' may still `` infect capital cases '' . Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria . California law , for example , has 22 `` special circumstances '' , making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases . A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general . Sentencing ( edit ) Of the 31 states with the death penalty , 29 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury , and 28 require a unanimous sentence .",
"10": "However , the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury : In four states ( Arizona , California , Kentucky and Nevada ) , a retrial of the penalty phase will be conducted before a different jury ( the common - law rule for mistrial ) . In two states ( Indiana and Missouri ) , the judge will decide the sentence . In the 22 other states , a hung jury results in a life sentence , even if only one juror opposed death . Federal law also provides that outcome . The first outcome is referred as the `` true unanimity '' rule , while the third has been criticized as the `` single - juror veto '' rule . In Alabama , the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur . A retrial happens if the jury deadlock . Nebraska is the only state in which the sentence is decided by a three - judge panel . If one of the judges on the panel opposes death , the defendant is sentenced to life imprisonment . Montana is the only state where the trial judge decides the sentence alone . In all states in which the jury is involved , only death - qualified veniremen can be selected in such a jury , to exclude both people who will always vote for the death sentence and those who are categorically opposed to it . Direct review ( edit ) If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level , the case then goes into a direct review . The direct review process is a typical legal appeal . An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not . Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes . If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing , the appellate court will affirm the judgment , or let the sentence stand . If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur , then it will reverse the judgment , or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing . Lastly , if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty , a rarity , then it will order the defendant acquitted , or not guilty , of the crime for which he / she was given the death penalty , and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible .",
"11": "About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact . State collateral review ( edit ) At times when a death sentence is affirmed on direct review , supplemental methods to attack the judgment , though less familiar than a typical appeal , do remain . These supplemental remedies are considered collateral review , that is , an avenue for upsetting judgments that have become otherwise final . Where the prisoner received his death sentence in a state - level trial , as is usually the case , the first step in collateral review is state collateral review , which is often called state habeas corpus . ( If the case is a federal death penalty case , it proceeds immediately from direct review to federal habeas corpus . ) Although all states have some type of collateral review , the process varies widely from state to state . Generally , the purpose of these collateral proceedings is to permit the prisoner to challenge his sentence on grounds that could not have been raised reasonably at trial or on direct review . Most often , these are claims , such as ineffective assistance of counsel , which requires the court to consider new evidence outside the original trial record , something courts may not do in an ordinary appeal . State collateral review , though an important step in that it helps define the scope of subsequent review through federal habeas corpus , is rarely successful in and of itself . Only around 6 percent of death sentences are overturned on state collateral review . In Virginia , state habeas corpus for condemned men are heard by the state supreme court under exclusive original jurisdiction since 1995 , immediately after direct review by the same court . This avoids any proceeding before the lower courts , and is in part why Virginia has the shortest time on average between death sentence and execution ( less than eight years ) and has executed 113 offenders since 1976 with only five remaining on death row as of June 2017 . To reduce litigation delays , other states require convicts to file their state collateral appeal before the completion of their direct appeal , or provide adjudication of direct and collateral attacks together in a `` unitary review '' . Federal habeas corpus ( edit ) After a death sentence is affirmed in state collateral review , the prisoner may file for federal habeas corpus , which is a unique type of lawsuit that can be brought in federal courts .",
"12": "Federal habeas corpus is a type of collateral review , and it is the only way that state prisoners may attack a death sentence in federal court ( other than petitions for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court after both direct review and state collateral review ) . The scope of federal habeas corpus is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ( AEDPA ) , which restricted significantly its previous scope . The purpose of federal habeas corpus is to ensure that state courts , through the process of direct review and state collateral review , have done a reasonable job in protecting the prisoner 's federal constitutional rights . Prisoners may also use federal habeas corpus suits to bring forth new evidence that they are innocent of the crime , though to be a valid defense at this late stage in the process , evidence of innocence must be truly compelling . According to Eric Freedman , 21 percent of death penalty cases are reversed through federal habeas corpus . James Liebman , a professor of law at Columbia Law School , stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case , there was `` a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995 '' . Similarly , a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher , finding that between `` 1976 and 1991 , approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted '' . The different numbers are largely definitional , rather than substantive : Freedam 's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed , while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review . A similar process is available for prisoners sentenced to death by the judgment of a federal court . The AEDPA also provides an expeditious habeas procedure in capital cases for states meeting several requirements set forth in it concerning counsel appointment for death row inmates . Under this program , federal habeas corpus for condemned prisoners would be decided in about three years from affirmance of the sentence on state collateral review . In 2006 , Congress conferred the determination of whether a state fulfilled the requirements to the U.S.",
"13": "attorney general , with a possible appeal of the state to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . As of March 2016 , the Department of Justice has still not granted any certifications . Section 1983 ( edit ) If the federal court refuses to issue a writ of habeas corpus , the death sentence becomes final for all purposes . In recent times , however , prisoners have postponed execution through another way of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 - codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 - which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights . While the aforementioned appeals are normally limited to one and automatically stay the execution of the death sentence , Section 1983 lawsuits are unlimited , but the petitioner will be granted a stay of execution only if the court believes he has a likelihood of success on the merits . Traditionally , Section 1983 was of limited use for a state prisoner under sentence of death because the Supreme Court has held that habeas corpus , not Section 1983 , is the only vehicle by which a state prisoner can challenge his judgment of death . In the 2006 Hill v. McDonough case , however , the United States Supreme Court approved the use of Section 1983 as a vehicle for challenging a state 's method of execution as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment . The theory is that a prisoner bringing such a challenge is not attacking directly his judgment of death , but rather the means by which that the judgment will be carried out . Therefore , the Supreme Court held in the Hill case that a prisoner can use Section 1983 rather than habeas corpus to bring the lawsuit . Yet , as Clarence Hill 's own case shows , lower federal courts have often refused to hear suits challenging methods of execution on the ground that the prisoner brought the claim too late and only for the purposes of delay . Further , the Court 's decision in Baze v. Rees , upholding a lethal injection method used by many states , has narrowed the opportunity for relief through Section 1983 . Execution warrant ( edit ) While the execution warrant is issued by the governor in several states , in the vast majority it is a judicial order , issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution . The warrant usually sets an execution day .",
"14": "Some states instead provide a longer period , such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution . This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last - minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later . Distribution of sentences ( edit ) Total number of prisoners on Death Row in the United States from 1953 to 2008 Within the context of the overall murder rate , the death penalty can not be said to be widely or routinely used in the United States ; in recent years the average has been about one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions . Alabama has the highest per capita rate of death sentences . This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment , a possibility it removed in March 2017 . Among states ( edit ) The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates . California , which is the most populous state , has also the largest death row with over 700 inmates . Wyoming , which is the least populous state , has only one condemned man . But executions are more frequent ( and happen more quickly after sentencing ) in conservative states . Texas , which is the second most populous state of the Union , carried out over 500 executions during the post-Furman era , more than a third of the national total . California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period . Among races ( edit ) Main article : Race and capital punishment in the United States African Americans made up 41 % of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 % of the general population . They have made up 34 % of those actually executed since 1976 . However , this is an under - representation relative to the proportion of convicted murderers ; 52.5 % of all homicide offenders between 1980 and 2008 were African Americans . According to a 2003 Amnesty International report , blacks and whites were the victims of murder in almost equal numbers , yet 80 % of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murders involving white victims . Approximately 13.5 % of death row inmates are of Hispanic or Latino descent , while they make up 17.4 % of the general population .",
"15": "Among sexes ( edit ) As of October 1 , 2016 , the Death Penalty Information Center reports that there are only 54 women on death row . This constitutes 1.86 % of the total death row population . 16 women have been executed since 1976 , while 1442 men have been executed . 15,391 total confirmed lawful executions have been carried out in the US since 1608 , and of these , 575 , or 3.6 % , were women . Women account for 1 / 50 death sentences , 1 / 67 people on death row , and 1 / 100 people whose executions are actually carried out . The states that have executed the most women are California , Texas and Florida . For women , the racial breakdown of those sentenced to death is 21 % black , 13 % Latina , 2 % American Indian , 61 % white and 3 % Asian . Methods ( edit ) Usage of lethal injection in the US . State uses only this method . State uses this method primarily but also has other methods . State once used this method , but does not today . State once adopted this method , but dropped before its use . State has never adopted this method . Number of executions each year by the method used in the United States and the earlier colonies from 1608 to 2004 . The adoption of electrocution caused a marked drop off in the number of hangings , which was used even less with the use of gas inhalation . After Gregg v. Georgia , most states changed to lethal injection , leading to its rise . All 31 states with the death penalty provide lethal injection as the primary method of execution . Some states allow other methods than lethal injection , but only as secondary methods to be used merely at the request of the prisoner or if lethal injection is unavailable . Several states continue to use the historical three - drug protocol : an anesthetic , pancuronium bromide a paralytic , and potassium chloride to stop the heart . Eight states have used a single - drug protocol , inflicting only an overdose of a single anesthetic to the prisoner . While some state statutes specify the drugs required , a majority do not , giving more flexibility to corrections officials . Pressures from anti-death penalty activists and shareholders have made it difficult for correctional services to get the chemicals .",
"16": "Hospira , the only U.S. manufacturer of sodium thiopental , stopped making the drug in 2011 . In 2016 , it was reported that more than 20 U.S. and European drug manufacturers including Pfizer ( the owner of Hospira ) had taken steps to prevent their drugs from being used for lethal injections . Since then , some states have used other anesthetics , such as pentobarbital , etomidate , or fast - acting benzodiazepines like midazolam . Many states have since bought lethal injection drugs from foreign furnishers , and most states have made it a criminal offense to reveal the identities of furnishers or execution team members . In November 2015 , California adopted regulations allowing the state to use its own public compounding pharmacies to make the chemicals . In 2009 , Ohio approved the use of an intramuscular injection of 500 mg of hydromorphone ( a 333-fold overdose for an opioid - naïve patient of this narcotic analgesic closely related to and five times stronger than morphine ; this is the equivalent of an entire 50 - ml bottle of Dilaudid HP , the most powerful commercially available form , although the advantage of hydromorphone is its very high solubility allowing for solutions of almost arbitrary concentration ; 500 mg of hydromorphone HCl as pure powder can be dissolved in isotonic saline in volumes as small as under 2 cc ) and a supratherapeutic dose of midazolam as a backup means of carrying out executions when a suitable vein can not be found for intravenous injection . Lethal injection was held to be a constitutional method of execution by the U.S. Supreme Court in two cases : Baze v. Rees ( 2008 ) and Glossip v. Gross ( 2015 ) . Offender - selected methods ( edit ) In the following states , death row inmates with an execution warrant may choose to be executed by : Electrocution in Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Kentucky , South Carolina , Tennessee and Virginia . Gas inhalation in Arizona and California . Firing squad in Utah . Hanging in Washington .",
"17": "In five states ( Arizona , Arkansas , Kentucky , Tennessee and Utah ) , the alternative method is offered only to inmates sentenced to death for crimes committed prior to a specified date ( usually when the state switched from the earlier method to lethal injection ) . When an offender chooses to be executed by a means different from the state default method , which is always lethal injection , he loses the right to challenge its constitutionality in court . See Stewart v. LaGrand , 526 US 115 ( 1999 ) . The last executions by methods other than injection are as follows ( all chosen by the inmate ) : Method Date State Inmate Electrocution 000000002013 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2013 Virginia Robert Gleason Firing squad 000000002010 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2010 Utah Ronnie Lee Gardner Lethal gas 000000001999 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1999 Arizona Walter LaGrand Hanging 000000001996 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1996 Delaware William Bailey Backup methods ( edit ) Depending on the state , the following alternative methods are statutorily provided in the event that lethal injection is either found unconstitutional by a court or unavailable for practical reasons : Electrocution in Florida , Oklahoma , South Carolina and Tennessee . Gas inhalation in California , Missouri , Oklahoma and Wyoming . Firing squad in Oklahoma and Utah . Hanging in New Hampshire . Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes , providing lethal injection , nitrogen hypoxia , electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable . The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution , though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia . Three states ( Oklahoma , Tennessee and Utah ) have added back - up methods recently in 2014 or 2015 ( or have expanded their application fields ) in reaction to the shortage of lethal injection drugs .",
"18": "Some states such as Florida have a larger provision dealing with execution methods unavailability , requiring their state departments of corrections to use `` any constitutional method '' if both lethal injection and electrocution are found unconstitutional . This was designed to make unnecessary any further legislative intervention in that event , but the provision apply only to legal ( not practical ) infeasibility . In May 2016 , an Oklahoma grand jury recommended the state to use nitrogen hypoxia as its primary method of execution rather than as a mere backup , after experts testified that the method would be painless , easy and `` inexpensive '' . Federal executions ( edit ) The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place . If the state has no death penalty , the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution . The federal government has a facility ( at U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute ) and regulations only for executions by lethal injection , but the United States Code allows U.S. Marshals to use state facilities and employees for federal executions . Execution attendance ( edit ) The over 200 witnesses to the execution of Timothy McVeigh were mostly survivors and victims ' relatives of the Oklahoma City bombing . The last public execution in the U.S. was that of Rainey Bethea in Owensboro , Kentucky , on August 14 , 1936 . It was the last execution in the nation at which the general public was permitted to attend without any legally imposed restrictions . `` Public execution '' is a legal phrase , defined by the laws of various states , and carried out pursuant to a court order . Similar to `` public record '' or `` public meeting '' , it means that anyone who wants to attend the execution may do so . Around 1890 , a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions . Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a `` wall '' or `` enclosure '' , or to `` exclude public view '' . Most states laws currently use such explicit wording to prohibit public executions , while others do so only implicitly by enumerating the only authorized witnesses . All states allow news reporters to be execution witnesses for information of the general public , except Wyoming which allow only witnesses authorized by the condemned .",
"19": "Several states also allow victims ' families and relatives selected by the prisoner to watch executions . An hour or two before the execution , the condemned is offered religious services and to choose his last meal ( except in Texas which abolished it in 2011 ) . The execution of Timothy McVeigh on June 11 , 2001 , was witnessed by over 200 people , most by closed - circuit television . Public opinion ( edit ) Gallup , Inc. monitors support for the death penalty in the United States since 1937 by asking `` Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder ? '' Gallup surveys document a sharp increase in support for capital punishment between 1966 and 1994 clearly in response to rising violent crime rates during this period ( e.g Page and Shapiro 1992 . ) However , with the dramatic surge in arguments questioning the fairness of the sentence ( due , in part , to DNA exonerations of death row inmates in the national media in the late 1990s ( Baumgartner , De Boef , and Boydstun 2004 The Decline of the Death Penalty and the Discovery of Innocence ) , support then began to wane , falling from 80 % in 1994 to 66 % in 2000 . Moreover , approval varies substantially depending on the characteristics of the target and the alternatives posed , with much lower support for putting juveniles and the mentally ill to death ( 26 % and 19 % , respectively , in 2002 ) and for the alternative of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole ( 52 % in 2003 ) Gallup 2005 ) . Given the fact that attitudes toward this policy are often responsive to events , to characteristics of the target , and to alternatives , the conventional wisdom -- that death penalty attitudes are impervious to change -- is surely overstated . Accordingly , any analysis of death penalty attitudes must account for the responsiveness of such attitudes , as well as their reputed resistance to change In their last poll in October 2016 , 60 % of respondents said they were in favor and 37 % were opposed . A month earlier , a Pew Research poll found that 49 % of Americans supported the death penalty for convicted murderers and 42 % opposed , down from 80 % in 1974 .",
"20": "A 2010 poll found that 61 % of voters would choose a penalty other than the death sentence for murder . When persons surveyed are given a choice between the death penalty and life without parole for persons convicted of capital crimes , support for execution has traditionally been significantly lower than in polling that asks only if a person does or does not support the death penalty . In 2010 , for instance , a Gallup poll that offered a choice showed 49 % favoring the death penalty , and 46 % favoring life imprisonment . On the other hand , in November 2009 , another Gallup poll found that 77 % of Americans say that September 11 attacks ' mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed should get the death penalty if convicted , including 12 who normally opposed the death penalty when asked the 1937 question . A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing that killed 168 victims . Debate ( edit ) Main article : Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment is a controversial issue , with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate . Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds . Some law enforcement organizations , and some victims ' rights groups support capital punishment . The United States is one of four industrialized democracies that still practice capital punishment with Japan , Singapore , and Taiwan . Religious groups are widely split on the issue of capital punishment . The Fiqh Council of North America , a group of highly influential Muslim scholars in the United States , has issued a fatwa calling for a moratorium on capital punishment in the United States until various preconditions in the legal system are met . In October 2009 , the American Law Institute voted to disavow the framework for capital punishment that it had created in 1962 , as part of the Model Penal Code , `` in light of the current intractable institutional and structural obstacles to ensuring a minimally adequate system for administering capital punishment '' . A study commissioned by the institute had said that experience had proved that the goal of individualized decisions about who should be executed and the goal of systemic fairness for minorities and others could not be reconciled . As of 2017 , 159 prisoners have been exonerated due to evidence of their innocence .",
"21": "Advocates of the death penalty say that it deters crime , is a good tool for prosecutors in plea bargaining , improves the community by eliminating recidivism by executed criminals , provides `` closure '' to surviving victims or loved ones , and is a just penalty . The murder rate is highest in the South ( 6.5 per 100,000 in 2016 ) , where 80 % of executions are carried out , and lowest in the Northeast ( 3.5 per 100,000 ) , with less than 1 % of executions . A report by the US National Research Council in 2012 stated that studies claiming a deterrent effect are `` fundamentally flawed '' and should not be used for policy decisions . According to a survey of the former and present presidents of the country 's top academic criminological societies , 88 % of these experts rejected the notion that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder . ( Radelet & Lacock , 2009 ) Data shows that the application of the death penalty is strongly influenced by racial bias . Furthermore , some opponents argue that it is applied in an arbitrary manner by a criminal justice system that has been shown to be biased through the systemic influence of socio - economic , geographic , and gender factors . Another argument in the capital punishment debate is the cost . Clemency and commutations ( edit ) The largest number of clemencies was granted in January 2003 in Illinois when outgoing Governor George Ryan , who had already imposed a moratorium on executions , pardoned four death - row inmates and commuted the sentences of the remaining 167 to life in prison without the possibility of parole . When Governor Pat Quinn signed legislation abolishing the death penalty in Illinois in March 2011 , he commuted the sentences of the fifteen inmates on death row to life imprisonment . Previous post-Furman mass clemencies took place in 1986 in New Mexico , when Governor Toney Anaya commuted all death sentences because of his personal opposition to the death penalty . In 1991 , outgoing Ohio Governor Dick Celeste commuted the sentences of eight prisoners , among them all four women on the state 's death row .",
"22": "And during his two terms ( 1979 - 1987 ) as Florida 's Governor , Bob Graham , although a strong death penalty supporter who had overseen the first post-Furman involuntary execution as well as 15 others , agreed to commute the sentences of six people on the grounds of doubts about guilt or disproportionality . Execution hiatus ( edit ) All executions were suspended through the country between September 2007 and April 2008 . At that time , the U.S. Supreme Court was examining the constitutionality of lethal injection in Baze v. Rees . This was the longest period with no executions in the United States since 1982 . The Supreme Court ultimately upheld this method in a 7 - 2 ruling . In addition to the states that have no valid death penalty statute , the following states and jurisdictions are noted that have an official moratorium , or have had no executions for more than ten years , as of 2017 : State / Jurisdiction Status Hiatus status Federal de facto No executions since 2003 Military de facto No executions since 1961 Arizona by Attorney General In 2014 , Attorney General indefinitely stayed executions California de facto No executions since 2006 Colorado by Governor In 2013 , Governor set a moratorium Kentucky by court order In 2009 , a federal judge suspended executions pending a new protocol Montana by court order In 2015 , a federal judge ruled the state 's lethal injection protocol is unlawful , stopping executions Nebraska de facto Last execution took place in 1997 Nevada de facto Last execution in 2006 North Carolina de facto Last execution in 2006 Oklahoma by implementers In 2014 , state Dept. of Corrections recommended an indefinite hold on executions after a botched execution Oregon by Governor In 2011 , Governor announced a moratorium and a review Pennsylvania by Governor In 2015 , Governor announced a moratorium pending review Washington by Governor In 2014 , Governor announced a moratorium and reprieve for new cases Wyoming de facto No executions since 1992 Kansas , New Hampshire , Wyoming , and the U.S.",
"23": "Military have also no executions for over ten years , but in these states it is because of the lack of death row inmates having exhausted the appeal process . Since 1976 , four states have executed only condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived further appeals : Pennsylvania has executed three inmates , Oregon two , Connecticut one , and New Mexico one . In North Carolina , executions are suspended following a decision by the state 's medical board that physicians can not participate in executions , which is a requirement under state law . In California , United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15 , 2006 , ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed . On November 25 , 2009 , the Kentucky Supreme Court suspended executions until the state adopts regulations for carrying out the penalty by lethal injection . In November 2011 , Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber announced a moratorium on executions in Oregon , canceling a planned execution and ordering a review of the death penalty system in the state . On February 11 , 2014 , Washington Governor Jay Inslee announced a capital punishment moratorium . All death penalty cases that come to Inslee will result in him issuing a reprieve , not a pardon or commutation . On February 13 , 2015 , Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf announced a moratorium on the death penalty . Wolf will issue a reprieve for every execution until a commission on capital punishment , which was established in 2011 by the Pennsylvania State Senate , produces a recommendation . Effectively there was a moratorium in place , as the state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999 . See also ( edit ) United States portal Criminal justice portal Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment by the United States federal government List of United States Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018 List of death row inmates in the United States List of last executions in the United States by crime References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` States and capital punishment '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leigh B. Bienen ( 2010 ) . Murder and Its Consequences : Essays on Capital Punishment in America ( 2 ed . ) .",
"24": "Northwestern University Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8101 - 2697 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Lethal injection '' . capitalpunishmentuk.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . China ... Guatemala , Philippines , Thailand ... Vietnam ^ Jump up to : Barry Latzer ( 2010 ) , Death Penalty Cases : Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment , Elsevier , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Execution Statistics Summary -- State and Year '' . people.smu.edu/rhalperi/ . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer - Moss , Jessica ( 2013 ) `` Flawed Forensics and the Death Penalty : Junk Science and Potentially Wrongful Executions '' , Seattle Journal for Social Justice : Vol. 11 : Iss. 2 , Article 10 . ( p. 760 ) Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 2 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Death Penalty Information Center ( 2010 ) . `` Part I : History of the Death Penalty , Death Penalty Information Center '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ david waksman . `` Is there a Death Penalty in America ? '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Death Penalty in America '' . Antideathpenalty.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAZE v. REES ( No. 07 - 5439 ) ( April 16 , 2008 ) Justice Scalia , with whom Justice Thomas joins , concurring in the judgment '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Espy file '' .",
"25": "Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Archived 2009 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . of the United States of America Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Military Death Penalty '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John A. Bennett Jump up ^ `` Executions in the Military '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death penalty on the ballot '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Courts , the Constitution , and Capital Punishment 118 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ The Free Lance - Star - Jun 30 , 1972 : New laws unlikely on death penalty , by Barry Schweid Jump up ^ Gregg v. Georgia , 428 U.S. 153 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Woodson v. North Carolina , 428 U.S. 280 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Roberts v. Louisiana , 428 U.S. 325 ( 1976 ) , 431 U.S. 633 ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ `` Godfrey v. Georgia '' . supreme.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DARYL RENARD ATKINS , PETITIONER v. VIRGINIA '' . June 20 , 2002 . Retrieved August 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Roper v. Simmons , 543 U.S. 551 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Child rapists ca n't be executed , Supreme Court rules '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sara Kugler ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Obama Disagrees With High Court on Child Rape Case '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ Powell , Michael ( April 13 , 2005 ) . `` In N.Y. , Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . NEW YORK , April 12 -- New York 's death penalty is no more . A legislative committee tossed out a bill Tuesday aimed at reinstating the state 's death penalty , which a court had suspended last year . It was an extraordinary bit of drama , not least because a top Democrat who once strongly supported capital punishment led the fight to end it . Jump up ^ `` Top court : Delaware 's death penalty law unconstitutional '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richburg , Keith B. ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` N.J. Approves Abolition of Death Penalty ; Corzine to Sign '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in English ) Maria Medina , `` Governor OK with Astorga capital case '' Jump up ^ `` New Mexico governor bans death penalty '' . Agence France - Presse . March 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson made his state the 15th in the nation to outlaw capital punishment when he signed a law abolishing the death penalty , his office said . ^ Jump up to : `` Quinn signs death penalty ban , commutes 15 death row sentences to life '' . Chicago Tribune . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RECENT LEGISLATION : Death Penalty Repeal Passes Second Connecticut House , Awaits Governor 's Signature Death Penalty Information Center '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut governor signs bill to repeal death penalty '' . FOX News Network , LLC. April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ( March 16 , 2013 ) . `` Md .",
"27": "General Assembly repeals death penalty '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clemency '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut 's highest court overturns its death penalty '' . cnn.com/ . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voters in California , Oklahoma , and Nebraska chose to preserve and strengthen the death penalty '' . news.vice.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Executions 2016 ( as of 12 / 8 / 16 ) '' . people.smu.edu . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's non-Dukakis answer '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borg and Radelet , pp. 144 - 147 Jump up ^ Van Norman p. 287 Jump up ^ Paternoster , R. ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) . Capital Punishment . Oxford Handbooks Online . Retrieved 15 June 2016 , from http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195395082-e-24 . Jump up ^ `` Part I : History of the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Conway ( 1906 ) . `` Notes from Council and General Court Records '' . The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 13 ( 4 ) : 389 -- 401 . doi : 10.2307 / 4242764 . Jump up ^ Karlsen , Carol F. ( 1998 - 04 - 17 ) . The Devil in the Shape of a Woman : Witchcraft in Colonial New England . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393347197 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Surratt 's Story - Surratt House Museum '' .",
"28": "www.surrattmuseum.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Velma Margie Barfield # 29 '' . www.clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Jean Allen # 687 '' . www.clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Baker , David V. ( 2015 - 12 - 31 ) . Women and Capital Punishment in the United States : An Analytical History . McFarland . ISBN 9781476622880 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide - Section 190.2 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 630 : 1 Capital Murder '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AGGRAVATING FACTORS FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT BY STATE '' . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AN ACT relating to the murder of a child as a capital offense '' . legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official recommendations on the fair administration of the death penalty in california '' . ccfaj.org . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Lane ( 2010 ) , Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , p. 110 - 111 Jump up ^ Kennedy v. Louisiana , 554 U.S. 407 , 437 ( 2007 ) ; see also Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . The court went beyond the question in the case to rule out the death penalty for any individual crime - as opposed to `` offenses against the state '' , such as treason or espionage - `` where the victim 's life was not taken '' . Jump up ^ `` § 3401 . Definition and punishment of treason '' .",
"29": "legislature.vermont.gov . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty for Offenses Other Than Murder '' . Death Penalty Information Center . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See generally Separation of powers . Jump up ^ `` Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice : An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ Adam M. Gershowitz . `` Statewide Capital Punishment : The Case for Eliminating Counties ' Role in the Death Penalty '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Provisions of state and federal statutes concerning sentence if capital sentencing jury can not agree '' ( PDF ) . A. Parrent , Conn . Public Def . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SB 280 : Sentencing for Capital Felonies '' . flsenate.gov . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See United States v. Perez , 1824 Jump up ^ K. Scheidegger , `` Hurst v. Florida Remedial Legislation and SBP 7068 '' , February 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` SB 16 To amend Sections 13A - 5 - 45 , 13A - 5 - 46 , and 13A - 5 - 47 , Code of Alabama 1975 , relating to capital cases and to the determination of the sentence by courts ; to prohibit a court from overriding a jury verdict '' . legislature.state.al.us . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Nebraska Revised Statutes - Chapter 29 - CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - 29 - 2521 - Sentencing determination proceeding '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 46 - 18 - 301 . Hearing on imposition of death penalty '' . leg.mt.gov . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : See , e.g. , 18 U.S.C.",
"30": "§ 3595 . ( `` In a case in which a sentence of death is imposed , the sentence shall be subject to review by the court of appeals upon appeal by the defendant . '' ) Jump up ^ See generally Appeal . ^ Jump up to : Poland v. Arizona , 476 U.S. 147 152 - 154 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings , Legalize Drugs '' 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( b ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . Jump up ^ LaFave , Israel , & King , 6 Crim . Proc. § 28.11 ( a ) ( 2d ed. 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eric M. Freedman , `` Giarratano is a Scarecrow : The Right to Counsel in State Postconviction Proceedings '' , 91 Cornell L. Rev. 1079 , 1097 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia - § 8.01 - 654 . When and by whom writ granted ; what petition to contain '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia 's execution history '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . `` VIRGINIA 'S DEATH ROW INMATES '' . vadp.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conviction to Execution `` Takes Too Long '' `` . ktrh.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OJP Docket No. 1464 , Certification Process for State Capital Counsel Systems '' ( PDF ) . crimeandconsequences.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ `` AN ACT Concerning a unitary procedure for review in class 1 felony cases in which a death sentence is sought as punishment '' . tornado.state.co.us . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ House v. Bell , 126 S. Ct. 2064 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus Studies '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1996 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walpin , Ned . `` The New Speed - up in Habeas Corpus Appeals '' . Frontline . PBS . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ see 28 U.S.C. § 2255 . Jump up ^ 28 USC § § 2261 - 2266 Jump up ^ `` Court Gives Green Light to Death Penalty Fast - Tracking '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glossip v. Gross 576 U.S. ___ ( 2015 ) '' . justia.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Heck v. Humphrey , 512 U.S. 477 ( 1994 ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Georgia Code - § 17 - 10 - 34 - Sentence to specify time period for and place of execution '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Death Penalty '' . Equal Justice Initiative . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama ends death penalty by judicial override '' . Associated Press at WBRL . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh . `` Executed Prisoners in Texas '' . Last Words . Criminal Brief . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lundin , Leigh ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Last Words '' . Capital Punishment . Criminal Brief .",
"32": "Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . p. 3 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide Trends in the United States , 1980 - 2008 '' ( PDF ) . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America : Death by discrimination - the continuing role of race in capital cases '' . Amnesty.org. April 23 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hispanics and the Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women and the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . clarkprosecutor.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Methods of Execution '' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` State by State Lethal Injection '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eckholm , Erik ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Pfizer Blocks the Use of Its Drugs in Executions '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ben ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Will the EU kill America 's Death Penalty ? '' . Motherboard . Vice Media , Inc . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Algar , Clare ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Big Pharma May Help End The Death Penalty '' . The New Republic . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 .",
"33": "Jump up ^ The Washington Post : A death penalty landmark for Florida : Executing a white man for killing a black man Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Supreme Court Allows Use of Execution Drug '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Execution Team , Firing Squads , Restricted Media Included in House Bill '' . jacksonfreepress.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of change to regulations '' ( PDF ) . cdcr.ca.gov . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mosby 's 2004 `` Hydromorphone '' Jump up ^ `` Ohio Prisons Director Announces Changes to Ohio 's Execution Process '' . Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona execution takes two hours '' . BBC News . July 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` High court upholds lethal injection method '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court backs use of lethal injection drug '' . Cable News Network ( CNN ) . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Code of Laws : `` Section 24 - 3 - 530 . Death by electrocution or lethal injection '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Dawn of a New Form of Capital Punishment , Time , April 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` How to kill : America 's death penalty dilemma '' . cnn.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 922.105 - Execution of death sentence '' . leg.state.fl.us .",
"34": "Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 40 - 23 - 114 - Death by lethal injection Election of electrocution '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma grand jury issues critical report on execution drug mix - up '' . newsok.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` § 26.3 Date , time , place , and method of execution '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 3597 - Use of State facilities '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connecticut § 54 - 100 Kentucky 431.220 Missouri § 546.730 New Mexico § 31 - 14 - 12 ch. 279 Massachusetts § 60 North Carolina § 15 - 188 Oklahoma Title 22 § 1015 Montana § 46 - 19 - 103 Ohio § 2949.22 Tennessee § 40 - 23 - 116 US Code Title 18 § 3596 Federal regulations 28 CFR 26.4 Archived 2014 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Texas Execution Information - Texas Execution Primer '' . www.txexecutions.org . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` States go hunting for execution witnesses '' . jacksonsun.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Code § 7 - 13 - 908 '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner . De Boef , Boydstun , Frank , Suzanna , Amber ( 2011 ) . The Decline of the Death Penalty and the Discovery of Innocence . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521715249 . Jump up ^ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00293.x/full Jump up ^ `` U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60 % '' .",
"35": "gallup.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliphant , Baxter ( 2016 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Support for death penalty lowest in more than four decades '' . Dactank ; News in Numbers . Pew Research Centre . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts about the Death Penalty '' ( PDF ) . Death Penalty Information Center . 9 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , 64 % Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder '' . The Gallup Organization . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Americans at Odds With Recent Terror Trial Decisions '' . gallup.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Foes of death penalty say McVeigh is an exception '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ReligiousTolerance '' . ReligiousTolerance . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Adam Lipak ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Group Gives Up Death Penalty Work '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Innocence : List of Those Freed From Death Row '' . Death Penalty Information Center . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Dwyer - Moss , 760 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Pitkin , James ( January 23 , 2008 ) . `` Killing Time Dead Men Waiting on Oregon 's Death Row '' . Willamette Week . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Londono , O. ( 2013 ) , `` A Retributive Critique of Racial Bias and Arbitrariness in Capital Punishment '' . Journal of Social Philosophy , 44 : 95 - 105 .",
"36": "doi : 10.1111 / josp. 12013 Jump up ^ `` Letter - Cost of the Death Penalty '' . The New York Times . California . February 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Death Row Inmates Granted Commutation by Governor George Ryan on January 12 , 2003 '' . Deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California moves - slowly - toward resuming executions '' . seattletimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . California has long been what one expert calls a `` symbolic death penalty state '' , one of 12 that has capital punishment on the books , but has not executed anyone in more than a decade . Jump up ^ `` The History of Capital Punishment in California '' . California Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation . State of California . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Judge Rules Against Lethal Injection Protocol and Halts Execution '' . Death Penalty Information Center . Death Penalty Information Center . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Bellware , Kim . `` Montana Judge Strikes Down State 's Lethal Injection Protocol '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Judge says executions unconstitutional Archived December 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Decision halts lethal injections Latest Local , State News '' . Kentucky.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jung , Helen ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gov. John Kitzhaber stops executions in Oregon , calls system ' compromised and inequitable ' '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executions Are Suspended by Governor in Washington '' . The New York Times . February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pennsylvania 's governor suspends the death penalty '' . The Washington Post .",
"37": "Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Marian J. Borg and Michael L. Radelet. ( 2004 ) . On botched executions . In : Peter Hodgkinson and William A. Schabas ( eds . ) Capital Punishment . pp. 143 -- 168 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511489273. 006 . Gail A. Van Norman . ( 2010 ) . Physician participation in executions . In : Gail A. Van Norman et al. ( eds . ) Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology . pp. 285 -- 291 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9780511841361. 051 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bakken , Gordon Morris , ed. ( 2010 ) . Invitation to an Execution : A History of the Death Penalty in the United States . University of New Mexico Press Banner , Stuart ( 2002 ) . The Death Penalty : An American History . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00751 - 4 . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . Boston , MA : Northeastern University Press ; Blecker , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Death of Punishment : Searching for Justice among the Worst of the Worst . St. Martin 's Press ; Delfino , Michelangelo and Mary E. Day . ( 2007 ) . Death Penalty USA 2005 - 2006 MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 2 - 5 ; and Death Penalty USA 2003 - 2004 ( 2008 ) . MoBeta Publishing , Tampa , Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725141 - 3 - 2 . Dow , David R. , Dow , Mark ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) . Machinery of Death : The Reality of America 's Death Penalty Regime . Routledge , New York .",
"38": "ISBN 0 - 415 - 93266 - 1 ( cloth ) , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93267 - X ( paperback ) ( Provides critical perspectives on the death penalty ) Garland , David ( 2010 ) . Peculiar Institution : America 's Death Penalty in an Age of Abolition . Harvard University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2010 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 1 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1683 - 1807 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Hartnett , Stephen John ( 2012 ) . Executing Democracy , Volume 2 : Capital Punishment and the Making of America , 1635 - 1843 . East Lansing , MI : Michigan State University Press . Lane , Charles ( 2010 ) . Stay of Execution : Saving the Death Penalty from Itself . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . Megivern , James J. ( 1997 ) , The Death Penalty : An Historical and Theological Survey . Paulist Press , New York . ISBN 0 - 8091 - 0487 - 3 Osler , Mark William ( 2009 ) . Jesus on Death Row : The Trial of Jesus and American Capital Punishment . Abingdon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64756 - 9 Prejean , Helen ( 1993 ) . Dead Man Walking . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75131 - 9 ( paperback ) ( Describes the case of death row convict Elmo Patrick Sonnier , while also giving a general overview of issues connected to the death penalty ) Journal articles ( edit ) Vidma , Neil and Phoebe Ellsworth . `` Public Opinion and the Death Penalty '' ( Archive ) . Stanford Law Review . June 1974 . Volume 26 , pp. 1245 -- 1270 . Hoffmann , Joseph L. ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting the Innocent : The Massachusetts Governor 's Council Report '' . 95 J. of Crim . L. & Criminology 561 .",
"39": "External links ( edit ) Prisoners Executed Under Civil Authority in the United States , by Year , Region , and Jurisdiction , 1977 -- 2016 Bureau of Justice Statistics United States of America : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Kenya Laos Maldives Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Brazil Guatemala Israel Abolitionist countries Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged ,",
"40": "drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Social policy in the United States Abortion Affirmative action Alcohol Drug policy Cannabis Death penalty Gambling Gun policy LGBT rights Same - sex marriage Prostitution United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S.",
"41": "history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive",
"42": "Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street",
"43": "Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Capital punishment in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua",
"44": "Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States&oldid=819504741 '' Categories : Capital punishment in the United States Crime in the United States United States law Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Pages with broken reference names Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latviešu മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 18 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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6975968195327799749
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when is the last time the us lost the olympics
|
[
"2018 Pyeongchang"
] |
{
"0": "United States at the Olympics - wikipedia United States at the Olympics Jump to : navigation , search United States at the Olympics Flag of the United States IOC code USA Medals Gold 1,127 Silver 905 Bronze 795 Total 2,827 Summer appearances 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter appearances 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Other related appearances 1906 Intercalated Games The United States of America has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , the most of any nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The United States has topped the gold medal count ( as the medals are listed on the IOC website , and internationally by tradition ) at seventeen Summer Olympics , the most of any nation , and one Winter Olympics . The U.S. holds the record both for the most gold and overall medals won in a single Summer Olympics .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosted Games 2 Medal tables 2.1 Medals by Summer Games 2.2 Medals by Winter Games 2.3 Medals by summer sport 2.4 Medals by winter sport 3 Flagbearers 4 Amateurism and professionalism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hosted Games ( edit ) The United States has hosted the Games on eight occasions , more than any other country , and is planning to host the ninth : Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1904 Summer Olympics St. Louis , Missouri 1 July -- 23 November 12 651 91 1932 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 7 -- 15 February 17 252 14 1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 30 July -- 14 August 37 1,332 117 1960 Winter Olympics Squaw Valley , California 2 -- 20 February 30 665 27 1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 13 -- 24 February 37 1,072 38 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 28 July -- 12 August 140 6,829 221 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia 19 July -- 4 August 197 10,318 271 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City , Utah 8 -- 24 February 77 2,399 78 2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 21 July - 6 August TBA TBA TBA Medal tables ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count Red border color indicates host nation status .",
"2": "Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Summer Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1896 Athens 14 11 7 20 1900 Paris 75 19 14 14 47 1904 St. Louis 526 78 82 79 239 1908 London 122 23 12 12 47 1912 Stockholm 174 25 19 19 63 1920 Antwerp 288 41 27 27 95 1924 Paris 299 45 27 27 99 1928 Amsterdam 280 22 18 16 56 1932 Los Angeles 474 41 32 30 103 1936 Berlin 359 24 20 12 56 1948 London 300 38 27 19 84 1952 Helsinki 286 40 19 17 76 1956 Melbourne 297 32 25 17 74 1960 Rome 292 34 21 16 71 1964 Tokyo 346 36 26 28 90",
"3": "1968 Mexico City 357 45 28 34 107 1972 Munich 400 33 31 30 94 1976 Montreal 396 34 35 25 94 1980 Moscow Did not participate 1984 Los Angeles 522 83 61 30 174 1988 Seoul 527 36 31 27 94 1992 Barcelona 545 37 34 37 108 1996 Atlanta 646 44 32 25 101 2000 Sydney 586 37 24 32 93 2004 Athens 613 36 39 26 101 2008 Beijing 596 36 39 37 112 2012 London 530 46 28 29 103 2016 Rio de Janeiro 554 46 37 38 121 2020 Tokyo Future event 2024 Paris Future event 2028 Los Angeles Future event Total 1022 795 705 2522 Medals by Winter Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Winter Olympics Games Athletes Gold",
"4": "Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 24 5 1928 St. Moritz 24 6 1932 Lake Placid 64 6 12 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 55 0 8 6 1948 St. Moritz 69 9 1952 Oslo 65 6 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 67 7 6 5 1960 Squaw Valley 79 10 1964 Innsbruck 89 7 8 8 1968 Grenoble 95 5 7 9 8 1972 Sapporo 103 8 5 6 1976 Innsbruck 106 10 1980 Lake Placid 101 6 12 1984 Sarajevo 107 0 8 1988 Calgary 118 6 9 9 1992 Albertville 147 5 11 5 6 1994 Lillehammer 147 6 5 13",
"5": "5 5 1998 Nagano 186 6 13 5 6 2002 Salt Lake City 202 10 13 11 34 2006 Turin 211 9 9 7 25 2010 Vancouver 216 9 15 13 37 2014 Sochi 230 9 7 12 28 2018 Pyeongchang 242 9 8 6 23 2022 Beijing Future event Total 105 110 90 305 Medals by Summer sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Athletics 337 260 207 802 Swimming 246 172 135 553 Wrestling 54 43 35 132 Shooting 54 29 27 110 Boxing 50 24 40 114 Diving 49 44 45 138 Gymnastics 37 42 35 114 Rowing 33 32 24 89 Basketball 23 28 Tennis",
"6": "21 6 12 39 Sailing 19 23 18 60 Cycling 16 21 20 57 5 Weightlifting 16 16 12 44 Archery 14 11 9 34 Equestrian 11 21 20 52 Beach volleyball 6 10 Canoeing 5 5 6 16 15 Synchronized swimming 5 9 Football 7 Golf 5 11 Volleyball 10 Softball 0 Fencing 9 14 25 14 Water polo 5 11 5 Judo 8 14 15 Taekwondo 5 9 Rugby union 0 0 Roque Tug of war Baseball 0 Triathlon 0 7 Jeu de paume 0 0 Modern pentathlon 0 6",
"7": "9 12 Polo 0 Lacrosse 0 0 Field hockey 0 0 12 Total * 1022 794 704 2520 Updated on October 1 , 2017 * This table does not include two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Medals by Winter sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Speed skating 29 22 17 68 Alpine skiing 17 20 10 47 Figure skating 15 16 20 51 Snowboarding 14 7 10 31 Freestyle skiing 9 9 7 25 Bobsleigh 7 8 10 25 Ice hockey 11 17 Short track speed skating 7 9 20 Skeleton 8 Nordic combined 0 9 Cross country skiing 0 19 Curling 0 8 Luge 0 6 9 Ski jumping 0 0 15 Total * 105 111 91 307 Updated on March 10 , 2018 * This table includes two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics .",
"8": "Flagbearers ( edit ) See also : List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics Summer Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1908 London Ralph Rose Athletics 1912 Stockholm George Bonhag Athletics 1920 Antwerp Pat McDonald Athletics 1924 Paris Pat McDonald Athletics 1928 Amsterdam Bud Houser Athletics 1932 Los Angeles Morgan Taylor Athletics 1936 Berlin Al Jochim Gymnastics 1948 London Ralph Craig Sailing 1952 Helsinki Norman Armitage Fencing 1956 Melbourne Norman Armitage Fencing 1960 Rome Rafer Johnson Athletics 1964 Tokyo Parry O'Brien Athletics 1968 Mexico City Janice Romary Fencing 1972 Munich Olga Fikotova Connolly Athletics 1976 Montreal Gary Hall , Sr . Swimming 1980 Moscow USA did not participate 1984 Los Angeles Ed Burke Athletics 1988 Seoul Evelyn Ashford Athletics 1992 Barcelona Francie Larrieu Smith Athletics 1996 Atlanta Bruce Baumgartner Wrestling 2000 Sydney Cliff Meidl Canoeing 2004 Athens Dawn Staley Basketball 2008 Beijing Lopez Lomong Athletics 2012 London Mariel Zagunis Fencing 2016 Rio de Janeiro Michael Phelps Swimming Winter Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1924 Chamonix Clarence Abel Ice hockey 1928 St. Moritz Godfrey Dewey Cross Country Skiing ( team manager ) 1932 Lake Placid Billy Fiske Bobsleigh 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Rolf Monsen Cross Country Skiing 1948 St.",
"9": "Moritz Jack Heaton Skeleton & Bobsleigh 1952 Oslo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1960 Squaw Valley Don McDermott Speed skating 1964 Innsbruck Bill Disney Speed skating 1968 Grenoble Terry McDermott Speed skating 1972 Sapporo Dianne Holum Speed skating 1976 Innsbruck Cindy Nelson Alpine skiing 1980 Lake Placid Scott Hamilton Figure skating 1984 Sarajevo Frank Masley Luge 1988 Calgary Lyle Nelson Biathlon 1992 Albertville Bill Koch Cross Country Skiing 1994 Lillehammer Cammy Myler Luge 1998 Nagano Eric Flaim Speed Skating 2002 Salt Lake City Amy Peterson Short track 2006 Turin Chris Witty Speed skating 2010 Vancouver Mark Grimmette Luge 2014 Sochi Todd Lodwick Nordic combined 2018 Pyeongchang Erin Hamlin Luge Amateurism and professionalism ( edit ) The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics . The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics . His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but all of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . As a result , the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Pierre de Coubertin , to allowing participation of professional athletes .",
"10": "See also ( edit ) United States at the Paralympics List of United States Olympic medalists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Wofford was the flagbearer in the ( Equestrian ) parade in Stockholm for the Olympics Equestrian Sports Association events held there because a quarantine imposed on horses prevented equestrian events from taking place in Australia Jump up ^ The first female flagbearer for the United States at the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/ Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf External links ( edit ) `` United States of America '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists -- United States '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` United States '' . Sports-Reference.com .",
"11": "United States at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 The United States hosted the 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , and 2028 Summer Olympics , as well as the 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , and 2002 Winter Olympics . The United States did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott . Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone",
"12": "Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Korea ( unified ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia",
"13": "Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team United Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia National sports teams of the United States A1 Grand Prix American football M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 Australian rules football Badminton Ball hockey Bandy Baseball M U23 M U18 M U17 Basketball M U19 M U18 M U17 M U16 M 3x3 W U23 W U19 W U18 W U17 W U16 W 3x3 M Para W Para Cricket Equestrian Field hockey Floorball Goalball",
"14": "W U19 Gymnastics M U18 M U16 W U18 Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U22 W U18 M Para W Para Inline hockey Kabaddi Korfball Lacrosse M U19 W U19 Indoor Netball Quidditch Roller derby Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union M U20 M7 W7 Skiing Soccer M U23 M U21 M U20 M U18 M U17 M U16 W U23 W U20 W U18 W U17 W U16 Futsal Beach soccer Para Cerebral palsy Softball M U19 M Slow W U19 W Slow Speedway Squash Tennis Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Track and field Volleyball M U23 M U21 M U19 W U23 W U20 W U18 Beach Water polo Para rugby Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics World University Games Sports in the United States By state / territory Midwest Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Missouri Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin Northeast",
"15": "Connecticut Delaware Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Washington , D.C. South Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia West Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington ( state ) Wyoming Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S.",
"16": "Virgin Islands Major team sports American football Baseball Basketball Ice hockey Lacrosse Soccer Softball Major individual sports Athletics Boxing Golf Horse racing Thoroughbred Harness Steeplechase Mixed martial arts Motorsport Swimming Tennis Winter sports skeleton skiing Minor sports Australian rules football Badminton Bodybuilding Cricket Cycling Fishing Futsal Field hockey Gaelic football Gymnastics Ice skating Judo Karate Netball Polo Roller derby Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Surfing Volleyball Wrestling International sporting competitions World Baseball Classic Basketball World Cup Cricket World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA World Cup Maccabiah Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics Deaflympics Rugby League World Cup Rugby World Cup Universiade United States Olympic Committee United States Paralympic Committee History Major professional sports leagues Women 's sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_at_the_Olympics&oldid=838521508 '' Categories : United States at the Olympics National sports teams of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"17": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-6747120392723244868
|
who has the most super bowls in nfl history
|
[
"The Pittsburgh Steelers",
"Pittsburgh Steelers",
"The Pittsburgh Steelers",
"The Pittsburgh Steelers",
"The Pittsburgh Steelers"
] |
{
"0": "List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is an annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were known as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were only retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 26 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen different franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 - 4 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four losses in a row from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 74 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) have lost a record five Super Bowls . The New England Patriots ( 5 -- 4 ) , the Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) , and the Bills have lost four .",
"1": "The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the 1966 -- 67 Green Bay Packers , the 1972 -- 73 Miami Dolphins , the 1974 -- 75 and 1978 -- 79 Pittsburgh Steelers ( the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers , the 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys , the 1997 -- 98 Denver Broncos , and the 2003 -- 04 New England Patriots . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 93 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 04 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.3 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl .",
"2": "National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 47 , 24 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 47 , 23 -- 24 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Pasadena , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 !",
"3": "IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 !",
"4": "VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Pasadena , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 !",
"5": "Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Pasadena , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 !",
"6": "San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Pasadena , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium Santa Clara , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 !",
"7": "New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Pasadena , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 !",
"8": "Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Pasadena , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 !",
"9": "Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Glendale , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 !",
"10": "San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 !",
"11": "72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! ALLTEL Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 !",
"12": "XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 !",
"13": "XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 !",
"14": "XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Glendale , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium Santa Clara , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 X 2018 ! 2017 -- 18 NFC champion at 2017 -- 18 AFC champion 0018 ! -- X 2018 ! To be determined ( TBD ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 000018 ! TBD 53 !",
"15": "LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined ( TBD ) City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Inglewood , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years .",
"16": "Seven different franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team NFL / NFC teams ( 26 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by season of first appearance . In the `` Season ( s ) '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Season ( s ) 09G - 04W ! 9 New England Patriots 5 . 556 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 08G - 06W ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 . 750 1974 !",
"17": "1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08G - 05W ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 5 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08G - 03W ! 8 Denver Broncos 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06G - 05W ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 5 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05G - 04W ! 5 Green Bay Packers . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05G - 04W ! 5 New York Giants . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05G - 03W ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05G - 03W ! 5 Washington Redskins . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05G - 02W ! 5 Miami Dolphins . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04G - 02W ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04G - 00W ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04G - 00W !",
"18": "4 Buffalo Bills 0 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03G - 01W ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03G - 01W ! 3 Seattle Seahawks . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 02G - 02W ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02G - 01W ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02G - 01W ! 2 Chicago Bears . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02G - 00W ! 2 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 000 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 02G - 00W ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02G - 00W ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 02G - 00W ! 2 Carolina Panthers 0 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 01G - 01W ! 1 New York Jets 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01G - 01W ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01G - 01W ! 1 New Orleans Saints 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01G - 00W ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 0 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01G - 00W ! 1 Tennessee Titans 0 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01G - 00W !",
"19": "1 Arizona Cardinals 0 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00G - 00W ! 0 Cleveland Browns 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Detroit Lions 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 -- none 00G - 00W ! 0 Houston Texans 0 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in two AFC Championship Games in 1996 and 1999 Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls ; this means Cleveland is the only current NFL city that has neither hosted , nor had its team play in , a Super Bowl . Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Nine teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning .",
"20": "In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XV and XXXIX . Their last championship was in 1960 . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III was the team 's last championship appearance . The following eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl , but not since 1995 , meaning their droughts are longer than Jacksonville 's and Houston 's .",
"21": "Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) San Diego Chargers ( Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Super Bowl rematches The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area .",
"22": "^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming . Qualcomm Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium and San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . Additionally , although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Culture in History Of The Nfl '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census .",
"23": "Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 - The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) .",
"24": "`` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) .",
"25": "`` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL .",
"26": "Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . Associated Press . National Football League . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC .",
"28": "Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh",
"29": "Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 )",
"30": "XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948",
"31": "1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 (",
"32": "XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season .",
"33": "National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S.",
"34": "Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=802192951 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the immigration act passed in canada
|
[
"1923",
"1923",
"1923",
"1923"
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{
"0": "Chinese immigration Act , 1923 - wikipedia Chinese immigration Act , 1923 Jump to : navigation , search The Chinese Immigration Act , 1923 , known today as the Chinese Exclusion Act , was an act passed by the Parliament of Canada , banning most forms of Chinese immigration to Canada . Immigration from most countries was controlled or restricted in some way , but only the Chinese were so completely prohibited from immigrating . Before 1923 , Chinese immigration was heavily controlled by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 , which imposed a hefty head tax on all immigrants from China . After various members of the federal and some provincial governments ( especially British Columbia ) put pressure on the federal government to discourage Chinese immigration , the Chinese Immigration Act was passed . It went into effect on July 1 , 1923 . The act banned Chinese immigrants from entering Canada except those under the following titles : Diplomat Foreign student Under Article 9 of the act , `` Special circumstance '' granted by the Minister of Immigration ( This is the class that former Governor General Adrienne Clarkson 's family fell under ) . The act did not only apply to Chinese from China , but to ethnic Chinese with British nationality as well . Since Dominion Day coincided with the enforcement of the Chinese Immigration Act , Chinese - Canadians at the time referred to the anniversary of Confederation as `` Humiliation Day '' and refused to take any part in the celebration . Because Canada became a signatory of the United Nations Charter of Human Rights following World War II and the Chinese Immigration Act was inconsistent with the UN charter , the Canadian Parliament repealed the act on May 14 , 1947 ( following the proclamation of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 on January 1 , 1947 ) . However , independent Chinese immigration to Canada came only after the liberalization of Canadian immigration policy in 1967 . On June 22 , 2006 , former Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized in the House of Commons . The first phrase of the apology was spoken in Cantonese Chinese , the most frequently spoken Chinese language among Chinese immigrants . He announced that the survivors or their spouses will be paid approximately $20,000 CAD in compensation for the head tax . On May 15 , 2014 , former Premier of British Columbia Christy Clark apologized in the Legislative Assembly . The apology motion was unanimously passed and aims to make amends for historic wrongs .",
"1": "Unlike the federal apology , no individual compensation was provided . However , $1 million was promised to be put into a legacy fund which would help legacy initiatives . The formal apology went through a three - month consultation period with various parties to help ensure that the apology was done properly . The act and its legacy have been the subject of at least three documentary films : Kenda Gee and Tom Radford 's Lost Years : A People 's Struggle for Justice ( 2011 - 2012 ) , William Dere and Malcolm Guy 's Moving the Mountain ( 1993 ) and Karen Cho 's In the Shadow of Gold Mountain ( 2004 ) . See also ( edit ) Lost Years : A People 's Struggle for Justice Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 Head tax ( Canada ) Chinese Exclusion Act ( United States ) Immigration to Canada White Australia policy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=1659497&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=38&Ses=1 chapter - url = missing title ( help ) . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . House of Commons , Canada . 2005 - 04 - 18 . p. 1100 . Jump up ^ Karen Cho , writer / director ( 2004 ) . In the Shadow of Gold Mountain ( Documentary film ) . National Film Board of Canada . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Chinese Immigration Act , 1923 Hate and the ultra-right in Canada General Concepts Far - right politics Hate Racism Organizations and movements White supremacists Aryan Guard Canadian Heritage Alliance Canadian Nazi Party Heritage Front Ku Klux Klan in Canada National Unity Party Blue Shirts Nationalist Party of Canada Tri-City Skins Western Guard Party Holocaust denial Canadian League of Rights Did Six Million Really Die ?",
"2": "Leuchter report History of racism in Canada Canadian Indian residential school system Chinese head tax Chinese Immigration Act , 1923 Japanese - Canadian internment High Arctic relocation Pure laine Slavery in Canada Anti-hate law Hate speech laws in Canada R v Keegstra R v Andrews Anti-hate activism Anti-Racist Action Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society Canadian Arab Federation Canadian Race Relations Foundation FAST -- Fighting Antisemitism Together Nizkor Project NOWAR - PAIX Ottawa Rape Crisis Centre RASH Roots of Resistance SHARP People Proponents Don Andrews George Burdi Wolfgang Droege Paul Fromm Ron Gostick James Keegstra Peter Kouba James Alexander McQuirter Al Overfield Malcolm Ross John Ross Taylor Gary Schipper Ernst Zündel Opponents Sabina Citron Richard Warman Chinese Canadian topics Topics Chinese Canadian Hong Kong Canadians Taiwanese Canadians History of Chinese immigration to Canada Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 Chinese Canadians Canadian Chinese cuisine Chinese Canadian National Council List of Chinese Canadians Chinatowns and Chinese communities Chinatowns in Canada Calgary Edmonton Lethbridge Montreal Ottawa Toronto Vancouver Victoria Windsor Winnipeg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Immigration_Act,_1923&oldid=810563134 '' Categories : 1923 in Canadian law 1923 in international relations Anti-Chinese activities in Canada Anti-Chinese legislation Canadian federal legislation Canadian immigration law History of Chinese Canadians History of immigration to Canada History of Vancouver Immigration legislation Legal history of Canada Racism in Canada Repealed Canadian legislation Hidden categories : Pages with citations having bare URLs Cite Hansard tracking category Talk About Wikipedia Wikisource Français Bahasa Melayu Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 01 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .",
"3": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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name the cell which is attached to the lateral side of sieve tube
|
[
"sieve tube elements"
] |
{
"0": "Sieve tube element - wikipedia Sieve tube element Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Companion cell ( left , light pink ) , nucleus ( dark pink ) , sieve tube ( right , solid green ) , sieve tube plates ( dashed green ) , dissolved nutrients ( yellow ) In plant anatomy , sieve tube elements , also called sieve tube members , are highly specialised type of elongated cell in the phloem tissue of flowering plants . The ends of these cells are connected with other sieve tube members , and together they constitute the sieve tube . The main function of the sieve tube is transport of carbohydrates , primarily sucrose , in the plant ( e.g. , from the leaves to the fruits and roots ) . Unlike the water - conducting xylem vessel elements that are dead when mature , sieve elements are living cells . They are unique in lacking a nucleus at maturity . At the interface between two sieve tube members in angiosperms are sieve plates , pores in the plant cell walls that facilitate transport of materials between them . Each sieve tube element is normally associated with one or more nucleated companion cells , to which they are connected by plasmodesmata ( channels between the cells ) . Each companion cell is derived from the same mother cell as its associated sieve tube member . Sieve tube members have no cell nucleus and ribosomes , , thus they depend on companion cells to provide proteins , ATP , and signalling molecules . In leaves , companion cells help move the sugar that is produced by photosynthesis from the mesophyll tissue into the sieve tube elements . Sieve cells are long , slender , conducting cells of the phloem that do not form a constituent element of a sieve tube , but which are provided with relatively unspecialized sieve areas , especially in the tapering ends of the cells that overlap those of other sieve cells . Sieve cells are typically associated with gymnosperms , because angiosperms have the more derived sieve tube members and companion cells in their phloem . They have a narrower diameter and are more elongated compared to sieve tube members .",
"1": "Sieve cells are associated with albuminous cells ( also called Strasburger cells ) , which lack starch , thus making it possible to differentiate them from phloem parenchyma . The forest botanist Theodor Hartig was the first to discover and name these cells as Siebfasern ( sieve fibres ) and Siebröhren ( sieve tubes ) in 1837 . See also ( edit ) Phloem Vascular tissue External links ( edit ) Comprehensive explanation of sieve elements - University of Hamburg Department of Biology Introduction to secondary phloem tissue by Dr. David T. Webb - University of Hawaii References ( edit ) Katherine Esau ( 1969 ) . The Phloem - in : Encyclopedia of Plant Anatomy . Gebrüder Borntraeger , Berlin , Stuttgart . Campbell , N.A. ( 1996 ) Biology ( 4th edition ) . Benjamin Cummings NY . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 1957 - 3 Hartig , T. ( 1837 ) Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Organisation des Stammes der einheimischen Waldbäume . Jahresber . Fortschr . Forstwiss . Forstl . Naturkd.",
"2": "1 : 125 - 168 Biological tissues Animals Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Plants Dermal tissue : Epidermis Cuticle Pavement cell Guard cell Subsidiary cell Periderm Phellem Phelloderm Vascular tissue : Phloem Sieve tube Companion cell Phloem fiber Phloem parenchyma Xylem Tracheid Vessel element Xylem fiber Xylem parenchyma Ground tissue : Parenchyma Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma Mesophyll Pith Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Sclereid Fiber Meristematic tissue : Primary Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem Secondary Cork cambium Vascular cambium Mixed : Cortex Exodermis Endodermis Stele Histology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sieve_tube_element&oldid=823322263 '' Categories : Plant anatomy Plant physiology Tissues ( biology ) Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Latviešu Polski Português Русский தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 15 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
0,
1,
2
] |
[
0,
1,
2
] |
5559492750970935173
|
where is final four being held this year
|
[
"the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas",
"the Alamodome"
] |
{
"0": "2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 68 Finals site Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Champions Villanova Wildcats ( 3rd title , 4th title game , 6th Final Four ) Runner - up Michigan Wolverines ( 7th title game , 8th Final Four ) Semifinalists Kansas Jayhawks ( 15th Final Four ) Loyola - Chicago Ramblers ( 2nd Final Four ) Winning coach Jay Wright ( 2nd title ) MOP Donte DiVincenzo ( Villanova ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 2017 2019 '' The 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was a 68 - team single - elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017 -- 18 season . The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13 , 2018 , and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas . During the first round , UMBC became the first 16 - seed to defeat a 1 - seed in the men 's tournament by defeating Virginia 74 -- 54 . For the first time in tournament history , none of the four top seeded teams in a single region ( the South ) advanced to the Sweet 16 . Also , the tournament featured the first regional final matchup of a 9 - seed ( Kansas State ) and an 11 - seed ( Loyola - Chicago ) . Villanova , Michigan , Kansas , and Loyola - Chicago , the `` Cinderella team '' of the tournament , reached the Final Four . Villanova defeated Michigan in the championship game , 79 -- 62 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament procedure 2 2018 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 3 Qualification and selection 3.1 Automatic qualifiers 3.2 Tournament seeds 4 Regional brackets 4.1 First Four -- Dayton , Ohio 4.2 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia 4.2. 1 South Regional Final 4.2. 2 South Regional all tournament team 4.3 West Regional -- Los Angeles , California 4.3. 1 West Regional Final 4.3. 2 West Regional all tournament team 4.4 East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts 4.4. 1 East Regional Final 4.4. 2 East Regional all tournament team 4.5 Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska 4.5. 1 Midwest Regional Final 4.5. 2 Midwest Regional all tournament team 5 Final Four 5.1 Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Television channels 7.1. 2 Studio hosts 7.1. 3 Studio analysts 7.1. 4 Commentary teams 7.1. 4.1 Team Stream broadcasts 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 First Four 7.2. 2 First and Second rounds 7.2. 3 Regionals 7.2. 4 Final four 7.3 Internet 7.3. 1 Video 7.3. 2 Audio 8 See also 9 References Tournament procedure ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament § Current tournament format A total of 68 teams entered the 2018 tournament . 32 automatic bids were awarded , one to each program that won their conference tournament . The remaining 36 bids were `` at - large '' , with selections extended by the NCAA Selection Committee .",
"2": "Eight teams ( the four lowest - seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest - seeded at - large teams ) played in the First Four ( the successor to what had been popularly known as `` play - in games '' through the 2010 tournament ) . The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament . The Selection Committee seeded the entire field from 1 to 68 . 2018 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) Dayton Pittsburgh Charlotte Wichita Boise Detroit Nashville San Diego Dallas 2018 First Four ( orange ) and first and second rounds ( green ) Atlanta Los Angeles Boston Omaha San Antonio 2018 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2018 tournament : First Four March 13 and 14 University of Dayton Arena , Dayton , Ohio ( Host : University of Dayton ) First and Second Rounds March 15 and 17 PPG Paints Arena , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( Host : Duquesne University ) Intrust Bank Arena , Wichita , Kansas ( Host : Wichita State University ) American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Taco Bell Arena , Boise , Idaho ( Host : Boise State University ) March 16 and 18 Spectrum Center , Charlotte , North Carolina ( Host : University of North Carolina at Charlotte ) Little Caesars Arena , Detroit , Michigan ( Host : University of Detroit Mercy ) Bridgestone Arena , Nashville , Tennessee ( Host : Ohio Valley Conference ) Viejas Arena , San Diego , California ( Host : San Diego State University ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) March 22 and 24 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California ( Host : Pepperdine University ) South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia ( Host : Georgia Institute of Technology ) March 23 and 25 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts ( Host : Boston College ) Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska ( Host : Creighton University ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at San Antonio ) For the fourth time , the Alamodome and city of San Antonio are hosting the Final Four .",
"3": "This is the first tournament since 1994 in which no games were played in an NFL stadium , as the Alamodome is a college football stadium , although the Alamodome hosted some home games for the New Orleans Saints during their 2005 season . The 2018 tournament featured three new arenas in previous host cities . Philips Arena , the home of the Atlanta Hawks and replacement for the previously used Omni Coliseum , hosted the South regional games , and the new Little Caesars Arena , home of the Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings , hosted games . And for the first time since 1994 , the tournament returned to Wichita and the state of Kansas where Intrust Bank Arena hosted first round games . The state of North Carolina was threatened with a 2018 - 2022 championship venue boycott by the NCAA , due to the HB2 law passed in 2016 . However , the law was repealed ( but with provisos ) days before the NCAA met to make decisions on venues in April 2017 . At that time , the NCAA board of governors `` reluctantly voted to allow consideration of championship bids in North Carolina by our committees that are presently meeting '' . Therefore , Charlotte was eligible and served as a first weekend venue for the 2018 tournament . Qualification and Selection ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament : qualifying teams Four teams , out of 351 in Division I , were ineligible to participate in the 2018 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements : Alabama A&M , Grambling State , Savannah State , and Southeast Missouri State . However , the NCAA granted the Savannah State Tigers a waiver which would have allowed the team to participate in the tournament , but the team failed to qualify . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's automatic bid . Conference Team Record Appearance Last bid America East UMBC 24 -- 10 2nd 2008 American Cincinnati 30 -- 4 32nd 2017 Atlantic 10 Davidson 21 -- 11 14th 2015 ACC",
"4": "Virginia 31 -- 2 22nd 2017 Atlantic Sun Lipscomb 23 -- 9 1st Never Big 12 Kansas 27 -- 7 47th 2017 Big East Villanova 30 -- 4 38th 2017 Big Sky Montana 26 -- 7 11th 2013 Big South Radford 22 -- 12 3rd 2009 Big Ten Michigan 28 -- 7 28th 2017 Big West Cal State Fullerton 20 -- 11 3rd 2008 CAA College of Charleston 26 -- 7 5th 1999 Conference USA Marshall 24 -- 10 6th Horizon League Wright State 25 -- 9 3rd 2007 Ivy League Penn 24 -- 8 24th 2007 MAAC Iona 20 -- 13 13th 2017 MAC Buffalo 25 -- 8 3rd 2016 MEAC North Carolina Central 19 -- 15 3rd 2017 Missouri Valley Loyola -- Chicago 28 -- 5 6th 1985 Mountain West San Diego State 22 -- 10 12th 2015 Northeast LIU Brooklyn 18 -- 16 7th 2013 Ohio Valley Murray State 26 -- 5 16th 2012",
"5": "Pac - 12 Arizona 27 -- 7 35th 2017 Patriot League Bucknell 25 -- 9 8th 2017 SEC Kentucky 24 -- 10 58th 2017 Southern UNC Greensboro 27 -- 7 3rd 2001 Southland Stephen F. Austin 28 -- 6 5th 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 15 -- 19 8th 2017 Summit League South Dakota State 28 -- 6 5th 2017 Sun Belt Georgia State 24 -- 10 4th 2015 West Coast Gonzaga 30 -- 4 21st 2017 WAC New Mexico State 28 -- 5 24th 2017 Tournament seeds ( edit ) The tournament seeds were determined through the NCAA basketball tournament selection process . The seeds and regions were determined as follows : South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta ,",
"6": "Georgia Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Virginia ACC 31 -- 2 Auto Cincinnati American 30 -- 4 Auto 8 Tennessee SEC 25 -- 8 At - large 10 Arizona Pac - 12 27 -- 7 Auto 16 5 Kentucky SEC 24 -- 10 Auto 17 6 Miami ( FL ) ACC 22 -- 9 At - large 22 7 Nevada Mountain West 27 -- 7 At - large 27 8 Creighton Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 30 9 Kansas State Big 12 22 -- 11 At - large 34 10 Texas Big 12 19 -- 14 At - large 39 11 Loyola -- Chicago Missouri Valley 28 -- 5 Auto 46 12 Davidson Atlantic 10 21 -- 11 Auto 48 13 Buffalo MAC 26 -- 8 Auto 51 14 Wright State Horizon 25 -- 9 Auto 57 15 Georgia State Sun Belt 24 -- 10 Auto 60 16 UMBC America East 24 -- 10 Auto 63 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles ,",
"7": "California Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Xavier Big East 28 -- 5 At - large North Carolina ACC 25 -- 10 At - large 5 Michigan Big Ten 28 -- 7 Auto 11 Gonzaga WCC 30 -- 4 Auto 15 5 Ohio State Big Ten 24 -- 8 At - large 20 6 Houston American 26 -- 7 At - large 23 7 Texas A&M SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 25 8 Missouri SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 32 9 Florida State ACC 20 -- 11 At - large 33 10 Providence Big East 21 -- 13 At - large 37 11 San Diego State Mountain West 22 -- 10 Auto 45 12 South Dakota State Summit League 28 -- 6 Auto 49 13 UNC Greensboro Southern 27 -- 7 Auto 52 14 Montana Big Sky 26 -- 7 Auto 56 15 Lipscomb Atlantic Sun 23 -- 9 Auto 59 16 * North Carolina Central MEAC 19 -- 15 Auto 67 Texas Southern SWAC 15 -- 19 Auto 68 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston ,",
"8": "Massachusetts Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Villanova Big East 30 -- 4 Auto Purdue Big Ten 28 -- 6 At - large 7 Texas Tech Big 12 24 -- 9 At - large 12 Wichita State American 25 -- 7 At - large 14 5 West Virginia Big 12 24 -- 10 At - large 18 6 Florida SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 21 7 Arkansas SEC 23 -- 11 At - large 26 8 Virginia Tech ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 31 9 Alabama SEC 19 -- 15 At - large 36 10 Butler Big East 20 -- 13 At - large 38 11 * St. Bonaventure Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 42 UCLA Pac - 12 21 -- 11 At - large 41 12 Murray State Ohio Valley 26 -- 5 Auto 50 13 Marshall Conference USA 24 -- 10 Auto 54 14 Stephen F. Austin Southland 28 -- 6 Auto 58 15 Cal State Fullerton Big West 20 -- 11 Auto 61 16 * LIU Brooklyn NEC 18 -- 16 Auto 66 Radford Big South 22 -- 12 Auto 65 Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha ,",
"9": "Nebraska Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Kansas Big 12 27 -- 7 Auto Duke ACC 26 -- 7 At - large 6 Michigan State Big Ten 29 -- 4 At - large 9 Auburn SEC 25 -- 7 At - large 13 5 Clemson ACC 23 -- 9 At - large 19 6 TCU Big 12 21 -- 11 At - large 24 7 Rhode Island Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 28 8 Seton Hall Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 29 9 NC State ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 35 10 Oklahoma Big 12 18 -- 13 At - large 40 11 * Arizona State Pac - 12 20 -- 11 At - large 43 Syracuse ACC 20 -- 13 At - large 44 12 New Mexico State WAC 28 -- 5 Auto 47 13 College of Charleston CAA 26 -- 7 Auto 53 14 Bucknell Patriot 25 -- 9 Auto 55 15 Iona MAAC 20 -- 13 Auto 62 16 Penn Ivy League 24 -- 8 Auto 64 * See First Four The 2018 tournament was the first time since the 1978 tournament that the six Division I college basketball - playing schools based in the Washington , DC metropolitan area -- American , Georgetown , George Mason , George Washington , Howard , and Maryland -- were collectively shut out of the NCAA Tournament . Regional brackets ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period First Four -- Dayton , Ohio ( edit ) March 13 -- East Region 16 LIU Brooklyn 61 16 Radford 71 March 13 -- East Region 11 St.",
"10": "Bonaventure 65 11 UCLA 58 March 14 -- West Region 16 Texas Southern 64 16 North Carolina Central 46 March 14 -- Midwest Region 11 Syracuse 60 11 Arizona State 56 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Virginia 54 16 UMBC 74 16 UMBC 43 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun 9 Kansas State 50 8 Creighton 59 9 Kansas State 69 9 Kansas State 61 5 Kentucky 58 5 Kentucky 78 12 Davidson 73 5 Kentucky 95 Boise -- Thu / Sat 13 Buffalo 75 Arizona 68 13 Buffalo 89 9 Kansas State 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 78 6 Miami ( FL ) 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 64 11 Loyola -- Chicago 63 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Tennessee 62 Tennessee 73 14 Wright State 47 11 Loyola -- Chicago 69 7 Nevada 68 7 Nevada 87 * 10 Texas 83 7 Nevada 75 Nashville -- Fri / Sun Cincinnati 73 Cincinnati 68 15 Georgia State 53 South Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 6 : 09 pm EDT Box score # 11 Loyola -- Chicago Ramblers 78 , # 9 Kansas State Wildcats 62 Scoring by half : 36 -- 24 , 42 -- 38 Pts : B. Richardson -- 23 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 8 Asts : C. Custer -- 5 Pts : X .",
"11": "Sneed -- 16 Rebs : X . Sneed -- 6 Asts : K. Stokes -- 4 Philips Arena -- Atlanta , GA Attendance : 15,477 Referees : Gerry Pollard , Terry Wymer , Bert Smith South Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Ben Richardson ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) -- South Regional most outstanding player Clayton Custer ( Jr , Loyola - Chicago ) Donte Ingram ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) Xavier Sneed ( So , Kansas State ) Barry Brown Jr .",
"12": "( Jr , Kansas State ) West Regional -- Los Angeles , California ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Xavier 102 16 Texas Southern 83 Xavier 70 Nashville -- Fri / Sun 9 Florida State 75 8 Missouri 54 9 Florida State 67 9 Florida State 75 Gonzaga 60 5 Ohio State 81 12 South Dakota State 73 5 Ohio State 84 Boise -- Thu / Sat Gonzaga 90 Gonzaga 68 13 UNC Greensboro 64 9 Florida State 54 Michigan 58 6 Houston 67 11 San Diego State 65 6 Houston 63 Wichita -- Thu / Sat Michigan 64 Michigan 61 14 Montana 47 Michigan 99 7 Texas A&M 72 7 Texas A&M 73 10 Providence 69 7 Texas A&M 86 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun North Carolina 65 North Carolina 84 15 Lipscomb 66 West Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 5 : 49 pm PDT Box score # 9 Florida State Seminoles 54 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 58 Scoring by half : 26 -- 27 , 28 -- 31 Pts : P. Cofer - 16 Rebs : P. Cofer - 11 Asts : B. Angola , T. Mann , T. Forrest - 2 Pts : C. Matthews -- 17 Rebs : C. Matthews -- 8 Asts : Z .",
"13": "Simpson -- 5 Staples Center -- Los Angeles , CA Attendance : 19,665 Referees : Randy McCall , Keith Kimble , John Gaffney West Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Charles Matthews ( So , Michigan ) -- West Regional most outstanding player Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Muhammad - Ali Abdur - Rahkman ( Sr , Michigan ) Phil Cofer ( Sr , Florida State ) Terance Mann ( Jr , Florida State ) East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Villanova 87 16 Radford 61 Villanova 81 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat 9 Alabama 58 8 Virginia Tech 83 9 Alabama 86 Villanova 90 5 West Virginia 78 5 West Virginia 85 12 Murray State 68 5 West Virginia 94 San Diego -- Fri / Sun 13 Marshall 71 Wichita State 75 13 Marshall 81 Villanova 71 Texas Tech 59 6 Florida 77 11 St. Bonaventure 62 6 Florida 66 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Texas Tech 69 Texas Tech 70 14 Stephen F. Austin 60 Texas Tech 78 Purdue 65 7 Arkansas 62 10 Butler 79 10 Butler 73 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Purdue 76 Purdue 74 15 Cal State Fullerton 48 East Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 2 : 20 pm EDT Box score # 3 Texas Tech Red Raiders 59 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 71 Scoring by half : 23 -- 36 , 36 -- 35 Pts : K. Evans -- 12 Rebs : J. Gray -- 9 Asts : K.",
"14": "Evans - 4 Pts : J. Brunson -- 15 Rebs : E. Paschall -- 14 Asts : J. Brunson -- 4 TD Garden -- Boston , MA Attendance : 19,169 Referees : Terry Oglesby , Mike Reed , Michael Stephens East Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) -- East Regional most outstanding player Omari Spellman ( Fr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Carsen Edwards ( So , Purdue ) Keenan Evans ( Sr , Texas Tech ) Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Kansas 76 16 Penn 60 Kansas 83 Wichita -- Thu / Sat 8 Seton Hall 79 8 Seton Hall 94 9 NC State 83 Kansas 80 5 Clemson 76 5 Clemson 79 12 New Mexico State 68 5 Clemson 84 San Diego -- Fri / Sun Auburn 53 Auburn 62 13 College of Charleston 58 Kansas 85 * Duke 81 6 TCU 52 11 Syracuse 57 11 Syracuse 55 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Michigan State 53 Michigan State 82 14 Bucknell 78 11 Syracuse 65 Duke 69 7 Rhode Island 83 * 10 Oklahoma 78 7 Rhode Island 62 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat Duke 87 Duke 89 15 Iona 67 Midwest Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 4 : 05 pm CDT Box score # 2 Duke Blue Devils 81 , # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 85 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 36 -- 33 ,",
"15": "36 -- 39 Overtime : 9 -- 13 Pts : T. Duval -- 20 Rebs : M. Bagley III -- 10 Asts : T. Duval -- 6 Pts : M. Newman -- 32 Rebs : S. Mykhailiuk , S. De Sousa -- 10 Asts : D. Graham - 6 CenturyLink Center Omaha -- Omaha , NE Attendance : 17,579 Referees : Roger Ayers , Doug Sirmons , Jeffrey Anderson Midwest Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Malik Newman ( So , Kansas ) -- Midwest Regional most outstanding player Trevon Duval ( Fr , Duke ) Gabe DeVoe ( Sr , Clemson ) Marvin Bagley III ( Fr , Duke ) Devonte ' Graham ( Sr , Kansas ) Gary Trent Jr . ( Fr , Duke ) Final Four ( edit ) During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Virginia 's South Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Xavier 's West Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Villanova 's East Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( Kansas 's Midwest Region ) . Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) National Semifinals March 31 National Championship Game April 2 S11 Loyola -- Chicago 57 W3 Michigan 69 W3 Michigan 62 E1 Villanova 79 E1 Villanova 95 MW1 Kansas 79 National Semifinals ( edit ) TBS March 31 5 : 09 pm CDT Box score # 11 Loyola - Chicago Ramblers 57 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 69 Scoring by half : 29 -- 22 , 28 -- 47 Pts : C. Krutwig -- 17 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 9 Asts : D. Ingram -- 2 Pts : M. Wagner -- 24 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 15 Asts : Z .",
"16": "Simpson -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Roger Ayers , Mike Roberts , Terry Oglesby TBS March 31 7 : 49 pm CDT Box score # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 79 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 95 Scoring by half : 32 -- 47 , 47 -- 48 Pts : D. Graham -- 23 Rebs : M. Newman -- 8 Asts : D. Graham , S. Mykhailiuk -- 3 Pts : E. Paschall -- 24 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 13 Asts : P. Booth , J. Brunson -- 6 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Randy McCall , Michael Stephens , Kipp Kissinger National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game TBS April 2 8 : 20 pm CDT Box score # 3 Michigan Wolverines 62 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 79 Scoring by half : 28 -- 37 , 34 -- 42 Pts : M. Abdur - Rahkman -- 23 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 7 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 2 Pts : D. DiVincenzo -- 31 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 11 Asts : D. DiVincenzo -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 67,831 Referees : Doug Sirmons , Terry Wymer , Jeffrey Anderson Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Donte DiVincenzo ( So , Villanova ) -- Final Four Most Outstanding Player Mikal Bridges ( Jr , Villanova ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC Big East 6 9 -- 5 . 643 6 Big Ten 9 -- 4 .",
"17": "692 - 1 ! -- Big 12 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 4 -- 1 . 800 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- ACC 9 12 -- 9 . 571 9 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 2 -- 1 . 667 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SEC 8 8 -- 8 . 500 8 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 2 -- 2 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- American 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 1 -- 1 .",
"18": "500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Pac - 12 0 -- 3 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The `` Record '' column includes wins in the First Four for the ACC , Atlantic 10 , Big South , and SWAC conferences and two losses in the First Four for the Pac - 12 conference . The MEAC and NEC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Four with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Atlantic Sun , Big Sky , Big West , CAA , Horizon , Ivy League , MAAC , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Southland , Summit , Sun Belt and WAC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Round with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Pac - 12 lost all of its teams after the first day of the main tournament draw , marking the first time since the Big 12 began play in 1996 that one of the six major conferences -- defined as the ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , SEC , and both versions of the Big East -- failed to have a team advance to the tournament 's round of 32 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) CBS Sports and Turner Sports had U.S. television rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand .",
"19": "As part of a cycle beginning in 2016 , TBS held the rights to the Final Four and to the championship game . Additionally , TBS held the rights to the 2018 Selection Show , which returned to a two - hour format , was presented in front of a studio audience , and promoted that the entire field of the tournament would be unveiled within the first ten minutes of the broadcast . The broadcast was heavily criticized for its quality ( including technical problems and an embedded product placement segment for Pizza Hut ) , as well as initially unveiling the 68 - team field in alphabetical order ( beginning with automatic qualifiers , followed by the at - large teams ) rather than unveiling the matchups region - by - region ( which was criticized for having less suspense than the traditional format ) . Television channels ( edit ) First Four -- TruTV First and Second Rounds -- CBS , TBS , TNT , and TruTV Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) -- CBS and TBS National Semifinals ( Final Four ) -- TBS National Championship -- TBS Studio hosts ( edit ) Greg Gumbel ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Ernie Johnson Jr . ( New York City , Atlanta , and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Casey Stern ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round and Second Round Studio analysts ( edit ) Charles Barkley ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Seth Davis ( Atlanta and San Antonio ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Brendan Haywood ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Clark Kellogg ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Gregg Marshall ( Atlanta ) -- Regional Semi-Finals Frank Martin ( Atlanta ) -- Second Round Candace Parker ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Kenny Smith ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals ,",
"20": "Final Four and National Championship Game Wally Szczerbiak ( New York City ) -- Second Round Brad Underwood ( Atlanta ) -- First Round Christian Laettner ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Danny Manning ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Kris Jenkins ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Commentary teams ( edit ) Jim Nantz / Bill Raftery / Grant Hill / Tracy Wolfson -- First and Second Rounds at Charlotte , North Carolina ; Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska ; Final Four and National Championship at San Antonio , Texas Brian Anderson / Chris Webber / Lisa Byington -- First and Second Rounds at Boise , Idaho ; South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Ian Eagle / Jim Spanarkel / Allie LaForce -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Wednesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Detroit , Michigan ; East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Harlan / Reggie Miller / Dan Bonner / Dana Jacobson -- First and Second Rounds at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; West Regional at Los Angeles , California Brad Nessler / Steve Lavin / Evan Washburn -- First and Second Rounds at Wichita , Kansas Spero Dedes / Steve Smith / Len Elmore / Rosalyn Gold - Onwude -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Tuesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Dallas , Texas Andrew Catalon / Steve Lappas / Jamie Erdahl -- First and Second Rounds at Nashville , Tennessee Carter Blackburn / Debbie Antonelli / John Schriffen -- First and Second Rounds at San Diego , California Team Stream broadcasts ( edit ) Final Four Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Jeff Hagedorn / Jerry Harkness / Shams Charania -- Loyola -- Chicago Team Stream on truTV Dave Armstrong / Scot Pollard / Rob Riggle -- Kansas Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV National Championship Game Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament .",
"21": "First Four ( edit ) Ted Emrich and Austin Croshere -- at Dayton , Ohio First and Second rounds ( edit ) Scott Graham and Kelly Tripucka -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Brandon Gaudin and Donny Marshall -- Wichita , Kansas Ryan Radtke and Jim Jackson -- Dallas , Texas Jason Benetti and Dan Dickau -- Boise , Idaho Kevin Kugler and Eric Montross / John Thompson -- Charlotte , North Carolina ( Montross -- Friday night ; Thompson -- Friday Afternoon & Sunday ) Chris Carrino and P.J. Carlesimo -- Detroit , Michigan Ted Emrich -- Friday Afternoon / Craig Way -- Friday Night & Sunday and Will Perdue -- Nashville , Tennessee John Sadak and Mike Montgomery -- San Diego , California Regionals ( edit ) Gary Cohen and P.J.",
"22": "Carlesimo -- East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Kugler and Donny Marshall -- Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska Brandon Gaudin and John Thompson -- South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Tom McCarthy and Jim Jackson -- West Regional at Los Angeles , California Final four ( edit ) Kevin Kugler , John Thompson , Clark Kellogg , and Jim Gray -- San Antonio , Texas Internet ( edit ) Video ( edit ) Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app , no CBS games on digital media players ; access to games on Turner channels requires TV Everywhere authentication through provider ; 3 hour preview for Turner games is provided before authentication is required ) CBS All Access ( only CBS games , service subscription required ) CBS Sports website and app ( only CBS games ) Bleacher Report website and Team Stream app ( only Turner games , access requires subscription ) Watch TBS website and app ( only TBS games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch TNT website and app ( only TNT games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch truTV website and app ( only truTV games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Websites and apps of cable , satellite , and OTT providers of CBS & Turner ( access requires subscription ) Audio ( edit ) Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app ) Westwood One Sports website TuneIn ( website and app ) Websites and apps of Westwood One Sports affiliates See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2018 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's Basketball Invitational 2018 College Basketball Invitational 2018 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 U Sports Men 's Basketball Championship 2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men 's basketball game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilco , Daniel ( March 17 , 2018 ) .",
"23": "`` Last perfect bracket busts after UMBC pulls off biggest upset in NCAA tournament history '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . UMBC ( The University of Maryland Baltimore County ) scored the biggest upset in the history of the NCAA tournament , beating top overall seed Virginia 74 - 54 Friday night , and becoming the first 16 seed to win a game in 136 tries . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` UMBC shocks Virginia , first 16 - seed ever to beat a 1 '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 preliminary rounds '' . NCAA . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA gives North Carolina a deadline to repeal HB2 or lose events until 2022 '' . newsobserver . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N.C. gets NCAA tourney sites after HB2 repeal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I teams face penalties , lose postseason '' . NCAA . May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA conference tournament schedule : Tracking March Madness automatic bids '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkay/2018/03/11/selection-sunday-2018-schedule-official-ncaa-tournament-bracket-and-more-after-march-madness-show/#7106472abf90 Jump up ^ `` DC colleges will have a season without March Madness for the first time since 1978 '' . Washington Post . March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` South Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` West Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) .",
"24": "`` East Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Midwest Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Villanova Wins National Championship For Second Time in Three Years '' . villanova.com. April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The fast and unprecedented fall of the Pac - 12 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship commentator teams announced '' . NCAA . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph D. ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Selection show : Tournament teams revealed in 1st 10 minutes '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TBS really made a mess of the NCAA selection show '' . Boston.com . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 6 ways the NCAA bracket selection show was pretty odd '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan . `` Media Views : NCAA tourney ' Selection Show ' loses suspense , adds immediacy '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiman , Beth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` March Madness TV schedule : How to watch and live stream every game in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946",
"25": "1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun",
"26": "Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"27": "php?title=2018_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=837560621 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Basketball in San Antonio 2018 in sports in Texas 21st century in San Antonio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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symbolic interactionism is the basis for which theoretical model
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{
"0": "Symbolic interactionism - wikipedia Symbolic interactionism Jump to : navigation , search Sociology History Outline Portal Main theories Structural functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Positivism Critical theory Subfields and other major theories Conflict Criminology Social constructionism Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Feminist sociology Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology in sociology Stratification Science and technology Technology Urban Utilitarianism Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people 's particular utilization of dialect to make images , normal implications , for deduction and correspondence with others . In other words , it is a frame of reference to better understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds , and in return , how these worlds shapes individual behaviors . Symbolic interactionism comes from a sociological perspective which developed around the middle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline . It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology . It is derived from the American philosophy of pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead , as a pragmatic method to interpret social interactions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 George Herbert Mead 1.2 Herbert Blumer 1.3 Other theorists 2 Assumptions , premises , and research methodology 2.1 Assumptions 2.2 Premises 2.3 Research methodology 3 Five central ideas 4 Central interactionist themes 5 New media 6 Criticisms 6.1 Framework and theories 6.2 Social structure 6.2. 1 Language 6.2.",
"1": "2 Critical perspective 7 Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) George Herbert Mead ( edit ) Symbolic interaction was conceived by George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley . Mead argued that people 's selves are social products , but that these selves are also purposive and creative , and believed that the true test of any theory was that it was `` useful in solving complex social problems '' . Mead 's influence was said to be so powerful that sociologists regard him as the one `` true founder '' of the symbolic interactionism tradition . Although Mead taught in a philosophy department , he is best known by sociologists as the teacher who trained a generation of the best minds in their field . Strangely , he never set forth his wide - ranging ideas in a book or systematic treatise . After his death in 1931 , his students pulled together class notes and conversations with their mentor and published Mind , Self and Society in his name . It is a common misconception that John Dewey was the leader of this sociological theory ; according to The Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism , Mead was undoubtedly the individual who `` transformed the inner structure of the theory , moving it to a higher level of theoretical complexity '' . Mind , Self and Society is the book published by Mead 's students based on his lectures and teaching , and the title of the book highlights the core concept of social interactionism . The mind refers to an individual 's ability to use symbols to create meanings for the world around him . Individuals use language and thought to accomplish this goal . Self refers to an individual 's ability to reflect on the way that he / she is perceived by others . Finally , society , according to Mead is where all of these interactions are taking place . A general description of Mead 's compositions portray how outside social structures , classes , and power and abuse affect the advancement of self personality for gatherings verifiably denied of the ability to characterize themselves .",
"2": "Herbert Blumer ( edit ) Herbert Blumer , a student and interpreter of Mead , coined the term and put forward an influential summary : people act a certain way towards things based on the meaning those things already have , and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation . Herbert Blumer was a social constructionist , and was influenced by Dewey ; as such , this theory is very phenomenologically based . Given that Blumer was the first one use symbolic interaction term , he is known as the founder of symbolic interaction . He believed that the `` Most human and humanizing activity that people engage in is talking to each other '' ( Griffin 60 ) . According to Blumber ( 86 ) , human groups are created by people and it is only actions between them defined a society . He argued that with interaction and through interaction individuals are able to `` produce common symbols by approving , arranging , and redefining them '' ( Blumer 86 ) . Having said that , interaction is shaped by a mutual exchange of interpretation , the ground of socialization . Other theorists ( edit ) Two other theorists who have influenced symbolic interaction theory are Yrjö Engeström and David Middleton . Engeström and Middleton explained the usefulness of symbolic interactionism in the communication field in a variety of work settings , including `` courts of law , health care , computer software design , scientific laboratory , telephone sales , control , repair , and maintenance of advance manufacturing systems '' . Other scholars credited for their contribution to the theory are Thomas , Park , James , Horton Cooley , Znaniecki , Baldwin , Redfield , and Wirth . Unlike other social sciences , symbolic interactionism emphasizes greatly on the ideas of action instead of culture , class and power . According to behaviorism , Darwinism , pragmatism , as well as Max Weber ( 3 ) , action theory contributed significantly to the formation of social interactionism as a theoretical perspective in communication studies . Assumptions , premises , and research methodology ( edit ) Assumptions ( edit ) Most symbolic interactionists believe a physical reality does indeed exist by an individual 's social definitions , and that social definitions do develop in part or relation to something `` real '' . People thus do not respond to this reality directly , but rather to the social understanding of reality ; i.e.",
"3": ", they respond to this reality indirectly through a kind of filter which consists of individuals ' different perspectives . This means that humans exist not in the physical space composed of realities , but in the `` world '' composed only of `` objects '' . Three assumptions frame symbolic interactionism : Individuals construct meaning via the communication process . Self concept is a motivation for behavior . A unique relationship exists between the individual and society . Having defined some of the underlying assumptions of symbolic interactionism , it is necessary to address the premises that each assumption supports . According to Blumer , here are three premises that can be derived from the assumptions above . Premises ( edit ) Premise 1 : `` Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things . '' The first premise includes everything that a human being may note in their world , including physical objects , actions and concepts . Essentially , individuals behave towards objects and others based on the personal meanings that the individual has already given these items . Blumer was trying to put emphasis on the meaning behind individual behaviors , specifically speaking , psychological and sociological explanations for those actions and behaviors are what Blumer focuses on . Premise 2 : `` The meaning of such things is derived from , or arises out of , the social interaction that one has with others and the society . '' The second premise explains the meaning of such things is derived from , or arises out of , the social interaction that one has with other humans . Blumer , following Mead , claimed people interact with each other by interpreting or defining each other 's actions instead of merely reacting to each other 's actions . Their `` response '' is not made directly to the actions of one another but instead is based on the meaning which they attach to such actions . Thus , human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols and signification , by interpretation , or by ascertaining the meaning of one another 's actions ( Blumer 1962 ) . Meaning is either taken for granted and pushed aside as an unimportant element which need not to be investigated or it is regarded as a mere neutral link or one of the causal chains between the causes or factors responsible for human behavior and this behavior as the product of such factors ( Blumer 1969 ) .",
"4": "Premise 3 : `` The Meanings are handled in , and modified through , an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he / she encounters . Symbolic interactionists describe thinking as an inner conversation ( Griffin 62 ) . Mead called this inner dialogue minding , which is the delay in one 's thought process that happens when one thinks about what they will do next . These meanings are handled in , and modified through , an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters . We naturally talk to ourselves in order to sort out the meaning of a difficult situation . But first , we need language . Before we can think , we must be able to interact symbolically ( Griffin 62 ) . The emphasis on symbols , negotiated meaning , and social construction of society brought on attention to the roles people play . Role - taking is a key mechanism that permits people to see another person 's perspective to understand what an action might mean to another person . Role - taking is a part of our lives at an early age , for instance , playing house and pretending to be someone else . There is an improvisational quality of roles ; however , actors often take on a script that they follow . Because of the uncertainty of roles in social contexts , the burden of role - making is on the person in the situation . In this sense , we are proactive participants in our environment . Research methodology ( edit ) The majority of interactionist research uses qualitative research methods , like participant observation , to study aspects of 1 ) social interaction , and / or 2 ) individuals ' selves . Participant observation allows researchers to access symbols and meanings , as in Howard S. Becker 's Art Worlds ( 1982 ) and Arlie Hochschild 's The Managed Heart ( 1983 ) . They argue that close contact and immersion in the everyday activities of the participants is necessary for understanding the meaning of actions , defining situations and the process that actors construct the situation through their interaction . Because of this close contact , interactions can not remain completely liberated of value commitments . In most cases , they make use of their values in choosing what to study ; however , they seek to be objective in how they conduct the research . Therefore , the symbolic - interaction approach is a micro-level orientation focusing on human interaction in specific situations .",
"5": "Five central ideas ( edit ) There are five central ideas to symbolic interactionism according to Joel M. Charon , author of Symbolic Interactionism An Introduction , An Interpretation , An Integration : `` The human being must be understood as a social person . It is the constant search for social interaction that leads us to do what we do . Instead of focusing on the individual and his or her personality , or on how the society or social situation causes human behavior , symbolic interactionism focuses on the activities that take place between actors . Interaction is the basic unit of study . Individuals are created through interaction ; society too is created through social interaction . What we do depends on interaction with others earlier in our lifetimes , and it depends on our interaction right now . Social interaction is central to what we do . If we want to understand cause , focus on social interaction . The human being must be understood as a thinking being . Human action is not only interaction among individuals but also interaction within the individual . It is not our ideas or attitudes or values that are as important as the constant active ongoing process of thinking . We are not simply conditioned , we are not simply beings who are influenced by those around us , we are not simply products of society . We are , to our very core , thinking animals , always conversing with ourselves as we interact with others . If we want to understand cause , focus on human thinking . Humans do not sense their environment directly , instead , humans define the situation they are in . An environment may actually exist , but it is our definition of it that is important . Definition does not simply randomly happen ; instead , it results from ongoing social interaction and thinking . The cause of human action is the result of what is occurring in our present situation . Cause unfolds in the present social interaction , present thinking , and present definition . It is not society 's encounters with us in our past , that causes action nor is it our own past experience that does . It is , instead , social interaction , thinking , definition of the situation that takes place in the present . Our past enters into our actions primarily because we think about it and apply it to the definition of the present situation . Human beings are described as active beings in relation to their environment . Words such as conditioning , responding , controlled , imprisoned , and formed are not used to describe the human being in symbolic interaction .",
"6": "In contrast to other social - scientific perspectives humans are not thought of as being passive in relation to their surroundings , but actively involved in what they do . '' Central interactionist themes ( edit ) To Herbert Blumer 's conceptual perspective , he put them in three core principles : that people act toward things , including each other , on the basis of the meanings they have for them ; that these meanings are derived through social interaction with others ; and that these meanings are managed and transformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of and handle the objects that constitute their social worlds . Keeping in mind of Blumer 's earlier work , David A. Snow , professor of Sociology at the University of California , suggests four broader and even more basic orienting principles : human agency , interactive determination , symbolization , and emergence . Snow uses these four principles as the thematic bases for identifying and discussing contributions to the study of social movements . Human agency Human agency emphasizes the active , willful , goal seeking character of human actors . The emphasis on agency focuses attention on those actions , events , and moments in social life in which agentic action is especially palpable . Interactive determination Interactive determination specifies that understanding of focal objects of analysis , whether they are self - concepts , identities , roles , practices , or even social movements . Basically this means , neither individual , society , self , or others exist only in relation to each other and therefore can be fully understood only in terms of their interaction . Symbolization Symbolization highlights the processes through which events and conditions , artifacts , people , and other environmental features that take on particular meanings , becoming nearly only objects of orientation . Human behavior is partly contingent on what the object of orientation symbolizes or means . Emergence Emergence focuses on attention on the processual and nonhabituated side of social life , focusing not only on organization and texture of social life , but also associated meaning and feelings . The principal of emergence tells us not only to possibility of new forms of social life and system meaning but also to transformations in existing forms of social organization . ( Herman - Kinney Reynolds 812 - 824 ) . New media ( edit ) New media is a term used to define all that is related to the internet and the interplay between technology , images and sound . As studies of online community proliferate , the concept of online community has become a more accepted social construct .",
"7": "Studies encompassed discursive communities ; identity ; community as social reality ; networking ; the public sphere ; ease and anonymity in interactions . These studies show that online community is an important social construct in terms of its cultural , structural , political and economic character . It has been demonstrated that people 's ideas about community are formed , in part , through interactions both in online forums and face - to - face . As a result , people act in their communities according to the meanings they derive about their environment , whether online or offline , from those interactions . This perspective reveals that online communication may very well take on different meanings for different people depending on information , circumstance , relationships , power , and other systems that make up communities of practice . People enact community the way it is conceived and the meaning of community evolves as they come up with new ways to utilize it . Given this reality , scholars are continually challenged to research and understand how online communities are comprised , how they function , and how they are connected to offline social life . Symbolic interaction theory was discussed in `` The Cyberself : The Self - ing Project goes online , Symbolic Interaction in the Digital Age '' . Robinson discusses how symbolic interaction theory explains the way individuals create a sense of self through their interactions with others . However , she believes advances in technology have changed this . The article investigates the manner in which individuals form their online identity . She uses symbolic interaction theory to examine the formation of the cyber `` I '' and a digital `` generalized other '' . In the article , Robinson suggests individuals form new identities on the internet . She argues these cyber identities are not necessarily the way the individual would be perceived offline . Criticisms ( edit ) Symbolic interactionists are often criticized for being overly impressionistic in their research methods and somewhat unsystematic in their theories . It is argued that the theory is not one theory , but rather , the framework for many different theories . Additionally , some theorists have a problem with symbolic interaction theory due to its lack of testability . These objections , combined with the fairly narrow focus of interactionist research on small - group interactions and other social psychological issues , have relegated the interactionist camp to a minority position among sociologists ( albeit a fairly substantial minority ) . Much of this criticism arose during the 1970s in the U.S. when quantitative approaches to sociology were dominant .",
"8": "Perhaps the best known of these is by Alvin Gouldner . Framework and theories ( edit ) Some critiques of symbolic interactionism are based on the assumption that it is a theory , and the critiques apply the criteria for a `` good '' theory to something that does not claim to be a theory . Some critics find the symbolic interactionist framework too broad and general when they are seeking specific theories . Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical framework rather than a theory ( see Stryker and Vryan , 2003 , for a clear distinction between the two as it pertains to interactionist - inspired conceptualizations ) can be assessed on the basis of effective conceptualizations . The theoretical framework , as with any theoretical framework , is vague when it comes to analyzing empirical data or predicting outcomes in social life . As a framework rather than a theory , many scholars find it difficult to use . Interactionism being a framework rather than a theory makes it impossible to test interactionism in the manner that a specific theoretical claim about the relationship between specific variables in a given context allows . Unlike the symbolic interactionist framework , the many theories derived from symbolic interactionism , such as role theory and the versions of Identity Theory developed by Stryker , and Burke and colleagues , clearly define concepts and the relationships between them in a given context , thus allowing for the opportunity to develop and test hypotheses . Further , especially among Blumerian processual interactionists , a great number of very useful conceptualizations have been developed and applied in a very wide range of social contexts , types of populations , types of behaviors , and cultures and subcultures . Social structure ( edit ) Symbolic interactionism is often related and connected with social structure . This concept suggests that symbolic interactionism is a construction of people 's social reality . It also implies that from a realistic point of view , the interpretations that are being made will not make much difference . When the reality of a situation is defined , the situation becomes a meaningful reality . This includes methodological criticisms , and critical sociological issues .",
"9": "A number of symbolic interactionists have addressed these topics , the best known being Sheldon Stryker 's structural symbolic interactionism and the formulations of interactionism heavily influenced by this approach ( sometimes referred to as the `` Indiana School '' of symbolic interactionism ) , including the works of key scholars in sociology and psychology using different methods and theories applying a structural version of interactionism that are represented in a 2003 collection edited by Burke et al . Another well - known structural variation of symbolic interactionism that applies quantitative methods is Manford H. Kuhn 's formulation which is often referred to in sociological literature as the `` Iowa School '' . `` Negotiated order theory '' also applies a structural approach . Language ( edit ) Language is viewed as the source of all meaning . Social constructionist Herbert Blumer illuminates several key features about social interactionism . Most people interpret things based on assignment and purpose . The interaction occurs once the meaning of something has become identified . This concept of meaning is what starts to construct the framework of social reality . By aligning social reality , Blumer suggests that language is the meaning of interaction . Communication , especially in the form of symbolic interactionism is connected with language . Language initiates all forms of communication , verbal and non-verbal . Blumer defines this source of meaning as a connection that arises out of the social interaction that people have with each other . Critical perspective ( edit ) According to social theorist Patricia Burbank , the concepts of synergistic and diverging properties are what shape the viewpoints of humans as social beings . These two concepts are different in a sense because of their views of human freedom and their level of focus . According to Burbank , actions are based on the effects of situations that occur during the process of social interaction . Another important factor in meaningful situations is the environment in which the social interaction occurs . The environment influences interaction , which leads to a reference group and connects with perspective , and then concludes to a definition of the situation . This illustrates the proper steps to define a situation . An approval of the action occurs once the situation is defined . An interpretation is then made upon that action , which may ultimately influence the perspective , action , and definition . Sheldon Stryker , an influential social constructionist on social interactionism , emphasizes that the sociology world at large is the most viable and vibrant intellectual framework .",
"10": "By being made up of our thoughts self - belief , the social interactionism theory is the purpose of all human interaction , and is what causes society to exist . This fuels criticisms of the symbolic interactionist framework for failing to account for social structure , as well as criticisms that interactionist theories can not be assessed via quantitative methods , and can not be falsifiable or tested empirically . Framework is important for the symbolic interaction theory because for in order for the social structure to form , there are certain bonds of communication that need to be established to create the interaction . Much of the symbolic interactionist framework 's basic tenets can be found in a very wide range of sociological and psychological work , without being explicitly cited as interactionist , making the influence of symbolic interactionism difficult to recognize given this general acceptance of its assumptions as `` common knowledge '' . Society for the Study of symbolic interaction ( edit ) The Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction ( SSSI ) is an international professional organization for scholars , who are interested in the study of Symbolic Interaction . SSSI holds a conference in conjunction with the meeting of the American Sociological Association and the Society for the Study of Social Problems . This conference typically occurs in August and sponsors the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction holds the Couch - Stone Symposium each spring . The society provides travel scholarships for student members interested in attending the annual conference . At the annual conference , the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction sponsors yearly awards in different categories of symbolic interaction . Additionally , some of the awards are open to student members of the society . The Ellis - Bochner Autoethnography and Personal Narrative Research Award is given annually by the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction affiliate of the National Communication Association for the best article , essay , or book chapter in autoethnography and personal narrative research . The award is named after renowned autoethnographers Carolyn Ellis and Art Bochner . The society also sponsors a quarterly journal , Symbolic Interaction . The organization also releases a newsletter , SSSI Notes . Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction has also the European branch . It organizes each year the conference that integrates European symbolic interactionists .",
"11": "See also ( edit ) Sociology portal Constructivism ( learning theory ) Coordinated management of meaning Edward T. Hall Erving Goffman Extension transference Generalized other Georg Simmel Labeling theory Sandbox play therapy Social action Social interaction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hall , Peter M. ( 2007 ) . `` Symbolic Interaction '' . Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology -- via Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology . ^ Jump up to : L. , , West , Richard . Introducing communication theory : analysis and application . Turner , Lynn H. , ( Sixth ed . ) . New York , NY . ISBN 9781259870323 . OCLC 967775008 . ^ Jump up to : Alver , Fusun , Caglar , Sebnem ( 2015 ) . `` The Impact of Symbolic Interactionism on Research Studies about Communication Science '' . International Journal of Arts and Sciences . 8 : 479 -- 484 -- via Proquest . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Emory A. ( 2006 ) . A First Look at Communication Theory . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Herman - Kinney Nancy J. , Reynolds , Larry T. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism . New York : AltaMira . Jump up ^ Brewster , Kiyona ( 2013 ) . `` Beyond Classic Symbolic Interactionism : Towards A Intersectional Reading Of George H. Mead 's Mind , Self , And Society '' . Conference Papers -- American Sociological Association : 1 -- 20 -- via SocINDEX with Full Text . ^ Jump up to : `` Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction '' . sites.google.com . Jump up ^ Aksan , Nilgun ; Kısac , Buket ; Aydın , Mufit ; Demirbuken , Sumeyra ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Symbolic interaction theory '' . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences . World Conference on Educational Sciences : New Trends and Issues in Educational Sciences . 1 ( 1 ) : 902 -- 904 .",
"12": "doi : 10.1016 / j. sbspro. 2009.01. 160 . Jump up ^ Engestrom , Yrjo , and David Middleton . `` Cognition and Communication at Work . '' ^ Jump up to : Blumer , H. ( 1969 ) Symbolic Interactionism ; Perspective and Method . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall Jump up ^ This process occurs in the form of interaction with oneself or taking into account of taking into account . See the following paper : Kuwabara T. , and K. Yamaguchi , 2013 , An Introduction to the Sociological Perspective of Symbolic Interactionism , The Joint Journal of the National Universities in Kyushu , Education and Humanities , 1 ( 1 ) , pp. 1 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Garfinkel , Harold . 1967 . Studies in Ethnomethodology . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Jump up ^ Marshall , G. ( 1998 ) . `` symbolic interactionism '' . A Dictionary of Sociology . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved on : 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Charon , Joel M. ( 2004 ) . Symbolic Interactionism An Introduction , An Interpretation , An Integration . Boston : Pearson . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 605193 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bailey Socha ; Barbara Eber - Schmid . `` What is new media ? '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Reid , E.M. ( 1991 ) Electropolis : Communication and Community on internet Relay Chat ' , Honours thesis , University of Melbourne . Jump up ^ Howard , T. ( 1997 ) A Rhetoric of Electronic Communities . Greenwich , CT : Ablex . Jump up ^ Bromberg , H. ( 1996 ) ' Are MUDs Communities ? Identity , Belonging and Consciousness in Virtual Worlds ' , in R. Shields ( ed . ) Cultures of internet : Virtual Spaces , Real Histories , Living Bodies , pp.",
"13": "143 -- 52 . London : Sage . Jump up ^ Donath , J. ( 1999 ) ' Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community ' , in M.A. Smith and P. Kollock ( eds ) Communities in Cyberspace , pp. 29 -- 59 . New York : Routledge . Jump up ^ Watson , N. ( 1997 ) ' Why We Argue About Virtual Community : A Case Study of the phish.net Fan Community ' , in S.G. Jones ( ed . ) Virtual Culture : Identity and Communication in Cybersociety , pp. 102 -- 32. Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . Jump up ^ Wellman , B. ( 1997 ) ' An Electronic Group is Virtually a Social Network ' , in S. Kiesler ( ed . ) Culture of the internet , pp. 179 -- 205 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Jump up ^ Ess , C. ( 1996 ) ' The Political Computer : Democracy , CMC , and Habermas ' , in C. Ess ( ed . ) Philosophical Perspectives on Computer - Mediated Communication , pp. 197 -- 230 . Albany , NY : State University of New York . Jump up ^ Anthropologist Wows Personal Democracy Forum . Whatever . Shelley Dubois . Wired Magazine . 30 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernback , J. Beyond the diluted community concept : a symbolic interactionist perspective on online social relations New Media & Society , February 2007 9 : 49 - 69 Jump up ^ Robinson , L. The Cyberself : The Self - ing Project goes online , Symbolic Interaction in the Digital Age . 2007 Jump up ^ Harris , D. `` Reading Guide to the Bits on Interactionism in : Gouldner A ( 1971 ) The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology , London : Heinemann Educational Books '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Stryker , Sheldon . ( 1968 ) . `` Identity Salience and Role Performance : The Relevance of Symbolic Interaction Theory for Family Research . '' Journal of Marriage and the Family 30 : 558 - 564 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ Stryker , Sheldon . ( 1994 ) . `` Identity Theory : Its Development , Research Base , and Prospects . '' Studies in Symbolic Interaction 16 : 9 - 20 . Jump up ^ Burke , Peter J. ( 1980 ) . `` The Self : Measurement Requirements from an Interactionist Perspective . '' Social Psychology Quarterly 43 : 18 - 29 . Jump up ^ Burke , Peter J. , and Donald C. Reitzes. ( 1981 ) . `` The Link between Identity and Role Performance . '' Social Psychology Quarterly 44 : 83 - 92 . Jump up ^ Stryker , Sheldon . 1980 . Symbolic Interactionism : A Social Structural Version . Menlo Park , CA : Benjamin / Cummings . Jump up ^ Peter Burke and Jan Stets Burke , Peter J. , Timothy J. Owens , Richard T. Serpe , and Peggy A. Thoits ( Eds . ) . ( 2003 ) . Advances in Identity Theory and Research . New York : Kluwer Academic / Plenum . Jump up ^ The Sociological Quarterly Volume 18 , Issue 1 , pages 126 -- 142 , January 1977 Jump up ^ `` Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction '' . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to SSSI '' . Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction . Sources ( edit ) Blumer , Herbert . `` A note on symbolic Interactionism '' . American Sociological Review . Vol. 38 , No. 6 . 1973 . Burbank , Patricia . `` Symbolic Interactionism and critical perspective : divergent or synergistic '' ? Nursing Philosophy . Web . 3 Jan. 2010 . Prus , Robert . 1996 . Symbolic Interaction and Ethnographic Research : Intersubjectivity and the Study of Human Lived Experience . Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . Stryker , Sheldon . `` The vitalization of symbolic Interactionism '' . Social Psychology Quarterly . Vol. 50 , pg. 83 . Web .",
"15": "1 Nov. 1999 . Further Reading ( edit ) Atkinson , P.A. and Housley , W. ( 2003 ) Interactionism , London , Sage . Altheide . David L. ( 2013 ) `` Terrorism and the national security university : public order redux '' 40th Anniversary of Studies in Symbolic Interaction , Emerald . Blumer , Herbert ( 1962 ) . `` Society as Symbolic Interaction '' . In Arnold M. Rose . Human Behavior and Social Process : An Interactionist Approach . Houghton - Mifflin . Reprinted in Blumer ( 1969 ) . Blumer , Herbert . ( 1971 ) . Social Problems as Collective Behavior = 2006 ( translated in Japanese ) , Journal of Economics and Sociology Blumer , Herbert . Symbolic Interactionism ; Perspective and Method . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , 1969 . Print . Plummer , Ken . `` A World in the Making : Symbolic Interactionism in the Twentieth Century . '' ( n.d. ) : n . pag . Print . Plummer , Kenneth . ( 1975 ) . Sexual stigma : An interactionist account . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . Liamputtong , Pranee & Ezzy , Douglas . ( 2005 ) . Qualitative Research Methods . New York : Oxford University Press . Brissett , Edgley. ( 1974 ) . `` Life as theater '' . Chicago . Rock , P. ( 1979 ) The Making of Symbolic Interactionism , London , Macmillan . Lehn , Dirk vom , and Will Gibson . ( 2011 ) `` Interaction and Symbolic Interactionism . '' Symbolic Interaction . Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction . Print . Schneider Christopher J. , and Trottier Daniel . ( 2013 ) `` Social Media and the 2011 Vancouver Riot '' 40th Anniversary of Studies in Symbolic Interaction , Emerald . Johnson , John J.",
"16": "( 2013 ) , `` The Contributions of the California Sociologies to the Diversity and Development of Symbolic Interaction '' 40th Anniversary of Studies in Symbolic Interaction , Emerald . Vannini , P. ( 2009 ) . Nonrepresentational theory and symbolic interactionism : Shared perspectives and missed articulations . Symbolic Interaction , 32 ( 3 ) , 282 - 286 . Jeon , Yun ‐ Hee. ( 2004 ) `` The Application of Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism . `` Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , vol. 18 , no . 3 , pp. 249 - 256 Milliken , P.J. , and Rita Schreiber. ( 2012 ) . `` Examining the Nexus between Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism . '' International Journal of Qualitative Methods , vol. 11 , no . 5 , 2012 , pp. 684 - 696 Manning , Philip , and David R. Maines. ( 2003 ) . `` Editorial Introduction : Theory and Method in Symbolic Interactionism . '' Symbolic Interaction , vol. 26 , no . 4 , pp.",
"17": "497 - 500 , ProQuest Central ; Research Library ; Sociological Abstracts , External links ( edit ) Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction ( SSSI ) website Blog of the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction 6th European Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction conference 2015 Symbolic Interaction journal at Wiley Online Blog of the Journal Symbolic Interaction NDL : 01162744 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_interactionism&oldid=837232337 '' Categories : Criminology Sociological theories Anthropology Interpersonal communication Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who wrote the french declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen
|
[
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"General Lafayette, (sometimes with Thomas Jefferson) and Honoré Mirabeau.",
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{
"0": "Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen - Wikipedia Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen Jump to : navigation , search The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Painting of the Declaration , painted by Jean - Jacques - François Le Barbier Author General Lafayette , ( sometimes with Thomas Jefferson ) and Honoré Mirabeau . Country Kingdom of France Language French Genre Human rights , declaration and document . Publisher National Constituent Assembly Publication date 27 August 1789 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( French : Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen ) , passed by France 's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789 , is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights . The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson , working with General Lafayette , who introduced it . Influenced also by the doctrine of `` natural right '' , the rights of man are held to be universal : valid at all times and in every place , pertaining to human nature itself . It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law . It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic ( 1946 ) and Fifth Republic ( 1958 ) and is still current . Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers , the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide . The Declaration , together with Magna Carta , the English Bill of Rights , and the United States Bill of Rights , inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Philosophical and theoretical context 3 Substance 3.1 Articles 3.2 Active and passive citizenship 3.3 Women 's rights 3.4 Slavery 4 Legacy 4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic 5 See also 5.1 Other early declarations of rights 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment .",
"1": "The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson . In August 1789 , Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 27 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly , during the period of the French Revolution , as the first step toward writing a constitution for France . Inspired by the Enlightenment , the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau , led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé . The draft was later modified during the debates . A second and lengthier declaration , known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , was written in 1793 but never formally adopted . Philosophical and theoretical context ( edit ) The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment , such as individualism , the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau , and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu . As can be seen in the texts , the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ) . The declaration is in the spirit of `` secular natural law '' , which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority , in contrast with traditional natural law theory , which does . The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men . Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights , these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places . For example , `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good . '' They have certain natural rights to property , to liberty , and to life . According to this theory , the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights . Furthermore , government should be carried on by elected representatives . At the time of writing , the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men . Furthermore , the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality .",
"2": "The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time . The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution . It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion . The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future . Substance ( edit ) The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being `` natural , unalienable and sacred '' and consisting of `` simple and incontestable principles '' on which citizens could base their demands . In the second article , `` the natural and imprescriptible rights of man '' are defined as `` liberty , property , security and resistance to oppression '' . It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation , freedom and equal rights for all `` Men '' , and access to public office based on talent . The monarchy was restricted , and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process . Freedom of speech and press were declared , and arbitrary arrests outlawed . The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty , in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy , and social equality among citizens , `` All the citizens , being equal in the eyes of the law , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents , '' eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy . Articles ( edit ) Article I -- Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good . Article II -- The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man . These rights are liberty , property , safety and resistance against oppression . Article III -- The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation . No body , no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it . Article IV -- Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others : thus , the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights . These borders can be determined only by the law .",
"3": "Article V -- The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society . Anything which is not forbidden by the law can not be impeded , and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order . Article VI -- The law is the expression of the general will . All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation . It must be the same for all , either that it protects , or that it punishes . All the citizens , being equal in its eyes , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents . Article VII -- No man can be accused , arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law , and according to the forms which it has prescribed . Those who solicit , dispatch , carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders , must be punished ; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once ; he renders himself culpable by resistance . Article VIII -- The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary , and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied . Article IX -- Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him , any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law . Article X -- No one may be disturbed for his opinions , even religious ones , provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law . Article XI -- The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man : any citizen thus may speak , write , print freely , except to respond to the abuse of this liberty , in the cases determined by the law . Article XII -- The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force : this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted . Article XIII -- For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration , a common contribution is indispensable ; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens , according to their ability to pay .",
"4": "Article XIV -- Each citizen has the right to ascertain , by himself or through his representatives , the need for a public tax , to consent to it freely , to know the uses to which it is put , and of determining the proportion , basis , collection , and duration . Article XV -- The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration . Article XVI -- Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured , nor the separation of powers determined , has no Constitution . Article XVII -- Property being an inviolable and sacred right , no one can be deprived of private usage , if it is not when the public necessity , legally noted , evidently requires it , and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity . Active and passive citizenship ( edit ) While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population , there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not . Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens . Active citizenship was granted to men who were French , at least 25 years old , paid taxes equal to three days work , and could not be defined as servants ( Thouret ) . This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights . The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions . This distinction directly affects articles 6 , 12 , 14 , and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government . With the decree of 29 October 1789 , the term active citizen became embedded in French politics . The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen . Because of the requirements set down for active citizens , the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen out of a population of around 29 million . These omitted groups included women , slaves , children , and foreigners . As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly , they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic ( 1792 -- 1804 ) .",
"5": "This legislation , passed in 1789 , was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen . The power to vote was then , however , to be granted solely to substantial property owners . Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution . This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights , or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens . This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences . In the cartoon , a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work . The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place . Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution . Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality . By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen . Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution . She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . '' By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women . As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence . Women 's rights ( edit ) The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens ( who could only be male ) . This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789 , women presented the Women 's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights . In 1790 , Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women .",
"6": "Condorcet declared that `` he who votes against the right of another , whatever the religion , color , or sex of that other , has henceforth abjured his own '' . The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women 's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791 . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution , which had been devoted to equality . It states that : `` This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition , and of the rights , they have lost in society '' . The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as `` almost a parody ... of the original document '' . The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights . Social distinctions may be based only on common utility . '' The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied : `` Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights . Social distinctions may only be based on common utility '' . De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable , yet denied equal rights , declaring `` Women have the right to mount the scaffold , they must also have the right to mount the speaker 's rostrum '' . Slavery ( edit ) The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery , as lobbied for by Jacques - Pierre Brissot 's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac . Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration , slave uprisings in Saint - Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words , as discussed in C.L.R. James ' history of the Haitian Revolution , The Black Jacobins .",
"7": "Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint - Domingue , the most profitable slave colony in the world , led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World . Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794 . However , Napoleon reinstated it in 1802 . In 1804 , the colony of Saint - Domingue became an independent state , the Republic of Haiti . Legacy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights - based liberal democracy throughout the world . It was translated as soon as 1793 -- 1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño , who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so . In 2003 , the document was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World register . Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( edit ) Main article : Constitution of the French Fifth Republic According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic ( adopted on 4 October 1958 , and the current constitution ) , the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value . Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ( `` Constitutional Council of France '' ) or by the Conseil d'État ( `` Council of State '' ) . Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional . Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would , by birth , enjoy greater rights .",
"8": "See also ( edit ) Human rights in France Universality Other early declarations of rights ( edit ) Magna Carta ( England , 1215 ) Statute of Kalisz ( Poland , 1264 ) Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa ( Poland , 1573 ) Petition of Right ( England , 1628 ) Bill of Rights ( England , 1689 ) Claim of Right ( Scotland , 1689 ) Bill of Rights ( United States , 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont ( modern - day Belgium , 1789 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated as `` Declaration of Human and Civic Rights '' . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein ( 2000 ) . Comparative Politics : Interests , Identities , and Institutions in a Changing Global Order . Cambridge UP . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson ( 1987 ) , American Life and Institutions , Stuttgart ( Germany ) , p. 34 Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp 143 - 45 Jump up ^ Keith Baker , `` The Idea of a Declaration of Rights '' in Dale Van Kley , ed . The French Idea of Freedom : The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 ( 1997 ) pp 154 - 96 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report ( Archives parlementaires , 1 , série , tome VIII , débats du 12 août 1789 , p. 431 ) . Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires , 1 série , tome VIII , débats du 19 août 1789 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont - Barnes , ed. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies , 1760 - 1815 . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 159 vol 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Merryman , John Henry ; Rogelierdomo ( 2007 ) . The civil law tradition : an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America . Stanford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780804755696 . Jump up ^ First Article , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights : visions seen . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780812218541 . Jump up ^ Spielvogel , Jackson J. ( 2008 ) . Western Civilization : 1300 to 1815 . Wadsworth Publishing . p. 580 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50289 - 0 . Jump up ^ von Guttner , Darius ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Nelson Cengage . pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Thouret 1789 , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/ Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Popkin 2006 , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Social Causes of the Revolution '' ^ Jump up to : Doyle 1989 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ `` Active / Passive Citizen '' , http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/ .",
"10": "Jump up ^ De Gouges , `` Declaration of the Rights of Women '' , 1791 . Jump up ^ Dalton 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002 , pp. 319 -- 20 , 324 . Jump up ^ Women 's Petition to the National Assembly Jump up ^ Williams , Helen Maria ; Neil Fraistat ; Susan Sniader Lanser ; David Brookshire ( 2001 ) . Letters written in France . Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 255 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Paul Gordon ( 2003 ) . The evolution of international human rights . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 18 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1854 - 1 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ Naish , Camille ( 1991 ) . Death comes to the maiden : Sex and Execution , 1431 -- 1933 . Routledge . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05585 - 7 . Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France 's overseas dominions , for fear `` that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly '' , as Robin Blackburn expressed it ( Blackburn , The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 ( 1988 : 174f ) ) ; see also the speech of Jean - Baptiste Belley Jump up ^ Cf . Heinrich August Winkler ( 2012 ) , Geschichte des Westens . Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20 . Jahrhundert , Third Edition , Munich ( Germany ) , p.",
"11": "386 References ( edit ) Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 2001 . Susan Dalton , Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics : The Case of Madame Roland , Canadian Journal of History , 36 , no . 2 ( 2001 ) : 259 -- 83 . William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1989 . Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite , A Political Revolution for Women ? The Case of Paris , In The French Revolution : conflicting interpretations . 5th ed . Malabar , Fla. : Krieger Pub. Co. , 2002 . 317 -- 46 . Jeremy Popkin , A History of Modern France , Upper Saddle River : Pearson Education , Inc. , 2006 . `` Active Citizen / Passive Citizen '' , Liberty , Equality , Fraternity : Exploring the French Revolution ( accessed 30 October 2011 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Gérard Conac , Marc Debene , Gérard Teboul , eds , La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 ; histoire , analyse et commentaires , Economica , Paris , 1993 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 7178 - 2483 - 4. ( in French ) McLean , Iain . `` Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and the Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen '' in The Future of Liberal Democracy : Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2004 ) online External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Works related to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen at Wikisource `` Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789 '' . Conseil constitutionnel ( in French ) .",
"12": "Retrieved 14 May 2012 . `` Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Conseil constitutionnel . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . French Revolution Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (",
"13": "Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov",
"14": "1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle",
"15": "of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799",
"16": ") Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier ,",
"17": "duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti ,",
"18": "comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas ,",
"19": "vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph ,",
"20": "Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution Influential thinkers Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Human rights Children 's Intersex Men 's Women 's Fundamental concepts and philosophies Natural law Positive law Sovereignty Universal jurisdiction Distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Aspects Corporal punishment Organizations List of human rights organisations of national human rights institutions By continent Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Category : Rights Portal : Human rights Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate ,",
"21": "Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member ,",
"22": "Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. Randolph ( grandson ) John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.",
"23": "( son - in - law ) John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) John Wayles ( father - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) Dabney Carr ( nephew ) ← John Adams James Madison → George Mason United States Founding events Drafted , 1769 Virginia Association resolutions Primary author , 1774 Fairfax Resolves Primary author , 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights `` All men are created equal '' Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Consent of the governed Baseless search and seizure Cruel and unusual punishments Speedy trial 1776 Virginia Constitution 1785 Mount Vernon Conference 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Ratifying Convention Co-father , United States Bill of Rights history Founding Father Writings inspired 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( France ) 1789 United States Bill of Rights Life Chopawamsic plantation Gunston Hall On slavery Ohio Company Legacy George Mason Memorial George Mason University George Mason Stadium George Mason Memorial Bridge George Mason High School 18 - cent postage stamp Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Revolution patriots Wilson v.",
"24": "Mason Hollin Hall Woodbridge plantation Mason 's Island Family George Mason V ( son ) William Mason ( son ) Thomson Mason ( son ) John Mason ( son ) Thomas Mason ( son ) George Mason III ( father ) Thomson Mason ( brother ) George Mason II ( grandfather ) Constitutions of France 1791 1793 ( Year I ) 1795 ( Year III ) 1799 ( Year VIII ) 1802 ( Year X ) 1804 ( Year XII ) 1814 1815 1830 1848 1852 1875 1940 1945 1946 1958 ( Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ∙ Charter for the Environment ) Proposed : Girondin constitutional project ( 1793 ) VIAF : 185684735 LCCN : no90010771 GND : 4200626 - 0 Human rights portal Law portal France portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen&oldid=819406149 '' Categories : 1789 in law 1789 events of the French Revolution French law Human rights instruments Human rights in France Government of France Memory of the World Register Political charters History of human rights Popular sovereignty Age of Enlightenment 18th century in Paris 1789 documents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages to import images to Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing French - language text All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk",
"25": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文",
"26": "Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-2774109201029330685
|
who kidnapped ben in the deep end of the ocean
|
[
"Cecil Lockhart",
"the celebrity alumna Cecil Lockhart",
"Cecil Lockhart",
"celebrity alumna Cecil Lockhart",
"Cecil Lockhart"
] |
{
"0": "The Deep End of the Ocean - wikipedia The Deep End of the Ocean Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see The Deep End of the Ocean ( film ) . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Deep End of the Ocean First edition cover Author Jacquelyn Mitchard Country United States Language English Genre Novel Publisher Allen Lane Publication date June 1996 Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) Pages 434 pp ( hardback edition ) & 528 pp ( paperback edition ) ISBN 0 - 670 - 86579 - 6 ( hardback edition ) & ISBN 0 - 00 - 649909 - 0 ( paperback edition ) OCLC 33443698 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 20 LC Class PS3563. I7358 D4 1996 The Deep End of the Ocean is a best - selling novel by Jacquelyn Mitchard , released in 1996 . It is about an American middle class , suburban family that is torn apart when the youngest son is kidnapped and raised by a mentally ill woman , until he appears at the front doorstep of his real mother and asks if he can mow the lawn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Symbols , motifs , and themes 3 Main characters 4 Awards and nominations 5 Film , TV or theatrical adaptations 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Wisconsin photographer and housewife Beth Cappadora leaves her youngest son , Ben , alone with his older brother for a brief moment in a crowded Chicago hotel lobby , while attending her high school reunion . The older son lets go of Ben 's hand and Ben vanishes without a trace . Beth goes into an extended mental breakdown and it is left to her husband and owner of a restaurant , Pat , to force his wife to robotically care for their remaining two children , 7 - year - old Vincent and infant daughter Kerry . Nine years later a young boy named Sam asks Beth if she needs the lawn mowed .",
"1": "Beth suspects that this boy who lives with his `` father '' two blocks away is in fact her lost son , and while Sam mows the lawn , she takes photographs of him to show to her husband and teenage son , who then says that he suspected the boy 's true identity all along . The parents contact Detective Candy Bliss who pops in to offer wise , albeit often cryptic and conflicting , advice to Beth . It is learned that at the reunion in Chicago , the celebrity alumna Cecil Lockhart kidnapped Ben , renamed him Sam , and raised him as her own child until she was committed to a mental hospital , leaving Sam to be raised in a house only two blocks from the Cappadoras , by his adoptive father , the sensitive and intellectual George Karras . Ben was raised by a Greek - American father for nine years , while his biological parents are Italian - American . Ben is a polite , intelligent American boy who takes great pride in participating in Greek cultural rituals , much to the frustration of Pat who wants to pretend that Ben was never really abducted . Ben is faced with the cultural identity that he grew up with , and the cultural identity he would have known had he not been kidnapped . Ben 's adoptive father agrees to surrender Ben to his birth family , while still living two blocks away . Torn between two worlds and having lost both of the parents that he knew , Ben expresses suicidal feelings to Beth . Ben 's only memory of his biological family is one of brother Vincent and thus over a one - on - one basketball game he absolves his brother of any responsibility for his abduction , and agrees to return to live with the Cappadoras . At the end of the novel , many conflicts remain unresolved . Pat still has problems loving his sons : Ben because he can not relate to his personality and Vincent because he does not connect his teenaged rebellion and cynicism to nine years of bad parenting . Beth has regained her position in the family as an equal parent , but Ben and Vincent 's emotional scars may require years of intense therapy . Symbols , motifs , and themes ( edit ) Aside from ethnicity , there is an underlined theme in the story about women 's empowerment as Beth awakens from her nine - year depression to argue with Pat about how to deal with Ben 's dual - ethnic and family identity .",
"2": "Once Beth finds Ben she also finds her own inner strength , and argues with Pat about the terms that Ben must obey in order to become integrated into the family . Pat wants Ben to abandon what he thought was his name , ethnic identity , and his father . Beth wants her son to be happy and feels that forcing Ben to abandon the past nine years of his life will only drive him away , both physically and emotionally . Vincent sees the presence of Ben as a symbol of his own guilt at allowing his younger brother to be kidnapped , and a symbol of the anger that he has built up over the past nine years in living with parents that were too caught up in their grief to give him the love and attention that he needed . His younger sister seems the most well - adjusted of the children , but that is because she was too young to remember Ben . Vincent and Pat filled in the role as parents when Beth was trapped in her depression . Main characters ( edit ) Beth Cappadora -- the main protagonist Ben / Sam -- Beth 's kidnapped son Vincent -- Beth 's oldest son , a sixteen - year - old boy Kerry -- Beth 's daughter , who was an infant when Ben was kidnapped Candy Bliss -- the detective Cecil Lockhart -- the kidnapper of Ben Pat Cappadora -- Beth 's husband George Karras -- Sam 's adoptive father Angelo & Rosmary `` Rosie '' Cappadora -- Beth 's in - laws , Pat 's parents Ellen -- Beth 's best friend Awards and nominations ( edit ) The novel was the first Oprah Book Club selection in September 1996 . ( ISBN 0 - 451 - 18692 - 3 ) Film , tv or theatrical adaptations ( edit ) Main article : The Deep End of the Ocean ( film ) There was a 1999 film of the same name based on the novel . The film is rated PG - 13 for some profanity , and drama . It stars Michelle Pfeiffer and Treat Williams . This was Ryan Merriman 's first feature film role .",
"3": "External links ( edit ) Publication history and summary of critical reaction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Deep_End_of_the_Ocean&oldid=786817074 '' Categories : 1996 American novels Novels by Jacquelyn Mitchard American novels adapted into films Novels set in Wisconsin Novels set in Chicago Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from March 2007 All articles lacking sources Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 19 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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4005166739248694798
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who wrote hit me baby one more time
|
[
"Max Martin",
"Max Martin",
"Max Martin",
"Max Martin",
"Max Martin"
] |
{
"0": "... Baby One More Time ( song ) - Wikipedia ... Baby One More Time ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Hit Me Baby One More Time '' redirects here . For TV series , see Hit Me , Baby , One More Time ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Baby One More Time . `` ... Baby One More Time '' Single by Britney Spears from the album ... Baby One More Time B - side `` Autumn Goodbye '' Released September 30 , 1998 Format Cassette single CD single 12 '' Recorded 1998 ; Cheiron Studios ( Stockholm , Sweden ) Genre Teen pop dance - pop Length 3 : 31 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Max Martin Producer ( s ) Max Martin Rami Britney Spears singles chronology `` ... Baby One More Time '' ( 1998 ) `` Sometimes '' ( 1999 ) `` ... Baby One More Time '' ( 1998 ) `` Sometimes '' ( 1999 ) Music video `` ... Baby One More Time '' on YouTube `` ... Baby One More Time '' is the debut single by American singer Britney Spears . It was written by Max Martin and produced by Martin and Rami , and released in 1998 , by Jive Records for Spears 's debut album of the same name ( 1999 ) . After recording and sending a demo tape with an unused song from Toni Braxton , Spears signed a multi-album deal with Jive . `` ... Baby One More Time '' is a teen pop and dance - pop song that refers to a girl 's feelings after a break - up with her boyfriend . `` ... Baby One More Time '' reached number one in every country it charted in , including the United Kingdom , where it earned double - platinum status and became the country 's best - selling song of 1999 . It is one of the best - selling singles of all time , with over 10 million copies sold . An accompanying music video , directed by Nigel Dick , portrays Spears as a student from a Catholic high school , who starts to daydream that she is singing and dancing around the school , while watching her love interest from afar .",
"1": "The music video was later referenced in the music video of `` If U Seek Amy '' ( 2008 ) , where Spears 's fictional daughter is dressed with a similar schoolgirl outfit while wearing pink ribbons in her hair . In 2010 , the music video for `` ... Baby One More Time '' was voted the third most influential video in the history of pop music , in a poll held by Jam ! . In 2011 , `` ... Baby One More Time '' was voted the best music video of the 1990s . It has been featured on all of her greatest hits and other compilation albums . Spears has performed `` ... Baby One More Time '' in a number of live appearances and in all of her concert tours . It was the encore of the ... Baby One More Time Tour ( 1999 ) and Dream Within a Dream Tour ( 2001 ) ; Spears also performed remixed versions of the song during the Oops ! ... I Did It Again World Tour ( 2000 ) , The Onyx Hotel Tour ( 2004 ) , The M + M 's Tour ( 2007 ) , The Circus Starring Britney Spears ( 2009 ) , the Femme Fatale Tour ( 2011 ) , and Britney : Piece of Me ( 2013 ) . `` ... Baby One More Time '' was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , and has been included in lists by Blender , Rolling Stone and VH1 . It has been noted for redefining the sound of late 1990s music . Spears has named `` ... Baby One More Time '' as one of her favorite songs from her career . It was also the final song to be played on the BBC 's music programme Top of the Pops in the 1990s .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Background 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Reception 6 Live performances 7 Cover versions , samples and usage in media 8 Impact 9 Formats and track listings 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Background ( edit ) I had been in studio for about six months listening and recording material , but I had n't really heard a hit yet . When I started working with Max Martin in Sweden , he played the demo for ' Baby One More Time ' for me , and I knew from the start it ( was one ) of those songs you want to hear again and again . It just felt really right . I went into the studio and did my own thing with it , trying to give it a little more attitude than the demo . In 10 days , I never even saw Sweden . We were so busy . -- Spears talking to Chuck Taylor of Billboard . In June 1997 , Spears was in talks with manager Lou Pearlman to join female pop group Innosense . Lynne Spears asked family friend and entertainment lawyer Larry Rudolph for his opinion and submitted a tape of Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song along with some pictures . Rudolph decided he wanted to pitch her to record labels , therefore she needed a professional demo . He sent Spears an unused song from Toni Braxton ; she rehearsed for a week and recorded her vocals in a studio with a sound engineer . Spears traveled to New York with the demo and met with executives from four labels , returning to Kentwood the same day . Three of the labels rejected her , arguing audiences wanted pop bands such as the Backstreet Boys and the Spice Girls , and `` there was n't going to be another Madonna , another Debbie Gibson , or another Tiffany . '' Two weeks later , executives from JIVE Records returned calls to Rudolph .",
"3": "Senior vice president of A&R Jeff Fenster stated about Spears 's audition that `` It 's very rare to hear someone that age who can deliver emotional content and commercial appeal . ( ... ) For any artist , the motivation -- the ' eye of the tiger ' -- is extremely important . And Britney had that . '' They appointed her to work with producer Eric Foster White for a month , who reportedly shaped her voice from `` lower and less poppy '' delivery to `` distinctively , unmistakably Britney . '' After hearing the recorded material , president Clive Calder ordered a full album . Spears had originally envisioned `` Sheryl Crow music , but younger more adult contemporary '' but felt all right with her label 's appointment of producers , since `` It made more sense to go pop , because I can dance to it -- it 's more me . '' She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm , Sweden , where half of the album was recorded from March to April 1998 , with producers Max Martin , Denniz Pop and Rami Yacoub , among others . Martin showed Spears and her management a track titled `` Hit Me Baby One More Time '' , which was originally written for American group Backstreet Boys and R&B group TLC ; however , when the song was submitted to them , they rejected it . Spears later claimed that she felt excited when she heard it and knew it was going to be a hit record . `` We at JIVE said , ' This is a ... smash ' , '' revealed the label 's A&R executive at the time Steven Lunt ; however , other executives were concerned that the line `` Hit Me '' would condone domestic violence , later being revised to `` ... Baby One More Time '' . Spears recorded her vocals for the song on May 2 and 3 of 1998 at Cheiron Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . The singer revealed that she `` did n't do well at all the first day in the studio ( recording the song ) , I was just too nervous . So I went out that night and had some fun . The next day I was completely relaxed and nailed it . You got ta be relaxed singing ' ... Baby One More Time ' . '' The track was produced by Denniz Pop , Martin and Rami , and was also mixed by Martin at Cheiron Studios .",
"4": "Thomas Lindberg played the guitar , while Johan Carlberg played the bass guitar . Background vocals were provided by Spears , Martin and Nana Hedin . Spears also recorded a track called `` Autumn Goodbye '' , written and produced by Eric Foster White , that was released as a b - side to `` ... Baby One More Time '' . The track was recorded in 1998 at 4MW East Studios in New Jersey . `` ... Baby One More Time '' was released as Spears 's debut single on October 23 , 1998 , by Jive Records , when she was only 16 years old . The singer has named `` ... Baby One More Time '' as one of her favorite songs from her entire career , naming `` Toxic '' and `` He About to Lose Me '' as the other two . Like TLC and Backstreet Boys , British boyband Five were almost considered to record the song , according to former Five manager Simon Cowell , who would work with Spears in the second season of the American version of The X Factor in 2012 , in his autobiography Sweet Revenge . Composition ( edit ) `` ... Baby One More Time '' A 20 - second sample of the song 's chorus , features Spears singing `` Hit me , baby , one more time ! '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` ... Baby One More Time '' is a teen pop and dance - pop song that lasts for three minutes and 30 seconds . The song is composed in the key of C minor and is set in the time signature of 4 / 4 common time with a moderate tempo of 93 beats per minute ( Andante moderato ) . Songwriting and production is largely based on previous Cheiron productions , most notably Robyn Carlsson 's `` Show Me Love '' which shows similar song scheme , drum patterns , wah guitars and piano hits . Spears 's vocal range spans over two octaves from E ♭ to the high - tone of G .",
"5": "The song begins with a three - note motif in the bass range of the piano , an opening that has been compared to many other songs , such as `` We Will Rock You '' ( 1977 ) , `` Start Me Up '' ( 1981 ) , `` These Words '' ( 2004 ) and the theme song of the film Jaws due to the fact the track `` makes its presence known in exactly one second '' . According to magazine Blender , `` ... Baby One More Time '' is composed by `` wah - wah guitar lines and EKG - machine bass - slaps '' . Claudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid - Walsh , authors of Girl Culture : Studying girl culture : a readers ' guide ( 2008 ) , noted the lyrics of the song `` gesture toward ( Spears ) longing for the return of an ex-boyfriend . '' Spears said `` ... Baby One More Time '' is a song `` every girl can relate to . She regrets it . She wants him back . '' The lyrics , however , caused controversy in the United States , because the line `` Hit me baby one more time '' supposedly has sadomasochistic connotations . As a response , the singer said the line `` does n't mean physically hit me . ( ... ) It means just give me a sign , basically . I think it 's kind of funny that people would actually think that 's what it meant . '' Contemporary author Ben Shapiro deemed the song 's lyrics as suggestive , mostly `` Oh baby , baby / The reason I breathe is you / Boy , you got me blinded / Oh pretty baby / There 's nothing that I would n't do '' and `` When I 'm not with you I lose my mind / Give me a sign / Hit me baby one more time '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Spears and some of her dancers performing `` ... Baby One More Time '' during The Circus Starring Britney Spears , 2009 . Marc Oxoby , author of The 1990s ( 2003 ) , noted the song `` was derided as vapid by some critics , yet tapped into the same kind of audience to whom the Spice Girls music appealed , young teens and pre-teens . ''",
"6": "Amanda Murray of Sputnikmusic commented , `` ( '' ... Baby One More Time '' is ) well - composed , tightly arranged , and even with Spears 's vocal limitations it goes straight for the proverbial pop jugular . '' She also said that the song was a highlight in the pop music genre and added , `` There is little doubt that ' ... Baby One More Time ' will be long remembered as one of the cornerstones of pop music in general , and it is a strong front - runner as the prototype for the late 90s pop resurgence . '' Bill Lamb of About.com considered `` ... Baby One More Time '' as Spears 's best song , saying , `` the song is full of hooks and a big mainstream pop sound . The accompanying schoolgirl video caused a sensation , and , when the single hit No. 1 , Britney was assured of stardom . '' In a list compiled by Sara Anderson of AOL Radio , `` ... Baby One More Time '' was ranked sixth in a list of Spears 's best songs . She noted the singer `` somehow made the school girl outfit and pink pom - pom hair - ties trendy again , worn by every tween in the succeeding years . '' Beth Johnson of Entertainment Weekly called `` ... Baby One More Time '' a `` candy - pop - with - a-funky - edge smash '' , while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic said the song was `` ingenious '' , Brian Raftery of Blender called it `` a perfectly fine , slickly conceived pop tune . ( ... ) At the time , teen - pop was still a boys ' club , but while the guys were crooning about crushes , Spears was already planning the sleep - over party '' . Rolling Stone called it `` some of the best radio pop of the past decade - plus '' . NME considered `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` incredible '' , commenting that `` it 's a symphony of teenage lust as fully realised as anything Brian Wilson ever wrote -- a truly grand pop song that overwhelms any lingering undercurrent of Lolita paedo - creepiness through the sheer fanatical earnestness of its delivery . '' `` ... Baby One More Time '' won a Teen Choice Award for Single of the Year and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song .",
"7": "Chart performance ( edit ) The encore performance of `` ... Baby One More Time '' during the Dream Within a Dream Tour , with Spears standing in the water screen , 2001 . The song was officially sent to the American radio stations on October 23 , 1998 . On November 21 , 1998 , `` ... Baby One More Time '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 17 and topped the chart two and a half months later for two consecutive weeks , replacing R&B - singer Brandy 's `` Have You Ever ? '' . Simultaneously , it climbed to number - one on the Canadian Singles Chart . The song reached the top spot of the Hot 100 Singles Sales and stayed there for four consecutive weeks . This eventually propelled the single to a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . Though not as strong as its sales tallies , `` ... Baby One More Time '' also experienced considerable airplay , becoming her first top ten hit on the Hot 100 Airplay , peaking at number eight . The single also became an all - around hit on Top 40 radio , going top ten on both the Top 40 Tracks and Rhythmic Top 40 , and to number one for five weeks on the Mainstream Top 40 . It spent 32 weeks on the Hot 100 and ended up at number five on Billboard magazine 's year - end chart . As of June 2012 , `` ... Baby One More Time '' has sold 1,412,000 physical singles , with 511,000 paid digital downloads in the United States . It is Spears 's best - selling physical single in the country . `` ... Baby One More Time '' debuted at number 20 on the Australian Singles Chart , a month later reached number one and stayed there for nine consecutive weeks . The song eventually became the second highest - selling single of the year , only behind Lou Bega 's `` Mambo # 5 '' , and was certified three - times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling over 210,000 copies . In New Zealand , the single spent four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the charts and after shipping over 15,000 units to retailers the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand certified it platinum . The track reached the top spot in every European country in which it charted .",
"8": "`` ... Baby One More Time '' spent two consecutive weeks at number - one on the French Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique after selling over 500,000 units in the country . Additionally , the song topped the German Singles Chart for six consecutive weeks and sold over 750,000 copies , resulting in a three - times gold certification by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry In the United Kingdom , according to JIVE Records , the single `` ... Baby One More Time '' sold more than 250,000 copies in a mere three days . Spears broke a first - week sales record for a female act at the time when `` ... Baby One More Time '' sold a total of 460,000 copies in the United Kingdom . The single went on to sell over 1.5 million units , making it the highest - selling single of the year and the 32nd best - selling of all - time in Britain . Eventually , the British Phonographic Industry certified it two - times platinum on March 26 , 1999 . Additionally , `` ... Baby One More Time '' is the fifth best - selling single by a female artist in the country , just behind Cher 's `` Believe '' , Whitney Houston 's `` I Will Always Love You '' , Adele 's `` Someone like You '' and Céline Dion 's `` My Heart Will Go On '' . `` ... Baby One More Time '' is one of the best - selling singles of all time , with over 10 million copies sold worldwide . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The music video was filmed on August 6 , 7 and 8 , 1998 , and was directed by Nigel Dick . After being chosen , Dick received criticism from his colleagues about wanting to work with Spears . He responded saying , `` It 's a great song . I do n't know anything about Britney . I never watched The Mickey Mouse Club . She seems like a great kid and she 's very enthusiastic , but I just love the song . It 's just a great song '' . The video 's original setup was in high contrast to what eventually became the final product . The plan was to have the video in a cartoon - like environment , in a likely attempt to attract the audience of younger children .",
"9": "Spears was unhappy with this , and argued that she wanted her video to reflect the lives of her fans and wanted to set the video in a school . Spears pitched this idea to Dick , and further explained she wanted the video to have dance scenes . The original setting was scrapped and replaced with Spears 's concept . Dick 's original idea for the wardrobe was jeans and a T - shirt , but during the wardrobe fitting Spears decided to change it for a schoolgirl outfit . Dick said that `` Every piece of wardrobe in the video came from Kmart , and I was told at the time not one piece of clothing in the video cost more than $17 . On that level , it 's real . That probably , in retrospect , is a part of its charm . '' The knotted shirt design was Spears 's idea , she recollects saying , `` The outfits looked kind of dorky , so I was like , ' Let 's tie up our shirts and be cute ' '' . About the experience of shooting her first music video , Spears said , `` It was a wonderful experience . All these people there , working for you . I had my own trailer . It was an amazing experience '' . The music video was shot at Venice High School , the same school used to film the movie Grease . The video premiered on MTV and other video stations in November 1998 . Synopsis ( edit ) Spears wearing the schoolgirl outfit in the song 's music video The video begins with Spears appearing bored in class at a Catholic high school . Her assistant Felicia Culotta played the role of Spears 's teacher . When the bell rings , Spears runs out into the hall and begins a choreographed dance in the corridor . After this , Spears is outside , now adorned in an pink athletic outfit , and seen in a car . Along with a couple of other students , she performs a number of gymnastic moves before heading back inside . She is then sitting on the bleachers in the gymnasium watching a basketball game , and she dances in the gymnasium . Her love interest is revealed sitting close to her , played by her real - life cousin Chad .",
"10": "After this short segment , Spears begins her final dance routine and the video ends shortly afterwards , and the bell rings and Spears leaves the gymnasium , revealing that the whole thing had actually just been Spears 's daydream . During the very beginning , Spears is seen with her sleeves down . Some people who see the music video may not recognize this , but when the bell rings , the sleeves of exactly the same gray - and - white shirt she is wearing are rolled up , even when she gets into singing . Reception ( edit ) The schoolgirl outfit is considered to be one of Spears 's iconic looks and is on display at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . The ensemble caused controversy among parents associations for showing the midriff of a sixteen - year - old . Spears faced the criticism saying , `` Me showing my belly ? I 'm from the South ; you 're stupid if you do n't wear a sports bra ( when you ) go to dance class , you 're going to be sweating your butt off . '' In 1999 , `` ... Baby One More Time '' earned Spears her first three MTV Video Music Award nominations , in the categories of Best Pop Video , Best Choreography , and Best Female Video . In a list compiled by VH1 in 2001 , it was listed at number ninety in the best videos of all time . The video was the first of fourteen of her videos to retire on MTV 's television series TRL . On its final episode , a three - hour special aired on November 16 , 2008 , `` ... Baby One More Time '' was number one in their final countdown as the most iconic music videos of all time and was the last video to be played on the show . Wesley Yang in his essay `` Inside the Box '' in n + 1 , compared the music video to Britny Fox 's `` Girlschool '' because it featured `` a classroom full of Catholic schoolgirls gyrating to the beat in defiance of a stern teacher . ( ... ) But that was a sexist video by a horrible hair metal band that exploited women . Britney Spears was something else -- an inflection point in the culture '' .",
"11": "The music video is also referenced in the music video of Spears 's 2000 single , `` Stronger '' where Spears sings , `` My loneliness ai n't killing me no more '' - a reference to `` ... Baby One More Time '' where she sings , `` My loneliness is killing me . '' The music video is also referenced in the 2009 single , `` If U Seek Amy '' . After she comes out of the house dressed as a housewife , her daughter is dressed with a similar schoolgirl outfit while wearing pink ribbons in her hair . The video was ranked at number four on a list of the ten most controversial music videos in pop by AOL on September 29 , 2011 . In April 2014 , the music video for `` ... Baby One More Time '' reached over 100 million views on VEVO becoming Spears ' 5th music video to do so and making it the first ' 90s video by a female singer to receive a certification . Live performances ( edit ) Spears and some of her dancers performing `` ... Baby One More Time '' during the Femme Fatale Tour , 2011 . The first ever live performance of the song was at the `` Singapore Jazz Festival '' in Singapore , the May 16th 1998 . At this show , she also performs for the first time ever , the song `` Sometimes '' . Britney performed `` ... Baby One More Time '' on several occasions . She performed the song on July 6 , 1999 , during her appearance at the Woodstock 99 festival . Neil Strauss , from The New York Times , noted that `` all the backing music was on tape , and most of the vocals were recorded , with Ms. Spears just reinforcing selected words in choruses and singing an occasional snippet of a verse '' . It was also performed at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards ; after a classroom roll call ended , Spears appeared on the stage and began performing the song . Halfway through , she was joined by Justin Timberlake and the members of NSYNC for a dance routine . Afterwards , the band performed their hit `` Tearin ' Up My Heart '' .",
"12": "The song was also performed at the 1999 MTV Europe Music Awards , along with `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' , the 1999 Billboard Music Awards , the 1999 Smash Hits Poll Winners Party , the Christmas Day edition of Top of the Pops and the Greenwich Millennium concert on 31 December 1999 , she also performed it with broadcasters David Dimbleby and Michael Buerk on 2000 Today . Spears performed the song in a medley with `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' at the 42nd Grammy Awards . Spears was wearing a turtleneck and a full tulle skirt at the beginning of the performance , while dancers surrounded her with enormous hand fans . After singing a shortened version of the song , she then took a few moments to shuffle into a form - fitting red rhinestone outfit ( with side cutouts ) and emerged onto a stage to perform `` ... Baby One More Time . '' Spears was also criticized of lipsynching the song during her performance . Later , in 2003 , Spears performed the song in a remixed form at Britney Spears : In the Zone , a concert special that aired in ABC on November 17 , 2003 . `` ... Baby One More Time '' was also performed at the 2003 NFL Kickoff Live on September 4 , 2003 , at the National Mall , in a medley with `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' ( 2001 ) , which included pyrotechnics . She sported shoulder - length blond hair and was dressed in black football pants , a black - and - white referee halter top and boots from Reebok . Her outfit was later auctioned off to benefit the Britney Spears Foundation . `` ... Baby One More Time '' has been performed in seven of Spears 's concert tours since its release . On ... Baby One More Time Tour , the encore consisted of a performance of the song , in which Spears wore a black bra under pink halter , a pink sequined plaid mini-skirt , and black thigh - high stockings . On 2000s Oops ! ... I Did It Again World Tour , `` ... Baby One More Time '' was performed after a dance interlude in which the dancers showed their individual moves while their names appeared on the screens .",
"13": "Spears took the stage in a conservative schoolgirl outfit to perform the song . She ripped it off halfway through the song to reveal a cheerleader ensemble . The song was also the encore of 2001 's Dream Within a Dream Tour . It began with a giant projection of a hologram of Spears onto a water screen . The projection gradually shrunk until Spears rose from the stage while wearing a plastic cowboy hat , blue hip - huggers , and a matching bra top . She began performing `` ... Baby One More Time '' in a ballad version until reaching the end of the runway . Pyrotechnics surrounded the stage while the song changed to a more uptempo version with elements of techno . On The Onyx Hotel Tour , after performing `` Showdown '' , a video interlude followed featuring Spears and her friends outside a club . While she was leaving , she noticed a woman dressed in 1930s fashion . She followed her and the woman asked Spears to enter the `` Mystic Lounge '' . Spears reappeared wearing a corset to perform `` ... Baby One More Time '' along with `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' and `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' . All of the three were reworked for the show with elements of jazz and blues . `` ... Baby One More Time '' was also performed on the promotional tour made on some House of Blues locations , called The M + M 's Tour . The show started with Spears singing a short version of the song dressed in a white go - go boots , a white miniskirt and a sparkling pink bikini top . On The Circus Starring Britney Spears , the song made into the Electro Circ act . It was the final song of the act , performed after `` Toxic '' . The performance consisted on Spears and her dancers performing a remix of the song . On 2011 's Femme Fatale Tour , `` ... Baby One More Time '' was performed in a medley with the remix of Rihanna 's `` S&M '' ( 2010 ) . On Spears ' current residency show Britney : Piece of Me in Las Vegas , the song was included on its setlist . Cover versions , samples and usage in Media ( edit ) Lea Michele from the cast of Glee covered the song in the episode `` Britney / Brittany '' .",
"14": "The episode featured an appearance made by Spears herself . `` ... Baby One More Time '' has been covered on numerous occasions . One of the earliest live covers of the song was by the Scottish band Travis , recorded during one of their concerts at `` The Bay Tavern '' in Robin Hood 's Bay , North Yorkshire , England . The song was later included in the release of their 1999 single , `` Turn '' . Lead singer Francis Healey said , `` We did it for a laugh the first time . ( ... ) And as we played it , the irony slipped from my smile . It 's a very well - crafted song . It ( has ) that magic thing . '' The Guardian said this cover showed a new and more `` dark '' side of the band , commenting `` slowed down to a mournful crawl , it was amazing how ominous the couplet `` This loneliness is killing me / Hit me , baby , one more time '' sounded `` . PopWreckoning.com called it `` perhaps the most well done cover of Britney 's catalyst to eternal fame '' . Spears heard their version while shopping in a mall and said , `` It was so weird . I liked it though , I thought it was cool . It was a very different vibe from what I did '' . In July 2005 , The Dresden Dolls performed a cover during their summer concerts while opening for Panic ! at the Disco . On July 18 , 2006 , frontman Brendon Urie joined the band to perform the song in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . PopWreckoning.com said the cover was `` a strange twist to this pop ditty . It 's obviously darker and actually tortured as opposed to Britney 's school girl despair '' . The song was featured in a scene in Madonna 's directorial debut Filth and Wisdom . On November 29 , 2008 , the same day Spears performed `` Womanizer '' on The X Factor , contestants JLS performed a cover of the song that was deemed `` lame '' by judge Simon Cowell . On July 13 , 2009 , Tori Amos covered the song live during her Sinful Attraction Tour at the Paramount Theatre in Oakland , California . On October 15 , 2009 , Kris Allen covered the song for the first time at a concert in Seton High School in Cincinnati , Ohio .",
"15": "His rendition received positive reviews . The song is heard , prominently but briefly , during the climactic fight - scene in the 2005 animated film Robots . Fender , while wearing a skirt , was busy fighting to the beat of the song . An excerpt was used in the comedy film , but was not included on the soundtrack album . Swedish humorist heavy metal band Black Ingvars covered the song for their 2000 album Kids Superhits . The same year , British death metal cover band Ten Masked Men included a rendition of the song on their Return of the Ten Masked Men album . A cover by Ahmet and Dweezil Zappa was featured in the soundtrack of the 2000 film Ready to Rumble . In 2003 , the song was covered by American pop punk band Bowling for Soup for the soundtrack of the remake film Freaky Friday and commented that their version was `` really , really , dark and really rock , ( ... ) not the kind of ' pop ' - py stuff that we usually do . '' In 2005 , power pop band Fountains of Wayne covered the song for their compilation album Out - of - State Plates . Robert Christgau of The Village Voice highlighted their rendition saying the song is `` as redolent and fetching as any of ( Fountains of Wayne ) 's peaks '' . Japanese pop singer Shiori Takei covered the song of her 2005 album The Note of My Nineteen Years . In 2006 , a lounge music style cover of the song by Trombo Combo was included on their covers album Trombo Combo : Swedish Sound Deluxe . A hi - NRG - eurodance cover by Jayne Montgomery was released through Almighty Records . In the 2009 compilation Punk Goes Pop 2 , a cover of the song by metalcore band August Burns Red was included along with a cover of `` Toxic '' by A Static Lullaby . Music duo Doll Factory included a cover of the song as a bonus track on later printings of their album Weightless . Singer - songwriter Christopher Dallman released an EP titled Sad Britney that includes a cover of the song along with covers of `` Toxic '' , `` Gimme More '' and `` Radar '' . The song has also been covered by Brainshake , Intwine , Kevorkian , P.T.",
"16": "Grimm and the Dead Puppies , Jenny Owen Youngs , Neil Sahgal and Annie Bethancourt , among others . In the 2010 Glee episode `` Britney / Brittany '' , the character of Rachel Berry , played by Lea Michele , covered the song using similar outfits to the ones of the music video . Spears also made a cameo , taking the teacher 's role , previously played by Cullota . Darren Criss also of Glee performed a mash - up of `` ... Baby One More Time '' with `` Für Elise '' on Sing Out , Raise Hope for The Trevor Project and the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation in December 2011 . In 2012 , British singer Ed Sheeran performed an acoustic version of the song NOW 100.5 FM . A year later he covered it on The Elvis Duran Z100 Morning Show and added a rap verse . The song is sung by actresses Selena Gomez , Vanessa Hudgens , Ashley Benson and Rachel Korine in Harmony Korine 's film Spring Breakers . Swedish singer Tove Styrke released a cover of the song on July 24 , 2015 . The song was also covered and used for a Frogz singing toy in 2005 . Impact ( edit ) Britney performing the track during her Las Vegas residency show , Britney : Piece of Me . `` ... Baby One More Time '' was listed at number twenty five in the greatest pop songs since 1963 , in a list compiled by Rolling Stone and MTV in 2000 . Blender listed it at number two in The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born . The song was also listed as the 2nd best song of the 1990s by VH1 and in a listing compiled in 2003 , ranked at number one in 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years . Bill Lamb of About.com ranked `` ... Baby One More Time '' at number one on a compiled list with the Top 40 Pop Songs Of All Time . The music video was voted the third most influential promo in the history of pop music on a poll held by Jam ! .",
"17": "`` ... Baby One More Time '' is also one of the best - selling singles of all time , with over 9 million copies sold , and also earned Spears 's first nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . In April 2005 , the British TV network ITV aired a short series called Hit Me , Baby , One More Time hosted by Vernon Kay . The show pitted one - hit wonders who generally had their moments of fame in the 1980s against each other to play their own hits and a currently popular cover song . The favorites were chosen by audience voting . The American version of the show also aired on NBC later in the year , and it was also hosted by Kay . In the 2012 poll created by The Official Chart Company and ITV to discover The Nation 's Favourite Number 1 Single of all - time , `` ... Baby One More Time '' was listed as the seventh favorite song by the United Kingdom . Spears became an international pop culture icon immediately after launching her recording career . Rolling Stone magazine wrote : `` One of the most controversial and successful female vocalists of the 21st century , '' she `` spearheaded the rise of post-millennial teen pop ... Spears early on cultivated a mixture of innocence and experience that broke the bank '' . Barbara Ellen of The Observer has reported : `` Spears is famously one of the ' oldest ' teenagers pop has ever produced , almost middle aged in terms of focus and determination . Many 19 - year - olds have n't even started working by that age , whereas Britney , a former Mouseketeer , was that most unusual and volatile of American phenomena -- a child with a full - time career . While other little girls were putting posters on their walls , Britney was wanting to be the poster on the wall . Whereas other children develop at their own pace , Britney was developing at a pace set by the ferociously competitive American entertainment industry '' . Scott Plagenhoef of Pitchfork noted `` songs like Nirvana 's `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' , Dr. Dre 's `` Nothing But a G Thang '' , and Britney Spears 's `` ... Baby One More Time '' altered the landscape of pop culture so quickly in large part because they were delivered to all corners of the U.S. simultaneously by MTV .",
"18": "( ... ) MTV 's ability to place a song and musician into the pop music conversation was unparalleled at the time , and by the end of the decade that meant absurd levels of both financial and creative commitment to music videos . '' PopMatters writer Evan Sawdey commented that Spears 's concept for the music video of the song was the one responsible for her immediate success , saying that , as a result , the singer `` scored a massive No. 1 single , inadvertently started the late ' 90s teen pop boom , and created a public persona for herself that was simultaneously kid - friendly and pure male fantasy . Her videos got played on both MTV and the Disney Channel at the same time , showing just how well Spears ( and her armies of PR handlers ) managed to walk that fine line between family - friendly pop idol and unabashed sex object . '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) French CD single / US and UK cassette single `` . Baby One More Time '' -- 3 : 30 `` Autumn Goodbye '' -- 3 : 41 Australian CD maxi single `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Radio Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 30 `` Autumn Goodbye '' -- 3 : 41 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Davidson Ospina Club Mix ) -- 5 : 40 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Video ) European CD maxi single `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Radio Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 30 `` Autumn Goodbye '' -- 3 : 41 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Davidson Ospina Club Mix ) -- 5 : 40 `` Britney 's Spoken Introduction '' ( Video ) -- 0 : 14 `` No Doubt ( Snippet ) '' ( Video ) -- 1 : 15 Brazilian and Malaysian CD maxi single `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Radio Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 30 `` Autumn Goodbye '' -- 3 : 41 `` .",
"19": "Baby One More Time '' ( Davidson Ospina Club Mix ) -- 5 : 40 US CD maxi single `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Radio Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` Autumn Goodbye '' -- 3 : 41 `` No Doubt ( Preview ) '' `` . Baby One More Time ( Choreography Rehearsal ) '' ( Video ) `` No Doubt '' ( Video ) UK CD maxi single 1 / Israel CD maxi single `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Original Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Sharp Platinum Vocal Remix ) -- 8 : 11 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Davidson Ospina Club Mix ) -- 5 : 40 UK CD maxi single 2 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Radio Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 30 `` Autumn Goodbye '' -- 3 : 41 Australian cassette single `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Original Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Davidson Ospina Club Mix ) -- 5 : 40 12 '' vinyl `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Davidson Ospina Club Mix ) -- 5 : 40 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Davidson Ospina Chronicles Dub ) -- 6 : 30 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Sharp Platinum Vocal Remix ) -- 8 : 11 `` . Baby One More Time '' ( Sharp Trade Dub ) -- 6 : 50 Digital download -- Digital 45 `` . Baby One More Time '' -- 3 : 31 `` Autumn Goodbye '' -- 3 : 41 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits for `` . Baby One More Time '' and `` Autumn Goodbye '' are taken from the single 's liner notes . Baby One More Time Britney Spears -- lead vocals and background vocals Max Martin -- songwriting , producer , recording , audio mixing , background vocals Rami Yacoub -- producer , recording ,",
"20": "audio mixing Denniz Pop - producer Nana Hedin -- background vocals Thomas Lindberg -- bass guitar Johan Carlberg -- bass guitar Tom Coyne -- mastering Autumn Goodbye Britney Spears -- lead vocals and background vocals Eric Foster White -- songwriting , producer , audio mixing ,",
"21": "all instruments Nikki Gregoroff -- background vocals Tom Coyne -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 99 ) Peak Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Czech Republic ( IFPI ) Denmark ( IFPI ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 19 Europe ( European Hot 100 ) France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 132 Dutch Top 40 13 UK Singles Chart 8 US Billboard Hot 100 78 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,",
"22": "000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 750,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 75,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 30,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,560,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,412,000 Digital United States ( RIAA ) 511,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Austria February 8 , 1999 CD single Jive Germany Switzerland Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ray W. Keziah ( 2004 - 03 - 14 ) . E ! Entertainment Special : Britney Spears ( TV production ) . E !. Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Best ' 90s Music Videos : Poll Results '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` JIVE 's Britney Spears Sets Top 40 Abuzz With Rhythm - Leaning ' Baby One More Time ' '' . Billboard. 110 ( 43 ) : 104 . 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2005 , p. 145 ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steven ( April 15 , 1999 ) . `` Cover Story : Britney Spears : Britney Spears : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . ISSN 0035 - 791X . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2005 , p.",
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"36": "`` Queen 's Bohemian Rhapsody voted the Nation 's Favourite Number 1 Single '' . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : Biography : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellen , Barbara ( December 10 , 2000 ) . `` Comment : Britney Spears : Growing up is hard to do : America 's apple - pie cheerleader is feeling the pressure as she tries to break free from her clean teen image . So is it all proving too much for Britney Inc , as she pulls out of tonight 's Smash Hits Poll Winners ' party and takes to her bed : The Observer Profile : Britney Spears '' . The Observer . p. 27 . ISSN 0029 - 7712 . Jump up ^ Plagenhoef , Scott ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Pitchfork : Staff Lists : The Top 50 Music Videos of the 1990s '' . Pitchfork . Ryan Schreiber . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sawdey , Evan ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Britney Spears : The Singles Collection '' . PopMatters . Sarah Zupko . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 68 , No. 16 , February 8 , 1999 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Billboard 's Journal . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . December 12 , 1998 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Billboard 's Journal . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . April 24 , 1999 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Britney Spears . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : ... Baby One More Time '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Britney Spears Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . February 18 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Spears , Britney -- ... Baby One More Time '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 .",
"38": "Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 1999 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Official Scottish Singles Archive '' . Scottish Singles Chart . Official Charts Company . February 21 , 1999 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Britney Spears -- ... Baby One More Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Britney Spears Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Austrian Annual Chart '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Hung Medien. 1999 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1999 '' . Ultratop . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 1999 '' . Ultratop .",
"39": "Ultratop & Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 70 , No. 8 , December 13 , 1999 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Women Rule 1999 European Charts '' . Billboard . December 30 , 1999 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- année 1999 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 1999 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch charts portal '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1999 '' . NZTop40 . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 1999 '' . Hitlistan . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Year - End Chart '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Hung Medien. 1999 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` U.K. Annual Chart '' ( PDF ) . The Official Charts . The Official Charts Company . 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time - Singles '' . Hung Medien .",
"40": "Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Decenniumlijst : 90 's '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1990s Singles '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mayfield , Geoff ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade -- The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1999 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Baby One More Time '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Enter Britney Spears in the field Interpret . Enter Baby One More Time in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Baby One More Time '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Britney Spears ; ' Baby One More Time ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Baby One More Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Baby One More Time '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 .",
"41": "Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Baby One More Time '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1999 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Britney Spears ; ' Baby One More Time ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Baby One More Time '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Enter Baby One More Time in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Official Top 20 biggest selling singles of all time by female artists '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Britney Spears -- Baby One More Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Baby One More Time : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.com . References ( edit ) Gaines , Ann ( 1999 ) . Real - life reader biography : Britney Spears . Mitchell Lane Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58415 - 060 - 2 . Oxoby , Marc ( 2003 ) . The 1990s : american popular culture through history . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31615 - 9 . Hughes , Mark ( 2005 ) . Buzzmarketing : get people to talk about your stuff . Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59184 - 092 - 3 . Shapiro , Ben ( 2005 ) . Porn generation : how social liberalism is corrupting our future . Regnery Publishing .",
"42": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 89526 - 016 - 1 . Mitchell , Claudia ; Reid - Walsh , Jacqueline ( 2008 ) . Girl Culture : Studying girl culture : a readers ' guide . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33909 - 7 . Knopper , Steve ( 2009 ) . Appetite for self - destruction : the spectacular crash of the record industry in the digital age . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 5215 - 4 . External links ( edit ) `` ... Baby One More Time '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Britney Spears Discography Videography Songs Performances Products Awards and nominations Studio albums ... Baby One More Time Oops ! ... I Did It Again Britney In the Zone Blackout Circus Femme Fatale Britney Jean Glory Compilation albums Greatest Hits : My Prerogative B in the Mix : The Remixes The Singles Collection B in the Mix : The Remixes Vol. 2 Oops ! I Did It Again : The Best of Britney Spears Extended plays Britney Spears : In the Zone Chaotic Key Cuts from Remixed Video albums Time Out with Britney Spears Britney Spears : Live and More ! Britney : The Videos Britney Spears Live from Las Vegas Britney Spears : In the Zone Greatest Hits : My Prerogative Britney : For the Record Britney Spears Live : The Femme Fatale Tour Tours and residencies L'Oreal Hair Zone Mall Tour ... Baby One More Time Tour ( You Drive Me ) Crazy Tour Oops !",
"43": "... I Did It Again Tour Dream Within a Dream Tour The Onyx Hotel Tour The M + M 's Tour The Circus Starring Britney Spears Femme Fatale Tour Britney : Piece of Me Britney : Live in Concert Books A Mother 's Gift Through the Storm : A Real Story of Fame and Family in a Tabloid World Fragrances Curious Fantasy Believe Radiance Family Lynne Spears Bryan Spears Jamie Lynn Spears Alli Sims Related topics Britney : For the Record Britney and Kevin : Chaotic Larry Rudolph Kevin Federline Max Martin Britney 2.0 Britney Ever After Book Category Portal Britney Spears songs Discography ... Baby One More Time `` ... Baby One More Time '' `` ( You Drive Me ) Crazy '' `` Sometimes '' `` Born to Make You Happy '' `` From the Bottom of My Broken Heart '' `` The Beat Goes On '' Oops ! ... I Did It Again `` Oops !",
"44": "... I Did It Again '' `` Stronger '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' `` Do n't Let Me Be the Last to Know '' `` Lucky '' `` You Got It All '' Britney `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' `` Overprotected '' `` I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Anticipating '' `` Boys '' In the Zone `` Me Against the Music '' `` Toxic '' `` Outrageous '' `` Everytime '' Greatest Hits : My Prerogative `` My Prerogative '' `` ( I 've Just Begun ) Having My Fun '' `` Do Somethin ' '' Blackout `` Gimme More '' `` Piece of Me '' `` Radar '' `` Break the Ice '' Circus `` Womanizer '' `` Circus '' `` Out from Under '' `` Kill the Lights '' `` Shattered Glass '' `` If U Seek Amy '' `` Unusual You '' `` Mmm Papi '' `` Radar '' The Singles Collection `` 3 '' Femme Fatale `` Till the World Ends '' `` Hold It Against Me '' `` Inside Out '' `` I Wanna Go '' `` ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful '' `` Big Fat Bass '' `` Criminal '' Britney Jean `` Alien '' `` Work Bitch '' `` Perfume '' `` Passenger '' Glory `` Make Me ... '' `` Private Show '' `` Clumsy '' `` Do You Wanna Come Over ? ''",
"45": "`` Slumber Party '' Collaborations `` Hands '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` S&M '' `` Scream & Shout '' `` SMS ( Bangerz ) '' `` Tom 's Diner '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` And Then We Kiss '' `` My Only Wish ( This Year ) '' `` Ooh La La '' `` Someday ( I Will Understand ) '' Book Category Portal Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar ,",
"46": "Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''",
"47": "-- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''",
"48": "-- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Mary Rodgers 's Freaky Friday Film Freaky Friday ( 1976 ) Freaky Friday ( 1995 ) Freaky Friday ( 2003 ) Other Freaky Friday ( soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=.Baby_One_More_Time_(song)&oldid=821790147 '' Categories : Britney Spears songs 1998 singles Torch songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Single Top 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland",
"49": "RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Wallonia ) number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Jive Records singles Music videos directed by Nigel Dick Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Max Martin Song recordings produced by Denniz Pop Song recordings produced by Rami Yacoub August Burns Red songs Debut singles Songs about school Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table",
"50": "Entry usages for United States Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where did remember the titans camp take place
|
[
"Gettysburg College",
"Gettysburg College",
"Gettysburg College"
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{
"0": "Remember the Titans - Wikipedia Remember the Titans Jump to : navigation , search Remember the Titans Theatrical release poster Directed by Boaz Yakin Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Chad Oman Written by Gregory Allen Howard Starring Denzel Washington Will Patton Donald Faison Nicole Ari Parker Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Philippe Rousselot Edited by Michael Tronick Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Technical Black Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 29 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $136.7 million Remember the Titans is a 2000 American sports film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Boaz Yakin . The screenplay , written by Gregory Allen Howard , is based on the true story of African - American coach Herman Boone , portrayed by Denzel Washington , and his attempt to integrate the T.C. Williams High School football team in Alexandria , Virginia , in 1971 . Will Patton portrays Bill Yoast , Boone 's assistant coach . Real - life athletes Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell are portrayed by Ryan Hurst and Wood Harris , respectively . The film was co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films and released by Buena Vista Pictures . On September 29 , 2000 , the film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . It features songs by several recording artists including Creedence Clearwater Revival , The Hollies , Marvin Gaye , James Taylor , The Temptations , and Cat Stevens . Remember the Titans had a budget of $30 million and premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on September 29 , 2000 . It has grossed an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S. , and $136,706,683 worldwide .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Historical accuracy 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In July 1971 , at the desegregated T.C. Williams High School , a black head coach , Herman Boone , is hired to lead the school 's football team . Boone is assigned to the coaching team under current coach Bill Yoast , nominated for the Virginia High School Hall of Fame . In an attempt to placate rising racial tensions and the fact that all other high schools are `` white '' only , Boone is assigned the head coach job . He refuses believing it is unfair to Yoast , but relents after seeing what it means to the black community . Yoast is then offered an assistant coach 's job by the school board and initially refuses , but reconsiders after the white players pledge to boycott the team if he does not participate . Dismayed at the prospect of the students losing their chances at scholarships , Yoast changes his mind and takes up the position of defensive coordinator under Boone . The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives , but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt . On August 15 , 1971 , the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College , where their training camp takes place . As their days of training camp progress , black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts , including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell . But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone , which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery , and a motivational speech , the team achieves racial harmony and success . After returning from football camp , Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game , he will be dismissed . Subsequently , the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice , before slowly gaining support from the community .",
"2": "Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism , following a game where he intentionally missed a block which consequently led to the near - season - ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry `` Rev '' Harris . Just before the state semi-finals , Yoast is told by the chairman of the school board that he will be inducted into the Hall of Fame after the Titans lose one game , implying he wants Boone to be dismissed over his race . During the game , it becomes apparent that the referees are biased against the Titans . Upon seeing the chairman and other board members in the audience looking on with satisfaction , Yoast realizes they 've rigged the game and warns the head official that he will go to the press and expose the scandal unless the game is officiated fairly . The Titans nonetheless win and advance to the state championship , but Yoast is told by the chairman that his actions have resulted in his loss of candidacy for Hall of Fame induction . While celebrating the victory , Bertier is severely injured in a car accident with a truck after driving through an intersection . Although Bertier is unable to play due to being paralyzed from the waist down , the team goes on to win the state championship . Bertier would remain a paraplegic for the rest of his life . Ten years later , Bertier dies in another automobile accident caused by a drunk driver , after winning the gold medal in shot put in the Paralympic Games . Coaches and other former teammates reunite to attend his funeral . In the epilogue , descriptions show the players and coaches activities after the events in 1971 .",
"3": "Cast ( edit ) Denzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone Will Patton as assistant coach Bill Yoast Wood Harris as DE Julius Campbell Ryan Hurst as LB Gerry Bertier Donald Faison as RB / CB Petey Jones Craig Kirkwood as QB Jerry `` Rev '' Harris Ethan Suplee as OL Louie Lastik Kip Pardue as QB Ronnie `` Sunshine '' Bass Hayden Panettiere as Sheryl Yoast , Bill Yoast 's 10 - year - old daughter Nicole Ari Parker as Carol Boone , Herman Boone 's wife Kate Bosworth as Emma Hoyt , Gerry 's girlfriend Earl C. Poitier as DL Darryl `` Blue '' Stanton Ryan Gosling as Cornerback Alan Bosley Burgess Jenkins as TE Ray Budds Neal Ghant as Frankie Glascoe Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Filming locations for the motion picture included the campus of Berry College in Rome , GA , as well as in Atlanta , Georgia , including Henry Grady High School and Druid Hills High School which both filled in for T.C. Williams High School . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As with any movie that is not a documentary film but is rather `` based on a true story '' , it has strayed from the actual events that had occurred on many occasions to add new elements of teamwork , commitment , and friendship to the film . Coach Boone may not have been as inspirational a coach as Washington portrays in the movie ; in interviews , many former Titans football players said they believed his coaching strategies had no correlation to their success , and were indeed too harsh , causing some players to quit . It is fully true that the Titans were ranked second in the nation at the end of the 1971 season , finishing 13 -- 0 with 9 of those wins being shutouts . In the movie , Coach Boone states , `` We are not like all the other schools in this conference , they 're all white . They do n't have to worry about race . We do . '' This is false as well ; all the schools the Titans faced were integrated years before .",
"4": "While the team is at camp , it shows Coach Boone waking them up at three in the morning to go for a run . This did not occur ; neither did his speech at Gettysburg . The team did go on a tour in Gettysburg , although it was not as dramatic as portrayed in the film . Ronnie `` Sunshine '' Bass was far from being the only one with long hair at the time . Even Gerry Bertier had long hair . But in interviews Bass said `` I 'll say for the record my hair was never that long . '' He also says the kiss with Gerry never happened . The climax of the movie is a fictionalized 1971 AAA state championship football game between T.C. Williams and George C. Marshall High School . The dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a mid-season match - up between T.C. Williams and Marshall into a made - for - Hollywood state championship . In reality , the Marshall game was the toughest game T.C. Williams played all year . As depicted in the movie , the real Titans won the Marshall game on a fourth down come - from - behind play at the very end of the game . The actual state championship ( against Andrew Lewis High School of Salem ) was a 27 -- 0 blowout , played at Victory Stadium in Roanoke , VA . Bertier 's car accident took place on December 11 , 1971 , after ( rather than a few days before ) the season - ending State Championship game . Bertier had been at a banquet honoring the team for their undefeated season . After the banquet , Bertier borrowed his mother 's new 1971 Chevrolet Camaro . Bertier lost control of the Camaro and crashed ( the movie shows him getting broadsided ) . The cause of the accident was determined to be a mechanical failure in the engine mount . The `` where are they now '' , shown during the film 's closing credits , omits the fact that Sheryl Yoast died in 1996 at the age of 34 and that she was not an only child as she had three sisters . Her oldest sister Bonnie was in college , her second oldest Angela went to a different high school , and her younger sister Deidre was only three years - old in 1971 .",
"5": "Music ( edit ) On September 19 , 2000 , the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . The film score was orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin and features music composed by various artists . From the instrumental score , Rabin 's track `` Titans Spirit '' , was the only cue ( of the 12 composed ) added to the soundtrack . It is also the only piece of music on the soundtrack album not to have been previously released . `` Titans Spirit '' was a seven - minute instrumental . It has been used on numerous sports telecasts , particularly those on NBC , which utilized the score during its closing credits for the Salt Lake 2002 , Athens 2004 , Torino 2006 , Beijing 2008 , Vancouver 2010 , London 2012 , and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as well in 2002 with the final closing credits montage ending their 12 - year run of NBA coverage . The song was also played as veteran New York Mets players crossed home plate during the closing ceremonies at Shea Stadium , and as the New York Yankees were awarded their rings from their 2009 World Series championship . The New Jersey Devils also used this song during the jersey number retirement ceremonies for Scott Stevens , Ken Daneyko , Scott Niedermayer , Martin Brodeur and Patrik Eliáš . It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech , and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election . Soundtrack ( edit ) Remember the Titans : An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Various Artists Released September 19 , 2000 Genre R&B , pop rock Length 46 : 21 Label Walt Disney Remember the Titans : An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' 2 : 29 2 . `` Spirit in the Sky '' 4 : 02 3 . `` Peace Train '' 4 : 08 4 . `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' 4 : 05 5 .",
"6": "`` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' 3 : 17 6 . `` I Want to Take You Higher '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Up Around the Bend '' 2 : 42 8 . `` Spill the Wine '' 4 : 05 9 . `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' 5 : 10 10 . `` Act Naturally '' 2 : 21 11 . `` Express Yourself '' 3 : 53 12 . `` Titans Spirit '' 7 : 25 Total length : 46 : 21 Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) Following its release in theaters , the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20 , 2001 . A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20 , 2001 , along with a widescreen Director 's cut on March 14 , 2006 . A restored widescreen hi - definition Blu - ray version was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 4 , 2007 . Special features include backstage feature audio commentary with director Boaz Yakin , producer Jerry Bruckheimer and writer Gregory Allen Howard , feature audio commentary with real - life coaches Herman Boone and Bill Yoast , `` Remember The Titans : An inspirational journey behind the scenes '' hosted by Lynn Swann , `` Denzel Becomes Boone , '' `` Beating The Odds '' ; Deleted scenes ; Movie Showcase and seamless menus . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office , grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks . It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S. , and $136,706,684 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) Among mainstream critics in the U.S. , Remember the Titans received generally positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73 % of 132 sampled critics gave the film a positive review , with an average score of 6.3 out of 10 .",
"7": "At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics ' reviews , the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Writing for The New York Times , A.O. Scott said that `` aside from a handful of tense showdowns at the line of scrimmage , there 's not much else to see -- is washed in on the flood tide of a thousand violins . '' James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews , called the film `` relentlessly manipulative and hopelessly predictable '' but noted that it was `` a notch above the average entry in part because its social message ( even if it is soft - peddled ) creates a richer fabric than the usual cloth from which this kind of movie is cut . '' Describing some pitfalls , Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer said that `` beneath its rah - rah rhetoric and pigskin proselytizing , it 's no more provocative or thoughtful than a Hallmark Hall of Fame film or , for that matter , a Hallmark greeting card . Its heart is in the right place , but it has no soul . '' Wilonsky however was quick to admit `` The film 's intentions are noble , but its delivery is ham - fisted and pretentious ; you ca n't deny the message , but you can loathe the messenger without feeling too guilty about it . '' ' Remember the Titans ' has the outer form of a brave statement about the races in America , but the soul of a sports movie in which everything is settled by the obligatory last play in the last seconds of the championship game . `` '' -- Roger Ebert , writing in the Chicago Sun - Times Todd McCarthy , writing in Variety , said , `` As simplistic and drained of complexity as the picture is , it may well appeal to mainstream audiences as an ' if only it could be like this ' fantasy , as well as on the elemental level of a boot camp training film , albeit a PG - rated one with all the cuss words removed . ''",
"8": "Roger Ebert , in the Chicago Sun - Times , viewed the film as `` a parable about racial harmony , yoked to the formula of a sports movie , '' adding , `` Victories over racism and victories over opposing teams alternate so quickly that sometimes we 're not sure if we 're cheering for tolerance or touchdowns . Real life is never this simple , but then that 's what the movies are for '' . In the San Francisco Chronicle , Mick LaSalle wrote that the film reminds the viewer that `` it 's possible to make a sentimental drama that is n't sickening -- and a sports movie that transcends cliches . '' Columnist Bob Grimm of the Sacramento News & Review , somewhat praised the film , writing , `` The film is quite lightweight for the subject matter , but Washington and company make it watchable . '' Some detractors like Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` Denzel Washington should have held out for a better script before he signed on to star in Remember the Titans , but you can see why he wanted to do the movie : He gets to play Martin Luther King Jr. and Vince Lombardi rolled into one nostalgically omnipotent tough - love saint . '' Jeff Vice of the Deseret News admitted that although the film contained dialogue that was `` corny , clichéd , and downright cheesy at times , '' as well as how it relayed its message in one of the `` most predictable , heavy - handed manners we 've seen in a movie in years '' , the film `` serves as a reminder of how much goodness there is inside people , just waiting for the right person to bring it out . '' He also viewed the casting as top - notch , saying that it helped to have a `` rock - solid foundation in the form of leading - man Denzel Washington '' at the helm . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated and won several awards in 2000 -- 2001 . Award Nominee Result 2001 Angel Awards Silver Angel -- -- -- -- Nominated BET Awards 2001 Best Actor Denzel Washington Won 2001 BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Trevor Rabin Won Black Reel Awards of 2001 Best Actor Denzel Washington Won Best Screenplay Gregory Allen Howard Won Best Film Jerry Bruckheimer ,",
"9": "Chad Oman Nominated 2001 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actor - Drama Denzel Washington Nominated Favorite Supporting Actor - Drama Wood Harris Nominated 2001 Casting Society of America Awards Best Casting for Feature Film - Drama Ronna Kress Nominated 2001 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Denzel Washington Won Outstanding Motion Picture -- -- -- -- Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Wood Harris Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Nicole Ari Parker Nominated Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress Krysten Leigh Jones Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Best Male Newcomer Kip Pardue Nominated Youth in Film Hayden Panettiere Nominated 2001 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR Robert L. Sephton , Christopher T. Welch , Julie Feiner , Cindy Marty , Gaston Biraben , Suhail Kafity Nominated Best Sound Editing - Music Will Kaplan Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role Hayden Panettiere Nominated 2001 Political Film Society Awards Human Rights -- -- -- -- Won Exposé -- -- -- -- Nominated Golden Satellite Awards 2000 Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture Drama Denzel Washington Nominated 2001 Teen Choice Awards Film - Choice Drama / Action Adventure -- -- -- -- Nominated 22nd Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Hayden Panettiere Won Best Family Feature Film - Drama -- -- -- -- Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years . 100 Cheers -- Nominated See also ( edit ) American Football portal Virginia portal Film in the United States portal 1970s portal 2000s portal T.C. Williams High School References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Remember the Titans '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans Production Details '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Dave ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Remember The Titans Is A Lie , And This Man Still Wants You To Know It '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : The Titans had a solid football team for many years after 1971 and won most of their games by large margins . `` Remember the Titans True Story - Real Gerry Bertier , Bill Yoast , Herman Boone '' . ChasingtheFrog.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Tom ( November 24 , 2002 ) . `` This legendary football coach wo n't forget the Titans '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , MA . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama Wins Big : ' Change Has Come to America ' '' . Time . November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) - DVD Widescreen '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans All Available Formats & Editions '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans Blu - Ray '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Weekly '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Remember the Titans . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/19/ Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 29 September 2000 ) . How the Goal Line Came To Replace the Color Line . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . ReelViews . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wilonsky , Robert ( 28 September 2000 ) . Clash of the Titans . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 29 September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 24 September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lasalle , Mick ( 29 September 2000 ) . Gaining Ground / Sport bridges racial divide with a minimum of cliches in Remember the Titans . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Bob ( 19 July 2001 ) . Remember the Titans . Sacramento News & Review . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 6 October 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jeff , Vice ( 27 June 2002 ) . Remember the Titans . Deseret News . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 .",
"12": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Remember the Titans Official website Remember the Titans on IMDb Remember the Titans at AllMovie Remember the Titans at Rotten Tomatoes Remember the Titans at Metacritic Remember the Titans at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Boaz Yakin Fresh ( 1994 ) A Price Above Rubies ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) Death in Love ( 2008 ) Safe ( 2012 ) Max ( 2015 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's",
"13": "End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 12 Strong ( 2018 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious (",
"14": "2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Girls Trip ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remember_the_Titans&oldid=838142936 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s sports films American drama films American football films American films Films about racism Films set in the 1970s Films set in 1971 Films set in 1981 Films directed by Boaz Yakin Films set in Virginia Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films based on actual events Films scored by Trevor Rabin Films about race and ethnicity High school football films Sports drama films Sports films based on actual events Walt Disney Pictures films 2000s high school films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 05 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"15": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who does the voice of amy on futurama
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[
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{
"0": "Lauren Tom - wikipedia Lauren Tom Jump to : navigation , search Lauren Tom Tom in July 2010 . ( 1961 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Highland Park , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actress , voice artist Years active 1978 -- present Spouse ( s ) Glenn Lau - Kee ( October 23 , 1982 -- ? ) Curt Kaplan ( October 1999 -- present ) Children Website www.laurentom.com Lauren Tom ( born August 4 , 1961 ) is an American actress and voice artist . Her roles include Lena St. Clair in The Joy Luck Club , Julie in the NBC sitcom Friends , Dot in the final season of Grace Under Fire , and the voices for both mother and daughter characters on three animated TV comedy series : on Futurama she voiced Amy Wong and her mother Inez , on King of the Hill she voiced Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone and finally she voiced Numbuh 3 and her mother Genki in Codename Kids Next Door . She portrays Celia Mack in the Disney Channel series Andi Mack . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Theatre 3 Film 4 Television 4.1 Voice acting 5 Personal life 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Tom was born in the Chicago suburb of Highland Park , Illinois , the daughter of Nancy ( née Dare ) and Chan Tom , Jr. , who worked in the frozen food business . She has a brother named Chip . Their parents were born in Chicago , and their grandparents came from Kaiping , Guangdong province , China . Raised in Highland Park , Tom was teased as a child about her Chinese heritage , making her introverted and eventually inspiring her to study dance . Theatre ( edit ) At the age of 17 , Tom landed a spot with a touring company of A Chorus Line and was cast in the Broadway production of the show less than a year later in the role of Connie . She won an Obie Award for her Off - Broadway acting and was cast in the Broadway shows Hurlyburly and Doonesbury .",
"1": "In Chicago she starred in the Goodman Theater 's production of ' Tis Pity She 's a Whore . Film ( edit ) Tom had several small roles in movies including Nothing Lasts Forever , Wall Street , See No Evil , Hear No Evil and Blue Steel . Her biggest role up until that point was as a waitress in the Robin Williams / Tim Robbins film Cadillac Man . This role led to being a guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . Tom landed a lead role in the film The Joy Luck Club in 1993 , which led to roles in other films such as When a Man Loves a Woman and North . Since the mid-1990s , Tom has focused her work , primarily , in voiceover roles . She has appeared in a few live action films , including the 2003 comedy Bad Santa and the critically acclaimed 2004 film In Good Company . Television ( edit ) Lauren Tom 's first role in television was that of Miko Wakamatsu on The Facts of Life . She subsequently appeared on The Equalizer , Catfish With Black Bean Sauce , thirtysomething , Quantum Leap , Chicago Hope , Homicide : Life on the Street , Grace Under Fire , Friends , The Nanny , The Middle , DAG , The Division , Monk , My Wife and Kids , Barbershop : The Series , Grey 's Anatomy , The Closer and Men in Trees . She had an acting role in a bonus feature on the Futurama : Into the Wild Green Yonder DVD . She also had a supporting role on the 8th and 9th season of the drama series Supernatural as prophet Kevin Tran 's mother , Linda Tran . Voice acting ( edit ) Tom began vocal work in the animated series Superman : The Animated Series playing Angela Chen . From there on , she voiced Dana Tan in Batman Beyond and had minor roles on Pinky and the Brain , Extreme Ghostbusters , The Zeta Project before landing her regular roles on King of the Hill , where she voiced Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone and later Futurama , where she voices Amy and Inez Wong . She has also lent her voice to All Grown Up ! , Rocket Power , Max Steel , Handy Manny as Mrs. Lee and Nelson , Samurai Jack , Johnny Bravo , Justice League Unlimited , Kim Possible and Legion of Super Heroes .",
"2": "From 2002 to 2008 , Lauren Tom played Numbuh Three ( Kuki Sanban ) and Numbuh Three 's mother Genki on Codename : Kids Next Door . She also voiced various recurring characters on the show , such as Numbuh 23 and Numbuhs 44 and 45 . She has also voiced the villains Gizmo and Jinx on Teen Titans , Yan Lin , Susan , Alchemy on W.I.T.C.H. , Tasumi on The Replacements , Jake 's mom , Counselor Chang on American Dragon : Jake Long , and as Joo Dee on Avatar the Last Airbender . She also guest - starred in The Penguins of Madagascar as Chuck Charles 's co-anchor , Bonnie Chang , in `` Gator Watch '' and `` All Tied Up With a Boa '' . Recently in 2010 , she did the voice of Bai Li and Ming on the animated series , Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness and also played the role of Jessica in the animated film , Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare . Other animated movies Tom has voiced include Mulan II , Kim Possible : The Secret Files , Kim Possible Movie : So The Drama , Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker and the four Futurama movies : Bender 's Big Score , The Beast with a Billion Backs , Bender 's Game and Into the Wild Green Yonder . She voiced Li Li Stormstout in World of Warcraft : Mists of Pandaria and played Hayaku on an episode of Turbo FAST . Personal Life ( edit ) Tom married Glenn Lau - Kee on October 23 , 1982 . Following the end of that marriage , she wed actor Curt Kaplan in October , 1999 . She and Kaplan have a son , Oliver Kaplan .",
"3": "Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Facts of Life , The The Facts of Life Miko Episode : `` The Americanization of Miko '' Episode : `` Runaway '' Doonesbury : A Broadway Musical Ching ' Honey ' Huan 1984 Nothing Lasts Forever Eloy 1984 ABC Afterschool Special Sarah Episode : `` Mom 's on Strike '' 1985 CBS Schoolbreak Special Kim Episode : `` The Exchange Student '' 1985 Equalizer , The The Equalizer Mrs. Tom Episode : `` China Rain '' 1985 Spenser : For Hire Episode : `` Children of a Tempest Storm '' 1985 Cosby Show , The The Cosby Show Mrs. Gwynne Episode : `` Denise 's Friend '' Magic Sticks Redhead Wall Street Lady Broker 1989 Rooftops Audry 1989 See No Evil , Hear No Evil Mitzie 1989 Blue Steel Marjolene Ping the Female Reporter 1990 Cadillac Man Helen 1990 Angel of Death Julie TV movie 1990 thirtysomething Gail Episode : `` The Distance '' 1991 Lenny Nurse Episode : `` G.I. Joe '' 1991 Quantum Leap Sophie Episode : `` Southern Comforts '' 1991 Palace Guard Episode : `` Eye of Newt '' 1991 Anything but Love Episode : `` First Lady Sings the Blues '' Man Trouble Adele Bliss 1993 Joy Luck Club , The The Joy Luck Club Lena St. Clair 1993 Mr. Jones Amanda Chang 1994 When a Man Loves a Woman Amy 1994 704 Hauser Margaret Episode : `` Triskaidekaphobia '' 1994 North Mrs.",
"4": "Ho 1994 Homicide : Life on the Street Emma Zoole Episode : `` A Model Citizen '' Episode : `` Happy to Be Here '' 1994 Chicago Hope Nurse Julia Episode : `` You Gotta Have Heart '' and Episode : `` Love and Hope '' 1995 Puzzle Place , The The Puzzle Place Julie 's Mom Episode : `` Family Fun '' 1995 Kidnapped : In the Line of Duty Lily Yee TV movie 1995 Escape to Witch Mountain Claudia Ford TV movie 1995 Nanny , The The Nanny Kim Episode : `` The Chatterbox '' 1995 If Not for You Claire Episode : `` Pilot '' 1995 -- 1996 Friends Julie 7 episodes Batman Superman Movie : World 's Finest , The The Batman Superman Movie : World 's Finest Angela Chen ( voice ) TV movie Superman : The Last Son of Krypton Angela Chen ( voice ) TV movie 1996 -- 1999 Superman Angela Chen ( voice ) 14 episodes 1997 Blues Brothers Animated Series , The The Blues Brothers Animated Series Soon - He / Mrs. Fun ( voice ) 3 episodes 1997 Tell Me No Secrets Connie Ching TV movie 1997 Murder Live ! Marge Fong TV movie 1997 Tracey Takes On . Weng Episode : `` Race Relations '' 1997 Pinky and the Brain Shopper Episode : `` Brain Acres '' 1997 New Batman Adventures ,",
"5": "The The New Batman Adventures Ice Maiden # 3 ( voice ) Episode : `` Cold Comfort '' 1997 Extreme Ghostbusters Episode : `` Fallout '' Episode : `` Eyes of a Dragon '' 1997 -- 1998 Grace Under Fire Dot 12 episodes 1997 -- 2010 King of the Hill Connie Minh Various ( voice ) 98 episodes 1998 Adventures from the Book of Virtues Mother ( voice ) Episode : `` Charity '' 1998 SubZero Mariko ( voice ) Video 1998 Dexter 's Laboratory Teacher ( voice ) Episode : `` Last But Not Beast '' 1998 With Friends Like These . Yolanda Chin 1998 Susan 's Plan Carol 1998 Vengeance Unlimited Samantha Episode : `` Dishonorable Discharge '' 1999 Batman Beyond : The Movie Dana Tan ( voice ) TV movie 1999 Catfish in Black Bean Sauce Mai 1999 Early Edition Amy Hunter Episode : `` Play It Again , Sammo '' 1999 Rocket Power Trish and Sherry ( voice ) Episode : `` Fall and Rise of Sam / Typhoid Sam '' 1999 Y2K Ann Lee TV movie 1999 -- 2001 Kids from Room 402 , The The Kids from Room 402 Jordan ( voice ) TV series 1999 -- 2001 Batman Beyond Dana Tan Various ( voice ) 22 episodes 1999 -- 2003 2008 -- 2013 Futurama Amy Wong Inez Wong Various ( voice ) 125 + episodes 2000 City of Angels Episode : `` Unhand Me '' 2000 Teacher 's Pet Younghee Additional voices TV series 2000 Weekenders ,",
"6": "The The Weekenders Candace ( voice ) Episode : `` Real Fake '' 2000 Pepper Ann Alice Kane Episode : `` Complementary Colors '' Episode : `` A Is for Average / Alice Kane Went Down to Calcutta '' 2000 Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Dana Tan ( voice ) Video 2000 -- 2001 DAG Ginger Chin 17 episodes 2000 -- 2001 Clerks ( voice ) 2 episodes 2001 Jack the Dog Angel 2001 Max Steel Laura Chen ( voice ) Episode : `` Strangers '' 2001 Johnny Bravo Ting ( voice ) Episode : `` Enter the Chipmunk '' 2001 No P in the O.O.L. Numbuh 3 ( voice ) TV movie 2001 -- 2002 Zeta Project , The The Zeta Project Agent Lee ( voice ) 8 episodes 2002 Chang Family Saves the World , The The Chang Family Saves the World TV movie 2002 ChalkZone Flunke / Robin ( voice ) 1 episode 2002 The Division Nora Chen 6 episodes 2002 Wild Thornberrys Movie , The The Wild Thornberrys Movie Additional Voices ( uncredited ) 2002 What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Various ( voice ) 4 episodes 2002 My Wife and Kids Hostess Episode : `` Table for Too Many : Part 1 '' Episode : `` Table for Too Many : Part 2 '' 2002 -- 2005 Kim Possible Yoshiko ( voice ) Episode : `` Crush '' Episode : `` Low Budget '' Episode : `` A Very Possible Christmas '' Episode : `` Showdown at the Crooked D '' 2002 -- 2003 Totally Spies ! Lady Dragon Keiko Sunny ( voice ) Episode : `` Game Girls '' Episode : `` Man or Machine '' Episode : `` Here Comes the Sun '' 2002 -- 2004 Fillmore !",
"7": "Various ( voice ) 16 episodes 2002 -- 2008 Codename : Kids Next Door Kuki ' Numbuh 3 ' Sanban ( voice ) Genki Sanban Additional voices 78 episodes 2003 Manhood Bambi 2003 All Grown Up ! Bean ( voice ) Episode : `` Interview with a Campfire : `` Part 1 '' Episode : `` Interview with a Campfire : Part 2 '' 2003 Monk Mrs. Ling Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the 12th Man '' 2003 Duck Dodgers Dr. Yoshimi ( voice ) Episode : `` The Spy Who Did n't Love Me '' 2003 Kim Possible : The Secret Files Yoshiko ( voice ) Video 2003 Samurai Jack Samurai Jack 's mother Additional characters ( voice ) 3 episodes 2003 Bad Santa Lois 2003 Line of Fire Korean Jury Member Episode : `` This Land Is Your Land '' 2003 -- 2005 2006 Justice League Unlimited Chung Kid Dana Tan Dr. Light ( voice ) Episode : `` Epilogue '' Episode : `` The Great Brain Robbery '' Episode : `` Eclipsed '' 2003 -- 2005 Teen Titans Gizmo Jinx ( voice ) 6 episodes Infinite Darcy , The The Infinite Darcy Darcy Chang ( voice ) TV series Teacher 's Pet Younghee ( voice ) 30 Days Until I 'm Famous Carla TV movie Mulan II Su ( voice ) Video My Wife and Kids Annie Hoo Episode : `` Jr . Sells His Car '' Episode : `` Restaurant Wars '' In Good Company Obstetrician 2004 -- 2006 W.I.T.C.H.",
"8": "Yan Lin Various ( voice ) 51 episodes 2005 Kim Possible : So the Drama Yoshiko ( voice ) TV movie 2005 Danger Rangers Various ( voice ) Episode : `` Fires & Liars '' 2005 Barbershop Dana 4 episodes 2005 Threshold Janet Tam Episode : `` The Order '' 2005 Clifford 's Puppy Days Shun ( voice ) 2 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Avatar : The Last Airbender Joo Dee Additional voices ( voice ) 3 episodes 2005 -- 2007 American Dragon : Jake Long Susan Long Counselor Chang ( voice ) 25 episodes 2006 God 's Waiting List Sylvia 2006 Courting Alex Jan Episode : `` Everything I Know About Men '' 2006 Let Go Beverly TV movie 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Audrey Episode : `` Begin the Begin '' 2006 In from the Night Dr. Myra Chen TV movie 2006 Codename : Kids Next Door - Operation : Z.E.R.O. Kuki ' Numbuh 3 ' Sanban ( voice ) TV movie 2006 Closer , The The Closer Dr.",
"9": "Tann Episode : `` Borderline '' 2006 Me , Eloise ( voice ) Episode : `` Eloise Goes to School '' 2006 -- 2008 Men in Trees Mai Washington 26 episodes 2006 -- 2009 Replacements , The The Replacements Tasumi ( voice ) 43 episodes 2007 Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure Numbuh Three ( voice ) TV movie 2007 Grim Adventures of the KND , The The Grim Adventures of the KND Numbuh 3 ( voice ) TV movie 2007 Futurama : Bender 's Big Score Amy Various ( voice ) Video 2007 -- 2008 Legion of Super Heroes Zyx ( voice ) Episode : `` Child 's Play '' Episode : `` Trials '' 2008 Futurama : The Beast with a Billion Backs Amy Wong Inez Wong ( voice ) Video 2008 Futurama : Bender 's Game Amy Various ( voice ) Video 2008 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Bae Chin Episode : `` Say Uncle '' 2009 Futurama : Into the Wild Green Yonder Amy Wong Inez Wong Trixie ( voice ) Video 2009 Without a Trace Kim Tan Episode : `` Devotion '' 2009 Hawthorne Mrs. Tanaka Episode : `` The Sense of Belonging '' 2010 -- 2011 Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar Bonnie Chang ( voice ) Episode : `` Gator Watch '' Episode : `` All Tied Up With a Boa '' Phineas and Ferb Additional Voices Episode : `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs to You ! '' Scooby - Doo !",
"10": "Camp Scare Jessica ( voice ) Video Fish Hooks Barb ( voice ) Episode : `` Bea Becomes an Adult Fish '' 2010 -- 2013 Pound Puppies Various ( voice ) 2011 Kung Fu Panda 2 Market Sheep ( voice ) 2011 Curious George Mei ( voice ) 2011 Chasing Eagle Rock Roxanne Post-production 2011 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness Song ( voice ) TV series 2012 Napoleon Dynamite Tokiko ( voice ) Episode : `` Scantronica Love '' 2012 -- 2014 Supernatural Mrs. Linda Tran Episode : `` What 's Up , Tiger Mommy ? '' Episode : `` A Little Slice Of Kevin '' Episode : `` Captives '' 2013 -- present Teen Titans Go ! Gizmo Jinx ( voice ) Episode : `` Laundry Day '' Episode : `` Girl 's Night Out '' 2014 Turbo FAST Hayaku Translator ( voice ) Episode : `` Turbo Drift '' 2014 The Simpsons Amy Wong ( voice ) Episode : `` Simpsorama '' 2015 Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Sashi 's Mom ( voice ) Episode : `` Flurgle Burgle '' 2015 Pretty Little Liars Rebecca 2015 Justice League : Gods and Monsters Lara Video 2017 Andi Mack Celia Mack Main Character References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lauren Tom Biography ( 1961 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 15 . Some sources cite 1959 ^ Jump up to : Tom in Lauren Tom ( Untold Stories ) . Chinese American Museum . August 1 , 2013 . Event occurs at 00 : 03 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lauren Tom Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Tim ( October 1993 ) .",
"11": "`` Lauren Tom : China Girl '' . Detour . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Article from In Style Magazine Accessed 7 February 2010 Jump up ^ Bommer , Lawrence ( 1990 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Updated ` Tis Pity ` Set In Mussolini ` s Italy '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Tom , Lauren ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) . `` twitter.com/LaurenTom9000 '' . @ erictbar : That 's great ! My monk sounds great. :) Did you happen to do Li - Li , a young girl in The Valley of the Four Winds , as well ? @ LaurenTom9000 : Yep ! Glad you had fun with the Monk ! :) Jump up ^ `` Lauren Tom '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Asian Americans portal Biography portal Television portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lauren Tom .",
"12": "Official website Lauren Tom on IMDb Lauren Tom at the Internet Broadway Database VIAF : 10060737 LCCN : n84017161 ISNI : 0000 0000 5934 268X BNF : cb14233544d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Tom&oldid=800933396 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Chicago American film actresses American actresses of Chinese descent American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Obie Award recipients Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does the next season of wynonna earp start
|
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{
"0": "Wynonna Earp ( TV series ) - wikipedia Wynonna Earp ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the comic book series , see Wynonna Earp . Wynonna Earp Wynonna Earp title card Genre Dark fantasy Drama Horror Western Supernatural Created by Emily Andras Based on Wynonna Earp by Beau Smith Starring Melanie Scrofano Shamier Anderson Tim Rozon Dominique Provost - Chalkley Opening theme `` Tell That Devil '' by Jill Andrews Composer ( s ) Robert Carli Peter Chapman Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 25 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Brian Dennis Ted Adams David Ozer Rick Jacobs Todd Berger Jordy Randall Tom Cox Emily Andras Location ( s ) Canada : Calgary , Alberta Didsbury , Alberta Springbank , Alberta Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) SEVEN24 Films IDW Entertainment Distributor IDW Entertainment Dynamic Television Release Original network Syfy CHCH - DT ( season 1 ) Space ( season 2 -- ) Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( USA ) April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) -- present ( Canada ) External links Syfy Seven24 Films Wynonna Earp ( / waɪˈnoʊnə ˈɜːrp / wy - NOH - nə URP ) is a supernatural Western horror television series . Developed by Emily Andras , it is based on the comic book series by Beau Smith . Melanie Scrofano plays the series ' titular character . Wynonna Earp premiered in the United States on Syfy on April 1 , 2016 . Originally scheduled to premiere in Canada on March 28 on CHCH - DT , the series debut was moved to April 4 . On July 23 , 2016 , the renewal for a second season was announced at the Wynonna Earp panel at San Diego Comic - Con .",
"1": "Originally slated for ten episodes , the season was increased to 12 episodes in October 2016 . In Canada , Wynonna Earp moved from CHCH - DT to Space effective April 15 , 2017 . In anticipation of the premiere of Season 2 , Space began airing Season 1 on the same date with a special double - episode series debut . Season 2 premiered simultaneously on Syfy and Space on June 9 , 2017 . On July 22 , 2017 , David Ozer , president of IDW Entertainment , announced at the show 's San Diego Comic - Con panel that the series had been renewed for a third season with the premiere scheduled for 2018 . Space announced on the same day that it had ordered 12 episodes for a third season , together with Syfy . Andras credited Wynonna Earp 's passionate fan base ( nicknamed `` Earpers '' ) with gaining the renewal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Development and production 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Media information 6.2 Awards and nominations 6.2. 1 Canadian Screen Awards 6.2. 2 Dragon Awards 6.2. 3 GLAAD Media Award 6.2. 4 Rockie Awards 6.2. 5 Rosie Awards 6.2. 6 WGC Screenwriting Awards 6.3 Contests 6.3. 1 E ! Online 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Wynonna Earp , the great - great - granddaughter of legendary lawman Wyatt Earp , battles revenants , the reincarnated outlaws that Wyatt killed . She also fights other supernatural beings that inhabit the Ghost River Triangle , a cursed territory near the Canadian Rockies that includes Purgatory , her home town .",
"2": "Upon her 27th birthday , Wynonna inherited the special power to return revenants to Hell with her ancestor 's 16 - inch barrel special `` Peacemaker '' revolver . She is recruited by the Black Badge Division ( BBD ) , a secret government agency led by Special Agent Xavier Dolls which eventually includes an ageless Doc Holliday and Wynonna 's sister , Waverly Earp . Nicole Haught , Waverly 's girlfriend and a Purgatory Sheriff 's Deputy , assists the team in her local police role . The first season centers on Wynonna fighting the revenants who kidnapped her older sister Willa from their homestead when they were girls , and the threat posed by Bobo Del Rey , leader of the local revenants . In the second season Wynonna discovers she is pregnant , while Waverly struggles with possession by a demon and doubts about her lineage . At the same time , two sister - wife widows of the dead sheriff who cursed Wyatt Earp seek to resurrect him . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Wynonna Earp episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 12 June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Cast at `` Camp Conival '' during 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . From left : Melanie Scrofano , Shamier Anderson , Dominique Provost - Chalkley , Katherine Barrell and Tim Rozon . Main ( edit ) Melanie Scrofano as Wynonna Earp , a great - great - granddaughter of Wyatt Earp , who wields the power of Wyatt 's `` Peacemaker '' handgun . Shamier Anderson as Deputy Marshal Xavier Dolls , a special agent with the Black Badge division of the United States Marshals Service , a combustible mutant lizard - man generated by Black Badge . Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday , Wyatt Earp 's famed partner , cursed by the Stone Witch who cured his tuberculosis by way of eternal health .",
"3": "Dominique Provost - Chalkley as Waverly Earp , Wynonna 's younger sister and expert on Earp history who studied ancient cultures and languages . Recurring ( edit ) Greg Lawson as Sheriff Randy Nedley , the sheriff of Purgatory who is aware of the town 's supernatural nature . ( First appearance : `` Purgatory '' ) Michael Eklund as Bobo Del Rey ( né Robert Svane ) , leader of the revenants and former friend to Wyatt Earp . Executed by Wynonna in the season 1 finale but unexpectedly revived in season 2 . ( First appearance : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Katherine Barrell as Officer Nicole Haught , a deputy sheriff of Purgatory and Nedley 's intended successor who becomes Waverly 's girlfriend and collaborates with Black Badge . She has a cat , Calamity Jane , that dislikes men except for Sheriff Nedley . ( First appearance : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Rayisa Kondracki as Constance Clootie , also known as the Stone Witch . ( First appearance : `` Diggin ' Up Bones '' ; Season 1 ) Kate Drummond as Agent Lucado , Dolls ' superior officer at Black Badge . Killed by a demon . ( First appearance : `` Walking After Midnight '' ; Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Natalie Krill as Willa Earp ( first known by the name Eve ) , Wynonna and Waverly 's older sister , also able to wield the power of Wyatt 's `` Peacemaker '' . Mercy - killed by Wynonna in the Season 1 finale . ( First appearance : `` She Would n't Be Gone '' ; Season 1 ) Shaun Johnston as Juan Carlo , a mysterious local revealed to be Purgatory 's non-ageing priest . Mercy - killed by Dolls after being fatally wounded by The Widows . ( First appearance : `` Landslide '' ; Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Varun Saranga as Jeremy Chetri , a Black Badge Division scientist who helps the Earps against their BBD blood contract .",
"4": "( First appearance : `` Steel Bars and Stone Walls '' ; Season 2 ) Tamara Duarte as Rosita Bustillos , a revenant and Doc 's girlfriend with advanced degrees in biochemistry and engineering whom he recruits , in exchange for his protection , to work as a bartender at Shorty 's while also helping to create Dolls 's serum . ( First appearance : `` Shed Your Skin '' ; Season 2 ) Dani Kind as Mercedes Gardner , Wynonna 's rich high - school best friend , head of the Gardner Family and its purse strings , but disliked by her siblings Beth and Tucker . Along with her sister Beth , her face is stolen by demonic widow spiders ( The Widows ) , leaving human Mercedes comatose . The possessing Widow is executed by Wynonna in the Season 2 finale . ( First appearance : `` Shed Your Skin '' ; Season 2 ) Caleb Ellsworth - Clark as Tucker Gardner , younger brother of the Gardner sisters and local miscreant , who has an unhealthy obsession with Waverly . He is killed by the Widow possessing Beth Gardner . ( First appearance : `` Gonna Getcha Good '' ; Season 2 ) Meghan Heffern as Beth Gardner , the younger of the two Gardner sisters . Along with her sister Mercedes , her face is stolen by demonic widow spiders ( The Widows ) , killing human Beth . Widow Beth is executed by Wynonna in the Season 2 finale . ( First appearance : `` Gonna Getcha Good '' ; Season 2 ) Episodes of Season 1 featured Dylan Koroll as Champ Hardy , Waverly 's boyfriend before she met Officer Nicole Haught ; Natascha Girgis as Gus McCready , aunt of the Earp girls ; and David LeReaney as Judge Cryderman , an antagonist of Wynonna Earp . Development and Production ( edit ) Syfy acquired the U.S. rights to Wynonna Earp from SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment in July 2015 and placed an order for 13 episodes . International distribution of the series was acquired by Dynamic Television in September 2015 . On September 30 , 2015 , SEVEN24 Films announced the acquisition of Canadian broadcast rights by over-the - air independent station CHCH - DT .",
"5": "Melanie Scrofano was cast in the title role , with Tim Rozon as Doc Holliday and Shamier Anderson as Agent Dolls . Dominique Provost - Chalkley was cast as Waverly Earp . In recurring roles , Michael Eklund was cast as villain Bobo Del Rey and Katherine Barrell as Officer Nicole Haught . `` Tell That Devil '' by singer - songwriter Jill Andrews was selected as the theme music for the series . The titles of Wynonna Earp episodes are based on country and western songs . Viacom International Media Networks acquired the rights to broadcast Wynonna Earp on its multinational Spike channels in July 2016 . In March 2017 , Bell Media announced the new partnership between Space and SEVEN24 Films as Canadian co-producers of the series . Season 1 ( edit ) Filming of Season 1 took place from September 14 , 2015 , to February 12 , 2016 , in Calgary , Alberta , Canada . Locations included Bridgeland , Inglewood , and Heritage Park . Didsbury , Alberta , was used as the setting for the series ' small town of Purgatory . Syfy released the first promotional images and synopsis for the series on November 6 , 2015 . The teaser trailer was released through IGN in January 2016 . Wynonna Earp premiered on April 1 , 2016 , on Syfy ; and on April 4 , 2016 , on CHCH - DT . Season 2 ( edit ) After the series was renewed for a second season , Melanie Scrofano found out that she was pregnant . Emily Andras decided to incorporate her pregnancy in the arc of the titular character , she informed IDW Entertainment of the prospective storyline , and Syfy added two more episodes , increasing Season 2 from 10 to 12 episodes . Season 2 began filming in Calgary and surrounding areas from December 12 , 2016 , to April 13 , 2017 . Additional location shooting took place in Springbank , Alberta . The recurring cast was joined by Varun Saranga in the role of Jeremy Chetri and Tamara Duarte as Rosita .",
"6": "The ' sneak peek ' of the teaser trailer for the new season was released on April 1 , 2017 , and the trailer released officially by IGN on May 19 , 2017 . Syfy released the poster for the season on May 24 , 2017 . Season 2 premiered on June 9 , 2017 , on Syfy and Space . Season 3 ( edit ) Filming of Season 3 began January 15 , 2018 , and scheduled to wrap on May 7 , 2018 . On February 5 , 2018 , the series announced the casting of Megan Follows in the role of Michelle Earp , the mother of Wynonna Earp . On March 15 , the addition of a bounty hunter character named Kate , with Chantel Riley cast in the recurring role , was announced . Bell Media announced on April 24 that musician Jann Arden had joined the cast as Bunny Loblaw , a member of Purgatory 's town council . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Wynonna Earp premiered in the United Kingdom on Spike on July 29 , 2016 , at 9 : 00 p.m. Season 2 premiered in the UK on June 13 , 2017 , at 10 : 00 p.m. The series premiered in Australia on Spike on February 5 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Wynonna Earp became available on Amazon Video as video on demand on May 6 , 2016 . In December 2016 , SEVEN24 Films producer Jordy Randall announced in an interview with the Calgary Herald that Season 1 would be streaming on Netflix . The series became available on Netflix on April 1 , 2017 . The Season 1 DVD for Region 4 and Blu - ray for Region B were released first in Australia by Roadshow Entertainment on May 3 , 2017 . A crowdfunding campaign for a region free Blu - ray release was launched on May 23 , 2017 , by IDW Entertainment on Indiegogo . The Season 2 DVD was released in Region 4 and the Blu - ray in Region B by Roadshow Entertainment on November 1 , 2017 .",
"7": "Reception ( edit ) In its new series review , Collider gave Wynonna Earp four stars , calling it `` a fresh and familiar take on zombies , the Wild West , and gunslinger culture '' and `` something that also feels different to anything we 're seeing on TV currently , thanks not only to its setting , but its prominent placement of so many strong , profane , kickass female characters . '' Digital Journal said the series was `` smart '' and `` complex '' with `` a lot going for it '' . The A.V. Club called Melanie Scrofano `` the right woman for the job ... an easy , authoritative presence '' ; and `` when it 's allowed the room to run , Wynonna Earp delights in itself , '' adding that the series `` could grow into the good - time Western pulp it has the potential to be . '' In a post-Season 1 review for Salon , Melanie McFarland wrote : `` This modern Western proved its mettle by dint of unexpectedly weird plotting and witty dialogue ... ( Melanie ) Scrofano lends a hardened and slightly feral swagger to Wynonna that 's vastly entertaining ... Much of the show 's winning spirit rests in its exploration of family loyalty and the popular conviction that one 's blood and dynastic ties compel one to fulfill a prescribed destiny . '' E ! Entertainment Television named Wynonna Earp the `` Best New Show '' of 2016 . It was chosen by Variety as one of the 20 best new series of 2016 , stating `` what this prairie - set Canadian import lacks in budget , it makes up for in gumption , sass and camaraderie . '' In its annual `` Best of TV '' highlight , Collider named Wynonna Earp the `` Best New Sci - Fi '' show of 2016 . In the United States , Season 1 averaged a total rating of 0.13 with 0.56 viewers . The season received a 75 % approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 6.11 / 10 . Metacritic gave the season an average score of 68 out of 100 . Season 2 averaged a 0.12 rating in the United States with 0.50 viewers . In Canada , overall viewership increased 52 % on Space compared to Season 1 on CHCH - DT .",
"8": "The season received an average rating of 8.67 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes . There is no average score ( yet ) on Metacritic . Maureen Ryan of Variety named Wynonna Earp one of the best television shows of 2017 , praising it 's `` fierce and committed performances '' . `` Wayhaught '' , the portmanteau for the relationship between Waverly Earp and Nicole Haught , was considered one of the favorite 2017 fan `` ships '' on Tumblr , and the series was praised for how it is portrayed and acknowledged by Dominique Provost - Chalkley and Katherine Barrell . Media information ( edit ) Wynonna Earp producers and cast members appeared at the Calgary International Film Festival on September 30 , 2017 , in a special program showcasing film and television productions in Alberta , Canada . The event was live - streamed and featured behind - the - scenes stories , insights , and a Q&A session . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Canadian Screen Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Writing in a Dramatic Series Emily Andras ( episode : `` Purgatory '' ) ( Channel ( Broadcaster ) : CHCH ( Channel Zero ) ) Nominated Best Achievement in Make - Up Joanne Jacobsen , Jo - Dee Thomson ( episode : `` Diggin ' Up Bones '' ) Nominated Best Costume Design Jennifer Haffenden ( episode : `` Keep the Home Fires Burning '' ) Nominated Best Original Music Score for a Series Robert Carli and Peter Chapman ( episode : `` House of Memories '' ) Nominated Best Visual Effects Geoff Scott , William Garrett , Sarah Wormsbecher , Eric Doiron , Nathan Larouche , Anthony DeChellis , Lon Molnar ( episode : `` I Walk the Line '' ) Nominated Best Cross-Platform Project -- Fiction ( Digital Media ) Wynonna Earp Interactive , Daniel Dales , Jarrett Sherman , Alex Lalonde , Jordy Randall , Emily Andras ( Production Company : Digital Howard Inc . )",
"9": "Won 2018 Best Writing , Drama Series Emily Andras ( episode : `` I Hope You Dance '' ) ( Channel ( Broadcaster ) : Space ( Bell Media ) ) Nominated Best Cross-Platform Project , Fiction Wynonna Earp Digital , Daniel Dales , Jarrett Sherman , Alex Lalonde , Emily Andras , Jordy Randall , Tom Cox ( Production Company : Digital Howard Inc . ) Won Dragon Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Wynonna Earp Nominated GLAAD Media Award ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Outstanding Drama Series Wynonna Earp Nominated Rockie Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Sci - Fi , Fantasy and Action Wynonna Earp Nominated Rosie Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Dramatic Series Tom Cox and Jordy Randall , Producers , SEVEN24 Films Won Best Performance by an Alberta Actor Peter Skagen ( episode : `` Leavin On Your Mind '' ) Nominated Shaun Johnston ( episode : `` Landslide '' ) Nominated Best Overall Sound ( Drama Over 30 Minutes ) Michael Playfair , Robert `` Arjay '' Joly , Steve Forst , & Paul Shubat ( episode : `` I Walk the Line '' ) Nominated Best Production Designer / Art Director Trevor Smith ( episode : `` Two - Faced Jack '' ) Nominated Best Costume Designer Jennifer Haffenden ( episode : `` She Would n't Be Gone '' ) Nominated Best Make - Up & Hair Artist ( s ) Joanne Jacobsen , Jo - Dee Thomson , Gunther Schetterer & Linda Nelson ( episode : `` Diggin Up Bones '' ) Nominated WGC Screenwriting Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Best Script from a Rookie Series Alexandra Zarowny ( episode : `` Bury Me With My Guns On '' ) Won Contests ( edit ) E !",
"10": "Online ( edit ) Year Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Girl on Top Melanie Scrofano Won See also ( edit ) Ghost Town Jonah Hex List of dramatic television series with LGBT characters List of fantasy television programs List of LGBT characters in television and radio List of science fiction TV and radio shows produced in Canada Weird West References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Syfy Acquires ' Wynonna Earp ' Series ; Melanie Scrofano To Star '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reid , Regan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Emily Andras wrangles Wynonna Earp '' . Playback . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Megan ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` This is How You Carry A Show : Melanie Scrofano Dominates As Wynonna Earp '' . Inverse . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : First Teaser Trailer for Syfy 's Comic Book Adaptation '' . IGN . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knoop , Doug ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` TV Picks for Friday , April 1 : ' Wynonna Earp ' series premiere on Syfy '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Media Release ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` CHCH announced as the Canadian Broadcaster for SEVEN24Films WYNONNA EARP '' ( PDF ) . CHCH - DT . Channel Zero . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp now has US and Canada Premiere Dates '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 .",
"11": "^ Jump up to : Morning Live ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp premieres tonight on CHCH '' . CHCH - DT . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Wynonna Earp ' Renewed for Second Season at Syfy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Syfy Renews Wynonna Earp From SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment , a Subsidiary of IDW Media Holdings '' . Marketwired . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp Renewed for Season 2 '' . TVLine . July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wynonna Earp ( @ WynonnaEarp ) ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking - Wynonna Earp season 2 was upped to 12 episodes '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : More depth , more villains and plenty of action planned for Season 2 of Calgary - shot sci - fi favourite '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Brings The Wild , Supernatural West To Space '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Press Release ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Canadian Supernatural Sensation WYNONNA EARP Joins Space , Premiering April 15 '' . Bell Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season 2 to Air on Space Channel in Canada '' . thetvjunkies.com .",
"12": "Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp swaps CHCH for Space '' . Playback . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Gets Season 2 Premiere Date , Cast Talks What 's Next '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season 2 Trailer , Return Date , and Other News '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Canadian supernatural sensation Wynonna Earp joins Space ; Season 2 begins June 9 '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Renewed for Third Season by Syfy '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp Renewed for Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Press Release ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Space Renews Canadian Supernatural Sensation WYNONNA EARP for Third Season '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Volmers , Eric ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Calgary - shot Wynonna Earp picked up for a third season '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : Emily Andras Credits Fans With That Season 3 Renewal '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jetson , Kat ( August 18 , 2017 ) .",
"13": "`` ' Wynonna Earp 's ' Secret Weapon : Feminism in a Demon - Haunted World '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Syfy Acquires WYNONNA EARP from SEVEN24 Films and IDW Entertainment '' . IDW Publishing . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` IDW Entertainment And Seven24 Partner With Dynamic Television For International Distribution Of Wynonna Earp '' . IDW Media Holdings . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Erik ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Star Melanie Scrofano On Getting The Part ; Playing Her Strengths And Weaknesses '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.R. ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp 's Dominique Provost - Chalkley on Waverly '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Michael Eklund Talks Wynonna Earp '' . SciFi Vision . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bojarski , Jackie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive Interview with `` Wynonna Earp '' Star Katherine Barrell `` . Talk Nerdy With Us . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Andrea Higgins makes sweet music for Wynonna Earp and Heartland '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emily Andras @ emtothea ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Yep ! All # WynonnaEarp episodes are named after country and western songs '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ `` Songs Associated With Wynonna Earp Episode Titles '' . Pixel 51 . 3 October 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid , Regan ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp sharpens its int'l presence '' . Playback . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` IDW Entertainment , a Subsidiary of IDW Media Holdings , Goes Global with Wynonna Earp '' . IDW Media Holdings . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` New supernatural western series , Wynonna Earp , to shoot in Calgary '' . Calgary Herald . Postmedia Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta Film List for September 2015 -- TV Series '' . Reel West Magazine . 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes - Wynonna Earp '' . Calgary Economic Development . April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Calgary - shot Wynonna Earp a supernatural western '' . Calgary Herald . Postmedia Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dabbs , Frank ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna 's crew makes filming possible '' . Innisfail Province . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` First `` Wynonna Earp '' Promotional Images Released `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( 29 January 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : First Teaser Trailer for Syfy 's Comic Book Adaptation '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBCUniversal Media ( 2016 ) .",
"15": "`` Syfy / Wynonna Earp ( credits ) '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp 's Melanie Scrofano On Her Pregnant Demon - Hunting Superhero '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` No pregnant pause : Expecting a baby did n't slow down Wynonna Earp or the actress playing her '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Volmers , Eric ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Passionate fan base has high expectations for second season of Alberta - shot Wynonna Earp '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ACTRA ( April 2017 ) . `` What 's Shooting '' . ACTRA Alberta . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Has Flaming Hot Key Art for Season 2 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Wynonna Earp Season 2 Trailer Is As Badass As You Hoped It Would Be '' . E ! News . E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( 19 May 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : Exclusive Season 2 Trailer '' . IGN . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NBCUniversal Media ( 2017 ) . `` Syfy / Wynonna Earp ( credits ) '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ Press Release ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Space Stacks Summer Schedule with Premieres of Original Hits and New Series BLOOD DRIVE , COSPLAY MELEE , and SHARKNADO 5 : GLOBAL SWARMING '' . Space . Bell Media . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ACTRA ( January 2018 ) . `` What 's Shooting '' . ACTRA Alberta . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Space 's Whiskey Soaked Western WYNONNA EARP Begins Production on Season 3 '' . Bell Media . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Wynonna Earp : Megan Follows Tapped for Pivotal Season 3 Role '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Liszewski , Bridget ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Exclusive : Frankie Drake 's Chantel Riley Cast In Recurring Role '' . The TV Junkies . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sechere , Ama ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` WYNONNA EARP Welcomes Canadian Music Icon Jann Arden to Purgatory '' . Bell Media . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spike Picks Up UK Rights To Syfy 's ' Wynonna Earp ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Spike Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Wynonna Earp ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spike Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Wynonna Earp ' Season 2 '' . TVWise . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Tim Rozon @ realtimrozon ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp premieres tonight in Australia mate it 's gon na be Dry as a dead dingo 's donger ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp , Season 1 '' . Instantwatcher . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynonna Earp ( @ WynonnaEarp ) ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` # WynonnaEarp is now on @ amazon ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp '' . New On Netflix . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp '' . Netflix . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 : DVD '' . DVD Warehouse . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 : Blu Ray '' . DVD Warehouse . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` IDW Turns to IndieGoGo for Wynonna Earp Blu - ray '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IDW Entertainment ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Season One Blu - Ray '' . Indiegogo . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 2 ( MA15+ ) : DVD '' . DVD Warehouse . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 2 ( MA15+ ) : Blu Ray '' . DVD Warehouse . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wynonna Earp ' Review : Syfy 's Supernatural Western Is Smart , Kickass Fun '' . Collider . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.R. ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Wynonna Earp ' is a gleefully fun supernatural western '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valentine , Genevieve ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp rustles up a perfect leading lady , but has some work to do '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Melanie ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Get us out from under ... `` Wynonna Earp '' ? That 's right `` . Salon . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV Scoop Awards 2016 : And the Winners Are ... '' E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` The 20 Best New TV Shows of 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Best TV of 2016 : From New Sci - Fi Worlds to Excellent Comedy Duos '' . Collider . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wynonna Earp : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Maureen Ryan 's 20 Best TV Shows of 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Who Do You Ship ? What Tumblr Tells Us About Fan Culture '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Mike ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Alberta film and television industry in focus during second wave of announcements for 2017 's Calgary International Film Festival '' . Theyyscene . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showcase Alberta : Up Close & Interactive With Wynonna Earp '' . Calgary International Film Festival . 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TV Nominees : Emily Andras '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TV Nominees : Joanne Jacobsen , Jo - Dee Thomson '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TV Nominees : Jennifer Haffenden '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TV Nominees : Robert Carli , Peter Chapman '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . January 6 , 2017 .",
"20": "Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TV Nominees : Geoff Scott , William Garrett , Sarah Wormsbecher , Eric Doiron , Nathan Larouche , Anthony DeChellis , Lon Molnar '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 TV Nominees : Wynonna Earp Interactive '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` LaRue , Felix & Paul win gold at CSAs '' . Playback . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 TV Nominees : Emily Andras '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Congratulations , CSA Winners '' . Writers Guild of Canada . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . ( updated ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 TV Nominees : Wynonna Earp Digital '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of the Best in Digital & Immersive Storytelling -- 2018 Canadian Screen Awards '' . eBOSS Canada . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the winners of the 2017 Dragon Awards '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD Media Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Rockie Awards Program Competition Nominees '' . BANFF World Media Festival . Retrieved 17 May 2017 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ David , Greg ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Baroness Von Sketch Show , Wynonna Earp and Travelers top Rockie Awards noms '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Griwkowsky , Fish ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` And the 2017 AMPIA Rosies film and television winners are ... '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Alberta Film and Television Awards '' ( PDF ) . ampia.org . Alberta Media Production Industries Association . March 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Calgary productions top nominations for Alberta Film and Television Awards '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WGC Screenwriting Awards Finalists '' . Writers Guild of Canada . March 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wynonna Earp , Letterkenny and X Company top WGC Screenwriting Awards '' . TV , eh ? . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Girl on Top 2017 : Melanie Scrofano or Alycia Debnam - Carey ? The Winner Is ... '' E !. E ! Entertainment Television . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Brodsky , Katherine ( Summer 2017 ) . `` Andras and The Making of Wynonna and The Revenants Relevant '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Screenwriter . Writers Guild of Canada . Liszewski , Bridget ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` 11 Things to Know About Wynonna Earp '' . The TV Junkies . Logan , Megan ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Emily Andras Unbroke Wynonna Earp '' . Inverse .",
"22": "Meushaw , Catherine ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wynonna Earp Showrunner Emily Andras Talks Finale , Spoilers , And The Show 's Future '' . 4 Your Excitement . Mullican , AJ ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive Interview with Emily Andras and Melanie Scrofano of Wynonna Earp '' . Talk Nerdy With Us . Piccoli , Dana ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Wynonna Earp 's Dominique Provost - Chalkley and Katherine Barrell On The Finale and Defying The Lesbian Death Trope '' . The Mary Sue . Pickard , Michael ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` The will to Wyn '' . Drama Quarterly . Podcast Kevin Bachelder ( 2017 ) . `` Tales of the Black Badge '' . Tuning in to SciFi TV ( Podcast ) . External links ( edit ) Official website Wynonna Earp at Space Wynonna Earp at CHCH - DT ( 2016 archive ) Wynonna Earp at CHCH - DT ( 2017 archive ) Wynonna Earp at SEVEN24 Films Wynonna Earp at IDW Entertainment Wynonna Earp Character Guide at Syfy Wynonna Earp Purgatory Case Files at Syfy Wynonna Earp on IMDb Wynonna Earp at TV Guide Wynonna Earp - Comic Creator Beau Smith . GeekWorldRadio interview , YouTube Eisinger , Justin ; Simon , Alonzo , eds. ( 2017 ) . Wynonna Earp Yearbook : Season 1 . IDW Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1631408939 . ( hide ) Syfy original programming Former 1990s debuts The Animation Station ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Cartoon Quest ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Farscape ( 1999 -- 2003 ) First Wave ( 1998 -- 2001 ) FTL Newsfeed ( 1992 -- 96 ) Good vs.",
"23": "Evil ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mission Genesis ( 1997 ) Mystery Science Theater 3000 ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Poltergeist : The Legacy ( 1999 ) Sightings ( 1996 -- 98 ) Sliders ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Welcome to Paradox ( 1998 ) 2000s debuts Andromeda ( 2000 -- 05 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 -- 09 ) Black Scorpion ( 2001 ) Cha $ e ( 2008 ) The Chronicle ( 2001 -- 02 ) Destination Truth ( 2007 -- 12 ) Doctor Who ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Dresden Files ( 2007 ) ECW ( 2006 -- 10 ) Estate of Panic ( 2008 ) Eureka ( 2006 -- 12 ) Exposure ( 2000 -- 02 ) Flash Gordon ( 2007 -- 08 ) Ghost Hunters ( 2004 - 2016 ) Ghost Hunters Academy ( 2009 -- 10 ) Ghost Hunters International ( 2008 -- 12 ) The Invisible Man ( 2000 -- 02 ) Mad Mad House ( 2004 ) The Outer Limits ( 2001 -- 02 ) Painkiller Jane ( 2007 ) Proof Positive ( 2004 ) Sanctuary ( 2008 -- 11 ) Scare Tactics ( 2003 -- 13 ) The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne ( 2000 ) Stargate SG - 1 ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Stargate Atlantis ( 2004 -- 09 ) Stargate Universe ( 2009 -- 11 ) Tremors ( 2003 ) Tripping the Rift ( 2004 -- 05 ) Warehouse 13 ( 2009 -- 14 ) WCG Ultimate Gamer ( 2009 -- 10 ) Who Wants to Be a Superhero ?",
"24": "( 2006 -- 07 ) 2010s debuts Aftermath ( 2016 ) Alphas ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Almighty Johnsons ( 2014 ) Bazillion Dollar Club ( 2015 ) Beast Legends ( 2010 ) Being Human ( 2011 -- 14 ) Bitten ( 2014 -- 16 ) Blood Drive ( 2017 ) Caprica ( 2010 -- 11 ) Continuum ( 2013 -- 15 ) Dark Matter ( 2015 - 17 ) Deep South Paranormal ( 2013 ) Defiance ( 2013 -- 15 ) Dominion ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dream Machines ( 2012 ) Exit ( 2013 ) Fact or Faked : Paranormal Files ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fangasm ( 2013 ) Ghost Mine ( 2013 ) Ghost Wars ( 2017 -- 18 ) Haunted Collector ( 2011 -- 13 ) Haunted Highway ( 2012 -- 13 ) Haunting : Australia ( 2015 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 15 ) Helix ( 2014 -- 15 ) Heroes of Cosplay ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hollywood Treasure ( 2010 -- 12 ) Hot Set ( 2012 ) Hunters ( 2016 ) Incorporated ( 2016 ) Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Challenge ( 2014 ) Joe Rogan Questions Everything ( 2013 ) Killer Contact ( 2013 ) Legend Quest ( 2011 ) Lost Girl ( 2012 -- 16 ) Marcel 's Quantum Kitchen ( 2011 ) Métal Hurlant Chronicles ( 2014 ) Monster Man ( 2012 ) Naked Vegas ( 2013 ) Olympus ( 2015 ) Opposite Worlds ( 2014 ) Primeval : New World ( 2013 ) School Spirits ( 2012 ) Sinbad ( 2013 ) Stranded ( 2013 ) The Internet Ruined My Life ( 2016 ) Total Blackout ( 2012 -- 13 ) Troy : Street Magic ( 2015 ) Weird or What ?",
"25": "( 2013 ) The Wil Wheaton Project ( 2014 ) WWE NXT ( 2010 ) WWE SmackDown ( 2010 -- 15 ) Miniseries 5ive Days to Midnight ( 2004 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Ascension ( 2014 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2003 ) Childhood 's End ( 2015 ) Dark Kingdom : The Dragon King ( 2004 ) Earthsea ( 2004 ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 ) Firestarter : Rekindled ( 2002 ) Frank Herbert 's Dune ( 2000 ) Frank Herbert 's Children of Dune ( 2003 ) Neverland ( 2011 ) Riverworld ( 2010 ) Taken ( 2002 ) The Triangle ( 2005 ) The Lost Room ( 2006 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) The Phantom ( 2009 ) Treasure Island ( 2012 ) Current 12 Monkeys ( since 2015 ) Channel Zero ( since 2016 ) Con Man ( since 2017 ) Cosplay Melee ( since 2017 ) The Expanse ( since 2015 ) Face Off ( since 2011 ) Face Off : Game Face ( since 2017 ) Happy !",
"26": "( since 2017 ) Killjoys ( since 2015 ) Krypton ( since 2018 ) The Magicians ( since 2015 ) Paranormal Witness ( since 2011 ) Superstition ( since 2017 ) Van Helsing ( since 2016 ) Wynonna Earp ( since 2016 ) Z Nation ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Deadly Class ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( 2018 ) The Purge ( TBA ) Camera Ready ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wynonna_Earp_(TV_series)&oldid=838146907 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2016 Canadian television series debuts 2010s American science fiction television series 2010s Canadian science fiction television series American action television series American drama television series American fantasy television series American horror fiction television series American supernatural television series Canadian fantasy television series Canadian horror fiction television series Canadian supernatural television series English - language television programs Feminist television Gay - related television programs Lesbian - related television programs Canadian LGBT - related television shows Television programs based on comics Television series produced in Calgary Television series produced in Alberta Weird West Cultural depictions of Wyatt Earp Syfy original programs Space ( TV channel ) network shows United States Marshals Service in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 06 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7161580128369190804
|
when did the song push it come out
|
[
"1987",
"March 8, 1987",
"1987",
"1987",
"March 8, 1987"
] |
{
"0": "Push It ( Salt - N - Pepa song ) - wikipedia Push It ( Salt - N - Pepa song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Push It '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Salt - n - Pepa from the album Hot , Cool & Vicious B - side `` I Am Down '' Released March 8 , 1987 Format 12 '' vinyl Recorded 1986 Genre Rap Length 3 : 28 ( UK radio edit ) 4 : 30 ( album version ) Label Next Plateau London Songwriter ( s ) Hurby Azor Ray Davies Producer ( s ) Hurby Azor Salt - n - Pepa singles chronology `` Tramp '' ( 1987 ) `` Push It '' ( 1987 ) `` Chick on the Side '' ( 1987 ) `` Tramp '' ( 1987 ) `` Push It '' ( 1987 ) `` Chick on the Side '' ( 1987 ) Alternative cover One of artworks for international release Audio sample file help Music video `` Push It '' on YouTube `` Push It '' is a song by the group Salt - n - Pepa . It was released as the B - side of the `` Tramp '' single in 1987 , and as its own single in 1988 . It peaked at number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1988 and , after initially peaking at number 41 in the UK , it re-entered the charts after the group performed the track at Nelson Mandela 's 70th Birthday concert , eventually peaking at number two that summer . The song is notable for being one of the first hip hop songs to have underlying sexual messages . The song has also been certified Platinum by the RIAA . The song is ranked number 446 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and was ranked number nine on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Music video 3 All mixes 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 References Song information ( Edit ) The original version of `` Push It '' was first released as the B - side to the 12 '' single `` Tramp '' in 1987 . The corresponding 7 '' single contained a `` Mixx - It '' remix by San Francisco DJ and producer Cameron Paul ; this was the radio version that gave the group its first mainstream hit . It advanced into the Billboard Top 40 the week of December 26 , 1987 , eventually reaching its peak of number 19 the week of February 20 , 1988 . It also ties with `` Let 's Talk About Sex '' as the group 's highest - charting UK hit , with both peaking at number two in that country . The original 1986 editions of the album Hot , Cool & Vicious did not contain `` Push It '' . When the Cameron Paul remix of `` Push It '' became a radio hit , the album was reissued with the `` Push It '' remix added , along with the original versions of `` Tramp '' and `` Chick on the Side '' replaced by remixes . `` Push It '' was nominated for a Grammy Award , and the strength of that single catapulted the reissued Hot , Cool and Vicious album to platinum sales in the US with one million sold , making Salt - n - Pepa the first female rap act ( group or solo ) to go gold or platinum . The album ultimately sold 1.3 million copies worldwide . The song quotes a line from `` You Really Got Me '' by The Kinks , with the word `` girl '' replaced with `` boy '' : `` Boy , you really got me goin ' / You got me so I do n't know what I 'm doin ' . '' It also quotes `` Pick up on this '' from `` I 'm a Greedy Man '' and `` There it is '' from `` There It Is '' , both by James Brown . The whispered `` Push it '' is sampled from a 1977 recording called `` Keep on Pushin ' '' by the band Coal Kitchen .",
"2": "Music video ( Edit ) The music video for `` Push It '' features a concert performance of the song , along with DJ Spinderella and Hurby `` Luv Bug '' Azor on keyboards and backing vocals . All mixes ( Edit ) `` Push It '' ( UK Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 28 -- Edited version of the 7 '' Remix . Is usually the version played on radio stations in the UK . Also known as the U.S. Remix in America . `` Push It '' -- 4 : 12 -- B - side of `` Tramp '' 12 '' single `` Push It ( Instrumental ) '' -- 4 : 12 -- B - side of `` Tramp '' 12 '' single `` Push It ( Mixx - It Remix ) '' -- 4 : 28 -- B - side of `` Tramp '' 7 '' single ; also known as Album Version , Remix , 7 '' Remix , Full - Length Remix , Radio Edit `` Push It ( U.S.",
"3": "Remix ) '' -- 3 : 29 -- 1988 Europe / Australasia - only edited version of Mixx - It Remix `` Push It ( The Shuv 'd Mix ) '' -- 5 : 06 -- 1988 UK - only remix ; also known as UK Mix Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 - 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 19 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) As a double A-side with `` Tramp '' 18 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : Salt ' n Pepa , ' Push It ' Rolling Stone Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 8939 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Push It '' . Irish Singles Chart .",
"4": "Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 30 , 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Salt - N - Pepa -- Push It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Salt - N - Pepa Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Salt - N - Pepa Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Salt - N - Pepa Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` jaaroverzichten 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - Single 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . ( hide ) Salt - N - Pepa Cheryl `` Salt '' James - Wray Sandra `` Pepa '' Denton Deidra `` DJ Spinderella '' Roper Studio albums Hot ,",
"5": "Cool & Vicious A Salt with a Deadly Pepa Blacks ' Magic Very Necessary Brand New Compilation albums A Blitz of Salt - n - Pepa Hits The Greatest Hits Rapped in Remixes : The Greatest Hits Remixed The Best of Salt - N - Pepa Singles `` Tramp '' `` Push It '' `` Shake Your Thang '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` Expression '' `` Do You Want Me '' `` Let 's Talk About Sex '' `` You Showed Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Shoop '' `` Whatta Man '' `` None of Your Business '' `` Heaven ' n Hell '' `` Champagne '' `` Gitty Up '' `` The Brick Track Versus Gitty Up '' Related topics Discography The Salt - N - Pepa Show Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"6": "php?title=Push_It_(Salt-n-Pepa_song)&oldid=835321469 '' Categories : 1987 songs 1987 singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Salt - N - Pepa songs London Records singles Songs about dancing Songs with double entendres Songs written by Hurby Azor Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-8640341088064135979
|
meaning of show me the meaning of being lonely
|
[
"deals with heartbreak and how the protagonist is dealing with loneliness",
"missing someone that you love and asking the meaning of living a lonely life"
] |
{
"0": "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely - wikipedia Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely Jump to : navigation , search `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' Single by Backstreet Boys from the album Millennium B - side `` I 'll Be There for You '' , `` You Wrote the Book on Love '' Released December 21 , 1999 Format CD Single Recorded October -- November 1998 Cheiron Studios , Polar Studios ( Stockholm , Sweden ) Genre Pop , R&B , Latin pop Length 3 : 55 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Max Martin Herbie Crichlow Producer ( s ) Max Martin Kristian Lundin Backstreet Boys singles chronology `` Larger than Life '' ( 1999 ) `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( 1999 ) `` The One '' ( 2000 ) `` Larger than Life '' ( 1999 ) `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( 1999 ) `` The One '' ( 2000 ) Audio sample A sample from `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' by Backstreet Boys file help Music video `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' on YouTube `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys , taken from their third studio album , Millennium ( 1999 ) . Written by Max Martin and Herbie Crichlow , with production by Martin , `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' is a sad , pop and R&B ballad , with Latin pop influences , about missing someone that you love and asking the meaning of living a lonely life . Jive Records selected the track to be released as the third single from the album , on December 21 , 1999 . It received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who commended the lush orchestration , its melody and the group 's vocal performance . The song was one of 3 tracks to be previewed at the end of Britney Spears ' debut album , ... Baby One More Time . It has also experienced success on the charts , reaching the top 10 in most countries it charted , also peaking at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart and number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart .",
"1": "The music video for the track was released on 1999 's New Year 's Eve and was directed by Stuart Gosling . It follows each of the band members in a separate dramatic history , with the band uniting for the video 's end . The song also earned a Grammy award nomination during the 43rd Grammy Awards for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 Reception 2.1 Critical 2.2 Commercial 3 Accolades 4 Music video 4.1 Background and development 4.2 Synopsis 5 Track listing 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 References 8 External links Background and writing ( edit ) `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' was written by Max Martin and Herbie Crichlow , while Martin also produced it . On the November 27 , 1999 issue of Billboard Magazine , it was reported that Jive Records selected `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' as Millennium 's third single . The song received a CD Single on December 11 , 1999 . `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' is a pop and R&B ballad , with Latin pop influences . Lyrically , the song deals with heartbreak and how the protagonist is dealing with loneliness . `` Show me the meaning of being lonely / Is this the feeling I need to walk with / Tell me why I ca n't be there where you are / There 's something missing in my heart , '' they sing in the chorus . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The song received acclaim from most music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic picked the song as a standout track on the album . While reviewing their compilation , The Hits : Chapter One ( 2001 ) , Erlewine wrote that `` the rest of the singles that fill out the compilation are n't quite as good as `` I Want It That Way '' , `` As Long as You Love Me '' , `` Quit Playing Games ( with My Heart ) '' , `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' and `` Larger than Life '' ( although `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' is ) . ''",
"2": "Arion Berger of Rolling Stone commented that the song `` digs its melodic claws into your skull on the first listen -- it 's the swooniest blending of the five vocalists ' timbres to date , and mighty pretty besides . '' Chuck Taylor of Billboard named it a `` keepsake ballad that will have the quintet 's loyal legions panting over their loss and loneliness . '' Taylor also called it `` a beautifully produced anthem , '' and praised its melody , writing that , `` it will instantly lock itself into the pop culture consciousness . '' Taylor finished his review , writing that the single is `` the best ballad of the season and a sure - fine way to return the Boys to full glory . '' Commercial ( edit ) `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' was a success on the charts , reaching the top - ten in most countries it charted . In the United States , the song debuted at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart while on the issue of March 18 , 2000 , the song peaked at number 6 , remaining at the peak position for two further weeks . In other Billboard component charts , the song also succeeded , topping the Top 40 Mainstream chart and reaching number 2 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks . In Canada , the song topped the RPM chart , while reaching number 8 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' peaked at number 3 , becoming their last single to reach the top - three and seventeenth top - ten single . The song became a success in countries like the Netherlands , New Zealand , Sweden and Switzerland , reaching number 2 . It also reached the top - ten in Austria , Belgium , Finland , Germany , Ireland , Italy and Norway . It only performed moderately in Australia , where it reached number 19 , becoming their lowest charting - single since `` Quit Playing Games ( with My Heart ) '' ( 1997 ) . Accolades ( edit ) `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' was nominated for a Grammy award on the 43rd ceremony for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals , but lost it to Steely Dan 's `` Cousin Dupree '' .",
"3": "Emily Exton of VH1 placed the song at number 7 on their `` 20 Backstreet Boys Songs '' list , writing that the song is `` a more mature sound that showcased Kevin 's vocals instead of mostly his dark and mysterious looks . Here the Boys tackle grief surprisingly well , without pouring on too much schmaltz or over-complicating things . '' Danielle Sweeney of The Celebrity Cafe also placed it at number 7 on her `` Top 10 Backstreet Boys Songs '' , writing that , `` it 's their most emotional song , containing the lyrics , ' how can it be you 're asking me to feel the things you never show ? ' . Deep , guys . '' Music video ( edit ) Background and development ( edit ) The music video for `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' was directed by Stuart Gosling from December 11 -- 12 , 1999 in Los Angeles . It follows each of the band members separately in a sad story , until they unite during the instrumental break and final choruses . The video , somewhat darker in tone than any of the band 's previous releases , touches on several of the band 's real - life issues . Littrell had undergone open heart surgery the previous year for a defect he has had since birth . The video used actual footage of Richardson and his deceased father . The girl Dorough sees represents his sister , who died a year earlier of the disease Lupus . Additionally , the bus McLean rides is marked for `` Denniz St . '' , and is driven by an actor who resembles Denniz PoP ( who died in 1998 and produced some Backstreet Boys tracks , besides being the mentor of the song 's producer Max Martin ) . An alternate version of the video was dedicated in his honor . Synopsis ( edit ) The video begins at a hospital , in which Brian Littrell watches doctors try to save a patient , also portrayed by Littrell , alluding to his open heart surgery he had . A.J. McLean 's scenes take place on a coach bus , which is driven by an actor who looks like Denniz Pop , while mourning the loss of a girl whose photo he carries . He sees her appear on the bus , but she fades away . Kevin Richardson watches an old - age film of himself and his father in an apartment .",
"4": "Nick Carter walks down a city street in the rain and saves a girl from almost being hit by the bus McLean is on . Howie Dorough drinks from a teacup at an old - style bar as a girl in red runs towards him , but fades away before she reaches him . Richardson arrives to meet Dorough and the two leave the building together . McLean 's bus arrives , and Littrell exits the hospital . While the girl lights the memorial candles for the deceased , the five band members congregate and begin walking down the street together . Most of the video is shot in a desaturated scheme in which only certain red elements were brightly colored , until the very end of the video when the band walks out of the city into a brightly coloured field . Track listing ( edit ) UK `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' -- 3 : 54 `` I 'll Be There for You '' -- 4 : 34 `` You Wrote the Book on Love '' -- 4 : 38 America Double 12 '' Vinyl `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( Soul Solution House of Loneliness Vocal ) -- 7 : 22 `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( Jason Nevins Crossover Instrumental ) -- 3 : 57 ( track only , no vocals ) `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( Soul Solution Mix Show Version ) -- 4 : 12 `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 54 `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( Jason Nevins Crossover Remix ) -- 3 : 55 `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( Remix Acapella ) -- 3 : 55 ( vocals only , no track ) `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( Soul Solution House of Loneliness Dub ) -- 6 : 50 ( track only , no vocals ) `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( Bonus Beats ) -- 2 : 55 ( track only ,",
"5": "no vocals ) Only Tracks 3 & 5 are available in the CD format ( on UK CD single # 1 and # 2 of `` The One '' ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 19 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 14 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada ( RPM ) European Hot 100 Singles Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 8 US Top 40 Tracks ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 94 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 71 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 75 Dutch Singles Chart 57 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 43 German Singles Chart 56 Italian Singles Chart 71 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 21 Swiss Singles Chart 47 UK Singles Chart 66 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 31 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine - November 27 , 1999 '' . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Magazine - January 8 , 2000 '' . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely Lyrics Read more : Backstreet Boys - Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely Lyrics MetroLyrics '' . Metrolyrics . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Millennium : Backstreet Boys '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine , Stephen ( October 23 , 2001 ) . `` The Hits : Chapter One '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berger , Arion ( June 10 , 1999 ) . `` Millennium '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine - January 15 , 2000 '' . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine - March 18 , 2000 '' . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine - April 1 , 2000 '' . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Backstreet Boys - Awards : Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Item Display - RPM - Top Singles - Volume 70 , No. 18 , March 06 2000 '' . RPM . March 6 , 2000 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys - Artist - Official Charts '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 .",
"7": "^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan , Eminem , U2 , Hill Score At 43rd Grammys '' . Billboard . February 22 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Exton , Emily ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Everybody Groove To The Music : The 20 Best Backstreet Boys Songs '' . VH1 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Danielle ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Top 10 Backstreet Boys Songs - The Celebrity Cafe '' . The Celebrity Cafe . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Show Me The Meaning of Being Lonely ( Backstreet Boys ) Easter Eggs '' . Eeggs . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews -- January 14 , 2000 - Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' . Emptyv . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium - Backstreet Boys - Awards : Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - February 19 , 2000 '' . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . p. 49 .",
"8": "Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys : Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Backstreet Boys Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - Search : Backstreet Boys '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Backstreet Boys '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Romanian peak Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me The Meaning Of Being Lonely '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Backstreet Boys -- Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard .",
"9": "Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Backstreet Boys Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2000 Australian Singles Chart . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ultratop.be 2000 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ultratop.be 2000 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl - Dutch Charts Portal '' . Dutch Top 40 . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Google Books '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2000 German Singles Chart . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2000 Italian Singles Chart Archived 2014 - 03 - 27 at WebCite . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2000 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hitparade.ch 2000 Swiss Singles Chart ( Retrieved April 20 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 .",
"10": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Backstreet Boys singles Backstreet Boys `` We 've Got It Goin ' On '' `` I 'll Never Break Your Heart '' `` Get Down ( You 're the One for Me ) '' `` Quit Playing Games ( with My Heart ) '' `` Anywhere for You '' Backstreet 's Back `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` All I Have to Give '' Millennium `` I Want It That Way '' `` Larger than Life '' `` Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely '' `` The One '' Black & Blue `` Shape of My Heart '' `` The Call '' `` More than That '' The Hits -- Chapter One `` Drowning '' Never Gone `` Incomplete '' `` Just Want You to Know '' `` Crawling Back to You '' `` I Still . '' Unbreakable `` Inconsolable '' `` Helpless When She Smiles '' This Is Us `` Straight Through My Heart '' `` Bigger '' In a World Like This `` In a World like This '' `` Madeleine '' ( Radio single ) `` Show ' Em ( What You 're Made Of ) '' NKOTBSB `` Do n't Turn Out the Lights '' ( with New Kids on the Block ) Other songs `` That 's the Way I Like It '' `` Friends Never Say Goodbye '' ( with Elton John ) `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( with Florida Georgia Line ) Seasonals `` Christmas Time '' `` It 's Christmas Time Again '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"11": "php?title=Show_Me_the_Meaning_of_Being_Lonely&oldid=836327378 '' Categories : 1999 singles 1998 songs 1990s ballads Backstreet Boys songs Jive Records singles Pop ballads Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Romania Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Herbie Crichlow Songs about loneliness Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Tip Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Tip Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 02 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the value in the null hypothesis comes from what
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"defined so that the probability of occurrence of a more extreme value is small under the null hypothesis (usually in less than either 5% or 1% of similar data-sets in which the null hypothesis does hold)"
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{
"0": "Null hypothesis - wikipedia Null hypothesis Jump to : navigation , search For the publication , see Null Hypothesis : The Journal of Unlikely Science . Ronald Fisher Jerzy Neyman In inferential statistics , the term `` null hypothesis '' is a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena , or no association among groups . Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis -- and thus concluding that there are grounds for believing that there is a relationship between two phenomena ( e.g. that a potential treatment has a measurable effect ) -- is a central task in the modern practice of science ; the field of statistics gives precise criteria for rejecting a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is generally assumed to be true until evidence indicates otherwise . In statistics , it is often denoted H ( read `` H - nought '' , `` H - null '' , `` H - oh '' , or `` H - zero '' ) . The concept of a null hypothesis is used differently in two approaches to statistical inference . In the significance testing approach of Ronald Fisher , a null hypothesis is rejected if the observed data are significantly unlikely to have occurred if the null hypothesis were true . In this case the null hypothesis is rejected and an alternative hypothesis is accepted in its place . If the data are consistent with the null hypothesis , then the null hypothesis is not rejected . In neither case is the null hypothesis or its alternative proven ; the null hypothesis is tested with data and a decision is made based on how likely or unlikely the data are . This is analogous to the legal principle of presumption of innocence , in which a suspect or defendant is assumed to be innocent ( null is not rejected ) until proven guilty ( null is rejected ) beyond a reasonable doubt ( to a statistically significant degree ) . In the hypothesis testing approach of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson , a null hypothesis is contrasted with an alternative hypothesis and the two hypotheses are distinguished on the basis of data , with certain error rates . Proponents of each approach criticize the other approach . Nowadays , though , a hybrid approach is widely practiced and presented in textbooks . The hybrid is in turn criticized as incorrect and incoherent -- for details , see Statistical hypothesis testing . Statistical inference can be done without a null hypothesis , by specifying a statistical model corresponding to each candidate hypothesis and using model selection techniques to choose the most appropriate model .",
"1": "( The most common selection techniques are based on either Akaike information criterion or Bayes factor . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Principle 2 Basic definitions 3 Example 4 Terminology 5 Goals of null hypothesis tests 6 Choice of the null hypothesis 6.1 Directionality 6.1. 1 Tailedness of the null - hypothesis test 6.1. 2 Discussion 7 History of statistical tests 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Principle ( edit ) Hypothesis testing requires constructing a statistical model of what the data would look like , given that chance or random processes alone were responsible for the results . The hypothesis that chance alone is responsible for the results is called the null hypothesis . The model of the result of the random process is called the distribution under the null hypothesis . The obtained results are then compared with the distribution under the null hypothesis , and the likelihood of finding the obtained results is thereby determined . Hypothesis testing works by collecting data and measuring how likely the particular set of data is , assuming the null hypothesis is true , when the study is on a randomly selected representative sample . The null hypothesis assumes no relationship between variables in the population from which the sample is selected . If the data - set of a randomly selected representative sample is very unlikely relative to the null hypothesis ( defined as being part of a class of sets of data that only rarely will be observed ) , the experimenter rejects the null hypothesis concluding it ( probably ) is false . This class of data - sets is usually specified via a test statistic which is designed to measure the extent of apparent departure from the null hypothesis . The procedure works by assessing whether the observed departure measured by the test statistic is larger than a value defined so that the probability of occurrence of a more extreme value is small under the null hypothesis ( usually in less than either 5 % or 1 % of similar data - sets in which the null hypothesis does hold ) . If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis , then only a weak conclusion can be made : namely , that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis .",
"2": "In this case , because the null hypothesis could be true or false , in some contexts this is interpreted as meaning that the data give insufficient evidence to make any conclusion ; in other contexts it is interpreted as meaning that there is no evidence to support changing from a currently useful regime to a different one . For instance , a certain drug may reduce the chance of having a heart attack . Possible null hypotheses are `` this drug does not reduce the chances of having a heart attack '' or `` this drug has no effect on the chances of having a heart attack '' . The test of the hypothesis consists of administering the drug to half of the people in a study group as a controlled experiment . If the data show a statistically significant change in the people receiving the drug , the null hypothesis is rejected . Basic definitions ( edit ) The null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis are types of conjectures used in statistical tests , which are formal methods of reaching conclusions or making decisions on the basis of data . The hypotheses are conjectures about a statistical model of the population , which are based on a sample of the population . The tests are core elements of statistical inference , heavily used in the interpretation of scientific experimental data , to separate scientific claims from statistical noise . `` The statement being tested in a test of statistical significance is called the null hypothesis . The test of significance is designed to assess the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis . Usually , the null hypothesis is a statement of ' no effect ' or ' no difference ' . '' It is often symbolized as H . The statement that is being tested against the null hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis . Symbols include H and H . Statistical significance test : `` Very roughly , the procedure for deciding goes like this : Take a random sample from the population . If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis , then do not reject the null hypothesis ; if the sample data are inconsistent with the null hypothesis , then reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true . '' The following sections add context and nuance to the basic definitions . Example ( edit ) Given the test scores of two random samples of men and women , does one group differ from the other ?",
"3": "A possible null hypothesis is that the mean male score is the same as the mean female score : H : μ = μ where H = the null hypothesis , μ = the mean of population 1 , and μ = the mean of population 2 . A stronger null hypothesis is that the two samples are drawn from the same population , such that the variances and shapes of the distributions are also equal . Terminology ( edit ) Main article : Statistical hypothesis testing § Definition of terms Simple hypothesis Any hypothesis which specifies the population distribution completely . For such a hypothesis the sampling distribution of any statistic is a function of the sample size alone . Composite hypothesis Any hypothesis which does not specify the population distribution completely . Example : A hypothesis specifying a normal distribution with a specified mean and an unspecified variance . The simple / composite distinction was made by Neyman and Pearson . Exact hypothesis Any hypothesis that specifies an exact parameter value . Example : μ = 100 . Synonym : point hypothesis . Inexact hypothesis Those specifying a parameter range or interval . Examples : μ ≤ 100 ; 95 ≤ μ ≤ 105 . Fisher required an exact null hypothesis for testing ( see the quotations below ) . A one - tailed hypothesis ( tested using a one - sided test ) is an inexact hypothesis in which the value of a parameter is specified as being either : above or equal to a certain value , or below or equal to a certain value . A one - tailed hypothesis is said to have directionality . Fisher 's original ( lady tasting tea ) example was a one - tailed test . The null hypothesis was asymmetric . The probability of guessing all cups correctly was the same as guessing all cups incorrectly , but Fisher noted that only guessing correctly was compatible with the lady 's claim . ( See the quotations below about his reasoning . ) Goals of null hypothesis tests ( edit ) There are many types of significance tests for one , two or more samples , for means , variances and proportions , paired or unpaired data , for different distributions , for large and small samples ; all have null hypotheses . There are also at least four goals of null hypotheses for significance tests : Technical null hypotheses are used to verify statistical assumptions . For example , the residuals between the data and a statistical model can not be distinguished from random noise .",
"4": "If true , there is no justification for complicating the model . Scientific null assumptions are used to directly advance a theory . For example , the angular momentum of the universe is zero . If not true , the theory of the early universe may need revision . Null hypotheses of homogeneity are used to verify that multiple experiments are producing consistent results . For example , the effect of a medication on the elderly is consistent with that of the general adult population . If true , this strengthens the general effectiveness conclusion and simplifies recommendations for use . Null hypotheses that assert the equality of effect of two or more alternative treatments , for example , a drug and a placebo , are used to reduce scientific claims based on statistical noise . This is the most popular null hypothesis ; It is so popular that many statements about significant testing assume such null hypotheses . Rejection of the null hypothesis is not necessarily the real goal of a significance tester . An adequate statistical model may be associated with a failure to reject the null ; the model is adjusted until the null is not rejected . The numerous uses of significance testing were well known to Fisher who discussed many in his book written a decade before defining the null hypothesis . A statistical significance test shares much mathematics with a confidence interval . They are mutually illuminating . A result is often significant when there is confidence in the sign of a relationship ( the interval does not include 0 ) . Whenever the sign of a relationship is important , statistical significance is a worthy goal . This also reveals weaknesses of significance testing : A result can be significant without a good estimate of the strength of a relationship ; significance can be a modest goal . A weak relationship can also achieve significance with enough data . Reporting both significance and confidence intervals is commonly recommended . The varied uses of significance tests reduce the number of generalizations that can be made about all applications . Choice of the null hypothesis ( edit ) The choice of the null hypothesis is associated with sparse and inconsistent advice . Fisher mentioned few constraints on the choice and stated that many null hypotheses should be considered and that many tests are possible for each . The variety of applications and the diversity of goals suggests that the choice can be complicated . In many applications the formulation of the test is traditional . A familiarity with the range of tests available may suggest a particular null hypothesis and test .",
"5": "Formulating the null hypothesis is not automated ( though the calculations of significance testing usually are ) . Sir David Cox has said , `` How ( the ) translation from subject - matter problem to statistical model is done is often the most critical part of an analysis '' . A statistical significance test is intended to test a hypothesis . If the hypothesis summarizes a set of data , there is no value in testing the hypothesis on that set of data . Example : If a study of last year 's weather reports indicates that rain in a region falls primarily on weekends , it is only valid to test that null hypothesis on weather reports from any other year . Testing hypotheses suggested by the data is circular reasoning that proves nothing ; It is a special limitation on the choice of the null hypothesis . A routine procedure is as follows : Start from the scientific hypothesis . Translate this to a statistical alternative hypothesis and proceed : `` Because H expresses the effect that we wish to find evidence for , we often begin with H and then set up H as the statement that the hoped - for effect is not present . '' This advice is reversed for modeling applications where we hope not to find evidence against the null . A complex case example is as follows : The gold standard in clinical research is the randomized placebo - controlled double - blind clinical trial . But testing a new drug against a ( medically ineffective ) placebo may be unethical for a serious illness . Testing a new drug against an older medically effective drug raises fundamental philosophical issues regarding the goal of the test and the motivation of the experimenters . The standard `` no difference '' null hypothesis may reward the pharmaceutical company for gathering inadequate data . `` Difference '' is a better null hypothesis in this case , but statistical significance is not an adequate criterion for reaching a nuanced conclusion which requires a good numeric estimate of the drug 's effectiveness . A `` minor '' or `` simple '' proposed change in the null hypothesis ( ( new vs old ) rather than ( new vs placebo ) ) can have a dramatic effect on the utility of a test for complex non-statistical reasons . Directionality ( edit ) Main article : One - and two - tailed tests This section is too long . Consider splitting it into new pages , adding subheadings , or condensing it . ( September 2014 ) The choice of null hypothesis ( H ) and consideration of directionality ( see `` one - tailed test '' ) is critical .",
"6": "Tailedness of the null - hypothesis test ( edit ) Consider the question of whether a tossed coin is fair ( i.e. that on average it lands heads up 50 % of the time ) and an experiment where you toss the coin 5 times . A possible result of the experiment that we consider here is 5 heads . Let outcomes be considered unlikely with respect to an assumed distribution if their probability is lower than a significance threshold of 0.05 . A potential null hypothesis implying a one - tail test is `` this coin is not biased toward heads '' . Beware that , in this context , the word `` tail '' takes two meanings : either as outcome of a single toss , or as region of extremal values in a probability distribution . Indeed , with a fair coin the probability of this experiment outcome is 1 / 2 = 0.031 , which would be even lower if the coin were biased in favour of tails . Therefore , the observations are not likely enough for the null hypothesis to hold , and the test refutes it . Since the coin is ostensibly neither fair nor biased toward tails , the conclusion of the experiment is that the coin is biased towards heads . Alternatively , a null hypothesis implying a two - tailed test is `` this coin is fair '' . This one null hypothesis could be examined by looking out for either too many tails or too many heads in the experiments . The outcomes that would tend to refuse this null hypothesis are those with a large number of heads or a large number of tails , and our experiment with 5 heads would seem to belong to this class . However , the probability of 5 tosses of the same kind , irrespective of whether these are head or tails , is twice as much as that of the 5 - head occurrence singly considered . Hence , under this two - tailed null hypothesis , the observation receives a probability value of 0.063 . Hence again , with the same significance threshold used for the one - tailed test ( 0.05 ) , the same outcome is not statistically significant . Therefore , the two - tailed null hypothesis will be preserved in this case , not supporting the conclusion reached with the single - tailed null hypothesis , that the coin is biased towards heads . This example illustrates that the conclusion reached from a statistical test may depend on the precise formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses .",
"7": "Discussion ( edit ) Fisher said , `` the null hypothesis must be exact , that is free of vagueness and ambiguity , because it must supply the basis of the ' problem of distribution , ' of which the test of significance is the solution '' , implying a more restrictive domain for H. According to this view , the null hypothesis must be numerically exact -- it must state that a particular quantity or difference is equal to a particular number . In classical science , it is most typically the statement that there is no effect of a particular treatment ; in observations , it is typically that there is no difference between the value of a particular measured variable and that of a prediction . Most statisticians believe that it is valid to state direction as a part of null hypothesis , or as part of a null hypothesis / alternative hypothesis pair . However , the results are not a full description of all the results of an experiment , merely a single result tailored to one particular purpose . For example , consider an H that claims the population mean for a new treatment is an improvement on a well - established treatment with population mean = 10 ( known from long experience ) , with the one - tailed alternative being that the new treatment 's mean > 10 . If the sample evidence obtained through x-bar equals − 200 and the corresponding t - test statistic equals − 50 , the conclusion from the test would be that there is no evidence that the new treatmnent is better than the existing one : it would not report that it is markedly worse , but that is not what this particular test is looking for . To overcome any possible ambiguity in reporting the result of the test of a null hypothesis , it is best to indicate whether the test was two - sided and , if one - sided , to include the direction of the effect being tested . The statistical theory required to deal with the simple cases of directionality dealt with here , and more complicated ones , makes use of the concept of an unbiased test . The directionality of hypotheses is not always obvious . The explicit null hypothesis of Fisher 's Lady tasting tea example was that the Lady had no such ability , which led to a symmetric probability distribution . The one - tailed nature of the test resulted from the one - tailed alternate hypothesis ( a term not used by Fisher ) . The null hypothesis became implicitly one - tailed .",
"8": "The logical negation of the Lady 's one - tailed claim was also one - tailed . ( Claim : Ability > 0 ; Stated null : Ability = 0 ; Implicit null : Ability ≤ 0 ) . Pure arguments over the use of one - tailed tests are complicated by the variety of tests . Some tests ( for instance the χ goodness of fit test ) are inherently one - tailed . Some probability distributions are asymmetric . The traditional tests of 3 or more groups are two - tailed . Advice concerning the use of one - tailed hypotheses has been inconsistent and accepted practice varies among fields . The greatest objection to one - tailed hypotheses is their potential subjectivity . A non-significant result can sometimes be converted to a significant result by the use of a one - tailed hypothesis ( as the fair coin test , at the whim of the analyst ) . The flip side of the argument : One - sided tests are less likely to ignore a real effect . One - tailed tests can suppress the publication of data that differs in sign from predictions . Objectivity was a goal of the developers of statistical tests . It is a common practice to use a one - tailed hypotheses by default . However , `` If you do not have a specific direction firmly in mind in advance , use a two - sided alternative . Moreover , some users of statistics argue that we should always work with the two - sided alternative . '' One alternative to this advice is to use three - outcome tests . It eliminates the issues surrounding directionality of hypotheses by testing twice , once in each direction and combining the results to produce three possible outcomes . Variations on this approach have a history , being suggested perhaps 10 times since 1950 . Disagreements over one - tailed tests flow from the philosophy of science . While Fisher was willing to ignore the unlikely case of the Lady guessing all cups of tea incorrectly ( which may have been appropriate for the circumstances ) , medicine believes that a proposed treatment that kills patients is significant in every sense and should be reported and perhaps explained . Poor statistical reporting practices have contributed to disagreements over one - tailed tests . Statistical significance resulting from two - tailed tests is insensitive to the sign of the relationship ; Reporting significance alone is inadequate .",
"9": "`` The treatment has an effect '' is the uninformative result of a two - tailed test . `` The treatment has a beneficial effect '' is the more informative result of a one - tailed test . `` The treatment has an effect , reducing the average length of hospitalization by 1.5 days '' is the most informative report , combining a two - tailed significance test result with a numeric estimate of the relationship between treatment and effect . Explicitly reporting a numeric result eliminates a philosophical advantage of a one - tailed test . An underlying issue is the appropriate form of an experimental science without numeric predictive theories : A model of numeric results is more informative than a model of effect signs ( positive , negative or unknown ) which is more informative than a model of simple significance ( non-zero or unknown ) ; in the absence of numeric theory signs may suffice . History of statistical tests ( edit ) Main article : Statistical hypothesis testing § Origins and early controversy The history of the null and alternative hypotheses is embedded in the history of statistical tests . Before 1925 : There are occasional transient traces of statistical tests for centuries in the past , which provide early examples of null hypotheses . In the late 19th century statistical significance was defined . In the early 20th century important probability distributions were defined . Gossett and Pearson worked on specific cases of significance testing . 1925 : Fisher published the first edition of Statistical Methods for Research Workers which defined the statistical significance test and made it a mainstream method of analysis for much of experimental science . The text was devoid of proofs and weak on explanations , but it was filled with real examples . It placed statistical practice in the sciences well in advance of published statistical theory . 1933 : In a series of papers ( published over a decade starting in 1928 ) Neyman & Pearson defined the statistical hypothesis test as a proposed improvement on Fisher 's test . The papers provided much of the terminology for statistical tests including alternative hypothesis and H as a hypothesis to be tested using observational data ( with H , H ... as alternatives ) . Neyman did not use the term null hypothesis in later writings about his method .",
"10": "1935 : Fisher published the first edition of the book `` The Design of Experiments '' which introduced the null hypothesis ( by example rather than by definition ) and carefully explained the rationale for significance tests in the context of the interpretation of experimental results ; see The Design of Experiments # Quotations regarding the null hypothesis . Following : Fisher and Neyman quarreled over the relative merits of their competing formulations until Fisher 's death in 1962 . Career changes and World War II ended the partnership of Neyman and Pearson . The formulations were merged by relatively anonymous textbook writers , experimenters ( journal editors ) and mathematical statisticians without input from the principals . The subject today combines much of the terminology and explanatory power of Neyman & Pearson with the scientific philosophy and calculations provided by Fisher . Whether statistical testing is properly one subject or two remains a source of disagreement . Sample of two : One text refers to the subject as hypothesis testing ( with no mention of significance testing in the index ) while another says significance testing ( with a section on inference as a decision ) . Fisher developed significance testing as a flexible tool for researchers to weigh their evidence . Instead testing has become institutionalized . Statistical significance has become a rigidly defined and enforced criterion for the publication of experimental results in many scientific journals . In some fields significance testing has become the dominant and nearly exclusive form of statistical analysis . As a consequence the limitations of the tests have been exhaustively studied . Books have been filled with the collected criticism of significance testing . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal Bayes factor Burden of proof Counternull Estimation statistics Likelihood - ratio test Presumption of innocence Statistical hypothesis testing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everitt , Brian ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521593468 . Jump up ^ Burnham , K.P. ; Anderson , D.R. ( 2002 ) , Model Selection and Multimodel Inference : A Practical Information - Theoretic Approach ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer - Verlag , ISBN 0 - 387 - 95364 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stockburger D.W.",
"11": "( 2007 ) , `` Hypothesis and hypothesis testing '' , Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics ( editor -- Salkind N.J. ) , Sage Publications . ^ Jump up to : Moore , David ; McCabe , George ( 2003 ) . Introduction to the Practice of Statistics ( 4 ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Co. p. 438 . ISBN 9780716796572 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Neil A. ( 1999 ) . Introductory Statistics ( 5th ed . ) . p. 494 . ISBN 9780201598773 . ^ Jump up to : Neyman , J ; Pearson , E.S. ( January 1 , 1933 ) . `` On the Problem of the most Efficient Tests of Statistical Hypotheses '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 231 ( 694 -- 706 ) : 289 -- 337 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1933.0009 . Jump up ^ Winkler , Robert L ; Hays , William L ( 1975 ) . Statistics : probability , inference , and decision . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . p. 403 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 014011 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Significance Tests '' . Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14 : 325 -- 331 . 1982 . Jump up ^ Statistical Methods for Research Workers ( 11th Ed ) : Chapter IV : Tests of Goodness of Fit , Independence and Homogeneity ; With Table of χ . Regarding a significance test supporting goodness of fit : If the calculated probability is high then `` there is certainly no reason to suspect that the ( null ) hypothesis is tested . If it is ( low ) it is strongly indicated that the ( null ) hypothesis fails to account for the whole of the facts . '' Jump up ^ Cox , D.R. ( 2006 ) . Principles of Statistical Inference . Cambridge University Press . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 68567 - 2 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Jones , B ; P Jarvis ; JA Lewis ; AF Ebbutt ( 6 July 1996 ) . `` Trials to assess equivalence : the importance of rigorous methods '' . BMJ. 313 : 36 -- 39 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 313.7048. 36 . It is suggested that the default position ( the null hypothesis ) should be that the treatments are not equivalent . Conclusions should be made on the basis of confidence intervals rather than significance . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.A. ( 1966 ) . The Design of Experiments ( 8th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Hafner . Jump up ^ For example see Null hypothesis Jump up ^ Lombardi , Celia M. ; Hurlbert , Stuart H. ( 2009 ) . `` Misprescription and misuse of one - tailed tests '' . Austral Ecology. 34 : 447 -- 468 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1442 - 9993.2009. 01946. x . Discusses the merits and historical usage of one - tailed tests in biology at length . Jump up ^ Bland , J Martin ; Altman , Douglas G ( 23 July 1994 ) . `` One and two sided tests of significance '' . BMJ. 309 : 248 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 309.6949. 248 . With respect to medical statistics : `` In general a one sided test is appropriate when a large difference in one direction would lead to the same action as no difference at all . Expectation of a difference in a particular direction is not adequate justification . '' `` Two sided tests should be used unless there is a very good reason for doing otherwise . If one sided tests are to be used the direction of the test must be specified in advance . One sided tests should never be used simply as a device to make a conventionally non-significant difference significant . '' Jump up ^ Jones , Lyle V. ; Tukey , John W. ( 2000 ) . `` A Sensible Formulation of the Significance Test '' . Psychological Methods. 5 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 414 .",
"13": "doi : 10.1037 / 1082 - 989X. 5.4. 411 . Test results are signed : significant positive effect , significant negative effect or insignificant effect of unknown sign . This is a more nuanced conclusion than that of the two - tailed test . It has the advantages of one - tailed tests without the disadvantages . Jump up ^ Hurlbert , S.H. ; Lombardi , C.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Final collapse of the Neyman - Pearson decision theoretic framework and rise of the neoFisherian '' . Ann . Zool . Fennici. 46 : 311 -- 349 . doi : 10.5735 / 086.046. 0501 . ISSN 1797 - 2450 . ^ Jump up to : Gigerenzer , Gerd ; Zeno Swijtink ; Theodore Porter ; Lorraine Daston ; John Beatty ; Lorenz Kruger ( 1989 ) . `` Part 3 : The Inference Experts '' . The Empire of Chance : How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life . Cambridge University Press . pp. 70 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39838 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , E.L. ( 2011 ) . Fisher , Neyman , and the creation of classical statistics . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1441994998 . Jump up ^ Aldrich , John . `` Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Probability & Statistics '' . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Last update 12 march 2003 . From Jeff Miller . Jump up ^ Lehmann , E.L. ( December 1993 ) . `` The Fisher , Neyman - Pearson Theories of Testing Hypotheses : One Theory or Two ? '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 88 ( 424 ) : 1242 -- 1249 . doi : 10.1080 / 01621459.1993. 10476404 . Further reading ( edit ) Adèr , H.J. ; Mellenbergh , G.J. & Hand , D.J.",
"14": "( 2007 ) . Advising on research methods : A consultant 's companion . Huizen , The Netherlands : Johannes van Kessel Publishing . ISBN 90 - 79418 - 01 - 3 . Efron , B. ( 2004 ) . `` Large - Scale Simultaneous Hypothesis Testing '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 99 ( 465 ) : 96 . doi : 10.1198 / 016214504000000089 . The application of significance testing in this paper is an outlier . Tests to find a null hypothesis ? Not trying to show significance , but to find interesting cases ? Rice , William R. ; Gaines , Steven D. ( June 1994 ) . `` ' Heads I win , tails you lose ' : testing directional alternative hypotheses in ecological and evolutionary research '' . TREE. 9 ( 6 ) : 235 -- 237 . doi : 10.1016 / 0169 - 5347 ( 94 ) 90258 - 5 . Directed tests combine the attributes of one - tailed and two - tailed tests . `` ... directed tests should be used in virtually all applications where one - sided tests have previously been used , excepting those cases where the data can only deviate from H , in one direction . '' External links ( edit ) HyperStat Online : Null hypothesis ( hide ) Statistics Outline Index Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table",
"15": "Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - estimator Minimum distance Unbiased estimators Mean - unbiased minimum - variance Rao",
"16": "-- Blackwellization Lehmann -- Scheffé theorem Median unbiased Plug - in Interval estimation Confidence interval Pivot Likelihood interval Prediction interval Tolerance interval Resampling Bootstrap Jackknife Testing hypotheses 1 - & 2 - tails Power Uniformly most powerful test Permutation test Randomization test Multiple comparisons Parametric tests Likelihood - ratio Wald Score Specific tests Z - test ( normal ) Student 's t - test F - test Goodness of fit Chi - squared G - test Kolmogorov -- Smirnov Anderson -- Darling Lilliefors Jarque -- Bera Normality ( Shapiro -- Wilk ) Likelihood - ratio test Model selection Cross validation AIC BIC Rank statistics Sign Sample median Signed rank ( Wilcoxon ) Hodges -- Lehmann estimator Rank sum ( Mann -- Whitney ) Nonparametric anova 1 - way ( Kruskal -- Wallis ) 2 - way ( Friedman ) Ordered alternative ( Jonckheere -- Terpstra ) Bayesian inference Bayesian probability prior posterior Credible interval Bayes factor Bayesian estimator Maximum posterior estimator Correlation Regression analysis Correlation Pearson product - moment Partial correlation Confounding variable Coefficient of determination Regression analysis Errors and residuals Regression model validation Mixed effects models Simultaneous equations models Multivariate adaptive regression",
"17": "splines ( MARS ) Linear regression Simple linear regression Ordinary least squares General linear model Bayesian regression Non-standard predictors Nonlinear regression Nonparametric Semiparametric Isotonic Robust Heteroscedasticity Homoscedasticity Generalized linear model Exponential families Logistic ( Bernoulli ) / Binomial / Poisson regressions Partition of variance Analysis of variance ( ANOVA ,",
"18": "anova ) Analysis of covariance Multivariate ANOVA Degrees of freedom Categorical / Multivariate / Time - series / Survival analysis Categorical Cohen 's kappa Contingency table Graphical model Log - linear model McNemar 's test Multivariate Regression Manova Principal components Canonical correlation Discriminant analysis Cluster analysis Classification Structural equation model Factor analysis Multivariate distributions Elliptical distributions Normal Time - series General Decomposition Trend Stationarity Seasonal adjustment Exponential smoothing Cointegration Structural break Granger causality Specific tests Dickey -- Fuller Johansen Q - statistic ( Ljung -- Box ) Durbin -- Watson Breusch -- Godfrey Time domain Autocorrelation ( ACF ) partial ( PACF ) Cross-correlation ( XCF ) ARMA model ARIMA model ( Box -- Jenkins ) Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ( ARCH ) Vector autoregression ( VAR ) Frequency domain Spectral density estimation Fourier analysis Wavelet Whittle likelihood Survival Survival function Kaplan -- Meier estimator ( product limit ) Proportional hazards models Accelerated failure time ( AFT ) model First hitting time Hazard function Nelson -- Aalen estimator Test Log - rank test Applications Biostatistics Bioinformatics Clinical trials / studies Epidemiology Medical statistics Engineering statistics Chemometrics Methods engineering Probabilistic design Process / quality control Reliability System identification Social statistics Actuarial science Census Crime statistics Demography Econometrics National accounts Official statistics Population statistics Psychometrics Spatial statistics Cartography Environmental statistics Geographic information system Geostatistics Kriging Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"19": "php?title=Null_hypothesis&oldid=838030048 '' Categories : Design of experiments Statistical hypothesis testing Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles that may be too long from September 2014 Articles using small message boxes Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Dansk Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Basa Jawa 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English کوردی Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 14 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who plays the coach in old spice commercial
|
[
"Isaiah Amir Mustafa"
] |
{
"0": "Isaiah Mustafa - wikipedia Isaiah Mustafa Jump to : navigation , search Isaiah Mustafa Mustafa in August 2010 Isaiah Amir Mustafa ( 1974 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1974 ( age 44 ) Portland , Oregon , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Alma mater Arizona State University Occupation Actor football player Years active 1997 -- present Children Isaiah Amir Mustafa ( born February 11 , 1974 ) is an American actor and former NFL practice squad wide receiver . Mustafa is widely known as the main character in the series of Old Spice television commercials , The Man Your Man Could Smell Like . He is also known for portraying Luke Garroway on Freeform 's fantasy series Shadowhunters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Football 2.2 Acting 2.2. 1 Old Spice 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Mustafa was born in Portland , Oregon to Shahidah Mustafa - Davis and John Wali Mustafa , who owned and ran a limousine service in Laguna Hills , California . He is the youngest of seven children . His father was killed when he fell asleep at the wheel late one night and crashed . The family moved to Mission Viejo , California when Mustafa was young . He was educated at Santa Clara High School , and later attended Santa Monica College , before transferring to Moorpark College . Mustafa then studied history at Arizona State University , from which he graduated in 1995 . Career ( edit ) Football ( edit ) Isaiah Mustafa No.",
"1": "18 Position : Wide receiver Height : 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Career information High school : Santa Clara High School College : Moorpark , Arizona State Undrafted : 1997 Career history Tennessee Oilers ( 1997 ) * Barcelona Dragons ( 1998 ) Oakland Raiders ( 1999 ) * Cleveland Browns ( 1999 ) * Seattle Seahawks ( 2000 ) * * Offseason and / or practice squad member only Mustafa played basketball and ran track at Santa Clara High School in Oxnard , California . He did not play high school football , but he tried out for Moorpark College 's football team hoping for an athletic scholarship ; he became a free safety , and later became a wide receiver . After transferring to Arizona State University in 1995 , Mustafa was a starting wide receiver for the Arizona State Sun Devils but had an unspecified `` confrontation '' with a coach and was benched his senior year . He played during the 1997 Rose Bowl between the then - undefeated Sun Devils ( led by Mustafa 's friend Jake Plummer ) and the Ohio State Buckeyes . Although Mustafa expected to become a high school teacher after graduation , a sports agent suggested that he try out for NFL teams . The Tennessee Oilers signed him to the practice squad , then sent him to NFL Europe 's Barcelona Dragons in 1998 . After a season on the Oakland Raiders and Cleveland Browns ' practice squads in 1999 , Mustafa attended the Seattle Seahawks ' training camp in 2000 . Acting ( edit ) After the Seahawks , Mustafa pursued an acting career , playing small roles on various television series , including Ugly Betty and Days of Our Lives . In 2010 , he signed a talent deal with NBC and appeared in a supporting role in the comedy film Horrible Bosses . Mustafa hosted the TBS special Funniest Commercials of the Year in both 2010 and 2011 . In 2011 , Mustafa guest starred in 2 episodes of ABC 's action drama series Charlie 's Angels , portraying Detective Ray Goodson , an ex-boyfriend of one of the Angels .",
"2": "The following year , he guest starred in 2 episodes of The CW 's spy drama series Nikita , playing the role of Cyrus , a former agent for Division and a member of the `` Dirty Thirty '' . In April 2013 , Mustafa appeared in a commercial for the Israeli beer Maccabee . The following year , he starred in the pilot episode of the USA Network comedy series Sirens as a police officer named Danny . In May 2015 , it was announced that Mustafa would portray the werewolf Luke Garroway on the Freeform fantasy series Shadowhunters , based on The Mortal Instruments series of novels by Cassandra Clare . Old Spice ( edit ) In February 2010 , he gained sudden fame for his main role in the popular The Man Your Man Could Smell Like advertising campaign for Old Spice , which featured his monologues . Mustafa 's first commercial in the series was directed by Tom Kuntz . Subsequently , a three - day session created a series of humorous , personalized YouTube videos , with Mustafa reprising the character from the original Old Spice commercial . These were directed at members of the public and celebrities , who had asked him questions on websites such as reddit , Facebook and Twitter . On July 26 , 2011 , Old Spice launched a new campaign on YouTube featuring a challenge between Mustafa and Fabio entitled Mano in el Baño . Mustafa said he was n't worried , even though Fabio has been `` the epitome of the sex symbol as a pitchman '' . Mustafa ultimately emerged as the winner . He resumed his work for Old Spice with a series of advertisements released in January 2014 . The campaign featured several webpages selling false products directed at men , which were interrupted with Mustafa suggesting that men buy Old Spice instead . In August 2015 , Mustafa once again appeared in Old Spice commercials , this time alongside Terry Crews . Personal life ( edit ) Mustafa has one daughter , Haley Mustafa , with his ex-wife . He owned a restaurant , Jo Jo 's Barbecue , on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles in 2000 , but it has since closed .",
"3": "Mustafa is a comic book fan ; his knowledge of Doctor Doom 's first name helped him win $47,000 on The Weakest Link , for a question on the first name of Doctor Frankenstein . The money helped him pursue his post-restaurateur goal of becoming an actor . Mustafa had expressed interest in playing comic book superhero Luke Cage , and appeared as Cage in a Marvel Comics web short , styled after his Old Spice commercials . He has previously dated WWE Superstar Lana . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2005 The Island Injured Football Player 2006 The Last Supper Moses Short film 2006 Even Money Basketball Player 2011 Madea 's Big Happy Family Calvin 2011 Horrible Bosses Officer Wilkens 2012 The Three Stooges Moe 's Hip Executive 2013 Crush Coach Evans 2014 Back in the Day 2015 Girl Flu Gabriel 2015 After the Reality Garreth Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Football Wives Football Player Television film 2008 Ugly Betty Bailiff Episode : `` Odor in the Court '' 2009 Days of Our Lives Cleveland Cop 2 episodes 2009 NCIS : Los Angeles Brent Duffy Episode : `` Search and Destroy '' 2009 Eli Stone Newlywed Husband Episode : `` Tailspin '' 2009 NCIS Oliver Newcomb Episode : `` Caged '' Castle Team Leader Episode : `` Boom ! ''",
"4": "2010 -- 2011 Chuck Richard `` Rick '' Noble 2 episodes 2011 Hot in Cleveland Coach Kevin Episode : `` LeBron is Le Gone '' 2011 Love Bites Captain Craig Episode : `` Sky High '' 2011 Femme Fatales Raven Episode : `` Speed Date '' 2011 Charlie 's Angels Detective Ray Goodson 2 episodes 2012 Rags Reginald Worth Television film 2012 Nikita Cyrus 2 episodes 2014 Anger Management Paul Episode : `` Charlie Screws a Prisoner 's Girlfriend '' 2014 Sirens Danny Episode : `` Pilot '' 2014 Selfie Mitchell McMoney Episode : `` Nugget of Wisdom '' 2014 Kroll Show Hammer Episode : `` Mother Daughter Sister Wife '' 2015 Baby Daddy Captain Hudson Episode : `` An Officer and a Gentle Ben '' 2016 -- present Shadowhunters Lucian `` Luke '' Garroway Main role 2017 Total Divas Himself Episode : `` What Happens in Vegas ... '' 2018 Robot Chicken Cottonmouth / Frog / Attorney Voice role ; episode : `` Strummy Strummy Sad Sad '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2011 Gears of War 3 COG Gear ( voice ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Isaiah Amir Mustafa , `` United States Public Records , 1970 -- 2009 '' `` . FamilySearch . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wharton , David ( April 18 , 1998 ) . `` Beach Ball '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dominguez , Fernando ( October 9 , 1993 ) . `` Like Bo , Moorpark 's Mustafa Has Found a Hobby '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Jim ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Catching up with Isaiah Mustafa : Obscure Sun Devil , famous pitch man '' . Yahoo ! .",
"5": "^ Jump up to : D'Zurilla , Christie ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` It 's the guy in the Old Spice commercial : Isaiah Mustafa '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Wednesday July 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` SEAHAWKS CAMP : The long road to the NFL '' . M.kitsapsun.com . August 9 , 2000 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clare ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` Hey , he smells familiar '' . Seattle Seahawks . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` Old Spice Isaiah Mustafa Signs Talent Deal with NBC '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ O. , Courtney ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Isaiah Mustafa Set for ' Horrible Bosses ' '' . MovieWeb . Jump up ^ Stanley , T.L. `` Isaiah Mustafa hosting TBS funny - ads show '' . Adweek . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` Charlie 's Angels Exclusive : Isaiah Mustafa Spices Things Up as Angel 's Lawman Ex '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Old Spice Guy Isaiah Mustafa to Charm Nikita '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Wasserman , Todd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Old Spice Guy Is Selling Beer in Israel '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Breaking Bad Vet Visits Parenthood , New Gig for Old Spice Guy and More ! '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew Daddario & Isaiah Mustafa Join ' Shadowhunters ' On ABC Family '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ `` That great Old Spice TV ad : ' I 'm on a horse ' and how he got there '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Old Spice 's Spicy Ad Campaign '' . Mediatite . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barol , Bill ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` The making of ' The Man Your Man Could Smell Like ' '' . True Slant . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Old Spice Guy ' takes pitch to YouTube , Twitter '' . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kleinman , Zoe . `` See Also : Tech Brief '' . BBC . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MSNBC : Old Spice guy wins online hunk - off over Fabio '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` Old Spice , Isaiah Mustafa Stage ' Interneterventions ' on 9 Fake Websites for Manly Products '' . Adweek . January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monllos , Kristina ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Terry Crews and Isaiah Mustafa Are Now Battling for the Hearts of Old Spice Fans '' . Adweek . Jump up ^ Mills , Nancy ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Isaiah Mustafa takes Old Spice fame to big screen '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Mustafa Reveals Secrets Behind Old Spice Commercial '' . g4tv.com . July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Isaiah Mustafa Campaigns for LUKE CAGE with Fake Teaser Trailer '' . Collider.com .",
"7": "Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/uk/shows/total_divas/news/822717/a-tearful-lana-confesses-her-marriage-fears-to-rusev-after-running-into-her-famous-ex-on-emotional-total-divas-episode External links ( edit ) Isaiah Mustafa on IMDb Isaiah Mustafa on Twitter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Mustafa&oldid=835865198 '' Categories : 1974 births 21st - century American male actors African - American male actors American male film actors American football wide receivers American male television actors Arizona State Sun Devils football players Arizona State University alumni Barcelona Dragons players Living people Male actors from Oxnard , California Male actors from Portland , Oregon Moorpark Raiders football players Moorpark College alumni Santa Monica College alumni Sportspeople from Oxnard , California Sportspeople from Portland , Oregon Players of American football from Oregon Sportspeople from Ventura County , California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards NFL player missing current team parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk Occitan Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 07 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when does the good doctor episode 8 air
|
[
"November 20, 2017",
"November 20, 2017",
"November 20, 2017",
"November 20, 2017",
"November 20, 2017"
] |
{
"0": "The Good Doctor ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Good Doctor ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based , see Good Doctor ( TV series ) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical Drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 11 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Lindsay Goffman Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Surrey , British Columbia Campbell River , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia Sony Pictures Television ABC Studios Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website abc.go.com/shows/the-good-doctor The Good Doctor is an American medical - drama television series based on the 2013 award winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series .",
"1": "The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . The Good Doctor began airing on ABC on September 25 , 2017 . It has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from a small town , Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to join the prestigious surgical department at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy : A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents .",
"2": "He is also engaged to Jessica Preston . Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne : A surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu : A surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . She is also engaged to Dr. Melendez . Irene Keng as Elle McLean : A resident ( appeared only in the pilot ) Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews : Chief of surgery and board member . Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman : President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki : Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's Love interest / neighbor . Eric Winter as Matt Coyle : A suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them . Notable guests ( edit ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews : Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . Another doctor is first on the scene and begins applying pressure to the child 's neck . Shaun tells him that he 's pressing on the wrong part of the neck for a child .",
"3": "With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . On the way to the hospital , Shaun notices that the boy 's vitals have changed . Hospital staff are alerted to the arrival of the boy . Shaun tries to tell the doctors about the boy 's vitals , stating that he needs an echo - cardiogram . The doctors disagree and begin surgery . While operating , something goes wrong and Claire Browne , a surgical resident , recalls Shaun mentioning an echo . Thanks to Shaun 's diagnosis , the boy 's life is saved . Meanwhile , in a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Dr. Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Browne and Dr. Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . Melendez assigns Browne as his number two for the surgery while giving Shaun `` scut work '' - all the work that residents hate doing . On the operating table , the doctors find the tumor is much bigger than expected and has encased all of her arteries . Looking at biopsy results , the residents find out that she is suffering from leiomyosarcoma , making surgery seemingly impossible . Shaun 's ability to visualize the internal organs allows him to figure out that removing one of her kidneys would allow a better look , enough to view and possibly remove the mass . To Browne 's dismay , Kalu suggests Shaun 's idea to Melendez , getting the credit for the idea . Meanwhile , Shaun 's attention to detail in his scut work gets him into trouble . Instead of releasing patients ready for discharge , Shaun rechecks them and orders additional tests . Upon learning this , Melendez assigns Nurse Freydey as Shaun 's `` boss '' for the day .",
"4": "Later , after rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home . The parents are annoyed that he 's bothering them after midnight and at first refuse to let him in . Shaun insists he will not leave before seeing their daughter . His diagnosis is correct and they must rush her to the hospital for surgery to save her life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl Bill Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a patient a liver . They ca n't fly on their way back due to fog and are forced to use a police escort . Problems keep coming one after the other ; first , the liver 's temperature went above the required maximum , forcing them to have a sudden stop at a local store , where they cool it by submerging it in slush . As they proceed with their journey , Shaun discovers that the liver has a clot . With only two hours of viability left , the duo decide to perform an operation on the way in order to remove the clot and flash the left lobe , to protect it from the ice bath . Back at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system ; a likelihood that he might be moved to the bottom of the list . Chuck later confesses that he actually took a drink on his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and the future patients , the hospital decides to move Chuck to the bottom of the list . To their dismay , Shaun and Claire arrive back , only to find out that the liver has to be taken to another patient in another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Through an ultrasound , an expectant woman 's baby is diagnosed with a tumor at his tail bone ; the mom has Antiphospholipid syndrome , making surgery a high risk . Dr. Melendez suggests termination of the pregnancy but Shaun interjects by suggesting clotting pre-operatively with an infusion of unfractionated heparin . Things are further complicated when the woman and eventually her husband refuse to terminate the baby .",
"5": "During surgery , there is a complication ; a blood clot at the artery in her heart . Dr. Kalu has an idea that they should stop her heart and put her on a bypass machine for the duration of the surgery ; that way she wo n't have an heart attack , which turns out to be successful and the doctors reveal she 's carrying a baby boy . With a patient needing a boil lanced , Dr. Melendez assigns Shaun and Dr. Browne on the case , as a punishment for being late . The patient turns out to be a pornographic actress ; she does n't have a boil but a large Bartholin gland abscess and they prep her for surgery the following day . They successfully drain the abscess but discover that she has a Perineal myoma underneath . The fibroid tumor is wrapped around the nerve that facilitates feeling in her genitals . Therefore , the doctors have to remove the tumor but they have to sever the nerve ; hence , losing all feeling in her genitals . Shaun comes up the idea of grafting the distal end of the pudendal nerve to the branch of the femoral cutaneous nerve from her inner thigh ; this will lead to her losing feeling in her thigh while preserving feeling in her genitals . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve , forming a bond with him . The boy 's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm ; unbeknownst to Evan , he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Shaun later suspects that he might have been misdiagnosed with cancer but indeed was suffering from Langerhans cell histiocytosis . In order not to give both Evan and his parents false hopes , Shaun decides to lie , attempting to perform a bone marrow aspiration , but he is caught red - handed by the parents . Subsequently , Evan starts coughing out blood , sending him to the OR . While on the operating table , Dr. Neil Menendez and Dr.",
"6": "Claire Browne discover that the cancer had metastasized , undoubtable proof that he is indeed suffering with terminal cancer . The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 66 - year old man , brought to the hospital by his estranged son , with an allergy causing him to have convulsions . Dr. Browne later finds out that the man is suffering from Echinococcus , a cyst form of tapeworms . Saddened by Evan 's fate , which Evan has in fact known about the whole time , Shaun reads Evan the final few pages of To Kill a Mockingbird , a book of Steve 's that he never finished reading before he died . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Dr. Kalu tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a damaged leg who can either have it amputated , or have an artificial bone inserted . The relative newness of the latter procedure causes a conflict between the man 's parent and his soon - to - be bride . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues her therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over the death of a patient she inadvertently caused in the previous episode . On the other hand , Dr. Kalu gets a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker but his desire is to die ; in order to give him hope on life , Dr. Kalu does everything he can to have him accept treatment , to no avail in which the latter finally lets him sign the DNR .",
"7": "8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to a fight between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Dr. Browne and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Dr. Browne along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 In Dr. Glassman 's office , Shaun sees the therapist hired to help him with in - home visits . He reluctantly agrees to meet with her , but changes his mind after meeting a new patient , Bobby Ato , who convinces him to stop letting people tell him what he can and ca n't do . Ato is a champion gamer , who is in St. Bonaventure for surgery to repair torn ligaments in his left arm . After an MRI , cancer is discovered , making an additional surgery much more complicated and results in doubt .",
"8": "Shaun avoids meeting with his therapist by sleeping in the hospital custodian 's closet at night . Finally , a confrontation with Glassman in the hospital lobby leads to Shaun having a meltdown , causing him to strike Glassman in the face and run out of the hospital . Meanwhile , Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with a new doctor , Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her . After telling Jared about this , he confronts the doctor and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . Later , Dr. Melendez and Jessica have dinner with her father . In a tense situation , Melendez criticizes Mr. Preston as living off his father 's money instead of contributing to society . When Preston offers to pay for their wedding so Jessica can quit her job and start a family , an angry Melendez calls him a `` parasite . '' The next day , Melendez apologizes to Jessica for his remarks and learns that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30 12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) TBD 13 `` Seven Reasons '' TBA TBA January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim .",
"9": "ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Unger ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Horace Andrews ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Ira Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and mentor to Shaun . He was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . With the series order in May , Modu 's character was revealed to have changed to Dr. Jared Kalu ; Harper 's character changed to Dr. Marcus Andrews ; and Schiff 's character changed to Dr. Aaron Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . Filming ( edit ) The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and is set to conclude on March 1 , 2018 . Although The Good Doctor is set in San Jose , California , the real San Jose is rarely seen . In one of those scenes , a helicopter supposedly bound for San Francisco was clearly headed in the wrong direction . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series .",
"10": "Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) A full length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.",
"11": "2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.",
"12": "30 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 58 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.49 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' .",
"13": "He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair ( magazine ) says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's perfomance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 .",
"14": "^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Antonia Thomas Cast In ABC Pilot ' Good Doctor ' ; Bojana Novakovic In CBS ' Instinct ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot Casts Chuku Modu '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Preston '' . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Beau Garrett Joins ' The Good Doctor ' ABC Pilot ; Sawyer Barth In Fox 's ' Amy 's Brother ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Hill Harper & Irene Keng Join ABC Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Schedule : Primetime Fall 2017 - 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 .",
"15": "^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Richard Schiff Cast In ABC Medical Drama Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 Lead Sheet '' ( Press release ) . ABC Press . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Tamlyn Tomita Upped To Series Regular On ABC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Eric Winter Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shore , David ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Mount Rushmore '' . The Good Doctor . Event occurs at 42 : 49 . ABC . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marsha Thomason Scrubs In For ' The Good Doctor ' ; Bahram Khosraviani Joins ' The Brave ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) .",
"16": "`` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) .",
"17": "`` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' and ' Supergirl ' rerun adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 111 ) `` Islands Part Two '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Shows A-Z - good doctor , the on abc `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 .",
"18": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Filming Locations Archive '' . What 's Filming ? . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Digital First Media . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) .",
"19": "`` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . August 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Patrick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is Giving Australia All Sorts of Feels Right Now '' . Yahoo7 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Wowow acquires ' The Good Doctor ' for Japan '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Trailers for ABC 's New 2017 - 2018 Shows : ' Roseanne ' Returns , Zach Braff Forms ' Alex , Inc . ' & More '' . / Film . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 16 , 2017 ) .",
"20": "`` ABC 's New Show Trailers : A Critic 's Ranking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ; Greene , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor , ' ' The Gospel of Kevin , ' ' Alex , Inc . ' : ABC Fall TV Trailers , Ranked and Reviewed '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Trailer : 33 Million Views And Counting '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer , Jeff ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` PaleyFest Fall TV Previews 2017 Lineup Announced '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 .",
"22": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . vanityfair.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 .",
"23": "External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Doctor on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ?",
"24": "( since 2008 ) Daytime The Chew ( since 2011 ) General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Alex , Inc.",
"25": "( 2018 ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Deception ( 2018 ) For the People ( 2018 ) The Heiresses ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( 2018 ) Take Two ( TBA ) Untitled Grey 's Anatomy spinoff ( 2018 ) Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Good_Doctor_(TV_series)&oldid=819527751 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American medical television series American television series based on South Korean television series Autism in television English - language television programs Television series by ABC Studios Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in California Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 21 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where does the movie road to perdition take place
|
[
"Rock Island, Illinois",
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"Rock Island, Illinois"
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{
"0": "Road to Perdition - wikipedia Road to Perdition Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the graphic novel on which the film is based , see Road to Perdition ( comics ) . Road to Perdition Theatrical release poster Directed by Sam Mendes Produced by Richard D. Zanuck Dean Zanuck Sam Mendes Screenplay by David Self Based on Road to Perdition by Max Allan Collins Richard Piers Rayner Starring Tom Hanks Paul Newman Jude Law Jennifer Jason Leigh Stanley Tucci Daniel Craig Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Conrad L. Hall Edited by Jill Bilcock Production company The Zanuck Company Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures ( North America ) 20th Century Fox ( International ) Release date July 12 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 12 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $181 million Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime film directed by Sam Mendes . The screenplay was adapted by David Self from the graphic novel of the same name by Max Allan Collins . The film stars Tom Hanks , Paul Newman , Jude Law , and Daniel Craig . The plot takes place in 1931 , during the Great Depression , following a mob enforcer and his son as they seek vengeance against a mobster who murdered the rest of their family . Filming took place in the Chicago area . Mendes , having recently finished 1999 's acclaimed American Beauty , pursued a story that had minimal dialogue and conveyed emotion in the imagery . Cinematographer Conrad L. Hall took advantage of the environment to create symbolism for the film , for which he won several awards , including a posthumous Academy Award for Best Cinematography . The film explores several themes , including the consequence of violence and father - son relationships . The film was released on July 12 , 2002 , and eventually grossed over $180 million worldwide . The cinematography , setting , and the lead performances by Hanks and Newman were well received by critics . It was released on home media on February 25 , 2003 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Cinematography 4 Themes 4.1 Consequences of violence 4.2 Fathers and sons 4.3 Water 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Reception 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1931 , during the Great Depression , Michael Sullivan , Sr. is an enforcer for Irish mob boss John Rooney in Rock Island , Illinois . Rooney raised the orphan Sullivan and loves him more than his own biological son , Connor . Rooney sends Connor and Sullivan to meet with disgruntled associate Finn McGovern , but Connor shoots McGovern , resulting in Sullivan gunning down McGovern 's men . Sullivan 's twelve - year - old son Michael , Jr. had hidden in his father 's car and witnesses the event . Despite Sullivan swearing his son to secrecy and Rooney pressuring Connor to apologize for the reckless action , Connor murders Sullivan 's wife Annie and younger son Peter . At the same time , he sends Sullivan to an ambush at a speakeasy . Sullivan realizes it 's a set - up , kills two men at the bar , and escapes . He goes to Chicago with his son to seek Al Capone , for work and to discover the location of Connor , who has gone into hiding . Capone 's underboss Frank Nitti rejects Sullivan 's proposals , before informing Rooney of the meeting . Rooney reluctantly allows Nitti to dispatch assassin Harlen Maguire , who is also a crime scene photographer , to kill Sullivan . Maguire tracks him and his son to a roadside diner , but fails to kill Sullivan ; realizing Maguire 's intentions , Sullivan escapes through the bathroom and punctures Maguire 's car tire before fleeing . In reaction to the ordered hit , Sullivan begins robbing banks that hold Capone 's money , hoping to trade it for Connor . Sullivan is impeded when the mob withdraws its money , so he visits Rooney 's accountant Alexander Rance at his hotel .",
"2": "The encounter is a set - up , with Rance stalling Sullivan until Maguire enters with a shotgun . In the ensuing crossfire , Rance is killed , Maguire is injured by flying glass shards , and Sullivan escapes with the ledgers ; as Sullivan flees , Maguire shoots him in his left arm . When his father collapses from his wound , Michael Jr. drives his father to a farm , where a childless elderly couple help him recover . Sullivan bonds with his son and discovers from the ledgers that Connor has been embezzling from his father for years , using the names of dead men . As the Sullivans depart , they give the couple much of the stolen money . Sullivan confronts Rooney with the information while they attend Mass . Rooney already knew about the embezzlement and that Connor was likely to die , if not by Sullivan 's hand then by the Chicago Outfit once Rooney dies . He still refuses to give up his son . He encourages Sullivan to leave with his son . Later one night , cloaked by darkness and rain , Sullivan dispatches Rooney 's entire entourage with his Thompson submachine gun and walks directly up to Rooney . As Rooney mutters that he is glad his killer is Sullivan , a reluctant Sullivan pulls the trigger . Seeing no further reason to protect Connor , Nitti reveals his location , after making Sullivan promise to end the feud . Sullivan goes to the hotel where Connor is hiding and kills him . Sullivan drives his son to stay at his Aunt Sara 's beach house in Perdition , a town on the shore of Lake Michigan . However , he is ambushed and shot by a disfigured Maguire . As Maguire prepares to photograph the dying Sullivan , Michael , Jr. appears and points a gun at Maguire but can not muster the will to fire . Sullivan pulls out his gun and kills Maguire , before dying in his son 's arms . Mourning his father 's death , Michael , Jr. returns to live with the elderly farm couple . Growing up , Michael , Jr. reflects that his father 's only fear was that his son would become like him . Michael states he has never held a gun since the fatal encounter between Maguire and his father .",
"3": "When asked if Sullivan was a good or bad man , he replies `` he was my father . '' Cast ( edit ) Tom Hanks as Michael Sullivan , Sr . Tyler Hoechlin as Michael Sullivan , Jr . Paul Newman as John Rooney Jude Law as Harlen Maguire Daniel Craig as Connor Rooney Stanley Tucci as Frank Nitti Jennifer Jason Leigh as Annie Sullivan Liam Aiken as Peter Sullivan Dylan Baker as Alexander Rance Ciarán Hinds as Finn McGovern Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) When Max Allan Collins wrote the graphic novel Road to Perdition , his book agent saw potential in the story as a film adaptation and showed it to a film agent . By 1999 , the novel had reached Dean Zanuck , who was the vice president of development at the company owned by his father , producer Richard D. Zanuck . The novel was sent to the elder Zanuck in Morocco , who was there producing Rules of Engagement ( 2000 ) . The Zanucks agreed on the story 's prospect and sent it to director - producer Steven Spielberg . Shortly afterward , Spielberg set up the project at his studio DreamWorks , though he did not pursue direction of the film due to his full slate . Mendes sought a new project after completing American Beauty ( 1999 ) and explored prospects including A Beautiful Mind , K - PAX , The Shipping News , and The Lookout . DreamWorks sent Mendes Road to Perdition as a prospect , and Mendes was attracted to the story , considering it `` narratively very simple , but thematically very complex '' . One theme that he saw in the story was of the parents ' world that is inaccessible to their children . Mendes considered the story 's theme to be about how children deal with violence , and whether exposure to violence would render children violent themselves . Mendes described the script as having `` no moral absolutes '' , a factor that appealed to the director . Writing ( edit ) Spielberg first contacted screenwriter David Self to adapt the story into a feature film . Self wrote an initial draft that remained close to the source material and retained most of its dialogue . The screenplay was then rewritten by uncredited writers , distancing the script from the graphic novel and leaving the core elements of the story .",
"4": "Some of the harsher aspects of the story were toned down as the script became more streamlined ; for example , in some early drafts of the screenplay , Sullivan became an alcoholic , but this element was ultimately absent from the final version . The story itself is deeply informed by the Lone Wolf and Cub manga series . Novelist Max Allan Collins acknowledged the influence of Lone Wolf and Cub on his graphic novel Road to Perdition in an interview to the BBC , declaring that `` Road To Perdition is ' an unabashed homage ' to Lone Wolf And Cub '' . Some of the characters ' names were slightly changed from their original versions from the graphic novel : the surname of the real - life gangsters John Looney and his son Connor were changed to Rooney , and the surname of Tom Hanks ' character and his family was streamlined from the original O'Sullivan to simply Sullivan . One significant addition to the script was the creation of Maguire to provide a persistent element of pursuit to the Sullivans ' departure from the old world . Hanks and cinematographer Conrad Hall requested Mendes to limit violence in the film to meaningful acts , rather than gratuitous carnage . Hanks ' character , Michael Sullivan , is known as `` The Angel of Death '' in the graphic novel and invokes fear in those around him , but his infamy is downplayed in the film . Mendes , who described the graphic novel as `` much more pulpy '' , sought to reduce the graphic novel 's background to its essence , seeking the `` nonverbal simplicity '' of films like Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) , Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ( 1973 ) , and films by Akira Kurosawa that lack dialogue . Duplicate language in characters ' confrontations in Road to Perdition was trimmed to the absolute minimum . Mendes described Road to Perdition as a `` poetic , elegiac story , in which the pictures tell the story '' . An example of one such unspoken scene in the film was the piano duet between Rooney and Michael Sr. , intended to convey their relationship without words . In the final 20 minutes of Road to Perdition , the script was written to have only six lines of dialogue . Max Allan Collins originally wanted to write the adapted screenplay , but was not given the opportunity .",
"5": "He chose to stay out of the scripting process out of respect for the different style of writing for a different medium , though he served as a consultant in the process . Collins praised the addition of Maguire and considered the minimalist use of dialogue to be appropriate . The author also applauded the film 's version of Rooney as `` more overtly a father figure '' to Sullivan . Collins opposed the profanity in the script , as the vulgar language did not fit his vision of the 1930s . He also contested the path of Sullivan 's son in the film . In the graphic novel , the son kills once , and in the film , he does not kill anyone . Collins also disagreed with the narration technique of the film . In the novel , the son narrates the story as an adult , becoming a priest , while in the film , he narrates while still a young boy . Casting ( edit ) Tom Hanks was sent a copy of the graphic novel by Steven Spielberg while he was filming Cast Away . Initially too busy to make sense of the story , he later received David Self 's adapted screenplay , to which he became attached . Hanks , a father to four children , described Michael Sullivan 's role , `` I just got this guy . If you 're a man , and you 've got offspring ... emotionally , it 's devastating . '' Tyler Hoechlin was chosen from over 2,000 candidates to portray Michael Sullivan 's son . The actor was 14 years old at the time of filming . For scenes in which Hoechlin 's character assisted his father as a getaway driver , Hoechlin was trained by a driving instructor . Paul Newman was unanimously the first choice for the role of John Rooney . The actor prepared by requesting Frank McCourt , the Irish - American author of Angela 's Ashes , to record a tape of his voice . David Self , who created the Maguire character , explained , `` He gets so jaded from exposure to this world , he steps over the line from being the storyteller to being the story maker . '' To capture the `` seedy countenance '' of the character , Jude Law was given a sallow skin tone that reflected the wear from working in a darkroom . Law 's teeth also received a lower gumline and had a rotted look .",
"6": "He was also given a weak , thinning hairline . Maguire 's apartment also displays a collection of photographs of dead bodies , some of them actual police stills from the 1930s . Stanley Tucci was selective about roles in gangster films , believing that Hollywood stereotyped Italian - Americans as gangsters . However , attracted by the prospect of working with Mendes , the actor accepted the role of Nitti , a real - life Mob boss from Chicago . Anthony LaPaglia was cast as Al Capone and filmed a single scene , which was omitted from the final cut , and can be found in the DVD 's deleted scenes . Mendes believed that Capone was more menacing as an unseen presence . Actor Alfred Molina was approached to portray Capone , but Molina was forced to turn the role down due to scheduling conflicts with Frida ( 2002 ) . Filming ( edit ) Before filming , Mendes sought to produce a period film that would avoid clichés in the gangster genre . He chose to film Road to Perdition on location in downtown at the University Club of Chicago , the Chicago neighborhood of Pullman as well as the Chicago suburb of Geneva , Illinois . The Armory , the state 's largest location mainstay which houses the Illinois State National Guard , was provided to the studio by the Illinois State Film Commission . Sets were built inside the Armory , including interiors of the Sullivan family 's home and the Rooney mansion . The availability of an inside location provided the crew complete control over the lighting environment , which was established with the rigging of scaffoldings . Atmospherically , the landscape is a violent and magnificent canvas on which is told a mythic story of a father and son in the last period of lawlessness in American history . Sam Mendes Mendes collaborated with costume designer Albert Wolsky , production designer Dennis Gassner , and cinematographer Conrad Hall to design the film 's style . Wolsky designed costumes that were `` very controlled , with soft outlines and very soft silhouettes '' . Gassner built sets that could capture the cold look of the era . Mendes sought a muted palette for the film , having dark backgrounds and sets with dark , muted greens and grays . Mendes filmed Road to Perdition using the Super 35 format .",
"7": "The director filmed exterior scenes in Illinois in the winter and the spring of 2001 , using real weather conditions such as snow , rain , and mud for the scenes . Mendes considered the usage of bleak weather conditions and the intended coldness of Gassner 's exterior locations to define the characters ' emotional states . Pullman became a key location to reflect this theme , having several settings , including the town 's historic Florence Hotel , easily redressed by the crew for the film . Filming concluded in June 2001 . Cinematography ( edit ) Cinematographer Conrad Hall set up atmospheric lighting similar to that found in the paintings of Edward Hopper To establish the lighting of scenes in Road to Perdition , Mendes drew from the paintings of Edward Hopper as a source of inspiration , particularly Hopper 's New York Movie ( 1939 ) . Mendes and cinematographer Conrad Hall sought to convey similar atmospheric lighting for the film 's scenes , applying a `` less is more '' mantra . Hall also shot wide open scenes that retained one point in the depth of field sharply focused . Hall considered the technique to provide an emotional dimension to the scenes . The cinematographer also used unconventional techniques and materials to create unique lighting effects . One of Hall 's methods was to use black silk in daylight exterior scenes to filter the light enough to create an in - shade look . Hall purposely distanced the camera from Hanks ' character , Michael Sullivan Sr. , at the beginning of the film to establish the perspective of Sullivan 's son , who is unaware of his father 's true nature . Hanks ' character was filmed as partially obscured and seen through doorways , and his entrances and exits took place in shadows . A wide lens was used to maintain a distance from the character . Shots in the film were drawn directly from panels in the graphic novel , illustrated by Richard Piers Rayner . An instance of the direct influence is the scene in which Michael Jr. looks up at the Chicago skyline from the vehicle , with the skyline reflected in the vehicle 's glass . A seamless 40 - second driving scene , in which Michael Sullivan and his son travel into Chicago from the countryside , was aided by visual effects .",
"8": "The live - action part of the scene was filmed at LaSalle Street , and due to the lack of scenery for part of the drive down LaSalle Street , the background of Balbo Drive was included with the use of visual effects . Themes ( edit ) Consequences of violence ( edit ) ( What 's ) important , in this story , is what the violence does to the person who pulls the trigger , and what it has done to them over the years , how it has gradually corroded them . It has rotted their insides . Sam Mendes The film 's title , Road to Perdition , is both Michael Sullivan and his son 's destination town and a euphemism for Hell , a road that Sullivan desires to prevent his son from traveling . Sullivan , who chooses his violent path early on in life , considers himself irredeemable and seeks to save his son from a similar fate . Said Mendes , `` ( Sullivan ) is in a battle for the soul of his son . Can a man who has led a bad life achieve redemption through his child ? '' Hanks described Sullivan as a man who achieved a comfortable status through violent means , whose likely repercussions he ignored . Sullivan is a good father and husband , but also has a job that requires him to be a violent killer . The film explores this paradoxical dichotomy . When Sullivan is faced with the consequences , Hanks says , `` At the moment we 're dropped into the story , it is literally the last day of that false perspective . '' To keep Sullivan from justifying his violent actions in the film , Mendes omitted scenes in the final cut that had Sullivan explaining his background to his son . In the film , most of the numerous acts of violence are committed off - screen . The violent acts were also designed to be quick , reflecting the actual speed of violence in the real world . The focus was not on the direct victims of the perpetuated violence , but the impact of violence on the perpetrators or witnesses to the act . Fathers and sons ( edit ) The film also explores father - son relationships , not only between Michael Sullivan and his son , but between Sullivan and his boss , John Rooney , and between Rooney and Connor . Sullivan simultaneously idolizes and fears Rooney , and Sullivan 's son feels the same about his own father .",
"9": "Rooney 's son , Connor , has none of Sullivan 's redeeming qualities , and Rooney is conflicted about whom to protect : his biological son or his surrogate son . Connor is jealous of his father 's relationship with Sullivan , which fuels his actions , ultimately causing a domino effect that drives the film . Because Sullivan shields his background from his son , his attempt to preserve the father - son relationship is actually harmful . Tragedy brings Sullivan and his son together . Sullivan escapes from the old world with his son , and the boy finds an opportunity to strengthen the relationship with his father . Tyler Hoechlin , who portrayed Michael Jr. , explained , `` His dad starts to realize that Michael is all he has now and how much he 's been missing . I think the journey is of a father and son getting to know each other , and also finding out who they themselves are . '' Water ( edit ) Water served as a motif in the film . It was developed after researching the wake scene at the beginning of the film informed the director that corpses were kept on ice in the 1920s to keep bodies from decomposing . The notion was interwoven into the film , which linked the presence of water with death . Mendes reflected on the theme , `` The linking of water with death ... speaks of the mutability of water and links it to the uncontrollability of fate . These are things that humans ca n't control . '' Release ( edit ) When filming concluded in June 2001 , the studio intended a United States release for the following Christmas . But by September 2001 , Mendes requested more time . It was rescheduled for release on July 12 , 2002 , an unconventional move that placed the drama among the action - oriented summer films . Box Office ( edit ) Road to Perdition opened in 1,798 theaters over its opening weekend , competing against several other new releases including Reign of Fire , Halloween : Resurrection and The Crocodile Hunter : Collision Course , and grossed $22,079,481 , placing second to Men in Black II , which was in its second week of release . It eventually grossed $104.5 million in the United States and $76.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $181 million .",
"10": "Reception ( edit ) The film received positive reviews from critics , with the lead performances of Hanks and Newman being praised . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 81 % based on 210 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Somber , stately , and beautifully mounted , Sam Mendes ' Road to Perdition is a well - crafted mob movie that explores the ties between fathers and sons . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating from reviews by mainstream critics , gave a film score of 72 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Reviewer James Berardinelli , on his own ReelViews web site , praised Road to Perdition for its atmosphere and visuals , but he considered an emotional attachment to be lacking except for Sullivan 's son . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times praised Hall 's cinematography and the thematic use of water . He , too , felt an emotional detachment from the characters , saying , `` I knew I admired it , but I did n't know if I liked it ... It is cold and holds us outside . '' Eleanor Ringel Gillespie of The Atlanta Journal - Constitution enjoyed the film 's cinematography and Depression - era setting , as well as the performances of Hanks and Newman . Gillespie expressed the wish that the film lasted a little longer to explore its emotional core further . Eric Harrison of the Houston Chronicle considered Road to Perdition `` the most brilliant work in this ( gangster ) genre '' since the uncut Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) . Harrison considered Self 's script `` so finely honed that the story can change directions in a heartbeat . '' Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised Hanks , Newman , and Craig but called Law 's performance `` almost cartoonish '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also complimented Hanks and Newman : `` ( They ) act together with the confidence of titans , their talents in the service of character , never star ego . '' Travers cited Hall 's `` breathtaking '' cinematography and composer Thomas Newman 's `` evocative '' score .",
"11": "Paul Clinton of CNN said : `` While these deeply human issues are touched upon , they 're never fully explored , and that undermines the sense of greatness to which this movie obviously aspires . Clinton considered Craig 's character `` one - dimensional to the extreme '' . He found the cinematography too overpowering for the film 's storyline , which he considered `` weak '' . J. Hoberman of The Village Voice described the film as `` grim yet soppy . '' He added : `` The action is stilted and the tabloid energy embalmed . '' Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post thought that the script lost its path when Sullivan and his son fled their old life . Accolades ( edit ) Road to Perdition was nominated for six Academy Awards : Best Supporting Actor ( Paul Newman ) , Best Art Direction ( Dennis Gassner and Nancy Haigh ) , Best Cinematography ( Conrad L. Hall ) , Best Original Score ( Thomas Newman ) , Best Sound Mixing ( Scott Millan , Bob Beemer and John Pritchett ) , and Best Sound Editing ( Scott Hecker ) . The sole award went , posthumously , to Hall for Cinematography . Newman was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture at the 60th Golden Globe Awards and for a Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 8th Critics ' Choice Awards . The film was also nominated for BAFTA Awards for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role ( Newman ) , Best Cinematography , and Best Production Design , winning awards for the latter two . Hall also won an award from the American Society of Cinematographers for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases . In April 2006 , Empire recognized Road to Perdition as number six in its list of the top 20 comic book films . Home media ( edit ) Max Allan Collins , who authored the graphic novel , was hired to write the novelization for the film adaptation . Collins initially turned in a draft that contained 90,000 words , but the licensing at DreamWorks required the author to use only the dialogue from the film and no additional dialogue . Collins reluctantly edited the novelization down to 50,000 words and later said he regretted taking on the task .",
"12": "Road to Perdition was released on DVD on February 25 , 2003 , in both full screen and anamorphic widescreen versions . The DVD 's features included an audio commentary , deleted scenes , an HBO `` Making of '' documentary , and a photo gallery . Work on the DVD began on the same day the film 's production began , and a collaborative effort among the director , the studio , and the DVD production crew shaped the DVD 's content . Due to a limit of space on the DVD , the film 's deleted scenes were chosen over a DTS soundtrack . Instead , the DVD included a Dolby Digital 5.1 soundtrack . A special edition DVD containing both DTS and Dolby Digital 5.1 soundtracks was also released , excluding the `` Making of '' documentary to fit both soundtracks . Road to Perdition was released on Blu - ray Disc on August 3 , 2010 , featuring a widescreen transfer , a DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 soundtrack , and all of the features from the DVD release . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Arune ( 2002 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Just The Facts Ma'am : Max Collins Talks ' Road To Perdition ' '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Jensen ( 2002 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Killer Instinct '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Wloszczyna , Susan ( 2002 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Power trio hits the ' Road ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Stax ( 2002 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Rumblings on ' The Road to Perdition ' '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Allan Collins , Max .",
"13": "Interviewed by Daniel Etherington , `` Graphic Novel : ' Road To Perdition ' '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 22 ... BBC Collective. 2002 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Teofilo , Anthony . `` On the Road to Perdition '' . ASiteCalledFred . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Rick ( 2002 - 09 - 15 ) . `` So , as Paul said to Tom ... '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Arune ( 2002 - 08 - 07 ) . `` COLLINS ' ' ROAD ' TO THE FUTURE '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Duerson , Adam ( 2002 - 07 - 17 ) . `` ' Road ' Warrior '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Circa 1931 '' Archived 2007 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Production Notes . Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fathers & Sons '' Archived 2007 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... Production Notes . Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clint ( 2002 - 07 - 07 ) . `` Out of Season '' . The Plain Dealer . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Capone chats with Max Allan Collins about why he is n't in ROAD TO PERDITION ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . 2002 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Tom . `` Road to Perdition : DTS Edition '' . DVDActive.com .",
"14": "Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Henerson , Evan ( 2002 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Understudy '' . Los Angeles Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Zone , Ray ( August 2002 ) . `` Emotional Triggers '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ray Zone . `` A Master of Mood '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Heuring , David . `` Effecting a Key Transition '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Taking the Road '' . Production Notes . Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sperling Reich , J. `` American ' Perdition ' '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` July 12 -- 14 , 2002 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Perdition '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Perdition '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli , James ( 2002 ) . `` Review : Road to Perdition '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2002 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Road to Perdition '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Eleanor Ringel Gillespie . `` Road to Perdition '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 12 .",
"15": "Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Eric ( May 12 , 2004 ) . `` Road to Perdition '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 2002 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Road to Perdition '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2002 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Road to Perdition : Review '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Paul ( 2002 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Review : ' Road to Perdition ' scenic trip nowhere '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ( 2002 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Industrial Symphony '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( 2002 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Bedeviled by The Details In ' Perdition ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 75th Academy Award Nominees and Winners '' . Oscars.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pianist , ' Kidman win BAFTAs '' . CNN . 2003 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ASC 17th Annual Awards -- 2002 '' . TheASC.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 20 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` The 20 greatest comic book movies of all time '' . Empire : 98 -- 103 . April 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Perdition -- DVD Preview '' . IGN. 2002 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Rowen -- DVD Producer of Road to Perdition '' . DVD Reviewer. 2003 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Conrad , Jeremy ( 2006 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Road to Perdition -- DVD Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Max Allan Collins ( 2002 - 06 - 01 ) . Road to Perdition ( Mass Market Paperback ) . Novelization of the film . Onyx . ISBN 0 - 451 - 41029 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Official website Road to Perdition on IMDb Road to Perdition at Rotten Tomatoes Road to Perdition at Box Office Mojo Cinematography coverage at American Cinematographer Wikiquote has quotations related to : Road to Perdition Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs.",
"17": "Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Justice League Mortal Films directed by Sam Mendes American Beauty ( 1999 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Jarhead ( 2005 ) Revolutionary Road ( 2008 ) Away We Go ( 2009 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger ,",
"18": "Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_to_Perdition&oldid=801006823 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s crime drama films 2000s crime films 20th Century Fox films American coming - of - age films American crime drama films American films DreamWorks Pictures films Film scores by Thomas Newman Films about the Chicago Outfit Films based on DC Comics Films directed by Sam Mendes Films produced by Richard D.",
"19": "Zanuck Films set in Chicago Films set in 1931 Films shot in Chicago Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Live - action films based on comics 2000s road movies American road movies Films about the Irish Mob Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 02 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Nobel Prize in Literature - wikipedia Nobel Prize in Literature Jump to : navigation , search Nobel Prize in Literature Announcement of the Nobel Prize laureate in literature , 2008 Awarded for Outstanding contributions in literature Country Sweden Presented by Swedish Academy Reward ( s ) 9 million SEK ( 2017 ) First awarded 1901 Currently held by Kazuo Ishiguro ( 2017 ) Website nobelprize.org ← 2016 The Nobel Prize in Literature ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i litteratur ) has been awarded annually , since 1901 , to an author from any country who has , in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel , produced `` in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction '' ( original Swedish : den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning ) . Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy , here `` work '' refers to an author 's work as a whole . The Swedish Academy decides who , if anyone , will receive the prize in any given year . The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 ; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Physics , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the world 's most prestigious literature prize , the Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism for its handling of the award . Many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity , while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read . The prize has `` become widely seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise '' , whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them . Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for `` Swedish professors ... ( to ) compar ( e ) a poet from Indonesia , perhaps translated into English with a novelist from Cameroon , perhaps available only in French , and another who writes in Afrikaans but is published in German and Dutch ... '' . As of 2016 , 16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin .",
"1": "The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European , and in particular Swedish , authors . Some , such as Indian academic Sabaree Mitra , have noted that , though the Nobel Prize in Literature is significant and tends to overshadow other awards , it is `` not the only benchmark of literary excellence . '' Nobel 's `` vague '' wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy . In the original Swedish , the word idealisk translates as either `` idealistic '' or `` ideal '' . The Nobel Committee 's interpretation has varied over the years . In recent years , this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Nomination procedure 3 Prizes 3.1 Nobel Prize Medals 3.2 Nobel Prize Diplomas 4 Laureates 4.1 Potential candidates 5 Criticism 5.1 Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections 5.2 Nationality - based criticism 5.3 Overlooked literary achievements 6 Similar international prizes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) In 1901 , French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme ( 1839 -- 1907 ) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , `` in special recognition of his poetic composition , which gives evidence of lofty idealism , artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect . '' Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the `` greatest benefit on mankind '' in physics , chemistry , peace , physiology or medicine , and literature . Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime , the last was written a little over a year before he died , and signed at the Swedish - Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895 . Nobel bequeathed 94 % of his total assets , 31 million Swedish kronor ( US $198 million , € 176 million in 2016 ) , to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes . Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will , it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting ( Norwegian Parliament ) approved it .",
"2": "The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist , who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel 's fortune and organize the prizes . The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved . The prize - awarding organisations followed : the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June , the Swedish Academy on 9 June , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June . The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded . In 1900 , the Nobel Foundation 's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II . According to Nobel 's will , the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature . Nomination procedure ( edit ) Each year , the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Members of the Academy , members of literature academies and societies , professors of literature and language , former Nobel literature laureates , and the presidents of writers ' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate . It is not permitted to nominate oneself . Thousands of requests are sent out each year , and as of 2011 about 220 proposals are returned . These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February , after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee . By April , the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates . By May , a short list of five names is approved by the Committee . The subsequent four months are then spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates . In October , members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature . No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice , thus many of the same authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years . The academy is master of thirteen languages , but when a candidate is shortlisted from an unknown language , they call on translators and oath - sworn experts to provide samples of that writer . Other elements of the process are similar to that of other Nobel Prizes . Prizes ( edit ) A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal , a diploma bearing a citation , and a sum of money .",
"3": "The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year . If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate , the money is either split evenly among them or , for three laureates , it may be divided into a half and two quarters . If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates , the money is split among them . The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012 it stood at kr 8,000,000 ( about US $ 1,100,000 ) , previously it was kr 10,000,000 . This was not the first time the prize - amount was decreased -- beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 ( worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SEK ) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 ( 2,370,660 in 2011 SEK ) in 1945 -- but it has been uphill or stable since then , peaking at an SEK - 2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001 . The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during `` Nobel Week '' in Stockholm ; the highlight is the prize - giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December . It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin . Nobel Prize medals ( edit ) The Nobel Prize medals , minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902 , are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation . Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse ( front side of the medal ) . The Nobel Prize medals for Physics , Chemistry , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature have identical obverses , showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death ( 1833 -- 1896 ) . Nobel 's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics , but with a slightly different design . The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize . The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design . The medal for the Nobel Prize in Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg .",
"4": "Nobel Prize Diplomas ( edit ) Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the King of Sweden . Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize - awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it . The Diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize . Laureates ( edit ) Main article : List of Nobel laureates in Literature Potential candidates ( edit ) Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict as nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Currently , only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1965 are available for public viewing . This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate . What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year ? - Well , either it 's just a rumour , or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information . Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years , you 'll have to wait until then to find out . -- www.nobelprize.org , in Nomination FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about the Nomination and Selection of Nobel Laureates According to Professor Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy , Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature , had he not suddenly died that year . Criticism ( edit ) Controversies about Nobel laureate selections ( edit ) Selma Lagerlöf , the first female writer to be awarded a Nobel Prize in literature , faced major controversies . Illustration from Svenska Dagbladet , 11 December 1909 From 1901 to 1912 , the committee , headed by the conservative Carl David af Wirsén , weighed the literary quality of a work against its contribution towards humanity 's struggle ' toward the ideal ' . Tolstoy , Ibsen , Zola , and Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors little read today . Also , many believe Sweden 's historic antipathy towards Russia is the reason neither Tolstoy nor Anton Chekhov were awarded the prize . During World War I and its immediate aftermath , the committee adopted a policy of neutrality , favouring writers from non-combatant countries .",
"5": "August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee , but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize , conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting . James Joyce wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels -- Ulysses and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man -- but Joyce never won ; as biographer Gordon Bowker wrote , `` That prize was just out of Joyce 's reach . '' The academy considered Czech writer Karel Čapek 's War With the Newts too offensive to the German government . He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work , stating `` Thank you for the good will , but I have already written my doctoral dissertation '' . He was thus denied the prize . The choice of Selma Lagerlöf ( Sweden 1858 -- 1940 ) as Nobel Laureate in 1909 ( for the ' lofty idealism , vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterizes her writings ' ) followed fierce debate because of her writing style and subject matter , which broke literary decorums of the time . According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper Le Monde on their opening in 2008 , French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s . Malraux was competing with Albert Camus but was rejected several times , especially in 1954 and 1955 , `` so long as he does not come back to novel '' . Thus , Camus was awarded the prize in 1957 . Some attribute W.H. Auden 's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld 's Vägmärken ( Markings ) and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was , like Auden , homosexual . In 1962 , John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature . The selection was heavily criticized , and described as `` one of the Academy 's biggest mistakes '' in one Swedish newspaper .",
"6": "The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose `` limited talent is , in his best books , watered down by tenth - rate philosophising '' , adding , `` we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance , influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age '' . Steinbeck himself , when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement , replied : `` Frankly , no . '' In 2012 ( 50 years later ) , the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a `` compromise choice '' among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck , British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell , French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen . The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot : `` There are n't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation , '' wrote committee member Henry Olsson . In 1964 , Jean - Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , but he declined it , stating that `` It is not the same thing if I sign Jean - Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean - Paul Sartre , Nobel Prize laureate . A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution , even if it takes place in the most honorable form . '' Soviet dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn , the 1970 prize laureate , did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the USSR would prevent his return afterwards ( his works there were circulated in samizdat -- clandestine form ) . After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy , Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether , commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes ( who preferred a private ceremony ) were `` an insult to the Nobel Prize itself . '' Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974 , after he was deported from the Soviet Union .",
"7": "In 1974 , Graham Greene , Vladimir Nabokov , and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson , both members of the Swedish Academy at the time , and unknown outside their home country . Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976 ; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded it . Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but , as Edwin Williamson , Borges 's biographer , states , the Academy did not award it to him , most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right - wing military dictators , including Augusto Pinochet , which , according to Tóibín 's review of Williamson 's Borges : A Life , had complex social and personal contexts . Borges ' failure to receive the Nobel Prize for his support of these right - wing dictators contrasts with the Committee honoring writers who openly supported controversial left - wing dictatorships , including Joseph Stalin , in the cases of Sartre and Pablo Neruda , Also , controversially , Gabriel García Márquez supported the Cuban Revolutionary and President Fidel Castro . The award to Italian performance artist Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered `` rather lightweight '' by some critics , as he was seen primarily as a performer , and Catholic organizations saw the award to Fo as controversial as he had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church . The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano expressed surprise at Fo 's selection for the prize commenting that `` Giving the prize to someone who is also the author of questionable works is beyond all imagination . '' Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favoured to receive the Prize , but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been `` too predictable , too popular . '' Camilo José Cela willingly offered his services as an informer for Franco 's regime and had moved voluntarily from Madrid to Galicia during the Spanish Civil War in order to join the rebel forces there ; an article by Miguel Angel Villena , Between Fear and Impunity which compiled commentaries by Spanish novelists on the noteworthy silence of the older generation of Spanish novelists on the Francoist pasts of public intellectuals , appeared below a photograph of Cela during the Nobel ceremony in Stockholm in 1989 .",
"8": "The choice of the 2004 laureate , Elfriede Jelinek , was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy , Knut Ahnlund , who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996 ; Ahnlund resigned , alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused `` irreparable damage '' to the reputation of the award . The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days , apparently due to Ahnlund 's resignation , and led to renewed speculations about there being a `` political element '' in the Swedish Academy 's awarding of the Prize . Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture in person because of ill health , he delivered it from a television studio on video projected on screens to an audience at the Swedish Academy , in Stockholm . His comments have been the source of much commentary and debate . The issue of their `` political stance '' was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007 , respectively . The 2016 choice of Bob Dylan was the first time a musician and song - writer won the Nobel for Literature . The award caused some controversy , particularly among writers arguing that the literary merits of Dylan 's work are not equal to those of some of his peers . Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that `` Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars . '' The French Moroccan writer Pierre Assouline described the decision `` contemptuous of writers '' . In a live webchat hosted by The Guardian , Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård said that `` I 'm very divided . I love that the novel committee opens up for other kinds of literature -- lyrics and so on . I think that 's brilliant . But knowing that Dylan is the same generation as Thomas Pynchon , Philip Roth , Cormac McCarthy , makes it very difficult for me to accept it . '' Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh said `` I 'm a Dylan fan , but this is an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile , gibbering hippies . ''",
"9": "Dylan 's songwriting peer and friend Leonard Cohen said that no prizes were necessary to recognize the greatness of the man who transformed pop music with records like Highway 61 Revisited . `` To me , '' Cohen said , `` ( the Nobel ) is like pinning a medal on Mount Everest for being the highest mountain . '' Writer and commentator Will Self wrote that the award `` cheapened '' Dylan whilst hoping the laureate would `` follow Sartre in rejecting the award '' . Nationality - based criticism ( edit ) French author Albert Camus was the first African - born writer to receive the award . The prize 's focus on European men , and Swedes in particular , has been the subject of criticism , even from Swedish newspapers . The majority of laureates have been European , with Sweden itself receiving more prizes ( 8 ) than all of Asia ( 7 , if Orhan Pamuk is included ) , as well as all of Latin America ( 7 , if Derek Walcott is included ) . In 2009 , Horace Engdahl , then the permanent secretary of the Academy , declared that `` Europe still is the center of the literary world '' and that `` the US is too isolated , too insular . They do n't translate enough and do n't really participate in the big dialogue of literature . '' In 2009 , Engdahl 's replacement , Peter Englund , rejected this sentiment ( `` In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas , as well '' ) and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award , saying that , `` I think that is a problem . We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition . '' American critics are known to object that those from their own country , like Philip Roth , Thomas Pynchon , and Cormac McCarthy , have been overlooked , as have Latin Americans such as Jorge Luis Borges , Julio Cortázar , and Carlos Fuentes , while in their place Europeans lesser - known to that continent have triumphed . The 2009 award to Herta Müller , previously little - known outside Germany but many times named favorite for the Nobel Prize , re-ignited the viewpoint that the Swedish Academy was biased and Eurocentric .",
"10": "However , the 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa , a native of Peru in South America . When the 2011 prize was awarded to the eminent Swedish poet Tomas Tranströmer , permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said the prize was not decided based on politics , describing such a notion as `` literature for dummies '' . The Swedish Academy awarded the next two prizes to non-Europeans , Chinese author Mo Yan and Canadian short story writer Alice Munro . French writer Patrick Modiano 's win in 2014 renewed questions of Eurocentrism ; when asked by The Wall Street Journal `` So no American this year , yet again . Why is that ? '' , Englund reminded Americans of the Canadian origins of the previous year 's winner , the Academy 's desire for literary quality and the impossibility of rewarding everyone who deserves the prize . Overlooked literary achievements ( edit ) In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature , many literary achievements were overlooked . The literary historian Kjell Espmark admitted that `` as to the early prizes , the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified . Tolstoy , Ibsen , and Henry James should have been rewarded instead of , for instance , Sully Prudhomme , Eucken , and Heyse '' . There are omissions which are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee such as the early death of an author as was the case with Marcel Proust , Italo Calvino , and Roberto Bolaño . According to Kjell Espmark `` the main works of Kafka , Cavafy , and Pessoa were not published until after their deaths and the true dimensions of Mandelstam 's poetry were revealed above all in the unpublished poems that his wife saved from extinction and gave to the world long after he had perished in his Siberian exile '' . British novelist Tim Parks ascribed the never - ending controversy surrounding the decisions of the Nobel Committee to the `` essential silliness of the prize and our own foolishness at taking it seriously '' and noted that `` eighteen ( or sixteen ) Swedish nationals will have a certain credibility when weighing up works of Swedish literature , but what group could ever really get its mind round the infinitely varied work of scores of different traditions . And why should we ask them to do that ? ''",
"11": "Similar International prizes ( edit ) The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible . Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature , the Franz Kafka Prize , the Man Booker International Prize , and the recently reinstated Formentor Prize . In contrast to the other prizes mentioned , the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially . The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize `` is fast becoming the more significant award , appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel '' . The Man Booker International Prize `` highlights one writer 's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage '' and `` has literary excellence as its sole focus '' . Established in 2005 , it is not yet possible to analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates . Only Alice Munro ( 2009 ) has been awarded with both . However , some winners of the Man Booker International Prize , such as Ismail Kadare ( 2005 ) and Philip Roth ( 2011 ) are considered contenders for the Nobel Prize in Literature . The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes , often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize . Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize , it is awarded not for any one work , but for an entire body of work . It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . Gabriel García Márquez ( 1972 Neustadt , 1982 Nobel ) , Czesław Miłosz ( 1978 Neustadt , 1980 Nobel ) , Octavio Paz ( 1982 Neustadt , 1990 Nobel ) , Tomas Tranströmer ( 1990 Neustadt , 2011 Nobel ) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award ( formerly Prince of Asturias Award ) in Letters . During the first years of its existence it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language , but in more recent times writers in other languages have been awarded as well .",
"12": "Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include Camilo José Cela , Günter Grass , Doris Lessing , and Mario Vargas Llosa . The America Award in Literature , which does not include a monetary prize , presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature . To date , Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature . There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages , like the Miguel de Cervantes Prize ( for Spanish language , established in 1976 ) and the Camões Prize ( for Portuguese language , established in 1989 ) . Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz ( 1981 Cervantes , 1990 Nobel ) ; Mario Vargas Llosa ( 1994 Cervantes , 2010 Nobel ) ; and Camilo José Cela ( 1995 Cervantes , 1989 Nobel ) . José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize ( 1995 ) and the Nobel Prize ( 1998 ) to date . The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as `` the Little Nobel . '' The award has earned this appellation since , in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature , it recognizes the lifetime achievement of writers , though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works ( children 's literature ) . See also ( edit ) List of literary awards List of Nobel laureates List of Nobel laureates in Literature Nobel Library Swedish Academy Nordic Prize World literature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize amount is raised by SEK 1 million '' . Nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature '' . nobelprize.org . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : John Sutherland ( 13 October 2007 ) . `` Ink and Spit '' . Guardian Unlimited Books . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize award '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 October 2016 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Feldman , Burton . The Nobel Prize : A History of Genius , Controversy , and Prestige . Arcade Publishing . p. 58 . ISBN 9781559705929 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Parks , Tim . `` What 's Wrong With the Nobel Prize in Literature '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Altman , Anna . `` What Is a Nobel Prize Really Worth ? '' . Op - Talk . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Allure of literature prize strong for China '' . Global Times . 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kjell Espmark ( 3 December 1999 ) . `` The Nobel Prize in Literature '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 14 August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Smith ( 13 October 2005 ) . `` ' Political element ' to Pinter Prize '' . BBC News . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . Few people would deny Harold Pinter is a worthy recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature . As a poet , screenwriter and author of more than 30 plays , he has dominated the English literary scene for half a century . However , his outspoken criticism of US foreign policy and opposition to the war in Iraq undoubtedly make him one of the more controversial figures to be awarded this prestigious honour . Indeed , the Nobel academy 's decision could be read in some quarters as a selection with an inescapably political element . ' There is the view that the Nobel literature prize often goes to someone whose political stance is found to be sympathetic at a given moment , ' said Alan Jenkins , deputy editor of the Times Literary Supplement . ' For the last 10 years he has been more angry and vituperative , and that can not have failed to be noticed . ' However , Mr Jenkins insists that , though Pinter 's political views may have been a factor , the award is more than justified on artistic criteria alone . ' His dramatic and literary achievement is head and shoulders above any other British writer .",
"14": "He is far and away the most interesting , the best , the most powerful and most original of English playwrights . ' Jump up ^ `` History -- Historic Figures : Alfred Nobel ( 1833 -- 1896 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Nobel Prize '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ragnar Sohlman : 1983 , Page 7 Jump up ^ von Euler , U.S. ( 6 June 1981 ) . `` The Nobel Foundation and its Role for Modern Day Science '' ( PDF ) . Die Naturwissenschaften . Springer - Verlag . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Will of Alfred Nobel '' , nobelprize.org . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Foundation -- History '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 12 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Agneta Wallin Levinovitz : 2001 , Page 13 Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize History -- '' . Infoplease.com. 13 October 1999 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Nobel Foundation ( Scandinavian organisation ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ AFP , `` Alfred Nobel 's last will and testament '' Archived 9 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , The Local ( 5 October 2009 ) : accessed 20 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nobel Prize '' ( 2007 ) , in Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed 15 January 2009 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online : After Nobel 's death , the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds . In his will , he had stipulated that four different institutions -- three Swedish and one Norwegian -- should award the prizes .",
"15": "From Stockholm , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics , chemistry , and economics , the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine , and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature . The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace . The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize - awarding institutions , but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions , which rest exclusively with the four institutions . Jump up ^ `` Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature '' . nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Per Wästberg ( President of The Nobel Committee for Literature ) , `` Do We Need the Nobel ? '' , The New York Review of Books , 22 December 2011 . Last accessed December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination and Selection of the Nobel Laureates in Literature '' . nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Rivers ( 10 December 2009 ) . `` 2009 Nobel Laureates Receive Their Honors Europe English '' ... voanews.com . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Amounts '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nobel Prize -- Prizes '' ( 2007 ) , in Encyclopædia Britannica , accessed 15 January 2009 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online : Each Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal , a diploma bearing a citation , and a sum of money , the amount of which depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation . ( A sum of $1,300,000 accompanied each prize in 2005 . ) A Nobel Prize is either given entirely to one person , divided equally between two persons , or shared by three persons . In the latter case , each of the three persons can receive a one - third share of the prize or two together can receive a one - half share .",
"16": "Jump up ^ `` The Size of the Nobel Prize Is Being Reduced to Safeguard Long - Term Capital '' . Nobel official website . 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Amount '' . nobelprize.org . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nobel Prize Amounts '' ( PDF ) . Nobel website . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' . nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Medalj -- ett traditionellt hantverk '' ( in Swedish ) . Myntverket . Retrieved 15 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize for Peace '' , `` Linus Pauling : Awards , Honors , and Medals '' , Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond : A Documentary History , the Valley Library , Oregon State University . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize for Chemistry . Front and back images of the medal. 1954 '' , `` Source : Photo by Eric Arnold . Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers . Honors and Awards , 1954h2. 1 '' , `` All Documents and Media : Pictures and Illustrations '' , Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond : A Documentary History , the Valley Library , Oregon State University . Retrieved 7 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Medal for Literature '' . Nobelprize.org . The Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize Diplomas '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature , 1901 - 1965 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nomination FAQ '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 5 June 2012 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Jeffrey C. Kinkley , ed. ( 2004 ) . Selected Stories of Shen Congwen . Chinese University Press . p. xiv . ISBN 978 - 9629961107 . Jump up ^ Eldridge , Richard . The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Literature . Oxford University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780199724109 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Innes , edited by Frederick J. Marker , Christopher ( 1998 ) . Modernism in European drama : Ibsen , Strindberg , Pirandello , Beckett : essays from Modern drama . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8206 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Steene , selected , translated , and edited by Egil Törnqvist and Birgitta ( 2007 ) . Strindberg on drama and theatre : a source book . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5356 - 020 - 4 . Jump up ^ Warme , edited by Lars G. ( 1996 ) . A history of Scandinavian literatures . Lincoln , Neb. : Univ. of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American - Scandinavian Foundation . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4750 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Gordon Bowker . James Joyce : A New Biography . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux , 2011 . p. 537 Jump up ^ Peter Swirski . From Lowbrow to Nobrow . McGill Queen 's University Press . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2010 ) . Guinness World Records 2011 . ISBN 9781904994572 . Jump up ^ `` Article ( in Swedish ) : `` Violent debate in the Academy when Lagerlöf was elected '' . 25 September 2009 '' ( in Swedish ) . Svd.se .",
"18": "Retrieved 3 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Lindberg , Sebastian Nilsson . `` Writer Portrait : Selma Lagerlöf '' . The Literary Magazine of Swedish Books and Writers . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Olivier Truc , `` Et Camus obtint enfin le prix Nobel '' . Le Monde , 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Harold Orlans , `` Self - Centered Translating : Why W.H. Auden Misinterpreted ' Markings ' When Translating It from Swedish to English '' , Change : The Magazine of Higher Learning ( published by Heldref Publications for The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching ) , 1 May 2000 , Highbeam Encyclopedia , encyclopedia.com , accessed 26 April 2008 : `` Swedish dismay at the mangled translation may have cost Auden the Nobel prize in literature . '' Jump up ^ Alex Hunnicutt , `` Dag Hammarskjöld '' , glbtq : An Encyclopedia of Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual , Transgender , and Queer Culture ( Heldref Publications , 2004 ) , glbtq.com , accessed 11 August 2006 : `` Unless some hidden manuscript surfaces or an aging lover suddenly feels moved to revelation , it seems unlikely the world will ever know for sure the details of Hammarskjöld 's sexual experience . W.H. Auden , who translated Markings , was convinced of his ( Hammarsköld 's ) homosexuality . Saying so publicly during a lecture tour of Scandinavia may have cost Auden the Nobel Prize in Literature that he was widely expected to receive in the 1960s . '' ^ Jump up to : Alison Flood ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Swedish Academy reopens controversy surrounding Steinbeck 's Nobel prize '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ English , Jason . `` Odd facts about Nobel Prize winners '' . CNN . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Feldbrugge , F.J.M. ( 1975 ) . Samizdat and Political Dissent in the Soviet Union . Leyden : A.W. Sijthoff . p. 24 .",
"19": "ISBN 9789028601758 . Jump up ^ Stig Fredrikson , `` How I Helped Alexandr Solzhenitsyn Smuggle His Nobel Lecture from the USSR '' , nobelprize.org , 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Barkman , Clas ( 6 October 2011 ) . `` Tidigare val av svenska Nobelpristagare hårt kritiserade '' ( Previous choices of Swedish Nobel Laureates severely criticized ) . www.dn.se . Dagens Nyheter . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansson , Anita ( 31 August 2000 ) . `` Martinson begick harakiri '' ( Martinson committed hara - kiri ) . wwwc.aftonbladet.se . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Shankar , Ravi ( 12 October 2014 ) . `` A Prize With a View '' . www.newindianexpress.com . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Duval Smith ( 14 October 2005 ) . `` A Nobel Calling : 100 Years of Controversy '' . The Independent . news.independent.co.uk . Retrieved 26 April 2008 . Not many women , a weakness for Anglo - Saxon literature and an ostrich - like ability to resist popular or political pressure . Alex Duval Smith reports from Stockholm on the strange and secret world of the Swedish Academy . Jump up ^ Colm Tóibín ( 11 May 2006 ) . `` Do n't Abandon Me '' . The London Review of Books . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ New studies agree that Beauvoir is eclipsing Sartre as a philosopher and writer The Independent 25 May 2008 . Retrieved on 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Textos escondidos de Pablo Neruda Libros 14 April 2005 . Retrieved on 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Fidel Castro : A controversial friendship '' . The Economic Times .",
"20": "18 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Rahim , Sameer ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Who is Herta Müller , laureate of the Nobel Prize for literature 2009 ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Julie ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` The Catholic Spirit : ' Pope and Witch ' draws Catholic protests '' . Catholic Online . Archived from the original on 2 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Bohlen , Celestine ( 10 October 1997 ) . `` Italy 's Barbed Political Jester , Dario Fo , Wins Nobel Prize '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Stuns Italy 's Left - wing Jester '' , The Times , 10 October 1997 , rpt. in Archives of a list at hartford-hwp.com . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Unearthing Franco 's Legacy , p. 17 , University of Nortre dame Press . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest '' . BBC News Online . BBC . 11 October 2005 . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Who Deserves Nobel Prize ? Judges Do n't Agree '' , MSNBC , 11 October 2005 . Retrieved 13 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Dan Kellum , `` Lessing 's Legacy of Political Literature : The Nation : Skeptics Call It A Nonliterary Nobel Win , But Academy Saw Her Visionary Power '' , CBS News , rpt. from The Nation ( column ) , 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars , Rabih Alameddine 's Twitter page , 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Le bras d'honneur des Nobel à la littérature américaine , La Républic , Ocbtober 13 , 2016 .",
"21": "Jump up ^ Karl Ove Knausgaard webchat -- your questions answered on self - loathing , love and Jürgen Klopp , The Guardian , 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't think twice , it 's all right : Bob Dylan wins Nobel Lit '' . Associated Press . Yahoo ! News . 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Leonard Cohen : giving Nobel to Bob Dylan like ' pinning medal on Everest ' , Guardian , 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dylan towers over everyone ' -- Salman Rushdie , Kate Tempest and more pay tribute to Bob Dylan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Dagens Nyheter Akademien väljer helst en europé ( The Academy prefers to pick a European ) Jump up ^ Kirsch , Adam ( 3 October 2008 ) . `` The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judge : Nobel literature prizes ' too Eurocentric ' World news guardian.co.uk '' . Guardian . 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Mary ( 9 October 2009 ) . `` Herta Mueller Wins Nobel Prize in Literature '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kite , Lorien . `` Sweden 's ' buzzard ' poet wins Nobel Prize '' . Financial Times . Retrieved on 6 October 2011 . `` Before Thursday 's announcement , there had also been much speculation that the committee would choose to honour the Syrian poet Adonis in a gesture towards the Arab Spring . But Mr England ( sic ) dismissed the notion that there was a political dimension to the prize ; such an approach , he said , was `` literature for dummies '' . '' Jump up ^ Grundberg , Sven ; Hansegard , Jens ( 9 October 2014 ) . `` So no American this year , yet again . Why is that ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 9 October 2014 .",
"22": "^ Jump up to : Espmark , Kjell . `` Nobel 's Will and the Literature Prize '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Tim . `` What 's Wrong With the Nobel Prize in Literature '' . New York Review of Books . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hephzibah ( 31 May 2009 ) . `` Alice Munro : The mistress of all she surveys '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` One writer 's achievement in fiction '' . The Booker Prize Foundation . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , David Draper . `` World Literature Today '' . Oklahoma Historical Society . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Maori writer this year 's Neustadt International Prize winner - The Norman Transcript Jump up ^ `` Hans Christian Andersen Award '' . Central Connecticut State University . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works on the topic : Nobel Prize in Literature Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Prize in Literature . The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature -- Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation . Graphics : National Literature Nobel Prize shares 1901 - 2009 by citizenship at the time of the award and by country of birth . From J. Schmidhuber ( 2010 ) , Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv : 1009.2634 v1 What the Nobel Laureates Receive -- Featured link in `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' on the official site of the Nobel Foundation . `` The rise of the Prize '' - Article by Nilanjana S. Roy dealing with the history of the award by decade , from the 1900s to the 2000s .",
"23": "Nobel Prizes Lists of Nobel laureates Prizes Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine Laureates by subject Chemistry Economics Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine by criterion African Arab Asian Black Female Latino and Hispanic Jewish by country Argentine Australian Belgian Chinese Danish Hungarian Indian Israeli Italian Japanese Korean Liberian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Spanish Swedish Turkish Welsh by religion Christian Jewish Muslim Non-religious by year By year by university affiliation University affiliation by occupation Head of Government and State Committees and organisations Nobel Foundation Nobel Committees Chemistry Economics Physics Physiology or Medicine Norwegian Nobel Committee Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet Related topics Controversies Other prizes Alfred Nobel Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) . Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1901 -- 1925 1901 Sully Prudhomme 1902 Theodor Mommsen 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904 Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906 Giosuè Carducci 1907 Rudyard Kipling 1908 Rudolf Eucken 1909 Selma Lagerlöf 1910 Paul Heyse 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann 1913 Rabindranath Tagore 1914 1915 Romain Rolland 1916 Verner von Heidenstam 1917 Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 1919 Carl Spitteler 1920 Knut Hamsun 1921 Anatole France 1922 Jacinto Benavente 1923 W.B.",
"24": "Yeats 1924 Władysław Reymont 1925 George Bernard Shaw 1926 -- 1950 1926 Grazia Deledda 1927 Henri Bergson 1928 Sigrid Undset 1929 Thomas Mann 1930 Sinclair Lewis 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1932 John Galsworthy 1933 Ivan Bunin 1934 Luigi Pirandello 1935 1936 Eugene O'Neill 1937 Roger Martin du Gard 1938 Pearl S. Buck 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 Johannes V. Jensen 1945 Gabriela Mistral 1946 Hermann Hesse 1947 André Gide 1948 T.S.",
"25": "Eliot 1949 William Faulkner 1950 Bertrand Russell 1951 -- 1975 1951 Pär Lagerkvist 1952 François Mauriac 1953 Winston Churchill 1954 Ernest Hemingway 1955 Halldór Laxness 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957 Albert Camus 1958 Boris Pasternak 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo 1960 Saint - John Perse 1961 Ivo Andrić 1962 John Steinbeck 1963 Giorgos Seferis 1964 Jean - Paul Sartre ( declined award ) 1965 Mikhail Sholokhov 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968 Yasunari Kawabata 1969 Samuel Beckett 1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1971 Pablo Neruda 1972 Heinrich Böll 1973 Patrick White 1974 Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1975 Eugenio Montale 1976 -- 2000 1976 Saul Bellow 1977 Vicente Aleixandre 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979 Odysseas Elytis 1980 Czesław Miłosz 1981 Elias Canetti 1982 Gabriel García Márquez 1983 William Golding 1984 Jaroslav Seifert 1985 Claude Simon 1986 Wole Soyinka 1987 Joseph Brodsky 1988 Naguib Mahfouz 1989 Camilo José Cela 1990 Octavio Paz 1991 Nadine Gordimer 1992 Derek Walcott 1993 Toni Morrison 1994 Kenzaburō Ōe 1995 Seamus Heaney 1996 Wisława Szymborska 1997 Dario Fo 1998 José Saramago 1999 Günter Grass 2000 Gao Xingjian 2001 -- present 2001 V.S.",
"26": "Naipaul 2002 Imre Kertész 2003 J.M. Coetzee 2004 Elfriede Jelinek 2005 Harold Pinter 2006 Orhan Pamuk 2007 Doris Lessing 2008 J.M.G. Le Clézio 2009 Herta Müller 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa 2011 Tomas Tranströmer 2012 Mo Yan 2013 Alice Munro 2014 Patrick Modiano 2015 Svetlana Alexievich 2016 Bob Dylan 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&oldid=815801269 '' Categories : Nobel Prize in Literature Nobel Prize Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from October 2016 Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú",
"27": "Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski",
"28": "Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "New York City subway - wikipedia New York City subway Jump to : navigation , search New York City Subway Top : A 1 train made up of R62A cars leaves the 125th Street station . Bottom : An E train made up of R160A cars enters the Chambers Street -- World Trade Center station . Overview Owner New York City Area served The Bronx , Brooklyn , Manhattan , and Queens Locale New York City Transit type Rapid transit Number of lines 36 lines 25 services ( 1 planned ) Number of stations 472 ( MTA total count ) 424 unique stations ( when compared to international standards ) 1 under construction 14 planned Daily ridership 5,655,755 ( weekdays , 2016 ) 3,202,388 ( Saturdays , 2016 ) 2,555,814 ( Sundays , 2016 ) Annual ridership 1,756,814,800 ( 2016 ) Website mta.info/nyct Operation Began operation October 27 , 1904 ( Original subway ) July 3 , 1868 ( first elevated , rapid transit operation ) October 9 , 1863 ( first railroad operation ) Operator ( s ) New York City Transit Authority ( NYCTA ) Number of vehicles 6,418 Headway Peak hours : 2 -- 5 minutes Off - peak : 10 -- 20 minutes Technical System length 7005394289280000000 ♠ 245 miles ( 394 km ) ( route length ) 691 mi ( 1,112 km ) ( track length , revenue ) 850 mi ( 1,370 km ) ( track length , total ) Track gauge 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge Electrification 600 -- 650 V ( DC ) third rail ; normally 625V Average speed 17 mph ( 27 km / h ) Top speed 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) ( hide ) System map The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority , a subsidiary agency of the state - run Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) .",
"1": "Opened in 1904 , the New York City Subway is one of the world 's oldest public transit systems , one of the world 's most used metro systems , and the metro system with the most stations . It offers service 24 hours per day on every day of the year . The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations , with 472 stations in operation ( 424 if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations ) . Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens , and the Bronx . The Staten Island Railway is not officially considered part of the subway , as it lacks a rail link with the subway system , so passengers traveling to another borough take a ferry or bus ; however , free transfers are allowed to the New York City Subway and the MTA 's bus system . The Port Authority Trans - Hudson in Manhattan and New Jersey and the AirTrain JFK in Queens both accept the subway 's MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers . However , the Roosevelt Island Tramway does allow free transfers to the MTA and bus systems , even though it is also not operated by the MTA . The system is also one of the world 's longest . Overall , the system contains 236 miles ( 380 km ) of routes , translating into 665 miles ( 1,070 km ) of revenue track ; and a total of 850 miles ( 1,370 km ) including non-revenue trackage . By annual ridership , the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit rail system in both the Western Hemisphere and the Western world , as well as the seventh busiest rapid transit rail system in the world ; only the metro ( subway ) systems in Beijing , Shanghai , Seoul , Tokyo , Guangzhou , and Moscow record higher annual ridership . In 2015 , the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides , averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend ( 3.3 million on Saturdays ; 2.7 million on Sundays ) . Ridership continues to increase , and on September 23 , 2014 , more than 6.1 million people rode the subway system , establishing the highest single - day ridership since ridership was regularly monitored in 1985 .",
"2": "Of the system 's 25 services , 22 pass through Manhattan , the exceptions being the G train , the Franklin Avenue Shuttle , and the Rockaway Park Shuttle . Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated , on embankments , or in open cuts , and a few stretches of track run at ground level . In total , 40 % of track is above ground , despite the `` subway '' moniker . Many lines and stations have both express and local services . These lines have three or four tracks . Normally , the outer two are used for local trains , while the inner one or two are used for express trains . Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Construction methods 1.2 Expansion 2 Lines and routes 2.1 Nomenclature 2.2 Subway map 3 Stations 3.1 Concourse 3.2 Platforms 3.3 Accessibility 4 Rolling stock 5 Fares 5.1 MetroCard 6 Modernization 7 Safety and security 7.1 Signaling 7.1. 1 Wayside Block Signaling 7.1. 2 CBTC overlay 7.2 Train accidents 7.3 Passenger safety 7.3. 1 Track safety and suicides 7.3. 2 Crime 7.3. 3 Photography 7.3. 4 Terrorism prevention 8 Challenges 8.1 2009 -- 2010 budget cuts 8.2 2017 state of emergency 8.3 Capacity constraints 8.3. 1 Expanding service frequency via CBTC 8.3. 2 Expanding peak service frequency and increasing car capacity 8.3.",
"3": "3 Controlling crowds using signs and platform controllers 8.4 Subway flooding 8.5 Full and partial subway closures 8.6 Litter and rodents 8.7 Noise 9 Public relations 9.1 Miss Subways 9.2 Subway Series 9.3 Holiday Train 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York City Subway The City Hall station of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line opened on October 27 , 1904 Alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870 . His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended 312 feet ( 95 m ) under Broadway in Lower Manhattan operating from Warren Street to Murray Street and exhibited his idea for a subway propelled by pneumatic tube technology . The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons , although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to the Battery and northwards towards the Harlem River . ( In 1912 , workers excavating for the present - day BMT Broadway Line dug into the old Beach tunnel ; today , no part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall Station under Broadway . ) The Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system . A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894 , and construction began in 1900 . The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27 , 1904 , almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City , which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line . The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers . The oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line . The oldest right - of - way , which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek , was in use in 1864 as a steam railroad called the Brooklyn , Bath and Coney Island Rail Road .",
"4": "By the time the first subway opened in 1904 , the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems , the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company ( BRT , later Brooklyn -- Manhattan Transit Corporation , BMT ) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( IRT ) . The city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies . The first line of the city - owned and operated Independent Subway System ( IND ) opened in 1932 ; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down , but stayed within the core of the City due to its small startup capital . This required it to be run ' at cost ' , necessitating fares up to double the five - cent fare popular at the time . In 1940 , the city bought the two private systems . Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after . Integration was slow , but several connections were built between the IND and BMT ; these now operate as one division called the B Division . Since the IRT tunnels , sharper curves , and stations are too small and therefore can not accommodate B Division cars , the IRT remains its own division , the A Division . However , many passenger transfers between stations of all three former companies have been created , allowing the entire network to be treated as a single unit . During the late - 1940s , the system recorded high ridership , and on December 23 , 1946 , the system - wide record of 8,872,249 fares was set . The New York City Transit Authority ( NYCTA ) , a public authority presided by New York City , was created in 1953 to take over subway , bus , and streetcar operations from the city , and placed under control of the state - level Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968 . Graffiti became a notable symbol of declining service during the 1970s . Organized in 1934 by transit workers of the BRT , IRT , and IND , the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 remains the largest and most influential local of the labor unions . Since the union 's founding , there have been three union strikes over contract disputes with the MTA : 12 days in 1966 , 11 days in 1980 , and three days in 2005 .",
"5": "By the 1970s and 1980s , the New York City Subway was at an all - time low . Ridership had dropped to 1910s levels , and graffiti and crime were rampant on the subway ; in general , the subway was very poorly maintained during that time , and delays and track problems were common . Still , the NYCTA managed to open six new subway stations in the 1980s , make the current fleet of subway cars graffiti - free , as well as order 1,775 new subway cars . By the early 1990s , conditions had improved significantly , although maintenance backlogs accumulated during those 20 years are still being fixed today . The Cortlandt Street station partially collapsed as a result of the collapse of the World Trade Center . Entering the 21st century , progress continued despite several disasters . The September 11 attacks resulted in service disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan , particularly the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line , which ran directly underneath the World Trade Center . Sections of the tunnel , as well as the Cortlandt Street station , which was directly underneath the Twin Towers , were severely damaged . Rebuilding required the suspension of service on that line south of Chambers Street . Ten other nearby stations were closed for cleanup . By March 2002 , seven of those stations had reopened . The rest ( except for Cortlandt Street on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line ) reopened on September 15 , 2002 , along with service south of Chambers Street . In October 2012 , Hurricane Sandy wreaked havoc , flooding several underwater tunnels and other facilities near New York Harbor , as well as trackage over Jamaica Bay . The immediate damage was fixed within six months but long - term resiliency and rehabilitation projects continue . Construction methods ( edit ) A stretch of subway track on the 7 Subway Extension . When the IRT subway debuted in 1904 , the typical tunnel construction method was cut - and - cover . The street was torn up to dig the tunnel below before being rebuilt from above . Traffic on the street above would be interrupted due to the digging up of the street . Temporary steel and wooden bridges carried surface traffic above the construction . Contractors in this type of construction faced many obstacles , both natural and man - made .",
"6": "They had to deal with rock formations and ground water , which required pumps . Twelve miles of sewers , as well as water and gas mains , electric conduits , and steam pipes had to be rerouted . Street railways had to be torn up to allow the work . The foundations of tall buildings often ran near the subway construction , and in some cases needed underpinning to ensure stability . This method worked well for digging soft dirt and gravel near the street surface . However , tunnelling shields were required for deeper sections , such as the Harlem and East River tunnels , which used cast - iron tubes . Rock or concrete - lined tunnels were used on segments from 33rd to 42nd streets under Park Avenue ; 116th to 120th Streets under Broadway ; 145th to Dyckman Streets ( Fort George ) under Broadway and St. Nicholas Avenue ; and 96th Street and Broadway to Central Park North and Lenox Avenue . About 40 % of the subway system runs on surface or elevated tracks , including steel or cast iron elevated structures , concrete viaducts , embankments , open cuts and surface routes . All of these construction methods are completely grade - separated from road and pedestrian crossings , and most crossings of two subway tracks are grade - separated with flying junctions . The sole exceptions of at - grade junctions of two lines in regular service are the 142nd Street junction , the Rogers junction and the Myrtle Avenue junction , whose tracks both intersect at the same level . The 7,700 workers who built the original subway lines were mostly immigrants living in Manhattan . More recent projects use tunnel boring machines , which increase the cost . They minimize disruption at street level and avoid already existing utilities . Examples of such projects include the extension of the IRT Flushing Line and the IND Second Avenue Line . Expansion ( edit ) Main article : Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway Second Avenue Subway Community Information Center Since the opening of the original New York City Subway line in 1904 , various official and planning agencies have proposed numerous extensions to the subway system . One of the more expansive proposals was the `` IND Second System '' , part of a plan to construct new subway lines in addition to taking over existing subway lines and railroad rights - of - way .",
"7": "The most grandiose IND Second Subway plan , conceived in 1929 , was to be part of the city - operated IND , and was to comprise almost ⁄ of the current subway system . By 1939 , with unification planned , all three systems were included within the plan , which was ultimately never carried out . Many different plans were proposed over the years of the subway 's existence , but expansion of the subway system mostly stopped during World War II . Though most of the routes proposed over the decades have never seen construction , discussion remains strong to develop some of these lines , to alleviate existing subway capacity constraints and overcrowding , the most notable being the proposals for the Second Avenue Subway . Plans for new lines date back to the early 1910s , and expansion plans have been proposed during many years of the system 's existence . After the IND Sixth Avenue Line was completed in 1940 , the city went into great debt , and only 33 new stations have been added to the system since , nineteen of which were part of defunct railways that already existed . Five stations were on the abandoned New York , Westchester and Boston Railway , which was incorporated into the system in 1941 as the IRT Dyre Avenue Line . Fourteen more stations were on the abandoned LIRR Rockaway Beach Branch ( now the IND Rockaway Line ) , which opened in 1955 . Two stations ( 57th Street and Grand Street ) were part of the Chrystie Street Connection , and opened in 1968 ; the Harlem -- 148th Street terminal opened that same year in an unrelated project . Six were built as part of a 1968 plan : three on the Archer Avenue Lines , opened in 1988 , and three on the 63rd Street Lines , opened in 1989 . The new South Ferry station was built and connected to the existing Whitehall Street -- South Ferry station in 2009 . The one - stop 7 Subway Extension to the west side of Manhattan , comprising the 34th Street -- Hudson Yards station , was opened in 2015 , and three stations on the Second Avenue Subway in the Upper East Side were opened in the beginning of 2017 . Lines and routes ( edit ) ( show ) Annual passenger ridership Year Passengers % ± 1901 253,000,",
"8": "000 -- 1905 448,000,000 + 77.1 % 1910 725,000,000 + 61.8 % 1915 830,000,000 + 14.5 % 1920 1,332,000,000 + 60.5 % 1925 1,681,000,000 + 26.2 % 1930 2,049,000,000 + 21.9 % 1935 1,817,000,000 − 11.3 % 1940 1,857,000,000 + 2.2 % 1945 1,941,000,000 + 4.5 % 1946 2,067,000,000 + 6.5 % 1950 1,681,000,000 − 13.4 % 1955 1,378,000,000 − 18.0 % 1960 1,345,000,000 − 2.4 % 1965 1,363,000,000 + 1.3 % 1970 1,258,000,000 − 7.7 % 1,054,000,000 − 16.2 % 1980 1,009,000,000 − 4.3 % 1982 989,000,000 − 2.0 % 1985 1,010,000,000 + 2.1 % 1,028,000,000 + 1.8 % 1995 1,093,000,000 + 6.3 % 2000 1,400,000,000 + 28.1 % 2005 1,450,000,000 + 3.6 % 1,605,000,000 + 10.7 % 2011 1,640,000,000 + 2.2 % 2012 1,654,000,",
"9": "000 + 0.1 % 2013 1,708,000,000 + 3.3 % 2014 1,751,287,621 + 2.6 % 2015 1,762,565,419 + 0.6 % 2016 1,756,814,800 - 0.3 % A digital sign on the side of an R142 train on the 4 125th Street station on the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line Main articles : A Division ( New York City Subway ) and B Division ( New York City Subway ) See also : List of New York City Subway services and List of New York City Subway lines Many rapid transit systems run relatively static routings , so that a train `` line '' is more or less synonymous with a train `` route '' . In New York City , however , routings change often because of changes in the availability of connections or the setup of service patterns . Within the nomenclature of the subway , the `` line '' describes the physical railroad track or series of tracks that a train `` route '' uses on its way from one terminal to another . `` Routes '' ( also called `` services '' ) are distinguished by a letter or a number and `` Lines '' have names . They are also designations for trains , as exemplified in the Billy Strayhorn song `` Take the `` A '' Train `` . There are 25 train services in the subway system , including three short shuttles . Each route has a color and a local or express designation representing the Manhattan trunk line of the particular service . The color light green is exclusively assigned to the Crosstown Line route , which operates entirely outside Manhattan , while the shuttles are all assigned dark gray . The lines and services are not referred to by color ( e.g. , Blue Line or Green Line ) by native New Yorkers or by most New York City residents , but out - of - towners and tourists often refer to the subway lines by color . The 1 , C , G , L , M , R , and W trains are fully local and make all stops . The 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , A , B , D , E , F , N and Q trains have portions of express and local service .",
"10": "The J train normally operates local , but during rush hours it is joined by the Z train in the peak direction ; both the J and Z run local , express or skip - stop on different parts of their shared route . The 6 and 7 are also fully local , but during rush - hours , express variants of the routes , designated by diamond - shaped route markers , are operated alongside the locals . The letter S is used for three shuttle services : Franklin Avenue Shuttle , Rockaway Park Shuttle , and 42nd Street Shuttle . Though the subway system operates on a 24 - hour basis , during late night hours some of the designated routes do not run , run as a shorter route ( often referred to as the ' shuttle train ' version of its full - length counterpart ) or run with a different stopping pattern . These are usually indicated by smaller , secondary route signage on station platforms . Because there is no nightly system shutdown for maintenance , tracks and stations must be maintained while the system is operating . This work sometimes necessitates service changes during midday , overnight hours , and weekends . When parts of lines are temporarily shut down for construction purposes , the transit authority can substitute free shuttle buses ( using MTA Regional Bus Operations bus fleet ) to replace the routes that would normally run on these lines . The Transit Authority announces planned service changes through its website , via placards that are posted on station and interior subway - car walls , and through its Twitter page .",
"11": "Nomenclature ( edit ) Main article : New York City Subway nomenclature Primary Trunk line Color Pantone Hexadecimal Service bullets IND Eighth Avenue Line Vivid blue PMS 286 # 2850ad IND Sixth Avenue Line Bright orange PMS 165 # ff6319 IND Crosstown Line Lime green PMS 376 # 6cbe45 BMT Canarsie Line Light slate gray 50 % black # a7a9ac BMT Nassau Street Line Terra cotta brown PMS 154 # 996633 BMT Broadway Line Sunflower yellow PMS 116 # fccc0a IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line Tomato red PMS 185 # ee352e IRT Lexington Avenue Line Apple green PMS 355 # 00933c IRT Flushing Line Raspberry PMS Purple # b933ad Shuttles Dark slate gray 70 % black # 808183 Subway Map ( edit ) Main article : New York City Subway map Map of line elevation in relation to the ground ; underground segments are in orange , and above ground segments are in blue , whether they are elevated , embanked , graded or open cut Current official transit maps of the New York City Subway are based on a 1979 design by Michael Hertz Associates . The maps are not geographically accurate due to the complexity of the system ( Manhattan being the smallest borough , but having the most services ) , but they do show major city streets as an aid to navigation . The newest edition took effect on June 27 , 2010 , and makes Manhattan bigger and Staten Island smaller . Earlier diagrams of the subway ( the first being produced in 1958 ) had the perception of being more geographically inaccurate than the diagrams today . The design of the subway map by Massimo Vignelli , published by the MTA between 1972 and 1979 , has become a modern classic but the MTA deemed the map flawed due to its placement of geographical elements . A late night - only version of the map was introduced on January 30 , 2012 .",
"12": "On September 16 , 2011 , the MTA introduced a Vignelli - style interactive subway map , `` The Weekender '' , to its website ; as the title suggests , the online map provides information about any planned work , from late Friday night to early Monday morning . Several privately produced schematics are available online or in printed form , such as those by Hagstrom Map . Additionally , the New York City subway map has served as the subject of artistic endeavors . Late night subway service map The official map Old official map designed by George Salomon The NYC Subway map as a theme of art Stations ( edit ) Main article : New York City Subway stations Play media 7 train arriving at Vernon Boulevard -- Jackson Avenue station ( 43s ) Out of the 472 stations , 470 are served 24 hours a day . Underground stations in the New York City Subway are typically accessed by staircases going down from street level . Many of these staircases are painted in a common shade of green , with slight or significant variations in design . Other stations have unique entrances reflective of their location or date of construction . Several station entrance stairs , for example , are built into adjacent buildings . Nearly all station entrances feature color - coded globe or square lamps signifying their status as an entrance . The long and wide mezzanine in the West Fourth Street station in Greenwich Village . Out of all the stations on the New York City Subway , 275 are fully underground ( 59 % ) 153 are elevated stations ( 32 % ) 29 are on an embankment ( 6 % ) 15 are open cut stations ( 3 % ) This means that 61 % of the stations are below the surface ( 59 % being fully underground and about 2 % with most of the station below the surface ) . 39 % of stations are above the surface or overground . Concourse ( edit ) An entrance to the Times Square -- 42nd Street / Port Authority Bus Terminal station Many stations in the subway system have mezzanines . Mezzanines allow for passengers to enter from multiple locations at an intersection and proceed to the correct platform without having to cross the street before entering . Inside mezzanines are fare control areas , where passengers physically pay their fare to enter the subway system .",
"13": "In many older stations , the fare control area is at platform level with no mezzanine crossovers . Many elevated stations also have platform - level fare control with no common station house between directions of service . Upon entering a station , passengers may use station booths ( formerly known as token booths ) or vending machines to buy their fare , which is currently stored in a MetroCard . Each station has at least one booth , typically located at the busiest entrance . After swiping the card at a turnstile , customers enter the fare - controlled area of the station and continue to the platforms . Inside fare control are `` Off - Hours Waiting Areas '' , which consist of benches and are identified by a yellow sign . Platforms ( edit ) The IND Eighth Avenue Line station at 59th Street -- Columbus Circle A typical subway station has waiting platforms ranging from 480 to 600 feet ( 150 to 180 m ) long , though some IND platforms may be as long as 660 to 745 feet ( 201 to 227 m ) long . Platforms of former commuter rail stations , such as those on the IND Rockaway Line , are even longer . Due to the large number of transit lines , one platform or set of platforms often serve more than one service . Passengers need to look at the overhead signs at the platform entrance steps and over each track to see which trains stop there and when , and at the arriving train to see which one it is . There are a number of common platform configurations : On a double track line , a station may have one center island platform used for trains in both directions , or 2 side platforms , one for a train in each direction . For lines with three or four tracks with express service , local stops will have side platforms and the middle one or two tracks will not stop at the station . On these lines , express stations typically have two island platforms , one for the local and express in one direction , and another for the local and express in the other direction . Each island platform provides a cross-platform interchange between local and express services . Some lines with four - track express service have two tracks each on two levels and use both island and side platforms .",
"14": "Accessibility ( edit ) Street elevator serving as an entrance to the 66th Street -- Lincoln Center station Main article : Accessibility of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Since the majority of the system was built before 1990 , the year the Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA ) went into effect , many New York City Subway stations were not designed to be handicapped - accessible . Since then , elevators have been built in newly constructed stations to comply with the ADA . ( Most grade - level stations required little modification to meet ADA standards . ) In addition , the MTA identified `` key stations '' , high - traffic and / or geographically important stations , which must conform to the ADA when they are extensively renovated . As of January 2017 , there are 118 currently accessible stations ; many of them have AutoGate access . Under the current MTA plans , the number of ADA accessible stations will go up to 144 by 2020 . In June 2016 , the MTA was sued by a disability rights group for not including an elevator during the $21,000,000 renovation of the Middletown Road subway station in the Bronx . Only 19 % of all of the subway system 's stations were fully accessible to people with disabilities at the time , a number that rose to 24 % the next year . In April 2017 , two simultaneous lawsuits against the MTA , one in state court and one in federal court , claimed that the system was breaking one of the city 's human - rights laws by violating the Americans with Disabilities Act . As a result , the suits said , the MTA failed to `` eliminate and prevent discrimination from playing any role in actions relating to employment , public accommodations and housing and other real estate . '' Rolling stock ( edit ) A train of R32 cars on the A train Interior of an R142A car on the 4 train Interior of an R62 car on the 3 train Driver 's cab of an R160B subway car on the N train Main article : New York City Subway rolling stock As of November 2016 , the New York City Subway has 6418 cars on the roster .",
"15": "A typical New York City Subway train consists of 8 to 11 cars , although shuttles can have as few as two , and the train can range from 150 to 600 feet ( 46 to 183 m ) in length . The system maintains two separate fleets of cars , one for the A Division routes and another for the B Division routes . All B Division equipment is about 10 feet ( 3.05 m ) wide and either 60 feet 6 inches ( 18.44 m ) or 75 feet ( 22.86 m ) long , whereas A Division equipment is approximately 8 feet 9 inches ( 2.67 m ) wide and 51 feet 4 inches ( 15.65 m ) long . A portion of the 60 - foot B Division fleet is used for operation in the BMT Eastern Division , where 75 - foot ( 22.86 m ) long cars are not permitted . Cars purchased by the City of New York since the inception of the IND and the other divisions beginning in 1948 are identified by the letter `` R '' followed by a number ; e.g. : R32 . This number is the contract number under which the cars were purchased . Cars with nearby contract numbers ( e.g. : R1 through R9 , or R26 through R29 , or R143 through R160B ) may be relatively identical , despite being purchased under different contracts and possibly built by different manufacturers . Since 1999 , the R142 , R142A , R143 , R160 , and R188 cars have been placed into service . These cars are collectively known as New Technology Trains ( NTTs ) due to modern innovations such as LED and LCD route signs and information screens , as well as recorded train announcements and the ability to facilitate Communication - Based Train Control ( CBTC ) . Live conductor announcements can still be made on older rolling stock equipment . On March 24 , 2012 , the MTA announced that it ordered 300 R179 subway cars from Bombardier . The total price of the contract is US $ 599 million , and the first test train of five cars arrived in September 2016 , due to ongoing delivery and production start - up problems .",
"16": "As part of the 2017 -- 2020 MTA Financial Plan , 600 subway cars will have electronic display signs installed to improve customer experience . Fares ( edit ) Main article : New York City transit fares Riders pay a single fare to enter the subway system and may transfer between trains at no extra cost until they exit via station turnstiles ; the fare is a flat rate regardless of how far or how long the rider travels . Thus , riders must swipe their MetroCard upon entering the subway system , but not a second time upon leaving . As of April 2016 , nearly all fares are paid by MetroCard ; the base fare is $2.75 when purchased in the form of a reusable `` pay per ride '' MetroCard , with the last fare increase occurring on March 22 , 2015 . Single - use cards may be purchased for $3.00 , and 7 - day and 30 - day unlimited ride cards can lower the effective per - ride fare significantly . Reduced fares are available for the elderly and people with disabilities . Fares were stored in a money room at 370 Jay Street in Downtown Brooklyn starting in 1951 , when the building opened as a headquarters for the New York City Board of Transportation . The building is close to the lines of all three subway divisions ( the IRT , BMT , and IND ) and thus was a convenient location to collect fares , including tokens and cash , via money train . Passageways from the subway stations , including a visible door in the Jay Street IND station , lead to a money sorting room in the basement of the building . Fare collection and transport was originally performed using armored trucks , and the money trains were replaced by armored trucks in 2006 . MetroCard ( edit ) The current MetroCard design Main article : MetroCard ( New York City ) In November 1993 , the subway system introduced a fare system called the MetroCard , which allows riders to use cards that store the value equal to the amount paid to a station booth clerk or vending machine . The MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours ; several MetroCard - only transfers between subway stations were added in 2001 .",
"17": "With the addition of unlimited - ride MetroCards in 1998 ( for 7 - day and 30 - day periods , later 1 - day `` Fun Pass '' and 14 - day periods , both of which have been discontinued ) , the New York City Transit system was the last major transit system in the United States with the exception of BART in San Francisco to introduce passes for unlimited bus and rapid transit travel . In April 2016 , MTA solicited proposals for a contactless `` New Fare Payment System '' to replace the MetroCard by 2022 . On October 23 , 2017 , it was announced that the MetroCard would be phased out and replaced by a contactless fare payment system also by Cubic , with fare payment being made using Apple Pay , Google Pay , debit / credit cards with near - field communication technology , or radio - frequency identification cards . The October 23 announcement calls for the expansion of this system to a general - use electronic fare payment system at 500 subway turnstiles and 600 buses by late 2018 , with all buses and subway stations using electronic fare collection by 2020 . However , support of the MetroCard is slated to remain until 2023 . Modernization ( edit ) A subway station rebuilt under the Enhanced Station Initiative Main article : Technology of the New York City Subway Since the late 20th century , the MTA has started several projects to maintain and improve the subway . In the 1990s , it started converting the BMT Canarsie Line to use communications - based train control , utilizing a moving block signal system that allowed more trains to use the tracks and thus increasing passenger capacity . After the Canarsie Line tests were successful , the MTA expanded the automation program in the 2000s and 2010s to include other lines . As part of another program called FASTRACK , the MTA started closing sections of lines during weekday nights in 2012 , in order to allow workers to clean these lines without being hindered by train movements . It expanded the program beyond Manhattan the next year after noticing how efficient the FASTRACK program was compared to previous service diversions . In 2015 , the MTA announced a wide - ranging improvement program as part of the 2015 -- 2019 Capital Program .",
"18": "Thirty stations would be extensively rebuilt under the Enhanced Station Initiative , and new R211 subway cars would be able to fit more passengers . The MTA has also started some projects to improve passenger amenities . It added train arrival `` countdown clocks '' to most A Division stations and the BMT Canarsie Line ( L train ) by late 2011 , allowing passengers on these routes to see train arrival times using real - time data . A similar countdown - clock project for the B Division and the IRT Flushing Line was deferred until 2016 , when a new Bluetooth - based clock system was tested successfully . Beginning in 2011 , the MTA also started `` Help Point '' to aid with emergency calls or station agent assistance . The Help Point project was deemed successful , and the MTA subsequently installed Help Points in all stations . Interactive touchscreen `` On The Go ! Travel Station '' kiosks , which give station advisories , itineraries , and timetables , were installed starting in 2011 , with the program also being expanded after a successful pilot . Cellular phone and wireless data in stations , first installed in 2011 as part of yet another pilot program , was also expanded systemwide due to positive passenger feedback . Finally , credit - card trials at several subway stations in 2006 and 2010 led to proposals for contactless payment to replace the aging MetroCard . Safety and security ( edit ) Signaling ( edit ) Main article : Signals of the New York City Subway Wayside block signaling ( edit ) Example of a signal at the 34th Street -- Hudson Yards station The system currently uses Automatic Block Signaling with fixed wayside signals and automatic train stops in order to provide safe train operation across the whole system . The New York City Subway system has , for the most part , used block signalling since its 1904 opening , and many portions of the signaling system were installed between the 1930s and 1960s . These signals work by preventing trains from entering a `` block '' occupied by another train . Typically , the blocks are 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) long . If no train is in the block , the signal will light up as green . When a train enters the block , the signal turns red , marking the block as occupied .",
"19": "The train 's maximum speed will depend on how many blocks are open in front of it . However , the signals do not register a train 's speed , nor where in the block the train is located . Subway trains are stopped mechanically at all signals showing `` stop '' aspects by automatic train stops located alongside the tracks ; all cars are equipped with tripcocks . Although this is a simple principle of train stops , that wayside trippers must not be moved to trip ( `` stop '' ) position until it is guaranteed that the train has fully passed the signal with all its cars . Today , the majority of all subway delays are caused by signal problems . Whenever a track circuit stops working , all of the signals which are affected by it turn red , as it is uncertain whether there is a train in that section , and the system properly reverts to a safe state . CBTC overlay ( edit ) In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the MTA began automating the subway by Communication - Based Train Control ( CBTC ) . CBTC supplements , rather than replaces , the fixed - block signal system ; it allows trains to operate closer together . The BMT Canarsie Line , on which the L train runs , was chosen for pilot testing because it is a self - contained line that does not operate in conjunction with other lines . CBTC became operational in February 2009 . Due to an unexpected ridership increase , the MTA ordered additional cars , and increased service from 15 trains to 26 trains per hour , an achievement beyond the capability of the block system . The total cost of the project was $340 million . After the success of the BMT Canarsie Line automation , the IRT Flushing Line , carrying the 7 and < 7 > trains , was next chosen to be outfitted with CBTC . The proposed plan is estimated to cost US $1.4 billion . It is scheduled to be completed in September 2017 . Eventually , the MTA has plans to automate a much larger portion , using One Person Train Operation ( OPTO ) in conjunction with CBTC . At the current pace of installation , it would take 175 years for CBTC to be installed at a cost of $20 billion .",
"20": "The Flushing line operated at almost 30 trains an hour using the signal system installed when the line was built , but after CBTC is installed it is possible that an additional two trains per hour could be operated . The New York City Subway uses a system known as Automatic Train Supervision ( ATS ) for dispatching and train routing on the A Division ( the Flushing line and the trains used on the 7 and < 7 > services do not have ATS . ) ATS allows dispatchers in the Operations Control Center ( OCC ) to see where trains are in real time , and whether each individual train is running early or late . Dispatchers can hold trains for connections , re-route trains , or short - turn trains to provide better service when a disruption causes delays . Train accidents ( edit ) Main article : New York City Subway accidents Despite the signal system , there have been at least 64 major train accidents since 1918 , when a train bound for South Ferry smashed into two trains halted near Jackson Avenue on the IRT White Plains Road Line in the Bronx . Several accidents resulted when the train operator ran through red signals and rear - ended the subway train in front of it ; this resulted from the signaling practice of `` keying by '' , which allowed train operators to bypass red signals . The deadliest accident , the Malbone Street Wreck , occurred on November 1 , 1918 beneath the intersection of Flatbush Avenue , Ocean Avenue , and Malbone Street ( the latter of which is now Empire Boulevard ) near the Prospect Park station of the then - BRT Brighton Line in Brooklyn , killing 93 people . As a result of accidents , especially more recent ones such as the 1995 Williamsburg Bridge crash , timer signals were installed . These signals have resulted in reduced speeds across the system . Accidents such as derailments are also due to broken equipment , such as the rails and the train itself . Passenger Safety ( edit ) Yellow platform edges , yellow staircase steps and yellow railings , painted for safety , at the IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line platform at 168th Street Track Safety and suicides ( edit ) A portion of subway - related deaths in New York consists of suicides committed by jumping in front of an oncoming train .",
"21": "Between 1990 and 2003 , 343 subway - related suicides have been registered out of a citywide total of 7,394 ( 4.6 % ) and subway - related suicides increased by 30 % , despite a decline in overall suicide numbers . Due to increase in people hit by trains in 2013 , in late 2013 and early 2014 the MTA started a test program at one undisclosed station , with four systems and strategies to eliminate the number of people hit by trains . Closed - circuit television cameras , a web of laser beams stretched across the tracks , radio frequencies transmitted across the tracks , and thermal imaging cameras focused on the station 's tracks were set to be installed at that station . At the unidentified station , tests have gone so well at the testing site that these track protection systems will be installed systemwide as part of the 2015 -- 2019 capital program . The MTA also expressed interest in starting a pilot program to install platform edge doors . Several planned stations in the New York City Subway may possibly feature platform screen doors , possibly including future stations such as those part of the Second Avenue Subway . Currently , the MTA is planning a test program to install screen doors at a subway station on the BMT Canarsie Line . As part of the 2010 -- 2014 capital program , the station was going to be Sixth Avenue , but it is uncertain whether or not that this will be the station chosen . Following a series of incidents during one week in November 2016 , in which 3 people were injured or killed after being pushed onto the tracks , the MTA started to consider installing platform edge doors for the 42nd Street Shuttle . Crime ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York City Subway § Crime Crime rates have shown variations over time , with a drop starting in the 1990s and continuing today . In order to fight crime , various approaches have been used over the years , including an `` If You See Something , Say Something '' campaign and , starting in 2016 , banning people who commit a crime in the subway system from entering the system for a certain length of time . In the 1960s , for example , mayor Robert Wagner ordered an increase in the New York City Transit Police force from 1,219 to 3,100 officers .",
"22": "During the hours at which crimes most frequently occurred ( between 8 : 00 p.m. and 4 : 00 a.m. ) , the officers went on patrol in all stations and trains . In response , crime rates decreased , as extensively reported by the press . In July 1985 , however , the Citizens Crime Commission of New York City published a study showing riders abandoning the subway , fearing the frequent robberies and generally bad circumstances . To counter these developments , policy that was rooted in the late 1980s and early 1990s was implemented . In line with this Fixing Broken Windows philosophy , the New York City Transit Authority ( NYCTA ) began a five - year program to eradicate graffiti from subway trains in 1984 . In 1993 , Mayor Rudy Giuliani took office and with Police Commissioner Howard Safir , the strategy was more widely deployed in New York under the rubrics of `` zero tolerance '' and `` quality of life '' . Crime rates in the subway and city dropped . Giuliani 's campaign credited the success to the zero tolerance policy . The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed . New York City Police Department Commissioner William J. Bratton and author of Fixing Broken Windows , George L. Kelling , however , stated the police played an `` important , even central , role '' in the declining crime rates . The trend continued and Giuliani 's successor , Michael Bloomberg , stated in a November 2004 press release : `` Today , the subway system is safer than it has been at any time since we started tabulating subway crime statistics nearly 40 years ago . '' Photography ( edit ) After the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , the MTA exercised extreme caution regarding anyone taking photographs or recording video inside the system and proposed banning all photography and recording in a meeting around June 2004 . However , due to strong response from both the public and from civil rights groups , the rule of conduct was dropped . In November 2004 , the MTA again put this rule up for approval , but was again denied , though many police officers and transit workers still confront or harass people taking photographs or videos .",
"23": "However , on April 3 , 2009 , the NYPD issued a directive to officers stating that it is legal to take pictures within the subway system so long as it is not accompanied with suspicious activity . Currently , the MTA Rules of Conduct , Restricted Areas and Activities section states that anyone may take pictures or record videos , provided that they do not use any of three tools : lights , reflectors , or tripods . These three tools are permitted only by members of the press who have identification issued by the NYPD . Terrorism Prevention ( edit ) See also : New York City Transit Police On July 22 , 2005 , in response to bombings in London , the New York City Transit Police introduced a new policy of randomly searching passengers ' bags as they approached turnstiles . The NYPD claimed that no form of racial profiling would be conducted when these searches actually took place . The NYPD has come under fire from some groups that claim purely random searches without any form of threat assessment would be ineffectual . Donna Lieberman , Executive Director of the NYCLU , stated , `` This NYPD bag search policy is unprecedented , unlawful and ineffective . It is essential that police be aggressive in maintaining security in public transportation . But our very real concerns about terrorism do not justify the NYPD subjecting millions of innocent people to suspicionless searches in a way that does not identify any person seeking to engage in terrorist activity and is unlikely to have any meaningful deterrent effect on terrorist activity . '' The searches were upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in MacWade v. Kelly . On April 11 , 2008 , MTA received a Ferrara Fire Apparatus Hazardous Materials Response Truck , which went into service three days later . It will be used in the case of a chemical or bioterrorist attack . Najibullah Zazi and others were arrested in September 2009 and pleaded guilty in 2010 to being part of an al - Qaeda plan to undertake suicide bombings on the New York City subway system . Challenges ( edit ) 2009 -- 2010 budget cuts ( edit ) 28th Street station after the W train was discontinued in mid-2010 . Note the dark grey tape masked over the W bullet . ( This sign has since been replaced due to the restoration of the W in 2016 . )",
"24": "The MTA faced a budget deficit of US $1.2 billion in 2009 . This resulted in fare increases ( three times from 2008 to 2010 ) and service reductions ( including the elimination of two part - time subway services , the V and W ) . Several other routes were modified as a result of the deficit . The N was made a full - time local in Manhattan ( in contrast to being a weekend local / weekday express before 2010 ) , while the Q was extended nine stations north to Astoria -- Ditmars Boulevard on weekdays , both to cover the discontinued W . The M was combined with the V , routing it over the Chrystie Street Connection , IND Sixth Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line to Forest Hills -- 71st Avenue on weekdays instead of via the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and BMT West End Line to Bay Parkway . The G was truncated to Court Square full - time . Construction headways on eleven routes were lengthened , and off - peak service on seven routes were lengthened . 2017 state of emergency ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New York City transit crisis In June 2017 , Governor Andrew Cuomo signed an executive order declaring a state of emergency for the New York City Subway after a series of derailments , track fires , and overcrowding incidents . On June 27 , 2017 , thirty - nine people were injured when an A train derailed at 125th Street , damaging tracks and signals then catching on fire . On July 21 , 2017 , the second set of wheels on a southbound Q train jumped the track near Brighton Beach , with nine people suffering injuries due to improper maintenance of the car in question . To solve the system 's problems , the MTA officially announced the Genius Transit Challenge on June 28 , where contestants could submit ideas to improve signals , communications infrastructure , or rolling stock . On July 25 , 2017 , Chairman Joe Lhota announced a two - phase , $9 billion New York City Subway Action Plan to stabilize the subway system and to prevent the continuing decline of the system . The first phase , costing $836 million , consisted of five categories of improvements in Signal and Track Maintenance , Car Reliability , System Safety and Cleanliness , Customer Communication , and Critical Management Group .",
"25": "The $8 billion second phase would implement the winning proposals from the Genius Transit Challenge and fix more widespread problems . Six winning submissions for the Genius Transit Challenge were announced in March 2018 . In October 2017 , city comptroller Scott Stringer released an analysis of the effect of subway delays on the economy and on commuters . The study found that based on a normal wait time of 5 minutes and an average wage of $34 per hour in 2016 , `` worst - case '' subway delays of more than 20 minutes could cost up to $389 million annually in lost productivity . By comparison , `` mid-case '' delays of between 10 and 20 minutes could cost $243.1 million per year , and `` best - case '' delays of between 5 and 10 minutes could cost $170.2 million per year . In November 2017 , The New York Times published its investigation into the crisis . It found that the crisis had arisen as a result of financially unsound decisions by local and state politicians from both the Democratic and Republican parties . By this time , the subway 's 65 % average on - time performance was the lowest among all major cities ' transit systems , and every non-shuttle subway route 's on - time performance had declined in the previous ten years . Capacity constraints ( edit ) The interior of a Q train during afternoon rush hour Several subway lines have reached their operational limits in terms of train frequency and passengers , according to data released by the Transit Authority . As of June 2007 , all of the A Division services except the 42nd Street Shuttle , as well as the E and L trains , were beyond capacity , as well as portions of the N train . In April 2013 , New York magazine reported that the system was more crowded than it had been in the previous 66 years . The subway reached a daily ridership of 6 million for 29 days in 2014 , and was expected to record a similar ridership level for 55 days in 2015 ; by comparison , in 2013 , daily ridership never reached 6 million . In particular , the express tracks of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and IND Queens Boulevard Line are noted for operating at full capacity during peak hours .",
"26": "The Long Island Rail Road East Side Access project is expected to bring many more commuters to the Lexington Avenue Line when it opens around the year 2022 , further overwhelming its capacity . By early 2016 , delays as a result of overcrowding were up to more than 20,000 every month , four times the amount in 2012 . The overcrowded trains have resulted in an increase of assaults because of tense commuters . With less platform space , more passengers are forced to be on the edge of the platform resulting in the increased possibility of passengers falling on the track . One possible solution that the MTA is considering is platform screen doors , which exist on the AirTrain JFK to prevent passengers from falling onto the tracks . In order to prevent hitting passengers who could fall onto the tracks , train operators are being instructed to go into stations at lower speeds . The increased proximity of riders could result in the spread of contagious diseases . Expanding service frequency via CBTC ( edit ) The Second Avenue Subway , which has provisions for communications - based train control ( CBTC ) , was built to relieve pressure on the Lexington Avenue Line ( 4 , 5 , 6 , and < 6 > trains ) by shifting an estimated 225,000 passengers . In addition , CBTC installation on the Flushing Line is expected to increase the rate of trains per hour on the 7 and < 7 > trains , but little relief will come to other crowded lines until later . CBTC on the Flushing Line is expected to be completed in September 2017 . The L train , which is overcrowded during rush hours , already has CBTC operation . The installation of CBTC has reduced the L 's running time by 3 % . Even with CBTC , there are limits on the potential increased service . For L service to be increased further , a power upgrade as well as additional space for the L to turn around at its Manhattan terminus , Eighth Avenue , are needed . The MTA is also seeking to implement CBTC on the IND Queens Boulevard Line . CBTC is to be installed on this line in five phases , with phase one ( 50th Street / 8th Avenue and 47th -- 50th Streets -- Rockefeller Center to Kew Gardens -- Union Turnpike ) being included in the 2010 -- 2014 capital budget .",
"27": "The $205.8 million contract for the installment of phase one was awarded in 2015 to Siemens and Thales . Planning for phase one started in 2015 , with major engineering work to follow in 2017 . The total cost for the entire Queens Boulevard Line is estimated at over $900 million . The Queens Boulevard CBTC project is expected to be completed in 2021 . Funding for CBTC on the IND Eighth Avenue Line is also provided in the 2015 -- 2019 capital project . The MTA projects that 355 miles of track will receive CBTC signals by 2029 , including most of the IND , as well as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line . The MTA also is planning to install CBTC equipment on the IND Crosstown Line , the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and the BMT Brighton Line before 2025 . As part of the installation of CBTC , the whole fleet of subway cars needs to be remodeled or replaced . Expanding peak service frequency and increasing Car capacity ( edit ) Due to an increase of ridership , the MTA has tried to increase capacity wherever possible by adding more frequent service , specifically during the evening hours . However , this increase will not likely keep up with the growth of subway ridership . Some lines have capacity for additional trains during peak times , but there are too few subway cars for this additional service to be operated . Mockup of the proposed experimental open - gangway configuration for the R211T subway car As part of the R211 subway car order , the MTA is planning to test a train of 10 open - gangway experimental prototype cars , which could increase capacity by up to 10 % by utilizing space that in previous models was the unused space between cars . The order could be expanded to include up to 750 open - gangway cars . Controlling crowds using signs and platform controllers ( edit ) The MTA is also testing smaller ideas on some services . In late 2015 , the F , 6 , and 7 trains started having 100 `` station platform controllers '' deployed to manage the flow of passengers on and off crowded trains for maximum ridership during morning rush hours , for a total of 129 such employees ; these workers also answer passengers ' questions about subway directions , rather than having conductors answer them and thus delaying the trains .",
"28": "In early 2017 , the test was expanded to the afternoon peak period with an increase of 35 platform conductors . In November of the same year , 140 platform controllers and 90 conductors gained iPhone 6S devices so they could receive notifications of , and tell riders about , subway disruptions . Subway guards , the predecessors to the platform controllers , were first used during the Great Depression and World War II . Shortened `` next stop '' announcements on trains were being tested on the 2 and 5 trains . `` Step aside '' signs on the platforms , reminding boarding passengers to let departing passengers off the train first , are being tested at Grand Central -- 42nd Street , 51st Street , and 86th Street on the Lexington Avenue Line . Cameras would also be installed so the MTA could observe passenger overcrowding . In systems like the London Underground , stations are simply closed off when they are overcrowded , such as the busy Oxford Circus tube station , which had to close more than 100 times in a year . That type of restriction is not necessary yet on the New York City Subway , according to MTA spokesman Kevin Ortiz . Subway flooding ( edit ) Rain from drainage pipes comes into a subway car Service on the subway system is occasionally disrupted by flooding from rainstorms , even minor ones . Rainwater can disrupt signals underground and require the electrified third rail to be shut off . Every day , the MTA moves 13 million gallons of water when it is not raining . Since 1992 , $357 million has been used to improve 269 pump rooms . By August 2007 , $115 million was earmarked to upgrade the remaining 18 pump rooms . Despite these improvements , the transit system continues to experience flooding problems . On August 8 , 2007 , after more than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of rain fell within an hour , the subway system flooded , causing almost every subway service to either be disabled or seriously disrupted , effectively halting the morning rush . This was the third incident in 2007 in which rain disrupted service . The system was disrupted on this occasion because the pumps and drainage system can handle only a rainfall rate of 1.75 inches ( 44 mm ) per hour ; the incident 's severity was aggravated by the scant warning as to the severity of the storm .",
"29": "In addition , as part of a $130 million and an estimated 18 - month project , the MTA began installing new subway grates in September 2008 in an attempt to prevent rain from overflowing into the subway system . The metallic structures , designed with the help of architectural firms and meant as a piece of public art , are placed atop existing grates but with a 3 - to - 4 - inch ( 76 to 102 mm ) sleeve to prevent debris and rain from flooding the subway . The racks will at first be installed in the three most flood - prone areas as determined by hydrologists : Jamaica , Tribeca , and the Upper West Side . Each neighborhood has its own distinct design , some featuring a wave - like deck which increases in height and features seating ( as in Jamaica ) , others with a flatter deck that includes seating and a bike rack . In October 2012 , Hurricane Sandy caused a lot of damage to New York City , and many subway tunnels were inundated with floodwater . The subway opened with limited service two days after the storm and was running at 80 percent capacity within five days ; however , some infrastructure needed years to repair . A year after the storm , MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz said , `` This was unprecedented in terms of the amount of damage that we were seeing throughout the system . '' The storm flooded nine of the system 's 14 underwater tunnels , many subway lines , and several subway yards , as well as completely destroying a portion of the IND Rockaway Line and much of the South Ferry terminal station . Reconstruction required many weekend closures on several lines , as well as several long - term closures on the Greenpoint Tunnel , Montague Street Tunnel , Rockaway Line , and the South Ferry station , with a long - term closure planned for the 14th Street Tunnel ; some reconstruction is expected to last until at least 2020 . As a preventative measure , 68 subway entrances in Lower Manhattan are also receiving fabric plugs that are intended to keep flood water out . In October 2017 , it was revealed that 3,000 - pound ( 1,400 kg ) waterproof doors and curtains were being installed in 24 Lower Manhattan locations at a cost of $30,000 each .",
"30": "Flooding at 125th Street after a water main break Preparations for Hurricane Sandy at Bowling Green South Ferry after Hurricane Sandy Pump train in the Cranberry Street Tube after Hurricane Sandy Full and partial subway closures ( edit ) On August 27 , 2011 , due to the approach of Hurricane Irene , the MTA suspended subway service at noon in anticipation of heavy flooding on tracks and in tunnels . It was the first weather - caused shutdown in the history of the system . Service was restored by August 29 . On October 29 , 2012 , another full closure was ordered before the arrival of Hurricane Sandy . All services on the subway , the Long Island Rail Road and Metro - North were gradually shut down that day at 7 : 00 P.M. , to protect passengers , employees and equipment from the coming storm . The storm caused serious damage to the system , especially the IND Rockaway Line , upon which many sections between Howard Beach -- JFK Airport and Hammels Wye on the Rockaway Peninsula were heavily damaged , leaving it essentially isolated from the rest of the system . This required the NYCTA to truck in 20 R32 subway cars to the line to provide some interim service ( temporarily designated the H ) . Also , several of the system 's tunnels under the East River were flooded by the storm surge . South Ferry suffered serious water damage and did not reopen until April 4 , 2013 by restoring service to the older loop - configured station that had been replaced in 2009 ; the stub - end terminal tracks remained out of service until June 2017 . Since 2015 , there have been three blizzard - related subway shutdowns . On January 26 , 2015 , another full closure was ordered by New York Governor Andrew Cuomo due to the January 2015 nor'easter , which was originally projected to leave New York City with 20 to 30 inches ( 51 to 76 cm ) of snow . The next day , the subway system was partially reopened . A number of New York City residents criticized Cuomo 's decision to shut down the subway system for the first time ever due to snow . The nor'easter dropped much less snow in the city than originally expected , totaling only 9.8 inches ( 25 cm ) in Central Park .",
"31": "On January 23 , 2016 , a partial subway closure was ordered due to the January 2016 United States blizzard , wherein all aboveground stations were closed ; the underground lines remained open during the blizzard . Most of the subway resumed service the next day , with some lingering delays due to an average of 26 inches ( 66 cm ) of snow in the area . On March 13 , 2017 , another partial subway closure of all aboveground stations was ordered for the next day due to the March 2017 nor'easter , which was forecast to bring up to 20 inches ( 51 cm ) of snow to the area . Litter and rodents ( edit ) Further information : Rats in New York City Litter accumulation is a perennial problem in the subway system . In the 1970s and 1980s , dirty trains and platforms , as well as graffiti were a serious problem . The situation had improved since then , but the 2010 budget crisis , which caused over 100 of the cleaning staff to lose their jobs , threatened to curtail trash removal from the subway system . Every day , the MTA removes 40 tons of trash from 3,500 trash receptacles . The New York City Subway system is infested with rats . Rats are sometimes seen on platforms , and are commonly seen foraging through garbage thrown onto the tracks . They are believed to pose a health hazard , and on rare instances have been known to bite humans . Subway stations notorious for rat infestation include Chambers Street , Jay Street -- MetroTech , West Fourth Street , Spring Street and 145th Street . Decades of efforts to eradicate or simply thin the rat population in the system have been unsuccessful . In March 2009 , the Transit Authority announced a series of changes to its vermin control strategy , including new poison formulas and experimental trap designs . In October 2011 , the MTA announced a new initiative to clean 25 subway stations , along with their garbage rooms , of rat infestations . Also in October 2011 , the MTA announced a pilot program aimed at reducing levels of garbage in the subways by removing all garbage bins from the subway platforms . The initiative is being tested at the Eighth Street -- New York University and Flushing -- Main Street stations .",
"32": "As of March 2016 , stations along the BMT Jamaica Line , BMT Myrtle Avenue Line , and various other stations had their garbage cans removed due to the success of the program . There are also vacuum trains that are designed to remove trash off of the tracks , but are ineffective and often broken . A 2016 study by Travel Math had the New York City Subway listed as the dirtiest subway system in the country based on the number of viable bacteria cells . In August 2016 , the MTA announced that it had initiated Operation Track Sweep , which is an aggressive plan that will dramatically reduce the amount of trash on the tracks and in the subway environment , and in turn should reduce track fires and train delays . The frequency of station track cleaning will be increased . In a two - week period , 94 stations will be cleaned , an increase from 34 stations . Starting on September 12 , 2016 , the MTA launched an intensive two - week , system - wide cleaning from all of the tracks at all of the system 's stations . New portable track vacuum systems are in the works as the MTA is working with two manufacturers . Three new powerful vacuum trains , two arriving in 2017 , and the third in 2018 , and 27 new refuse cars will be part of the operation . On March 28 , 2017 , the New York State Comptroller , Thomas DiNapoli , announced the MTA 's pilot program to remove trash cans had been scrapped . His office had criticized the agency for the program . Typical subway car exterior in the late 1970s Measures against rats Program for removing garbage bins from stations Noise ( edit ) Rolling stock on the New York City Subway produces high levels of noise that exceed guidelines set by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . In 2006 , Columbia University 's Mailman School of Public Health found noise levels averaged 95 decibel ( dB ) inside subway cars and 94 dB on platforms . Daily exposure to noise at such levels for as little as 30 minutes can lead to hearing loss . Noise on one in 10 platforms exceeded 100 dB . Under WHO and EPA guidelines , noise exposure at that level is limited to 1.5 minutes .",
"33": "A subsequent study by Columbia and the University of Washington found higher average noise levels in the subway ( 80.4 dB ) than on commuter trains including Port Authority Trans - Hudson ( PATH ) ( 79.4 dB ) , Metro - North ( 75.1 dB ) and Long Island Rail Road ( LIRR ) ( 74.9 dB ) . Since the decibel scale is a logarithmic scale , sound at 95 dB is 10 times more intense than at 85 dB , 100 times more intense than at 75 dB , and so forth . In the second study , peak subway noise registered at 102.1 dB . For the construction of the Second Avenue Subway , the MTA , with the engineering firm Arup , worked to reduce the noise levels in stations . In order to reduce noise for all future stations starting with the Second Avenue Subway , the MTA is investing in low - vibration track using ties encased in concrete - covered rubber and neoprene pads . Continuously welded rail , which is also being installed , reduces the noise being made by the wheels of trains . The biggest change that is going to be made is in the design of stations . Current stations were built with tile and stone , which bounce sound everywhere , while newer stations will have the ceilings lined with absorbent fiberglass or mineral wool that will direct sound toward the train and not the platform . With less noise from the trains , platform announcements could be heard more clearly . They will be clearer with speakers spaced periodically on the platform , angled so that announcements can be heard by the riders . The Second Avenue Subway has the first stations to test this technology . Public relations ( edit ) The New York City Board of Transportation , and its successor , MTA New York City Transit , has had numerous events that promote increased ridership of their transit system . Miss Subways ( edit ) Main article : Miss Subways An advertisement for Miss Subways at the New York Transit Museum From 1941 to 1976 , the Board of Transportation / New York City Transit Authority sponsored the `` Miss Subways '' publicity campaign . In the musical On the Town , the character Miss Turnstiles is based on the Miss Subways campaign . The campaign was resurrected in 2004 , for one year , as `` Ms. Subways '' . It was part of the 100th anniversary celebrations .",
"34": "The monthly campaign , which included the winners ' photos and biographical blurbs on placards in subway cards , featured such winners as Mona Freeman and prominent New York City restaurateur Ellen Goodman . The winner of this contest was Caroline Sanchez - Bernat , an actress from Morningside Heights . Subway series ( edit ) Main article : Subway Series An R142 subway train in a special livery for the 2000 Subway Series Subway Series is a term applied to any series of baseball games between New York City teams , as opposing teams can travel to compete merely by using the subway system . Subway Series is a term long used in New York , going back to series between the Brooklyn Dodgers or New York Giants and the New York Yankees in the 1940s and 1950s . Today , the term is used to describe the rivalry between the Yankees and the New York Mets . During the 2000 World Series , cars on the 4 train ( which stopped at Yankee Stadium ) were painted with Yankee colors , while cars on the 7 train ( which stopped at Shea Stadium ) had Mets colors . The term could also be applied to the rivalry between the New York Knicks and the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association , or the New York Rangers and the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League ever since the Nets and the Islanders moved to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn . Holiday train ( edit ) Nostalgia Train at Second Avenue station in 2016 Since 2003 , the MTA has operated a Holiday Train on Sundays in November and December , from the first Sunday after Thanksgiving to the Sunday before Christmas Day . This train was made of cars from the R1 through R9 series . The route made all stops between Second Avenue in Manhattan and Queens Plaza in Queens via the IND Sixth Avenue Line and the IND Queens Boulevard Line . In 2011 , the train operated on Saturdays instead of Sundays . In 2017 , the train ran between Second Avenue and 96th Street . The contract , car numbers ( and year built ) used were Arnines , specifically R1 100 ( built 1930 ) , R1 381 ( 1931 ) , R4 401 ( 1932 ) , R4 484 ( 1932 ) -- Bulls Eye lighting and a test P.A.",
"35": "system added in 1946 , R6 - 3 1000 ( 1935 ) , R6 - 1 1300 ( 1937 ) , R7A 1575 ( 1938 ) -- rebuilt in 1947 as a prototype for the R10 subway car , and R9 1802 ( 1940 ) . See also ( edit ) List of metro systems List of United States rapid transit systems by ridership Graffiti in New York Staten Island Railway Subway Challenge New York City Subway in popular culture Transportation in New York City Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These are the physical tracks that a train `` service '' runs on . See New York City Subway nomenclature for more information . Jump up ^ These `` services '' run on physical tracks . See New York City Subway nomenclature for more information . ^ Jump up to : There are 13 stations on the IND Second Avenue Line and 1 station on the IRT Flushing Line planned . The Second Avenue Line has 3 active stations . 13 of these are planned . The Tenth Avenue station will be constructed as an in - fill station once funding for it is secured . ^ Jump up to : Closed stations are usually not counted ( except for Cortlandt Street ( IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line ) , which is counted by the MTA ) . Without counting Cortlandt Street , the figure is 471 stations ( or 423 by international standards ) . Both the Chambers Street -- World Trade Center ( IND Eighth Avenue Line ) and Canal Street ( BMT Broadway Line ) stations are considered two stations each by the MTA . If both of them are counted as one station each , the number of stations in the New York City Subway is 470 stations ( or 424 by international standards ) . Jump up ^ The station is Cortlandt Street , an existing IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line station being completely rebuilt .",
"36": "Jump up ^ The IRT main line , which is considered to be the first New York City `` subway '' line , opened in 1904 ; however , the Ninth Avenue Line , a predecessor elevated railroad line , operated its first trial run on July 3 , 1868 according to Facts and Figures 1979 -- 80 , published by the New York City Transit Authority See also nycsubway.org ; and the West End Line , which opened in 1863 . A small portion of the latter line 's original right - of - way , part of an extension opened in 1864 , is still in daily use near Coney Island . thethirdrail.net Archived May 23 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Highest daily ridership since public takeover . In the first half of the 20th century , ridership was significantly higher . Jump up ^ There is one station ( 10th Avenue ) planned as a future infill station . See Outcry emerges for 41st St. stop on new 7 - line Jump up ^ See also FASTRACK Jump up ^ The Times Square and Grand Central stations of the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle are closed during late nights . Jump up ^ See : Korman , Joe ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` IRT Car Assignments '' . JoeKorNer . Korman , Joe ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` BMT - IND Car Assignments '' . JoeKorNer . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to Subway Ridership '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/final_summary_report.pdf '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` MTA releases Second Avenue subway images '' . Jump up ^ `` Outcry emerges for 41st St. stop on new 7 - line '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Station Developers ' Information '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fifty Years of Rapid Transit ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ `` The MTA Network '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority .",
"37": "Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1 Subway Line Profile '' ( PDF ) . NYPRIG Straphangers Campaign . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Years Ended December 31 , 2016 and 2015 '' ( pdf ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) . July 26 , 2017 . p. 168 ( PDF p. 169 ) . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts & Figures -- Subways '' . www.nycsubway.org . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Railway Power Stations of New York City '' . Engineering and Technology History . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Average schedule speed : How does Metro compare ? '' . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Clifton ( 2004 ) . 722 Miles : The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8054 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Transportation Authority Description and Board Structure Covering Fiscal Year 2009 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is the largest metro system in the world ? '' . CityMetric . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Ride the Subway '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Should New York 's Subway Map Embrace NJ 's PATH Trains ? '' . Curbed NY . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AirTrain -- Ground Transportation -- John F. Kennedy International Airport -- Port Authority of New York & New Jersey '' . www.panynj.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA / New York City Transit -- Where MetroCard Is Accepted '' . web.mta.info . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 .",
"38": "Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Years Ended December 31 , 2011 and 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) . May 2 , 2012 . p. 148 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Subways '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma G. Fitzsimmons ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` M.T.A. Expected to Raise Fares and Tolls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Jack ( October 8 , 2013 ) . 101 Amazing Facts About New York . Andrews UK Limited . ISBN 9781783333059 . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Joseph ( 2005 ) . `` They found the tube in excellent condition '' . Beach Pneumatic . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Inventor of the Week : Archive '' . March 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pneumatic Tunnel Under Broadway ( 1870 ) '' . nycsubway.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . ( extract from Scientific American March 5 , 1870 ) Jump up ^ nycsubway.org -- Beach Pneumatic Transit Jump up ^ Blankinger , Kari ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` NYC 's first subway was luxurious , pneumatic and built illegally '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas ( November 17 , 1996 ) . `` Subway Planners ' Lofty Ambitions Are Buried as Dead - End Curiosities '' .",
"39": "nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Santora , Marc ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` When the New York City Subway Ran Without Rails '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Christiano , G.J. `` The Blizzard of 1888 ; the Impact of this Devastating Storm on New York Transit '' . nycsubway.org . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience . Technology . New York Underground . About the Program PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York City subway opens -- Oct 27 , 1904 '' . history.com . October 27 , 1904 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : James Blaine Walker , Fifty Years of Rapid Transit , 1864 -- 1917 , published 1918 , pp. 162 -- 191 Jump up ^ `` The 9th Avenue Elevated - Polo Grounds Shuttle '' . nycsubway.org. 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Specter of the 5 ¢ fare haunts the current fare hike debate '' . Second Ave . Sagas . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our Subway Open , 150,000 Try It -- Mayor McClellan Runs the First Official Train '' . the New York Times . October 28 , 1904 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Done at Last '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn , NY . May 13 , 1885 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Halsey Street Station Opened '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn , NY . August 19 , 1885 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` A New Station Opened '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn , NY . July 18 , 1885 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` East New York '' .",
"40": "Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn , NY . June 13 , 1885 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Still Extending Its Lines '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn , NY . September 5 , 1885 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` www.nycsubway.org : BMT Nassau Street - Jamaica Line '' . www.nycsubway.org . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opening of a New Railroad '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn , NY . October 5 , 1863 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Railroads '' . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . Brooklyn , NY . October 9 , 1863 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Third Rail -- Gunther and his Railroad -- page 1 '' . www.thethirdrail.net . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : New Subways for New York : The Dual System of Rapid Transit ( 1913 ) '' . www.nycsubway.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gay Midnight Crowd Rides First Trains in New Subway '' . New York Times . September 10 , 1932 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Feinman , Mark S. ( 2000 ) . `` History of the Independent Subway '' . nycsubway.org . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cudahy , Brian J. ( 1995 ) . Under the Sidewalks of New York : The Story of the Greatest Subway System in the World . Fordham University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9780823216185 . Jump up ^ `` Straphangers Sit As Tunnel Opens '' . New York Times . December 2 , 1955 . p. 29 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Perlmutter , Emanuel ( November 16 , 1967 ) .",
"41": "`` Subway Changes to Speed Service : Major Alterations in Maps , Routes and Signs Will Take Effect Nov. 26 '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Raskin , Joseph B. ( November 1 , 2013 ) , The Routes Not Taken : A Trip Through New York City 's Unbuilt Subway System , Fordham University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 5369 - 2 Jump up ^ `` A Division '' . August 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sparberg , Andrew J. ( October 1 , 2014 ) . From a Nickel to a Token : The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA . Fordham University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 6190 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Joseph ; DeHart , Leonard O. ( 1993 ) . A History of the New York City Subway System . J. Schmidt , R. Giglio , and K. Lang . Jump up ^ `` mta.info Facts and Figures '' . web.mta.info . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transport Workers Union Our History '' . www.twu.org . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ B. Freeman , Joshua . In Transit : The Transport Workers Union In New York City , 1933 -- 1966 . Temple University Press . ISBN 9781592138159 . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of Recent American Transit Strikes '' . The Transport Politic . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A look back at the historic 1966 transit strike : Photos and more '' . am New York . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Transit Strike on ( January 1 , 1966 ) '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ `` 35 Years Ago This Week , the MTA Strikes for 11 Days in NYC Bringing Transit to a Halt '' . Untapped Cities . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , Jennifer ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` Citywide Strike Halts New York Subways and Buses '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Transit Workers On Strike '' . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ nycsubway.org -- The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s ^ Jump up to : nycsubway.org -- The New York Transit Authority in the 1980s Jump up ^ Lorch , Donatella ( October 29 , 1989 ) . `` The ' Subway to Nowhere ' Now Goes Somewhere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kirk ( December 9 , 1988 ) . `` Big Changes For Subways Are to Begin '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lentz , Phillip ( May 18 , 1989 ) . `` Graffiti Cleanup A Shiny Symbol Of Subway System ` s Turnaround '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation , Research and Special Programs Administration , Volpe National Transportation Systems Center ( April 2002 ) . `` Effects of Catastrophic Events on Transportation System Management and Operations : New York City -- SEPTEMBER 11 '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Randy . `` Tunnel Vision ; With Station 's Reopening , Even Commuters Smile '' , The New York Times , September 17 , 2002 . Accessed October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1 9 2 3 Service Restored '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . September 15 , 2002 .",
"43": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 16 , 2003 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` September 11 : Three Years Later '' . Brian Abbott . September 11 , 2004 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` mta.info : Superstorm Sandy Timeline '' . ^ Jump up to : `` www.nycsubway.org : The New York Subway : Chapter 02 , Types and Methods of Construction '' . www.nycsubway.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( June 2007 ) . IRT Interborough Rapid Transit / the New York City Subway : Its Design and Construction . Lulu.com . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4303 - 2550 - 5 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why It Was Faster To Build Subways in 1900 '' . Atlas Obscura . October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : Design and Construction of the IRT : Civil Engineering ( Scott ) '' . www.nycsubway.org . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Construction : Then and Now '' . The New York Public Library . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : Subway FAQ : Facts and Figures '' . www.nycsubway.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : IRT White Plains Road Line '' . www.nycsubway.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Jeremiah . `` Myrtle Av - Broadway ( J , M , Z ) -- The SubwayNut '' . www.subwaynut.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Peter ( 2006 ) ( 2002 ) . Tracks of the New York City Subway 2006 ( 3rd ed . ) . Dougherty .",
"44": "OCLC 49777633 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ DuTemple , Lesley A. ( October 1 , 2002 ) . The New York Subways . Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 9780822503781 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MacKechnie , Christopher . `` The Two Methods of Subway Construction '' . about.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . In exchange for these advantages are two major disadvantages . One is financial : `` deep bore '' construction costs significantly more than ' cut and cover ' Jump up ^ `` No. 7 Subway Line Extension '' . Richard Dattner & Partners Architects . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` West Side Development Project Gets The Green Light '' . NY1 . December 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cuza , Bobby ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` Crews Lower Giant Drill Into 7 Line Tunnel '' . NY1 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Society of Professional Engineers Recognizes No. 7 Line Project '' . Tunnel Business Magazine . July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` `` Blasting on Second Avenue '' . thelaunchbox.blogspot.com . March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siff , Andrew ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` 2nd Ave . Subway Tunnel Dig Begins '' . WNBC . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MTA news Tunneling Begins Under Second Avenue '' . www.mta.info . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Various ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Second Avenue Subway has a breakthrough moment ; several billion more are all the M.T.A. wants '' .",
"45": "Capital New York . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Duffus , R.L. ( September 22 , 1929 ) . `` Our Great Subway Network Spreads Wider -- New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Miles of Subway in New City Project ; 52 of them in Queens '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . September 16 , 1929 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The futureNYCSubway : The IND Second System '' . vanshnookenraggen . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ nycsubway.org -- History of the Independent Subway Jump up ^ O'Grade , Jim ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` Lost Subways : Abandoned Stations and Unbuilt Lines '' . wnyc.org . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Subway Line on 6th Ave . Opens at Midnight Fete '' . The New York Times . December 15 , 1940 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rail Line is Added to Subway System '' . The New York Times . May 16 , 1941 . p. 25 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Ira Henry ( June 28 , 1956 ) . `` Rockaway Trains to Operate Today '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rapid Transit Service Coming Brochure '' . www.thejoekorner.com . New York City Transit Authority . July 1 , 1968 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KK a new service '' . www.thejoekorner.com . New York City Transit Authority .",
"46": "July 1 , 1968 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IRT Passengers Get New 148th St. Station '' . The New York Times . May 14 , 1968 . p. 95 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kirk ( December 9 , 1988 ) . `` Big Changes For Subways Are to Begin '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lorch , Donatella ( October 29 , 1989 ) . `` The ' Subway to Nowhere ' Now Goes Somewhere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Donohue , Pete ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` MTA opens new $530 M South Ferry station '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Subway Station for 7 Line Opens on Far West Side '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Programs 7 Line Extension '' . mta.info . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingram , David ( December 31 , 2016 ) . `` New York tale : a century - old subway dream becomes reality '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Information Statement 2001 Appendix A The Related Entities '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) . 2001 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tunneling to the Future : The Story of the Great Subway Expansion That Saved New York ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Subway Ridership '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures : Annual Subway Ridership 2011 -- 2016 '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority .",
"47": "May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Ari ( October 23 , 1982 ) . `` RIDERSHIP OF SUBWAYS SINCE 1917 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Subway Colors and Names on YouTube MTA YouTube Web Page . Made July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subway Service Guide September 2015 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . September 2015 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cox , Bobby . `` New York City Subway '' . Deaf Echo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of The Subway '' . Fodors . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subway Map '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night Subway Service September 2015 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . September 2015 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( April 4 , 2008 ) . `` Train Skip Your Stop ? It 's No Mistake , It 's Just the Weekend '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tangel , Andrew . `` New York 's Subway System Ca n't Keep Pace With Growing Number of Riders '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finnegan , Jack , Belden Merims and Jennifer Cecil . Newcomer 's Handbook for Moving to and Living in New York City : Including Manhattan , Brooklyn , the Bronx , Queens , Staten Island , and Northern New Jersey . First Books Inc. , Portland , Oregon . 2007 .",
"48": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 912301 - 72 - 3 . Page 336 . Jump up ^ `` NYCT -- Service Advisory '' . travel.mtanyct.info . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA / New York City Transit -- Subway Service Information '' . December 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYCT Subway ( @ NYCTSubway ) -- Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Official paint monikers since the colors were fixed in 1979 : Grynbaum , Michael ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Take the Tomato 2 Stops to the Sunflower '' . New York Times , City Room Blog . Retrieved May 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official MTA video mentions `` lime green '' for the G line . `` Subway Colors and Names '' . MTA Info . July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MTA Developer Resources Download , CSV file Jump up ^ New Subway Map is Here MTA.info website . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The ( Mostly ) True Story of Helvetica and the New York City Subway '' . AIGA . aiga.org . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hogarty , Dave ( August 3 , 2007 ) . `` Michael Hertz , Designer of the NYC Subway Map '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night Subway Service '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing The Weekender '' . MTA.info ( YouTube ) . September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Weekender '' . MTA.info .",
"49": "Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grynbaum , Michael M. ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Aid for Baffled Weekend Subway Riders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing ' The Weekender ' '' . MTA.info . September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Launches Interactive Online Map Ahead Of Difficult Weekend For Subways '' . NY1 . September 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Subway Map Gets A Makeover NY1 local news channel . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Subway Entrance Stylings '' . Forgotten New York . February 14 , 2005 . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Randy ( August 13 , 2002 ) . `` Tunnel Vision ; The Light at the Top of the Subway Stairs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : Subway FAQ : Facts and Figures '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Reopening Closed Subway Entrances '' ( PDF ) . pcac.org . New York City Transit Riders Council . November 2001 . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTA New York City Transit Jay Street / Lawrence Street Stations Contract A-35913 / A-35914 / A-35927 / A-35978 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : IRT West Side Line '' . www.nycsubway.org . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA / New York City Transit -- Subway Station Booth '' . web.mta.info . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 .",
"50": "Jump up ^ Grynbaum , Michael M. ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` M.T.A. Station Agent Cuts Leave Riders Lost '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riding Safely '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` For Off - Hours , Subway Zones for Safer Waitlast = Goldman '' . The New York Times . March 8 , 1982 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` IND STation Lengths '' . August 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Map Reveals Shortage of Wheelchair - Accessible NYC Subway Stations '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` mta.info Accessibility '' . web.mta.info . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Subway Needs $1.7 Billion In New Elevators , Feds Say '' . Curbed NY . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Barbara ; Gregorian , Dareh ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Disability rights groups sue MTA over inaccessible subway station '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Eli ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` New York City 's Subway System Violates Local and Federal Laws , Disability Groups Say '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Subway Car Fleet Jan 2012 through January 2016 '' . TheJoeKorner . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 .",
"51": "Jump up ^ `` BMT - IND Car Assignments -- December 6 , 2015 '' . www.thejoekorner.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` R - Type Cars 1932 to 1987 '' . www.thejoekorner.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Second Avenue Subway Draft Environmental Impact Statement , `` Glossary '' ( PDF ) . ( 45.6 KB ) Jump up ^ `` 3.3. 3 A , C ( Fulton Street ) Line Services and Structural Issues '' ( PDF ) . nyc.gov . New York City Department of City Planning . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Car History '' . www.erictb.info . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` R - Type Cars 1932 to 1987 '' . thejoekorner.com . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` New Subway Cars Promise All Kinds of Information '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` R160A in service on the N on January 19 , 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` R160B in service on the N on February 23 , 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` New Technology Train Rolled Out This Morning Along the E Line '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The voice behind the closing doors would like to clear something up '' . nypress.com . Straus News . March 18 , 2003 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Cuomo Announces $600 Million MTA Investment in Upstate Manufacturing ( MTA Chooses Bombardier for $600 Million Order for 300 Subway Cars , More Than 500 Manufacturing and Supply Chain Jobs Maintained or Created ) '' . Government of New York . March 28 , 2012 .",
"52": "Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bombardier in the USA -- Media Center '' . Us.bombardier.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Capital Program Oversight Meeting '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . January 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA 2017 Final Proposed Budget November Financial Plan 2017 -- 2020 Volume 2 November 2016 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA / New York City Transit -- Fares and MetroCard '' . web.mta.info . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transit & Bus Committee Meeting February 2016 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . February 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MetroCard Calculator to ease fare increase pain -- am New York '' . am New York . Jump up ^ `` MTA / New York City Transit -- Fares and MetroCard '' . mta.info . Jump up ^ `` mta.info -- Reduced - Fare '' . mta.info . Jump up ^ * `` New Home Ready for Transit Board '' . The New York Times . March 25 , 1951 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . `` City Board Rushes Move to New Site : Transportation Unit Receives U.S. Order to Vacate and Speeds to Brooklyn '' . The New York Times . March 31 , 1951 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . `` Transit Board Now In Its New Building '' . The New York Times . April 3 , 1951 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Michelle ( February 12 , 2016 ) .",
"53": "`` The MTA 's Special Armored Money Train that Ran from 1951 to 2006 in NYC '' . Untapped cities . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmerman , Alex ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Inside the Brooklyn Building that Held the Subway 's Secrets '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ * Olshan , Jeremy ( January 16 , 2006 ) . `` End of the Line : Secret Cash Train Retired '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Chung , Jen ( January 16 , 2006 ) . `` Money Train Retires '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Salkin , Allen . `` Old Metrocard Can Be a Fare - Ly Profitable Item '' . New York Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faison , Seth ( June 2 , 1993 ) . `` 3,000 Subway Riders , Cards in Hand , Test New Fare System '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Donohue , Pete ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` With work on Greenpoint Tube set to end , advocates want free G - to - J / M transfer to be permanent '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Transit G Line Review '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Andy . `` Guide to NYC Subway '' . FreshNYC . Jump up ^ `` MTA : Say Goodbye to Fun Cards '' . WNYC . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( July 3 , 1998 ) .",
"54": "`` Hop On , Hop Off : The Unlimited Metrocard Arrives '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rivoli , Dan ; Gregorian , Dareh ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` MTA to solicit proposals for ' New Fare Payment System , ' taking first step in finding MetroCard replacement '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivoli , Dan ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` MTA approves plan to scrap MetroCards for ' tap ' payment system '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( January 14 , 2005 ) . `` Subways Run by Computers Start on L Line This Summer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - Year Capital Needs Assessment '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . August 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 : Project Alternatives '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . p. 4 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' FASTRACK ' Repairs Mean Service Disruptions On 4 , 5 And 6 Subway '' . CBS New York . January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Fastrack To Expand To Beyond Manhattan '' . WNYC . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rivoli , Dan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cuomo unveils new designs aimed to fix MTA subway crowding '' . NY Daily News .",
"55": "Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Samantha ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cuomo Details Redesigned Subway Cars and Major Station Renovations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Innovation '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tangel , Andrew ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` More NYC Subway Countdown Clocks Wo n't Arrive Anytime Soon '' . WSJ . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jonathan ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` New York Today : New Subway Clocks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Help Point ' Intercoms Head from MoMa to the Subway '' . DNAinfo. April 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dave ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` All New York City subway stations will have WiFi by the end of this year '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Sarah . `` MTA Unveils New `` On The Go '' Touch - Screen Plaything At Bowling Green Subway Station `` . Gothamist . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA 2017 Final Proposed Budget November Financial Plan 2017 -- 2020 Volume 2 November 2016 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barone , Vincent ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Source : MTA on track with subway station Wi - Fi goal '' . am New York . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( January 31 , 2006 ) .",
"56": "`` A Test at 25 Stations Subway Riding Without the Swiping '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaminer , Ariel ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` Testing PayPass on New York 's Buses and Trains '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Subway Signals '' . nycsubway.org . Retrieved November 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Somers , James . `` Why New York Subway Lines Are Missing Countdown Clocks '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moving Forward Accelerating the Transition to Communications - Based Train Control for New York City 's Subways '' ( PDF ) . Regional Plan Association . May 2014 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The JoeKorNer -- Looking out the Front -- Signals '' . www.thejoekorner.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` www.nycsubway.org : Subway Signals : Train Stops '' . www.nycsubway.org . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Editor - in - Chief , William C. Vantuono . `` MTA L Line trains go to full CBTC '' . www.railwayage.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` For Less Crowding on L Train , Think 2010 , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Tech Promises Less Subway Crowding , If Albany Does n't Beggar the MTA Streetsblog New York City '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 .",
"57": "Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 2013 MTA Capital Program Accelerated Program Presentation to the Board '' ( PPT ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . February 27 , 2008 . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Tom ; Fisher , Ian ( January 1 , 1996 ) . Rail Transit Capacity . Transportation Research Board . ISBN 9780309057189 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA news Know Before You Go with MTA Subway Time& # 8482 '' . Mta.info . December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC Subway accidents '' . nycsubway.org. 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Mayor to Begin B.R.T Inquiry Today '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . November 1 , 1918 . p. 24 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Galea , Sandro ; Tracy , M ; Piper , T.M. ; Bucciarelli , A.M. ; Tardiff , K. ; Gershon , R ; Vlahov , D ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Epidemiology of suicide in the New York City subway system '' . American Public Health Association . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths by New York subway train strikes shrank slightly for 2013 , MTA says '' . NY Daily News . December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sozzi , Brian ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sozzi : The Boring Old Subway is Now Digital , and That 's Pretty Awesome '' . TheStreet . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donohhue , Pete ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` MTA is testing sensors , video systems that would save people who fall on subway tracks '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 .",
"58": "Jump up ^ `` MTA tests motion sensing lasers , thermal image cameras to save fallen straphangers from subway trains '' . NY Daily News . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( April 5 , 2007 ) . `` 2nd Ave . Subway Platforms May Get Glass Walls and Sliding Doors '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` L Train Platform Eyed for AirTrain - Like Safety Doors in MTA Pilot Program '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Furfaro , Danielle ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` MTA boss makes another push for subway platform doors '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Safest and riskiest areas of New York 's subway system revealed in Daily News investigation '' . New York Daily News . June 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` If You See Something , Say Something -- Subway -- Spring 2011 '' . MTA.info ( YouTube ) . April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yakas , Ben . `` NYPD Reportedly Wants To Ban `` Career Criminals '' From Subways `` . Gothamist . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chaiken , Jan M. ; Lawless , M. ; Stevenson , K.A. ( 1974 ) . `` The Impact of Police Activity on Crime '' . RAND Corporation . ^ Jump up to : City , Citizens Crime Commission of New York ; N.Y. ) , Regional Plan Association ( New York ; Center , Downtown Research and Development ( January 1 , 1985 ) . Downtown safety , security , and economic development : a joint report . Downtown Research & Development Center . ISBN 9780915910229 . Jump up ^ Kelling , George L.",
"59": "( 2009 ) . `` How New York Became Safe : The Full Story '' . City Journal . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Nathan ( 1979 ) . `` On Subway Graffiti in New York '' ( PDF ) . National Affairs ( 54 ) . pp. 3 -- 12 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Do It ( 1988 ) '' . MTA.info ( YouTube ) . January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Craig ( November 12 , 1993 ) . `` Subway Crime Declining , New Transit Figures Show '' . New York Times , USA . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy Giuliani '' . JoinRudy2008.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Levitt , Steven D. : `` Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s : Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not '' , Journal of Economic Perspectives , 18 ( 1 ) , 163 -- 190 Jump up ^ `` Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg testifies before the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Board '' ( Press release ) . November 9 , 2004 . Retrieved November 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` village voice > nyclife > Forbidden Photos , Anyone ? by Matt Haber '' . February 28 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2005 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Threat Of Subway Photo Ban Riseth Again '' . Gothamist . November 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kabak , Benjamin . `` Unlawful arrest for subway photography costs city $30 K '' . Second Ave . Sagas . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .",
"60": "Jump up ^ `` Investigation of Individuals engaged in suspicious photography and video surveillance '' . New York City Police Department . April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` mta.info Rules of Conduct Section 1050.9 Restricted areas and activities '' . web.mta.info . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Civil Liberties Union : NYCLU Sues New York City Over Subway Bag Search Policy '' . November 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MacWade v. Kelly ( Challenging the NYPD 's subway bag - search program ) '' . New York Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTA NYC Transit Introduces New Hazmat Response Vehicle '' . April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zraick , Karen ; Johnston , David ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Man in Queens Raids Denies Any Terrorist Link '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` N.Y.C. bomb plot suspect Zazi pleads guilty '' . CBC . Associated Press News . February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Neuman , Sewell Chan and William . `` M.T.A. Faces $1.2 Billion Deficit '' . City Room . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` City straphangers feel sting as fares hiked again '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA / New York City Transit -- NYC Transit 2010 Service Reduction Proposals '' . MTA . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Cuomo Declares a State of Emergency for New York City Subways '' .",
"61": "The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Santora , Marc ; Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Subway Derailment in Manhattan Injures Dozens '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Subway Train Derails in Brooklyn , Disrupting Morning Commute '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Subway Track Fire Sends 9 to Hospital and Snarls Morning Commute '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Jen ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Track Fire Is the Latest Subway Disaster '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muoio , Danielle ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` These photos sum up just how bad New York 's commuter nightmare has gotten '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MTA : Unsecure Rail Stored on Tracks Caused Harlem Subway Derailment '' . NY1 . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Kiley ; Eltman , Frank ( June 28 , 2017 ). `` l Supervisors suspended amid NYC subway derailment probe '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santora , Marc ; Ferré - sadurní , Luis ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Subway Derailment in Manhattan Injures Dozens '' .",
"62": "The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Honan , Katie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Abnormal Condition ' on Car Caused Q Train Derailment , MTA Official Says '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cook , Lauren ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Q train derailment caused by improper maintenance : MTA '' . am New York . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` M.T.A. Asks Transit Fans , ' Who Wants to Be a Subway - Saving Millionaire ? ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gabrielli , Sarah ; McShane , Larry ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` MTA seeks ' genius ' to fix subways for $1 M prize '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Rescue Plan to Improve Subways Includes Removing Seats '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA Press Release MTA Headquarters MTA Chairman Joseph Lhota Unveils New York City Subway Action Plan '' . www.mta.info . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . See also : `` NYC Subway Action Plan '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA Chair Unveils $836 Million Subway Stabilization Plan '' . NBC New York . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Dray ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` MTA chairman unveils plan to fix NYC subway system '' .",
"63": "ABC7 New York . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vantuono , William ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) . `` MTA Genius Transit Challenge winners announced '' . Railway Track & Structures . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` New York 's Subway Delays Could Cost City $389 Million a Year '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stringer , Scott M. ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Economic Cost of Subway Delays '' . nyc.gov . Office of the New York City Comptroller . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Brian M. ; Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ; LaForgia , Michael ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Politics and Bad Decisions Starved New York 's Subways '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , William ( June 26 , 2007 ) . `` Some Subways Found Packed Past Capacity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix A : Service Needs Assessment Methodology MTA New York City Transit New York City Department of Transportation April 2009 '' ( PDF ) . MTA New York City Transit . April 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Approval Matrix , bottom left quadrant '' . New York . April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harshbarger , Rebecca ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ridership below prediction at new 7 train station '' . am New York . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` MTA -- news -- $205.8 M in Contracts Approved to Install Communications - Based Train Control System '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority .",
"64": "July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTR 124 , Whose Mega-Project ? -- Planners Say LIRR - Grand Central Project Folly Without Better East Side Transit '' . www.tstc.org . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Philip M. Plotch and Nicholas D. `` Good and Bad News on Second Avenue Subway '' . Gotham Gazette . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Side Access Draws Opponents -- The New York Sun '' . www.nysun.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzsimmons , Emma G. ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Surge in Ridership Pushes New York Subway to Limit '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` How a Single Mechanical Failure Sparked 625 MTA Delays '' . Daily Intelligencer . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( January 14 , 2005 ) . `` Subways Run by Computers Start on L Line This Summer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting : July 2015 '' ( PDF ) . New York City : Metropolitan Transportation Authority . July 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTA 2010 -- 2014 Capital Program Questions and Answers '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Twenty - Year Capital Needs Assessment 2015 -- 2034 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 .",
"65": "Jump up ^ `` Twenty Year Capital Needs Assessment 2010 -- 2029 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Second Avenue Subway FEIS Chapter 2 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Service Bump Next June Wo n't Keep Up With Growth in Subway Trips Streetsblog New York City '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitford , Emma . `` MTA Announces More Frequent Service On 11 Subway Lines , Plus The Times Square Shuttle '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Capital Program 2015 -- 2019 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . October 28 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Capital Program Oversight Committee Meeting : January 2016 '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . January 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYC : Look Forward to Finally Riding the Subway Car of the Future '' . CityLab . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ mtainfo ( November 16 , 2015 ) , Platform Controller Program , retrieved December 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Your Ride Matters Platform Controllers '' . web.mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Ride Matters Working to Improve Your Ride '' . web.mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harshbarger , Rebecca ( May 18 , 2015 ) .",
"66": "`` MTA to fight overcrowding by getting trains out of stations faster '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA 2017 BUDGET AND 2017 - 2020 FINANCIAL PLAN ADOPTION MATERIALS '' ( PDF ) . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivoli , Dan ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` MTA workers to get iPhones to keep riders informed during delays '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` mta.info Your Ride Matters '' . web.mta.info . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivoli , Dan ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` NYC subway overcrowding plan to be tested out on some lines '' . AM New York . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Harshbarger ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` MTA to fight overcrowding by getting trains out of stations faster '' . New York Post . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Delay Presentation '' . Scribd . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mancini , John ( October 2 , 2010 ) . `` Search Results '' . TWC News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell . `` Why the Subways Flood '' . City Room . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donohue , Pete ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Downpour swamps subways , stranding thousands of riders '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Evening Update - August 8 , 2007 - NYC.gov '' . www.nyc.gov . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 .",
"67": "Jump up ^ `` Rain cripples New York City transit '' . www.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` August 8 , 2007 Storm Report '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . September 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` New Subway Grates Add Aesthetics to Flood Protection '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jennifer ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Three in One -- Flood Protection , Benches and Bike Parking '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New raised storm grates earn architectural praise '' . Second Ave . Sagas . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boissoneault , Lorraine . `` Superstorm Sandy Anniversary -- How the Subway Survived '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Jeremiah . `` Hurricane Sandy : Effects on Subway & Rail Service '' . subwaynut.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` mta.info Superstorm Sandy : One Year Later '' . web.mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kolitz , Daniel ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` The NYC Subway Is Still Getting Ready for the Next Hurricane Sandy '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ West , Melanie Grayce ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` New York Subway Stations Get New Water Prevention Gear '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ameena ( October 28 , 2017 ) . `` MTA reveals new storm protection gear for vulnerable subway stations '' .",
"68": "Curbed NY . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aaron Feis , Sabrina Ford & Jennifer Fermino ( August 27 , 2011 ) . `` Hurricane Irene halts NY , NJ mass transit '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NYC 's subway service running OK Monday after Irene '' . The Washington Post . August 29 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , Roger ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Straphangers Have Relatively Easy Monday Morning Rush '' . NY1 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MTA Shuts Down Sunday Night , As Hurricane Nears '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuilding the Rockaways After Hurricane Sandy '' . mta.info . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cuomo : MTA To Restore A Train Subway Service To The Rockaways `` CBS New York '' . Jump up ^ `` MTA on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Sandy Recovery Service As of November 20 '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA News '' . mta.info . Jump up ^ Raw : Sandy Leaves NYC Subways Flooded on YouTube Jump up ^ Mann , Ted ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Downtown , Old Stop on Subway to Reopen '' . WSJ . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Storm Damage Prompts Return of Old Subway Stop '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` mta.info -- Restoring South Ferry Station '' . mta.info . Jump up ^ `` mta.info -- Old South Ferry Station to Reopen for Service '' .",
"69": "mta.info . Jump up ^ Donohue , Peter ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` $194 million contract awarded to upgrade South Ferry subway station '' . Daily News . NYDailyNews.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Furfaro , Danielle ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sandy - ravaged subway entrance to be closed 9 months '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Santora ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Snowstorm Barrels Into Northeast ; New York City Subways and Buses Are Halted '' . NY Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( Update ) NYC Travel Ban Lifted , MTA Service Will Resume This Morning '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Blizzard 2015 : New England Gets Walloped by More Than 2 Feet of Snow '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt . `` Leaders in New York and New Jersey Defend Shutdown for a Blizzard That Was n't '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolce , Chris ; Lam , Linda ; Wiltgen , Nick . `` Juno : Heavy Snow Continues in New England '' . Weather.com . The Weather Channel , LLC . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYC grinds to a halt amid deadly East Coast blizzard '' . USA TODAY . January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Above - ground subway service shutting down at 4 p.m. ; bus service suspended at noon '' . Second Ave . Sagas . Jump up ^ `` Mass Transit Ramping Back Up After Blizzard '' . NBC New York . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Aidan ; Honan , Katie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Above - Ground Subway Service Shuts Down at 4 a.m. Tuesday , Cuomo Says '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 .",
"70": "Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kabak , Benjamin . `` Less Transit money leads to dirtier stations '' . Second Ave . Sagas . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kabak , Benjamin . `` ABC 7 : MTA cleaners slacking on the job '' . Second Ave . Sagas . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barone , Vincent ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` MTA trashes pilot program that removed bins from stations '' . am New York . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYC takes aim at subway rats '' . United Press International . March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rats rule the subway rails , platforms '' , Matthew Sweeney , Newsday , August 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Beja , Marc ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Rat bites woman in subway station as she waits for train '' . amNewYork . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rats in subway are health hazard for New Yorkers Brooklyn Today - The Brooklyn News Network '' . January 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Namako , Tom ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` You Dirty Rats ! New Traps Target Subway Vermin '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Redwine , Tina ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` MTA To Launch New Cleaning Initiative To Combat Rat Infestations '' . NY1 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Emily ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` MTA removes bins hoping to reduce trash '' . Metro . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 .",
"71": "^ Jump up to : `` MTA news MTA New York City Transit : Trash Can Free Stations Pilot Yields Positive Results '' . www.mta.info . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Has Dirtiest Subway System '' . 247wallst.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTA news Sustained MTA Effort to Keep the Tracks Clean Includes Two - Week Track Cleaning Blitz at All 469 Subway Stations and New Cleaning Equipment '' . www.mta.info . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Subway Noise Levels Can Result In Hearing Loss For Daily Riders '' . ScienceDaily . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Got Ear Plugs ? You May Want to Sport Them on the Subway and Other ... -- News -- Mailman School of Public Health '' . Internet Archive . June 24 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Aarian ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Get Ready for Quieter NYC Subway Stations ( Yes , It 's Possible ) '' . WIRED . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Subways through the years : The iconic NYC beauty queens then and now '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayen , Ann ( March 29 , 1976 ) . `` Token Women '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Klein , Alvin ( June 6 , 1993 ) . `` ' On the Town ' in Revival at Goodspeed Opera '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ms. Subway 2004 Crowned '' . Gothamist . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mets / Yankees Metrocard '' . June 14 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 1997 .",
"72": "Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` Nets Move to Brooklyn With Legitimacy in Sight '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( February 21 , 2015 ) . `` The NHL 's coming Subway Series : Islanders vs. Rangers '' . The Sporting News . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases '' . mta.info . Jump up ^ `` Watch : MTA Adds A Dose Of ' Nostalgia ' With Vintage Trains '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ride into the past with the MTA Holiday Nostalgia Train '' . Metro US . November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Subway '' . forgotten-ny.com . Forgotten New York . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / New York City Subway KML is not from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York City Subway .",
"73": "Official website Unofficial website The Absolute Beginner 's Guide to the New York Subway Books View or order collections of articles New York City Subway Portals Access related topics New York City portal Trains portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Links to related articles New York City Subway Current services Shuttles 42nd Street Franklin Avenue Rockaway Park Planned Defunct services 1985 -- present 1967 - 1985 Pre-1967 9 BB EE HH QT Shuttles ( Bowling Green ) ( Broadway / 63rd Street ) ( Culver ) ( Grand Street ) ( Nassau Street ) ( Sixth Avenue / 63rd Street ) BMT numbers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Brooklyn Loops East New York Loop Unused labels I , O , P , U , X , Y Stations By borough The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens By type Closed Terminals Transfer Accessible Divisions A Division IRT B Division BMT IND Other lists Lines Yards Rolling stock R - type contracts History Early history IRT BMT BRT Dual Contracts Expansions Capital projects 7 Subway Extension Second Avenue Subway Historic proposals Other proposals Chrystie Street Connection Dual Contracts Program for Action Crashes Ninth Avenue derailment Malbone Street Wreck 1928 Times Square derailment 1991 Union Square derailment Strikes 1966",
"74": "1980 2005 Other major incidents 1984 shooting 2000 lawsuit 2017 attempted bombing 2017 -- 2018 transit crisis Infrastructure 58 Joralemon Street Fulton Center Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway Substations 7 18 219 401 IRT Dyckman - Hillside Arts and culture In popular culture Mass Transit Super Bowl Miss Subways MTA Arts & Design Music Under New York `` Showtime '' Subway Challenge Subway Series Tiles Miscellaneous Automation and signals Chaining Fares MetroCard Pizza Principle Map Nomenclature Technology Other rapid transit in NYC AirTrain JFK PATH Staten Island Railway Stations Historical Beach Pneumatic Transit Transportation in New York City Public transit Currently operating AirTrain JFK Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad MTA Regional Bus Operations Select Bus Service Bus lanes New York City Subway NJ Transit NYC Ferry PATH Roosevelt Island Tramway Staten Island Ferry Staten Island Railway Proposed / Future Brooklyn -- Queens Connector Private transit Aviation Bridges and tunnels Bicycling Citi Bike Dollar vans Taxis Boro taxi Major construction projects Currently operating 7 Subway Extension Fulton Center Second Avenue Subway History World Trade Center Transportation Hub Canceled Access",
"75": "to the Region 's Core Lower Manhattan -- Jamaica / JFK Transportation Project Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway Program for Action Staten Island Tunnel Proposed / Future AirTrain LaGuardia East Side Access Gateway Program Moynihan Station Penn Station Access Staten Island light rail Traffic proposals Congestion pricing in New York City PlaNYC Vision Zero Operators Public NYC Department of Transportation Metropolitan Transportation Authority New York City Transit Authority Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Board of Transportation ( defunct ) Private Hornblower Cruises Liberty Water Taxi New York Water Taxi NY Waterway Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation Taxi and Limousine Commission Organizations Regional Plan Association Straphangers Campaign Transportation Alternatives Tri-State Transportation Campaign Other History Mass Transit Super Bowl Port of New York and New Jersey See also : Category Commons category Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bus Regional Bus Operations Rapid transit New York City Subway Staten Island Railway Commuter rail Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad Crossings Bridges and Tunnels Law enforcement Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police New York City Police Department Transit Bureau Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority Police Department Fleet Subway Bus Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad Other Accessibility Bus and subway fares Dedicated bus lanes MetroCard New York City Transit Authority Histories New York City Subway Staten Island Railway New York City Transit Police Capital Construction",
"76": "MTA Arts & Design 370 Jay Street Former services Long Island Bus New York metropolitan area railroads New York Rapid transit New York City Subway Staten Island Railway PATH Commuter rail Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad People mover AirTrain JFK AirTrain LaGuardia ( proposed ) New Jersey Rapid transit PATH Commuter rail NJ Transit Rail Operations Light rail Hudson -- Bergen Light Rail Newark Light Rail People mover AirTrain Newark Connecticut Commuter rail Metro - North Railroad Currently operating heavy rail rapid transit systems in the United States CA Bay Area Rapid Transit Los Angeles Metro Rail ( Red and Purple lines ) DC -- MD -- VA Washington Metro FL Miami Metrorail GA Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority IL Chicago `` L '' MA Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( Blue , Orange ,",
"77": "and Red lines ) MD Baltimore Metro Subway NY New York City Subway Staten Island Railway NY -- NJ PATH OH Cleveland RTA Red Line PA Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) ( Market -- Frankford and Broad Street lines ) PA -- NJ PATCO Speedline PR San Juan Tren Urbano New York City Subway lines Division IRT Manhattan / Queens 42nd Street Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Flushing ( Extension ) Lenox Avenue Lexington Avenue Bronx Dyre Avenue Jerome Avenue Pelham White Plains Road Brooklyn Eastern Parkway New Lots Nostrand Avenue Former Original subway Ninth Avenue Second Avenue Sixth Avenue Third Avenue Division BMT Manhattan / Queens Astoria Broadway Nassau Street Eastern division Canarsie Jamaica Myrtle Avenue Williamsburg Bridge Southern division Brighton Fourth Avenue Franklin Avenue Sea Beach West End Former Brooklyn Bridge Culver East New York Loop Fifth Avenue Fulton Street Lexington Avenue IND Manhattan / Bronx Concourse Eighth Avenue Second Avenue history Sixth Avenue Brooklyn / Queens Crosstown Culver Fulton Street Queens Boulevard Rockaway Former World 's Fair BMT / IND 63rd Street Archer Avenue Manhattan Bridge Interdivision connections Purpose - built Chrystie Street ( BMT / IND ) 60th Street ( BMT / IND ) 63rd Street ( BMT / IND ) Astoria / Flushing lines ( BMT / IRT ) Coney Island -- Stillwell Avenue station ( BMT / IND ) Yards 207th Street Yard ( IND / IRT ) Coney Island Complex ( BMT / IND ) Concourse Yard ( IND / IRT ) Linden Shops ( BMT / IRT / LIRR ) Other Proposed and never - built lines IND Second System lines Program for Action lines Staten Island Tunnel South Brooklyn Railway Note that this is a list of New York City Subway lines , which are the physical infrastructure over which services operate .",
"78": "Lines with colors next to them are trunk lines ; trunk lines determine the color of New York City Subway service bullets , except for shuttles , which are dark gray . New York City Subway rolling stock Current B Division / SIR : R32 / A R42 R44 R46 R68 R68A NTT R143 R160 R179 A Division : R62 R62A NTT R142 R142A R188 Future B Division / SIR : R211 Retired ( R - type ) IND / BMT ( B Division ) : Arnines R1 R4 R6 R7 / A R9 R10 R11 / R34 R16 Redbirds R27 R30 / A R38 R40 / A R110B ( experimental ) Train of Many Metals IRT ( A Division ) : R12 R14 R15 R17 R21 R22 Redbirds R26 R28 R29 / R99 R33 R33WF R36 R36WF R110A ( experimental ) Train of Many Colors Retired ( private operators ) BMT / SIR Elevated : BU cars C - type Q - type Queens car Subway : AB Standard Bluebird Compartment Car D - type Triplex MS Multi-section car SIRT ME - 1 IRT Elevated : Manhattan El MUDC",
"79": "Subway : Composite Gibbs Hi - V Deck Roof Hi - V Hedley Hi - V Steinway Lo - V Flivver Lo - V Standard Lo - V World 's Fair Lo - V Work trains R8A R65 R127 / R134 R156 R161 Never built R39 R55 R83 See also : R - type contracts Members of international metro organizations Community of Metros ( CoMET ) Asia MTR Taipei Metro Beijing Subway Shanghai Metro Guangzhou Metro Delhi Metro Mass Rapid Transit Seoul Metro Europe London Underground Berlin U-Bahn Paris Métro Madrid Metro Moscow Metro Americas New York City Subway Mexico City Metro São Paulo Metro Santiago Metro Nova benchmarking group of Metros ( NOVA ) Asia Bangkok MRT Nanjing Metro Rapid KL Shenzhen Metro Europe Barcelona Metro Lisbon Metro Brussels Metro Tyne and Wear Metro Docklands Light Railway Istanbul Metro Oslo Metro Americas Montreal Metro Toronto subway Vancouver SkyTrain Rio de Janeiro Metro Buenos Aires Underground Oceania Sydney Trains Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Subway&oldid=837547834 '' Categories : Transportation in the New York metropolitan area Busking venues New York City Subway Rapid transit in New York ( state ) Railway lines opened in 1863 Underground",
"80": "rapid transit in the United States Standard gauge railways in the United States 600 V DC railway electrification Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 errors : missing author or editor CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use mdy dates from March 2018 Good articles Pages using Rail - interchange with newyork - s Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016 Pages using New York City Subway service templates Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2007 Articles using KML not from Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն",
"81": "Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 14 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who owns the four seasons hotel in las vegas
|
[
"MGM Resorts International",
"MGM Resorts International"
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{
"0": "Mandalay Bay - wikipedia Mandalay Bay Jump to : navigation , search Mandalay Bay Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3950 South Las Vegas Boulevard Opening date March 2 , 1999 ; 18 years ago ( March 2 , 1999 ) Theme Tropical No. of rooms 3,309 Total gaming space 135,000 sq ft ( 12,500 m ) Permanent shows Michael Jackson : One Signature attractions Mandalay Bay Convention Center Mandalay Bay Events Center Shark Reef House of Blues Mandalay Beach Notable restaurants Aureole Alain Ducasse Rivea Charlie Palmer Steak Fleur by Hubert Keller Kumi Lupo Red Square RM Seafood Stripsteak Border Grill Las Vegas Casino type Land - based Owner MGM Resorts International Renovated in 2002 , 2007 Coordinates 36 ° 5 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W / 36.09167 ° N 115.17472 ° W / 36.09167 ; - 115.17472 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W / 36.09167 ° N 115.17472 ° W / 36.09167 ; - 115.17472 Website mandalaybay.com Mandalay Bay is a 43 - story luxury resort and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International . One of the property 's towers operates as the Delano ; the Four Seasons Hotel is independently operated within the Mandalay Bay tower , occupying 5 floors ( 35 -- 39 ) . Mandalay Bay has 3,309 hotel rooms , 24 elevators and a casino of 135,000 square feet ( 12,500 m ) . Adjacent to the hotel is the 2,000,000 square feet ( 190,000 m ) Mandalay Bay Convention Center and the 12,000 - seat Mandalay Bay Events Center .",
"1": "The Mandalay Bay Tram connects the resort to its sister properties , Excalibur and Luxor , all three of which were constructed by Circus Circus Enterprises before its sale to MGM . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2017 shooting 2 Hotels 2.1 Penthouse suites 2.2 Four Seasons Hotel 2.3 Delano Las Vegas ( adjacent building ) 3 Attractions 3.1 Shows 3.2 Mandalay Beach 3.3 Mandalay Bay Events Center 3.4 Mandalay Bay Convention Center 3.5 The Shoppes at Mandalay Place 4 Restaurants 4.1 Bars and lounges 5 Media references 5.1 Film and television 5.2 Music 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) View from Mandalay Bay hotel looking north ( 2014 ) In 1995 , Circus Circus Enterprises bought the Hacienda for $80 million and an adjacent 74 - acre ( 30 ha ) site for $73 million . They closed the Hacienda on December 1 , 1996 , and imploded it a month later on New Year 's Eve . Plans for the tropical - themed `` Project Paradise '' were revealed the same day , with an estimated budget of $800 million to $1 billion . In February 1998 the project was renamed Mandalay Bay to evoke the exotic tropical romanticism of the poem `` Mandalay '' . Problems arose during construction because of excessive and uneven settling of the soil beneath the building ; the core of the building sank by 17 inches ( 430 mm ) , while one of the wings had settled by only 2 inches ( 51 mm ) . Rumors about the severity of the issues depressed Circus Circus 's stock price . The problem was solved by installing 536 micropiles ( 200 - foot - long metal pipes filled with grout , each capped with a hydraulic jack ) below the building , at an estimated cost of $8 to $10 million .",
"2": "The resort opened on March 2 , 1999 , with grand opening festivities that included the Blues Brothers ( Dan Aykroyd , James Belushi , and John Goodman ) leading a procession of 200 motorcycles to Mandalay Bay 's front doors , and a concert by Bob Dylan at the House of Blues . In June 1999 , Circus Circus changed its name to Mandalay Resort Group . Construction of a major convention center at Mandalay Bay was begun in June 2001 , with its opening originally set for the summer of 2002 . After a delay in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Mandalay Bay Convention Center opened in January 2003 . With 1.5 million square feet ( 140,000 m ) of space , it was the fifth largest convention center in the nation . On May 23 , 2002 , the Mandalay Resort Group announced a second 1,122 - room hotel tower , with a cost of at least $200 million . Construction began on the project in September 2002 . The name of the tower , THEhotel at Mandalay Bay , was revealed in October 2003 . The tower opened on December 17 , 2003 . In February 2005 , Mandalay Resort Group was sold to MGM Mirage ( later MGM Resorts International ) , who currently own the resort . The acquisition was finalized on April 25 , 2005 . 2017 shooting ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Las Vegas shooting On October 1 , 2017 , gunman Stephen Paddock opened fire on the Route 91 Harvest , a country music festival , from a room on the 32nd floor of the hotel , killing 58 and wounding 546 . The shooting ended when Paddock committed suicide before Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department officers breached the hotel room . The shooting brought attention to a legal device called a bump - fire stock , which is used to mimic an automatic weapon . Automatic weapons are restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 . This incident is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone gunman in recent U.S. history . Hotels ( edit ) Penthouse suites ( edit ) The gold coloring of the hotel is a result of gold leaf used on the windows .",
"3": "Levels 40 - 42 ( numbered as floors 60 -- 62 ) are designed as penthouse suites , with a penthouse lounge on level 62 for guests staying in the penthouses . Level 43 ( numbered as 64 ) is the Foundation Room , a restaurant and bar . Four Seasons hotel ( edit ) Five floors ( floors 35 -- 39 ) of the main hotel building are occupied by the five - star and AAA Five - Diamond Four Seasons Hotel Las Vegas . Delano Las Vegas ( adjacent building ) ( edit ) Main article : Delano Las Vegas The resort 's second tower , with 45 stories and 1,117 suites , previously operated as THEhotel at Mandalay Bay , now operates as Delano Las Vegas . Each suite is at least 750 square feet ( 70 m ) . Attractions ( edit ) Shows ( edit ) A production of the classic Broadway musical Chicago debuted at Mandalay Bay 's 1999 grand opening and ran for one year . Storm , an original production show featuring Latin music , ran from April 2001 to July 2002 . Mamma Mia ! was a long - running stage production at the resort from 2003 to 2009 . The show was replaced with Disney 's The Lion King , which opened on May 15 , 2009 . Its run ended in 2011 to make way for Michael Jackson : One , by Cirque du Soleil , which opened May 2013 . Another popular attraction is the House of Blues , a venue for live music and a restaurant , with a capacity of approximately 1,800 . On the top floor of the hotel is the House of Blues Foundation Room , featuring a dining room , private dining rooms , and a balcony looking down the Las Vegas Strip . Mandalay Beach ( edit ) Mandalay Bay pool . Mandalay Beach is an 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) pool area with three heated pools , a wave pool with connecting pool for small children , and a lazy river that features a small waterfall . The wave pool features 1.6 million gallons of water and waves in 90 - second intervals with heights ranging anywhere from two to four feet . Because of this , it has a strict 48 '' height requirement .",
"4": "The European - style pool , called Moorea , features its own private bar as well as the allowance of female guests to bathe topless . Because of this , Moorea is separated from the rest of the pool by smoked glass windows and has an over-21 requirement . There are also two restaurants at the Beach . The pool area won the Las Vegas Review Journal 's Reader 's `` Best Pool of Las Vegas '' award for seven years in a row . One pool remains open throughout the winter months . In keeping with the resort 's tropical theme , it features a saltwater aquarium , the Shark Reef Aquarium , which contains the third largest tank in North America . Shark Reef Aquarium contains numerous other exhibits , including two tunnel - shaped , walk - through aquariums . Mandalay Bay events center ( edit ) Main article : Mandalay Bay Events Center The Mandalay Bay Events Center , a 12,000 - seat arena , hosts major events including concerts , boxing matches , and Ultimate Fighting Championship events . It has played host to the Latin Grammy Awards several times , and the Miss Universe pageant . Mandalay Bay convention center ( edit ) Main article : Mandalay Bay Convention Center This 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) facility is one of the largest privately owned convention centers in the world . It has several ballrooms ranging in size up to 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) , and can support up to 75 breakout sessions . The Shoppes at Mandalay Place ( edit ) The Shoppes at Mandalay Place is a 310 - foot ( 94 m ) - long retail sky bridge . Restaurants ( edit ) There are 24 restaurants at the resort . Michael Mina , Alain Ducasse , Rick Moonen , Charlie Palmer , Hubert Keller , Wolfgang Puck , Mary Sue Milliken and Susan Feniger are all associated with restaurants on the property .",
"5": "Aureole Bayside Buffet Beach Bar & Grill Burger Bar Border Grill Charlie Palmer Steak Citizens ( Formerly Red , White , and Blue ) Fleur Foundation Room Boardwalk Pizza & Pasta ( Formerly Wolf Grill ) House of Blues at Crossroads House of Blues Restaurant Hussong 's Cantina Lupo Mizuya Alain Ducasse Mix Noodle Shop Orchid Raffles Café Restaurant RM Rx Boiler Room Red Square Ri Ra Irish Pub RM Seafood Seabreeze Slice of Vegas Michael Mina Stripsteak 3940 Coffee + Tea Della 's Kitchen Franklin Sports Book Grill Verandah at Four Seasons Starbucks -- 2 locations Bars and lounges ( edit ) Evening Call Eyecandy Lounge Foundation Room Franklin Mix Lounge O.N.E. Oasis Bar Orchid Lounge Sports Book Lounge Media references ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Play It to the Bone 2000 Ocean 's Eleven 2001 -- Foreground shot when the ' pinch ' knocks out power Las Vegas 2003 -- 2005 -- was the interior of the fictional Montecito casino Fear Factor 2003 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation 2006 -- 2008 -- From opening credits as a symbol of Las Vegas . Rocky Balboa 2006 Ocean 's Thirteen 2007 Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List 2007 The Hangover 2009 -- various background shots . Wisin & Yandel -- Te Siento ( promotional video ) . Top Chef 2009 -- Bryan Voltaggio used the resort for his inspiration for his dish . The Amazing Race 15 2009 -- Team members had to rappel down the building . What Happens in Vegas 2008 -- The group heads off to Las Vegas .",
"6": "Defiance 2012 -- supplementary material states that it was converted into a for - profit prison Modern Family 2014 -- setting of the episode `` Las Vegas '' Dominion 2014 -- establishing shot of the city in the pilot episode shows it to be battle - damaged and outside the fortified protective wall Music ( edit ) `` Me and My Monkey '' , from the album Escapology by Robbie Williams , 2002 `` No Beef '' Afrojack & Steve Aoki ( featuring Miss Palmer ) 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Circus Circus buys hotel , land in Las Vegas '' . Dallas Morning News . March 7 , 1995 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` Hacienda goes quietly into night '' . Las Vegas Sun . December 2 , 1996 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` Historic Hacienda hotel is now history '' . UPI . January 1 , 1997 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( January 1 , 1997 ) . `` Circus Circus creating Paradise on south Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Ward , Greg ( 2002 ) . The Rough Guide to Las Vegas ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 20 . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 890 - 8 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Gary ( August 20 , 1998 ) . `` Mandalay Bay settling halted '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( July 9 , 1998 ) . `` Mandalay Bay foundation to get a boost '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Richards , T.D. ; Kartofilis , D. ( February 17 , 2006 ) . `` Micropile Underpinning of the Mandalay Bay Hotel & Casino '' ( PDF ) . Nicholson Construction Company . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leong , Grace ( February 25 , 2000 ) .",
"7": "`` Mandalay sues insurer over sinking costs '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Robert ( March 2 , 1999 ) . `` Public eyes new $1 billion resort ; Wall Street watches for the numbers '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike ( March 4 , 1999 ) . `` Bono enlivens Dylan 's House of Blues show '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gary ( June 18 , 1999 ) . `` Circus Circus holders clear name change '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strow , David ( April 27 , 2001 ) . `` Mandalay Bay plans mammoth center '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Road work to tie up traffic '' . Las Vegas Sun . June 11 , 2001 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Convention center opening pushed to January 2003 '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 16 , 2001 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First convention at new venue showcases pool , spa industry '' . Las Vegas Sun . January 6 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( January 4 , 2003 ) . `` Drawing on business travelers '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( May 24 , 2002 ) . `` Mandalay building all - suite tower '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Company finalizes name for new tower '' . Las Vegas Sun . October 15 , 2003 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scherzer , Barbara ( December 19 , 2003 ) . `` New tower , THEhotel , opens at Strip resort '' . Las Vegas Business Press -- via NewsBank .",
"8": "Jump up ^ `` At least 50 dead , more than 400 injured after shooting at Las Vegas Strip music festival '' . KSNV . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Darran ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Las Vegas police officers describe storming gunman 's room '' . CNN . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nestel , M.L. ; Miller , Andrea ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` These are the 10 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ POV - MHotel Reviews ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Penthouse Suite Mandalay Bay '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Guest rooms and suites '' . Four Seasons Hotel Las Vegas . June 9 , 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicago ' toddles into Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . March 3 , 1999 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskevich , Michael ( February 27 , 2000 ) . `` ' Chicago ' to close after impressive showing on Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Maddox , Kate ( April 10 , 2001 ) . `` Yet another ' Storm ' warning '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Joe ( April 20 , 2001 ) . `` Taking the wind out of ' Storm 's sails '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( July 14 , 2002 ) . `` ' Storm ' to end Mandalay Bay run July 28 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Delaney , Joe ( August 1 , 2002 ) .",
"9": "`` Short - term future clouded at Mandalay Bay Theatre '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike ( February 18 , 2003 ) . `` '' Mamma Mia ! '' makes big splash on opening weekend `` . Las Vegas Review - Journal -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ Arseniuk , Melissa ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` After six years , curtain closes for ' Mamma Mia ! ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cirque : Michael Jackson show to debut at Mandalay Bay in 2013 '' . Las Vegas Weekly . April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Pool '' . 2006 Best of Las Vegas survey . Las Vegas Review Journal . 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stapells , Cathy ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Escada , Gucci , Dior , oh my ! ; Vegas takes shopping to a new level '' . The Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` The Shoppes at Mandalay Place '' . Mandalay Bay . 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino , Las Vegas '' . Mandalay Bay . Jump up ^ `` 2046 Map '' . Definance . Syfy . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood",
"10": "Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds The Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge",
"11": "Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station",
"12": "Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Harmon Key Largo Klondike La Concha Las Vegas Club Landmark Marina Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters",
"13": "Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Dynasty Flatiron Fontainebleau Grand Central St.",
"14": "Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Alon Las Vegas Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo Fontainebleau ( on hold ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester ,",
"15": "Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area MGM Resorts International California Primm Valley Golf Club Illinois Grand Victoria ( 50 % stake ) Maryland MGM National Harbor Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica Beau Rivage Michigan MGM Grand Detroit New Jersey Borgata Las Vegas Bellagio Circus Circus Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun CityCenter Aria Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Excalibur Festival Grounds Las Vegas Aces Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Convention Center Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Signature Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Shadow Creek T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % stake ) China MGM Macau Former Circus Circus Reno Colorado Belle Crystals Edgewater Gold Strike Jean The Harmon MGM Grand Atlantic City Nevada Landing Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass Silver Legacy Treasure Island Under construction MGM Springfield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_Bay&oldid=818165744 '' Categories : 1999 establishments in Nevada Casino hotels Casinos completed in 1999 Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Darts venues Hotel buildings completed in 1999 Hotels established in 1999 Las Vegas Strip Mandalay Resort Group MGM Resorts International Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting Mandalay Bay Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 00 : 05 .",
"16": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
10,
14,
11,
12,
9,
15,
3,
7,
13,
2,
0,
1,
5,
4,
8,
6,
16
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[
15,
10,
14,
11,
12,
9
] |
-2084810583025911065
|
what type of boundary was the mexico earthquake
|
[
"a subduction zone"
] |
{
"0": "2017 Central Mexico earthquake - wikipedia 2017 Central Mexico earthquake Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Central Mexico earthquake Show map of Mexico Show map of Puebla ( state ) Show all Location of epicenter in Mexico and Puebla Date 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Origin time 18 : 14 : 39 UTC Duration Strong shaking for about 20 seconds Magnitude 7.1 ( M ) Depth 51.0 km ( 32 mi ) Epicenter 18 ° 35 ′ 02 '' N 98 ° 23 ′ 56 '' W / 18.584 ° N 98.399 ° W / 18.584 ; - 98.399 Coordinates : 18 ° 35 ′ 02 '' N 98 ° 23 ′ 56 '' W / 18.584 ° N 98.399 ° W / 18.584 ; - 98.399 Type Dip - slip ( intraplate ) Max . intensity VIII ( Severe ) Aftershocks 39 ( as of 12 : 30 23 September 2017 CDT ) Casualties 370 dead , 6,011 injured The 2017 Central Mexico earthquake struck at 13 : 14 CDT ( 18 : 14 UTC ) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of M 7.1 and strong shaking for about 20 seconds . Its epicenter was about 55 km ( 34 mi ) south of the city of Puebla . The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of Puebla and Morelos and in the Greater Mexico City area , including the collapse of more than 40 buildings . 370 people were killed by the earthquake and related building collapses , including 228 in Mexico City , and more than 6,000 were injured . The quake coincidentally occurred on the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake , which killed around 10,000 people . The 1985 quake was commemorated , and a national earthquake drill was held , at 11 a.m. local time , just two hours before the 2017 earthquake .",
"1": "Twelve days earlier , the even larger 2017 Chiapas earthquake struck 650 km ( 400 mi ) away , off the coast of the state of Chiapas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Earthquake 3 Casualties 4 Damage and aftermath 4.1 International response 5 Aftershocks 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Tectonic plates of Mexico . Visible in the image is most of the North American continent , along with Central America . Mexico is located in the lower middle part of the picture , to the right of the Cocos plate . Mexico is one of the world 's most seismically active regions , sitting atop several intersecting tectonic plates . The border between the Cocos Plate and North American Plate , along the Pacific Coast of Mexico , creates a subduction zone that generates large seismic events . Activity along the edges of the Rivera and Caribbean plates also generate seismic events . All together , these seismic forces cause an average of 40 earthquakes a day in Mexico . Mexico City is built on a dry lakebed with soft soil made up of sand and clay , which amplifies the destruction that major earthquakes cause . Loose sediments near the surface slow the shockwaves ' speed from 1.5 miles ( 2,414 m ) per second ( 8690.4 km / h ) to roughly 150 feet ( 45 , 72m ) per second ( 164.592 km / h ) . This increases the shockwaves ' amplitude , which causes more violent shaking . Deeper and denser soil layers increase amplified shockwaves ' destructive duration . Less than two weeks before the Puebla earthquake , Mexico had been struck by an earthquake in Chiapas on 7 September , which killed almost 100 people . Despite its close timing , the Puebla earthquake was not an aftershock of the Chiapas event , as the epicenters were 650 km ( 400 mi ) apart . The possibility of a link between the earthquakes was being investigated in the days after the second one . Big earthquakes can increase the long - term risk of seismic activity by transferring `` static stress '' to adjacent faults , but only at a distance of up to four times the length of the original rupture .",
"2": "In 19 September earthquake , static stress transfer was considered unlikely due to the distance between the earthquakes , in excess of the expected 400 km maximum . `` Dynamic triggering '' , with seismic waves propagating from one quake affecting other faults , may operate at much longer distances , but usually happens within hours or a few days of the triggering quake ; a 12 - day gap is hard to explain . 19 September is designated as a day of remembrance for the 1985 Mexico City earthquake , which killed approximately 10,000 civilians . Every year at 11 a.m. , a national earthquake drill is conducted by the government through the use of public loudspeakers located throughout Mexico City . The 2017 drill took place as scheduled , at 11 a.m. , around two hours before the central Mexico earthquake . Earthquake ( edit ) Play media Video after the earthquake in Mexico City According to the National Seismological Service ( SSN ) of Mexico , the epicenter was located 12 km ( 7.5 mi ) southeast of Axochiapan , Morelos , and 120 km ( 75 mi ) from Mexico City . The earthquake was measured at a magnitude of 7.1 , occurring at 13 : 14 : 40 Central Daylight Time , at a depth of 51 km ( 32 mi ) . The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) placed the epicenter 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) ENE of San Juan Raboso and reported a measurement of VIII ( Severe ) on the Mercalli intensity scale ; While there was a report of strong shaking for about one minute , which is a long time for an earthquake , acceleration / velocity / displacement seismograms at UNAM showed about 20 seconds of strong shaking with a period of ≈ 1 second . SSN reported a peak ground acceleration of 112 cm / s ( 0.114 g ) at the Popocatépetl reporting station in Tlamacas , Estado de México . According to the USGS , the earthquake occurred on a moderately dipping normal fault . According to the bulletin of Mexico 's SASMEX earthquake warning system , 20 seconds ' advance warning was given in Mexico City ; however the general experience in the capital was that the alarm and cellphone alerts started only a few seconds before , or during the quake .",
"3": "Some residents reportedly mistook the alert for a continuation of the earlier drill . 25 of the early - warning seismic sensors detected the earthquake , and alerts were also provided to Oaxaca , Acapulco , Chilpancingo , and Puebla , with lead times stated to range from 12 to 48 seconds . Casualties ( edit ) Deaths as of 2 October 2017 State Deaths Ref Guerrero 6 Morelos 75 Oaxaca Puebla 46 State of Mexico 15 Mexico City 228 Totals : 370 Nine days after the earthquake , at least 361 people had been reported killed . At least 74 people were killed in the state of Morelos , 220 in Mexico City , 45 in Puebla , 13 in the State of Mexico , 6 in the state of Guerrero and one in the state of Oaxaca . In Mexico City , the bodies of 26 students and four instructors were pulled from the rubble of the Enrique C. Rébsamen school ; 30 students and 8 adults were still unaccounted for as of the evening of 19 September . The Mexico City campus of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education suffered damage , with at least 5 people killed and 40 injured . More than 6,000 people had been reported injured by the day after the earthquake , with more than 300 confirmed dead as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue . On 1 October the number of people known to have been killed was stated to be 361 , with more than 4,500 injured . By place , 220 were killed in Mexico City , 74 in the state of Morelos , 45 in Puebla , 15 in Mexico State , six in Guerrero , and one in Oaxaca . An investigation published in October 2017 revealed that since 2012 there had been over 6,000 complaints about construction violations in Mexico City , with no public record of how many were followed up . Many of the buildings complained about collapsed in the 19 September earthquake . After the earthquake the Urban Development and Housing Secretariat ( Seduvi ) did not respond to requests for information on responses to complaints .",
"4": "Local activists called the construction system totally corrupt , and said that some developers circumvent building regulations , and city authorities frequently ignore complaints . Damage and aftermath ( edit ) In Puebla , church steeples had toppled in the city of Cholula , and a church on the slopes of Popocatépetl in Atzitzihuacan collapsed during mass , killing 15 people . A second church , which was built in the 17th century , fell in Atzala during a baptism , killing 11 people including the baby . At least 44 buildings collapsed in Mexico City due to the earthquake , trapping people inside , creating large plumes of dust , and starting fires . At least 50 to 60 people were rescued by emergency workers and citizens . Several buildings caught fire . Condesa , Roma and del Valle neighbourhoods were among those most affected in the zone : a building located on Álvaro Obregón Avenue collapsed , and several buildings on Ámsterdam Avenue suffered damage . Gas leaks were reported , along with `` piles '' of rubble from collapsed buildings . Stock prices declined at the Mexico Stock Exchange but recovered before trading was suspended . Comisión Federal de Electricidad , the national electric utility , reported that 4.78 million customers lost power in Guerrero , Morelos , Puebla , State of Mexico , Oaxaca , Tlaxcala , and parts of Mexico City -- roughly 35 % of the company 's customers in those states . However , none of the generating stations in the region sustained structural damage . Mexico City International Airport suspended operations while damage assessments took place , but reopened at 4 : 00 p.m. CDT ( 2100 UTC ) . 180 flights were cancelled or diverted during the closure . A plane carrying President Enrique Peña Nieto , returning from touring damage in Oaxaca from the earlier Chiapas earthquake , was diverted to Santa Lucía Air Force Base . Mexico City Metro service was temporarily cancelled on several subway lines due to a power failure , but restored by 17 : 30 , offering free service to stranded passengers . Building evacuations also caused delays to Metrobús service in the city .",
"5": "The federal Secretariat of the Interior ( SEGOB ) declared a state of emergency for all 33 municipalities of Morelos , for all 16 boroughs of Mexico City , and 112 of the 217 municipalities of Puebla . The declarations allow funds from the National Natural Disaster Fund ( FONDEN ) to be used during the emergency response phase . The Mexican Army and Mexican Navy deployed 3,000 active - duty troops to Mexico City through the DN - III - E and Plan Marina emergency response plans . The troops were tasked with debris cleanup , search and rescue , and security missions . Additionally , the Secretariat of National Defence moved eight helicopters to Mexico City , and activated 3 shelters in the affected areas . A damage survey by American structural engineers revealed that a number of collapsed buildings had been erected in the 1960s and 1970s with unreinforced masonry walls confined by non-ductile concrete frames . All Round of 16 matches of the Copa MX , an association football cup competition , were suspended until further notice . The hashtag # FuerzaMéxico ( Be strong , Mexico ) was used on social media outlets . International response ( edit ) The Israel Defense Forces sent a group of 71 search and rescue soldiers including engineers , to help in the aftermath of the earthquake . The contingent had special dispensation to travel during the Rosh Hashanah holiday , normally forbidden under religious law . The Japan International Cooperation Agency sent a disaster relief team of 72 search - and - rescue personnel , four search dogs and five tons of equipment with personnel from the Japan Disaster Relief Team , Tokyo Fire Department and the Tokyo Metropolitan Police 's SAR officers . The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country remarked that it was a show of thanks , as Mexico had sent a search team to help Japan during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Turkish state aid agency TİKA sent humanitarian aid -- including packages containing hygienic and medical supplies prepared in coordination with the Mexican Red Cross -- to Mexico City and Xochimilco . TIKA also provided tools and equipment to be used in search - and - rescue efforts . US President Donald Trump called Peña Nieto to offer condolences , while the White House has offered search and rescue assistance . The U.S.",
"6": "Agency for International Development deployed an urban search and rescue team from the Los Angeles County Fire Department and experts from the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to the affected regions . Aftershocks ( edit ) 2017 Central Mexico earthquake and aftershocks Graph of earthquakes by magnitude Map of earthquakes as of 22 September Red mark indicates the mainshock Number of aftershocks Gallery ( edit ) Collapsed building in Mexico City President Peña Nieto addresses the media Volunteers and rescuers working at collapsed building at Colonia Roma , Mexico City . Volunteers and rescuers working at a collapsed warehouse , colonia Obrera , Mexico City . Volunteers moving debris at Colonia Obrera , Mexico City Crumbled sidewalk outside a Hilton hotel , Mexico City . See also ( edit ) List of earthquakes in 2017 List of earthquakes in Mexico References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sismologico Nacional ( @ SismologicoMX ) ( 23 September 2017 ) . `` Réplicas hasta las 12 : 30 hrs del 23 / 09 / 2017 '' ( Tweet ) ( in Spanish ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` M 7.1 -- 5km ENE of Raboso , Mexico '' . United States Geological Survey . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Almasy , Steve ; Simon , Darran ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Central Mexico earthquake kills dozens , topples buildings '' . CNN . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mueren 4 tras sismo ; caen 29 edificios '' ( 4 die in earthquake after 29 buildings fall ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recuperan cuerpo de última víctima del terremoto en México '' . AP News . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asciende a 46 la cifra de muertos por sismo : fallece mujer originaria de Atlixco '' . www.diariocambio.com.mx ( in Spanish ) .",
"7": "Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reporta Ssa 51 lesionados graves -- Independiente de Hidalgo '' . Independiente de Hidalgo ( in Spanish ) . 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Powerful Earthquake Shakes Mexico On 32nd Anniversary Of Deadly Temblor '' . NPR. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Starkes Erdbeben erschüttert Mexiko '' ( Strong earthquake shakes Mexico ) . Tagesschau ( in German ) . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Death toll rises to 226 from Mexico earthquake '' . Associated Press . 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sismo del día 19 de Septiembre de 2017 , Puebla - Morelos ( M 7.1 ) '' ( Earthquake of 19 September 2017 , Puebla - Morelos ( M 7.1 ) ) ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . National Seismological Service . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Grad , Shelby ; Lin II , Rong - Gong ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Mexico City 's notoriously soft soil probably contributed to destruction from 7.1 earthquake '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Derek ; White , Jeremy ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Mexico City Was Built on an Ancient Lake Bed . That Makes Earthquakes Much Worse '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Seismologist : Mexico 's 7.1 quake not aftershock '' . Associated Press . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Witze , Alexandra ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Pair of deadly Mexico quakes puzzles scientists '' .",
"8": "Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2017.22650 . ISSN 1476 - 4687 . Jump up ^ `` Millions of Mexicans commemorate 1985 quake with drill '' . Madrid : EFE. 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Partlow , Joshua ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Strong earthquake shakes Mexico , killing at least 40 people '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly earthquake in the Puebla region , Mexico -- at least 226 fatalities -- September 19 , 2017 '' . Earthquake-Report.com. 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . As @ NTelevisaPuebla reports , the strong shaking lasted for approx. 1 minute and that 's a very long time . The longer strong shaking lasts , the more damage will be inflicted ! Page added to frequently . Jump up ^ `` IRIS : Special Event : Central Mexico '' . IRIS -- Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology. 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Frequently updated . Jump up ^ `` BOLETÍN DEL SISTEMA DE ALERTA SÍSMICA MEXICANO ( SASMEX ) , 19 September 2017 at 13 : 15 : 04 '' ( SASMEX Bulletin ) . Centro de Insrumentación y Registro Sísmico a.c. ( in Spanish ) . 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX , te explicamos la razón , 20 September 2017 at 12 : 17 : 00 '' ( Alarma sísmica sonó cuando ya temblaba en CDMX , te explicamos la razón ) . El Grafico ( in Spanish ) . 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica , 20 September 2017 at 04 : 47 : 00 '' ( Te explicamos por qué no sonó la alerta sísmica ) .",
"9": "UnoTV ( in Spanish ) . 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México ? , 21 September 2017 at 20 : 12 : 00 '' ( ¿ Por qué no sonó la alarma sísmica en México ? ) . CHISPA ( in Spanish ) . 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica , 20 September 2017 at 20 : 12 : 00 '' ( Primero tembló y después se escuchó la alarma sísmica ) . BASTA ( in Spanish ) . 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are Mexico 's two September earthquakes connected ? -- BBC News '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Puente , Luis Felipe ( @ LUISFELIPE_P ) ( 1 October 2017 ) . `` # Actualización '' ( Tweet ) ( in Spanish ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Argen , David ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Mexico earthquake : more than 60 dead as powerful tremor hits southern region '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Mark ; Sherman , Christopher ; Orsi , Peter ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` 149 killed as 7.1 magnitude quake fells buildings in Mexico '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Vargas , Rosa Elvira ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Confirma EPN recuperación de 22 cuerpos en colegio Enrique C. Rébsamen '' ( EPN confirms recovery of 22 bodies in Enrique C. Rébsamen school ) . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hay 26 niños fallecidos y 30 desaparecidos en derrumbe de escuela Rébsamen : Peña Nieto '' ( Peña Nieto : 26 children dead and 30 missing in collapse of Rébsamen school ) .",
"10": "El Universal ( in Spanish ) . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Sánchez Jiménez , Arturo ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Cinco muertos y 40 heridos en el Tec de Monterrey '' ( Five dead and 40 wounded at Tec de Monterrey ) . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/death-toll-mexico-quake-rises-293-search-survivors-continues-n804051 Jump up ^ Notimex ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` Actualizan cifra , 360 decesos en el país por sismo del 19 de septiembre '' ( Figure updated , 360 deaths in the country due to the earthquake of 19 September ) . Enfoque Noticias ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Martha Pskowski and David Adler ( 13 October 2017 ) . `` 6,000 complaints ... then the quake : the scandal behind Mexico City 's 225 dead '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Article has many examples of violations of building codes , followed by buildings collapsing in the earthquake ; for example a collapsed six - storey building that had been constructed on the foundations of a previous two - storey building . ^ Jump up to : Henderson , Barney ; Horton , Helena ; Strange , Hannah ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Mexico City earthquake : More than 225 dead as buildings reduced to rubble '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly quake rocks Mexico '' . BBC News . 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Semple , Kirk ; Malkin , Elisabeth ; Villegas , Paulina ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Powerful Earthquake Strikes Mexico , Killing Dozens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At least 134 dead after magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits Mexico '' . CBC News . Associated Press .",
"11": "19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Era horrible , todo temblaba ' '' ( ' It was horrible , everything trembled ' ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Lafuente , Javier ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Más de 220 muertos por un fuerte terremoto en México '' ( More than 220 dead by a strong earthquake in Mexico ) . El País ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Villalobos , Areli ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Rescatan a 10 personas de un edificio colapsado en Álvaro Obregón 286 , colonia Roma '' ( 10 people are rescued from a collapsed building in Álvaro Obregón 286 , colony Roma ) . Proceso ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Imbert , Fred ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Mexico stocks fall and then are halted after earthquake shakes buildings in Mexico City '' . CNBC . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sismo Afecta Suministro Eléctrico A Más De 4.8 Millones De Hogares Y Comercios En El Valle De México , Morelos , Puebla , Oaxaca , Guerrero Y Tlaxcala '' ( Sismo Affects Electrical Supply to More Than 4.8 Million Homes and Businesses in the Valley of Mexico , Morelos , Puebla , Oaxaca , Guerrero and Tlaxcala ) ( in Spanish ) . Comisión Federal de Electricidad. 20 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Vásquez , Azucena ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Afecta sismo a 180 vuelos en AICM '' ( Earthquake affects 180 flights to AICM ) ( in Spanish ) . Reforma . Retrieved 19 September 2017 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Linthicum , Kate ; Lin II , Rong - Gong ; Zavis , Alexandra ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` At least 79 killed as powerful 7.1 earthquake strikes central Mexico '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Elizalde , Elizabeth ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Powerful 7.1 magnitude quake rocks Mexico City , kills at least 55 '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metro de la CDMX ofrece servicio gratuito tras sismo '' ( CDMX Metro offers free service after earthquake ) . Canal44 ( in Spanish ) . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Servicio de Metro , Metrobús y Mexibús afectados tras sismo '' ( Metro , Metrobús and Mexibús service affected after earthquake ) . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 33 municipios del estado de Morelos , por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1 '' ( SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 33 municipalities of the state of Morelos , due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1 ) ( in Spanish ) . Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Secretaría de Gobernación declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para la Ciudad de México , por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1 '' ( The Ministry of the Interior declares Extraordinary Emergency for the City of Mexico , due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1 ) ( in Spanish ) . Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 .",
"13": "^ Jump up to : `` La SEGOB declara Emergencia Extraordinaria para 112 municipios del estado de Puebla , por la ocurrencia de sismo de magnitud 7.1 '' ( The SEGOB declares Extraordinary Emergency for 112 municipalities of the state of Puebla , due to the occurrence of earthquake of magnitude 7.1 ) ( in Spanish ) . Secretaría de Gobernación. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jiménez , Benito ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Activan Plan DN - III en CDMX tras sismo '' ( Plan DN - III activated in CDMX after earthquake ) . Reforma ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Minnick , Benjamin ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` What can Seattle area learn from Mexico City 's quake experience ? '' . Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Copa MX anuncia postergación de octavos de final '' ( Copa MX announces postponement of Round of 16 ) ( in Spanish ) . ESPN Deportes. 19 September 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Willingham , AJ ; Santiago , Cassandra ; Valdez , Gustavo . `` In a collapsed Mexico school , a community digs for signs of life '' . CNN . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ IDF team heads home as Mexico quake rescue mission ends By STUART WINER and AP , 28 September 2017 Jump up ^ Ari Gross , Judah ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` IDF to send 50 - person delegation to earthquake - hit Mexico '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20170921_18/ Jump up ^ Velázquez , Iris ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Arriban rescatistas japoneses a México '' ( in Spanish ) . Reforma . Retrieved 22 September 2017 .",
"14": "^ Jump up to : Anadolu Agency ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Turkey sends aid to ' quake - hit Mexico '' . World Bulletin . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 230 confirmed dead as Mexico earthquake rescue efforts continue -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ McCleskey , Clayton ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` USAID Deploys Disaster Assistance Team for Earthquake in Mexico '' . U.S. Agency for International Development . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 Puebla earthquake . International Seismological Centre Event # 610994335 -- Full technical details . Why Mexico City is so vulnerable to earthquakes -- CNN A Shock WIthout Aftershocks -- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory The Strange Tectonic Coincidence of Mexico 's September Earthquakes -- The New Yorker Chiapas and Puebla , Mexico , Earthquakes : Chain Reaction or Coincidence ? -- Temblor , Inc . ← Earthquakes in 2017 January Tripura , India ( 5.7 , January 3 ) Amatrice , Italy ( 5.7 , January 18 ) † Bougainville , Papua New Guinea ( 7.9 , January 22 ) February Uttarakhand , India ( 5.1 , February 6 ) Surigao del Norte , Philippines ( 6.5 , February 10 ) April Central , Botswana ( 6.5 , April 3 ) Batangas , Philippines 5.1 , April 4 5.9 , April 8 June Lesbos , Greece 6.3 , June 12 July Leyte , Philippines 6.5 , July 6 Aegean Sea 6.6 , July 20 August Jiuzhaigou , Sichuan , China 6.5 , August 8 Jinghe , Xinjiang , China 6.3 , August 8 Ischia , Italy 4.2 , August 21 September Chiapas ,",
"15": "Mexico ( 8.1 , September 8 ) † Central Mexico ( 7.1 , September 19 ) † November Kermanshah , Iran ( 7.3 , November 12 ) † ‡ Jacó , Costa Rica ( 6.5 , November 13 ) Pohang , South Korea ( 5.4 , November 15 ) December Java , Indonesia ( 6.5 , December 15 ) † indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year Dates for all earthquakes are in UTC Earthquakes in Mexico Historical 1787 New Spain 1887 Sonora 1892 Laguna Salada 20th century 1911 Michoacán 1911 Guerrero 1931 Oaxaca 1932 Jalisco 1937 Orizaba 1940 El Centro 1941 Colima 1964 Guerrero 1965 Oaxaca 1973 Veracruz 1979 Imperial Valley 1980 Oaxaca 1981 Playa Azul 1985 Mexico City 1995 Chiapas 1995 Colima -- Jalisco 1995 Guerrero 1999 Oaxaca 1999 Tehuacán 21st century 2003 Colima 2009 Guerrero 2010 Oaxaca 2010 Baja California 2011 Guerrero 2011 Zumpango 2012 Guerrero -- Oaxaca 2012 Michoacán 2014 Guerrero 2014 Mexico -- Guatemala 2017 Chiapas 2017 Central Mexico 2010s portal Disasters portal Earthquakes portal Mexico portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"16": "php?title=2017_Central_Mexico_earthquake&oldid=816326318 '' Categories : 2010s in Mexico City 2017 earthquakes Earthquakes in Mexico History of Puebla History of Guerrero History of Mexico City History of Morelos History of the State of Mexico 2017 in Mexico September 2017 events in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata M w Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 17 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played michael jackson in jackson 5 movie
|
[
"Wylie Draper",
"Wylie Draper",
"Wylie Draper",
"Abolade David Olatunde",
"Alex Burrall",
"Jason Weaver",
"Alex Burrall, Jason Weaver and Wylie Draper played Michael Jackson in different eras"
] |
{
"0": "The Jacksons : an American Dream - wikipedia The Jacksons : an American Dream Jump to : navigation , search The Jacksons : An American Dream The DVD cover for the miniseries . Written by Joyce Eliason Directed by Karen Arthur Starring Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs Angela Bassett Holly Robinson Peete Margaret Avery Alex Burrall Jermaine Jackson , Jr . Bumper Robinson Floyd Meyers Jr . Monica Calhoun Jason Weaver Angel Vargas Terrence Howard Vanessa L. Williams Billy Dee Williams Wylie Draper Colin Steele Theme music composer Harold Wheeler Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Producer ( s ) Suzanne de Passe Joyce Eliason Jermaine Jackson Margaret Maldonado Stan Marguiles Running time 240 min . Distributor The Stan Marguiles Company KJ Films de Passe Entertainment Motown Productions PolyGram Filmed Entertainment Release Original network ABC Original release November 15 -- November 18 , 1992 The Jacksons : An American Dream is a four - hour American miniseries broadcast in two halves on ABC and originally broadcast on November 15 through November 18 , 1992 . It is based upon the history of the Jackson family , one of the most successful musical families in show business , and the early and successful years of the popular Motown group The Jackson 5 . The miniseries was executive produced by Suzanne de Passe and Stan Marguiles , produced by Joyce Eliason , Jermaine Jackson and Margaret Maldonado and directed by Karen Arthur . The movie was filmed in Los Angeles and Pittsburgh , where director Arthur had previously filmed her feature film Lady Beware . The Jacksons : An American Dream is based on Katherine Jackson 's My Family autobiography . A critical and commercial success , the program won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Choreography . The title alludes to the iconic concept of the ' American Dream ' .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Historical inaccuracies 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The miniseries stars Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs as the Jacksons ' patriarch Joseph Jackson , Angela Bassett as the family matriarch Katherine Jackson , Alex Burrall , Jason Weaver and Wylie Draper played Michael Jackson in different eras , while Bumper Robinson and Terrence Howard played Jackie Jackson in different eras , Shakiem Jamar Evans and Angel Vargas played Tito Jackson , Margaret Avery as Katherine 's mother Martha Scruse , Holly Robinson Peete as Diana Ross , Billy Dee Williams as Berry Gordy and Vanessa L. Williams as Suzanne de Passe . The opening titles of the film shows footage of the real Jacksons rehearsing , performing on stage , a few clips from the `` Can You Feel It '' music video , album covers , magazine covers and pictures of the family . The film is mostly based on the autobiography written by Katherine Jackson , who issued the 1990 autobiography , My Family . Part one of the film was based on how Joseph and Katherine managed to raise their children , first in Gary , Indiana , then later dealing with The Jackson 5 's early fame and its consequences . Part two of the film is based on the struggles of young Michael Jackson as he deals with his brothers marrying early into The Jackson 5 success , his problems with acne as a teenager , his eventual solo superstardom based on the success of his albums Off the Wall and Thriller and his legendary Motown 25 performance of `` Billie Jean '' as well as his difficult relationship with his father . Michael Jackson 's voice is heard on : `` Beat It , '' `` Human Nature , '' `` Billie Jean , '' `` I Want You Back , '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are , '' `` I 'll Be There , '' `` Rockin ' Robin , '' `` ABC , '' and `` Dancing Machine . '' On all other songs , the Michael Jackson vocal part is performed by Anthony Harrell , Jason Weaver or Kipp Lennon .",
"2": "Cast ( edit ) Lawrence Hilton - Jacobs - Joseph Jackson Angela Bassett - Katherine Jackson Holly Robinson Peete - Diana Ross Margaret Avery - Martha Scruse Billy Dee Williams - Berry Gordy Vanessa Williams - Suzanne de Passe Wylie Draper - Michael Jackson Abolade David Olatunde - Michael Jackson ( baby ) Alex Burrall - Michael Jackson ( ages 6 -- 8 ) Jason Weaver - Michael Jackson ( ages 9 -- 14 ) Colin Steele - Jermaine Jackson Jermaine Jackson II - Jermaine Jackson ( ages 10 -- 17 ) Terrence Howard - Jackie Jackson Bumper Robinson - Jackie Jackson ( ages 12 -- 16 ) Monica Calhoun - Rebbie Jackson Ebonie Smith - La Toya Jackson Kelli Martin - La Toya Jackson ( ages 8 -- 10 ) Angel Vargas - Tito Jackson Shakiem Jamar Evans - Tito Jackson ( ages 11 -- 15 ) Maya Nicole Johnson - Janet Jackson Monica Allison - Hazel Gordy Robert Redcross - Randy Jackson Nicolas Phillips - Randy Jackson ( age 7 - 9 ) Marcus Maurice - Marlon Jackson Floyd Myers , Jr . - Marlon Jackson ( age 7 - 9 ) Jacen Wilkerson - Marlon Jackson ( ages 10 -- 15 ) Historical inaccuracies ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) The group is shown making a record of Wilbert Harrison 's `` Kansas City '' . `` Kansas City '' was never covered by the Jackson 5 , although the band did multiple covers of early hits . In the Motown audition scene , Berry Gordy was not actually in attendance . Instead , the audition was videotaped and shown to Gordy at a later time . The Jacksons are shown getting an audition for Motown due to winning a talent show at the Apollo Theatre , and Joseph is touting it as their first signing . In actuality , the group 's first recording contract was offered by Steeltown Records , a smaller agency based in their native Gary , Indiana , in 1967 . The group had done one audition for Motown and was rejected .",
"3": "Following their moderate success with a couple of single tracks in Steeltown , the Jackson 5 felt confident enough to audition a second time for Motown , after which they were signed . In the film , prior to the Motown debut , Michael is seen in a recording studio , which may have been reference to their early career with Steeltown Records . In the scene where Michael is seen shooting for the Pepsi commercial which caused his scalp to catch fire , it shows his body rolling down the stairs . In fact he actually walked down the stairs with his hair on fire and later realized and did a one rotation spin ( not the usual spin move he did ) and shaking his head wildly from the pain . The film 's depiction of Michael performing `` Billie Jean '' at the Motown 25 television special , has Jackson wearing his trademark white glove on his right hand . In reality , Michael wore it on his left hand that night . The style of the film 's glove is also notably different , compared to the factual one . The film lists 1959 as Michael 's birth . Michael was actually born in 1958 . Reception ( edit ) The Jacksons : An American Dream became one of the most popular and successful music - biography miniseries of the 1990s . Part 1 of the miniseries was the third highest - rated program broadcast during the week of November 9 -- 15 with a 21.1 rating . Part 2 of the miniseries was watched by 38.4 million viewers in 22.3 million households becoming the highest - rated program broadcast during the week of November 16 -- 22 posting a 23.9 rating , and 36 share . Overall , the miniseries was watched in 38.3 million households and posted a 22.3 rating and 33 share . The series won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Choreography , and was also nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Hairstyling for a Miniseries or a Special , Outstanding Miniseries , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Miniseries or a Special . Bumper Robinson won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Television Movie , and Alex Burrall and Jason Weaver both won a special award for Outstanding Young Performers Starring in a Mini-Series .",
"4": "The miniseries was later rebroadcast on VH1 and released to VHS and DVD . The DVD version of the miniseries was released as a two - disc set . The first disc was named `` The Early Years '' and the second disc was named `` The Success Years '' . In 2004 , VH1 would produce Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story , which picked up Michael 's life from the end of The Jacksons to the present , which at the time included him standing trial on charges of child molestation . The miniseries aired frequently after the death of Michael Jackson . It has been shown on TV One , BET , Centric and VH1 . It is followed by Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Jacksons : An American Dream Soundtrack album by The Jackson 5 Released September 29 , 1992 Recorded Genre Soul , Funk Length 37 : 51 Label Motown The Jackson 5 chronology 2300 Jackson Street ( 1989 ) 2300 Jackson Street 1989 `` The Jacksons : An American Dream '' ( 1992 ) Soulsation ! ( 1995 ) Soulsation ! 1995 Singles from The Jacksons : An American Dream Track listing ( edit ) All songs performed by the Jackson 5 except where noted `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' ( Live ) - 5 : 39 Recorded live in Gary , Indiana , May 29 , 1971 `` Kansas City '' ( Jason Weaver ) - 2 : 19 `` I 'll Be There '' ( Originally on Third Album ) - 3 : 56 `` In the Still of the Night '' ( Boyz II Men ) - 2 : 51 `` Walk on / The Love You Save '' ( Live ) - 6 : 05 Recorded live in Gary , Indiana , May 29 , 1971 `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' ( Jason Weaver ) - 4 : 21 `` Dancing Machine '' ( Originally on G.I.T.",
"5": ": Get It Together ) - 3 : 17 `` The Dream Goes On '' ( Jermaine Jackson ) - 3 : 50 `` I Want You Back / ABC '' ( Live ) - 3 : 23 Recorded live at the Forum , Los Angeles . August 26 , 1972 ( Later issued in its entirety on Live at the Forum in 2010 ) `` Stay With Love '' ( Jermaine Jackson and Syreeta ) - 4 : 19 `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( Originally on Maybe Tomorrow ) - 2 : 59 `` You Are the Ones ( Interlude ) '' ( 3T ) - 1 : 51 `` Dancing Machine ( Remix ) '' - 3 : 43 Other songs done in the film but not put on the track : `` Climb Every Mountain '' `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Beans , Beans , the Musical Fruit '' `` Beat It '' See also ( edit ) The Jackson Family portal Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Faye B. ( November 14 , 1992 ) . `` Highlights '' . The Tuscaloosa News . p. 6A . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Motown 's Gordy On Discovering Jackson '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` ABC posts third straight ratings win '' . The Modesto Bee . November 19 , 1992 . p . F5 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Carmody , John ( November 20 , 1992 ) . `` THE TV COLUMN '' . The Washington Post . p. c. 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's ' The Jacksons ' finales holds top spot '' . Daily News . November 27 , 1992 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 .",
"6": "Jump up ^ Grahnke , Lon ( November 27 , 1992 ) . `` Highlights '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p. 6A . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . External links ( edit ) The Jacksons : An American Dream at AllMovie The Jacksons : An American Dream on IMDb Michael Jackson Albums Singles Songs Videography Unreleased songs Awards Records and achievements Studio albums Got to Be There Ben Music & Me Forever , Michael Off the Wall Thriller Bad Dangerous HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I Invincible Posthumous albums Michael Xscape Greatest Hits A Collection of Michael Jackson 's Oldies The Best of Michael Jackson 18 Greatest Hits Number Ones The Essential Michael Jackson Soundtracks The Wiz E.T.",
"7": "the Extra-Terrestrial Michael Jackson 's This Is It Immortal Compilations One Day in Your Life The Michael Jackson Mix 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Michael Jackson Love Songs King of Pop The Definitive Collection Icon Scream Other albums Farewell My Summer Love Looking Back to Yesterday Thriller 25 Bad 25 Box sets Anthology The Ultimate Collection Visionary : The Video Singles Thriller 25 : Limited Japanese Single Collection 50 Best Songs -- The Motown Years : Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 The Collection Hello World : The Motown Solo Collection The Indispensable Collection The Ultimate Fan Extras Collection Remix albums The Original Soul of Michael Jackson Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix The Stripped Mixes The Remix Suite Live albums One Night in Japan Concert tours Bad Dangerous World Tour HIStory World Tour This Is It Filmography Michael Jackson 's Thriller Captain EO Moonwalker Michael Jackson 's Ghosts Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls Michael Jackson 's This Is It Michael Jackson : The Life of an Icon Bad 25 Michael Jackson : The Last Photo Shoot Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall Video albums Dangerous : The Short Films Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory HIStory on Film , Volume II Number Ones The One Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour Michael Jackson 's Vision Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 Television Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story Move Like Michael Jackson `` Stark Raving Dad '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Video games Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Space Channel 5 Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 Space Channel 5 : Part 2 Michael Jackson : The Experience Planet Michael Bibliography Moonwalk Dancing the Dream Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today ,",
"8": "Forever MJ & Friends Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Celebration United We Stand : What More Can I Give Live at the Apollo Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert Assets Neverland Ranch Northern Songs Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( formerly ) Influence on society Heal the World Foundation Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour Michael Jackson : One Related The Jackson 5 Moonwalk Health and appearance Personal relationships 1993 child sexual abuse accusations Living with Michael Jackson People v. Jackson Death Trial of personal physician Memorial service Cover versions Thriller jacket HIStory statue Michael Jackson - related games Quincy Jones Kenny Ortega Mesoparapylocheles Bubbles Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award We Are the World Mind Is the Magic : Anthem for the Las Vegas Show Never Can Say Goodbye : The Music of Michael Jackson Queen Forever Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert Relatives Katherine Esther Scruse ( mother ) Joseph Walter Jackson ( father ) Maureen Reillette Brown ( elder sister ) Sigmund Esco Jackson ( elder brother ) Toriano Adaryll Jackson ( elder brother ) Jermaine La Juane Jackson ( elder brother ) La Toya Yvonne Jackson ( elder sister ) Marlon David Jackson ( elder brother ) Steven Randall Jackson ( younger brother ) Janet Damita Jo Jackson ( younger sister ) Nathaniel Austin Brown ( nephew ) Tito Joe Jackson ( nephew ) Lisa Marie Presley ( ex-wife ) Deborah Jeanne Rowe ( ex-wife ) Paris - Michael Katherine Jackson ( daughter ) Book Category Portal The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons Jackie Jackson Tito Jackson Jermaine Jackson Marlon Jackson Michael Jackson Randy Jackson Studio albums The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ABC Third Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Maybe Tomorrow Goin ' Back to Indiana Lookin ' Through the Windows Skywriter G.I.T.",
"9": ": Get It Together Dancing Machine Moving Violation The Jacksons The Jacksons Goin ' Places Destiny Triumph Victory 2300 Jackson Street Live albums The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jacksons Live ! Live at the Forum Compilations Greatest Hits Anthology Joyful Jukebox Music Boogie Soulsation ! Jackson 5 : The Ultimate Collection The Essential Jacksons The Very Best of The Jacksons I Want You Back ! Unreleased Masters Come and Get It : The Rare Pearls Concert tours First National Tour Second National Tour Destiny World Tour Triumph Tour Victory Tour Unity Tour Television The Jackson 5ive The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special Related articles Discography Songs Chronology Jackson family Steeltown Records Book Category Portal Jackson family Parents Joseph Walter Jackson : 1928 Katherine Esther Jackson ( neé Scruse ) : 1930 Children Maureen Reillette ( Rebbie ) : 1950 Sigmund Esco ( Jackie ) : 1951 Toriano Adaryll ( Tito ) : 1953 Jermaine La Jaune : 1954 La Toya Yvonne : 1956 Marlon David : 1957 Michael Joseph : 1958 -- 2009 Steven Randall ( Randy ) : 1961 Janet Damita Jo : 1966 Grandchildren T.J.",
"10": "Jackson : 1978 Austin Brown : 1985 Paris Jackson : 1998 Musical groups The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons 3T Television The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty The Jacksons : Next Generation Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream&oldid=817258055 '' Categories : Jackson family ( show business ) The Jackson 5 1990s American television miniseries English - language films African - American television American biographical films American films Motown Productions films 1992 television films Films set in Indiana Films set in Alabama Films set in Michigan Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in California Films set in the 1940s Films set in the 1950s Films set in the 1960s Films set in the 1970s Films set in the 1980s American Broadcasting Company network shows Films directed by Karen Arthur Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 06 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who stars in kevin probably save the world
|
[
"Jason Ritter",
"JoAnna Garcia Swisher",
"Kimberly Hebert Gregory",
"India de Beaufort",
"J. August Richards",
"Chloe East",
"Dustin Ybarra",
"Jason Ritter",
"JoAnna Garcia Swisher",
"Kimberly Hebert Gregory",
"India de Beaufort",
"J. August Richards",
"Dustin Ybarra",
"Chloe East",
"Jason Ritter",
"JoAnna Garcia Swisher",
"Kimberly Hebert Gregory",
"India de Beaufort",
"J. August Richards",
"Chloe East",
"Dustin Ybarra",
"Jason Ritter",
"JoAnna Garcia Swisher",
"Kimberly Hebert Gregory",
"India de Beaufort",
"J. August Richards",
"Chloe East",
"Dustin Ybarra",
"Jason Ritter"
] |
{
"0": "Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - wikipedia Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Jump to : navigation , search Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World Genre Fantasy Comedy - drama Created by Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Starring Jason Ritter JoAnna Garcia Swisher Kimberly Hebert Gregory India de Beaufort J. August Richards Chloe East Dustin Ybarra Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michele Fazekas Tara Butters Chris Dingess Craig DiGregorio Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fazekas & Butters ABC Studios Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network ABC Original release October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) -- present Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( stylized as Kevin ^ Saves the World ) is an American high - concept angelic - themed fantasy comedy - drama television series that was created and executive produced by Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters for ABC Studios . The series airs on ABC as a Tuesday night entry during the 2017 -- 18 television season , and was greenlit on May 11 , 2017 . The series premiered on October 3 , 2017 . The show is set in Taylor , Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring / Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Kevin , a down - on - his - luck man who survived a suicide attempt , moves in with his twin sister Amy , an engineer and professor at the local college , and Amy 's teenage daughter Reese . Shortly after , he discovers a celestial being named Yvette ; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world , and sent Yvette to guide and protect him .",
"1": "Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette , so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him . The series also explores a mystery , as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation , but for unknown reasons , Kevin is the only one left . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera ( née Finn ) Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell Chloe East as Reese Cabrera Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina Recurring / Guest ( edit ) Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore Lesley Boone as Lucille Emma Bell as Deb Christian Ochoa as Ben Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane Kate Flannery as Anne Will Sasso as Dave Brandon Quinn as Ignacio `` Iggy '' DePerro Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Paul McGuigan Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 4.17 After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt , Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his sister Amy , a widowed mom , and her teenage daughter Reese . While Amy is away at a work assignment , a meteor crashes to earth near her home . Kevin and Reese investigate , and when Kevin touches the meteorite , he is hurtled backward . He begins having strange visions , including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see . Yvette calls herself one of God 's messengers , tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation , of which Kevin is the only one known to be left .",
"2": "`` Listen Up '' Kevin Dowling Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 3.61 Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones , and that they 'll have to let the universe guide them . While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path , Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together . They ponder getting back together , but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it 's not a good idea . Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean . `` Sweet Little Lies '' Peter Leto Chris Dingess & Davah Avena October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 3.26 Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb , whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer . But now that Deb is healthy , she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married . Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band . Yvette meets with Ava , a celestial messenger like herself . Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous , but come meeting time , they are the only two to show up . Ava then says that she too is giving up . `` How to be Good '' J. Miller Tobin Teleplay by : Brant Englestein Story by : Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 2.87 Kevin helps Lucille , Tyler 's rude boss at the diner , and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister , Anne . Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace . Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she 's observed , and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers .",
"3": "5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' Rob Hardy Craig DiGregorio October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 2.71 After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away , Kevin helps a woman who can not afford her son 's diabetes medication . He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle . Amy finds Reese 's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail . She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out . 6 `` Rocky Road '' Wendey Stanzler Jack Kenny November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 2.91 Kevin begins looking for places to stay , hitting up Tyler , Kristin and Nathan . He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work , learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings . Angry at her mom , Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory . Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down , but Reese slips from her perch and falls . Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds , allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her . A dumbfounded Amy observes , and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him . Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions , plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds . 7 `` Dave '' Ron Underwood Chris Dingess November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 2.62 Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave ( Will Sasso ) , another celestial messenger , who helps them on Kevin 's next assignment . The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin 's cancer - stricken mother Susan ( Anjali Bhimani ) find some joy while living out her last days . Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo . Meanwhile , Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell , and soon meets Iggy ( Brandon Quinn ) , a theology professor who tries to convince her that it 's okay for some things to remain unexplained .",
"4": "Also , Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date , but Reese will not give him permission . 8 `` Chrysalis '' Metin Hüseyin Kevin Deiboldt December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 2.62 Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies , and follows one to an art class held by Ethan ( Enoch King ) . Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show , later realizing this will conflict with Reese 's school play . Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan , offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family . At the same time , Yvette meets with Ava , who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her . Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people , and asks what else she 's hidden from him . Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist , and is operating on faith alone . Kevin chooses to work with Dave , which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show . Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan 's paintings . Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you , also telling Kevin about a trip he took that inspired it . Kevin now knows where the next righteous soul will be found . Elsewhere , Kristin helps Amy prepare for her first date with Iggy , but later notices that Amy will not tell Nathan about the date . 9 `` Probably '' Tamra Davis Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 2.49 Kevin travels to Laos , taking Tyler along . The two are befriended by Vong ( David Huynh ) , whom Kevin and Yvette briefly think is the next righteous but he 's not . Kevin sees another of his visions and wants to press on , but Yvette now has doubts and thinks Dave may have been right . Yvette appears as human and is approached by Tyler , who finds her fascinating .",
"5": "The two dance to a mariachi band ( another of Kevin 's earlier visions ) , which renews Yvette 's faith . Kevin and Tyler , with help from Lucille on video chat , then help Vong 's wife deliver their first child , and it turns out the baby is the next righteous soul . Back at home , Reese tells Amy that Nathan wanted to ask her out . Amy meets Nathan the next day and tells him about Iggy , but says she now knows she was n't yet ready to date and is glad she realized this with someone she does n't truly care about . Nathan later does something special for Amy . 10 `` The Ugly Sleep '' J. Miller Tobin Davah Avena January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 2.62 Kevin helps Charlie ( Trent Garrett ) , who is despondent over a recent breakup , meet someone new , but when the someone new turns out to be Kristin , it leads to awkwardness . The situation causes Charlie to realize the girl he left is his one true love , and he returns to her . Inspired by Kevin 's good deeds , Reese befriends a new girl at school who is struggling to fit in . Meanwhile , Yvette sees that Tyler is still smitten over her and tries to figure out a way to help him move on . Kevin has a vision of a snow - covered area in the woods . As the episode closes , Kristin tells Kevin that she submitted his name for an open substitute teacher position . 11 `` Solo '' Lee Rose Kevin Deiboldt January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) TBD 12 `` Caught White - Handed '' Jennifer Lynch Brant Englestein January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBD Production ( edit ) The series was originally called The Gospel of Kevin , but the name was changed since the show was not `` overtly religious '' . The series was picked up for a 16 - episode full season on November 10 , 2017 .",
"6": "Casting ( edit ) Cristela Alonzo , who played a lead role as the heaven - sent entity in the original pilot , was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 3 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.17 N / A 2.17 N / A 6.33 `` Listen Up '' October 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.61 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Sweet Little Lies '' October 17 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.26 TBD 1.75 TBD 5.01 `` How to be Good '' October 24 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.87 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' October 31 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.71 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Rocky Road '' November 7 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Dave '' November 14 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Chrysalis '' December 5 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Probably '' December 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.49 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The Ugly Sleep '' January 2 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.",
"7": "62 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Solo '' January 9 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Caught White - Handed '' January 16 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.73 / 10 based on 22 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Breezily entertaining , Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still - sketchy premise , hinting at deeper potential that 's yet to develop . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders ' The Mayor ' , Zach Braff Comedy , ' Gospel of Kevin ' , ' Crossing ' , ' Good Doctor ' , Shondaland Drama to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Marvel 's ' Inhumans , ' Daveed Diggs ' ' The Mayor ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' series premiere react : Meet the last of the Righteous '' . EW.com. 2017 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) .",
"8": "`` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .",
"9": "Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bull ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 111 ) `` Solo '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - kevin ( probably ) saves the world on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malone , Michael ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Show Name Changes ( Probably ) Help the Series '' . Broadcasting & Cable : 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC : ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' Gets 3 - Episode Back Order , ' The Mayor ' Gets 3 More Scripts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' : Kimberly Hébert Gregory To Co-Star On ABC Series , Replacing Cristela Alonzo '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic .",
"10": "Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) Designated Survivor ( since 2016 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Inhumans ( since 2017 ) Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( since 2017 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) The Middle ( since 2009 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Scandal ( since 2012 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Somewhere Between ( since 2017 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) Summer The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) Steve Harvey 's Funderdome ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) What Would You Do ?",
"11": "( since 2008 ) Daytime The Chew ( since 2011 ) General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Alex , Inc. ( 2018 ) American Idol ( 2018 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( 2018 ) The Crossing ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars : Athletes Edition ( 2018 ) Deception ( 2018 ) For the People ( 2018 ) The Heiresses ( TBA ) Roseanne ( 2018 ) Splitting Up Together ( 2018 ) Take Two ( TBA ) Untitled Grey 's Anatomy spinoff ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_(Probably)_Saves_the_World&oldid=819399647 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American Broadcasting Company network shows American fantasy television series Angelic - themed television series Television series by ABC Studios English - language television programs Television shows set in Texas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 18 . About Wikipedia",
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2428016859746479878
|
how many grams of alcohol in one beer
|
[
"14 grams",
"about 14 grams of alcohol",
"14"
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{
"0": "Standard drink - wikipedia Standard drink Jump to : navigation , search United States standard drinks of beer , malt liquor , wine , and spirits compared . A standard drink is a measure of alcohol consumption representing a hypothetical beverage which contains a fixed amount of pure alcohol . A standard drink varies in volume depending on the alcohol concentration of the beverage ( for example , a standard drink of spirits takes up much less space than a standard drink of beer ) , but it always contains the same amount of alcohol and therefore produces the same amount of drunkenness . The standard drink is used in relation to recommendations about alcohol consumption and its relative risks to health . Many government health guidelines specify low to high risk amounts in units of grams of pure alcohol per day , week , or single occasion . The concept of the standard drink is meant to help visualize and estimate the absolute alcohol content of various drink concentrations and serving sizes . For example , in the United States , a standard drink contains about 14 grams of alcohol . This corresponds to a 12 - US - fluid - ounce ( 350 ml ) glass of beer , a 5 - US - fluid - ounce ( 150 ml ) glass of 12 % wine , or a 1.5 - US - fluid - ounce ( 44 ml ) glass of spirit . Different countries define standard drinks differently . For example , in Australia , a standard drink contains 10 grams of alcohol , but in Japan , it contains nearly 20 grams . In addition , a standard drink is often different from normal serving size in the country in which it is served . Labeling is usually required to give an indication of alcoholic content of a serving . Australia requires that `` the label on a package of an alcoholic beverage must include a statement of the number of standard drinks in the package '' . The term `` standard drink '' was used in the United Kingdom in the first guidelines ( 1984 ) that published `` safe limits '' for drinking , but this was replaced by reference to units of alcohol in the 1987 guidelines and that term has been used in all subsequent UK guidance . A unit of alcohol is defined there as 10 millilitres ( 8 grams ) of pure alcohol . This definition is independent of the strength ( % ABV ) and amount ( volume ) of any individual alcoholic beverage .",
"1": "The number of units of alcohol in a bottle or can ( and , optionally , the number of units in a typical serving ) are indicated on the drink container . Typical servings deliver 1 -- 3 units of alcohol . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions in various countries 2 Calculation of pure alcohol mass in a serving 3 Time to metabolise 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Definitions in various countries ( edit ) The amount of alcohol is stated in the table in both grams and millilitres . The number of standard drinks contained in 500ml ( 16.9 fluid ounces ) of beer of 5 % ABV ( a typical large drink of beer ) is stated for comparison .",
"2": "Country Mass ( g ) Volume ( mL ) 500 mL of 5 % ABV beer is Australia 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Austria 20 25.3 1.0 standard drinks Canada 13.6 17.2 1.4 standard drinks Denmark 12 15.2 1.6 standard drinks Finland 12 15.2 1.6 standard drinks France 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Germany 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Hong Kong 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Hungary 17 21.5 1.2 standard drinks Iceland 8 10 2.5 standard drinks Ireland 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Italy 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Japan 19.75 25 1.0 standard drinks Netherlands 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks New Zealand 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Poland 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Portugal 14 17.7 1.4 standard drinks Spain 10 12.7 2.0 standard drinks Switzerland 12 15.2 1.6 standard drinks United Kingdom 8 10 2.5 units of alcohol United States 14 17.7 1.4 standard drinks Calculation of pure alcohol mass in a serving ( edit ) Pure alcohol mass in a serving can be calculated if concentration , density and volume are known .",
"3": "P u r e a l c o h o l m a s s = v o l u m e × ( a l c o h o l b y v o l u m e × v o l u m e t r i c m a s s d e n s i t y ) ( \\ displaystyle Pure \\ alcohol \\ mass = volume \\ \\ times \\ ( alcohol \\ by \\ volume \\ \\ times \\ volumetric \\ mass \\ density ) ) For example , 0.35 litre glass of beer with ABV of 5.5 % has 15.2 grams of pure alcohol . Pure alcohol has density of 789.24 g / l ( at 20 ° C ) . 0.35 l × ( 0.055 × 789.24 g / l ) ≈ 15.2 g ( \\ displaystyle 0.35 \\ l \\ times \\ ( 0.055 \\ \\ times \\ 789.24 \\ g / l ) \\ approx 15.2 g ) When drink size is in fluid ounces ( which differ between the UK and the US ) , the following conversions can be used : Country Volume of fl . oz . ( mL ) Mass of fl . oz. of alcohol ( g ) UK 28.4130625 22.425 US 29.5735295625 23.341 One should bear in mind that a pint in the UK is 20 UK fluid ounces , whereas a pint in the US is only 16 US fluid ounces ( but because 1 Imp . fl . oz . = 0.96 US fl . oz. , 1 Imp . pint = 1.2 US pint , not ( 20 / 16 = ) 1.25 US pints ) . Time to metabolise ( edit ) On average , it takes about one hour for the body to metabolise ( break down ) one standard drink as defined by U.S. guidelines ( i.e. 12 ounces of 5 % beer , 5 ounces of 12 % wine , or 1.5 ounces of 40 % liquor ) . However , this can vary with body weight , sex , age , personal metabolic rate , recent food intake , the type and strength of the alcohol , and medications taken .",
"4": "Alcohol may be metabolised more slowly if liver function is impaired . See also ( edit ) Liquor portal Drink portal Unit of alcohol References ( edit ) Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Assuming that beer is 5 % alcohol by volume , wine is 12 % , and spirits is 40 % ( 80 proof ) . Most wine today is higher than 12 % , which used to be a standard ; 80 proof is still the standard for spirits , though higher alcohol content is common . Jump up ^ 16.9 fl oz ; just over 1 US pint Jump up ^ defined as 0.6 fl oz Citations Jump up ^ 14 grams of alcohol is 0.6 US fluid ounces or 18 mL . Jump up ^ rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov , US NIH Web site : What 's a `` standard '' drink ? ^ Jump up to : Guide to Labelling of Alcoholic Beverages Jump up ^ Mongan , Deirdre ; Long , Jean ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Standard drink measures throughout Europe ; peoples ' understanding of standard drinks and their use in drinking guidelines , alcohol surveys and labelling '' ( PDF ) . Reducing Alcohol Related Harm . p. 8 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alcohol guidelines , Eleventh Report of Session 2010 -- 12 '' ( PDF ) . UK Parliament . House of Commons , Science and Technology Committee . 7 December 2011 . p. 7 . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Drinkaware - What is an alcohol unit ? '' . Jump up ^ `` How long does alcohol stay in your blood ? '' . NHS Choices . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : UK NHS : How long does alcohol stay in your blood ? , reviewed 2013 Jump up ^ ICAP Report 5 - `` What is a ' standard drink ' '' . URL : ( 1 ) . Accessed on June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Population Health Division , Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing The Australian Standard Drink ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Guidelines : General Population '' . IARD.org .",
"5": "International Alliance for Responsible Drinking . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Canadian Public Health Association . URL : ( 2 ) . 2006 . Jump up ^ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health / Centre de toxicomanie et de santé mentale Low - Risk Drinking Guidelines Jump up ^ paihdelinkki.fi , How to use alcohol wisely ^ Jump up to : Drinking and You Drinking guidelines -- units of alcohol Archived 2007 - 02 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Was ist ein Standardglas ? '' ( What is a standard drink ? ) . Alkohol ? Kenn dein Limit. ( in German ) . Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Department of Health Alcohol and Health : Hong Kong Situation Jump up ^ Landlæknisembættið , Icelandic Directorate of Health Jump up ^ Hope , A. ( 2009 ) . A Standard Drink in Ireland : What strength ? ( PDF ) . Health Service Executive . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Food Safety Authority Jump up ^ Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand ( ALAC ) What 's in a Standard Drink Jump up ^ PRODIGY Knowledge ( Department of Health ) Alcohol and Sensible Drinking Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and Public Health : Frequently Asked Questions '' . CDC . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Online converter between different countries ' standard drinks and units IARD : Drinking Guidelines General Population by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_drink&oldid=836315034 '' Categories : Units of volume Alcohol measurement Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Nederlands Polski Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 00 : 20 . About Wikipedia",
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who said that religion is the opiate of the masses
|
[
"German philosopher and economist Karl Marx",
"Karl Marx.",
"Karl Marx",
"German philosopher and economist Karl Marx",
"German philosopher and economist Karl Marx"
] |
{
"0": "Opium of the people - wikipedia Opium of the people Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Karl Marx 's statement . For Slipknot 's song , see Vol. 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) . `` Religion is the opium of the people '' is one of the most frequently paraphrased statements of German philosopher and economist Karl Marx . It was translated from the German original , `` Die Religion ... ist das Opium des Volkes '' and is often rendered as `` religion ... is the opiate of the masses . '' The quotation originates from the introduction of Marx 's work A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel 's Philosophy of Right , which he started in 1843 but which was not published until after his death . The introduction to this work was published separately in 1844 , in Marx 's own journal Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher , a collaboration with Arnold Ruge . The full quote from Karl Marx translates as : `` Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature , the heart of a heartless world , and the soul of soulless conditions . It is the opium of the people '' . Often quoted only in part , the interpretation of the metaphor in its context has received much less attention . Contents ( hide ) 1 Full quotation 2 Meaning 3 History 4 Modern comparisons 5 Similar statements 5.1 Novalis 5.2 Heinrich Heine 5.3 Charles Kingsley 5.4 Miguel de Unamuno 5.5 Lenin 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Full quotation ( edit ) Main article : Marxism and religion The quotation , in context , reads as follows ( emphasis added ) : The foundation of irreligious criticism is : Man makes religion , religion does not make man . Religion is , indeed , the self - consciousness and self - esteem of man who has either not yet won through to himself , or has already lost himself again . But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world . Man is the world of man -- state , society . This state and this society produce religion , which is an inverted consciousness of the world , because they are an inverted world .",
"1": "Religion is the general theory of this world , its encyclopaedic compendium , its logic in popular form , its spiritual point d'honneur , its enthusiasm , its moral sanction , its solemn complement , and its universal basis of consolation and justification . It is the fantastic realization of the human essence since the human essence has not acquired any true reality . The struggle against religion is , therefore , indirectly the struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion . Religious suffering is , at one and the same time , the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering . Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature , the heart of a heartless world , and the soul of soulless conditions . It is the opium of the people . The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness . To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions . The criticism of religion is , therefore , in embryo , the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo . Meaning ( edit ) Marx was making a structural functionalism argument about religion , and particularly about organized religion . Marx believed that religion had certain practical functions in society that were similar to the function of opium in a sick or injured person : it reduced people 's immediate suffering and provided them with pleasant illusions , but it also reduced their energy and their willingness to confront the oppressive , heartless , and soulless reality that capitalism had forced them into . History ( edit ) Marx wrote this passage in 1843 as part of the introduction to a book that criticized philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 's 1820 book , Elements of the Philosophy of Right . The introduction was published in 1844 in a small journal . The book itself was published posthumously . As the Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher journal had a print run of just 1,000 , it had no popular effect during the 19th century . The phrase became better known during the 1930s , when Marxism was more popular . Modern comparisons ( edit ) Religion has become , in many Western countries , less common and less accepted since Marx wrote this now - famous line .",
"2": "Some writers speculate on what the modern `` opium of the people '' would be , such as sports fandom , celebrities , the distractions of television , internet , and other entertainment , etc . Similar statements ( edit ) The same metaphor was used by many authors during the 19th century . Novalis ( edit ) In 1798 , Novalis wrote in `` Blüthenstaub '' ( `` Pollen '' ) : Ihre sogenannte Religion wirkt bloß wie ein Opiat reizend , betäubend , Schmerzen aus Schwäche stillend . ( Their so - called religion works simply as an opiate -- stimulating ; numbing ; quelling pain by means of weakness . ) Heinrich Heine ( edit ) In 1840 , Heinrich Heine also used the same analogy , in his essay on Ludwig Börne : Welcome be a religion that pours into the bitter chalice of the suffering human species some sweet , soporific drops of spiritual opium , some drops of love , hope and faith . Charles Kingsley ( edit ) Charles Kingsley , a canon of the Church of England , wrote this four years after Marx : We have used the Bible as if it were a mere special constable 's hand book , an opium dose for keeping beasts of burden patient while they were being overloaded , a mere book to keep the poor in order . Miguel de Unamuno ( edit ) Miguel de Unamuno , the famed Spanish author of the Generation of ' 98 , focused his Nivola San Manuel Bueno , mártir around the theme of religion 's opiatic affect on the people of rural Spain . In the book , the protagonist Don Manuel , is a priest who does not believe in God , but continues preaching because he sees the positive impact he can make in the lives of his parishioners . Ironically , religion in this way also serves to cure his own deep depression , through the happiness he feels from helping the people of Valverde de Lucerna . Unamuno makes direct reference to Marx when Don Manuel explains : Yes , I know that one of the leaders of what they call the social revolution has said that religion is the opium of the people . Opium ... opium , yes !",
"3": "Let 's give them opium , and let them sleep and dream . And with this crazy activity of mine , I have also been using opium . Lenin ( edit ) Vladimir Lenin , speaking of religion in Novaya Zhizn in 1905 , alluded to Marx 's earlier comments ( emphasis added ) : Those who toil and live in want all their lives are taught by religion to be submissive and patient while here on earth , and to take comfort in the hope of a heavenly reward . But those who live by the labour of others are taught by religion to practise charity while on earth , thus offering them a very cheap way of justifying their entire existence as exploiters and selling them at a moderate price tickets to well - being in heaven . Religion is opium for the people . Religion is a sort of spiritual booze , in which the slaves of capital drown their human image , their demand for a life more or less worthy of man . See also ( edit ) Criticism of religion Faith and rationality God helps those who help themselves Marxism and religion Marxist -- Leninist atheism Noble lie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McKinnon , AM . ( 2005 ) . ' Reading ' Opium of the People ' : Expression , Protest and the Dialectics of Religion ' . Critical Sociology , vol 31 , no . 1 - 2 , pp. 15 - 38 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Marx , K. 1976 . Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel 's Philosophy of Right . Collected Works , v. 3 . New York . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Robert S. ; Alles , Gregory D. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Religions . Infobase Publishing . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9781438110387 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is the opium of the people ? '' . 1843 . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Welton , Michael ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Opium of the People ?",
"4": "The Religious Heritage of Karl Marx and the Frankfurt School '' . CounterPunch . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , William Arctander ( 1995 ) . Novalis , Signs of Revolution . Duke University Press . p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1519 - X . Jump up ^ Heine , Heinrich Ludwig Börne - a Memorial Jump up ^ Reader in Marxist Philosophy by Howard Selsam , Harry Martel ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ F.D. Maurice ( Leaders Of The Church 1800 - 1900 ) - C.F.G. Masterman ( 1907 ) . pp. 65 - 6 Jump up ^ Miguel de Unamuno , San Manuel Bueno , Martír ( 1930 ) . p. 14 Jump up ^ Novaya Zhizn No. 28 , December 3 , 1905 , as quoted in Marxists Internet Archive Further reading ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Opium of the people Abrams , M.H. 1971 ( 1934 ) . The Milk of Paradise : The Effect of Opium Visions on the Works of De Quincey , Crabbe , Francis , Thompson , and Coleridge . New York : Octagon Berridge , Victoria and Edward Griffiths. 1980 . Opium and the People . London : Allen Lane Marx , Karl. 1844 . A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel 's Philosophy of Right , Deutsch - Französische Jahrbücher , February . McKinnon , Andrew . M. `` Reading ' Opium of the People ' : Expression , Protest and the Dialectics of Religion '' in Critical Sociology , vol. 31 no . 1 / 2 . ( 2 ) O'Toole , Roger . 1984 . Religion : Classic Sociological Approaches . Toronto : McGraw Hill Rojo , Sergio Vuscovic. 1988 . `` La religion , opium du people et protestation contre la misère réele : Les positions de Marx et de Lénine '' in Social Compass , vol. 35 , no .",
"5": "2 / 3 , pp. 197 -- 230 . Luchte , James . ( 2009 ) Marx and the Sacred , The Journal of Church and State , 51 ( 3 ) : 413 - 437 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opium_of_the_people&oldid=837830062 '' Categories : Criticism of religion Marxism Political catchphrases Quotations Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 08 : 56 . About Wikipedia",
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when was the us department of homeland security created
|
[
"November 25, 2002",
"November 25, 2002",
"November 25, 2002",
"November 25, 2002",
"November 25, 2002"
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{
"0": "United States Department of Homeland Security - wikipedia United States Department of Homeland Security Jump to : navigation , search `` DHS '' redirects here . For other uses , see DHS ( disambiguation ) . United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Nebraska Avenue Complex , DHS headquarters Agency overview Formed November 25 , 2002 ; 15 years ago ( 2002 - 11 - 25 ) Jurisdiction United States Headquarters Nebraska Avenue Complex , Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 56 '' W / 38.93806 ° N 77.08222 ° W / 38.93806 ; - 77.08222 Employees 229,000 ( 2017 ) Annual budget $ 40.6 billion ( 2017 ) Agency executives Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary Elaine Duke , Deputy Secretary Child agencies United States Citizenship and Immigration Services U.S. Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Transportation Security Administration United States Coast Guard National Protection and Programs Directorate United States Secret Service Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Management Directorate Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Office of General Counsel Office of Health Affairs Office of Intelligence & Analysis Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Operations Coordination Office of Partnership & Engagement Office of Policy Office of Public Affairs Office of the Inspector General Privacy Office Science & Technology Directorate Website www.dhs.gov `` The DHS March '' The United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security , roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries . Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism , border security , immigration and customs , cyber security , and disaster prevention and management . It was created in response to the September 11 attacks , and is the youngest U.S. cabinet department . In fiscal year 2017 , it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion .",
"1": "With more than 240,000 employees , DHS is the third largest Cabinet department , after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs . Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council . Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services , Justice , and Energy . The former Secretary , John F. Kelly , was replaced by Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen on December 5 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Structure 3 National Terrorism Advisory System 4 History 4.1 Creation 4.2 Changes under Michael Chertoff 5 Seal 6 Headquarters 7 Disaster preparedness and response 7.1 Ready.gov 7.2 National Incident Management System 7.3 National Response Framework 7.4 Surge Capacity Force 8 Cyber-security 9 Expenditures 9.1 Audit of expenditures 10 Criticism 10.1 Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness 10.2 Data mining ( ADVISE ) 10.3 Fusion centers 10.3. 1 MIAC report 10.3. 2 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment 10.4 Mail interception 10.5 Employee morale 10.6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Function ( edit ) Whereas the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad , the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within , at , and outside its borders . Its stated goal is to prepare for , prevent , and respond to domestic emergencies , particularly terrorism . On March 1 , 2003 , DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) and assumed its duties . In doing so , it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies : Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services . The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations . Additionally , the border enforcement functions of the INS , including the U.S. Border Patrol , the U.S. Customs Service , and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS : U.S. Customs and Border Protection .",
"2": "The Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate . Structure ( edit ) Organizational chart showing the chain of command among the top - level officials in the Department of Homeland Security , as of July 17 , 2008 Play media A video released in 2016 by the DHS , detailing its duties and responsibilities . The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary . The Department contains the components listed below . Child Agency Title of Head / Leader Incumbent Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsman Director Maria M. Odom Domestic Nuclear Detection Office Director James F. McDonnell Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Brock Long Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers Director Thomas J. Walters Management Directorate Under Secretary Russell Deyo National Protection and Programs Directorate Under Secretary Suzanne E. Spaulding Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties Officer Megan H. Mack Office of General Counsel General Counsel Stevan E. Bunnell Office of Health Affairs Assistant Secretary / Chief Medical Officer Kathryn Brinsfield Office of Intelligence and Analysis Under Secretary David Glawe Office of Legislative Affairs Assistant Secretary M. Tia Johnson Office of Operations Coordination Director Richard M. Chávez Office of Partnership & Engagement Assistant Secretary Office of Policy Assistant Secretary Office of Public Affairs Assistant Secretary Office of the Inspector General Inspector General John Roth Privacy Office Chief Privacy Officer / Chief FOIA Officer Jonathan R. Cantor Science & Technology Directorate Under Secretary Transportation Security Administration Administrator David Pekoske United States Citizenship and Immigration Services Acting Director James McCament United States Coast Guard Commandant Admiral Paul F. Zukunft U.S. Customs and Border Protection Acting Commissioner Kevin K. McAleenan U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Acting Director Thomas D. Homan United States Secret Service Director Randolph D. Alles Agencies : United States Citizenship and Immigration Services : Processes and examines citizenship , residency , and asylum requests from aliens . U.S. Customs and Border Protection : Law enforcement agency that enforces U.S.",
"3": "laws along its international borders ( air , land , and sea ) including its enforcement of U.S. immigration , customs , and agriculture laws while at and patrolling between all U.S. ports - of - entry . U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement : Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus : An agency that enforces U.S. laws while it investigates and gathers intelligence on national and international criminal activities that threaten the security of the homeland ( Homeland Security Investigations ) ; and An agency that investigates violations of the Immigration and Nationality Act and enforces the detention , deportation , and removal of violators of United States immigration law ( Enforcement and Removal Operations ) . Transportation Security Administration : Responsible for aviation security ( domestic and international , most notably conducting passenger screenings at airports ) , as well as land and water transportation security United States Coast Guard : Military service responsible for law enforcement , maritime security , national defense , maritime mobility , and protection of natural resources . United States Secret Service : Law enforcement agency tasked with two distinct and critical national security missions : Investigative Mission -- The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes . Protective Mission -- The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States , the Vice President of the United States , their immediate families , and foreign heads of state . Federal Emergency Management Agency : agency that oversees the federal government 's response to natural disasters like earthquakes , hurricanes , tornadoes , floods , forest fires , etc . ( Passports for U.S. citizens are issued by the United States Department of State , not the Department of Homeland Security . ) Advisory groups : Homeland Security Advisory Council : State and local government , first responders , private sector , and academics National Infrastructure Advisory Council : Advises on security of public and private information systems Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee : Advise the Under Secretary for Science and Technology . Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council : Coordinate infrastructure protection with private sector and other levels of government Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities Task Force on New Americans : `` An inter-agency effort to help immigrants learn English , embrace the common core of American civic culture , and become fully American . ''",
"4": "Other components : Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : Develop nuclear threat detection capabilities at all levels of government and in the private sector Federal Law Enforcement Training Center : Interagency law enforcement training facilities located in Georgia , New Mexico , and South Carolina . National Protection and Programs Directorate : risk - reduction , encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements . Federal Protective Service : Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U.S. federal buildings , properties , assets , and federal government interests . National Communications System Directorate for Science and Technology : Research and development Directorate for Management : Responsible for internal budgets , accounting , performance monitoring , and human resources Office of Policy : Long - range policy planning and coordination Office of Immigration Statistics DHS Office of Health Affairs : Medical preparedness Office of Intelligence and Analysis : Identify and assess threats based on intelligence from various agencies Office of Operations Coordination : Monitor domestic security situation on a daily basis , coordinate activities with state and local authorities and private sector infrastructure Office of the Secretary includes the Privacy Office , Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties , Office of Inspector General , Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman , Office of Legislative Affairs , Office of the General Counsel , Office of Public Affairs , Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement ( CNE ) , Office of the Executive Secretariat ( ESEC ) , and the Military Advisor 's Office . National Cybersecurity Center In an August 5 , 2002 speech , President Bush said : `` We 're fighting ... to secure freedom in the homeland . '' Prior to the creation of DHS , American presidents had referred to the U.S. as `` the nation '' or `` the republic '' , and to its internal policies as `` domestic '' . Also unprecedented was the use , from 2002 , of the phrase `` the homeland '' by White House spokespeople . National terrorism Advisory System ( edit ) In 2011 , the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System , replacing it with a two - level National Terrorism Advisory System . The system has two types of advisories : Alerts and Bulletins . NTAS Bulletins permit the Secretary to communicate critical terrorism information that , while not necessarily indicative of a specific threat against the United States , can reach homeland security partners or the public quickly , thereby allowing recipients to implement necessary protective measures .",
"5": "Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States . Alerts themselves have two levels : Elevated and Imminent . An Elevated Alert is issued when there is credible information about an attack but only general information about timing or a target . An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific and impending in the very near term . The Homeland Security Advisory System scale On March 12 , 2002 , the Homeland Security Advisory System , a color - coded terrorism risk advisory scale , was created as the result of a Presidential Directive to provide a `` comprehensive and effective means to disseminate information regarding the risk of terrorist acts to Federal , State , and local authorities and to the American people . '' Many procedures at government facilities are tied into the alert level ; for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level . Since January 2003 , it has been administered in coordination with DHS ; it has also been the target of frequent jokes and ridicule on the part of the administration 's detractors about its ineffectiveness . After resigning , Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies . In January 2003 , the office was merged into the Department of Homeland Security and the White House Homeland Security Council , both of which were created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . The Homeland Security Council , similar in nature to the National Security Council , retains a policy coordination and advisory role and is led by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security . As of January 13 , 2011 , the DHS advised the American public of an ' elevated national threat ' level , recommending that all Americans ' should establish an emergency preparedness kit and emergency plan for themselves and their family , and stay informed about what to do during an emergency ' . History ( edit ) Creation ( edit ) Seal of the Office of Homeland Security , the predecessor to DHS In response to the September 11 attacks , President George W. Bush announced the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security ( OHS ) to coordinate `` homeland security '' efforts . The office was headed by former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge , who assumed the title of Assistant to the President for Homeland Security .",
"6": "The official announcement stated : `` The mission of the Office will be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks . The Office will coordinate the executive branch 's efforts to detect , prepare for , prevent , protect against , respond to , and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States . '' Ridge began his duties as OHS director on October 8 , 2001 . According to Peter Andreas , a border theorist , the creation of DHS constituted the most significant government reorganization since the Cold War , and the most substantial reorganization of federal agencies since the National Security Act of 1947 , which placed the different military departments under a secretary of defense and created the National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency . DHS also constitutes the most diverse merger of federal functions and responsibilities , incorporating 22 government agencies into a single organization . The Department of Homeland Security was established on November 25 , 2002 , by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 . It was intended to consolidate U.S. executive branch organizations related to `` homeland security '' into a single Cabinet agency . The following 22 agencies were incorporated into the new department : A U.S. Customs and Border Protection Officer addresses Dick Cheney ( center ) , then Vice President of the United States , Saxby Chambliss ( center right ) , a U.S. senator from Georgia and Michael Chertoff ( far right ) , then United States Secretary of Homeland Security in 2005 Original agency Original department New agency or office after transfer U.S. Customs Service Treasury U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Immigration and Naturalization Service Justice U.S. Customs and Border Protection U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Federal Protective Service General Services Administration National Protection and Programs Directorate Transportation Security Administration Transportation Transportation Security Administration Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Treasury Federal Law Enforcement Training Center Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( part ) Agriculture U.S.",
"7": "Customs and Border Protection Office for Domestic Preparedness Justice Responsibilities distributed within FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency none Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) Strategic National Stockpile National Disaster Medical System Health and Human Services Returned to HHS , July , 2004 Nuclear Incident Response Team Energy Responsibilities distributed within FEMA Domestic Emergency Support Team Justice Responsibilities distributed within FEMA National Domestic Preparedness Office Justice ( FBI ) Responsibilities distributed within FEMA CBRN Countermeasures Programs Energy Science & Technology Directorate Environmental Measurements Laboratory Energy Science & Technology Directorate National Biological Warfare Defense Analysis Center Defense Science & Technology Directorate Plum Island Animal Disease Center Agriculture Science & Technology Directorate Federal Computer Incident Response Center General Services Administration US - CERT , Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate National Communications System Defense Office of Cybersecurity and Communications National Programs and Predaredness Directorate National Infrastructure Protection Center Justice ( FBI ) Office of Operations Coordination Office of Infrastructure Protection Energy Security and Assurance Program Energy Office of Infrastructure Protection U.S. Coast Guard Transportation U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Secret Service Treasury U.S. Secret Service Prior to the signing of the bill , controversy about its adoption centered on whether the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency should be incorporated in part or in whole ( neither were included ) . The bill was also controversial for the presence of unrelated `` riders '' , as well as for eliminating certain union - friendly civil service and labor protections for department employees . Without these protections , employees could be expeditiously reassigned or dismissed on grounds of security , incompetence or insubordination , and DHS would not be required to notify their union representatives . The plan stripped 180,000 government employees of their union rights . In 2002 , Bush officials argued that the September 11 attacks made the proposed elimination of employee protections imperative . Congress ultimately passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 without the union - friendly measures , and President Bush signed the bill into law on November 25 , 2002 . It was the largest U.S. government reorganization in the 50 years since the United States Department of Defense was created .",
"8": "Tom Ridge was named secretary on January 24 , 2003 and began naming his chief deputies . DHS officially began operations on January 24 , 2003 , but most of the department 's component agencies were not transferred into the new Department until March 1 . President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 on October 1 , 2003 . After establishing the basic structure of DHS and working to integrate its components and get the department functioning , Ridge announced his resignation on November 30 , 2004 , following the re-election of President Bush . Bush initially nominated former New York City Police Department commissioner Bernard Kerik as his successor , but on December 10 , Kerik withdrew his nomination , citing personal reasons and saying it `` would not be in the best interests '' of the country for him to pursue the post . Changes under Michael Chertoff ( edit ) On January 11 , 2005 , President Bush nominated federal judge Michael Chertoff to succeed Ridge . Chertoff was confirmed on February 15 , 2005 , by a vote of 98 -- 0 in the U.S. Senate . He was sworn in the same day . In February 2005 , DHS and the Office of Personnel Management issued rules relating to employee pay and discipline for a new personnel system named MaxHR . The Washington Post said that the rules would allow DHS `` to override any provision in a union contract by issuing a department - wide directive '' and would make it `` difficult , if not impossible , for unions to negotiate over arrangements for staffing , deployments , technology and other workplace matters . '' In August 2005 , U.S. District Judge Rosemary M. Collyer blocked the plan on the grounds that it did not ensure collective - bargaining rights for DHS employees . A federal appeals court ruled against DHS in 2006 ; pending a final resolution to the litigation , Congress 's fiscal year 2008 appropriations bill for DHS provided no funding for the proposed new personnel system . DHS announced in early 2007 that it was retooling its pay and performance system and retiring the name `` MaxHR '' . In a February 2008 court filing , DHS said that it would no longer pursue the new rules , and that it would abide by the existing civil service labor - management procedures . A federal court issued an order closing the case .",
"9": "Seal ( edit ) Main article : Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security Seal of the Department of Homeland Security . A DHS press release dated June 6 , 2003 explains the seal as follows : The seal is symbolic of the Department 's mission -- to prevent attacks and protect Americans -- on the land , in the sea and in the air . In the center of the seal , a graphically styled white American eagle appears in a circular blue field . The eagle 's outstretched wings break through an inner red ring into an outer white ring that contains the words `` U.S. DEPARTMENT OF '' in the top half and `` HOMELAND SECURITY '' in the bottom half in a circular placement . The eagle 's wings break through the inner circle into the outer ring to suggest that the Department of Homeland Security will break through traditional bureaucracy and perform government functions differently . In the tradition of the Great Seal of the United States , the eagle 's talon on the left holds an olive branch with 13 leaves and 13 seeds while the eagle 's talon on the right grasps 13 arrows . Centered on the eagle 's breast is a shield divided into three sections containing elements that represent the American homeland -- air , land , and sea . The top element , a dark blue sky , contains 22 stars representing the original 22 entities that have come together to form the department . The left shield element contains white mountains behind a green plain underneath a light blue sky . The right shield element contains four wave shapes representing the oceans alternating light and dark blue separated by white lines . The seal was developed with input from senior DHS leadership , employees , and the U.S. Commission on Fine Arts . The Ad Council -- which partners with DHS on its Ready.gov campaign -- and the consulting company Landor Associates were responsible for graphic design and maintaining heraldic integrity . Headquarters ( edit ) Nebraska Avenue Complex in 2016 . Since its inception , the department has had its temporary headquarters in Washington , D.C. 's Nebraska Avenue Complex , a former naval facility . The 38 - acre ( 15 ha ) site , across from American University , has 32 buildings comprising 566,000 square feet ( 52,600 m ) of administrative space .",
"10": "In early 2007 , the Department submitted a $4.1 billion plan to Congress to consolidate its 60 - plus Washington - area offices into a single headquarters complex at the St. Elizabeths Hospital campus in Anacostia , Southeast Washington , D.C. The earliest DHS would begin moving to St. Elizabeths is 2012 . The move is being championed by District of Columbia officials because of the positive economic impact it will have on historically depressed Anacostia . The move has been criticized by historic preservationists , who claim the revitalization plans will destroy dozens of historic buildings on the campus . Community activists have criticized the plans because the facility will remain walled off and have little interaction with the surrounding area . On January 8 , 2009 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the Department of Homeland Security 's plans to move into the campus of St. Elizabeths Hospital . In February 2015 the General Services Administration said that the site would open in 2021 . Disaster preparedness and response ( edit ) Ready.gov ( edit ) Ready.gov program logo Soon after the formation of Department of Homeland Security , the department worked with the Ad Council to launch the Ready Campaign , a national public service advertising ( PSA ) campaign to educate and empower Americans to prepare for and respond to emergencies including natural and man - made disasters . With pro bono creative support from the Martin Agency of Richmond , Virginia , the campaign website `` Ready.gov '' and materials were conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003 , just before the launch of the Iraq War . One of the first announcements that garnered widespread public attention to this campaign was one by Tom Ridge in which he stated that in the case of a chemical attack , citizens should use duct tape and plastic sheeting to build a homemade bunker , or `` sheltering in place '' to protect themselves . As a result , the sales of duct tape skyrocketed and DHS was criticized for being too alarmist . On March 1 , 2003 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency was absorbed into the DHS , and in fall of 2008 , took over coordination of the campaign . The Ready Campaign and its Spanish language version Listo.gov asks individuals to do three things : build an emergency supply kit , make a family emergency plan and be informed about the different types of emergencies that can occur and how to respond .",
"11": "The campaign messages have been promoted through television , radio , print , outdoor and web PSAs , as well as brochures , toll - free phone lines and the English and Spanish language websites Ready.gov and Listo.gov . The general campaign aims to reach all Americans , but targeted resources are also available via `` Ready Business '' for small - to medium - sized business and `` Ready Kids '' for parents and teachers of children ages 8 -- 12 . In 2015 , the campaign also launched a series of PSAs to help the whole community , people with disabilities and others with access and functional needs prepare for emergencies , which included open captioning , a certified deaf interpreter and audio descriptions for viewers who are blind or have low vision . National incident management System ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On March 1 , 2004 , the National Incident Management System ( NIMS ) was created . The stated purpose was to provide a consistent incident management approach for federal , state , local , and tribal governments . Under Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 5 , all federal departments were required to adopt the NIMS and to use it in their individual domestic incident management and emergency prevention , preparedness , response , recovery , and mitigation program and activities . National response Framework ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In December 2004 , the National Response Plan ( NRP ) was created , in an attempt to align federal coordination structures , capabilities , and resources into a unified , all - discipline , and all - hazards approach to domestic incident management . The NRP was built on the template of the NIMS . On January 22 , 2008 , the National Response Framework was published in the Federal Register as an updated replacement of the NRP , effective March 22 , 2008 .",
"12": "Surge Capacity Force ( edit ) The Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act directs the DHS Secretary to designate employees from throughout the Department to staff a Surge Capacity Force ( SCF ) . During a declared disaster , the DHS Secretary will determine if SCF support is necessary . The Secretary will then authorize FEMA to task and deploy designated personnel from DHS components and other Federal Executive Agencies to respond to extraordinary disasters . Cybersecurity ( edit ) See also : Cyber-security regulation The DHS National Cyber Security Division ( NCSD ) is responsible for the response system , risk management program , and requirements for cyber-security in the U.S. The division is home to US - CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert System . The DHS Science and Technology Directorate helps government and private end - users transition to new cyber-security capabilities . This directorate also funds the Cyber Security Research and Development Center , which identifies and prioritizes research and development for NCSD . The center works on the Internet 's routing infrastructure ( the SPRI program ) and Domain Name System ( DNSSEC ) , identity theft and other online criminal activity ( ITTC ) , Internet traffic and networks research ( PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed ) , Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises ( Livewire and Determined Promise ) , and wireless security in cooperation with Canada . On October 30 , 2009 , DHS opened the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center . The center brings together government organizations responsible for protecting computer networks and networked infrastructure . In January 2017 , DHS officially designated state - run election systems as critical infrastructure . The designation made it easier for state and local election officials to get cybersecurity help from the federal government . In October 2017 , DHS convened a Government Coordinating Council ( GCC ) for the Election Infrastructure Subsection with representatives from various state and federal agencies such as the Election Assistance Commission and National Association of Secretaries of State . Expenditures ( edit ) In the United States Federal Budget for 2010 , entitled ' A New Era of Responsibility ' , the DHS was allocated a discretionary budget of $42.7 billion ( financial year 2009 : $40.1 billion ) .",
"13": "The end - of - year DHS Annual Financial Report for financial year 2010 showed a net cost of operations of $56.4 billion ( FY 2009 , restated : $49.9 billion ) , out of total budgetary resources of $83.2 billion ( FY 2009 , restated : $85.2 billion ) . The components with the highest net cost were US Coast Guard ( $12.1 billion ) , U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( $11.6 billion ) , and Federal Emergency Management Agency ( $10.5 billion ) . Revenues of $10.4 billion were generated in the year ( FY 2009 , restated : $9.8 billion ) . According to the Washington Post , `` DHS has given $31 billion in grants since 2003 to state and local governments for homeland security and to improve their ability to find and protect against terrorists , including $3.8 billion in 2010 . '' Audit of expenditures ( edit ) The DHS independent auditor is KPMG , one of the Big Four audit firms . Due to the level of material weaknesses identified , KPMG was unable to audit the DHS financial statements for FY 2010 . KPMG was unable to express an audit opinion on the FY 2009 , FY 2008 , FY 2007 , FY 2005 , and FY 2003 financial statements . Attempts to access the reports for FY 2006 and FY 2004 within the ' information for citizens ' portal met with a 404 error . The Message from the DHS Chief Financial Officer in the FY 2010 report states ' This Annual Financial Report ( AFR ) is our principal financial statement of accountability to the President , Congress and the American public . The AFR gives a comprehensive view of the Department 's financial activities and demonstrates the Department 's stewardship of taxpayer dollars . ' The Message from the DHS Chief Financial Officer concludes ' I am extremely proud of the Department 's accomplishments ... we will continue to build upon our successes . ' The Secretary of Homeland Security endorsed this message saying that the DHS is ' continuing to be responsible stewards of taxpayer resources . The scope of our mission is broad , challenging , and vital to the security of the Nation ... Thank you for your partnership and collaboration . Yours very truly , Janet Napolitano . '",
"14": "Criticism ( edit ) See also : Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina The Department of Homeland Security has received substantial criticism over excessive bureaucracy , waste , fraud , ineffectiveness and lack of transparency . Its information sharing centers have been accused of violating American civil liberties and targeting American citizens as potential threats to national security . Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness ( edit ) The Department of Homeland Security has been dogged by persistent criticism over excessive bureaucracy , waste , ineffectiveness and lack of transparency . Congress estimates that the department has wasted roughly $15 billion in failed contracts ( as of September 2008 ) . In 2003 , the department came under fire after the media revealed that Laura Callahan , Deputy Chief Information Officer at DHS with responsibilities for sensitive national security databases , had obtained her bachelor , masters , and doctorate computer science degrees through Hamilton University , a diploma mill in a small town in Wyoming . The department was blamed for up to $2 billion of waste and fraud after audits by the Government Accountability Office revealed widespread misuse of government credit cards by DHS employees , with purchases including beer brewing kits , $70,000 of plastic dog booties that were later deemed unusable , boats purchased at double the retail price ( many of which later could not be found ) , and iPods ostensibly for use in `` data storage '' . A 2015 inspection of IT infrastructure found that the department was running over a hundred computer systems whose owners were unknown , including Secret and Top Secret databases , many with out of date security or weak passwords . Basic security reviews were absent , and the department had apparently made deliberate attempts to delay publication of information about the flaws . Data Mining ( ADVISE ) ( edit ) The Associated Press reported on September 5 , 2007 , that DHS had scrapped an anti-terrorism data mining tool called ADVISE ( Analysis , Dissemination , Visualization , Insight and Semantic Enhancement ) after the agency 's internal Inspector General found that pilot testing of the system had been performed using data on real people without required privacy safeguards in place . The system , in development at Lawrence Livermore and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory since 2003 , has cost the agency $42 million to date .",
"15": "Controversy over the program is not new ; in March 2007 , the Government Accountability Office stated that `` the ADVISE tool could misidentify or erroneously associate an individual with undesirable activity such as fraud , crime or terrorism . '' Homeland Security 's Inspector General later said that ADVISE was poorly planned , time - consuming for analysts to use , and lacked adequate justifications . Fusion centers ( edit ) Main article : Fusion center Fusion centers are terrorism prevention and response centers , many of which were created under a joint project between the Department of Homeland Security and the US Department of Justice 's Office of Justice Programs between 2003 and 2007 . The fusion centers gather information not only from government sources , but also from their partners in the private sector . They are designed to promote information sharing at the federal level between agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Department of Justice , US Military and state and local level government . As of July 2009 , the Department of Homeland Security recognized at least seventy - two fusion centers . Fusion centers may also be affiliated with an Emergency Operations Center that responds in the event of a disaster . There are a number of documented criticisms of fusion centers , including relative ineffectiveness at counterterrorism activities , the potential to be used for secondary purposes unrelated to counterterrorism , and their links to violations of civil liberties of American citizens and others . David Rittgers of the Cato Institute has noted : a long line of fusion center and DHS reports labeling broad swaths of the public as a threat to national security . The North Texas Fusion System labeled Muslim lobbyists as a potential threat ; a DHS analyst in Wisconsin thought both pro - and anti-abortion activists were worrisome ; a Pennsylvania homeland security contractor watched environmental activists , Tea Party groups , and a Second Amendment rally ; the Maryland State Police put anti-death penalty and anti-war activists in a federal terrorism database ; a fusion center in Missouri thought that all third - party voters and Ron Paul supporters were a threat ... MIAC Report ( edit ) The Missouri Information Analysis Center ( MIAC ) made news in 2009 for targeting supporters of third party candidates ( such as Ron Paul ) , pro-life activists , and conspiracy theorists as potential militia members . Anti-war activists and Islamic lobby groups were targeted in Texas , drawing criticism from the American Civil Liberties Union .",
"16": "According to the Department of Homeland Security : The Privacy Office has identified a number of risks to privacy presented by the fusion center program : Justification for fusion centers Ambiguous Lines of Authority , Rules , and Oversight Participation of the Military and the Private Sector Data Mining Excessive Secrecy Inaccurate or Incomplete Information Mission Creep 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment ( edit ) In 2009 , the Virginia Fusion Center came under criticism for publishing a terrorism threat assessment which stated that certain universities are potential hubs for terror related activity . The report targeted historically black colleges and identified hacktivism as a form of terrorism . Mail interception ( edit ) In 2006 , MSNBC reported that Grant Goodman , `` an 81 - year - old retired University of Kansas history professor , received a letter from his friend in the Philippines that had been opened and resealed with a strip of dark green tape bearing the words `` by Border Protection '' and carrying the official Homeland Security seal . '' The letter was sent by a devout Catholic Filipino woman with no history of supporting Islamic terrorism . A spokesman for U.S. Customs and Border Protection `` acknowledged that the agency can , will and does open mail coming to U.S. citizens that originates from a foreign country whenever it 's deemed necessary '' : `` All mail originating outside the United States Customs territory that is to be delivered inside the U.S. Customs territory is subject to Customs examination , '' says the CBP Web site . That includes personal correspondence . `` All mail means ' all mail , ' '' said John Mohan , a CBP spokesman , emphasizing the point . The Department declined to outline what criteria are used to determine when a piece of personal correspondence should be opened or to say how often or in what volume Customs might be opening mail . Goodman 's story provoked outrage in the blogosphere , as well as in the more established media . Reacting to the incident , Mother Jones remarked that `` ( u ) nlike other prying government agencies , Homeland Security wants you to know it is watching you . '' CNN observed that `` ( o ) n the heels of the NSA wiretapping controversy , Goodman 's letter raises more concern over the balance between privacy and security . ''",
"17": "Employee morale ( edit ) In July 2006 , the Office of Personnel Management conducted a survey of federal employees in all 36 federal agencies on job satisfaction and how they felt their respective agency was headed . DHS was last or near to last in every category including ; 33rd on the talent management index 35th on the leadership and knowledge management index 36th on the job satisfaction index 36th on the results - oriented performance culture index The low scores were attributed to major concerns about basic supervision , management and leadership within the agency . Examples from the survey reveal most concerns are about promotion and pay increase based on merit , dealing with poor performance , rewarding creativity and innovation , leadership generating high levels of motivation in the workforce , recognition for doing a good job , lack of satisfaction with various component policies and procedures and lack of information about what is going on with the organization . DHS is the only large federal agency to score below 50 % in overall survey rankings . It was last of large federal agencies in 2014 with 44.0 % and fell even lower in 2015 at 43.1 % , again last place . Freedom of information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data ) , the Department of Homeland Security earned a D by scoring 69 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . It also had not updated its FOIA policies since the 2007 FOIA amendments . See also ( edit ) United States portal Container Security Initiative E-Verify Electronic System for Travel Authorization Homeland Emergency Management Institute Homeland Security USA Homeland security grant National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center ( NBACC ) , Ft Detrick , MD National Interoperability Field Operations Guide National Strategy for Homeland Security Project Hostile Intent Public Safety Canada Shadow Wolves Terrorism in the United States United States visas United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology ( US - VISIT ) Visa Waiver Program Interior ministry . Generally in other countries `` interior ministries '' usually deal with internal police , immigration and border control duties .",
"18": "Home Office ( UK ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Budget In Brief : Fiscal Year 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Homeland Security . pp. 1 , 2 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Homeland Security . Jump up ^ `` About DHS '' . Homeland Security . June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Senate confirms Kirstjen Nielsen to head Homeland Security '' . CBS News . 2017 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Maria M. Odom Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Our Leadership FLETC '' . www.fletc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russell C. Deyo Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Megan H. Mack Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Stevan E. Bunnell Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Kathryn Brinsfield Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` M. Tia Johnson Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security .",
"19": "Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Richard `` Rich '' M. Chávez Homeland Security `` . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the IG '' . www.oig.dhs.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan R. Cantor Homeland Security '' . Homeland Security . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` James McCament , Acting Director , U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services '' . USCIS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Senior Leadership '' . www.uscg.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner R. Gil Kerlikowske U.S. Customs and Border Protection '' . www.cbp.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ICE Leadership '' . www.ice.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership '' . www.secretservice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions . Title 14 of the United States Code provides that `` The Coast Guard as established January 28 , 1915 , shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times . '' Coast Guard units , or ships of its predecessor service , the Revenue Cutter Service , have seen combat in every war and armed conflict of the United States since 1790 , including the Iraq War . Jump up ^ Bovard , James . `` Moral high ground not won on battlefield '' , USA Today , October 8 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Wolf , Naomi ( 2007 ) . The End of America , page 27 . Chelsea Green Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933392 - 79 - 0 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ridge Announcing Homeland Security Advisory System '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Strategy For Homeland Security '' ( PDF ) . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Copy of press release 0046 '' . US Department of Defense . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( Peter Andreas : Redrawing the line 2003 : 92 ) , additional text . Jump up ^ Perl , Raphael ( 2004 ). `` The Department of Homeland Security : Background and Challenges '' , Terrorism -- reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses , Committee on Counterterrorism Challenges for Russia and the United States , Office for Central Europe and Eurasia Development , Security , and Cooperation Policy and Global Affairs , in Cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences , page 176 . National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08971 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` History : Who Became Part of the Department ? '' United States Department of Homeland Security website Archived 2012 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 2005 ) . Imperial Ambitions , page 199 . Metropolitan Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7967 - X . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Barr . `` DHS Withdraws Bid to Curb Union Rights '' , The Washington Post page D01 , February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Department of Homeland Security Seal '' , DHS press release , June 19 , 2003 . DHS website Archived October 24 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Secretary Tom Ridge '' . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Losey , Stephen ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Homeland Security plans move to hospital compound '' . Federal Times . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2013 .",
"21": "Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Most Endangered Places '' . 2 / 2009 . National Trust . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holley , Joel ( June 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tussle Over St. Elizabeths '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NCPC Approves Final Master Plan for DHS Headquarters at St. Elizabeths '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` DHS Gets Green Light '' . Federal Times . Jump up ^ Forbes , Daniel ( May 28 , 2004 ) . `` $226 Million in Govt Ads Helped Pave the Way for War '' . Antiwar.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security : Ready.Gov '' . 12 / 29 / 2003 . Outdoor Advertising Association of America . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Live at daybreak '' . Aired February 20 , 2003 . CNN . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security Frequently Asked Questions '' . ready.gov . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Air '' . ready.gov . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Are You Ready.gov ? '' . February 21 , 2003 . lies.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Build A Kit Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Make A Plan Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` About the Ready Campaign Ready.gov '' . www.ready.gov .",
"22": "Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Preparedness '' . AdCouncil . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Newswire , MultiVu - PR . `` FEMA , Ad Council Launch New PSA Focused on People with Disabilities Preparing for Emergencies '' . Multivu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals with Disabilities and Others with Access and Functional Needs Ready.gov '' . ready.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Surge Capacity Force - Homeland Security '' . Jump up ^ `` National Cyber Security Division '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ : Cyber Security R&D Center '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ongoing Research and Development '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ AFP - JiJi , `` U.S. boots up cybersecurity center '' , October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Murtha , Alex ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) . `` DHS , partners convene for government council on protecting election infrastructure '' . Homeland Preparedness News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 ( vid . p. 72 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 37 , 38 , 41 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana and Arkin , William ( December 20 , 2010 ) ( 1 ) , The Washington Post ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid .",
"23": "pp. 147 ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2009 ( vid . p. 134 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2008 ( vid . p. 44 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2007 ( vid . p. 50 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2005 ( vid . p. 294 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2003 ( vid . p. 40 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2006 , FY 2004 ( 404 error ) '' . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 33 ff . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Homeland Security Annual Financial Report FY 2010 ( vid . pp. 4 f . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Congress Says DHS Oversaw $15 Billion in Failed Contracts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 .",
"24": "Jump up ^ Diplomas For Sale - Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Homeland Security Department Is Accused of Credit Card Misuse '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jakes Jordan , Lara ( July 19 , 2006 ) . `` Credit Card Fraud at DHS '' . Homeland Security Weekly . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Government 's Katrina credit cards criticized '' . Associated Press . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hedgpeth , Dana ( September 17 , 2008 ) . `` Congress says DHS oversaw $15 billion in failed contracts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Kieren ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Who 's running dozens of top - secret unpatched databases ? The Dept of Homeland Security '' . The Register . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ADVISE Could Support Intelligence Analysis More Effectively '' ( PDF ) . pdf file . DHS . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Singel , Ryan ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Homeland Data Tool Needs Privacy Help , Report Says '' . Wired . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sniffen , Michael J. ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` DHS Ends Criticized Data - Mining Program '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Monahan , T. 2009 . The Murky World of ' Fusion Centres ' . Criminal Justice Matters 75 ( 1 ) : 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Report on Fusion Centers July 29 , 2009 Democracy Now Jump up ^ Monahan , T. and Palmer , N.A. 2009 . The Emerging Politics of DHS Fusion Centers . Security Dialogue 40 ( 6 ) : 617 - 636 . Jump up ^ Rittgers , David ( 2011 - 02 - 02 ) We 're All Terrorists Now Archived 2011 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Cato Institute Jump up ^ `` ' Fusion Centers ' Expand Criteria to Identify Militia Members '' . Fox News . March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Privacy Impact Assessment for the Department of Homeland Security State , Local , and Regional Fusion Center Initiative December 11 , 2008 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` The Raw Story - Fusion center declares nation 's oldest universities possible terror threat '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Meeks , Brock ( 2006 - 01 - 06 ) Homeland Security opening private mail , MSNBC Jump up ^ Cole , John ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) Your Mail - Free for Government Inspection , Balloon Juice Jump up ^ Dees , Diane ( 2006 - 01 - 09 ) Department of Homeland Security opens Kansas professor 's mail , Mother Jones Jump up ^ Transcript from The Situation Room ( January 12 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security employees rank last in job satisfaction survey '' . ABC Inc. , WLS - TV Chicago . February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Conroy , Bill ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` DHS memo reveals agency personnel are treated like `` human capital '' `` . Narco News . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Best Places to Work Agency Rankings '' .",
"26": "Partnership for Public Service . Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : NSA to participate in U.S. cybersecurity Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Homeland Security . Official website DHS in the Federal Register `` DHS Organizational Chart '' ( PDF ) . ( 144 KB ) -- from March 20 , 2008 . Federal executive departments of the United States of America Executive Departments Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Former Air Force Army Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Agencies under the United States Department of Homeland Security Headquarters : Nebraska Avenue Complex Elaine Duke , Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke , Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary United States Coast Guard Immigration and Customs Enforcement Citizenship and Immigration Services Customs and Border Protection Federal Emergency Management Agency Federal Law Enforcement Training Center United States Secret Service Office of Operations Coordination Transportation Security Administration Office of Health Affairs Office of Policy Office of Immigration Statistics Homeland Security Advisory Council National Protection and Programs National Protection and Programs Directorate Federal Protective Service Office of Cybersecurity and Communications Office of Infrastructure Protection Office of Biometric Identity Management Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis Science and Technology Science and Technology Directorate Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency Explosives Division Chemical and Biological Defense Division Border and Maritime Security Division Human Factors and Behavioral Sciences Division Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division Cyber Security Division ( National Cybersecurity Center ) Intelligence and Analysis Office of Intelligence and Analysis Management Management Directorate Law enforcement in the United States Terrorism in the United States Current leadership of the U.S.",
"27": "Department of Homeland Security Secretary : Elaine Duke ( Acting ) Deputy Secretary : Elaine Duke Chief of Staff for Operations : Jan Lesher Chief of Staff for Policy : Noah Kroloff Executive Secretary / Executive Director for Operations and Administration : Phil McNamara General Counsel : Ivan Fong Senior Military Advisor : Rear Admiral Charles Michel Under Secretary , Management Directorate : Claire Grady Deputy Under Secretary , Management Directorate : Shari Barbeau Chief Administrative Services Officer : Donald G. Bathurst Acting Chief Financial Officer : Peggy Sherry Chief Human Capital Officer : Jeff Neal Chief Information Officer : Richard Spires Acting Chief Procurement Officer : Thomas Essig Chief Security Officer : Jerry Williams Under Secretary , National Protection & Programs Directorate ( NPPD ) : Rand Beers Acting Assistant Secretary , Cyber Security and Communications : Rear Admiral Mike Brown Acting Assistant Secretary , Office of Infrastructure Protection : James Snyder Under Secretary , Science & Technology Directorate ( S&T ) : Tara O'Toole Deputy Under Secretary , Science & Technology Directorate ( S&T ) : Bradley Buswell Acting Under Secretary , Office of Intelligence & Analysis ( I&A ) : Bart Johnson Assistant Secretary , Intergovernmental Affairs : Philip A. McNamara Assistant Secretary ( acting as Under Secretary - equivalent ) , Office of Policy ( PLCY ) : David Heyman Chairman , Homeland Security Advisory Council : William H. Webster Assistant Secretary , International Affairs : Alan Bersin Assistant Secretary , Policy Development : Arif Alikhan Assistant Secretary , Private Sector : Douglas A. Smith Deputy Assistant Secretary , Strategic Plans : Alan Cohn Assistant Secretary , State and Local Law Enforcement : Vacant Director , United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ( USCIS ) : Lee Cissna Commandant , United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) : Admiral Robert J. Papp , Jr .",
"28": "Commissioner , United States Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) : W. Ralph Basham Acting Assistant Secretary , United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) : John P. Torres Administrator , Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) : W. Craig Fugate Director , United States Secret Service : Mark J. Sullivan Assistant Secretary / Administrator , Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) : John Pistole Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman : Prakash I. Khatri Officer for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties : Daniel W. Sutherland Acting Director of the Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement : John Leech Acting Director of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : Chuck Galloway Director , Federal Law Enforcement Training Center ( FLTEC ) : Connie L. Patrick Acting Federal Coordinator , Recovery and Rebuilding of Gulf Coast Region : Paul Conway Acting Assistant Secretary , Office of Health Affairs / Chief Medical Officer : Dr. Jon R. Kromher Inspector General : Richard L. Skinner Acting Assistant Secretary , Office of Legislative Affairs : James Howe Director , Operations Coordination : Roger T. Rufe , Jr . ( USCG Ret ) Acting Chief Privacy Officer : John Kropf Assistant Secretary , Office of Public Affairs : William R. Knoche United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary",
"29": ") Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : Army Marine Corps Reserve N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep",
"30": ") AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft",
"31": "designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999",
"32": "UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S.",
"33": "Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind ( 1923 ) United States v. Brignoni - Ponce ( 1975 ) Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting ( 2011 ) Related issues and events Economic impact Eugenics in the United States Guest worker program Human trafficking Human smuggling Coyotaje Immigration reform Immigration reduction Mexico -- United States barrier Labor shortage March for America Illegal immigrant population Reverse immigration 2006 protests Unaccompanied minors from Central America List of people deported from the United States Geography Mexico -- United States border Canada -- United States border United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints Proposed legislation DREAM Act ( 2001 -- 2010 ) H.R. 4437 ( 2005 ) McCain -- Kennedy ( 2005 ) SKIL ( 2006 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006 STRIVE Act ( 2007 ) Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007 Uniting American Families Act ( 2000 -- 2013 ) Border Security , Economic Opportunity ,",
"34": "and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 SAFE Act ( 2015 ) RAISE Act ( 2017 ) Immigration stations and points of entry Angel Island Castle Garden East Boston Ellis Island Sullivan 's Island Washington Avenue Operations `` Wetback '' ( 1954 ) `` Peter Pan '' ( 1960 -- 1962 ) `` Babylift '' ( 1975 ) `` Gatekeeper '' ( 1994 ) `` Endgame '' ( 2003 -- 2012 ) `` Front Line '' ( 2004 -- 2005 ) `` Streamline '' ( 2005 -- present ) `` Return to Sender '' ( 2006 -- 2007 ) `` Jump Start '' ( 2006 -- 2008 ) State legislation California DREAM Act ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Arizona SB 1070 ( 2010 ) Alabama HB 56 ( 2011 ) Non-governmental organizations Arizona Border Recon Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform National Immigration Forum Center for Community Change We Are America Alliance CASA of Maryland Mexica Movement Mexicans Without Borders Federation for American Immigration Reform Minuteman Project Minuteman Civil Defense Corps California Coalition for Immigration Reform Save Our State Center for Immigration Studies National Korean American Service & Education Consortium ( NAKASEC ) NumbersUSA Negative Population Growth Migration Policy Institute Utah Compact Center for Migration Studies of New York VIAF : 121741457 LCCN : no2002051730 ISNI : 0000 0001 2214 8194 GND : 10062583 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security&oldid=821029413 '' Categories : 2002 establishments in the United States Disaster preparedness in the United States History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) Internal affairs ministries Ministries established in 2002 Organizations based in Washington , D.C.",
"35": "Public safety ministries Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections United States Department of Homeland Security United States federal executive departments United States intelligence agencies Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 00 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Texas Legislature - wikipedia Texas Legislature Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Texas State Legislature Type Houses Senate House of Representatives Leadership President of the Senate Dan Patrick ( R ) Since January 20 , 2015 Speaker of the House Joe Straus ( R ) Since January 13 , 2009 Structure Seats 181 voting members : 31 Senators 150 Representatives Senate political groups Republican ( 20 ) Democratic ( 11 ) House political groups Republican ( 95 ) Democratic ( 55 ) Elections Senate last election November 8 , 2016 Meeting place Texas State Capitol , Austin Website http://www.capitol.state.tx.us The Legislature of the state of Texas is the state legislature of Texas . The legislature is a bicameral body composed of a 31 - member Senate and a 150 - member House of Representatives . The state legislature meets at the Capitol in Austin . It is a powerful arm of the Texas government not only because of its power of the purse to control and direct the activities of state government and the strong constitutional connections between it and the Lieutenant Governor of Texas , but also due to Texas 's plural executive . The Legislature is the constitutional successor of the Congress of the Republic of Texas since Texas 's 1845 entrance into the Union . The Legislature held its first regular session from February 16 to May 13 , 1846 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and operations 2 Qualification for service 3 Salary of legislative officials 4 Makeup of the Texas Senate 5 Makeup of the Texas House of Representatives 6 Support agencies 7 Scandals 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Structure and operations ( edit ) The Texas Legislature meets in regular session on the second Tuesday in January of each odd - numbered year . The Texas Constitution limits the regular session to 140 calendar days .",
"1": "The lieutenant governor , elected statewide separately from the governor , presides over the Senate , while the Speaker of the House is elected from that body by its members . Both have wide latitude in choosing committee membership in their respective houses and have a large impact on lawmaking in the state . Only the governor may call the Legislature into special sessions , unlike other states where the legislature may call itself into session . The governor may call as many sessions as he or she desires . For example , Governor Rick Perry called three consecutive sessions to address the 2003 Texas congressional redistricting . The Texas Constitution limits the duration of each special session to 30 days ; lawmakers may consider only those issues designated by the governor in his `` call , '' or proclamation convening the special session ( though other issues may be added by the Governor during a session ) . Any bill passed by the Legislature takes effect 90 days after its passage unless two - thirds of each house votes to give the bill either immediate effect or earlier effect . The Legislature may provide for an effective date that is after the 90th day . Under current legislative practice , most bills are given an effective date of September 1 in odd - numbered years ( September 1 is the start of the state 's fiscal year ) . Although members are elected on partisan ballots , both houses of the Legislature are officially organized on a nonpartisan basis , with members of both parties serving in leadership positions such as committee chairmanships . As of 2017 , a majority of the members of each chamber are members of the Republican Party . Qualification for service ( edit ) The Texas Constitution sets the qualifications for election to each house as follows : A senator must be at least 26 years of age , a citizen of Texas five years prior to election and a resident of the district from which elected one year prior to election . Each senator serves a four - year term and one - half of the Senate membership is elected every two years in even - numbered years , with the exception that all the Senate seats are up for election for the first legislature following the decennial census in order to reflect the newly redrawn districts . After the initial election , the Senate is divided by lot into two classes , with one class having a re-election after two years and the other having a re-election after four years .",
"2": "A representative must be at least 21 years of age , a citizen of Texas for two years prior to election and a resident of the district from which elected one year prielection . They are elected for two - year terms , running for re-election in even - numbered years . Salary of Legislative officials ( edit ) State legislators in Texas make $600 per month , or $7,200 per year , plus a per diem of $190 for every day the Legislature is in session ( also including any special sessions ) . That adds up to $33,800 a year for a regular session ( 140 days ) , with the total pay for a two - year term being $41,000 . Legislators receive a pension after eight years of service , starting at age 60 . Makeup of the Texas Senate ( edit ) Seal of the Texas State Senate . Main article : Texas Senate Affiliation Members Republican Party 20 Democratic Party 11 Total 31 Makeup of the Texas House of Representatives ( edit ) Seal of the Texas House of Representatives . Main article : Texas House of Representatives Affiliation Members Republican Party 95 Democratic Party 55 Vacant 0 Total 150 Support agencies ( edit ) The Texas Legislature has five support agencies that are within the legislative branch of state government . Those five agencies are as follows : Texas Legislative Budget Board ; Texas Legislative Council ; Texas Legislative Reference Library ; Texas State Auditor ; and Texas Sunset Advisory Commission Scandals ( edit ) On May 14 , 2007 , CBS Austin affiliate KEYE reported on the rampant multiple voting by members of the Texas House of Representatives during a voting session . The report noted how representatives would race to the nearest empty seats to register votes for absent members on the legislature 's automated voting machines . Each representative would vote for the nearest absent members , apparently regardless of party affiliation . This practice was in direct violation of a Rule of the Texas Legislature ; however , no house member had ever been disciplined for the practice . The then - Speaker of the House Tom Craddick , responsible for enforcement of the rule , issued a statement that discipline for violations of the rule is left to the individual house members . Subsequent similar violations under House Speaker Joe Straus have been unenforced .",
"3": "See also ( edit ) Texas portal Sunset Advisory Commission References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Texas Government Code 301.001 Jump up ^ `` Qualifications for Office '' . Sos.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Texas House of Representatives -- Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ `` THE TEXAS CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 3 . LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 50 , Ethics Commission Rules '' . Ethics.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Legislators With Benefits , Even When They Stray '' . New York Times . 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : CBS Channel 42 KeyeTV Investigates : One Lawmaker , Many Votes ? , May 14 , 2007 , available at `` https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eG6X-xtVask '' ; see also Wilson , Nanci , One Lawmaker , Many Votes ? , May 14 , 2007 , available at `` www.keyetv.com/topstories/local_story_134224129.html '' Jump up ^ Hoppe , Christy ( 2011 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Some Texas lawmakers cast votes for fellow members on bill Meant to Protect Elections '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Citizen Handbook '' . The Senate of Texas . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Texas Legislature from the Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved 13 April 2005 . Stanley K. Young , Texas Legislative Handbook ( 1973 ) . Univ. of Tex. , The Legislative Branch in Texas Politics , ( 1 ) ( last accessed Oct. 8 , 2006 ) ( stating that `` The Texas Legislature is the most powerful of the three main branches of government ( , ) '' primarily because it is `` less weak than the other branches '' ) . See also : Texas Government Newsletter External links ( edit ) Texas",
"4": "Legislature Online Texas House of Representatives Texas Senate Reference Library of Texas Open Government Texas from the Sunlight Foundation Texas at Project Vote Smart Texas Politics -- The Legislative Branch Texas Government Newsletter and Voter 's Guide to the Texas Legislature Billhop -- Texas Legislative Wiki State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria",
"5": "Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas Members of the Texas Senate 85th Texas Legislature ( 2017 ) President of the Senate : Dan Patrick ( R ) President Pro Tempore : Kel Seliger Bryan Hughes ( R ) Bob Hall ( R ) Robert Nichols ( R ) Brandon Creighton ( R ) Charles Schwertner ( R ) Sylvia Garcia ( D ) Paul Bettencourt ( R ) Van Taylor ( R ) Kelly Hancock ( R ) Konni Burton ( R ) Larry Taylor ( R ) Jane Nelson ( R ) Borris Miles ( D ) Kirk Watson ( D ) John Whitmire ( D ) Don Huffines ( R ) Joan Huffman ( R ) Lois Kolkhorst ( R ) Carlos Uresti ( D ) Juan Hinojosa ( D ) Judith Zaffirini ( D ) Brian Birdwell ( R ) Royce West ( D ) Dawn Buckingham ( R ) Donna Campbell ( R ) Jose Menendez ( D ) Eddie Lucio Jr . ( D ) Charles Perry ( R ) José R. Rodríguez ( D ) Craig Estes ( R ) Kel Seliger ( R ) Republican ( 20 ) Democratic ( 11 ) Texas Legislature Texas House of Representatives Texas State Senate Members of the Texas House of Representatives 85th Texas Legislature ( 2017 ) Speaker of the House : Joe Straus ( R ) Speaker Pro Tempore : Dennis Bonnen ( R ) Gary VanDeaver ( R ) Dan Flynn ( R ) Cecil Bell Jr .",
"6": "( R ) Lance Gooden ( R ) Cole Hefner ( R ) Matt Schaefer ( R ) Jay Dean ( R ) Byron Cook ( R ) Chris Paddie ( R ) John Wray ( R ) Travis Clardy ( R ) Kyle Kacal ( R ) Vacant John N. Raney ( R ) Mark Keough ( R ) Will Metcalf ( R ) John Cyrier ( R ) Ernest Bailes ( R ) James White ( R ) Terry Wilson ( R ) Dade Phelan ( R ) Joe Deshotel ( D ) Wayne Faircloth ( R ) Greg Bonnen ( R ) Dennis Bonnen ( R ) Rick Miller ( R ) Ron Reynolds ( D ) John M. Zerwas ( R ) Ed Thompson ( R ) Geanie Morrison ( R ) Ryan Guillen ( D ) Todd Ames Hunter ( R ) Justin Holland ( R ) Abel Herrero ( D ) Oscar Longoria ( D ) Sergio Muñoz Jr . ( D ) Rene Oliveira ( D ) Eddie Lucio III ( D ) Armando Martinez ( D ) Terry Canales ( D ) Robert Guerra ( D ) Richard Raymond ( D ) J.M. Lozano ( R ) John Kuempel ( R ) Jason Isaac ( R ) Dawnna Dukes ( D ) Paul D. Workman ( R ) Donna Howard ( D ) Gina Hinojosa ( D ) Celia Israel ( D ) Eddie Rodriguez ( D ) Larry Gonzales ( R ) Andrew Murr ( R ) Scott Cosper ( R ) Hugh Shine ( R ) Charles Anderson ( R ) Trent Ashby ( R ) DeWayne Burns ( R ) J.D. Sheffield ( R ) Mike Lang ( R ) Phil King ( R ) Larry Phillips ( R ) Tan Parker ( R ) Lynn Stucky ( R ) Ron Simmons ( R ) Matt Shaheen ( R ) Jeff Leach ( R ) Drew Springer Jr .",
"7": "( R ) James Frank ( R ) Scott Sanford ( R ) Stan Lambert ( R ) Drew Darby ( R ) Kyle Biedermann ( R ) Poncho Nevárez ( D ) Mary González ( D ) Cesar Blanco ( D ) Evelina Ortega ( D ) Joe Moody ( D ) Joe Pickett ( D ) Tracy King ( D ) Brooks Landgraf ( R ) Tom Craddick ( R ) Dustin Burrows ( R ) John Frullo ( R ) Phil Stephenson ( R ) John T. Smithee ( R ) Four Price ( R ) Ken King ( R ) Jodie Anne Laubenberg ( R ) Ramon Romero Jr .",
"8": "( D ) Stephanie Klick ( R ) Jonathan Stickland ( R ) Matt Krause ( R ) Tony Tinderholt ( R ) Nicole Collier ( D ) Bill Zedler ( R ) Craig Goldman ( R ) Giovanni Capriglione ( R ) Charlie Geren ( R ) Eric Johnson ( D ) Chris Turner ( D ) Linda Koop ( R ) Rafael Anchia ( D ) Roberto Alonzo ( D ) Rodney Anderson ( R ) Pat Fallon ( R ) Victoria Neave ( D ) Morgan Meyer ( R ) Helen Giddings ( D ) Toni Rose ( D ) Yvonne Davis ( D ) Angie Chen Button ( R ) Cindy Burkett ( R ) Jason Villalba ( R ) Matt Rinaldi ( R ) Diana Arevalo ( D ) Philip Cortez ( D ) Tomas Uresti ( D ) Roland Gutierrez ( D ) Barbara Gervin - Hawkins ( D ) Joe Straus ( R ) Lyle Larson ( R ) Diego Bernal ( D ) Ina Minjarez ( D ) Justin Rodriguez ( D ) Kevin Roberts ( R ) Dan Huberty ( R ) Briscoe Cain ( R ) Dennis Paul ( R ) Tom Oliverson ( R ) Alma Allen ( D ) Mike Schofield ( R ) Jim Murphy ( R ) Sarah Davis ( R ) Gary Elkins ( R ) Tony Dale ( R ) Gene Wu ( D ) Dwayne Bohac ( R ) Jarvis Johnson ( D ) Armando Walle ( D ) Senfronia Thompson ( D ) Harold Dutton Jr . ( D ) Ana Hernandez ( D ) Mary Ann Perez ( D ) Carol Alvarado ( D ) Shawn Thierry ( D ) Garnet Coleman ( D ) Jessica Farrar ( D ) Hubert Vo ( D ) Valoree Swanson ( R ) Republican ( 95 ) Democratic ( 55 ) Texas Legislature Texas House of Representatives Texas State Senate Texas State Legislatures by year convened",
"9": "1 ( 1846 ) 2 ( 1847 ) 3 ( 1849 ) 4 ( 1851 ) 5 ( 1853 ) 6 ( 1855 ) 7 ( 1857 ) 8 ( 1859 ) 9 ( 1861 ) 10 ( 1863 ) 11 ( 1866 ) 12 ( 1870 ) 13 ( 1873 ) 14 ( 1874 ) 15 ( 1876 ) 16 ( 1879 ) 17 ( 1881 ) 18 ( 1883 ) 19 ( 1885 ) 20 ( 1887 ) 21 ( 1889 ) 22 ( 1891 ) 23 ( 1893 ) 24 ( 1895 ) 25 ( 1897 ) 26 ( 1899 ) 27 ( 1901 ) 28 ( 1903 ) 29 ( 1905 ) 30 ( 1907 ) 31 ( 1909 ) 32 ( 1911 ) 33 ( 1913 ) 34 ( 1915 ) 35 ( 1917 ) 36 ( 1919 ) 37 ( 1921 ) 38 ( 1923 ) 39 ( 1925 ) 40 ( 1927 ) 41 ( 1929 ) 42 ( 1931 ) 43 ( 1933 ) 44 ( 1935 ) 45 ( 1937 ) 46 ( 1939 ) 47 ( 1941 ) 48 ( 1943 ) 49 ( 1945 ) 50 ( 1947 ) 51 ( 1949 ) 52 ( 1951 ) 53 ( 1953 ) 54 ( 1955 ) 55 ( 1957 )",
"10": "56 ( 1959 ) 57 ( 1961 ) 58 ( 1963 ) 59 ( 1965 ) 60 ( 1967 ) 61 ( 1969 ) 62 ( 1971 ) 63 ( 1973 ) 64 ( 1975 ) 65 ( 1977 ) 66 ( 1979 ) 67 ( 1981 ) 68 ( 1983 ) 69 ( 1985 ) 70 ( 1987 ) 71 ( 1989 ) 72 ( 1991 ) 73 ( 1993 ) 74 ( 1995 ) 75 ( 1997 ) 76 ( 1999 ) 77 ( 2001 ) 78 ( 2003 ) 79 ( 2005 ) 80 ( 2007 ) 81 ( 2009 ) 82 ( 2011 ) 83 ( 2013 ) 84 ( 2015 ) 85 ( 2017 ) Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H ,",
"11": "S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands List of current U.S. state legislators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Legislature&oldid=836812211 '' Categories : State agencies of Texas Texas Legislature Bicameral legislatures Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 00 : 29 . About Wikipedia",
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who played marius in the movie les miserables
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"0": "Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) - wikipedia Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Les Misérables Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Hooper Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Debra Hayward Cameron Mackintosh Screenplay by William Nicholson Alain Boublil Claude - Michel Schönberg Herbert Kretzmer Based on Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg Alain Boublil Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Starring Hugh Jackman Russell Crowe Anne Hathaway Amanda Seyfried Music by Claude - Michel Schönberg Cinematography Danny Cohen Edited by Melanie Ann Oliver Chris Dickens Production company Working Title Films Cameron Mackintosh Ltd . Relativity Media Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date 5 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) ( London premiere ) 25 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 25 ) ( United States ) 11 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 158 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $61 million Box office $441.8 million Les Misérables is a 2012 musical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and scripted by William Nicholson , Alain Boublil , Claude - Michel Schönberg , and Herbert Kretzmer , based on the musical of the same name by Boublil and Schönberg which is in turn based on the 1862 French novel by Victor Hugo . The film is a British and American venture produced by Working Title Films and Cameron Mackintosh Ltd. and distributed by Universal Pictures . The film stars an ensemble cast led by Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway , Samantha Barks , Eddie Redmayne , Amanda Seyfried , Helena Bonham Carter , and Sacha Baron Cohen . Set in France during the early 19th century , the film tells the story of Jean Valjean , an ex-convict who , inspired by a kindly bishop , decides to turn his life around . He eventually becomes mayor of a local town and owner of its factory .",
"1": "He is always alert to the risk of being captured again by police inspector Javert , who is ruthless in hunting down law - breakers , believing they can not change for the better . One of Valjean 's factory workers , Fantine , blames him for her being cast into a life of prostitution . When she dies , he feels responsible and agrees to take care of her illegitimate daughter Cosette -- though he must first escape Javert . Later , when Cosette is grown , they are swept up in the political turmoil in Paris , which culminates in the Paris Uprising of 1832 . In June 2011 , from a screenplay by Nicholson , production of the film officially began with Hooper and Mackintosh serving as director and producer , and the main characters were cast later that year . Principal photography commenced in March 2012 , and took place in various English locations , including Greenwich , London , Chatham , Winchester , Bath , and Portsmouth ; as well as in Gourdon , France . Les Misérables premiered in London 5 December 2012 , and was released 25 December 2012 in the United States and 11 January 2013 in the United Kingdom . The film received generally favourable reviews , with many critics praising the cast , with Jackman , Hathaway , Redmayne and Barks being the most often singled out for praise . The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Jackman and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture for Hathaway . It also won four British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA ) , including the Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Hathaway ) . It received eight Academy Award nominations including Best Picture ( the first musical nominated since 2002 's winner Chicago ) and Best Actor for Jackman , and won three , for Best Sound Mixing , Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and Best Supporting Actress for Hathaway . Additionally , the film received two nominations at the 18th Empire Awards including one for Best British Film .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Pre-production 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 5 Distribution 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1815 , French prisoner Jean Valjean is released on parole from the Bagne of Toulon after serving nineteen years for stealing a loaf of bread and trying to escape multiple times . On the outside , Valjean 's paroled status prevents him from getting work . He is offered shelter by the kindly Bishop of Digne , but Valjean steals his silverware . Captured by police and taken to the Bishop , Valjean is shocked when the Bishop says that he gave him the silver , telling him to use it to do something worthwhile with his life . Valjean breaks his parole to start a new life . Eight years later , Valjean is factory owner and mayor of Montreuil , Pas - de-Calais . He is shocked when a Toulon prison guard Javert arrives as his new chief of police . Javert suspects Valjean 's identity when he rescues an injured worker trapped under a heavy cart . One of Valjean 's workers , Fantine , is dismissed by the factory foreman upon learning she is sending her earnings to her illegitimate daughter Cosette , who lives with the greedy innkeepers , the Thénardiers . To support her daughter , Fantine becomes a prostitute but is arrested by Javert when she attacks an abusive customer . Valjean , learning who she is , rescues her and takes her to the hospital . Valjean learns a man has been wrongly identified as him , and reveals his true identity to a court before returning to the dying Fantine , promising to care for Cosette . Javert arrives but Valjean escapes , finding Cosette and pays Fantine 's debts to the Thénardiers .",
"3": "Valjean and Cosette flee Javert , hiding in a convent , aided by the worker Valjean rescued before . Nine years later , Valjean has become a philanthropist and helps the poor in Paris . General Lamarque , the only government official sympathetic to the poor , dies , and a group of revolutionists called the Friends of the ABC plot to rebel against the monarchy . Marius Pontmercy , a member of the Friends , encounters Cosette and they fall in love , asking Éponine , the Thénardiers ' daughter to help find her . After Marius and Cosette meet and confess their love , Éponine prevents her father from robbing Valjean 's house . Valjean , believing Javert is near , makes plans to flee to England with Cosette . Cosette writes a letter for Marius , but Éponine hides it , intending on dying with Marius during the rebellion . During Lamarque 's funeral procession , the revolt begins and barricades are built across Paris . Javert pretends to be an ally to spy on the rebels but the street urchin Gavroche exposes him as a policeman . During the first skirmish against the soldiers , Éponine takes a bullet for Marius and dies in his arms , giving him Cosette 's letter and confesses to him beforehand . Gavroche takes Marius ' reply to Valjean , who joins the revolution to guard Marius . Valjean offers to execute Javert but actually releases him , faking his death . By dawn , the soldiers are close to ending the revolution , storming the students ' barricade and execute everyone save Marius and Valjean , who escape into the sewers . Thénardier comes across Valjean and the unconscious Marius , stealing the latter 's ring , before pointing a way out . Valjean finds Javert waiting for him , ignoring his nemesis ' threats . Javert , morally confused by the mercy of Valjean , commits suicide by throwing himself in the Seine . Marius recovers but is traumatised by the death of his friends .",
"4": "Marius and Cosette plan to marry but Valjean , concerned his presence would threaten their happiness , makes plans to leave and reveals his identity to Marius , who promises to remain silent . Cosette and Marius marry but the Thénardiers crash the wedding to try and blackmail Marius , Thénardier saying he witnessed Valjean carrying a murdered corpse and produces the stolen ring . Marius assaults Thénardier who reveals Valjean is at the convent . The dying Valjean reunites with Cosette and Marius , giving them letters of confession , before peacefully dying , guided away by Fantine and the Bishop 's spirits .",
"5": "Cast ( edit ) Actor Role Jackman , Hugh Hugh Jackman Valjean , Jean Jean Valjean Crowe , Russell Russell Crowe Javert , Javert Hathaway , Anne Anne Hathaway Fantine , Fantine Seyfried , Amanda Amanda Seyfried Cosette , Cosette Redmayne , Eddie Eddie Redmayne Pontmercy , Marius Marius Pontmercy Tveit , Aaron Aaron Tveit Enjolras , Enjolras Barks , Samantha Samantha Barks Éponine , Éponine Isabelle Allen , Isabelle Allen Young Cosette Daniel Huttlestone , Daniel Huttlestone Gavroche , Gavroche Wilkinson , Colm Colm Wilkinson Bishop Myriel , Bishop Myriel Bonham Carter , Helena Helena Bonham Carter Madame Thénardier , Madame Thénardier Baron Cohen , Sacha Sacha Baron Cohen Thénardier , Thénardier Blagden , George George Blagden Grantaire Carvel , Bertie Bertie Carvel Bamatabois Donnelly , Killian Killian Donnelly Combeferre , Combeferre Fee , Fra Fra Fee Courfeyrac , Courfeyrac Brammer , Alistair Alistair Brammer Prouvaire , Jean Jean Prouvaire Vick , Gabriel Gabriel Vick Feuilly , Feuilly Skinner , Hugh Hugh Skinner Joly , Joly Lewis , Iwan Iwan Lewis Bahorel , Bahorel Neal , Stuart Stuart Neal Lesgles , Lesgles Fraser , Hadley Hadley Fraser National Guard Leader , National Guard Leader Chasen , Heather Heather Chasen Madame Magloire , Madame Magloire Glen , Georgie Georgie Glen Mademoiselle Baptistine , Mademoiselle Baptistine Godfrey , Patrick Patrick Godfrey Monsieur Gillenormand , Monsieur Gillenormand Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean , a Frenchman released from Toulon prison after 19 years of imprisonment for stealing bread and failed attempts at escaping from the prison . Around June 2011 , Jackman met with producer Cameron Mackintosh to audition in New York .",
"6": "To prepare for the role , Jackman lost 15 pounds ( 6.8 kg ) and later regained 30 pounds ( 14 kg ) to mirror his character 's success . He avoided drinking coffee , warmed up at least 15 minutes every day , kept Ricola lozenges , drank as much as seven litres of water per day , sat in steam three times a day , took cold baths and used a wet washcloth over his face while flying , citing the musical 's original co-director Trevor Nunn for his training . He worked extensively with vocal coach Joan Lader , and managed to extend his vocal range , which he originally categorised a high baritone , up to tenor . Russell Crowe as Javert , a police inspector dedicating his life to imprisoning Valjean once again . Before being cast as Javert , Crowe was initially dissatisfied with the character . On his way to Europe for a friend 's wedding , Crowe came to London and met with producer Cameron Mackintosh . On meeting with Tom Hooper , he told the director about his concerns about playing Javert , and after meeting with him , Crowe was `` determined to be involved in the project and play Javert . I think it had something to do with Tom 's passion for what he was about to undertake , and he clearly understood the problems and he clearly understood the challenge . '' On visiting Victor Hugo 's home in Paris , Crowe said , `` ( The house 's curator ) told me about ( 19th century detective Eugene Francois ) Vidocq , a man who had been both a prisoner and a policeman , the man credited with inventing undercover police work when he established the Brigade de Surete . '' Anne Hathaway and Amanda Seyfried play Fantine and Cosette respectively . Fantine is a struggling factory worker and mother of an illegitimate child , Cosette , who is kept by the Thénardiers until Valjean buys her from them . When Hathaway was cast , she stated , `` There was resistance because I was between their ideal ages for the parts -- maybe not mature enough for Fantine but past the point where I could believably play Cosette . ''",
"7": "On developing Cosette , Seyfried said , `` In the little time that I had to explain Cosette and give the audience a reason ( to see her ) a symbol of love and strength and light in this tragedy , I needed to be able to convey things you may not have connected with in the show . '' A vocal coach was enlisted to help her with the songs . Isabelle Allen as the young Cosette , a child . On working with her fellow actors , Allen said , `` They gave us lots of tips and mostly ( made ) sure we were all OK . They were really nice . '' Eddie Redmayne as Marius Pontmercy , a student revolutionary who is friends with the Thenardiers ' daughter , Éponine , but falls in love with Cosette . He found director Hooper 's vision `` incredibly helpful '' . On collaborating with Hooper , Redmayne said , `` He was incredibly collaborative . Certainly during the rehearsal process , we sat with Tom and the Victor Hugo book adding things . '' It was Redmayne who suggested to Hooper that his character 's song , `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' , should begin a cappella in order to better express Marius ' guilt and pain . Helena Bonham Carter and Sacha Baron Cohen play the Thénardiers , a pair of swindling innkeepers . Hooper previously collaborated with Bonham Carter in The King 's Speech , in which she portrayed Queen Elizabeth , King George VI 's wife . Baron Cohen and Bonham Carter previously co-starred in the film adaptation of the musical Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street . When Baron Cohen accepted the role of Thénardier , he had to abandon Django Unchained . Samantha Barks as Éponine , the Thénardiers ' daughter .",
"8": "Having previously played the role at the 25th Anniversary concert and in the West End production , Barks said `` there was similarities in playing the role -- they 're the same character -- but Eponine in the novel and Eponine in the musical are two kind of different girls , so to me it was the thrill of merging those two together , to get something that still had that heart and soul that we all connect to in the musical , but also the awkward , self - loathing teenager that we see in the novel , trying to merge those two together . '' She found Jackman `` fascinating to learn from , and I feel like that 's the way it should be done '' . Aaron Tveit as Enjolras , the leader of Les Amis de l'ABC . Hoping to play Marius , Tveit submitted an audition tape in which he sang `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' and `` In My Life '' . He had never performed any role in the musical . He also said of Enjolras that `` once I got more and more familiar with the material and when I read the novel , I was like , ' Wow this is a really , really great role , ' and I felt very much better suited for it . '' Tveit said the shooting of the film was `` almost as grueling as a marathon '' . Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle , two of the original cast members involved in the Broadway and West End productions of the English version ( as Jean Valjean and Éponine , respectively ) , make appearances . Wilkinson plays the Bishop of Digne , while Ruffelle plays a prostitute . Hadley Fraser , who previously played Grantaire in the 25th Anniversary Concert and Javert at West End , appears as the Army General . Another West End actor , Gina Beck , appears as one of the `` Turning Women '' . Michael Jibson plays the foreman of the factory in which Fantine works and is fired from .",
"9": "Several actors in the West End production of the musical appear members of the student society , including George Blagden as Grantaire ; Killian Donnelly as Combeferre ; Fra Fee as Courfeyrac ; Alistair Brammer as Jean Prouvaire ; Hugh Skinner as Joly ; Gabriel Vick as Feuilly ; Iwan Lewis as Bahorel ; and Stuart Neal as Bossuet . Blagden was cast in January 2012 . Other stage actors including Hannah Waddingham , Daniel Evans and Kerry Ellis have small parts in the film along with actors who previously starred in various productions of Les Misérables . Musical numbers ( edit ) See also : Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack A highlights soundtrack album was released via Universal Republic 21 December 2012 . Republic Records confirmed 25 January 2013 , via Twitter that a 2 - disc deluxe soundtrack was in production alongside the DVD and Blu - ray ; it was released 19 March 2013 . The film contains every song from the original stage musical with the exception of `` I Saw Him Once '' and `` Dog Eats Dog '' , although many songs have been partially or extensively cut . `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' and `` Little People '' were especially shortened . In addition , the Bishop sings with Fantine during `` Valjean 's Death '' instead of Eponine , as was in the stage musical . `` Stars '' was also moved to before `` Look Down '' , which echoes the original 1985 London production . The lyrics of some songs were also changed to suit the changes in setting or narrative to the stage musical . In addition to the cuts , a new song , `` Suddenly '' was added , new music was composed for the battle scenes , and the order of several songs changed from the stage musical . Several major pieces , primarily as `` Who Am I ? '' , `` Stars '' , and the two `` Soliloquy '' pieces are performed in a different key than most recordings .",
"10": "`` Look Down '' -- Convicts , Javert , Valjean `` The Bishop '' -- Bishop of Digne `` Valjean 's Soliloquy '' -- Valjean `` At the End of the Day '' -- Poor , Foreman , Workers , Factory Women , Fantine , Valjean `` The Runaway Cart '' -- Valjean , Javert `` The Docks ( Lovely Ladies ) '' -- Sailors , Old Woman , Fantine , Crone , Whores , Pimp , Toothman `` I Dreamed a Dream '' -- Fantine `` Fantine 's Arrest '' -- Bamatabois , Fantine , Javert , Valjean `` Who Am I ? '' -- Valjean `` Fantine 's Death '' -- Fantine , Valjean `` The Confrontation '' -- Javert , Valjean `` Castle on a Cloud '' -- Young Cosette , Mme . Thénardier `` Master of the House '' -- Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier , Inn Patrons `` The Well Scene '' -- Valjean , Young Cosette `` The Bargain '' -- Valjean , Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier `` The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery '' -- Thénardier , Valjean , Mme . Thénardier , Young Cosette `` Suddenly '' -- Valjean `` The Convent '' -- Valjean `` Stars '' -- Javert `` Paris / Look Down '' -- Gavroche , Beggars , Enjolras , Marius , Students `` The Robbery '' -- Thénardier , Mme .",
"11": "Thénardier , Éponine , Valjean `` Javert 's Intervention '' -- Javert , Thénardier `` Éponine 's Errand '' - Éponine , Marius `` ABC Café / Red and Black '' -- Students , Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire , Gavroche `` In My Life '' -- Cosette , Valjean , Marius , Éponine `` A Heart Full of Love '' -- Marius , Cosette , Éponine `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' -- Thénardier , Thieves , Éponine , Valjean `` On My Own '' -- Éponine `` One Day More '' -- Valjean , Marius , Cosette , Éponine , Enjolras , Javert , Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier , Cast of Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ''",
"12": "-- Enjolras , Marius , Students , Beggars `` Building the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) '' -- Enjolras , Javert , Gavroche , Students `` Javert 's Arrival '' -- Javert , Enjolras `` Little People '' -- Gavroche , Students , Enjolras , Javert `` A Little Fall of Rain '' -- Éponine , Marius `` Night of Anguish '' -- Enjolras , Marius , Valjean , Javert , Students `` Drink With Me '' -- Grantaire , Marius , Gavroche , Students `` Bring Him Home '' -- Valjean `` Dawn of Anguish '' -- Enjolras , Marius , Gavroche , Students `` The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) '' -- Gavroche , Enjolras , Students , Army Officer `` The Sewers '' -- Valjean , Javert `` Javert 's Suicide '' -- Javert `` Turning '' -- Parisian women `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' -- Marius `` A Heart Full of Love ( Reprise ) '' -- Marius , Cosette , Valjean , Gillenormand `` Valjean 's Confession '' -- Valjean , Marius `` Suddenly ( Reprise ) '' -- Marius , Cosette `` Wedding Chorale '' -- Chorus , Marius , Thérnardier , Mme . Thérnardier `` Beggars at the Feast '' -- Thénardier , Mme . Thénardier `` Valjean 's Death '' -- Valjean , Fantine , Cosette , Marius , Bishop of Digne `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ( Reprise ) / Epilogue '' -- The Cast of Les Misérables Included on the highlights edition soundtrack Included on the deluxe edition soundtrack Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Following the release of Les Misérables ( 1980 ) , a French sung - through musical by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg based on the novel of the same name by Victor Hugo , the musical premiered at the Palais des Sports in Paris in 1980 .",
"13": "The English - language West End theatre production opened at the Barbican Arts Centre on 8 October 1985 . The subsequent Broadway production opened at the Broadway Theatre on 10 October 1990 and closed at the Imperial Theatre on 18 May 2003 after 6,680 performances . In 1988 , Alan Parker was considered to direct a film adaptation of the Les Misérables musical . In 1991 , Bruce Beresford signed on to be the film 's director . Producer Sir Cameron Mackintosh had an integral role in facilitating the production of the film . In 1992 , producer Cameron Mackintosh announced that the film would be co-produced by TriStar Pictures . However , the film was abandoned . In 2005 , Mackintosh later confirmed that interest in turning the musical into a film adaptation had resumed during the early months of that year . Mackintosh said that he wanted the film to be directed by `` someone who has a vision for the show that will put the show 's original team , including ( Mackintosh ) , back to work . '' He also said that he wanted the film audiences to make it `` fresh as the actual show '' . In 2009 , producer Eric Fellner began negotiations with Mackintosh to acquire the film 's rights and concluded it near the end of 2011 . Fellner , Tim Bevan , and Debra Hayward engaged William Nicholson to write a screenplay for the film . Nicholson wrote the draft within six weeks time . The DVD / Blu - ray release of Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert confirmed an announcement of the musical 's film adaptation . Pre-production ( edit ) In March 2011 , director Tom Hooper began negotiations to direct Les Misérables from the screenplay by William Nicholson . Production on the film officially began in June that year , with Cameron Mackintosh and Working Title Films co-producing . Having already approached Hooper prior to production with the desire of playing Jean Valjean , Hugh Jackman began negotiations to star in the film alongside Paul Bettany as Javert . Other stars who became attached to the project included Hathaway and Helena Bonham Carter . In September 2011 , Jackman was officially cast as Jean Valjean and Russell Crowe was cast as Javert .",
"14": "The following month , Mackintosh confirmed that Fantine would be played by Hathaway . Before Hathaway was cast , Amy Adams , Jessica Biel , Tammy Blanchard , Kristin Kreuk , Marion Cotillard , Kate Winslet and Rebecca Hall were also considered for the part . For the role , Hathaway allowed her hair to be cut short on camera for a scene in which her character sells her hair , stating that the lengths she goes to for her roles `` do n't feel like sacrifices . Getting to transform is one of the best parts of ( acting ) . '' The role also required her to lose 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) . In addition to Hathaway 's weight loss , Hugh Jackman also lost an extreme amount of weight for the opening scene as Jean Valjean when he is imprisoned in a labor camp . To achieve an emaciated look , Jackman committed to a minimalistic diet and intense work outs . In an interview with Epix , Jackman revealed that he went on 45 minute morning runs on an empty stomach which Hathaway later used as a weight loss tactic with Jackman 's help , and he went on a 36 - hour liquid fast . This allowed him to rapidly lose ten pounds and caused his eyes and cheeks to sink severely . With these efforts , Jackman was able to successfully look unrecognizable as Jean Valjean in the opening scene . In November 2011 , Eddie Redmayne joined the cast as Marius Pontmercy . It was reported that the shortlist of actresses for the role of Éponine included Scarlett Johansson ( who also auditioned for the role of Fantine ) , Lea Michele , Tamsin Egerton , Taylor Swift , and Evan Rachel Wood . In January 2012 , the press reported that the role of Éponine had officially been offered to Taylor Swift , but Swift later stated that those reports were not entirely accurate . At the end of the month , Mackintosh made a special appearance during the curtain call of the Oliver ! UK tour at the Palace Theatre , Manchester , announcing that the tour 's Nancy , Samantha Barks , who had played Éponine in the West End production and in the 25th Anniversary concert , would reprise the role in the film . Barks had been auditioning for 15 weeks by that point .",
"15": "Originally , an unknown was sought for the role of Cosette , with an open casting call in New York City in December 2011 . In January 2012 , reports surfaced that Amanda Seyfried had been offered the role instead . Eddie Redmayne confirmed both Seyfried 's casting and that of Bonham Carter as Madame Thénardier in an interview on 12 January . Hooper confirmed that he would stick to the musical 's essentially sung - through form and would thus introduce very little additional dialogue . Hooper confirmed that the film would not be shot in 3D , expressing his opinion that it would not enhance the emotional narrative of the film and would distract audiences from the storytelling . Following this announcement , reports surfaced in the press that Sacha Baron Cohen had begun talks to join the cast as Thénardier and that Aaron Tveit had been cast as Enjolras . Later that month , the press officially confirmed Tveit 's casting as Enjolras . Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle ( the original Valjean and Éponine , respectively , in the West End and Broadway productions ) appeared in the film . Wilkinson played the Bishop of Digne , and Ruffelle had a cameo as a prostitute . George Blagden was cast as Grantaire . In an interview with BBC Radio 4 's Front Row , Tom Hooper revealed that Claude - Michel Schönberg will be composing one new song and additional music . The director also expanded on the performers singing live on set , which he felt would eliminate the need to recapture `` locked '' performances and allow more creative freedom . More details of this were confirmed by Eddie Redmayne in an interview . He stated that the cast would sing to piano tracks ( via earpiece ) and that the orchestra would be added in post-production . In February 2012 , casting auditions involving extras for the film took place at the University of Portsmouth and Chatham Maritime in Chatham . Several days later , Mackintosh officially confirmed that Bonham Carter would play Madame Thénardier . He also announced that the title of the newly created song for the film is `` Suddenly '' and that it `` beautifully explains what happens when Valjean takes Cosette from the inn and looks after her . ''",
"16": "At the end of the month , The Sun reported that the long - rumoured Baron Cohen had been cast in the role of Monsieur Thénardier . The cast began rehearsals in January 2012 , with principal photography due to begin in March . The press officially confirmed Baron Cohen 's casting during the latter month . No table read took place before filming . Filming ( edit ) Tom Hooper directing the second unit of Les Misérables on location in Winchester in April 2012 . The film 's set at Greenwich Naval College . With a production budget of $61 million , principal photography of the film began 8 March 2012 in Gourdon . Filming locations in England included Boughton House , Winchester College , Winchester Cathedral Close , Her Majesty 's Naval Base Portsmouth , Chatham Dockyard , St Mary the Virgin Church , Ewelme , South Oxfordshire and Pinewood Studios . In April 2012 , crews built a replica of the Elephant of the Bastille in Greenwich . In the novel , Gavroche lives in the decaying monument . On - location filming also took place at Gourdon , Alpes - Maritimes in France . Footage of Hathaway singing `` I Dreamed a Dream '' , a song from the musical , was shown at CinemaCon 26 April 2012 . Russell Crowe confirmed 5 June 2012 , on Twitter that he had finished filming . He was later followed by Samantha Barks , confirming that all of her scenes had too been completed . Jackman stated that all filming had been completed 23 June 2012 . Some late filming occurred in Bath , Somerset , in October 2012 where stunt shots for Javert 's suicide scene had to be reshot due to an error found with this footage during post-production . Bath was not the original filming location for this scene , but the late footage was captured at Pulteney Weir . Post-production ( edit ) The film 's vocals were recorded live on set using live piano accompaniments played through earpieces as a guide , with the orchestral accompaniment recorded in post-production , rather than the traditional method where the film 's musical soundtracks are usually pre-recorded and played back on set to which actors lip - sync .",
"17": "Production sound mixer Simon Hayes used 50 DPA 4071 lavalier microphones to record the vocals . Hooper explained his choice : `` I just felt ultimately , it was a more natural way of doing it . You know , when actors do dialogue , they have freedom in time , they have freedom in pacing . They can stop for a moment , they can speed up . I simply wanted to give the actors the normal freedoms that they would have . If they need a bit for an emotion or a feeling to form in the eyes before they sing , I can take that time . If they cry , they can cry through a song . When you 're doing it to playback , to the millisecond you have to copy what you do . You have no freedom in the moment -- and acting is the illusion of being free in the moment . '' Although this unique live recording method has been stated as `` a world 's first '' by the creative team , several film musicals have used this method before , including early talkies , as lip - syncing was n't perfected , the 1975 20th Century Fox film At Long Last Love , the adaptation of The Magic Flute that same year , and more recently in the 1995 adaptation of The Fantasticks , portions of the 1996 adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Evita , in the 2001 film version of Hedwig and the Angry Inch , and in the 2007 film Across the Universe with songs by The Beatles . Producers announced 27 August 2012 , that recording sessions for Les Misérables would begin in London 10 October and featured a 70 - piece orchestra . They also announced that composer Claude - Michel Schönberg was composing additional music to underscore the film . Universal Studios executives were granted a viewing of the rough cut of the film 9 September 2012 , without the orchestra tracks . They greeted the cut with `` extreme excitement '' . Distribution ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) The film 's first teaser trailer debuted online 30 May 2012 , and later in theatres with Snow White and the Huntsman , The Bourne Legacy and Argo . Producers released an extended first look on the film 's official Facebook page 20 September 2012 .",
"18": "This short introduces and explains Hooper 's method of recording vocals live on set , comparing it to the traditional method of pre-recording the vocals in a studio months in advance . Hugh Jackman stated that filming in this way allows him more creative freedom with the material and that he `` only has to worry about acting it . '' Both Hooper and the actors believe that this choice of production method will make the film feel much more emotional , raw , and real . The actors praised Hooper for his method and provide brief interviews throughout the video . Hooper mentions , `` I thought it was an amazing opportunity to do something genuinely groundbreaking . '' Clips of Jackman , Hathaway , Seyfried , Redmayne and Barks singing were received very positively , especially the teaser trailer 's presentation of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' by Hathaway . Producers released a new poster , featuring young Cosette ( in what is essentially a real - life version of the musical 's emblem ) , played by Isabelle Allen , 24 September 2012 , on the film 's official Facebook page . They released posters featuring Jean Valjean , Javert , Fantine , and Cosette 12 October , with additional posters of Thénardiers and Marius released 1 November 2012 . Release ( edit ) Les Misérables was originally to be released 7 December 2012 before the studio moved it to 14 December in the United States ; however , 18 September 2012 , they delayed the film 's release date to 25 December , so as not to conflict with the opening of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , which opened 14 December . Because of this , it opened alongside Django Unchained . Release date for the United Kingdom was 11 January 2013 . Les Misérables was screened for the first time at Lincoln Center in New York City , 23 November 2012 , and received a standing ovation from the crowd . This was followed by a screening the next day in Los Angeles , which also received positive reviews . Les Misérables premiered 5 December 2012 , at the Empire , Leicester Square in London . Red carpet footage was screened live online in an event hosted by Michael Ball , the original Marius of the West End .",
"19": "The film was released in select IMAX theatres in New York , Los Angeles , Toronto , and Montreal the same day as its domestic theatrical release , 25 December 2012 . Les Misérables was released internationally by IMAX theatres on 10 January 2013 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was confirmed for home release 13 May 2013 on DVD , Blu - ray , and VOD in the United Kingdom ; it was released in the United States 22 March 2013 . The DVD contains three featurettes : The Stars of Les Misérables , Creating the Perfect Paris , and The Original Masterwork : Victor Hugo 's Les Misérables , along with an audio commentary from director Tom Hooper . The Blu - ray has all DVD features including four additional featurettes : Les Misérables Singing Live , Battle at the Barricade , The West End Connection , and Les Misérables On Location . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Les Misérables earned $148,809,770 in North America and $293,000,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $441,809,770 . In North America , Les Misérables opened 25 December 2012 in 2,808 theatres , placing first at the box office with $18.1 million . This amount broke the record for the highest opening day gross for a musical film , previously held by High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , and was also the second highest opening day gross for a film released on Christmas Day . It earned $27.3 million in its opening weekend , placing third behind Django Unchained and The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey . The film was released in the United Kingdom 11 January 2013 and earned £ 8.1 ( $13.1 ) million in its opening weekend , making it the largest opening weekend for a musical film , as well as for Working Title . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.9 / 10 , based on an aggregation of 231 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Impeccably mounted but occasionally bombastic , Les Misérables largely succeeds thanks to bravura performances from its distinguished cast . ''",
"20": "On Metacritic , the film achieved an average score of 63 out of 100 based on 41 reviews , signifying `` generally favorable reviews '' . The film was generally praised for its acting and ensemble cast , with Jackman , Hathaway , Bonham Carter and Barks being singled out for praise . The live singing , which was heavily promoted in marketing for the film , received a more divided response . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film five stars : `` Les Misérables is a blockbuster , and the special effects are emotional : explosions of grief ; fireballs of romance ; million - buck conflagrations of heartbreak . Accordingly , you should see it in its opening week , on a gigantic screen , with a fanatical crowd . '' The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw concurred : `` Even as a non-believer in this kind of `` sung - through '' musical , I was battered into submission by this mesmeric and sometimes compelling film ... `` . Kenneth Turan of Los Angeles Times gave a positive review , saying that the film `` is a clutch player that delivers an emotional wallop when it counts . You can walk into the theater as an agnostic , but you may just leave singing with the choir . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said , `` Besides being a feast for the eyes and ears , Les Misérables overflows with humor , heartbreak , rousing action and ravishing romance . Damn the imperfections , it 's perfectly marvelous . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` As the enduring success of this property has shown , there are large , emotionally susceptible segments of the population ready to swallow this sort of thing , but that does n't mean it 's good . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote : `` ( Director Tom ) Hooper can be very good with actors . But his inability to leave any lily ungilded -- to direct a scene without tilting or hurtling or throwing the camera around -- is bludgeoning and deadly . By the grand finale , when tout le monde is waving the French tricolor in victory , you may instead be raising the white flag in exhausted defeat . '' Justin Chang of Variety wrote that the film `` will more than satisfy the show 's legions of fans . ''",
"21": "Chang praised the performances of Jackman , Hathaway , Barks , Tveit and Seyfried ( i.e. , every leading cast member except Crowe and Redmayne ) but said that the film 's editing `` seems reluctant to slow down and let the viewer simply take in the performances . '' Callum Marsh of Slant Magazine gave the film 1 star , and wrote : `` Flaws -- and there are a great many that would have never made the cut were this a perfectible studio recording -- are conveniently swept under the rug of candid expression ... the worst quality of Les Misérables 's live singing is simply that it puts too much pressure on a handful of performers who frankly can not sing ... Fisheye lenses and poorly framed close - ups abound in Les Misérables , nearly every frame a revelation of one man 's bad taste ... One would be hard - pressed to describe this , despite the wealth of beauty on display , as anything but an ugly film , shot and cut ineptly . Everything in the film , songs included , is cranked to 11 , the melodrama of it all soaring . So it 's odd that this kind of showboating maximalism should be ultimately reduced to a few fisheye 'd faces , mugging for their close - up , as the people sing off - key and broken . '' Chicago Tribune critic Michael Philips gave the film only one and a half stars , writing : `` The camera bobs and weaves like a drunk , frantically . So you have hammering close - ups , combined with woozy insecurity each time more than two people are in the frame ... too little in this frenzied mess of a film registers because Hooper is trying to make everything register at the same nutty pitch . '' Some specific performances were reviewed very positively . Anne Hathaway 's performance of ballad `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was met with praise , with many comparing its showstopper - like quality to Jennifer Hudson 's performance of `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' from Dreamgirls . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic wrote that `` Hathaway gives it everything she has , beginning in quiet sorrow before building to a woebegone climax : she gasps , she weeps , she coughs .",
"22": "If you are blown away by the scene -- as many will be ; it will almost certainly earn Hathaway her first Oscar -- this may be the film for you . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post writes that `` The centerpiece of a movie composed entirely of centerpieces belongs to Anne Hathaway , who as the tragic heroine Fantine sings another of the memorable numbers '' . Joy Tipping of The Dallas Morning News described Hathaway 's performance as `` angelic '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today describes her as `` superb as the tragic Fantine '' . Travers felt that `` A dynamite Hathaway shatters every heart when she sings how ' life has killed the dream I dreamed . ' Her volcanic performance has Oscar written all over it . '' Lou Lumenick , critic for New York Post , wrote that the film is `` worth seeing for Hathaway alone '' . She was widely considered to be the frontrunner for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , ultimately winning it . Eddie Redmayne also received considerable praise for his performance with Bloomberg News saying that `` Eddie Redmayne -- most recently seen as the eager young production assistant in My Week with Marilyn -- delivers by far the most moving and memorable performance in the film as the young firebrand Marius , who , along with his fellow students , is caught up in France 's political upheavals in the 19th century . '' Samantha Barks earned praise for her portrayal of Éponine , with Digital Journal saying : `` Samantha Barks plays Éponine with such grace , sweetness , and sadness that it is hard to imagine anyone else in the role '' , while Claudia Puig of USA Today calls her `` heartbreakingly soulful '' , Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times describes her performance as `` star - making '' , and Roger Friedman of Showbiz411.com says she `` just about steals the film '' . Crowe 's performance was less well received and even Crowe agreed that the film suffered from poor vocal performances . Emma Gosnell , writing for The Daily Telegraph , stated that she walked out of the showing due to the poor singing , specifically citing Crowe and Jackman as the cause . Playback singer Marni Nixon said `` ( Crowe ) was nothing .",
"23": "It was n't that he was choosing to sing like that , he just could n't do anything else '' and that Jackman acted well but `` could have done with a nobler voice '' . American Idol runner - up Adam Lambert tweeted several disparaging messages , including `` why not cast actors who could actually sound good ? '' and `` the singing was so distracting at times it pulled me out '' , to which Crowe replied via Twitter : `` I do n't disagree with Adam , sure it could have been sweetened , Hooper wanted it raw and real , that 's how it is '' . Nixon rebutted this : `` We 're talking about a musical . Is that real ? People do n't go around singing ' La la la la ' to each other all day ! '' In 2013 , the film was nominated for eight Academy Awards , including the Best Picture , Best Actor in a Leading Role for Hugh Jackman , and went on to win in three categories : Best Supporting Actress for Anne Hathaway , Best Makeup and Hairstyling , and Best Sound Mixing . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee Result Ref Academy Awards 24 February 2013 Best Picture Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Lisa Westcott and Julie Dartnell Won Best Sound Mixing Andy Nelson , Mark Paterson , and Simon Hayes Won Best Production Design Production Design : Eve Stewart ; Set Decoration : Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated American Film Institute 11 January 2013 Movies of the Year Won Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Award 28 January 2013 Best International Film Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward ,",
"24": "and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Best International Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated British Academy Film Award 10 February 2013 Best Film Nominated Best British Film Nominated Best Actor in a Leading Role Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Anne Hathaway Won Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Lisa Westcott Won Best Sound Simon Hayes , Andy Nelson , Mark Paterson , Jonathan Allen , Lee Walpole , and John Warhurst Won Best Production Design Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 10 January 2013 Best Film Nominated Best Acting Ensemble The Cast of Les Misérables Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Song `` Suddenly '' Nominated Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Editing Chris Dickens and Melanie Oliver Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Makeup Lisa Westcott Won Chicago Film Critics Association 17 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Most Promising Performer Samantha Barks Nominated Directors Guild of America Award 2 February 2013 Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Tom Hooper Nominated Dorian Awards 17 January 2013 Film of the Year Nominated Film Performance of the Year - Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Film Performance of the Year - Actress Anne Hathaway Won Visually Striking Film of the Year Nominated Golden Globe Award 13 January 2013 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Anne Hathaway Won Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Nominated Grammy Awards 26 January 2014 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Cameron Mackintosh ,",
"25": "Lee McCutcheon , and Stephan Metcalfe Nominated Hollywood Film Festival 23 October 2012 Best Trailer Erin Wyatt Won Producer of the Year Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward , and Cameron Mackintosh Won Spotlight Award Samantha Barks Won Houston Film Critics Society 5 January 2013 Best Picture Nominated Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Won 5th Annual Lancashire Film Critics Awards 30 March 2013 Best Film Won Best Director Tom Hooper Won London Film Critics Circle 20 January 2013 British Film of the Year Nominated Actor of the Year Hugh Jackman Nominated Supporting Actress of the Year Anne Hathaway Won Young British Performer of the Year Samantha Barks Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association 9 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway ( also for The Dark Knight Rises ) Nominated MTV Movie Awards 14 April 2013 Best Female Performance Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Eddie Redmayne Nominated Best Musical Moment Anne Hathaway Nominated New York Film Critics Circle Award 3 December 2012 Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway ( also for The Dark Knight Rises ) Nominated New York Film Critics Online 3 December 2012 Movies of the Year Won Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won Producers Guild of America Award 26 January 2013 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Tim Bevan , Eric Fellner , Debra Hayward ,",
"26": "and Cameron Mackintosh Nominated Satellite Award 16 December 2012 Best Film Nominated Best Cast -- Motion Picture The Cast of Les Misérables Won Best Actor -- Motion Picture Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Eddie Redmayne Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Anne Hathaway Won Samantha Barks Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Costume Design Paco Delgado Nominated Best Editing Chris Dickens and Melanie Oliver Nominated Best Original Song `` Suddenly '' Won Best Sound John Warhurst , Lee Walpole , and Simon Hayes Won Saturn Awards 26 June 2013 Best Action / Adventure Nominated Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Daniel Huttlestone Nominated Best Costume Paco Delgado Won Best Production Design Eve Stewart Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award 27 January 2013 Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture The Cast of Les Misérables Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Hugh Jackman Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role Anne Hathaway Won Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 10 December 2012 Best Film Nominated Best Acting Ensemble The Cast of Les Misérables Won Best Actor Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Supporting Actress Samantha Barks Nominated Anne Hathaway Won Best Director Tom Hooper Nominated Best Art Direction Eve Stewart and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Best Cinematography Danny Cohen Nominated Young Artist Award 5 May 2013 Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Daniel Huttlestone Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Ten and Under Isabelle Allen Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . Retrieved 10 January 2013 .",
"27": "^ Jump up to : `` Les Miserables film gets world premiere in London '' . The Telegraph . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables '' . British Board of Film Classification . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Les Miserables ' '' . Odeon . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables ( 2012 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( 31 October 2012 ) . `` Les Miz Soars Again '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter Watch : Hugh Jackman '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Tara ( 18 September 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' moves release date to Christmas Day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic provided reviews '' . Jump up ^ Anne Hathaway wins Oscar for role in Les Misérables ^ Jump up to : `` Russell Crowe Joins Les Misérables '' . ComingSoon.net. 8 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Inside the Fight to Bring ' Les Mis ' to the Screen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randie ( 27 December 2012 ) .",
"28": "`` ' Les Miz ' : Hugh Jackman prepped with weights , washcloths , desire '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman on Les Misérables , His Brutal Training Regimen , and His Javert Past '' . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Russell Crowe reveals ' Les Misérables ' doubts : ' I did n't like Javert ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Tara ; Reynolds , Simon ( 11 January 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' has an amazing cast , says Eddie Redmayne '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( 17 January 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' Movie Casts ' Gossip Girl ' Actor Aaron Tveit as Rebellion Leader '' . The Hollywood Rreporter . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 18 January 2012 ) . `` Catch Him If You Can : Aaron Tveit Will Play Enjolras in Les Miz Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Patches , Matt ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Mis ' Star Amanda Seyfried on Cosette : ' We Needed to Find Ways to Make Her Interesting ' '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryzik , Melena ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried and the Hathaway Extraction '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Young Cosette cast in Les Misérables '' . Screen Terrier. 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie A. ( 11 December 2012 ) .",
"29": "`` Meet the 10 - Year - Old Face of ' Les Miserables ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecque , Jeff ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne lands ' Les Misérables ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Adds Eddie Redmayne '' . CommingSoon.net. 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eddie Redmayne flexes vocal chords for Les Misérables '' . BBC News . 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( 18 December 2012 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne , ' Les Miserables ' Star , On Sets That Smell Like Dead Fish & Singing Till You Bleed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Redmayne On His Les Misérables ' Love - In ' With Amanda Seyfried and Helena Bonham Carter '' . Broadway.com. 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Mistress of the House : Helena Bonham Carter Will Be Madame Thénardier in Les Miz Movie '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen , Daniel Evans , Linzi Hateley and More Confirmed for ' Les Miz ' Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter 's many faces '' . BBC News . 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen : ' Les Miserables ' Role Forced Him To Drop ' Django Unchained ' '' .",
"30": "Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samantha Barks to Play Éponine in film of Les Misérables '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' Breakout Star Samantha Barks Takes Eponine From Stage to Screen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Suzy ( 16 December 2012 ) . `` Aaron Tveit on ' Les Miz , ' His New TV Series , and His Broadway Dreams '' . Backstage . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( 27 January 2012 ) . `` Stars of original Les Misérables get an encore they join the cast of new big screen remake '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Newcomer George Blagden joins Tom Hooper 's ' Les Misérables ' as Grantaire '' . Up and Comers . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Skinner CV '' . MarkhamFroggattandIrwin.com . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Vick Official Twitter '' . Twitter.com. 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` George Blagden Signs On to Play Grantaire in LES MISERABLES Film '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Stage Vets Set for LES MISÉRABLES Film '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Film Soundtrack Will Have Dec. 26 Release '' . Playbill. 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ `` Twitter / RepublicRecords '' . Twitter.com. 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Cox , David ( 20 May 2003 ) . `` Broadway Curtain Closes On Les Mis '' . The Scotsman . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( 18 October 1991 ) . `` Musical Chairs -- Turning Musicals into Film -- ' Les Misérables ' , ' Cats ' , and ' Phantom of the Opera ' Have Had a Hard Time Making It to the Big Screen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh 's Production of Les Misérables Celebrates Its 2,000 th Performance on Thursday , March 5 and Its Fifth Anniversary '' ( Press release ) . LesMis.com. 12 February 1992 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Hits Hollywood '' . ContactMusic.com. 2 October 2005 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables in Concert : The 25th Anniversary ( Blu - ray ) . London : Universal Pictures . 29 November 2010 . Coming Soon -- Universal Pictures proudly announce the musical motion picture of Les Misérables : A Working Title - Cameron Mackintosh Film Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` Hooper negotiating to direct ' Les Mis ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 15 June 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman in Talks to Star in ' Les Misérables ' Adaptation '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` If Hugh Jackman Plays Jean Valjean , Will Paul Bettany Play Javert In ' Les Misérables ' ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Uddin , Zakia ( 30 August 2011 ) .",
"32": "`` Anne Hathaway , Russell Crowe to star in ' Les Misérables ' ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Is Russell Crowe 's Quarry in Les Misérables Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh Confirms Anne Hathaway for LES MISÉRABLES Film '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photos from The Dark Knight Rises '' . Yahoo ! Movies . 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Hathaway , Anne ; Jackman , Hugh . `` Les Misérables : Hugh Jackman & Anne Hathaway On Being Diet Buddies '' . YouTube . Epix . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 30 November 2011 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' Competition : Taylor Swift , Lea Michele , Scarlett Johansson & Evan Rachel Wood '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wontorek , Paul . `` Cat Star Scarlett Johansson on Her Les Miz Film Audition , Her Dream Role and How Ben Walker 's Butt is the Ultimate Picker - Upper '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift reportedly offered role of Eponine in ' Les Mis ' film '' . CBS News . Retrieved 19 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amanda Seyfried & Taylor Swift Complete LES MISÉRABLES Film Cast '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Not Bothered About Losing Les Mis Role '' . ShowbizSpy.com. 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 .",
"33": "`` I did n't miss out on the role for Les Miserables because I never got the role , '' says Taylor . '' Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ; Malec , Brett ( 19 February 2012 ) . `` Whitney Houston : `` She Was Relatable , '' Says Taylor Swift `` . E !. Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Things sometimes do n't happen and it happens all the time , that things do n't come together , '' she said . `` But the thing about my life is that everybody seems to know all these different versions of stories that may or may not be true . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Samantha Barks On Les Misérables '' . Awardsline. 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Want to Be Cosette in the LES MIS Film ? Open Call 12 / 10 in NYC '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Todd ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Breaking : Amanda Seyfried Offered Cosette in Tom Hooper 's Les Misérables '' . TwitchFilm.com . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` Tom Hooper rejects 3D for Les Misérables movie '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen in talks for ' Les Misérables ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Tveit Joins LES MISÉRABLES Film as Enjolras '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New song for Les Misérables '' . BBC News . 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions held in Chatham today for Les Misérables '' . KentOnline.co.uk. 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2012 .",
"34": "Jump up ^ `` One Song More ! Les Miz Film Will Have New Song and Live Singing ; Cameron Mackintosh Reveals All '' . Playbill. 8 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon ( 26 February 2012 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen Lands Part in Les Misérables '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman Confirms LES MISÉRABLES to Begin Rehearsing in January , Film in March '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 27 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables ( 2013 ) '' . Kent Film Office . 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Pete ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` Hollywood thrills for village used in Les Mis blockbuster '' . Herald Series . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Mike ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` Why so Misérable ? Hugh Jackman looks glum and bedraggled as he films scenes for musical adaptation '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon ( 24 March 2012 ) . `` Russell Crowe is so Miserables '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables set for a different kind of stage '' . Pinewood Shepperton. 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Steve ( February 2013 ) . `` Film Review : Les Misérables '' . The Socialist Party of Great Britain . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visit ' Les Miserables ' Movie Filming Sights in Paris , France & London '' . Inspired Diversions. 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 .",
"35": "Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman Official Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood comes to Bath as Les Miserables filmed at Pulteney Weir '' . Bath Chronicle. 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DPA Mics record Les Misérables '' . Digital Video . 21 ( 2 ) . New York : Newbay Media . February 2013 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` The ' Les Miz ' Folks , Singing Even After Production Wraps '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ; Jones , Kenneth ( 27 August 2012 ) . `` Les Misérables Film to Feature 70 - Piece Orchestra ; Recording to Begin in October '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Les Misérables ' Trailer : Anne Hathaway Sings ! '' . ScreenCrush.com . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Les Misérables ' Extended First Look '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Les Misérables ' Movie Poster released '' . CBS News . 25 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` 4 Character Posters for LES MISERABLES Featuring Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway , and Amanda Seyfried '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 18 September 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' release date moved to Christmas Day in US '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 24 November 2012 ) .",
"36": "`` ' Les Misérables ' Screening Earns Standing Ovation For Tom Hooper , Anne Hathaway '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` ' Tom Hooper unveils ' Les Misérables ' to over-the - moon , theater - loving NYC audience '' . HitFix . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Mark ( 26 November 2012 ) . `` Tom Hooper reveals his song and dance with ' Les Miserables ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 27 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schou , Solvej ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' digitally remastered to open in select IMAX theaters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables Available on Blu - ray , DVD and On Demand March 22 '' . CraveOnline. 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` ' Django Unchained ' vs. ' Les Miserables ' : Battle of Sexes at the Multiplexes '' . The Wrap News . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Christmas Report : Great Debuts for ' Les Mis , ' ' Django ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Hobbit ' Holds Off ' Django ' on Final Weekend of 2012 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` Les Misérables hits high note at UK box office '' . Screen International . Retrieved 14 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .",
"37": "Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Les Misérables , review '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Les Miserables -- review '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` Review : Vive ' Les Miserables ' in all its over-the - top glory '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( 21 December 2012 ) . `` Les Misérables '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Les Miserables : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` The Wretched Lift Their Voices '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Les Misérables '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Callum ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Les Misérables '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' : Looks like the front row '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables Review : Hit the High Notes ? '' . Movie Fanatic. 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher . `` The Extravagant Melodrama of ' Les Miserables ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann .",
"38": "`` Critic Review for Les Miserables '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tipping , Joy ( 24 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' gloriously uplifting , heartening and hopeful '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' is luminous , enchanting '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` ' Les Miserables ' movie review '' . New York Post . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables review : Breakout performances but falls short overall '' . Voxxi . Bloomberg News . 26 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Chen - See , Sherene . `` Op - Ed : Samantha Barks is heavenly as Éponine in Les Misérables '' . Digitaljournal.com . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` ' Les Miserables ' Review '' . Richard Roeper & The Movies . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` First Review : `` Les Miserables '' Comes to Movies with Hugh Jackman , Russell Crowe , Anne Hathaway `` . Showbiz411.com . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why I walked out of Les Miserables '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' I do n't disagree ' : Russell Crowe backs Adam Lambert 's criticism of Les Miserables ' ' distracting ' singing '' . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Oscar Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . 10 January 2013 .",
"39": "Archived from the original on 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` ' The Dark Knight Rises ' ranks on American Film Institute 's best - movies list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Garry , Maddox ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Jackman , Kidman up for AACTA awards '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lincoln leads Bafta shortlist with ten nominations '' . BBC News . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lincoln ' Leads the 18th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Nominations with a Record 13 Noms '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . 11 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Chicago Film Critics Awards '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Announce Dorian Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gay Critics Name Hathaway , `` Argo '' ... And `` Liz & Dick '' Winners Of 2013 Dorian Awards `` . Queerty. 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Anisiobi , JJ ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` British stars lead the way as Helen Mirren , Benedict Cumberbatch and Adele are nominated for Golden Globe Awards '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 56th Annual Grammy Awards Nominees '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Film Awards to Honor LES MIS ' Samantha Barks '' . Broadway World .",
"40": "17 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Lancashire Film Critics Awards - Awards Daily '' . Awards Daily . 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Warner , Denise ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` 2013 MTV Movie Awards winners list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PGA Motion Picture Nominees Announced '' . Producers Guild of America . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards 2012 '' . International Press Academy . 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Saturn Awards '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . DH. 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 WAFCA Awards '' . DC Film Critics . 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 .",
"41": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) Les Misérables on IMDb Les Misérables at the TCM Movie Database Les Misérables at Box Office Mojo Les Misérables at Rotten Tomatoes Les Misérables at Metacritic Related topic navboxes Works directed by Tom Hooper Theatrical films Red Dust ( 2004 ) The Damned United ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) The Danish Girl ( 2015 ) Television Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) Daniel Deronda ( 2002 ) Elizabeth I ( 2005 ) Longford ( 2006 ) John Adams ( 2008 ) Works by William Nicholson Novels Wind On Fire Noble Warriors The Secret Intensity of Everyday Life Plays The Retreat from Moscow Films & TV written Martin Luther ,",
"42": "Heretic Shadowlands ( 1985 film ) Shadowlands ( 1993 film ) Nell First Knight Grey Owl Gladiator Elizabeth : The Golden Age Les Misérables Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom Unbroken Everest Breathe Films directed Firelight Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? ''",
"43": "`` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs.",
"44": "Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Sideways ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead ( 2007 ) No Award ( 2008 ) Nine ( 2009 ) No Award ( 2010 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Nebraska ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) Mudbound ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Les_Misérables_ ( 2012_film ) &oldid = 836529736 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2010s historical films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic drama films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners British epic films British films British historical films British musical films British romantic drama films Films based on adaptations Films based on Les Misérables Films based on musicals Films directed",
"45": "by Tom Hooper Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Films scored by Anne Dudley Films scored by Claude - Michel Schönberg Films set in 1832 Films set in France Films set in Paris Films shot in England Films shot in France Films shot in London Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Historical romance films IMAX films Musical drama films Relativity Media films Romantic epic films Sung - through musical films Working Title Films films Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2012 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano",
"46": "עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 10 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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green algae is an example of which type of reproduction
|
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{
"0": "Green algae - wikipedia Green algae Jump to : navigation , search Green algae Stigeoclonium , a chlorophyte green alga genus Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Included groups Chlorophyta Charophyta Excluded groups Embryophyta ( cladistically included but traditionally excluded ) The green algae ( singular : green alga ) are a large , informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyte and Charophyte algae , which are now placed in separate divisions . The land plants , or embryophytes , are thought to have emerged from the charophytes . Therefore , cladistically , embryophytes belong to green algae as well . However , because the embryophytes are traditionally classified as neither algae nor green algae , green algae are a paraphyletic group . Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae , some authors are starting to include them . The clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae . The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates , most with two flagella per cell , as well as various colonial , coccoid and filamentous forms , and macroscopic , multicellular seaweeds . In the Charales , the closest relatives of higher plants , full cellular differentiation of tissues occurs . There are about 8,000 species of green algae . Many species live most of their lives as single cells , while other species form coenobia ( colonies ) , long filaments , or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds . A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them . The chloroplasts in euglenids and chlorarachniophytes were acquired from ingested green algae , and in the latter retain a nucleomorph ( vestigial nucleus ) . Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate Paramecium , and in Hydra viridissima and in flatworms .",
"1": "Some species of green algae , particularly of genera Trebouxia of the class Trebouxiophyceae and Trentepohlia ( class Ulvophyceae ) , can be found in symbiotic associations with fungi to form lichens . In general the fungal species that partner in lichens can not live on their own , while the algal species is often found living in nature without the fungus . Trentepohlia is a filamentous green alga that can live independently on humid soil , rocks or tree bark or form the photosymbiont in lichens of the family Graphidaceae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cellular structure 2 Origins 3 Evolution and classification 4 Reproduction 4.1 Sex pheromone 5 Physiology 6 References 7 External links Cellular structure ( edit ) Green algae have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll a and b , giving them a bright green color , as well as the accessory pigments beta carotene and xanthophylls , in stacked thylakoids . The cell walls of green algae usually contain cellulose , and they store carbohydrate in the form of starch . All green algae have mitochondria with flat cristae . When present , paired flagella are used to move the cell . They are anchored by a cross-shaped system of microtubules and fibrous strands . Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of charophytes bryophytes , pteridophytes , cycads and Ginkgo , but are absent from the gametes of Pinophyta and flowering plants . Members of the class Chlorophyceae undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae , which occurs via a phycoplast . By contrast , charophyte green algae and land plants ( embryophytes ) undergo open mitosis without centrioles . Instead , a ' raft ' of microtubules , the phragmoplast , is formed from the mitotic spindle and cell division involves the use of this phragmoplast in the production of a cell plate .",
"2": "Origins ( edit ) Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary endosymbiotic event , where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium - like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane - bound organelle : the plastid . This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three autotrophic clades with primary plastids : the green plants , the red algae and the glaucophytes . Evolution and Classification ( edit ) A growth of the green seaweed Enteromorpha on rock substratum at the ocean shore . Some green seaweeds , such as Enteromorpha and Ulva , are quick to utilize inorganic nutrients from land runoff , and thus can be indicators of nutrient pollution . Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant clade Viridiplantae ( or Chlorobionta ) . Viridiplantae , together with red algae and glaucophyte algae , form the supergroup Primoplantae , also known as Archaeplastida or Plantae sensu lato . The ancesterial green algae was a unicellular flagellate . The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades . The Chlorophyta include the early diverging prasinophyte lineages and the core Chlorophyta , which contain the majority of described species of green algae . The Streptophyta include charophytes and land plants . Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships , mainly based on molecular data . Viridiplantae = green algae ( incl . Embryophyta ) Chlorophyta core Chlorophyta Chlorophytina Ulvophyceae Chlorophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Chlorodendrophyceae Pedinophyceae Prasinophytes Clade VIIA Prasinophytes Clade VIIC Pycnococcaceae Nephroselmidophyceae Mamiellophyceae Pyramimonadales Palmophyllophyceae Palmophyllales Prasinococcales Streptophyta = Charophyta ( incl .",
"3": "Embryophyta ) Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Klebsormidiophyceae Phragmoplastophyta Charophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta ( land plants ) Coleochaetophyceae The algae of this paraphyletic group `` Charophyta '' were previously included in Chlorophyta , so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms . As the green algae clades get further resolved , the embryophytes , which are a deep charophyte branch , are included in `` algae '' , `` green algae '' and `` Charophytes '' , or these terms are replaced by cladistic terminology such as Archaeplastida , Plantae , Viridiplantae or streptophytes , respectively . Reproduction ( edit ) Green algae conjugating Green algae are eukaryotic organisms that follow a reproduction cycle called alternation of generations . Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells ( isogamy ) to fertilization of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one ( oogamy ) . However , these traits show some variation , most notably among the basal green algae called prasinophytes . Haploid algal cells ( containing only one copy of their DNA ) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes . When filamentous algae do this , they form bridges between cells , and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope . This process is called conjugation and occurs for example in Spirogyra . The species of Ulva are reproductively isomorphic , the diploid vegetative phase is the site of meiosis and releases haploid zoospores , which germinate and grow producing a haploid phase alternating with the vegetative phase . Sex pheromone ( edit ) Sex pheromone production is likely a common feature of green algae , although only studied in detail in a few model organisms . Volvox is a genus of chlorophytes . Different species form spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells .",
"4": "One well - studied species , Volvox carteri ( 2,000 -- 6,000 cells ) occupies temporary pools of water that tend to dry out in the heat of late summer . As their environment dries out , asexual V. carteri quickly die . However , they are able to escape death by switching , shortly before drying is complete , to the sexual phase of their life cycle that leads to production of dormant desiccation - resistant zygotes . Sexual development is initiated by a glycoprotein pheromone ( Hallmann et al. , 1998 ) . This pheromone is one of the most potent known biological effector molecules . It can trigger sexual development at concentrations as low as 10 M. Kirk and Kirk showed that sex - inducing pheromone production can be triggered experimentally in somatic cells by heat shock . Thus heat shock may be a condition that ordinarily triggers sex - inducing pheromone in nature . The Closterium peracerosum - strigosum - littorale ( C. psl ) complex is a unicellular , isogamous charophycean alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants . Heterothallic strains of different mating type can conjugate to form zygospores . Sex pheromones termed protoplast - release inducing proteins ( glycopolypeptides ) produced by mating - type ( - ) and mating - type ( + ) cells facilitate this process . Physiology. ( edit ) The green algae , including the characean algae , have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes , osmoregulation , turgor regulation , salt tolerance , cytoplasmic streaming , and the generation of action potentials . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey D. Palmer , Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase ( 2004 ) . `` The plant tree of life : an overview and some points of view '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 10 ) : 1437 -- 1445 . PMID 21652302 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.10. 1437 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Delwiche , Charles F. ; Timme , Ruth E. `` Plants '' . Current Biology . 21 ( 11 ) : R417 -- R422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2011.04. 021 . Jump up ^ Guiry , M.D. ( 2012 ) . `` How many species of algae are there ? '' . Journal of Phycology. 48 : 1057 -- 1063 . PMID 27011267 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1529 - 8817.2012. 01222. x . Jump up ^ Burrows 1991 . Seaweeds of the British Isles . Volume 2 Natural History Museum , London . ISBN 0 - 565 - 00981 - 8 Jump up ^ Hoek , C. van den , Mann , D.G. and Jahns , H.M. 1995 . Algae An introduction to phycology . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30419 - 9 Jump up ^ Judd , W.S. , Campbell , C.S. , Kellogg , E.A. , Stevens , P.F. and Donoghue , M.J. Sinauer ( 2002 ) Plant systematics , a phylogenetic approach . Associates Inc. , Sunderland Mass . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 403 - 0 , p156 Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , D ; Medlin , L ( 1998 ) . `` Algal phylogeny and the origin of land plants '' . Plant Physiology. 116 : 9 -- 15 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 116.1. 9 . Jump up ^ Pickett - Heaps , J. ( 1976 ) . `` Cell division in eucaryotic algae '' . BioScience. 26 ( 7 ) : 445 -- 450 . doi : 10.2307 / 1297481 . Jump up ^ P.H. Raven , R.F. Evert , S.E.",
"6": "Eichhorn ( 2005 ) : Biology of Plants , 7th Edition , W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers , New York , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 Jump up ^ Keeling , PJ ( 2010 ) . `` The endosymbiotic origin , diversification and fate of plastids '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 365 ( 1541 ) : 729 -- 748 . ISSN 0962 - 8436 . PMC 2817223 . PMID 20124341 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2009.0103 . Jump up ^ De Clerck , O ; Bogaert , KA ; Leliaert , F ( 2012 ) . `` Diversity and Evolution of Algae '' . Advances in Botanical Research . 64 : 55 -- 86 . ISSN 0065 - 2296 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 391499 - 6.00002 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae '' . Frederik Leliaert. 2013 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lewis , L. A & R.M. McCourt ( 2004 ) . `` Green algae and the origin of land plants '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 10 ) : 1535 -- 1556 . PMID 21652308 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.10. 1535 . Jump up ^ Leliaert , Frederik ; Smith , David R. ; Moreau , Hervé ; Herron , Matthew D. ; Verbruggen , Heroen ; Delwiche , Charles F. ; De Clerck , Olivier ( 2012 ) . `` Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae '' ( PDF ) . Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences . 31 : 1 -- 46 . doi : 10.1080 / 07352689.2011. 615705 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Marin , Birger ( 2012 ) . `` Nested in the Chlorellales or Independent Class ? Phylogeny and Classification of the Pedinophyceae ( Viridiplantae ) Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Complete Nuclear and Plastid - encoded rRNA Operons '' . Protist. 163 : 778 -- 805 . PMID 22192529 . doi : 10.1016 / j. protis. 2011.11. 004 . Jump up ^ Laurin - Lemay , Simon ; Brinkmann , Henner ; Philippe , Hervé ( 2012 ) . `` Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data '' . Current Biology . 22 : R593 -- R594 . PMID 22877776 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2012.06. 013 . Jump up ^ `` BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014 , 14 : 23 '' . Jump up ^ Leliaert , Frederik ; Tronholm , Ana ; Lemieux , Claude ; Turmel , Monique ; DePriest , Michael S. ; Bhattacharya , Debashish ; Karol , Kenneth G. ; Fredericq , Suzanne ; Zechman , Frederick W. ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest - branching lineage of the Chlorophyta , Palmophyllophyceae class . nov . '' . Scientific Reports . 6 : 25367 . ISSN 2045 - 2322 . PMC 4860620 . PMID 27157793 . doi : 10.1038 / srep25367 . Jump up ^ Lecointre , Guillaume ; Guyader , Hervé Le ( 2006 ) . The Tree of Life : A Phylogenetic Classification . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674021839 . Jump up ^ Cook , Martha E. ; Graham , Linda E. ( 2017 ) . Archibald , John M. ; Simpson , Alastair G.B. ; Slamovits , Claudio H. , eds .",
"8": "Handbook of the Protists . Springer International Publishing . pp. 185 -- 204 . ISBN 9783319281476 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 28149 - 0_36 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Hallmann A , Godl K , Wenzl S , Sumper M ( 1998 ) . `` The highly efficient sex - inducing pheromone system of Volvox '' . Trends Microbiol. 6 ( 5 ) : 185 -- 9 . PMID 9614342 . doi : 10.1016 / s0966 - 842x ( 98 ) 01234 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kirk DL , Kirk MM ( 1986 ) . `` Heat shock elicits production of sexual inducer in Volvox '' . Science . 231 ( 4733 ) : 51 -- 4 . PMID 3941891 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 3941891 . Jump up ^ Sekimoto H , Satoh S , Fujii T ( 1990 ) . `` Biochemical and physiological properties of a protein inducing protoplast release during conjugation in the Closterium peracerosum - strigosum - littorale complex '' . Planta. 182 ( 3 ) : 348 -- 54 . PMID 24197184 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02411384 . Jump up ^ Tazawa , Masashi ( 2010 ) . `` Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells : Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology '' . Progress in Botany. 72 : 5 -- 34 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 13145 - 5_1 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 10 .",
"9": "External links ( edit ) Green algae and cyanobacteria in lichens Green algae ( UC Berkeley ) Monterey Bay green algae ( hide ) Classification of Archaeplastida / Plantae sensu lato Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota ( Supergroup Plant Hacrobia Heterokont Alveolata Rhizaria Excavata Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animal Fungi ) Rhodophyta ( red algae ) Cyanidiophyceae Porphyridiophyceae Compsopogonophyceae Stylonematophyceae Rhodellophyceae Bangiophyceae Florideophyceae Glaucocystophyta ( glaucophytes ) Glaucocystophyceae Glaucocystis Cyanophora Gloeochaete Viridiplantae ( green algae & land plants ) Chlorophyta Palmophyllales Nephroselmidophyceae Prasinophyceae Pseudoscourfieldiales Pyramimonadophyceae Scourfieldiales Pedinophyceae Chlorodendrophyceae UTC clade Ulvophyceae Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyceae Streptophyta ( charophytes ,",
"10": "& land plants ) Mesostigmatophyceae Chlorokybophyceae Klebsormidiophyceae Phragmo - plastophyta Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta ( land plants ) Bryophytes ( non-vascular ) Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Bryophyta `` Moss '' † Horneophytopsida Tracheophyta ( vascular ) Lycopodiophyta ( microphylls ) † Zosterophyllopsida † Sawdoniales Isoetopsida Lycopodiopsida Euphyllophyta ( megaphylls ) Moniliformopses ( ferns ) † Cladoxylopsida † Stauropteridales † Zygopteridales Equisetopsida Psilotopsida Marattiopsida Filicopsida Spermatophyta ( seed plants ) † Seed ferns Gymnosperms Gnetopsida Pinopsida Cycadopsida Ginkgoopsida Angiosperms or flowering plants Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots Other † Trimerophytopsida † Progymnosperm Other † Rhyniopsida † = extinct . See also the list of plant orders .",
"11": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_algae&oldid=806669229 '' Categories : Green algae Non-vascular plants Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Kurdî Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Nordfriisk Português Română Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 13 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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the winner of the best actor award in the 64th national film festival 2017
|
[
"Akshay Kumar",
"Manoj Joshi",
"Akshay Kumar"
] |
{
"0": "64th National Film awards - Wikipedia 64th National Film awards Jump to : navigation , search 64th National Film Awards Awarded for Best of Indian cinema in 2016 Awarded by Directorate of Film Festivals Presented by Directorate of Film Festivals Announced on 7 April 2017 Presented on 3 May 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Official website dff.nic.in Highlights Best Feature Film Kaasav Best Non-Feature Film Fireflies in the Abyss Best Book Lata : Sur Gatha Best Film Critic G. Dhananjayan Dadasaheb Phalke Award Kasinadhuni Viswanath Most awards Allama ( 3 ) Dashakriya ( 3 ) Ventilator ( 3 ) ← 63rd National Film Awards The 64th National Film Awards was an award ceremony during which the Directorate of Film Festivals presents its annual National Film Awards to honour the best films of 2016 in the Indian cinema . The awards were announced on 7 April 2017 , and the ceremony was held on 3 May 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection process 2 Best Film Friendly State 2.1 Golden Lotus Award 3 Dadasaheb Phalke Award 4 Feature Films 5 Jury 5.1 All India Award 5.1. 1 Golden Lotus Award 5.1. 2 Silver Lotus Award 5.2 Regional Awards 6 Non-Feature Films 6.1 Jury 6.2 Golden Lotus Award 6.3 Silver Lotus Award 7 Best Writing on Cinema 7.1 Jury 7.2 Golden Lotus Award 8 Controversy 9 References 10 External links Selection process ( edit ) The Directorate of Film Festivals invited online entries for the first time on 16 January 2017 and the acceptable last date for entries was until 21 January 2017 . Feature and Non-Feature Films certified by Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January 2016 , and 31 December 2016 , were eligible for the film award categories .",
"1": "Books , critical studies , reviews or articles on cinema published in Indian newspapers , magazines , and journals between 1 January 2016 , and 31 December 2016 , were eligible for the best writing on cinema section . Entries of dubbed , revised or copied versions of a film or translation , abridgements , edited or annotated works and reprints were ineligible for the awards . For the Feature and Non-Feature Films sections , films in any Indian language , shot on 16 mm , 35 mm , a wider film gauge or a digital format , and released in cinemas , on video or digital formats for home viewing were eligible . Films were required to be certified as a feature film , a featurette or a Documentary / Newsreel / Non-Fiction by the Central Board of Film Certification . Best Film friendly State ( edit ) The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art - form through a State Government Policy . Award Name of State Citation Best Film Friendly State State of Uttar Pradesh For implementing a unique film policy , taking into account that the film medium is not only about entertainment but is also a very important vehicle of employment , social awareness and cultural development . The State 's Film Policy includes various measures to create a suitable environment , which not only invites shooting of films on a large scale in the State but also promotes other activities , which are related to various aspects of film production at the ground level , including financial incentives for filmmakers . Best Film Friendly State - Special Mention State of Jharkhand To foster the film Industry and their endeavour to give incentives to filmmakers from across India . In addition to the above , the Film Policy also provides growth opportunities to the local filmmaking talent from within the State . Golden Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Swarna Kamal All the awardees are awarded with ' Golden Lotus Award ( Swarna Kamal ) ' . Dadasaheb Phalke Award ( edit ) Introduced in 1969 , the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium , its growth and promotion .",
"2": "`` A committee consisting five eminent personalities from Indian film industry was appointed to evaluate the lifetime achievement award , Dadasaheb Phalke Award . Following were the jury members : Jury Members Manoj Kumar T.S. Nagabharana Asha Bhosle Kamal Haasan S.P. Balasubrahmanyam Name of Award Awardee ( s ) Awarded As Awards Dadasaheb Phalke Award Kasinathuni Viswanath Filmmaker Swarna Kamal , ₹ 1 million ( US $16,000 ) and a shawl Feature films ( edit ) Feature films will be awarded at All India as well as regional level . Following will be the awards given in each category : Jury ( edit ) For the Feature Film section , six committees were formed based on the different geographic regions in India . The two - tier evaluation process included a central committee and five regional committees . The central committee , headed by the director Priyadarshan , included the heads of each regional committee and five other jury members . At regional level , each committee consisted of one chief and four members . The chief and one non-chief member of each regional committee were selected from outside that geographic region . The table below names the jury members for the central and regional committees : Central Jury Priyadarshan ( Chairperson ) N. Chandra Vasant S. Sai K.J. Suresh Imo Singh Girish Mohite Deboshruti Roy Chowdhury C.V. Reddy P.C. Reddy Ashok Rane Devdas Chhottrey Northern Region : ( Bhojpuri , Dogri , English , Hindi , Punjabi , Rajasthani , Urdu ) K.J. Suresh ( Head ) Rakesh Mittal Advaita Kala Uma Maheswar Rao S.S.",
"3": "Bhakhoo Eastern Region : ( Assamese , Bengali , Oriya and North - Eastern dialects ) Shyamaprasad ( Head ) Sanjeev Hazarika Tanushree Hazarika Girish Mohite Jagora Bandyopadhyay Western Region : ( Gujarati , Konkani , Marathi ) N. Chandra ( Head ) Sanjay Pawar B. Diwakar Pramod Pawar Gopi Desai Southern Region I : ( Malayalam , Tamil ) Imo Singh ( Head ) R.S. Vimal Balaji Sakthivel Suresh Chandra Priya Krishnaswamy Southern Region II : ( Kannada , Telugu ) Vasant S. Sai ( Head ) G. Bhageeradha K.S. Ramesh H.N. Maruthi Aslam Sheikh All India Award ( edit ) Following will be the awards given : Golden Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Swarna Kamal All the awardees are awarded with ' Golden Lotus Award ( Swarna Kamal ) ' , a certificate and cash prize .",
"4": "Name of Award Name of Film Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Feature Film Kaasav Marathi Director ( s ) : Sumitra Bhave -- Sunil Sukthankar Producer ( s ) : Sumitra Bhave -- Sunil Sukthankar Mohan Agashe ₹ 250,000 / - Each Best Debut Film of A Director Alifa Bengali Director : Deep Choudhury Producer : Arman Ahmed ₹ 125,000 / - Each Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Sathamanam Bhavati Telugu Producer : V. Venkata Ramana Reddy Director : Satish Vegesna ₹ 200,000 / - Each Best Children 's Film Dhanak Hindi Director : Nagesh Kukunoor Producer : Drishyam Films ₹ 150,000 / - Each Best Direction Ventilator Marathi Rajesh Mapuskar ₹ 250,000 / - Best Animated Film Mahayodha Rama Hindi Producer : Contiloe Pictures Pvt. Ltd . Director : Rohit Vaid Animator : Deepak S.V ₹ 100,000 / - Each Silver Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Rajat Kamal All the awardees are awarded with ' Silver Lotus Award ( Rajat Kamal ) ' , a certificate and cash prize . Name of Award Name of Film Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Feature Film on National Integration Dikchow Banat Palaax Assamese Director : Sanjib Sabha Pandit Producer : Canvascope ₹ 150,000 / - Each for Best Film on Other Social Issues Pink Hindi Director : Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury Producer : Rashmi Sharma Films ₹ 150,000 / - Each Best Film on Environment / Conservation / Preservation Loktak Lairembee Manipuri Haoban Paban Kumar ₹ 150,000 / - Each Best Actor Rustom Hindi Akshay Kumar ₹ 50,000 / - Best Actress Minnaminungu -- the Firefly Malayalam Surabhi Lakshmi ₹ 50,",
"5": "000 / - Best Supporting Actor Dashkriya Marathi Manoj Joshi ₹ 50,000 / - Best Supporting Actress Dangal Hindi Zaira Wasim ₹ 50,000 / - Best Child Artist Railway Children Kannada Manohara K ₹ 50,000 / - ( Cash component to be shared ) Sahaj Paather Gappo Bengali Nur Islam Samiul Alam Kunju Daivam Malayalam Adish Praveen Best Male Playback Singer Joker ( For the song `` Jasmine E '' ) Tamil Sundarayyar ₹ 50,000 / - Best Female Playback Singer Praktan ( For the song `` Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho '' ) Bengali Iman Chakraborty ₹ 50,000 / - Best Cinematography 24 Tamil Tirru ₹ 50,000 / - Best Screenplay Screenplay Writer ( Original ) Maheshinte Prathikaaram Malayalam Syam Pushkaran ₹ 50,000 / - Best Screenplay Screenplay Writer ( Adapted ) Dashakriya Marathi Sanjay Krishnaji Patil ₹ 50,000 / - Best Screenplay Dialogues Pelli Choopulu Telugu Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam ₹ 50,000 / - Best Audiography Sound Designer Kaadu Pookkunna Neram Malayalam Jayadevan Chakka Dath ₹ 50,000 / - Best Audiography Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track Ventilator Marathi Alok De ₹ 50,000 / - Best Editing Ventilator Marathi Rameshwar S. Bhagat ₹ 50,000 / - Best Production Design 24 Tamil Subrata Chakraborthy Shreyas Khedekar Amit Ray ₹ 50,000 / - Best Costume Design Cycle Marathi Sachin Lovalekar ₹ 50,000 / - Best Make - up Artist Allama Kannada NK Ramakrishna ₹ 50,",
"6": "000 / - Best Music Direction Songs Allama Kannada Bapu Padmanabha ₹ 50,000 / - Best Music Direction Background Score Allama Kannada Bapu Padmanabha ₹ 50,000 / - Best Lyrics Praktan ( For the song `` Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho '' ) Bengali Anupam Roy ₹ 50,000 / - ( Cash Component To Be Shared ) Dharma Durai ( For the song `` Entha Pakkam '' ) Tamil Vairamuthu Best Special Effects Shivaay Hindi Naveen Paul ₹ 50,000 / - Best Choreography Janatha Garage Telugu Raju Sundaram ₹ 50,000 / - Best Stunt Choreographer Pulimurugan Malayalam Peter Hein ₹ 50,000 / - Special Jury Award Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol Janatha Garage Pulimurugan Malayalam Telugu Malayalam Mohanlal ₹ 200,000 / - Special Mention Kadvi Hawa Hindi Producer : Eleeanora Images Private Ltd . Director : Nila Madhab Panda Certificate only Mukti Bhawan Hindi Producer : Red Carper Moving Pictures Director : Shubhashish Bhutiani Mukti Bhawan Hindi Adil Hussain ( Actor ) Neerja Hindi Sonam Kapoor ( Actress ) Regional awards ( edit ) National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India . Awards for the regional languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India . Awardees included producers and directors of the film . No films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible .",
"7": "Name of Award Name of Film Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Feature Film in Assamese Maj Rati Keteki Producer : Udara Films Director : Santwana Bardoloi ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Bengali Bisarjan Producer : M / s Opera Director : Kaushik Ganguly ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Gujarati Wrong Side Raju Producer : Cineman Productions Ltd . Director : Mikhil Musale ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Hindi Neerja Producer : Fox Star Studios India Pvt. Ltd . Director : Ram Madhvani ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Kannada Reservation Producer : Thotadamane Director : Nikhil Manjoo ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Konkani K Sera Sera - Ghodpachem Ghoddtelem Producer : de Goan Studio Director : Rajiv Shinde ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Malayalam Maheshinte Prathikaaram Producer : Dream Mill Cinemas and Entertainment Pvt. Ltd .",
"8": "Director : Dileesh Pothan ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Marathi Dashkriya Producer : Rangneel Creations Director : Sandeep Bhalachandra Patil ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Tamil Joker Producer : Dream Warrior Pictures Director : Raju Murugan ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Telugu Pelli Choopulu Producer : Dharamapatha Creations Director : Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified In the Schedule VIII of the Constitution Name of Award Name of Film Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Producer Director Best Feature Film in Moran Haanduk Mayamara Production Jaicheng Jai Dohutia ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Feature Film in Tulu Madipu Aastha Production Chetan Mundadi ₹ 100,000 / - Each Non-Feature films ( edit ) Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary / newsreel / fiction are eligible for non-feature film section . Jury ( edit ) A committee of seven , headed by Raju Mishra , was appointed to evaluate the Non-Feature Films entries . The jury members were : Raju Mishra ( Chairperson ) Ashok Sharan M.C. Rajanarayanan M. Maniram Sanjeev Ratan Preethi Tripathi Sushmit Ghosh Golden Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Swarna Kamal All the awardees are awarded with ' Golden Lotus Award ( Swarna Kamal ) ' , a certificate and cash prize . Name of Award Name of Film Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Non-Feature Film Fireflies in the Abyss English Producer : Chandrasekhar Reddy Director : Chandrasekhar Reddy ₹ 100,000 / - Each Best Director in Non-Feature Film Aaba ... Aiktaay Na ?",
"9": "Marathi Producer : Shri Mahalasa Productions Ponda Director : Aaditya Jambhale ₹ 150,000 / - to the Director Silver Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Rajat Kamal All the Awardees are awarded with ' Silver Lotus Award ( Rajat Kamal ) ' and cash prize . Name of Award Name of Film Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best First Non-Feature Film SOZ . A Ballad of Maladies Hindi Producer : Rajiv Mehrotra , PSBT Director : Tushar Madhav & Sarvnik Kaur ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Biographical Film / Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film Zikr Us Parivaksha : Begum Akhtar Urdu Producer : Snageet Natak Akademi Director : Nirmal Chander ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Arts / Cultural Film In the Shadow of Time The Lord of the Universe English Producer : Indira Gandhi National Center for Arts Director : Shankhajeet Dey Producer : Shibu Prusty Director : Shibu Prusty ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) Best Environment Film including Best Agricultural Film The Tiger Who Crossed The Line English Producer : Krishnendu Bose Director : Krishnendu Bose ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) Best Promotional Film Weaves of Maheshwar Hindi , English Producer : Storyloom Films Director : Keya Vaswani & Nidhi Kamath ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Film on Social Issues I am Jeeja Sanath English Hindi Producer : Rajiv Mehrotra Director : Swaty Chakraborty Producer : Priya Arun Director : Vasanth S. Sai ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film The Water Fall English Producer : Syed Sultan Ahmed Director : Lipika Singh Darai ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Exploration / Adventure Film Matitle Kusti Telugu & English Producer : Madhavi Reddy Director : Prantik Vivek Deshmukh ₹ 50,",
"10": "000 / - Each Best Investigative Film Placebo English Producer : Archana Fadke Director : Abhay Kumar ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Animation Film Hum Chitra Banate Hai Hindi Producer : IDC , IIT MUmbai Director : Nina Sabnani Animator : Piyush Varma And Shyam Sundar Chatterjee ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Short Fiction Film Aaba English Producer : Raj Kumar Gupta Director : Amar Kaushik ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Film on Family Welfare Little Magician English Producer : Syed Sultan Ahmed Director : Neha Sharma ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Cinematography Kalpvriksha Adnyat Hindi English Cameraman : Alpesh Nagar Cameraman : Vishal Sangwai ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best Audiography In Return Just A Book English Ajith Abraham George ₹ 50,000 / - Best Editing Gudh English Jishu Sen ₹ 50,000 / - Best Music Direction Leeches Hindi , English Tanuj Tiku ₹ 50,000 / - Best Narration / Voice over Makino English Setsu Makino Togawa ₹ 50,000 / - Each Special Jury Award The Cinema Travellers English Producer : Shirley Abraham Director : Shirely Abraham ₹ 50,000 / - Each Special Mention Chembai : Descoperire A Mei Unai Legende Chembai My discovery of a legend ( Documentary ) English Soumya Sadanandan Certificate Sikar Aru Sitkar Assamese Ramesh Borah and Sibanu Borah Certificate The Eyes of Darkness English Amitabh Parashar Certificate Best On Location - Sound Recordist Remembering Kurdi English Christopher Bhurchell ₹ 50,000 / - Each Best writing on cinema ( edit ) The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art - form through publication of books , articles , reviews etc .",
"11": "Jury ( edit ) A committee of three , headed by the National Award - winning writer Bhavana Somaya was appointed to evaluate the nominations for the best writing on Indian cinema . The jury members were as follows : Bhavana Somaya ( Chairperson ) Mohan V. Raman Prabhat Kumar Golden Lotus Award ( edit ) Official Name : Swarna Kamal All the awardees are awarded with the Golden Lotus Award ( Swarna Kamal ) accompanied with a cash prize . Name of Award Name of Book Language Awardee ( s ) Cash Prize Best Book on Cinema Sur Gatha Hindi Author : Yatindra Mishra Publisher : Vani Prakashan ₹ 75,000 / - Each Best Film Critic NA English G. Dhananjayan ₹ 75,000 / - Special Mention A Fly in the Curry English Author : K.P. Jayashankar & Anjali Monteiro Certificate Only Controversy ( edit ) There was controversy over the National Film Award for Best Actor , which the committee awarded to Akshay Kumar for his performance in Rustom , snubbing Aamir Khan 's performance for Dangal . Committee member Priyadarshan , who has worked with Kumar on several films , gave the following explanation for awarding Kumar instead of Khan : Why should we have given the Best Actor award to Aamir Khan when he has made it very clear that he does n't attend awards functions ? If he does n't want to accept the honour , what is the point in honouring him ? Nowadays , we have seen people returning their awards . We did n't want to take that risk . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Notice for inviting tender for Hiring of Event Management Agency for 64th National Film Awards Ceremony 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call for entries ; 64th National Film Awards for 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ National Film Awards 2016 Jump up ^ `` 17th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) .",
"12": "Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 38 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 64th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 64th National Film Awards 2017 : Why Akshay Kumar 's win is a fiasco for once prestigious honour '' . Firstpost. 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forget Akshay Kumars national award win . How many of THESE actors deserved it ? '' . India Today . 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Awards complete winner list : Aamir Khan and Dangal face a royal snub ! '' . Catch News . 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chauhan , Gaurang ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` 3 revelations made by Priyadarshan on Akshay Kumar , Aamir Khan and National Film Awards that stumped us '' . Bollywood Life . ^ Jump up to : `` Priyadarshan on Akshay 's National Award : Why honour Aamir when he does n't accept it ? '' . Hindustan Times . 8 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official Page of the 64th National Film Awards , Directorate of Film Festivals , India National Film Awards Archives ( hide ) National Film Awards Directorate of Film Festivals Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Cinema of India Special Award Dadasaheb Phalke Award Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Feature Film Best Director Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Best Children 's Film Best First Film of a Director Best Animated Film Silver Lotus Awards Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Child Artist Best Music Direction Best Male Playback Singer Best Female Playback Singer",
"13": "Best Lyrics Best Production Design Best Audiography Best Choreography Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Editing Best Make - up Best Screenplay Best Special Effects Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation Best Film on Family Welfare Best Film on National Integration Best Film on Other Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Silver Lotus Awards ( Regional ) Assamese Bodo Bengali English Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Bhojpuri Khasi Kodava Kokborok Mishing Mizo Monpa Rabha Sherdukpen Tulu Wancho Discontinued Awards Second Best Feature Film Third Best Feature Film Best Story Non-Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Non-Feature Film Best Director Silver Lotus Awards Best First Film of a Director Best Audiography Best Cinematography Best Editing Best Music Direction Best Narration / Voice Over Best Agriculture Film Best Animation Film Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film Best Arts / Cultural Film Best Biographical Film Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film Best Exploration / Adventure Film Best Film on Family Welfare Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film Best Investigative Film Best Promotional Film Best Scientific Film Best Short Fiction Film Best Film on Social Issues Special Jury Award / Special Mention Discontinued Awards",
"14": "Best Experimental Film Best Filmstrip Best Industrial Film Best News Review Best Newsreel Cameraman Writing on Cinema Golden Lotus Awards Best Book on Cinema Best Film Critic Special Awards Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Book on Cinema ) Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Film Critic ) Awards by year 1953 -- 1960 1953 ( 1st ) 1954 ( 2nd ) 1955 ( 3rd ) 1956 ( 4th ) 1957 ( 5th ) 1958 ( 6th ) 1959 ( 7th ) 1960 ( 8th ) 1961 -- 1980 1961 ( 9th ) 1962 ( 10th ) 1963 ( 11th ) 1964 ( 12th ) 1965 ( 13th ) 1966 ( 14th ) 1967 ( 15th ) 1968 ( 16th ) 1969 ( 17th ) 1970 ( 18th ) 1971 ( 19th ) 1972 ( 20th ) 1973 ( 21st ) 1974 ( 22nd ) 1975 ( 23rd ) 1976 ( 24th ) 1977 ( 25th ) 1978 ( 26th ) 1979 ( 27th ) 1980 ( 28th ) 1981 -- 2000 1981 ( 29th ) 1982 ( 30th ) 1983 ( 31st ) 1984 ( 32nd ) 1985 ( 33rd ) 1986 ( 34th )",
"15": "1987 ( 35th ) 1988 ( 36th ) 1989 ( 37th ) 1990 ( 38th ) 1991 ( 39th ) 1992 ( 40th ) 1993 ( 41st ) 1994 ( 42nd ) 1995 ( 43rd ) 1996 ( 44th ) 1997 ( 45th ) 1998 ( 46th ) 1999 ( 47th ) 2000 ( 48th ) 2001 -- present 2001 ( 49th ) 2002 ( 50th ) 2003 ( 51st ) 2004 ( 52nd ) 2005 ( 53rd ) 2006 ( 54th ) 2007 ( 55th ) 2008 ( 56th ) 2009 ( 57th ) 2010 ( 58th ) 2011 ( 59th ) 2012 ( 60th ) 2013 ( 61st ) 2014 ( 62nd ) 2015 ( 63rd ) 2016 ( 64th ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=64th_National_Film_Awards&oldid=821074213 '' Categories : National Film Awards ( India ) 2017 Indian film awards Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using infobox film awards with the award org parameter Pages using infobox film awards with the presenting org parameter Pages using infobox film awards with the best book parameter Pages using infobox film awards with the best critic parameter Pages using infobox film awards with the lifetime achievement parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 ,",
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who won every men's biathlon event in the 2002 winter olympics
|
[
"Ole Einar Bjørndalen",
"Norway",
"Ole Einar Bjørndalen",
"Ole Einar Bjørndalen",
"Ole Einar Bjørndalen"
] |
{
"0": "Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Biathlon at the XIX Olympic Winter Games Andrea Nahrgang competing at Soldier Hollow at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Venue Soldier Hollow Dates 9 - 20 February No. of events 8 Competitors 190 from 34 nations ← 1998 2006 → Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics Individual men women Sprint men women Pursuit men women Relay men women Frode Andresen competing at Soldier Hollow at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Jeremy Teela competing at Soldier Hollow at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics consisted of eight biathlon events . They were held at Soldier Hollow . The events began on 11 February and ended on 20 February 2002 . For the first time since 1992 , the biathlon program expanded . A new race type , the pursuit was added , the first new race type since the debut of the sprint in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal summary 1.1 Medal table 1.2 Men 's events 1.3 Women 's events 2 Participating nations 3 See also 4 References Medal summary ( edit ) Seven nations won medals in biathlon , with Germany winning the most ( 3 gold , 5 silver , 1 bronze ) , while Norway led the medal table with 4 gold medals . These four all involved Ole Einar Bjørndalen , who won each of the three men 's individual events , as well as participating in the gold - medal winning relay team . Kati Wilhelm was the most successful athlete in the women 's competition , taking two golds and a silver .",
"1": "Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 0 6 Germany ( GER ) 5 9 Russia ( RUS ) 0 France ( FRA ) 0 5 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 0 6 Austria ( AUT ) 0 0 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 0 0 Total 8 8 8 24 Men 's events ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Individual details Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway 51 : 03.3 Frank Luck Germany 51 : 39.4 Viktor Maigourov Russia 51 : 40.6 Sprint details Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway 24 : 51.3 Sven Fischer Germany 25 : 20.2 Wolfgang Perner Austria 25 : 44.4 Pursuit details Ole Einar Bjørndalen Norway 32 : 34.6 Raphaël Poirée France 33 : 17.6 Ricco Groß Germany 33 : 30.6 Relay details Norway ( NOR ) Halvard Hanevold Frode Andresen Egil Gjelland Ole Einar Bjørndalen 1 : 23 : 42.3 Germany ( GER ) Ricco Groß Peter Sendel Sven Fischer Frank Luck 1 : 24 : 27.6 France ( FRA ) Gilles Marguet Vincent Defrasne Julien Robert Raphaël Poirée 1 : 24 : 36.6 Women 's events ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Individual details Andrea Henkel Germany 47 : 29.1 Liv Grete Skjelbreid - Poirée Norway 47 : 37.0 Magdalena Forsberg Sweden 48 : 08.3 Sprint details Kati Wilhelm Germany 20 : 41.4 Uschi Disl Germany 20 : 57.0 Magdalena Forsberg Sweden 21 : 20.",
"2": "4 Pursuit details Olga Pyleva Russia 31 : 07.8 Kati Wilhelm Germany 31 : 13.1 Irina Nikulchina Bulgaria 31 : 15.9 Relay details Germany ( GER ) Katrin Apel Uschi Disl Andrea Henkel Kati Wilhelm 1 : 27 : 55.8 Norway ( NOR ) Ann - Elen Skjelbreid Linda Tjørhom Gunn Margit Andreassen Liv Grete Skjelbreid - Poirée 1 : 28 : 26.4 Russia ( RUS ) Olga Pyleva Galina Kukleva Svetlana Ishmouratova Albina Akhatova 1 : 29 : 20.5 Participating nations ( edit ) Thirty - four nations sent biathletes to compete in the events . Below is a list of the competing nations ; in parentheses are the number of national competitors . Chile and Croatia made their Olympic debuts in the sport , with one athlete each . Argentina ( 2 ) Austria ( 5 ) Belarus ( 11 ) Bulgaria ( 5 ) Canada ( 1 ) Chile ( 2 ) China ( 5 ) Croatia ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 10 ) Estonia ( 4 ) Finland ( 9 ) France ( 10 ) Great Britain ( 4 ) Germany ( 11 ) Greece ( 2 ) Hungary ( 3 ) Italy ( 10 ) Japan ( 8 ) Kazakhstan ( 2 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 1 ) South Korea ( 2 ) Latvia ( 5 ) Lithuania ( 2 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Norway ( 9 ) Poland ( 5 ) Romania ( 4 ) Russia ( 11 ) Slovenia ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 4 ) Slovakia ( 6 ) Sweden ( 5 ) Ukraine ( 11 ) United States ( 8 ) See also ( edit ) Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Paralympics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Salt Lake City 2002 Official Report - Volume 1 '' ( PDF ) . Salt Lake Organizing Committee . LA84 Foundation .",
"3": "2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Official Olympic Report Biathlon at the Winter Olympics Military patrol 1924 1928 ( demonstration ) 1932 1936 ( demonstration ) 1948 ( demonstration ) 1952 1956 Biathlon 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Events at the 2002 Winter Olympics ( Salt Lake City ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross ‐ country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biathlon_at_the_2002_Winter_Olympics&oldid=833021314 '' Categories : 2002 in biathlon 2002 Winter Olympics events Biathlon at the Winter Olympics Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics Biathlon competitions in the United States Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 19 . About Wikipedia",
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when did brent barry won the dunk contest
|
[
"1996",
"1996",
"1996",
"1996",
"1996"
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{
"0": "Brent Barry - wikipedia Brent Barry Jump to : navigation , search Brent Barry Barry in December 2005 ( 1971 - 12 - 31 ) December 31 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Hempstead , New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Listed weight 209 lb ( 95 kg ) Career information High school De La Salle ( Concord , California ) College Oregon State ( 1990 -- 1995 ) NBA draft 1995 / Round : 1 / Pick : 15th overall Selected by the Denver Nuggets Playing career 1995 -- 2009 Position Shooting guard Number 31 , 17 Career history 1995 -- 1998 Los Angeles Clippers 1998 Miami Heat 1999 Chicago Bulls 1999 -- 2004 Seattle SuperSonics 2004 -- 2008 San Antonio Spurs 2008 -- 2009 Houston Rockets Career highlights and awards 2 × NBA champion ( 2005 , 2007 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 1996 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1996 ) First - team All - Pac - 10 ( 1995 ) Career statistics Points 8,488 ( 9.3 ppg ) Rebounds 2,780 ( 3.0 rpg ) Assists 2,892 ( 3.2 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Brent Robert Barry ( born December 31 , 1971 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . He is the son of former NBA player Rick Barry . The 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) , 210 lb ( 95 kg ; 15 st ) shooting guard played professionally in the National Basketball Association , winning two championships with the San Antonio Spurs . He also won the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest . Barry now works as a sports commentator for NBA on TNT and is a studio host for the NBA TV show NBA Gametime .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 NBA career 2.1 Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 2.2 Miami Heat ( 1998 ) 2.3 Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) 2.4 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2.5 San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) 2.6 Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 3 Post-playing career 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Personal life ( edit ) Barry , born in Hempstead , New York , is the son of Hall of Famer Rick Barry , and was arguably the best player of the five basketball - playing Barry sons , the others being Scooter , Jon , Drew , and Canyon . His stepmother , Lynn Barry , also was an accomplished basketball player in college . Brent , the second youngest , played his high school basketball at athletic powerhouse De La Salle High School in Concord , California , and graduated in 1990 . Barry played four years on the Beavers basketball team of Oregon State University after redshirting his freshman season . Barry graduated from Oregon State with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1995 . Brent and Erin Barry were married in 1998 , after being together from the time they were both in high school . They have two sons . In 2010 , it was reported that Brent Barry had filed for divorce , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . In December 2010 Erin Barry issued a statement denying the reports about an extra-marital affair being the cause of their separation . The divorce became final on January 5 , 2011 , in Texas ; they have joint custody of the children . NBA career ( edit ) Brent Barry was selected by the Denver Nuggets in the first round ( 15th pick ) of the 1995 NBA draft , but was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers on draft night in a 4 - player trade with Rodney Rogers for the No. 2 overall pick in the draft ( Antonio McDyess ) and Randy Woods .",
"2": "Barry was generally considered a good passer and had three seasons where he averaged more than 5 assists per game . Barry was also a strong three - point shooter ; he currently ranks 13th all - time in career three - point field goals made and shot 40 % from behind the arc for his career . These two strengths , combined with Barry 's 6'7 '' frame , allowed him to play a variety of positions , including point guard , shooting guard , and small forward ; because he was taller than most traditional point guards , he was often considered a point forward when he was running the offense . He was on the San Antonio Spurs championship teams in 2005 and 2007 . He won the Slam Dunk Contest in the NBA All - Star Weekend in 1996 with a Julius Erving - inspired slam dunk in which he took off from the free throw line to sail in and dunk one - handed . He was the first caucasian player to win the competition . Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) After being drafted by the Denver Nuggets , Barry was traded immediately to the Los Angeles Clippers . In his rookie season , Brent made 123 3 - pointers , which broke the current rookie record . There Brent would average 10.4 ppg and 38 % 3 - pt field goal in 179 games . In his second season , he and the Clippers attempted a playoff run where Brent would average 11.7 ppg , his highest in the postseason . The Clippers only played in 3 games ( one series ; 1996 - 1997 ) during the postseason while Barry was there . Miami Heat ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Barry was traded to the Miami Heat the day before the February 20th trade deadline from Los Angeles for Isaac Austin . In Miami , Barry would only play 17 games , not starting any of the games , averaging only 4.1 ppg . Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Barry signed with the Bulls on January 25 , 1999 and signed a 6 - year $27 million contract . After sustaining an injury , he played only 37 of the 50 games played that season , starting 30 of those games , averaging 11.1 ppg .",
"3": "Failing to fill the void of a Jordan-less Bulls , the team traded Brent for Hersey Hawkins and James Cotton from Seattle on August 12 , 1999 . Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) Brent spent 4 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics . Brent would begin his Seattle career as a back - up for fellow Oregon State alumnus Gary Payton . He would eventually move to play the point position as a starter , and filled in when needed as a small forward . There he would average 11.2 ppg , make 669 3 - point shots , and start the majority of his NBA career ( 296 out of 328 games ) , and total 4,107 points . In Seattle he would play 10 postseason games , starting 8 of those , the most in his career thus far . San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) In the summer of 2004 , Barry was signed as a free agent by the San Antonio Spurs , where he spent most of the season as a backup . After losing their first playoff game to the Denver Nuggets in the 2005 NBA Playoffs , San Antonio inserted Barry into the starting lineup . The Spurs ' new lineup helped them beat the Nuggets in the series four games to one . Later in those same playoffs , Barry earned his first championship ring when the Spurs defeated the Detroit Pistons in the 2005 NBA Finals . Brent and his father , Rick Barry , are the second father - son duo to each win an NBA Championship as a player ; the first was Matt Guokas , Sr. and his son Matt Guokas , Jr ... The only other father - son duos are Bill Walton and his son Luke Walton , and Mychal Thompson and his son Klay Thompson . In June 2007 , he won his second NBA championship ring when the Spurs swept the Cleveland Cavaliers 4 -- 0 . In January 2008 , Barry tore his right calf muscle . On February 20 , 2008 , ( not too long after his injury ) Barry , along with Francisco Elson and a 2009 first round draft pick , were traded by the San Antonio Spurs back to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for forward / center Kurt Thomas . Barry was waived the following day by the Sonics .",
"4": "After a mandatory 30 - day waiting period , he re-signed with San Antonio on March 24 , 2008 for 1 year with the possibility for the 2009 -- 2010 season at Veteran Minimum . Coming off of injury Barry did not see very much playing time in the first 2 rounds of the 2008 NBA Playoffs . Barry would shine against the Lakers in the Western Conference finals , however , getting 23 points in Game 4 , with a controversial no - call foul with 2 seconds on the clock . The Spurs would lose the series in 5 games , however . San Antonio provided Barry with the most playoff experience ( 71 games ) of his career . He totaled 356 3 - point shots made and 1,888 points . Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Barry opted out of his contract and became a free agent on July 1 , 2008 . On July 10 , Barry signed a 2 - year contract with the Houston Rockets , becoming the third member of the family to join the franchise . His father , Rick , ended his career playing two seasons with the Rockets ( 1978 -- 80 ) and his older brother , Jon , also finished his career with the Rockets , playing from 2004 -- 06 . Financial terms were not released . On October 23 , 2009 , Brent Barry 's career ended when he was cut by the Rockets at the end of training camp , leading Barry to later remark that `` all the Barrys were buried in Houston '' . Post-playing career ( edit ) In 2013 , Barry began making regular appearances on NBA TV 's The Starters in his own segment : The Bone Zone .",
"5": "NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Barry won an NBA championship Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1995 -- 96 L.A. Clippers 79 44 24.0 . 474 . 416 . 810 2.1 2.9 1.2 . 3 10.1 1996 -- 97 L.A. Clippers 59 0 18.5 . 409 . 324 . 817 1.9 2.6 . 9 . 3 7.5 1997 -- 98 L.A. Clippers 41 36 32.7 . 428 . 400 . 844 3.5 3.2 1.2 . 6 13.7 1997 -- 98 Miami 17 0 15.2 . 371 . 353 1.000 1.6 1.2 . 8 . 2 4.1 1998 -- 99 Chicago 37 30 31.9 . 396 . 302 . 772 3.9 3.1 1.1 . 3 11.1 1999 -- 00 Seattle 80 74 34.1 . 463 . 411 . 809 4.7 3.6 1.3 .",
"6": "4 11.8 2000 -- 01 Seattle 67 20 26.5 . 494 . 476 . 816 3.1 3.4 1.2 . 2 8.8 2001 -- 02 Seattle 81 81 37.5 . 508 . 424 . 846 5.4 5.3 1.8 . 5 14.4 2002 -- 03 Seattle 75 68 33.1 . 458 . 403 . 795 4.0 5.1 1.5 . 2 10.3 2003 -- 04 Seattle 59 53 30.6 . 504 . 452 . 827 3.5 5.8 1.4 . 3 10.8 2004 -- 05 † San Antonio 81 8 21.5 . 423 . 357 . 837 2.3 2.2 . 5 . 2 7.4 2005 -- 06 San Antonio 74 5 17.0 . 452 . 396 . 661 2.1 1.7 . 5 . 4 5.8 2006 -- 07 † San Antonio 75 28 21.7 . 475 . 446 . 880 2.1 1.8 . 7 . 2 8.5 2007 -- 08 San Antonio 31 17.9 . 481 . 429 . 950 1.8 1.7 . 5 . 1 7.1 2008 -- 09 Houston 56 15.3 . 407 . 374 . 950 1.7 1.4 .",
"7": "4 . 1 3.7 Career 912 449 25.9 . 460 . 405 . 823 3.0 3.2 1.0 . 3 9.3 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1997 L.A. Clippers 0 28.0 . 407 . 455 . 889 2.3 3.3 1.3 . 0 11.7 2000 Seattle 5 31.0 . 364 . 400 . 714 2.6 3.0 . 6 . 6 8.4 2002 Seattle 5 5 29.8 . 412 . 438 1.000 4.6 2.8 . 6 . 8 7.8 2005 † San Antonio 23 8 24.1 . 457 . 424 . 810 2.4 1.9 . 7 . 2 6.1 2006 San Antonio 13 23.2 . 557 . 500 . 762 2.5 1.7 . 7 . 2 7.8 2007 † San Antonio 19 0 11.8 . 350 . 306 1.000 1.3 1.1 . 2 . 1 3.1 2008 San Antonio 16 0 14.2 . 491 . 463 . 800 1.1 1.1 . 4 . 1 5.2 2009 Houston 0 8.8 . 500 . 375 .",
"8": "000 1.0 . 8 . 5 . 0 3.3 Career 88 18 19.7 . 446 . 416 . 802 2.0 1.7 . 5 . 2 5.8 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houston Rockets waive G Brent Barry Jump up ^ `` Brent Barry joins NBA TV 's studio analyst crew '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . NBA.com , 2 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Brent Barry bio '' . NBA . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Erin Barry stands up for kids , a comfy home court , true love ( and basketball ) '' San Antonio Woman , July -- August 2006 Jump up ^ `` Two married Spurs couples are calling it quits '' Archived December 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . KENS5.com San Antonio , 17 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Erin Barry : ' I Did Not Have an Affair With Tony Parker ' '' Archived December 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . OK magazine , 3 December 2010 Jump up ^ `` Eva Longoria 's First Words on Her Divorce '' Extra TV , 17 November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Tony Parker 's Mistress Erin Barry '' Archived December 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . USA News Buzz , 19 November 2010 Jump up ^ Chris Baker ( October 3 , 1995 ) . `` Rookie Guard Brent Barry Signs Three - Year Deal With Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solomon : Rockets ' Budinger proves he belongs in dunking event Jump up ^ `` Brent Barry : A White Man That Can Jump '' `` Bleacher Report '' ,",
"9": "11 June 2010 ^ Jump up to : Brent Barry Signs with Clippers ^ Jump up to : Brent Barry Traded to Heat Jump up ^ Brent Barry Signs with Bulls ^ Jump up to : Brent Barry Signs with Sonics Jump up ^ Spurs re-sign veteran guard Barry just over a month after trading him to Seattle Jump up ^ Barry signs with Houston , is third family member to play for Rockets ^ Jump up to : Brent Barry Signs with Rockets External links ( edit ) Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Links to related articles 1995 NBA draft First round Joe Smith Antonio McDyess Jerry Stackhouse Rasheed Wallace Kevin Garnett Bryant Reeves Damon Stoudamire Shawn Respert Ed O'Bannon Kurt Thomas Gary Trent Cherokee Parks Corliss Williamson Eric Williams Brent Barry Alan Henderson Bob Sura Theo Ratliff Randolph Childress Jason Caffey Michael Finley George Zidek Travis Best Loren Meyer David Vaughn Sherell Ford Mario Bennett Greg Ostertag Cory Alexander Second round Lou Roe Dragan Tarlać Terrence Rencher Junior Burrough Andrew DeClercq Jimmy King Lawrence Moten Frankie King Rashard Griffith Donny Marshall Dwayne Whitfield Erik Meek Donnie Boyce Eric Snow Anthony Pelle Troy Brown George Banks Tyus Edney Mark Davis Jerome Allen Martin Lewis Dejan Bodiroga Fred Hoiberg Constantin Popa Eurelijus Žukauskas Michael McDonald Chris Carr Cuonzo Martin Don Reid San Antonio Spurs 2004 -- 05 NBA champions 2 Mohammed 3",
"10": "Robinson 4 Marks 5 Horry 8 Nesterović 9 Parker 11 Wilks 12 Bowen 14 Udrih 17 Barry 20 Ginóbili 21 Duncan ( Finals MVP ) 23 Brown 34 Massenburg 43 Johnson Head coach Popovich Assistant coaches Carlesimo Budenholzer Newman Regular season Playoffs San Antonio Spurs 2006 -- 07 NBA champions 2 Ely 4 Finley 5 Horry 7 Oberto 9 Parker ( Finals MVP ) 11 Vaughn 12 Bowen 14 Udrih 15 Bonner 16 Elson 17 Barry 20 Ginóbili 21 Duncan 33 White 45 Butler Head coach Popovich Assistant coaches Carlesimo Budenholzer Engelland Brown Newman Regular season Playoffs Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard",
"11": "2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell NBA on TNT Related programs Inside the NBA Shaqtin ' a Fool NBA on TBS NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship commentators NBA Awards Related articles Ratings NBA TV NBA 07 Commentators Play - by - play Marv Albert Brian Anderson Gary Bender Tim Brando Mike Breen Kevin Calabro Skip Caray Matt Devlin Jim Durham Kevin Harlan Jim Huber Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge Brent Barry Rick Barry Hubie Brown P.J. Carlesimo Rex Chapman Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . Mike Fratello Jack Givens Grant Hill Steve Kerr Kevin McHale Reggie Miller Doc Rivers Steve Smith John Thompson Jeff Van Gundy Dick Versace Chris Webber Sideline reporters David Aldridge Rosalyn Gold - Onwude Lewis Johnson Allie LaForce Kristen Ledlow Cheryl Miller Pam Oliver Craig Sager Marty Snider Tracy Wolfson Studio hosts Vince Cellini Marc Fein Ernie Johnson Jr .",
"12": "Bob Lorenz Casey Stern Matt Winer Studio analysts Charles Barkley Magic Johnson Lisa Leslie Kevin McHale Shaquille O'Neal Gary Payton Kenny Smith Reggie Theus Isiah Thomas NBA Drafts 1997 1998 All - Star Game 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Lore Music Christmas Day NBA outdoor games Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brent_Barry&oldid=832883643 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people American men 's basketball players American people of Lithuanian descent Basketball players from California Basketball players from New York ( state ) Chicago Bulls players Denver Nuggets draft picks Houston Rockets players Los Angeles Clippers players Miami Heat players Oregon State Beavers men 's basketball players People from Hempstead ( village ) , New York San Antonio Spurs players Seattle SuperSonics players Shooting guards Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 14 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the point in a rugby scrum
|
[
"restarting play after a minor infringement",
"a means of restarting play after a minor infringement",
"restarting play after a minor infringement",
"restarting play after a minor infringement"
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{
"0": "Scrum ( rugby union ) - wikipedia Scrum ( rugby union ) Jump to : navigation , search For a scrum in rugby league , see Scrum ( rugby ) . A scrum in an England versus Scotland international In rugby union a scrum is a means of restarting play after a minor infringement . It involves up to eight players from each team , known as the pack or forward pack , binding together in three rows and interlocking with the free opposing teams forwards . At this point the ball is fed into the gap between the two forward packs and they both compete for the ball to win possession . Teams can be penalised for intentionally causing the scrum to collapse , and for not putting the ball into the scrum correctly . A scrum is most commonly awarded when the ball is knocked forward , or passed forward , or when a ball becomes trapped in a ruck or maul . Because of the physical nature of scrums , injuries can occur , especially in the front row . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Infringements 3 Players 4 Awarding 5 Safety 6 History 6.1 The scrum in the professional era 6.2 More recent scrum law changes 7 See also 8 Bibliography 9 Notes and references Overview ( edit ) Diagram showing the relative body positions of the players in a Rugby union scrum . To prepare for a scrum , each team 's eight forwards ( referred to as the pack or forward pack ) bind together in three rows -- the front row , second row and back row . The front row is composed of the two props and the hooker . To the left is the loosehead prop with the hooker in the middle , and the tighthead prop on the right ( jersey numbers one , two and three ) . The `` tighthead '' prop , number three , earns that name as his head and shoulders sits between the hooker and the loosehead prop of the opposing side , meaning he sits in a `` tighter '' scrum position . The loosehead prop , by contrast , has one shoulder open to the outside of the scrum , and so is in a `` looser '' scrum position . The three bind together tightly and there is no gap between the hooker and either prop .",
"1": "According to the laws of the game ; `` When a player binds on a team - mate that player must use the whole arm from hand to shoulder to grasp the team - mate 's body at or below the level of the armpit . '' Failing to bind properly results in a penalty , and the opposition team being awarded a free kick . The two second row forwards ( jersey numbers four and five ) bind together and directly behind the front row with each putting their heads between the props and the hooker . They are more commonly referred to as locks as they `` lock '' the scrum . Lastly the back row is made up of the two flankers and the number eight . The flankers bind on each side of the scrum -- next to a lock and behind a prop . Generally the number seven flanker is referred to as the openside flanker , and with the number six flanker as the blindside flanker . `` Openside '' and `` blindside '' refer to the wide and narrow side of the pitch respectively , as scrums usually occur closer to one of the touchlines than the other . The openside flanker 's job is to get to the next ruck or maul as quickly as possible , so they will usually bind on that side . The number 8 binds behind the two locks , with his / her head between them . To form a scrum the two forward packs approach to within an arms length of each other . The referee gives the command crouch and the opposing front rows then crouch so that their backs are parallel to the ground and their head and shoulders are no lower than their hips . Then the referee calls bind and `` using their outside arm each prop binds onto the point of the opposing prop 's outside shoulder . '' This command is to ensure that the two front rows are not too far apart . Finally the referee then says set ( this is not a command , but rather permission to the front rows to engage ) and the two front rows come together . When this happens both front rows thrust forward with the tighthead props heads going between the opposing hooker and loosehead prop . The props then bind by gripping the back or side of the opposing prop 's jersey .",
"2": "The scrum - half from the team that has possession ( referred to as having the feed or put in ) then throws the ball in the gap formed between the two front rows , from the side where the hooker of his team is closest . This gap is called the tunnel . With the ball in the tunnel the two hookers ( and sometimes the props ) compete for possession by trying to hook the ball backwards with their feet , while the entire pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards . The side that wins possession usually transfers the ball to the back of the scrum -- which is done with their feet . Once at the back it is picked up either by the number 8 , or by the scrum - half . From here the ball is in play and the player with possession will either run , pass or kick the ball . On other occasions the forwards will hold the ball in the scrum and try to push the opposition backwards . Infringements ( edit ) There are a large number of rules regarding the specifics of what can and can not be done during a scrum . This is mainly for safety reasons , because if a scrum is not conducted properly there is a greater chance of injury . Much of the rules regard behaviour of the front row . Front rowers must engage square on , rather than bore in on an angle . The tight - head prop doing this limits the movement of the opposing hooker . As well , a loose - head prop pushing into the opposition tight - head prop 's chest causing their body to pop out of the scrum . Both infringements are punished with penalties . Front - rowers are also banned from twisting their bodies , pulling opponents , or doing anything that might collapse the scrum . They must not push an opponent in the air . Finally , the back row must remain bound until the ball has left the scrum . For flankers , this means keeping one arm , up to the shoulder , in contact with the scrum . The no . 8 must have both hands touching the scrum until the scrum has ended . Other rules regard the scrum - halves and how they throw in the ball . The scrum must be stable , stationary and parallel to the goal - lines when they feed the ball ; otherwise a free kick is awarded to the non-offending team .",
"3": "If the scrum is acceptable then the scrum - half must feed the ball into the scrum without delay . The referee will often warn a team and if the warning is not heeded the opposition is awarded a free kick . The ball must be fed into the middle of the tunnel with its major axis parallel to the ground and touchline . The ball must be thrown in quickly and in a single movement -- this means that a feed can not be faked . Once the ball has left the hands of the scrum - half the scrum has begun . Players ( edit ) The front row are usually the stockiest members of the scrum . Hookers are normally smaller than props so they may manoeuvre their lower bodies within the tight confines of the front row and tunnel . Props and locks both need to be strong , but the positions differ in their main criteria for selection . Since props are more directly involved in wrestling for position and channelling the drive forward , strength and weight are of prime importance for them . Strength is also important for locks , since they also push ; however , height is more important for them than it is for front - row players . Locks are virtually always the tallest players on the team ; they are used as the primary contestants for possession in another phase of the game , the line - out . Flankers and the number 8 do less of the pushing in the scrum , and need more speed , because their task is to quickly tackle or cover the opposing half - backs if the opposition wins the scrum . Approximately 40 % of the power of the scrum is produced in the front row itself . In most professional teams the forward pack weighs at least 800 kg ( 1764 lbs ) . Awarding ( edit ) A scrum is awarded in a number of situations . The most common is if the ball has been knocked on ( knocked forward ) or passed forward . The two other major times when a scrum is called for is when someone is accidentally offside ; or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of it being retrieved . The scrum feed goes to the team that did not offend , except in the case of the ball being trapped in a ruck or maul .",
"4": "In this situation the feed is awarded to the team that was `` going forward '' -- that is , the team that had the forward momentum at the ruck . If the ball is held up at a maul , the scrum is awarded to the team not in possession when the maul started . If a penalty is awarded for a more serious offence , the team to which it is awarded may elect to have a scrum rather than take a penalty kick or free kick . This is usually happens when the attacking team is close to the opposition 's goal - line , and wants to occupy all the opposition 's forwards in one area to give the backs more space . They may also think they can force the scrum over the goal - line and score a `` pushover '' try . A pushover try can occur the instant the ball touches the goal line . This is because a scrum is defined in the Laws of the Game to only exist within the field of play and not within the in - goal . Hence as soon as the ball reaches the line , the scrum ceases to exist and any player can ground the ball without risking a penalty for `` handling in the scrum '' . Pushover tries are rare , however , because scrums are awarded a minimum of five metres ( 16.4 ft ) from either goal - line , and either touchline . This means for a pushover try to occur , the scrum must be forced several metres in one direction without collapsing . Safety ( edit ) Scrums are one of the most dangerous phases in rugby , since a collapse or improper engage can lead to a front row player damaging or even breaking his neck . For this reason , only trained players may play in the front row to help avoid injuries . If a team is without sufficient specialist front row players , for example because of injury or sin - binning , all scrums may be `` uncontested scrums '' . In this situation , the packs engage , but do not push , and the team that still puts the ball into the scrum must win it without effort . Teams use a Scrum machine to train players . Recently , a leading consultant surgeon in the UK has called for the ban of contested scrums , asserting they are too dangerous .",
"5": "There is very significant support for contested scrums however -- former England hooker Brian Moore argued that `` You would change the whole nature of the game and it would no longer be a game for all shapes and sizes as it is , uniquely , today . '' History ( edit ) A scrum in rugby sevens Like many aspects of rugby union , the scrum has evolved since the sport 's invention . Many of the rules regarding the scrum have been changed . These changes have not always had the desired long - term effect , as many have been changed quite frequently . Originally there was no distinction between an awarded or scrum and a loose scrum ( today known as a ruck ) . The side awarded the scrum had one player put the ball on the ground and let go of it ; there was no requirement of a tunnel . The onside line was dictated by the ball ; so players were required to remain behind it . A scrum would most commonly be awarded when a stalemate occurred between the player with the ball , who would declare `` held '' , and opposition holding him , who would call `` Have it down '' . The early rules did not draw a clear distinction between players in or out of a scrum , and did not require players in the scrum to bind . The early rules of rugby , even after re-codification as `` Laws of the Rugby Union '' , said the object of players in the scrum was to kick the ball towards their opponents ' goal line . This provision remained in the laws for approximately 20 years after practice had changed in the late 19th century . For a long time players did not have specific positions within a scrum . They adopted the `` first up , first down '' down method , with the first players to a scrum packing down in the front row and the rest of the forwards filling the remaining positions . Although the 1905 All Blacks are often credited with introducing specialised scrum positions , the 1888 - 1889 New Zealand Native football team had in fact practised this . As well , Thomas Ellison , one of the Natives , invented the 2 - 3 - 2 scrum formation . This seven man scrum was very popular in New Zealand until being outlawed in 1932 .",
"6": "The extra man available because he was not in the scrum was called a wing forward and his job was to feed the ball into the scrum . Wing forwards were frequently accused of obstructing the opposing scrum - half , and this contributed to the International Rugby Football Board , later known as the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) and now as World Rugby ( WR ) , outlawing a two - man front row . Until the second half of the 20th century there were many configurations of scrum ; including 3 - 2 - 3 , 3 - 4 - 1 and 3 - 3 - 2 . The 1906 Springboks became `` the first national team to utilize the 3 - 4 - 1 formation '' . South Africans credit Springbok Fairy Heatlie for developing the 3 - 4 - 1 formation in 1901 at the Villagers Rugby Club in Cape Town , fellow Villager Paddy Carolin for applying it on the 1906 South African tour of Britain , and Stellenbosch coach `` Oubaas Mark '' Markötter for perfecting it afterwards . Under Markötter 's instigation , and that of his protegé Danie Craven , South Africa had by 1949 perfected the 3 - 4 - 1 scrum formation . The hooker bound very loosely , and could swing his body so that he could get his feet to the ball as soon as it was fed into the scrum . The two locks would not push on the hooker , but their props , to make this easier . This made it very difficult for the opposition to get anywhere near the ball before it was hooked to the back of the scrum . It was at this time the terms loosehead and tighthead entered rugby terminology . Ever since the team feeding the ball has had a significant advantage , and won their own ball much more frequently . In the 1960s rule changes were introduced to try and limit the effect the loose forwards were having on back play . There was no obligation to bind to a scrum for flankers at this time .",
"7": "The offside line was dictated by the position of the ball even when it was in the scrum , and so when it emerged at the back of the scrum the scrum - half would often find the opposition flankers and scrum - half arriving with it . The new offside line became the hindmost foot of the scrum . Only the opposition scrum - half could move forward of that point , and all flankers had to stay bound unless they remained behind the hindmost foot of the scrum . Another rule change introduced allowed the number 8 or the rear-most bound forward to detach from a scrum with the ball , previously it could only be retrieved by the scrum - half . The scrum in the professional era ( edit ) Around 1996 , the All Blacks came up with a strategy where their pack would push at the same time the hooker would strike for the ball . This not only meant they got the hooked ball , but also the opposition had to retreat to stay onside . Eventually , other teams found out what the All Blacks were doing and copied them . Referees stopped enforcing the straight feed into the scrum , and as a result scrum - halves started feeding the ball further on their side of the scrum . Opposing hookers gave up trying to hook for the ball and instead focused on adding power to the pack 's drive . This turned the scrum from a hooking and pushing contest into one of power pushing , which led to a rise in collapsed scrums . In 2007 the scrum law was amended to a four - step , `` crouch '' , `` touch '' , `` pause '' , `` engage '' process in an attempt to control scrum engagement . Prior to this , there was no obligation for each prop to touch the opposing props shoulder , and the distance between the two front rows was often larger . The new rule fixed the distance between the front rows and as a result cut the force of impact from the engagement . The reason for the rule change was to reduce the number of serious neck injuries to front rowers . The IRB made further changes to the laws in 2009 in an attempt to eliminate uncontested scrums .",
"8": "Beginning in the 2007 -- 08 season , the IRB sanctioned a trial of the following new rules in France : Matchday squads would be increased from the standard 22 to 23 , with two props and one hooker required among the substitutes . If a team lost all of their available front - row substitutes , uncontested scrums would take place , but with that team having to play with 14 players instead of 15 , eliminating any possible advantage of uncontested scrums . In the last season before the trial ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 145 matches in the country 's three top divisions ( Top 14 , Pro D2 , and Fédérale 1 ) ended with uncontested scrums . In 2007 -- 08 , only two matches out of 994 in the same divisions finished with uncontested scrums . In July 2009 , the IRB authorised all of its member unions to adopt these changes in competitions that they completely control , and also allowed these changes in transnational club and provincial competitions ( such as the Magners League and Super 14 ) with the permission of all unions involved . More recent scrum law changes ( edit ) In March 2013 , former England hooker Brian Moore wrote a scathing article on the BBC website about the state of scrums , in which he outlined his concerns that the rule changes had made things worse instead of better . Starting with the 2012 -- 13 rugby season , the IRB issued trial law amendments , one of which affected the call sequence . The referee continued to start with `` crouch '' and `` touch , '' but then issued the command `` set , '' which replaced `` engage '' as the indication that the packs may push forward . `` Pause '' was removed in order to speed up the scrum and to minimize resets due to collapsed scrums . As of the 2013 -- 14 rugby season , the calls were changed to crouch , bind and set . This change required the props to bind before the pack is allowed to push , reducing the impact between the two packs when they engage . The IRB stated that this change was expected to reduce the impact `` by up to 25 per cent in elite competition . ''",
"9": "In addition to changes in how the scrum is set , the IRB asked referees to renew their focus on the existing law , particularly preventing pushes before the ball is in and ensuring that the ball is fed in straight . More recently , World Rugby announced that starting in 2017 -- 18 , it would conduct a worldwide trial of changes to the scrum law as part of a larger trial of law changes . These changes will be used for at least a year before WR decides on whether to make them permanent . The scrum - half must still throw the ball in straight , but is allowed to align his or her shoulder on the middle line of the scrum . This will allow the scrum - half to stand on his or her own side of the middle line . Once the ball touches the ground , any front - row player -- not just the hookers -- may contest possession . The number 8 may pick the ball up once it reaches the feet of the second - row players . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scrum ( rugby ) . Line - out Playing rugby union Rugby union positions Bibliography ( edit ) Verdon , Paul ( 2000 ) . Born to Lead : The Untold Story of the All Black Test Captains . Auckland , New Zealand : Celebrity Books . ISBN 1 - 877252 - 05 - 0 . Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Forming a scrum '' . bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Law 20 - Scrum '' . planetrugby.com. 22 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ This is not universally true , some teams operate a left and right flanker rather than openside and blindside . Jump up ^ `` Scrum Law changes '' . irb.com. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Rees , Paul ( 20 March 2013 ) .",
"10": "`` Props say urgent scrum reform is needed before the game is ruined '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Feeding the scrum '' . bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hooking the ball '' . bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The laws of scrummaging '' . bbc.co.uk. 14 September 2005 . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . Jump up ^ this is when a player who is offside can not prevent themselves being touched by a team mate or the ball -- for example when retreating onside following another phase of play , Jump up ^ Haylen , Paul ( 2004 ) . `` Spinal injuries in rugby union , 1970 -- 2003 : lessons and responsibilities '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 181 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 50 . PMID 15233614 . Jump up ^ `` England seeks scrum rule change '' . bbc.co.uk. 2006 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rees , Paul ( 2006 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Hampson injury prompts move towards uncontested scrums '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 2006 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Is this the final collapse for the rugby scrum ? '' . London : telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 262 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 263 . ^ Jump up to : Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 266 . Jump up ^ Nauright , John ( 1997 ) . Sport , cultures and identities in South Africa ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . London ( u.a. ) : Leicester Univ . Press . p. 42 .",
"11": "ISBN 9780718500498 . Jump up ^ Carolin , Harold William ( 1990 ) . Lappe Laubscher ; Gideon Nieman , eds . The Carolin papers : a diary of the 1906 / 07 Springbok tour . Pretoria : Rugbyana . pp. 34 -- 35 . ISBN 9780620145015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Tim ( 2009 ) . Players : 250 Men , Women and Animals Who Created Modern Sport . Random House . ISBN 9780224082778 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 267 . Jump up ^ Verdon ( 2000 ) , pg 269 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Brian ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` What 's gone wrong with the scrum ? '' . Jump up ^ `` IRB to introduce new scrum law '' . tvnz.co.nz. 2006 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` IRB happy with new scrummage laws '' . taipeitimes.com. 2007 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` IRB act on uncontested scrums '' . Scrum.com. 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.irblaws.com/2012/index.php?amendment=21 Jump up ^ `` Crouch - Bind - Set Training '' . irblaws.com . International Rugby Board . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New scrum laws : Fewer collapses this season , says Wayne Barnes '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Six law amendments added to global trial as northern hemisphere programme gets underway '' ( Press release ) . World Rugby. 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 August 2017 .",
"12": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scrum_(rugby_union)&oldid=833694066 '' Categories : Rugby union terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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[
0,
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-5109121702669039643
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when was the first orca put in captivity
|
[
"November 1961",
"in the 1960s",
"November 1961",
"November 1961",
"November 1961"
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{
"0": "Captive killer whales - wikipedia Captive killer whales Jump to : navigation , search An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) http://theorcaproject.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/keltie-byrne-coroner-inquest-5pg.pdf Triggered by \\ bfiles \\. wordpress \\. com \\ b on the global blacklist Orca show at Sea World San Diego Killer whales were first captured live and displayed in exhibitions in the 1960s , soon becoming popular attractions at public aquariums and aquatic theme parks due to their intelligence , trainability , striking appearance , playfulness in captivity and sheer size . As of September , 2016 , there are 56 orcas in captivity worldwide , 33 of which are captive - born . The practice of keeping killer whales in captivity has become controversial .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Orcas 2 Capture and breeding 2.1 North Eastern Pacific captures 2.2 Icelandic captures 2.3 North Western Pacific captures 2.4 Killer whales born in captivity 3 Captivity locations 3.1 SeaWorld 3.2 Miami Seaquarium 3.3 Marineland Canada 3.4 Marineland ( Antibes ) 3.5 Loro Parque 3.6 Mundo Marino 3.7 Other marine exhibitions 4 Captivity conditions 4.1 Tank size and water conditions 4.2 Nutrition and medical care 4.3 Training 5 Issues with captivity 5.1 Disease and lifespan 5.2 Dorsal fin collapse 5.3 Attacks on humans 5.4 Aggression between captive orcas 5.5 Early pregnancy and related issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Orcas ( edit ) Main article : Killer whale Transient orcas near Unimak Island , eastern Aleutian Islands , Alaska The killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) is the largest species of the Dolphin family . The species is found in all the world 's oceans , from the frigid Arctic and Antarctic regions to warm , tropical seas . Killer whales are intelligent , versatile and opportunistic predators . Some populations feed mostly on fish , and other populations hunt marine mammals , including sea lions , seals , walruses , large whales and some species of shark . They are considered an apex predator , having no natural predators in their environment . There are up to five distinct killer whale types , some of which may be separate races , subspecies or even species . Killer whales are highly social ; some populations are composed of matrilineal family groups , which are the most stable of any animal species . The sophisticated social behavior , hunting techniques , and vocal behavior of killer whales have been described as manifestations of culture . Although killer whales are not an endangered species , some local populations are considered threatened or endangered due to pollution by PCBs , depletion of prey species , captures for marine mammal parks , conflicts with fishing activities , acoustic pollution , shipping vessels , stress from whale - watching boats , and habitat loss .",
"2": "Capture and breeding ( edit ) Killer whales are large , active and intelligent . Males range from 6 to 9.7 m ( 20 to 32 ft ) and weigh over 8 tonnes ( 8.8 tons ) , while females range from 5 to 7 m ( 16 to 23 ft ) and weigh 3 to 5 tonnes ( 3.3 to 5.5 tons ) . It is extremely difficult to capture killer whales and to provide a healthy environment for the captives . Early attempts in the 1960s caused many injuries and deaths . However , with experience the teams who specialized in the business became more adept and post-capture survival rates improved . Live captures peaked in the early 1970s , but have become increasingly rare as the marine parks have learned how to maintain theme park populations through captive breeding and artificial insemination . North Eastern Pacific captures ( edit ) The dorsal fin and saddle patch of a killer whale known as Sonora or sometimes Holly ( A42 ) of the Northern Resident Orcas The first captured North Eastern Pacific killer whale ( Wanda ) was caught in November 1961 by a collecting crew from Marineland of the Pacific in Los Angeles . The 5.2 m ( 17 ft ) orca was placed in a tank at the aquarium , where she repeatedly crashed into the walls . She died the following day . The next killer whale captured , Moby Doll , had been harpooned and shot in 1964 and survived for three months when brought back for display to Vancouver , British Columbia . The third capture for display occurred in June 1965 when William Lechkobit found a 22 - foot ( 6.7 m ) male orca in his floating salmon net that had drifted close to shore near Namu , British Columbia . The killer whale was sold for $8,000 to Ted Griffin , a Seattle public aquarium owner . Named after his place of capture , Namu was the subject of a film that changed some people 's attitudes toward orcas . During the 1960s and early 1970s , nearly 70 killer whales were taken from Pacific waters for exhibition . The Southern Resident community of the Northeast Pacific lost 48 of its members to captivity . By 1976 , only 80 killer whales were left in the community , which remains endangered .",
"3": "With subsequent captures , the theme parks learned more about avoiding injury during capture and subsequent care of killer whales , and discovered that they could be trained to perform tricks , making them a great attraction to visitors . As commercial demand increased , growing numbers of Pacific orcas were captured , peaking in 1970 . A turning point came with a mass capture of orcas from the L - 25 pod in August 1970 at Penn Cove , Puget Sound off the coast of Washington . The Penn Cove capture became controversial due to the large number of wild killer whales that were taken ( seven ) and the number of deaths that resulted : four juveniles died , as well as one adult female who drowned when she became tangled in a net while attempting to reach her calf . In his interview for the CNN documentary Blackfish , former diver John Crowe told how all five of the whales had their abdomen slit open and filled with rocks , their tails weighted down with anchors and chains , in an attempt to conceal the deaths . The facts surrounding their deaths were discovered three months later after three of the dead whales washed ashore on Whidbey Island . Public concern about the welfare of the animals and the impact of captures on the wild pods led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act being passed in 1972 by the US Congress , protecting orcas from being harassed or killed , and requiring special permits for capture . Since then , few wild orcas have been captured in Northeastern Pacific waters . Lolita , originally known as Tokitae , was a survivor of the Penn Cove captures . She was about six years old at time of capture and is now the oldest captive killer whale . Lolita is the subject of the documentary Lolita : Slave to Entertainment , released in 2008 . Various groups still argue that Lolita should be released into the wild . Icelandic captures ( edit ) Keiko is weighed as he is loaded into his specially made transport tank at the Oregon State Aquarium , on September 9 , 1998 . When the US Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 effectively stopped the capture of Pacific orcas , exhibitors found an area more tolerant of killer whale captures in Iceland . Icelandic herring fishermen had traditionally seen killer whales as competitors for their catch , and sale of live killer whales promised a large new source of income .",
"4": "48 live killer whales captured in Icelandic waters were exported to marine parks between 1976 and 1988 . The capture process was based on luring the orcas by dumping leftovers from herring fishing in front of the pod , capturing the killer whales in a purse seine net , selecting desirable animals and hauling them on board in a specially designed frame , then placing them in foam - lined boxes full of seawater . However , restrictions on US killer whale import permits and advances in captive breeding programs meant that the market never became as large as expected . Growing concern from conservationists and animal rights activists has caused the Icelandic government to limit the number of orcas that may be captured each year . Perhaps the best known of the Icelandic captives is Keiko , caught in 1979 and sold to the Icelandic aquarium in Hafnarfjörður . Three years later , he was sold to Marineland Canada , where he first started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health . He was then sold to Reino Aventura ( now named Six Flags Mexico ) , an amusement park in Mexico City , in 1985 . He was the star of the 1993 movie Free Willy , the publicity from which led to an effort by Warner Brothers Studio to find him a better home . Using donations from the studio , Craig McCaw the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport , Oregon spent over $7 million to construct facilities to return him to health with the hope of returning him to the wild . He was airlifted to his new home in January 1996 , where he soon regained weight . In September 1998 , he was flown to Klettsvik Bay in Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland , and gradually reintroduced to the wild , returning to the open sea in July 11 , 2002 . Keiko died from pneumonia in December 12 , 2003 at the age of 27 years . He had become lethargic and had a loss of appetite . North western Pacific captures ( edit ) 1,477 killer whales were hunted in Japanese waters between 1948 and 1972 , 545 of them around Hokkaido . Killer whale encounters in Japanese waters are now rare .",
"5": "In 1997 a group of ten killer whales was corralled by Japanese fisherman banging on iron rods and using water bombs to disorient the animals and force them into a bay near Taiji , Wakayama . They were held in the bay for two days before being auctioned to Japanese marine parks . Five animals were released , and the other five transported via road or sea to the aquariums . All five are dead . The first live killer whale captured in Russia was an 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) - long female estimated to be about six years old , captured off the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka district on September 26 , 2003 . She was transferred over 7,000 miles ( 11,000 km ) to a facility owned by the Utrish Dolphinarium on the Black Sea , where she died in October 2003 after less than a month in captivity . Killer whales born in captivity ( edit ) The majority of today 's theme - park killer whales were born in captivity : 33 out of 56 . Kalina , a female orca born in September 1985 at SeaWorld Orlando , was the first captive orca calf to survive more than two months . Kalina 's mother is an Icelandic female named Katina , and her father , Winston ( also known as Ramu III ) , was a Pacific Southern Resident , making Kalina an Atlantic / Pacific hybrid -- a unique situation that would not have occurred in the wild . The first killer whale conceived through artificial insemination was Nakai who was born to Kasatka at the SeaWorld park in San Diego in September 2001 . A female killer whale named Kohana , the second killer whale conceived in this manner , was born at the same park eight months later . Artificial insemination lets park owners maintain a healthier genetic mix in the small groups of killer whales at each park while avoiding the stress of moving killer whales for breeding purposes . The practice of exhibiting killer whales born in captivity is less controversial than of retaining free - born orcas , since the captive - born orcas have known no other world and may not be able to adapt to life in the wild . Captive breeding also promises to reduce incentives to capture wild orcas .",
"6": "However , in January 2002 the Miami Seaquarium stated that captive orcas are dying faster than they are being born , and as it is virtually impossible to obtain orcas captured from the wild , the business of exhibiting captive orcas may eventually disappear . Captivity locations ( edit ) Corky II , a female orca performing at SeaWorld , San Diego , California As of September 29 , 2016 , orcas in 13 facilities in North and South America , Europe and Asia provide entertainment for theme park visitors . Building the physical infrastructure of the parks requires major capital expenditure , but as the star attractions the orcas are arguably the most valuable and irreplaceable assets . SeaWorld ( edit ) Main article : SeaWorld SeaWorld is a chain of marine mammal parks in the United States and is the largest owner of captive killer whales in the world . The parks feature killer whale , sea lion , and dolphin shows and zoological displays featuring various other marine animals . The parks ' icon is Shamu , the orca . Parks include : SeaWorld San Diego , San Diego , California ; home of Corky II , Orkid , Ulises , Nakai , Kalia , Ikaika , Keet , Shouka , Makani , and Amaya SeaWorld Orlando , Orlando , Florida ; home of Katina , Trua , Nalani , Kayla , Malia , and Makaio SeaWorld San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas ; home of Kyuquot , Tuar , Takara , Sakari , and Kamea There was also a fourth park named SeaWorld Ohio , but the park closed in 2001 . The killer whale show at the Miami Seaquarium starring Lolita . Miami Seaquarium ( edit ) Main article : Miami Seaquarium The Miami Seaquarium is an aquarium located on Virginia Key in Biscayne Bay near downtown Miami , Florida . A subsidiary of the privately held Wometco Enterprises , the Seaquarium was the first major marine park attraction in South Florida , opening in 1955 . In addition to marine mammals , the Miami Seaquarium houses fish , sharks , sea turtles , birds and reptiles . It is home to Lolita ( aka Tokitae ) , the oldest killer whale in captivity .",
"7": "Marineland Canada ( edit ) Main article : Marineland ( Ontario ) Marineland is a privately held themed amusement and animal exhibition park in the city of Niagara Falls , Ontario , Canada . Owing to its proximity to the falls and other natural park areas and its blend of animal attractions and rides , it is one of the main tourist destinations in Niagara Falls , in Ontario , Canada . It currently only holds Kiska . Marineland ( Antibes ) ( edit ) Main article : Marineland ( Antibes ) Marineland is an animal exhibition park in Antibes , France , founded in 1970 . It receives more than 1,200,000 visitors per year , and is the only French sea park featuring two cetacean species : killer whales and dolphins . The park is a subsidiary of Parques Reunidos , a Spanish group with properties in Europe , Argentina and the US . It currently holds Inouk ( M ) , Wikie ( F ) , Moana ( M ) , and Keijo ( M ) and owns Shouka ( F ) , who is at SeaWorld San Diego . Loro Parque ( edit ) Main article : Loro Parque Loro Parque ( Spanish for `` parrot park '' ) is a zoo located on the outskirts of Puerto de la Cruz on Tenerife . The park has the world 's largest indoor penguin exhibition , the longest shark tunnel in Europe , and is one of only two parks in Europe to house killer whales . In February 2006 , Loro Parque received four young killer whales ; two males , Keto ( born in 1995 ) and Tekoa ( born in 2000 ) , and two females , Kohana ( 2002 ) and Skyla ( 2004 ) on loan from SeaWorld . Sea World has sent its own professionals , including trainers , curators & veterinarians , to supplement the staff at Loro Parque . In 2004 and 2005 , before the killer whales were brought to Loro Parque , eight animal trainers from the park were sent to Sea World parks in Texas and Florida for training . However , only half of these trainers are currently employed in Orca Ocean , Loro Parque 's facility for the killer whales . None of the subsequent employees hired have been sent to Sea World parks for training .",
"8": "On December 24 , 2009 , orca trainer Alexis Martinez , age 29 , was killed during a Christmas show rehearsal when he was attacked by one of the killer whales , presumably Keto , resulting in his drowning . He had worked at Loro Parque since 2004 . From this date the trainers no longer enter the water with the orcas during live shows . In December of 2017 , SeaWorld announced that the orcas they loaned to Loro Parque now belonged to the Spanish amusement park . Mundo Marino ( edit ) Main article : Mundo Marino Mundo Marino , located south of Buenos Aires in the coastal town of San Clemente del Tuyú , Argentina , is the largest aquarium in South America . Mundo Marino is home to one male killer whale , Kshamenk , that was stranded , or force - stranded , in 1992 . Kshamenk is estimated to have been around 4 1 / 2 years old when captured . Other marine exhibitions ( edit ) Kamogawa SeaWorld , Kamogawa , Chiba , Japan ; home of Lovey , Lara , Earth , and Luna Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium , Nagoya , Aichi , Japan ; home of Ran II , Stella , and Lynn Moskvarium , Moscow , Russia ; home of Narnia , Nord , and Juliet TINRO Center , Vladivostok , Russia ; home of three - four unnamed orcas , one male and two females Chimelong Ocean Kingdom , Henqin , Zhuhai , China ; home of four unnamed orcas , two of which are male , the other two are unknown genders It is unknown where TIN - OO - C1306 currently resides , he / she may be with Chimelong Ocean Kingdom , the TINRO Center , or at another park . Captivity conditions ( edit ) Tank size and water conditions ( edit ) Legal requirements for tank size vary greatly from country to country . In the US , the minimum enclosure size is set by the Code of Federal Regulations , 9 C.F.R. 3.104 , under the Specifications for the Humane Handling , Care , Treatment , and Transportation of Marine Mammals .",
"9": "In 9 CFR 3.104 , Table III classifies killer whales as Group I cetaceans with an average length of 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) . Based on length , Table I states up to two killer whales may be held in a pool with a minimum horizontal dimension ( the diameter of a circular pool of water ) of twice that length or 48 feet ( 15 m ) and a minimum depth of 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , giving a minimum volume of 21,700 cubic feet ( 615 m ) for two killer whales . Each additional killer whale requires a pool with an additional 10,900 cubic feet ( 308 m ) of volume . 9 CFR 3.104 also requires a minimum of 680 square feet ( 63 m ) surface area per killer whale in Table IV ( the example with a cylindrical tank 48 feet ( 15 m ) in diameter for two whales provides 905 square feet ( 84.1 m ) of surface area per killer whale ) . Swiss regulations require a larger minimum volume : 400 square metres ( 4,300 sq ft ) × 4 metres ( 13 ft ) deep for two killer whales , or 1,600 cubic metres ( 57,000 cu ft ) . The Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums ( AMMPA ) goes further , and recommends 1,918 cubic metres ( 67,700 cu ft ) for two killer whales . The US exhibitors of captive killer whales belong to the AMMPA , but exhibitors in other countries do not . The tanks in most marine parks are considerably larger than the minimum sizes required by regulations . However , the Miami Seaquarium has been criticized for the small size of the tank holding their sole killer whale , Lolita , which is less than two of her body lengths wide at any point . Building a new tank would be costly and there is little prospect of replacing the aging Lolita . Nutrition and medical care ( edit ) On average , an adult killer whale in the wild may eat about three to four percent of their body weight daily , or as much as 227 kg ( 500 lb ) of food for a six - ton male .",
"10": "Their diet in the wild depends on what is available , and may include fish , walruses , seals , sea lions , penguins , squid , sea turtles , sharks and whales . According to SeaWorld , each of their adult orcas receives 140 to 240 pounds of food per day , primarily herring , capelin , salmon and mackerel . To maintain their alertness , the killer whales are fed at sporadic intervals throughout the day ( as would happen in the wild ) and feeding is often combined with training and shows . Each batch of fish is carefully tested to determine its nutritive composition , and each killer whale 's weight , activity and health is carefully monitored to determine any special dietary requirements . Killer whales have been the subject of extensive medical research since their first capture , and much is known about prevention and treatment of the common viral and bacterial infections , including vaccination and use of antibiotics and other medicines . Allometric principles and therapeutic drug monitoring are used to accurately determine the doses and avoid toxicity . Training ( edit ) Whales are trained using a system of reward ( called `` positive reinforcement '' by trainers ) by giving the killer whale food or other reinforcement when they are successful , and withholding it when they are not . Secondary reinforcement -- things not essential to life , such as play time , tactile rewards and fun games -- can also be used as rewards . Issues with captivity ( edit ) The practice of keeping killer whales in captivity is controversial , and organizations such as World Animal Protection and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society campaign against the captivity of killer whales . Orcas in captivity may develop physical pathologies , such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 80 -- 90 % of captive males . The captive environment bears little resemblance to their wild habitat , and the social groups that the killer whales are put into are foreign to those found in the wild . Critics claim that captive life is stressful due to small tanks , false social groupings and chemically altered water . Captive killer whales have been observed acting aggressively toward themselves , other killer whales , or humans , which critics say is a result of stress . Disease and lifespan ( edit ) The lifespan of killer whales in captivity versus wild killer whales is disputed . Several studies published in scientific journals show that the average mortality rate for captive killer whales is approximately three times higher than in the wild .",
"11": "A 2015 study in the Journal of Mammalogy , authored by SeaWorld 's vice-president of theriogenology , Todd Robeck , concluded that the life expectancy for killer whales born at SeaWorld is the same as those in the wild . In the wild , female killer whales have a typical lifespan of 60 -- 80 years , and a maximum recorded lifespan of 103 years . The average lifespan for males in the wild is 30 years , but some live up to 50 -- 60 years . The 2015 study has been criticised by Trevor Willis , senior lecture in marine biology at the University of Portsmouth , who stated that the study is misleading , `` clearly wrong '' and indicative of `` poor practice '' . He stated that it is misleading in two ways : `` First , it compares two completely different circumstances : the controlled environment of a swimming pool , with highly trained vets on hand ; and the wild ocean . `` There are no predators in a swimming pool . Second , and in the absence of any other information , it appears they 've looked at the survival rate of calves in the first two years of life and extrapolated it out 50 years into the future . '' He also stated that no captive orca has lived for 55.8 years , the recorded average life expectancy of adult orcas at SeaWorld . SeaWorld San Antonio 's 14 - year - old Taku , born in captivity , died suddenly on October 17 , 2007 . Trainers were notified that Taku had been acting differently a week before his death . The necropsy determined that Taku had died from a sudden case of pneumonia , a common illness among captive orcas . It was also discovered that Taku was infected by the West nile virus , transmitted by mosquitos . The shallowness of orca tanks forces orcas to spend a lot of time at the surface . So much time at the surface leads to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet ( UV ) rays . Prolonged exposure to the surface and UV rays is attributed to sunburns and the development of cataracts in orcas in captivity . Orcas in the wild would live at higher latitudes , meaning less intense sun , and spend more time in deeper , darker waters .",
"12": "While it is uncertain the effects of prolonged UV exposure to orcas ' skin , since captive orca necropsies are extremely secretive , it seems logical that prolonged exposure to UV rays on unprotected skin would have the same negative effects such as melanoma ( skin cancer ) on orcas as it does on humans . The original Namu developed a bacterial infection which damaged his nervous system , causing him to become nonresponsive to people . During his illness he charged full - speed into the wire mesh of his pen , thrashed violently for a few minutes and then died . Dorsal fin collapse ( edit ) This male ( Tilikum ) , at SeaWorld Orlando , had a collapsed dorsal fin . Most captive male killer whales , and some females , have a dorsal fin that is partially or completely collapsed to one side . Several hypotheses exist as to why this happens . A dorsal fin is held erect by collagen , which normally hardens in late adolescence . Scientists from the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) have reported that `` the collapsed dorsal fins commonly seen in captive killer whales do not result from a pathogenic condition , but are instead thought to most likely originate from an irreversible structural change in the fin 's collagen over time . Possible explanations for this include : ( 1 ) alterations in water balance caused by the stresses of captivity dietary changes , ( 2 ) lowered blood pressure due to reduced activity patterns , or ( 3 ) overheating of the collagen brought on by greater exposure of the fin to the ambient air . '' According to SeaWorld 's website , another reason for the fin to bend may be the greater amount of time that captive whales spend at the surface , where the fin is not supported by water pressure . The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society says that dorsal fin collapse is largely explained by captive killer whales swimming in small circles due to the inadequate space in which they have to swim . SeaWorld , however , claims that `` Neither the shape nor the droop of a whale 's dorsal fin are indicators of a killer whale 's health or well - being . '' Collapsed or collapsing dorsal fins are rare in most wild populations and usually result from a serious injury to the fin , such as from being shot or colliding with a vessel . After the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill , the dorsal fins of two male resident killer whales who had been exposed to the oil collapsed , and the animals subsequently died .",
"13": "In 2002 , the dorsal fin of a stranded killer whale showed signs of collapse after three days but regained its natural upright appearance as soon as the orca resumed strong normal swimming upon release . It has been reported that seven out of the 30 ( 23 % ) wild adult male killer whales from New Zealand waters have bent dorsal fins , though this figure includes a variety of dorsal fin abnormalities , including rippled or twisted fins , in addition to simple one - sided collapse . The New Zealand study noted that , in addition to the high prevalence of dorsal fin deformities , two of the 30 adult males in this population also had prolific body scarring that was consistent with bite marks from other killer whales . The prevalence of dorsal fin deformities is 4.7 % among adult male orcas in British Columbia and 0.57 % in Norway . Amongst the well - studied wild killer whales off the coast of British Columbia , the total rate of dorsal fin collapse is around 1 % . Attacks on humans ( edit ) Main article : Orca attacks on humans Two recorded instances include a boy charged while swimming in Helm Bay ( in southeast Alaska ) and orcas trying to tip ice floes on which a dog team and photographer of the Terra Nova Expedition were standing . In the case of the boy in Alaska , the boy was splashing in a region frequented by harbor seals , leading to speculation that the killer whales misidentified him as prey and aborted their attack . In the case of the Terra Nova expedition , there is speculation that the seal - like barking of the sled dogs may have triggered the killer whales ' hunting curiosity . Killer whales in the wild , however , are much less likely to attack people than are their captive counterparts , who have been known to attack either their handlers or intruders . Following one such attack on a trainer in 2006 , ABC News reported that captive killer whales have attacked nearly two dozen people since the 1970s . Studies of killer whales in the wild have identified at least two categories , based on their territorial range . Those living in a limited area , such as Puget Sound or the Strait of Juan de Fuca , are termed `` resident '' whales , while `` transient '' whales roam the oceans at will .",
"14": "These `` transient '' types have to be more aggressive , in order to assert themselves in a wide range of territories and to prey on a variety of different species . This increased aggressiveness does not disappear in captivity . Furthermore , captivity itself has been asserted to aggravate aggressive behavior , resulting in a `` cetacean equivalent of anxiety disorder . '' Captive killer whale attacks on humans seem to fall mostly into the categories of : biting during feeding , ramming in the water , and holding under water . Killer whales biting trainers during feeding or shows is generally the mildest form of attack seen , but can escalate to an animal dragging the trainer underwater and holding them there until they lose consciousness or drown . Trainers who have had killer whales ram into them in the water tend to suffer from a range of injuries including internal bleeding , broken bones , ruptured organs , and heart attack . Tilikum , a male killer whale , has been involved in the death of three individuals since his capture near Iceland in November 1983 . In 1991 , Tilikum and two other killer whales grabbed 20 - year - old trainer Keltie Byrne in their mouths and tossed her to each other , drowning Byrne . On July 5 , 1999 , Daniel P. Dukes visited SeaWorld and stayed after the park closed , evading security so as to enter a killer whale tank . He was found dead the next day , floating in Tilikum 's pool . He died due to a combination of hypothermia , trauma , and drowning but Dukes was covered in bruises , abrasions and bite marks , and his scrotum had been ripped open , indicating that Tilikum had toyed with the victim . It is unclear whether Tilikum actually caused the man 's death . On February 24 , 2010 , after a noontime performance at Sea World , Orlando , Florida , Tilikum killed trainer Dawn Brancheau during a training session with the whale . This latest incident with Tilikum reawakened a heated discussion about the effect of captivity on the killer whale 's behavior . In May 2012 , Occupational Safety and Health Administration administrative law judge Ken Welsch faulted SeaWorld for the death of Dawn Brancheau and introduced regulations requiring a physical barrier between trainers and killer whales .",
"15": "Kasatka , a female killer whale who was captured off the coast of Iceland in October 1978 at the age of one year , has shown aggression toward humans . Kasatka tried to bite a trainer during a show in 1993 , and again in 1999 . On November 30 , 2006 , Kasatka grabbed a trainer and dragged him underwater during their show . The trainer suffered puncture wounds to both feet and a torn metatarsal ligament in his left foot . On Christmas Eve of 2009 , 29 - year - old Alexis Martínez of Loro Parque , Tenerife , Spain was killed by a whale named Keto . After spending two and a half minutes at the bottom of the 12 - meter - deep main pool , his body was retrieved but he could not be revived . The park initially characterized the death as an `` accident '' and claimed that the body showed no signs of violence , but the subsequent autopsy report stated that Martinez died due to grave injuries sustained by an orca attack , including multiple compression fractures , tears to vital organs , and the bite marks of the animal on his body . During the investigation into the death of Alexis Martinez , it came to light that the park had also mischaracterized to the public a 2007 incident with Tekoa , the other male , and claimed it was also an accident rather than an attack . Aggression between captive orcas ( edit ) One infamous incident of killer whale aggression took place in August 1989 , when the dominant female Icelandic killer whale at SeaWorld San Diego , Kandu V , attempted to `` rake '' a female newcomer named Corky . Raking is a way orcas show dominance by forcefully scratching at another with their teeth . Kandu charged at Corky , attempting to rake her , missed and continued swimming into the back pool , where she ended up ramming the wall , rupturing an artery in her jaw . The crowd was quickly ushered out of the stadium . Forty - five minutes later Kandu V sank to the bottom of the pool and died . Kanduke , a male captured from T pod in British Columbia , Canada in August 1975 , often fought with a younger Icelandic male named Kotar .",
"16": "The aggression became increasingly serious , leading to an incident in which Kotar bit a part of Kanduke 's genitals and caused an infection . It is not known if such serious aggression and injury would occur in the open seas . Early pregnancy and Related issues ( edit ) Captive killer whales often give birth at a much younger age than in the wild , sometimes as young as age seven . The young mothers may have difficulty raising their offspring . The calves have a relatively low survival rate , though some have lived into adulthood . Corky ( II ) , a female from the A5 Pod in British Columbia , Canada became the first killer whale to become pregnant in captivity , giving birth on February 28 , 1977 . The calf died after 18 days . Corky went on to give birth six more times , but the longest surviving calf , Kiva , lived only 47 days . SeaWorld has attracted criticism over its continued captivity of Corky II from the Born Free Foundation , which wants her returned to the wild . A killer whale named Katina , captured near Iceland at about three years of age in October 1978 , became pregnant in early spring of 1984 at SeaWorld San Diego and gave birth in September 1985 to a female named Kalina . Although ten years was an extremely young age for a killer whale to become a mother , Kalina was the first killer whale calf to be successfully born and raised in captivity . In turn , Kalina gave birth at only seven and a half years of age to her first calf , a male named Keet . Gudrun was an Icelandic female caught in the 1970s . In 1993 , she gave birth to Nyar , a female who was both mentally and physically ill , and who Gudrun tried to drown during several shows . Nyar died from an illness a few months later . Gudrun died in 1996 from stillbirth complications . Taima is a transient / Icelandic hybrid female killer whale born in captivity to Gudrun in 1989 . Trainers believe that Gudrun 's behavior towards Nyar may have confused Taima , as she may have learned by example that this was how to raise a calf . In May 1998 , Taima gave birth to a male calf named Sumar .",
"17": "They were separated when he was about eight months old because of the aggression between them . On one occasion while performing , Taima started biting Sumar and throwing him out of the pool onto the trainer 's platform . She then slid out herself , and continued to bite him . In November 2000 , Taima gave birth to a male named Tekoa . The two were separated after only nine months due to aggression between them . On March 12 , 2007 , Taima gave birth to her third calf , Malia . Taima seemed to be a better mother this time , and no notable occurrences of aggression were reported ; this may be in part due to the fact that Kalina acted as `` aunt '' to Malia and helped Taima to look after her . Kalina was a very experienced mother and would often be kept with Malia , while Taima was given time with her mate , Tilikum . Taima died in 2010 during the birthing process of her fourth calf . The calf , fathered by Tilikum , was stillborn . Kayla , a killer whale born in captivity , gave birth to her first calf on October 9 , 2005 , a female named Halyn . Kayla rejected her calf , perhaps because she had never been exposed to a young calf before and did not know how to deal with it . Halyn was moved to a special animal care facility to be hand raised . Halyn died unexpectedly on June 15 , 2008 . On October 13 , 2010 , Kohana , an eight - year - old female killer whale , gave birth to a male calf at Loro Parque 's `` Orca Ocean '' exhibit after a four - hour labor . The calf weighed about 150 kilograms ( 330 lb ) , and was two meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) long . Kohana has yet to establish a `` maternal bond '' with her calf , forcing trainers to take the first steps in hand rearing him . The outcome of this pregnancy was not considered surprising , since Kohana was separated from her own mother , Takara , at three years of age , and was never able to learn about maternal care , compounded by the fact that she spent the formative years of her life surrounded by the three other juvenile killer whales at Loro Parque .",
"18": "See also ( edit ) List of captive orcas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Fate of Captive Orcas in 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Orcas in captivity '' . Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Balcomb , C. Kenneth ( 2000 ) . Killer whales : the natural history and genealogy of Orcinus orca in British Columbia and Washington State . Vancouver : UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0800 - 4 . Jump up ^ Glen Martin ( December 1 , 1993 ) . `` Killer Culture '' . DISCOVER Magazine . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Officials Say Orcas Threatened '' . Articles.latimes.com . March 2 , 2004 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captive killer whales '' . Jump up ^ Canada Dot Com . `` Killer whales threatened by salmon shortage '' . Article.wn.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baird , Robin W ( 2002 ) . Killer whales of the world : natural history and conservation . Stillwater , Minnesota : Voyageur Press . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 512 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Whale Netted in Newport Harbor '' . Independent - Press - Telegram Newspaper of Long Beach , California / Bob Geivet . November 19 , 1961 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Newport Specimen ' November , 1961 / Behavioral , Antatomical and Pathological Data on the ' Newport Specimen ' '' . Marineland of the Pacific Historical Society . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ `` A listing of dolphin / whale captures ... '' at pbs.org Jump up ^ WGBH Frontline : `` Edward ' Ted ' Griffin , The Life and Adventures of a Man Who Caught Killer Whales '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Heimlich , Sara and Boran , James . Killer Whales ( 2001 ) Voyageur Press , Stillwater , Minnesota . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Rose . `` Blackfish : Highlighting the plight of captive orcas '' . Aljazeera . Aljazeera Satellite Network . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Capture of Orcas '' In Kokomo . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Archived April 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Since first orca capture , views have changed '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lolita 's Life Today '' Archived February 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Orca Network . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Orca survival trumps profits , ' ownership ' '' San Juan Journal . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Free Lolita ! Bid to bring orca ' home ' heats up '' Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Icelandic live - capture fishery for killer whales 1976 -- 1988 Orca Home . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Whale of a Business '' PBS , Reproduced from `` The Performing Orca , Why the Show Must Stop '' by Erich Hoyt . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Keiko 's Story : The Timeline '' . Keiko.com . December 12 , 2003 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Free Willy Keiko Foundation '' . Keiko.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ Estes , J.A. ( 2007 ) . Whales , whaling , and ocean ecosystems . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24884 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` More Orcas Under Threat As A Cruel Capture Is Commemorated '' Archived September 8 , 2012 , at Archive.is Orca Zone . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kamchatka Orca First Victim of Russia 's Captive Orca Business '' Archived December 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Humane Society International . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kalina '' Orca Spirit . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artificially inseminated killer whale gives birth '' BBC . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Surprisingly , Kasatka is Kohana 's grandmother. `` Kohana '' Friend of the Orcas . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artificial Insemination Produces Killer Whales '' Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Archived February 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan G. ( 1996 ) . Spectacular nature : corporate culture and the Sea World experience ( p72ff ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20981 - 7 . Jump up ^ Free Lolita Update # 52 -- ACT NOW to help Lolita Archived March 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Orca Network . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.orcahome.de/orcatank.htm http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160310-why-killer-whales-should-not-be-kept-in-captivity Jump up ^ SeaWorld Press Release Kit Archived March 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Miami Seaquarium '' .",
"21": "Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lolita 's Life Today Archived February 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marineland Canada website '' Marineland Canada . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Loro Parque Website '' Loro Parque . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Archived February 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ M. Á. Montero / Puerto De La Cruz ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Los adiestradores del Loro Parque no tienen titulación oficial '' . ABC.es . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Humane Society . `` Held Captive : Orcas '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Title 9 CFR Part 3 , Subpart E Retrieved March 10 , 2014 Jump up ^ Killer whale World Association of Zoos and Aquariums . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Our Members Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seaquarium Activists Push to Free Lolita the Whale Village Voice Media . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Orca diet and location Oracle ThinkQuest . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hughes , Catherine D. `` National Geographic creature feature '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ask Shamu SeaWorld . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dierauf , Edited by Leslie A Gulland D Frances M ( 2001 ) . CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0839 - 9 .",
"22": "CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Comparison Of Amikacin Pharmacokintetics In A Killer Whale ( Orcinus Orca ) And A Beluga Whale ( Delphinapterus Leucas ) American Association of Zoo Veterinarians . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Debate -- Dangers To Trainers A Whale Of A Business FRONTLINE '' . PBS . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Jane ( 1994 ) . All about training Shamu . Bridgeport , Conn. : Third Story Books . ISBN 1 - 884506 - 11 - 9 . Jump up ^ Parsons , ECM ( 2013 ) . An Introduction to Marine Mammal Biology and Conservation . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 8344 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Robeck , Todd R. ; Willis , Kevin ; Scarpuzzi , Michael R. ; O'Brien , Justine K. ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Comparisons of life - history parameters between free - ranging and captive killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) populations for application toward species management '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 96 : gyv113 . doi : 10.1093 / jmammal / gyv113 . ISSN 0022 - 2372 . PMC 4668992 . PMID 26937049 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Story Behind SeaWorld 's ' Clearly Wrong ' Statement On Its Dying Orca '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Green , Amy . `` Study Concludes Life Expectancy of SeaWorld Orcas Same As In The Wild '' . WMFE . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest orca spotted near Vancouver Island '' . Jump up ^ `` Killer Whale ( Orcinus Orca ) '' . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sea World Killer Whale Dies '' . WOAI - TV .",
"23": "Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Killer whale at SeaWorld San Antonio dies '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Second Captive Orca , Taku , Dies from Virus Transmitted By Mosquito Vector '' . Scribd.com . October 15 , 2011 . doi : 10.1578 / AM. 35.2. 2009.163 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keto and Tilikum Express the Stress of Orca Captivity '' . 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Killer Controversy : Why Orcas Should No Longer Be Kept in Captivity '' ( PDF ) . 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The First Captive Killer Whales -- A Changing Attitude '' . Rockisland.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : National Marine Fisheries Service Northwest Regional Office ( August 2005 ) . `` Proposed Conservation Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales ( Orcinus orca ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask Shamu : Frequently Asked Questions '' . SeaWorld / Busch Gardens . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Vanessa ( April 30 , 2001 ) . `` Captive Orcas ' Dying to Entertain You ' '' ( PDF ) . Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A recent survey of killer whales off the coast of New Zealand documented that 23 % of males had bent dorsal fins . '' `` Animal Bytes : Killer Whale '' . SeaWorld / Busch Gardens . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Ingrid N. Visser .",
"24": "`` Prolific body scars and collapsing dorsal fins on killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) in New Zealand waters '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Erich ; et al. `` Observations of Disparity between Educational Material Related to Killer Whales ( Orcinus Orca ) Disseminated by Public Display Institutions and the Scientific Literature '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Captive Orcas dying to entertain you Archived February 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cherry - Garrard , Apsley ( 1922 ) . The Worst Journey in the World . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : Killer Whale Attacks SeaWorld Trainer '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Kluger , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Killer - Whale Tragedy : What Made Tilikum Snap ? '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the mind of a ' killer whale ' '' . Cosmic Log ( website ) . MSNBC . February 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Whales Wild : Trainer Incidents '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tilikum '' Orca Spirit . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://theorcaproject.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/keltie-byrne-coroner-inquest-5pg.pdf Jump up ^ https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE6DA1E3CF932A1575AC0A96F958260 New York Times September 21 , 1999 . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dukes Medical Examiners Report '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Postmortem abrasions , laceration and avulsion of the scrotum with testes .",
"25": "Avulsion of the skin of the pubic area including the scrotal sac and testis , with the left testis separate . Jump up ^ OSHA Investigates Trainer 's Death , Separate Incident -- Orlando News Story -- WKMG Orlando Archived October 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SeaWorld trainer killed by killer whale - CNN.com '' . CNN . February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . See also : Tilikum Jump up ^ `` What 's best for `` Tilikum '' now , and what have we learned ? `` . Orcanetwork.org . February 24 , 2010 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Labor , Complainant v. SeaWorld of Florida -- Decision and Order '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Repard , Pauline ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Killer whale bites trainer , takes him to tank bottom '' . SignOnSanDiego.com . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Near Death At SeaWorld : Worldwide Exclusive Video '' Huffington Post July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Killer whale attacks Sea World trainer '' CNN November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Kasatka '' Archived May 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Beyond the Blue . Retrieved February 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ M. Á. Montero / Santa Cruz De Tenerife . `` La orca `` Keto '' sí atacó y causó la muerte de Alexis , el adiestrador del Loro Parque `` . ABC.es . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moisés Á. Montero / Puerto De La Cruz . `` Uno de los responsables de las orcas reconoce la `` agresión '' de `` Tekoa '' en 2007 `` . ABC.es . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 .",
"26": "Jump up ^ `` Corky 's Story '' Archived September 10 , 2012 , at Archive.is The Orca Zone . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kandu 5 Page '' GeoCities . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kanduke '' Orca Spirit . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Corky 's saddest day '' Orca Lab . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ UK . `` Behind the bars -- Orca in captivity '' . Bornfree.org.uk . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captive Orcas ' Dying to Entertain You ' '' Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gudrun '' GeoCities . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Website Dolfinarium , Downloaded on November 5 , 2008 , from http://www.dolfinarium.nl/index.php?do=content&id=210 Archived February 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ SeaWorld Welcomes Newest `` Pea '' to Pod , press release , SeaWorld Orlando , March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . Archived May 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Blue : Taima '' Free Webs . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Archived March 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sumar '' Beyond the Blue . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Archived October 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Killer whale at SeaWorld San Antonio dies '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) When Animals Resist their Exploitation by Jason Hribal Keep Whales Wild Simpson , L.C. 2010 . Further reading Selected bibliography on Orcas from NOAA .",
"27": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captive_killer_whales&oldid=819521450 '' Categories : Killer whales Oceanaria Animal rights Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Use mdy dates from June 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 20 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-962041795410987294
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first day collection of mission china assamese film
|
[
"₹ 39.97 lakh"
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{
"0": "Mission China - wikipedia Mission China Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mission China : Kill The Terror Mission China Official Poster Directed by Zubeen Garg Produced by Garima Saikia Garg Zubeen Garg Written by Zubeen Garg Screenplay by Zubeen Garg Starring Zubeen Garg Deeplina Deka Siddhartha Nipon Goswami Yankee Parashar Music by Zubeen Garg Cinematography Suman Duwarah Pradip Daimary Edited by Protim Khaound Production company I creation Release date 8 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Running time 90 min Country India Language Assamese Budget ₹ 2.5 Crore Box office ₹ 6 Crore Mission China is a 2017 Assamese language action drama film directed by Zubeen Garg and produced by Garima Saikia Garg under the banner of ' I Creation Productions ' . The film features Zubeen Garg and Deeplina Deka in lead role and Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan , Siddhartha Goswami , Yankee Parashar , Parthasarathi Mahanta , Pabitra Rabha , Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika , Tridib Lahon , Nabadweep Borgohain , Ragini Parashar and Bhashwati Bharati in supporting roles . Zubeen also wrote the script and screenplay for the film . Mission China is a milestone in the history of Assamese cinema . Although having a weak story line - up , with its production , music , stardom and promotion , Mission China made a glorious box office collection in the 55 cinema - halls in Assam .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 2.1 Release 3 Box office 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Zubeen Garg as Colonel Goswami Deeplina Deka as Colonel 's girlfriend Siddharth Nipon Goswami Yankee Parashar Pabitra Rabha Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan Tridib Lahon Nabadweep Borgohain Parthasarathi Mahanta Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika Bhashwati Bharati Ragini Parashar Priyanka Bharali & Debosmita Banerjee ( Special Appearance in the song ' Raat Jwale ' ) Production ( edit ) Mission China is produced by Garima Saikia Garg and Zubeen Garg under the banner of ' I Creation Production ' . Mission China features many exotic locations such as Mirza , Sikkim , Shillong , Dima Hasao , Tawang etc . Release ( edit ) Mission China was released on 8 September 2017 in Assam with near about 168 shows daily . Fans have responded positively with this movie . The movie is also scheduled to release in Mumbai , Pune , Delhi and Bangalore . Later , this year the movie will be released in Bengali language . Zubeen is planning that he would make another part of Mission China and invest more than 4 crores . Box Office ( edit ) Mission China was released on 8 September in 55 theaters of Assam and many other theaters in Delhi , Bangalore , Pune & Mumbai . The first , second and third day collection of the film was ₹ 39.97 lakh , ₹ 39.50 lakh and ₹ 49 lakh respectively , 4th day collection of Mission China is ₹ 39 lakh and 5th day collection is ₹ 39 lakh . The 1st week collection is ₹ 2 crore 40 lakh . It is expected to be the biggest blockbuster in Assamese film history . it collects ₹ 5 crore only in guwahati .",
"2": "Soundtrack ( edit ) The Film contains six songs sung by Zubeen Garg , Nachiketa Chakraborty , Joi Barua , Amit Paul , Siddharth Hazarika , Rohit Sonar , Zublee , Satabdi Borah , Mrinmoyee Goswami and Turi . The lyrics of the songs are written by Zubeen Garg , Sasanka Samir & Sumit Acharya . Mission China Soundtrack album by Zubeen Garg Released 2017 Recorded 2015 -- 2016 Genre Feature film Soundtrack Length 13 : 47 Label Times Music Producer Garima Saikia Garg Zubeen Garg Zubeen Garg chronology Gaane Ki Aane ( 2016 ) Gaane Ki Aane 2016 Mission China Singles from Mission China `` Din Jwale Rati Jwale '' Released : 8 July 2017 `` Raat Jwale '' Released : 18 August 2017 `` Mero Mayaalai '' Released : 24 August 2017 The first video song of Mission China , Din Jwole Raati Jwole was released on 28 July 2017 . It is well received by the listeners with the YouTube release getting around 1.9 lakh views within 24 hours of its release . Track List No . Title Lyrics Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Din Jwole Raati Jwole '' Zubeen Garg Zubeen Garg , Zublee Baruah 05 : 41 2 . `` Naino Se Nikalte '' Sumit Acharya Nachiketa Chakraborty , Turi 05 : 04 3 . `` Mero Mayalaai '' Sasanka Samir Zubeen Garg , Satabdi Borah 04 : 59 4 . `` Raat Jale '' Zubeen Garg Mrinmoyee Goswami 05 : 10 5 . `` Every Morning Comes '' Zubeen Garg Zubeen Garg , Joi Barua 05 : 03 6 .",
"3": "`` Naino Se Nikalte ( Reprise ) '' Sumit Acharya Zubeen Garg , Turi 05 : 04 7 . `` Mission China - Title Track '' Zubeen Garg Zubeen Garg , Siddharth Hazarika , Rohit Sonar , Amit Paul 04 : 40 Total length : 34 : 61 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Assamese Movie Mission China Directed By Zubeen Garg '' . Magicalassam.com. 2015 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mission China : A Box Office Hit From Assam '' . Sentinalassam.com . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assamese film Mission China Total Box Office '' . Boxofficeassam.com . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assamese Movie Mission China Directed By Zubeen Garg '' . Magicalassam.com. 2015 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Exact Box Office Collection of Mission China 1st Week Revealed '' . Time8.in . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mission China Box Office '' . Northeastguide.in . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mission China Realising Theatre '' . Bookmyshow.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Times Music Regional '' . Times Music.com . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mission China -- Home '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mission China ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Namsai 's Golden Pagoda awes fans in Zubeen 's viral Mission China song '' . The News Mill. 2017 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 .",
"4": "External links ( edit ) Mission China on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_China&oldid=818825582 '' Categories : 2017 films Assamese - language films Films set in Assam Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-2968129491710503983
|
who are the co hosts on the real
|
[
"Tamar Braxton",
"Adrienne Houghton",
"Loni Love",
"Jeannie Mai",
"Tamera Mowry-Housley",
"Adrienne Houghton",
"Loni Love",
"Jeannie Mai",
"Tamera Mowry-Housley",
"Tamar Braxton",
"Adrienne Houghton",
"Loni Love",
"Jeannie Mai",
"Tamera Mowry-Housley",
"Adrienne Houghton",
"Loni Love",
"Jeannie Mai",
"Tamera Mowry-Housley"
] |
{
"0": "The Real ( Talk Show ) - wikipedia The Real ( Talk Show ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search The Real Genre Talk show Presented by Tamar Braxton Adrienne Houghton Loni Love Jeannie Mai Tamera Mowry - Housley Opening theme `` This is Our Time '' Ending theme `` This is Our Time '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 596 ( as of January 19 , 2018 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) SallyAnn Salsano ( season 1 - 2 ) Rachel Miskowiec ( season 3 - present ) Running time 43 minutes ( approx. ) Production company ( s ) Telepictures Productions 495 Productions ( season 1 -- 2 ) Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Syndication Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Real is an American syndicated talk show . The series initially received a trial run on Fox owned markets in the summer of 2013 . The series was developed as a talk show designed to appeal to younger female viewers who , like the co-hosts , were experiencing new events in their lives . It was green - lit for national syndication later that fall and officially premiered the following year . On January 3 , 2018 , Fox Television Stations announced that the show has been renewed for two more seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Co-hosts 2.1 Timeline 2.2 Seasons 1 -- 2 2.3 Season 3 - present 3 Notable episodes 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) From L-R : Mowry - Housley , Mai , Houghton and Love .",
"1": "In the summer of 2013 , it was announced that the series was ordered for a test run on seven Fox - owned stations in New York , Los Angeles , Washington D.C. , Philadelphia , Phoenix , Houston and Tampa . In October 2013 , it was announced that The Real had been green - lit for a national syndicated launch and would premiere on September 15 , 2014 - until September 15 , 2017 with reruns airing on BET . In February 2015 , Warner Bros. announced the series had been renewed for a second season . In October 2015 , the series was renewed for a third and fourth seasons , allowing it to air through 2018. . In July 2017 , the show announced that , for its fourth season , it will begin airing live broadcasts , with reruns airing on VH1 starting September 18 , 2017 . SallyAnn Salsano and Rachel Miskowiec are recognized as the series ' executive producers ; it is produced by 495 Productions and Telepictures Productions , and is distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution . Co-hosts ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) Co-host Seasons Pilot Tamar Braxton Adrienne Houghton Loni Love Jeannie Mai Tamera Mowry - Housley Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) The panel consisted of actress Tamera Mowry - Housley from the 1990s sitcom , Sister , Sister ; hostess and fashion expert Jeannie Mai ; R&B singer and television personality , Tamar Braxton , best known for her hit reality series Braxton Family Values ; singer and actress Adrienne Houghton , known for being the lead singer in groups 3LW and The Cheetah Girls ; and comedian and actress Loni Love , known for being the runner up on Star Search 26 and a panelist on Chelsea Lately . Season 3 - present ( edit ) On May 22 , 2016 , Warner Bros. Domestic Television announced that Tamar Braxton would no longer be a part of the cast . Although it was rumored that Tamar Braxton left involuntarily , she was terminated before the third season premiered .",
"2": "Notable episodes ( edit ) The Real celebrated its 100th episode on February 24 , 2015 . In January 2016 , the co-hosts traveled to Washington , D.C. to visit The White House and First Lady Michelle Obama . In addition to granting an interview , The First Lady and the co-hosts spoke to high schoolers about college . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Honorees Result Ref 2015 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling Robbi Rogers , Kya Bilal , Alyson Black - Barrie , Ray Dodson , Adriana Tesler , Noogie Thai Nominated Outstanding Makeup Sarah Hall , Pamela Farmer , Motoko Honjo , Hyun - Jung Kim , Uzmee Krakovszki , Terrell Mullin Nominated 2016 43rd Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment The Real Nominated Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Bailon , Braxton , Love , Mai , Mowry - Housley Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling Roberta Rogers - Windley , Ray D , James Davis , Jeuge Master Karim , Noogie Thai Nominated Outstanding Makeup Melanie Mills , Glen Alen , Motoko Honjo Clayton , Eva Kim , Uzmee Krakovski , Keesh Winkler - Smith Nominated 2017 48th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Talk Series The Real Nominated 44th Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Braxton , Houghton , Love , Mai , Mowry - Housley Nominated 2018 49th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Talk Series The Real Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Real ' Renewed By Fox TV Stations Through 2020 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tamar Braxton , Tamera Mowry - Housley Talk Show ' The Real ' Gets Test Run on Fox Stations '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc .",
"3": "Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : ' The Real ' Talk Show Begins Four - Week Test Run July 15 '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tamera Mowry & Tamar Braxton Among Hosts Of New Syndicated Talk Show Getting Summer Trial Run On Fox Stations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Real ' Gets National Syndication and Cable Pick Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Owned Television Stations Pick Up Syndicated Talk Show ' The Real ' for Fall 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real ' Renewed For Second Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real ' Renewed for Two Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Thursday , October 29 '' . The Futon Critic . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show , The Real '' . The Real . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Show : The Real on Fox on Daytime '' . 495 Productions . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real ' Names Rachel Miskowiec As New Showrunner '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie .",
"4": "`` SallyAnn Salsano Steps Down From ' The Real ' As Showrunner , Will Be Consultant '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Telepictures Productions to Produce 4 - Week Test of Talk Show `` The Real '' to be Distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution `` . The Futon Critic . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Real '' Renewed in 95 % + of the U.S `` . The Futon Critic. April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tamar Braxton Exits ' The Real ' Talk Show '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corrine ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tamar Braxton Is Leaving The Real Talk Show '' . E Online . E News ! . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy ( R ) - Nominated Talk Show `` The Real '' Returns for Season Three with `` Free Money , Honey '' and `` Fan - Cash - Tic Giveaways '' During Premiere Week `` . The Futon Critic . September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Real ' Co-Hosts & First Lady Michelle Obama Talk ' Better Make Room ' Movement '' . Extra . January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Michelle Obama to Get `` Real '' on Education `` . The Futon Critic . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 42nd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York City : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 .",
"5": "^ Jump up to : `` The 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York City : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York City : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Real on IMDb The Real at TV Guide Daytime television in the United States Broadcast ABC The View The Chew CBS The Talk The CW The Robert Irvine Show Univision El Gordo y la Flaca UniMás ¿ Quién Tiene la Razón ? Casos de Família Laura NBC Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda Megyn Kelly Today Syndication Access Live Daily Blast Live The Doctors The Dr. Oz Show Dr.",
"6": "Phil Harry The Ellen DeGeneres Show The Jerry Springer Show Live with Kelly and Ryan Maury Pickler & Ben Rachael Ray The Real Sister Circle Steve The Steve Wilkos Show TMZ Live The Wendy Williams Show Streaming Ora TV Larry King Now Politicking with Larry King See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid Tamar Braxton Studio albums Tamar ( 2000 ) Love and War ( 2013 ) Winter Loversland ( 2013 ) Calling All Lovers ( 2015 ) Bluebird of Happiness ( 2017 ) The Braxtons So Many Ways ( 1997 ) Braxton Family Christmas ( 2015 ) Singles `` Get None '' `` If You Do n't Wanna Love Me '' `` Love and War '' `` The One '' `` All the Way Home '' `` Hot Sugar '' `` She Can Have You '' `` For the Rest of My Life , Pt. 2 '' `` Let Me Know '' `` If I Do n't Have You '' `` My Man '' `` Blind '' Related articles Discography The Braxtons Tamar & Vince The Real Braxton Family Values Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Real_(talk_show)&oldid=821335754 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2013 American television series debuts American television talk shows English - language television programs Television series by Warner Bros. Television First - run syndicated television programs in the United States African - American television Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .",
"7": "About Wikipedia",
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2577505384728133630
|
who is the longest serving chief minister in india as on jan 2015
|
[
"Jyotirindra Basu",
"Jyotirindra Basu",
"Jyotirindra Basu",
"Jyotirindra Basu",
"Jyotirindra Basu"
] |
{
"0": "Jyoti Basu - Wikipedia Jyoti Basu Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jyoti Basu Jyoti Basu in Calcutta on 21 December 1996 6th Chief Minister of West Bengal In office 21 June 1977 -- 6 November 2000 Preceded by President 's rule Succeeded by Buddhadeb Bhattacharya Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly In office 1977 -- 2001 Preceded by New constituency Succeeded by Sonali Guha Constituency Satgachhia Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly In office 1951 -- 1972 Preceded by New constituency Succeeded by Shiba Pada Bhattacharjee Constituency Baranagar Personal details Jyotirindra Basu ( 1914 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 1914 Calcutta , Bengal Presidency , British India ( now Kolkata , West Bengal , India ) 17 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) ( aged 95 ) Kolkata , West Bengal , India Resting place Indira Bhavan Nationality Indian Political party Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Spouse ( s ) Basanti Basu ( 1940 -- 1942 ) Kamala Basu ( 1948 -- 2003 ) Children Chandan Basu Residence Kolkata , West Bengal , India Alma mater University of Calcutta London School of Economics Occupation Politician Signature Website www.jyotibasu.net As of 17 January , 2010 ( aged 95 ) Source : Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Jyotirindra Basu ( 8 July 1914 -- 17 January 2010 ) ; known as Jyoti Basu was an Indian politician belonging to the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) from West Bengal , India .",
"1": "He served as the Chief Minister of West Bengal state from 1977 to 2000 , making him the longest - serving Chief Minister in the country 's history . Basu was a member of the CPI ( M ) Politburo from the time of the party 's founding ( The CPI ( M ) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from 31 October to 7 November 1964 ) in 1964 until 2008 . From 2008 until his death in 2010 he remained a permanent invitee to the central committee of the party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Birth and education 2 Return to India and marriage 3 Political career 3.1 Entry into politics 3.2 Later political career 3.3 As the Chief Minister of West Bengal 3.4 Criticism 4 Death , tribute and legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Birth and education ( edit ) Paternal house of Jyoti Basu at Barodi in Narayanganj , Bangladesh Jyotirindra Basu was born 8 July 1914 at 43 / 1 Harrison Road ( now Mahatma Gandhi Road ) in Kolkata ( then known as Calcutta ) into a very affluent family . His father , Nishikanta Basu , was a doctor settled in Kolkata who hailed from the village of Barudi in Narayanganj District , East Bengal ( Bangladesh ) , while his mother Hemalata Basu was a housewife . Basu grew up in a large Indian - style joint family , consisting of his parents , siblings , paternal uncles , their wives and children . The family , who had lived in a rented house in Kolkata in addition to retaining ancestral properties East Bengal , purchased a spacious mansion at 55 - A , Hindustan Road in 1920 , and this is where Basu grew up . Basu 's schooling started at Loreto School at Dharmatala in Kolkata in 1920 , and he was moved in 1925 to St. Xavier 's School . While admitting him to school , Basu 's father shortened his name from Jyotirindra Basu to Jyoti Basu , and the shortened name stuck for life .",
"2": "After completing school , Basu took an undergraduate degree in English literature honours from Presidency College , University of Calcutta . After completing his undergraduate studies , Basu left for England to study law in 1935 . In England , he was introduced to politics and became greatly influenced by the Communist Party of Great Britain . He attended lectures by Harold Laski at the London School of Economics and was also influenced by noted Communist ideologue and prolific writer Rajani Palme Dutt , a fellow Bengali . Between 1936 and 1940 , Basu involved himself in various political activities , came into contact with several Indian freedom fighters including Nehru , became a member of the India league , and joined the London Majlis . A fuller account of these years is found in a later section . Basu completed his studies in 1939 and was invited to the Middle Temple as a Barrister in 1939 . Shortly afterwards , he returned to India by sea , docking at Mumbai and travelling from there to Kolkata by train . Return to India and marriage ( edit ) Basu reached Kolkata and was reunited with his parents on January 1 , 1940 . While he was in London , his parents had selected a suitable bride for him and informed him of their choice . Like a normal Indian boy of his generation , Basu had replied that if the girl was acceptable to his parents , she was acceptable to him . The two sets of parents had then made arrangements for the wedding , and on Jan 20 , 1940 , only nineteen days after his return to India , Basu was married to Basanti Devi ( née Ghose , fondly known as ' Chobi ' ) , a girl of his own caste and similar family background . Unfortunately , Basanti died in 1942 , hardly two years after the wedding , and there were no surviving children . Basu 's mother , Hemalata Devi , also died a few months later , in 1942 . After returning to India , Basu had become an active member of the Communist Party , to his father 's chagrin . After Basanti 's death , he deepened his involvement , virtually giving up the pretense of earning a living as a lawyer . His legal practice was mostly about providing legal services pro bono to the party and its affiliates , in particular to trade unions .",
"3": "He lived as always with his father and extended family ( as per Indian custom ) and thus had little need to earn a living . As a young barrister studying in England , he had been a prize catch for any family with a marriageable daughter , but the situation was altered now , and proposals were not plentiful . Several years passed , and Basu 's father and other family members grew anxious to see him settled again . In time , they arranged for him to marry another suitable girl of their caste and background . This was Kamala , who Basu married on Dec 5 , 1948 . The marriage , which conformed in every way to Indian tradition and convention , was harmonious and lasted until their deaths more than sixty years later . On Aug 31 , 1951 , the couple became the parents of a girl child , born at Sishumangal Hospital in Kolkata . Tragically , the unnamed baby died only a few days later of diarrhoea and dehydration . In 1952 , the couple were blessed with the birth of a son , Subhabrata Basu , fondly known as ' Chandan ' by one and all . Chandan , who was to be the couple 's only surviving child , was born while Basu was in prison for allegedly seditious activities , having been incarcerated by the Congress - led government of independent India . Shortly after Chandan was born , Basu 's father , Nishikant Basu , wrote a will which disinherited Basu entirely and vested all his property , a considerable fortune which included the massive mansion in Kokata , in the name of his daughter - in - law Kamala , with provision that the property be inherited by Chandan eventually . The elderly bhadralok patrician had been aghast , even distraught , to find that his beloved son had returned from England a communist , and that he had developed over the next decade ( the 1940s ) into a violent revolutionary . Basu was to say later that the arrangement suited him perfectly , that indeed it had been devised in consultation with him ; it ensured that Kamala was always able to feed the family and pay for her son 's education , which left Basu free from the tension of having to provide for his wife and son , and enabled him to pursue his political activities exactly as he wanted .",
"4": "Political career ( edit ) Entry into politics ( edit ) Part of a series on Communism in India Personalities ( show ) M.P.T. Acharya Abani Mukherji M.N. Roy P. Krishna Pillai Puran Chand Joshi A.K. Gopalan Ajoy Ghosh Puchalapalli Sundaraiah Bhupesh Gupta B.T. Ranadive Shibdas Ghosh E.M.S. Namboodiripad Charu Majumdar T. Nagi Reddy Saroj Dutta Kondapalli Seetharamaiah E.K. Nayanar Geeta Mukherjee Mohit Sen Indrajit Gupta Vinod Mishra Ganapathy Harkishan Singh Surjeet Jyoti Basu V.S. Achuthanandan Sitaram Yechury Colonial Period and Partition ( show ) Labour Kisan Party Workers and Peasants Party Comrades Association Tebhaga movement Telangana Rebellion Communist Party of French India Lal Communist Party 2nd Party Congress Cold War years ( show ) Naxalbari uprising Srikakulam CPI ( M-L ) Contemporary movements ( show ) CPI ( M ) CPI CPI ( ML ) Liberation SUCI ( C ) Other articles ( show ) Lal Salam Communism in Kerala Communism portal Jyoti Basu 's first track in politics was his effort to organise the Indian students studying in United Kingdom , mostly for the cause of Indian independence . Basu subsequently joined India League and London Majlis , both the organisations being communities of overseas Indian students . Basu was later elected the General Secretary of London Majlish . Basu was given the responsibility for arranging a meeting with Jawaharlal Nehru during Nehru 's visit to London in 1938 . The same was done after Subhas Chandra Bose went to England . As a member of London Majlis , Basu introduced the visiting Indian political figures to the leaders of the Labour Party . Basu was introduced to the Communist Party of Great Britain by another communist leader and Basu 's friend in England , Bhupesh Gupta .",
"5": "It is told Basu showed interest to join CPGB but the then Secretary General Harry Pollitt suggested that he should not do so , possibly because CPGB was then banned in India and Pollitt speculated Basu could have difficulties in returning to India as a member of CPGB . However Basu returned to India in 1940 and immediately contacted the Party leaders . Though he enrolled himself as a barrister in Calcutta High Court , he never practised simply because he was determined to become a wholetimer of the Party . Basu became the secretary of Friends of Soviet Union and Anti-Fascist Writers ' Association in Kolkata . As a member of the Party , his initial task was to maintain liaison with underground Party leaders . He was entrusted with responsibilities on the trade union front from 1944 . In that year , Bengal Assam Railroad Workers ' Union was formed and Basu became its first secretary . In 1944 Basu became involved in trade union activities when CPI delegated him to work amongst the railway labourers . When B.N. Railway Workers Union and B.D. Rail Road Workers Union merged , Basu became the general secretary of the union . In 1946 , Basu was elected to the Bengal Provincial Assembly from the Railway Workers constituency . Ratanlal Bramhan and Rupnarayan Roy were the other two Communists who were elected . From that day on , Basu became one of the most popular and influential legislators for decades to come . Basu played a very active role in the stormy days of 1946 -- 47 when Bengal witnessed the Tebhaga movement , workers strikes and even communal riots . In the late 1940s , Basu served as the Vice-President of the All India Railwaymen 's Federation until Communists were expelled from the union for attempt to organize strikes after the union had withdrawn its strike notice . Jyoti Basu was the secretary of the West Bengal Provincial Committee of the Party from 1953 to January 1961 . He was elected to the Central Committee of the Party in 1951 . He was a member of the Politburo from 1964 onwards . He was elected as a special invitee to PB in 19th Congress of the Party in 2008 .",
"6": "After the country gained independence , he was elected to the assembly from Baranagar in 1952 . He was elected to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1952 , 1957 , 1962 , 1967 , 1969 , 1971 , 1977 , 1982 , 1987 , 1991 and 1996 . Though an elected member , Basu was arrested several times during the 1950s and 60s and for certain periods he went underground to evade arrest by the police . In 1962 , Jyoti Basu was one amongst the 32 members of the National Council who walked out of the meeting . When the CPI ( M ) was formed in 1964 as a result of the ideological struggle within the Communist movement , Basu became a member of the Politburo . He was , in fact , the last surviving member of the `` Navaratnas '' , the nine members of the first Politburo . The leftist section , to which the 32 National Council members belonged , organised a convention in Tenali , Andhra Pradesh 7 to 11 July . It was here where the radical sections of party further showed their pro-Chinese stand . The Tenali convention was marked by the display of a large portrait of the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong . Later political career ( edit ) Basu was elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in 1946 , contesting the Railway constituency . He served as the Leader of Opposition for a long time when Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy was the Chief Minister of West Bengal . Jyoti Basu led a number of agitations against the State Government and earned enviable popularity as a politician particularly among the students and youth . Beside organising the movements of the Railway Labourers , he led a movement by the teachers demanding a hike in salary . When the Communist Party of India split in 1964 , Basu became one of the first nine members of the Politburo of the newly formed Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) . In 1967 and 1969 , Basu became Deputy Chief Minister of West Bengal in the United Front governments . In 1967 , after the defeat of the Congress Government , Jyoti Basu was sworn - in as the Deputy Chief Minister under the Chief Ministership of Ajoy Mukherjee .",
"7": "In 1970 , he narrowly escaped an assassination attempt at the Patna railway station . Though CPI ( M ) became the single largest party in the assembly elections in 1971 , the party was refused the chance to form a ministry and presidents ' Rule was imposed in West Bengal . Through the 1972 elections the Congress returned to power in West Bengal . Jyoti Basu lost the elections from the Baranagar Assembly Constituency . Basu famously declared the new assembly as `` assembly of the frauds '' and CPI ( M ) boycotted the assembly for the next five years . As the Chief Minister of West Bengal ( edit ) After the sweeping victory of the Left Front in 1977 , Jyoti Basu became the Chief Minister of the Left Front government , a position he held continuously for more than 23 years , a record in the country . Under his leadership , the Left Front government embarked on land reforms on a scale unprecedented in the country ; it instituted a panchayati raj system which was radical for its times , which gave the poor peasants and small farmers a say in running the panchayati institutions . As per leftists , West Bengal became an oasis of communal harmony and secular values under his leadership as there were always reports of communal clashes in West Bengal , while various measures were introduced to promote social and economic development in West Bengal , however these measures never fully gave results expected and West Bengal remains a poverty ridden state . Basic land reform was instituted , while irrigation and rural electrification were extended . In addition , India 's first comprehensive system of democratic decentralisation was established . Agricultural production came out of a slump that it had been in for decades before the Left Front came to power , and during the Eighties and Nineties the state showed the highest rates of agricultural growth among the 17 most populous Indian states . As a result of institutional changes and agricultural growth , levels of nutrition improved and rural poverty declined noticeably . One has to recall how as Chief Minister he dealt with the situation after the assassination of Indira Gandhi in 1984 when violence against Sikhs broke out in various parts of the country , but nothing was allowed to happen in West Bengal . Similarly he dealt firmly with efforts to instigate trouble after the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992 .",
"8": "In 1996 Jyoti Basu seemed all set to be the consensus leader of the United Front for the post of Prime Minister of India . However , the CPI ( M ) Politburo decided not to participate in the government , a decision that Jyoti Basu later termed a historic blunder . H.D. Deve Gowda from the Janata Dal instead became prime minister . Basu resigned from the Chief Ministership of West Bengal in 2000 for health reasons , and was succeeded by fellow CPI ( M ) politician Buddhadeb Bhattacharya . As of 2014 , Basu holds the record for being the longest - serving Chief Minister in Indian political history . The 18th congress of CPI ( M ) , held in Delhi in 2005 , re-elected Basu to its Politburo , although he had asked to be allowed to retire from it . On 13 September 2006 , Basu entreated the CPI ( M ) to allow his retirement due to his age , but was turned down . General secretary Prakash Karat said that the party wanted Basu to continue until its 2008 congress , at which point it would reconsider . At the 19th congress in early April 2008 , Basu was not included on the Politburo , although he remained a member of the Central Committee and was designated as Special Invitee to the Politburo . In the course of seven decades of work in the Communist party , Basu spent three and a half years in prison and two years underground . After the fall of the Soviet Union and the setbacks to socialism , he provided the leadership along with his colleagues in the Politburo to make a reappraisal of the experience of building socialism and to pinpoint the errors and to correct wrong notions and understandings while remaining true to Marxism -- Leninism . He was a Marxist who was not dogmatic and continued to learn from his vast experience in charting out the course for the Party . He emerged as the pre-eminent and most popular leader of the Party , but he always worked as a disciplined member of the Party , setting an example for all . In his long career in the Party , he undertook various responsibilities including being the first editor of People 's Democracy .",
"9": "He had a lifelong association with the trade union movement and was the Vice-President of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions since its inception in 1970 . Some commentators feel Basu was more of a democratic socialist than a traditional Communist . `` He made Communism look respectable , '' according to Sabyasachi Basu Roy Choudhuri , a Calcutta - based political analyst . Criticism ( edit ) Sumon K Chakrabarti , the national affairs correspondent for CNN - IBN , said in his blog that during Basu 's tenure as the Chief Minister of West Bengal , the state saw continuous industrial decline . Basu has been criticised for the initial support of trade unions against the use of computers , which affected employment ; and the charge that his party members engaged in corruption and rigging of elections . Death , tribute and Legacy ( edit ) On 1 January 2010 , Basu was admitted to AMRI hospital ( Bidhannagar , Kolkata ) after he was diagnosed with pneumonia . On 16 January 2010 , his health condition became extremely critical and he was suffering from multiple organ failure . Seventeen days after being taken ill , he died on 17 January 2010 at 11 : 47 am IST . The death was followed by public mourning on an unprecedented scale . Draped in the party flag , Basu 's body was driven through the streets of Calcutta on a gun carriage . However , the time schedule went awry in his last moments as thousands of people thronged the streets of central Kolkata to pay their last respects . Police and volunteers wore a helpless look as a sea of people poured in from every possible corner of the city . President Pratibha Patil and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh led the nation in mourning . Tributes poured in from politicians across the country . While Patil said `` the nation has lost a veteran and eminent public figure , '' Manmohan Singh said Basu was a politician to whom he often turned for `` sagacious advice '' . Basu was a leader `` who displayed his abilities as a leader of the people , an able administrator and eminent statesman '' , the president said in a statement .",
"10": "`` In the years after he relinquished the Chief Ministry , he continued to be looked upon as an elder statesman , whose advice was sought by many political leaders in the state , '' the president added . In a message to Jyoti Basu 's son Chandan , Manmohan Singh said : `` He was a powerful regional voice in the national political scene and helped to strengthen Indian federalism ... He was a man of great integrity with a deep commitment to secular values . '' He added : `` I have personally had a very long association with Basu . On many occasions in my career , I turned to him for his sagacious advice on all matters , whether they related to West Bengal or to issues of national importance '' . Vice President Hamid Ansari said Basu had left behind a void that would be difficult to fill . `` His sagacity and leadership at both the state and the national level have been a source of inspiration and guidance , '' Ansari said in a statement . The Communist Party of India - Marxist ( CPI - M ) that Basu led for several years expressed `` profound grief '' , saying he was a Marxist who was not dogmatic . `` Jyoti Basu was a Marxist who never wavered in his convictions . He was a Marxist who was not dogmatic and continued to learn from his vast experience in charting out the course for the party , '' the CPI - M politburo said . `` There will be none like Jyoti Basu again , '' was how CPI - M general secretary Prakash Karat saluted a man he had prevented from becoming the prime minister in 1996 . Karat , who influenced the CPI - M to block Basu from taking charge of the United Front government in 1996 , said that the former West Bengal chief minister `` was a great leader of the CPI - M , the Left movement and India . With his passing away , an era has passed '' . Communist Party of India ( CPI ) leader D. Raja paid glowing tributes to the Marxist patriarch , saying he could have proved to be a great prime minister . `` He ( Basu ) proved that the coalition of Left parties would work successfully and serve the people greatly . He could have proved to be a great prime minister also , '' Raja said .",
"11": "Former Lok Sabha speaker and Communist leader Somnath Chatterjee said he had lost someone like his father . `` When things started to go bad ( in Left front ) , he was sad . He was sad about what happened with me . I used to consult him on all matters . For the second time , I have lost somebody like my father , '' said an emotional Chatterjee . Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee said he would miss a well - wisher . `` In his death , I have lost a great well - wisher , and the country has lost an able administrator , an outstanding parliamentarian and a charismatic political leader , '' Mukherjee told reporters . The Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , the staunchest anti-Communist force in the country , mourned the death of the Marxist leader , describing him as a `` role model for Indian politics '' . In a moving tribute , senior BJP leader Arun Jaitley told reporters here that Basu , who was West Bengal 's chief minister for 23 long years , was one of the `` tallest leaders '' in Indian politics with `` high credibility '' . `` He was devoted to his ideology and played the longest innings in Indian politics , '' Jaitley said . Former prime minister and senior BJP leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee said Basu 's demise had `` ended a chapter in the country 's politics '' . Home Minister P. Chidambaram told reporters in Kolkata : `` He was a colossus who straddled India 's political scene for many decades . Not only the leader of West Bengal , but of India . He was a great patriot , great democrat , great parliamentarian and great source of inspiration . He served the people of India to the best . '' he said . Basu had pledged to donate his body and eyes for medical research on 4 April 2003 at a function organised by Ganadarpan and Susrut Eye Foundation in Kolkata and not to be burned at a crematorium . His eyes are donated to Susrut Eye Foundation .",
"12": "He is survived by his son Chandan , daughter - in - law Rakhi , grand daughters Payel , Doyel and Koyel , offsprings of his first daughter - in - law Dolly ( separated with son Chandan in 1998 ) , and grand son Subhojyoti , offspring of daughter - in - law Rakhi . His second wife Kamala Basu had died on 1 October 2003 . Basu 's body was kept at ' Peace Haven ' for those who wanted to pay their respects . His body was handed over to SSKM Hospital , Kolkata for research on 19 January 2010 around 16 : 50 pm IST after a guard of honour at the nearby Moharkunja park ( formerly , citizens ' park ) . The hospital authority is considering preserving his brain . The Trinamool Congress - run government has decided not to rename Rajarhat New Town after Jyoti Basu . The renaming proposal was a part of the New Town Kolkata Development Authority ( Amendment ) Bill , 2010 , passed in the assembly during the Left Front regime . A programme was even held at Rajarhat in October 2010 on the township 's renaming . See also ( edit ) List of Kolkata Presidencians References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Obituary : Jyoti Basu 17 January 2010 BBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` Jyoti Basu will continue on Central Committee '' . The Hindu . Kolkata : The Hindu . 4 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee , Manini ( 3 April 2008 ) . `` Nine to none , founders ' era ends in CPM '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta : The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jyoti Basu : Brief Life - Sketch '' . jyotibasu.net . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Life Sketch of Jyoti Basu '' . cpim.org . Jump up ^ Basu , Jyoti . Jatadur Mone Pare : Rajnaitik Atmakathan . Calcutta : National Book Agency .",
"13": "Jump up ^ Political biography : Jyoti Basu Jump up ^ Roy , Amit ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` London , the land that turned Basu into a Marxist '' . telegraphindia.com . Kolkata . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bandopadhyay , Sekhar ( 2009 ) . Decolonization in South Asia : Meanings of Freedom in Post-independence West Bengal , 1947 - 52 . Routledge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Basu , Pradip . Towards Naxalbari ( 1953 -- 1967 ) -- An Account of Inner - Party Ideological Struggle . Calcutta : Progressive Publishers , 2000 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Jyoti Basu : Marxist politician who combined realpolitik and revolutionary ideas '' . The Independent . London . 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marxist who almost became India 's PM '' . The Economic Times . India . Indo - Asian News Service . 17 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Bhaumik , Subir ( 11 September 2006 ) . `` Left veteran just wants to retire '' . BBC News . Calcutta : BBC . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Subir Bhaumik ( 17 January 2010 ) . `` Obituary : Jyoti Basu '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Jyoti Basu : The Unkindest Cut 18 January 2010 IBN Politics Jump up ^ `` Basu : The tallest communist leader '' . NDTV. 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jyoti Basu admitted to hospital '' . NDTV . Kolkata : NDTV. 1 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jyoti Basu put on ventilator , condition serious '' . Hindustan Times . Kolkata : HT Media . Press Trust of India .",
"14": "6 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CPM patriarch Jyoti Basu passes away '' . The Economic Times . Kolkata : The Economic Times . 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` W Bengal bids tearful adieu to Jyoti Basu '' . The Pioneer . Kolkata . 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nation mourns Jyoti Basu 's death '' . Hindustan Times . Kolkata . 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basu to donate his body for research '' . indiatimes.com. 4 April 2003 . Jump up ^ `` CPM patriarch Jyoti - Basu passes away '' . The Times of India . 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Larger than life '' . The Daily Star . Dhaka. 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doctors mull preserving Basu 's brain '' . sify.com. 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jyoti Basu . Jyoti Basu website Menon , Ramdas ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` The Legacy of Jyoti Basu '' . Majumdar , Diptosh ( 18 January 2010 ) . `` Jyoti Basu , the last Bhadralok Communist '' . ibnlive.com . Retrieved 7 June 2010 .",
"15": "Preceded by Siddhartha Shankar Ray Chief Minister of West Bengal 1977 -- 2000 Succeeded by Buddhadeb Bhattacharya Chief Ministers of West Bengal Prafulla Chandra Ghosh ( 1947 -- 48 ; 1967 -- 68 ) Bidhan Chandra Roy ( 1948 -- 1962 ) Prafulla Chandra Sen ( 1962 -- 67 ) Ajoy Mukherjee ( 1967 ; 1969 -- 70 ; 1971 ) Siddhartha Shankar Ray ( 1972 -- 77 ) Jyoti Basu ( 1977 -- 2000 ) Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Mamata Banerjee ( 2011 -- ) Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) General secretaries P. Sundarayya ( 1964 -- 78 ) E.M.S. Namboodiripad ( 1978 -- 92 ) Harkishan Singh Surjeet ( 1992 -- 2005 ) Prakash Karat ( 2005 -- 15 ) Sitaram Yechury ( 2015 -- present ) Current Politburo members Sitaram Yechury Prakash Karat S. Ramachandran Pillai Manik Sarkar Biman Bose Pinarayi Vijayan B.V. Raghavulu Kodiyeri Balakrishnan M.A. Baby Surja Kanta Mishra Brinda Karat Mohammad Salim Subhashini Ali Hannan Mollah G. Ramakrishnan Chief Ministers E.M.S. Namboodiripad Jyoti Basu Nripen Chakraborty E.K. Nayanar Dasarath Deb Manik Sarkar Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee V.S.",
"16": "Achuthanandan Pinarayi Vijayan Related organisations All India Democratic Women 's Association ( AIDWA ) All India Kisan Sabha ( AIKS ) Centre of Indian Trade Unions ( CITU ) Democratic Youth Federation of India ( DYFI ) Students Federation of India ( SFI ) Newspapers People 's Democracy The Marxist Deshabhimani Daily Desher Katha Ganashakti Lok Lahar Prajasakti Theekkathir VIAF : 178444951 LCCN : no99010503 ISNI : 0000 0000 7690 746X GND : 11926417X SUDOC : 059448792 BNF : cb146121372 ( data ) NKC : jn20000600654 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyoti_Basu&oldid=807272529 '' Categories : Presidency University ,",
"17": "Kolkata alumni University of Calcutta alumni Bengali politicians Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) politicians from West Bengal Politicians from Kolkata 1914 births 2010 deaths Indian atheists Chief Ministers of West Bengal Deaths from multiple organ failure Indian communists Bengali communists Body donors Leaders of the Opposition in West Bengal Deputy chief ministers of West Bengal Chief ministers from Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2014 NPOV disputes from May 2011 All NPOV disputes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Pages using authority control with parameters VIAF different on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Run ( Baseball ) - wikipedia Run ( Baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Runs scored '' redirects here . For the cricket topic , see Scoring runs in cricket . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bengie Molina of the Anaheim Angels ( in gray and red ) scores a run by touching home plate after rounding all the bases . In baseball , a run is scored when a player advances around first , second and third base and returns safely to home plate , touching the bases in that order , before three outs are recorded and all obligations to reach base safely on batted balls are met or assured . A player may score by hitting a home run or by any combination of plays that puts him safely `` on base '' ( that is , on first , second , or third ) as a runner and subsequently brings him home . The object of the game is for a team to score more runs than its opponent . The Official Baseball Rules hold that if the third out of an inning is a force out of a runner advancing to any base then , even if another baserunner crosses home plate before that force out is made , his run does not count . However , if the third out is not a force out , but a tag out , then if that other baserunner crosses home plate before that tag out is made , his run will count . In baseball statistics , a player who advances around all the bases to score is credited with a run ( R ) , sometimes referred to as a `` run scored '' . While runs scored is considered an important individual batting statistic , it is regarded as less significant than runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Both individual runs scored and runs batted in are heavily context - dependent ; for a more sophisticated assessment of a player 's contribution toward producing runs for his team see runs created . A pitcher is likewise assessed runs surrendered in his statistics , which differentiate between standard earned runs ( for which the pitcher is statistically assigned full responsibility ) and unearned runs scored due to fielding errors , which do not count in his personal statistics .",
"1": "Specifically , if a fielding error occurs which affects the number of runs scored in an inning , the Official Scorer -- the official in - game statistician -- in order to determine how many of the runs should be classified as earned , will reconstruct the inning as if the error had not occurred . For example , with two outs , suppose a runner reaches base because of a fielding error , and then the next batter hits a two - run home run , and then the following batter then makes the third out , ending the inning . If the inning is reconstructed without the error , and if that third batter , instead of reaching on an error , registered an out , the inning would have ended there without any runs scoring . Thus , the two runs that did score will be classified as unearned , and will not count in the pitcher 's personal statistics . If a pitching substitution occurs while a runner is on base , and that runner eventually scores a run , the pitcher who allowed the player to get on base is charged with the run even though he was no longer pitching when the run scored . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 2 Significant run scoring records 2.1 Player 2.2 Team 2.3 World Series 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Examples ( edit ) Below are some examples of runs scored . With a runner on third and two outs , batter hits a ground ball to the second baseman . The runner on third races home . The second baseman fields the ball and throws on to the first baseman in time to get the batter on the force out at first for the third out of the inning . Even if the runner on third had touched home plate before that force out was made at first , his run would not count . With a runner on third and two outs , batter hits a fly ball over centerfielder 's head . It bounces several times as it rolls to the wall . The runner on third runs safely home and easily scores a run . Meanwhile , the batter safely reaches first , then tries to advance to second . The centerfielder , having retrieved the ball , throws the ball to the second baseman and the runner is tagged out as he slides into second . Since the runner stepped on home plate before the batter was tagged out at second for the third out of the inning , his run will count .",
"2": "Significant run scoring Records ( edit ) Player ( edit ) The career record for most runs scored by a major - league player is 2,295 , held by Rickey Henderson ( 1979 -- 2003 ) . The season record for most runs scored is 198 , set by Billy Hamilton of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1894 . The so - called modern - day record ( 1900 and after ) is 177 , achieved by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in 1921 . The record for most seasons leading one of the major leagues in runs scored is 8 , held by Babe Ruth ( American League : 1919 -- 21 , 1923 , 1924 , 1926 -- 28 ) . The record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored is 18 , shared by the Yankees ' Red Rolfe ( August 9 -- August 25 , 1939 ) and the Cleveland Indians ' Kenny Lofton ( August 15 -- September 3 , 2000 ) . The record for most runs scored by a player in a single game is 7 , set by Guy Hecker of the American Association 's Louisville Colonels on August 15 , 1886 . The modern - day record of 6 is shared by fourteen players ( eight of whom attained it before 1900 ) . Of the six modern - day players to score 6 runs in a game , the first to perform the feat was Mel Ott of the New York Giants on August 4 , 1934 ( he repeated the accomplishment ten years later , making him the only player ever to do it twice ) ; the most recent was Shawn Green , then of the Los Angeles Dodgers , on May 23 , 2002 . Team ( edit ) The record for most runs scored by a major - league team during a single season is 1,212 , set by the Boston Beaneaters ( now the Atlanta Braves ) in 1894 . The modern - day record is 1,067 , achieved by the New York Yankees in 1931 . The team record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored ( i.e. , most consecutive games not being shut out ) is 308 , set by the Yankees between August 3 , 1931 , and August 2 , 1933 .",
"3": "The team record for most runs in its overall history ( up until 2013 ) is the Chicago Cubs with 94,138 . The record for most runs scored by a team in a single game is 36 , set by the Chicago Colts ( now the Chicago Cubs ) against the Louisville Colonels ( which joined the National League in 1892 ) on June 29 , 1897 . The modern - day record of 30 was set on August 22 , 2007 , by the Texas Rangers against the Baltimore Orioles in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park . The Rangers scored 5 runs in the fourth inning , 9 in the sixth , 10 in the eighth , and 6 in the ninth . On August 25 , 1922 , the highest - scoring game in major - league history took place : the Chicago Cubs defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 26 -- 23 , a total of 49 runs . The record for most runs scored by a team in a single inning is 18 , set by the Chicago White Stockings ( now the Cubs ) against the Detroit Wolverines on September 6 , 1883 . The modern - day record is 17 , achieved by the Boston Red Sox against the Detroit Tigers on June 18 , 1953 . World Series ( edit ) The Yankees ' Mickey Mantle holds the record for most career World Series runs scored with 42 ( 1951 -- 53 , 1955 -- 58 , 1960 -- 64 ) . The record for most runs scored in a single World Series , shared by two players , is 10 , achieved both times in a six - game Series : Reggie Jackson of the Yankees was the first to do it , in 1977 ; the Toronto Blue Jays ' Paul Molitor equaled him in 1993 . The most runs ever scored by a player in a World Series game is 4 , a record shared by ten players . Babe Ruth set the mark on October 6 , 1926 , while with the Yankees ; it was matched most recently by Albert Pujols of the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 3 of the 2011 World Series . On October 2 , 1936 , playing the New York Giants , the Yankees set the team record for most runs scored in a single Series game with 18 .",
"4": "Players crossed the plate a record 29 times in the highest - scoring World Series game in history on October 20 , 1993 , as the Blue Jays beat the Phillies 15 -- 14 at Veterans Stadium in Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . See also ( edit ) List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders Run differential References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baseball Explained , by Phillip Mahony . McFarland Books , 2014 . See www.baseballexplained.com Archived 2014 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` MLB Teams and Baseball Encyclopedia -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Yearly League Leaders & Records for Runs Scored . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Pitch clock",
"5": "Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly Single Slap bunt Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Passed ball Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking",
"6": "out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Run_(baseball)&oldid=838019084 '' Categories : Baseball rules Baserunning statistics Baseball terminology Scoring ( sport ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 12 : 46 . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Castle - wikipedia Castle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about medieval fortifications . For other uses , see Castle ( disambiguation ) . The Alcázar of Segovia in Spain overlooking the city Built in 1385 , Bodiam Castle in East Sussex , England , is surrounded by a water - filled moat . Santa Maria da Feira Castle in Portugal , with its 15th - century pinnacles A castle ( from Latin : castellum ) is a type of fortified structure built in Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages by European nobility . Scholars debate the scope of the word castle , but usually consider it to be the private fortified residence of a lord or noble . This is distinct from a palace , which is not fortified ; from a fortress , which was not always a residence for nobility ; and from a fortified settlement , which was a public defence -- though there are many similarities among these types of construction . Usage of the term has varied over time and has been applied to structures as diverse as hill forts and country houses . Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built , they took on a great many forms with many different features , although some , such as curtain walls and arrowslits , were commonplace . A European innovation , castles originated in the 9th and 10th centuries , after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them , and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . Many castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged .",
"1": "This led to the proliferation of towers , with an emphasis on flanking fire . Many new castles were polygonal or relied on concentric defence -- several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time to maximise the castle 's firepower . These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades , such as concentric fortification , and inspiration from earlier defences , such as Roman forts . Not all the elements of castle architecture were military in nature , so that devices such as moats evolved from their original purpose of defence into symbols of power . Some grand castles had long winding approaches intended to impress and dominate their landscape . Although gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 14th century , it did not significantly affect castle building until the 15th century , when artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls . While castles continued to be built well into the 16th century , new techniques to deal with improved cannon fire made them uncomfortable and undesirable places to live . As a result , true castles went into decline and were replaced by artillery forts with no role in civil administration , and country houses that were indefensible . From the 18th century onwards , there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of mock castles , part of a romantic revival of Gothic architecture , but they had no military purpose .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Defining characteristics 1.3 Terminology 2 Common features 2.1 Motte 2.2 Bailey and enceinte 2.3 Keep 2.4 Curtain wall 2.5 Gatehouse 2.6 Moat 2.7 Other features 3 History 3.1 Antecedents 3.2 Origins ( 9th and 10th centuries ) 3.3 11th century 3.4 Innovation and scientific design ( 12th century ) 3.5 13th to 15th centuries 3.6 Advent of gunpowder 3.7 Bastions and star forts ( 16th century ) 3.8 Later use and revival castles 4 Construction 5 Social centre 6 Locations and landscapes 7 Warfare 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading Definition ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The Norman `` White Tower '' , the keep of the Tower of London , exemplifies all uses of a castle including city defence , a residence , and a place of refuge in times of crisis . The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum , which is a diminutive of the word castrum , meaning `` fortified place '' . The Old English castel , Old French castel or chastel , French château , Spanish castillo , Italian castello , and a number of words in other languages also derive from castellum . The word castle was introduced into English shortly before the Norman Conquest to denote this type of building , which was then new to England . Defining characteristics ( edit ) In its simplest terms , the definition of a castle accepted amongst academics is `` a private fortified residence '' . This contrasts with earlier fortifications , such as Anglo - Saxon burhs and walled cities such as Constantinople and Antioch in the Middle East ; castles were not communal defences but were built and owned by the local feudal lords , either for themselves or for their monarch .",
"3": "Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where , in return for military service and the expectation of loyalty , the lord would grant the vassal land . In the late 20th century , there was a trend to refine the definition of a castle by including the criterion of feudal ownership , thus tying castles to the medieval period ; however , this does not necessarily reflect the terminology used in the medieval period . During the First Crusade ( 1096 -- 1099 ) , the Frankish armies encountered walled settlements and forts that they indiscriminately referred to as castles , but which would not be considered as such under the modern definition . Windsor Castle in England was founded as a fortification during the Norman Conquest and today is one of the principal official residences of Queen Elizabeth II . Castles served a range of purposes , the most important of which were military , administrative , and domestic . As well as defensive structures , castles were also offensive tools which could be used as a base of operations in enemy territory . Castles were established by Norman invaders of England for both defensive purposes and to pacify the country 's inhabitants . As William the Conqueror advanced through England , he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken . Between 1066 and 1087 , he established 36 castles such as Warwick Castle , which he used to guard against rebellion in the English Midlands . Towards the end of the Middle Ages , castles tended to lose their military significance due to the advent of powerful cannons and permanent artillery fortifications ; as a result , castles became more important as residences and statements of power . A castle could act as a stronghold and prison but was also a place where a knight or lord could entertain his peers . Over time the aesthetics of the design became more important , as the castle 's appearance and size began to reflect the prestige and power of its occupant . Comfortable homes were often fashioned within their fortified walls . Although castles still provided protection from low levels of violence in later periods , eventually they were succeeded by country houses as high status residences . Terminology ( edit ) Castle is sometimes used as a catch - all term for all kinds of fortifications and , as a result , has been misapplied in the technical sense .",
"4": "An example of this is Maiden Castle which , despite the name , is an Iron Age hill fort which had a very different origin and purpose . São Jorge Castle in Lisbon , Portugal , with a bridge over a moat Although `` castle '' has not become a generic term for a manor house ( like château in French and Schloss in German ) , many manor houses contain `` castle '' in their name while having few if any of the architectural characteristics , usually as their owners liked to maintain a link to the past and felt the term `` castle '' was a masculine expression of their power . In scholarship the castle , as defined above , is generally accepted as a coherent concept , originating in Europe and later spreading to parts of the Middle East , where they were introduced by European Crusaders . This coherent group shared a common origin , dealt with a particular mode of warfare , and exchanged influences . In different areas of the world , analogous structures shared features of fortification and other defining characteristics associated with the concept of a castle , though they originated in different periods and circumstances and experienced differing evolutions and influences . For example , shiro in Japan , described as castles by historian Stephen Turnbull , underwent `` a completely different developmental history , were built in a completely different way and were designed to withstand attacks of a completely different nature '' . While European castles built from the late 12th and early 13th century onwards were generally stone , shiro were predominantly timber buildings into the 16th century . By the 16th century , when Japanese and European cultures met , fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as the Italian trace italienne and star forts . Forts in India present a similar case ; when they were encountered by the British in the 17th century , castles in Europe had generally fallen out of use militarily . Like shiro , the Indian forts , durga or durg in Sanskrit , shared features with castles in Europe such as acting as a domicile for a lord as well as being fortifications . They too developed differently from the structures known as castles that had their origins in Europe .",
"5": "Common features ( edit ) Motte ( edit ) See also : Motte - and - bailey The wooden palisades surmounting mottes were often later replaced with stone , as in this example at Château de Gisors in France . A motte was an earthen mound with a flat top . It was often artificial , although sometimes it incorporated a pre-existing feature of the landscape . The excavation of earth to make the mound left a ditch around the motte , called a moat ( which could be either wet or dry ) . `` Motte '' and `` moat '' derive from the same Old French word , indicating that the features were originally associated and depended on each other for their construction . Although the motte is commonly associated with the bailey to form a motte - and - bailey castle , this was not always the case and there are instances where a motte existed on its own . `` Motte '' refers to the mound alone , but it was often surmounted by a fortified structure , such as a keep , and the flat top would be surrounded by a palisade . It was common for the motte to be reached over a flying bridge ( a bridge over the ditch from the counterscarp of the ditch to the edge of the top of the mound ) , as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry 's depiction of Château de Dinan . Sometimes a motte covered an older castle or hall , whose rooms became underground storage areas and prisons beneath a new keep . Bailey and enceinte ( edit ) See also : Enceinte A bailey , also called a ward , was a fortified enclosure . It was a common feature of castles , and most had at least one . The keep on top of the motte was the domicile of the lord in charge of the castle and a bastion of last defence , while the bailey was the home of the rest of the lord 's household and gave them protection . The barracks for the garrison , stables , workshops , and storage facilities were often found in the bailey . Water was supplied by a well or cistern .",
"6": "Over time the focus of high status accommodation shifted from the keep to the bailey ; this resulted in the creation of another bailey that separated the high status buildings -- such as the lord 's chambers and the chapel -- from the everyday structures such as the workshops and barracks . From the late 12th century there was a trend for knights to move out of the small houses they had previously occupied within the bailey to live in fortified houses in the countryside . Although often associated with the motte - and - bailey type of castle , baileys could also be found as independent defensive structures . These simple fortifications were called ringworks . The enceinte was the castle 's main defensive enclosure , and the terms `` bailey '' and `` enceinte '' are linked . A castle could have several baileys but only one enceinte . Castles with no keep , which relied on their outer defences for protection , are sometimes called enceinte castles ; these were the earliest form of castles , before the keep was introduced in the 10th century . Keep ( edit ) Main article : Keep The 14th - century keep of Château de Vincennes near Paris towers above the castle 's curtain wall . The wall exhibits features common to castle architecture : a gatehouse , corner towers , and machicolations . A keep was a great tower and usually the most strongly defended point of a castle before the introduction of concentric defence . `` Keep '' was not a term used in the medieval period -- the term was applied from the 16th century onwards -- instead `` donjon '' was used to refer to great towers , or turris in Latin . In motte - and - bailey castles , the keep was on top of the motte . `` Dungeon '' is a corrupted form of `` donjon '' and means a dark , unwelcoming prison . Although often the strongest part of a castle and a last place of refuge if the outer defences fell , the keep was not left empty in case of attack but was used as a residence by the lord who owned the castle , or his guests or representatives .",
"7": "At first this was usual only in England , when after the Norman Conquest of 1066 the `` conquerors lived for a long time in a constant state of alert '' ; elsewhere the lord 's wife presided over a separate residence ( domus , aula or mansio in Latin ) close to the keep , and the donjon was a barracks and headquarters . Gradually , the two functions merged into the same building , and the highest residential storeys had large windows ; as a result for many structures , it is difficult to find an appropriate term . The massive internal spaces seen in many surviving donjons can be misleading ; they would have been divided into several rooms by light partitions , as in a modern office building . Even in some large castles the great hall was separated only by a partition from the lord 's `` chamber '' , his bedroom and to some extent his office . Curtain wall ( edit ) Main article : Curtain wall ( fortification ) Curtain walls were defensive walls enclosing a bailey . They had to be high enough to make scaling the walls with ladders difficult and thick enough to withstand bombardment from siege engines which , from the 15th century onwards , included gunpowder artillery . A typical wall could be 3 m ( 10 ft ) thick and 12 m ( 39 ft ) tall , although sizes varied greatly between castles . To protect them from undermining , curtain walls were sometimes given a stone skirt around their bases . Walkways along the tops of the curtain walls allowed defenders to rain missiles on enemies below , and battlements gave them further protection . Curtain walls were studded with towers to allow enfilading fire along the wall . Arrowslits in the walls did not become common in Europe until the 13th century , for fear that they might compromise the wall 's strength . Gatehouse ( edit ) Main article : Gatehouse A 13th - century gatehouse in the château de Châteaubriant , France . It connects the upper ward to the lower one . The entrance was often the weakest part in a circuit of defences . To overcome this , the gatehouse was developed , allowing those inside the castle to control the flow of traffic . In earth and timber castles , the gateway was usually the first feature to be rebuilt in stone .",
"8": "The front of the gateway was a blind spot and to overcome this , projecting towers were added on each side of the gate in a style similar to that developed by the Romans . The gatehouse contained a series of defences to make a direct assault more difficult than battering down a simple gate . Typically , there were one or more portcullises -- a wooden grille reinforced with metal to block a passage -- and arrowslits to allow defenders to harry the enemy . The passage through the gatehouse was lengthened to increase the amount of time an assailant had to spend under fire in a confined space and unable to retaliate . It is a popular myth that so - called murder - holes -- openings in the ceiling of the gateway passage -- were used to pour boiling oil or molten lead on attackers ; the price of oil and lead and the distance of the gatehouse from fires meant that this was impractical . This method was , however , a common practice in the MENA region and the Mediterranean castles and fortifications where such resources were abundant . They were most likely used to drop objects on attackers , or to allow water to be poured on fires to extinguish them . Provision was made in the upper storey of the gatehouse for accommodation so the gate was never left undefended , although this arrangement later evolved to become more comfortable at the expense of defence . During the 13th and 14th centuries the barbican was developed . This consisted of a rampart , ditch , and possibly a tower , in front of the gatehouse which could be used to further protect the entrance . The purpose of a barbican was not just to provide another line of defence but also to dictate the only approach to the gate . Moat ( edit ) Main article : Moat Caerlaverock Castle in Scotland is surrounded by a moat . Sample of a dry moat by Slovenska Bistrica castle in Slovenia . A moat was a defensive ditch with steep sides , and could be either dry or filled with water . Its purpose was twofold ; to stop devices such as siege towers from reaching the curtain wall and to prevent the walls from being undermined . Water moats were found in low - lying areas and were usually crossed by a drawbridge , although these were often replaced by stone bridges .",
"9": "Fortified islands could be added to the moat , adding another layer of defence . Water defences , such as moats or natural lakes , had the benefit of dictating the enemy 's approach to the castle . The site of the 13th - century Caerphilly Castle in Wales covers over 30 acres ( 12 ha ) and the water defences , created by flooding the valley to the south of the castle , are some of the largest in Western Europe . Other features ( edit ) Battlements were most often found surmounting curtain walls and the tops of gatehouses , and comprised several elements : crenellations , hoardings , machicolations , and loopholes . Crenellation is the collective name for alternating crenels and merlons : gaps and solid blocks on top of a wall . Hoardings were wooden constructs that projected beyond the wall , allowing defenders to shoot at , or drop objects on , attackers at the base of the wall without having to lean perilously over the crenellations , thereby exposing themselves to retaliatory fire . Machicolations were stone projections on top of a wall with openings that allowed objects to be dropped on an enemy at the base of the wall in a similar fashion to hoardings . Arrowslits , also commonly called loopholes , were narrow vertical openings in defensive walls which allowed arrows or crossbow bolts to be fired on attackers . The narrow slits were intended to protect the defender by providing a very small target , but the size of the opening could also impede the defender if it was too small . A smaller horizontal opening could be added to give an archer a better view for aiming . Sometimes a sally port was included ; this could allow the garrison to leave the castle and engage besieging forces . It was usual for the latrines to empty down the external walls of a castle and into the surrounding ditch . History ( edit ) Antecedents ( edit ) Borġ in - Nadur fort built during the Tarxien phase and used until the Bronze Age According to historian Charles Coulson the accumulation of wealth and resources , such as food , led to the need for defensive structures . The earliest fortifications originated in the Fertile Crescent , the Indus Valley , Egypt , and China where settlements were protected by large walls .",
"10": "Northern Europe was slower than the East to develop defensive structures and it was not until the Bronze Age that hill forts developed and began to spread across Europe . In the medieval period castles were influenced by earlier forms of elite architecture , contributing to regional variations . Importantly , while castles had military aspects , they contained a recognisable household structure within their walls , reflecting the multi-functional use of these buildings . Origins ( 9th and 10th centuries ) ( edit ) The subject of the emergence of castles is a complex matter which has led to considerable debate . Discussions have typically attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by Magyars , Muslims , and Vikings and a need for private defence . The breakdown of the Carolingian Empire led to the privatisation of government , and local lords assumed responsibility for the economy and justice . However , while castles proliferated in the 9th and 10th centuries the link between periods of insecurity and building fortifications is not always straightforward . Some high concentrations of castles occur in secure places , while some border regions had relatively few castles . It is likely that the castle evolved from the practice of fortifying a lordly home . The greatest threat to a lord 's home or hall was fire as it was usually a wooden structure . To protect against this , and keep other threats at bay , there were several courses of action available : create encircling earthworks to keep an enemy at a distance ; build the hall in stone ; or raise it up on an artificial mound , known as a motte , to present an obstacle to attackers . While the concept of ditches , ramparts , and stone walls as defensive measures is ancient , raising a motte is a medieval innovation . A bank and ditch enclosure was a simple form of defence , and when found without an associated motte is called a ringwork ; when the site was in use for a prolonged period , it was sometimes replaced by a more complex structure or enhanced by the addition of a stone curtain wall . Building the hall in stone did not necessarily make it immune to fire as it still had windows and a wooden door . This led to the elevation of windows to the first floor -- to make it harder to throw objects in -- and to change the entrance from ground floor to first floor .",
"11": "These features are seen in many surviving castle keeps , which were the more sophisticated version of halls . Castles were not just defensive sites but also enhanced a lord 's control over his lands . They allowed the garrison to control the surrounding area , and formed a centre of administration , providing the lord with a place to hold court . The Bayeux Tapestry contains one of the earliest representations of a castle . It depicts attackers of Château de Dinan in France using fire , one of the threats to wooden castles . Building a castle sometimes required the permission of the king or other high authority . In 864 the King of West Francia , Charles the Bald , prohibited the construction of castella without his permission and ordered them all to be destroyed . This is perhaps the earliest reference to castles , though military historian R. Allen Brown points out that the word castella may have applied to any fortification at the time . In some countries the monarch had little control over lords , or required the construction of new castles to aid in securing the land so was unconcerned about granting permission -- as was the case in England in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest and the Holy Land during the Crusades . Switzerland is an extreme case of there being no state control over who built castles , and as a result there were 4,000 in the country . There are very few castles dated with certainty from the mid-9th century . Converted into a donjon around 950 , Château de Doué - la - Fontaine in France is the oldest standing castle in Europe . 11th century ( edit ) From 1000 onwards , references to castles in texts such as charters increased greatly . Historians have interpreted this as evidence of a sudden increase in the number of castles in Europe around this time ; this has been supported by archaeological investigation which has dated the construction of castle sites through the examination of ceramics . The increase in Italy began in the 950s , with numbers of castles increasing by a factor of three to five every 50 years , whereas in other parts of Europe such as France and Spain the growth was slower . In 950 Provence was home to 12 castles , by 1000 this figure had risen to 30 , and by 1030 it was over 100 .",
"12": "Although the increase was slower in Spain , the 1020s saw a particular growth in the number of castles in the region , particularly in contested border areas between Christian and Muslim . Despite the common period in which castles rose to prominence in Europe , their form and design varied from region to region . In the early 11th century , the motte and keep -- an artificial mound surmounted by a palisade and tower -- was the most common form of castle in Europe , everywhere except Scandinavia . While Britain , France , and Italy shared a tradition of timber construction that was continued in castle architecture , Spain more commonly used stone or mud - brick as the main building material . The Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in the 8th century introduced a style of building developed in North Africa reliant on tapial , pebbles in cement , where timber was in short supply . Although stone construction would later become common elsewhere , from the 11th century onwards it was the primary building material for Christian castles in Spain , while at the same time timber was still the dominant building material in north - west Europe . Built in 1138 , Castle Rising in England is an example of an elaborate donjon . Historians have interpreted the widespread presence of castles across Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries as evidence that warfare was common , and usually between local lords . Castles were introduced into England shortly before the Norman Conquest in 1066 . Before the 12th century , castles were as uncommon in Denmark as they had been in England before the Norman Conquest . The introduction of castles to Denmark was a reaction to attacks from Wendish pirates , and they were usually intended as coastal defences . The motte and bailey remained the dominant form of castle in England , Wales , and Ireland well into the 12th century . At the same time , castle architecture in mainland Europe became more sophisticated . The donjon was at the centre of this change in castle architecture in the 12th century . Central towers proliferated , and typically had a square plan , with walls 3 to 4 m ( 9.8 to 13.1 ft ) thick . Their decoration emulated Romanesque architecture , and sometimes incorporated double windows similar to those found in church bell towers .",
"13": "Donjons , which were the residence of the lord of the castle , evolved to become more spacious . The design emphasis of donjons changed to reflect a shift from functional to decorative requirements , imposing a symbol of lordly power upon the landscape . This sometimes led to compromising defence for the sake of display . Innovation and scientific design ( 12th century ) ( edit ) Until the 12th century , stone - built and earth and timber castles were contemporary , but by the late 12th century the number of castles being built went into decline . This has been partly attributed to the higher cost of stone - built fortifications , and the obsolescence of timber and earthwork sites , which meant it was preferable to build in more durable stone . Although superseded by their stone successors , timber and earthwork castles were by no means useless . This is evidenced by the continual maintenance of timber castles over long periods , sometimes several centuries ; Owain Glyndŵr 's 11th - century timber castle at Sycharth was still in use by the start of the 15th century , its structure having been maintained for four centuries . At the same time there was a change in castle architecture . Until the late 12th century castles generally had few towers ; a gateway with few defensive features such as arrowslits or a portcullis ; a great keep or donjon , usually square and without arrowslits ; and the shape would have been dictated by the lay of the land ( the result was often irregular or curvilinear structures ) . The design of castles was not uniform , but these were features that could be found in a typical castle in the mid-12th century . By the end of the 12th century or the early 13th century , a newly constructed castle could be expected to be polygonal in shape , with towers at the corners to provide enfilading fire for the walls . The towers would have protruded from the walls and featured arrowslits on each level to allow archers to target anyone nearing or at the curtain wall . Albarrana tower in Paderne castle ( Portugal ) These later castles did not always have a keep , but this may have been because the more complex design of the castle as a whole drove up costs and the keep was sacrificed to save money .",
"14": "The larger towers provided space for habitation to make up for the loss of the donjon . Where keeps did exist , they were no longer square but polygonal or cylindrical . Gateways were more strongly defended , with the entrance to the castle usually between two half - round towers which were connected by a passage above the gateway -- although there was great variety in the styles of gateway and entrances -- and one or more portcullis . A peculiar feature of Muslim castles in the Iberian Peninsula was the use of detached towers , called Albarrana towers , around the perimeter as can be seen at the Alcazaba of Badajoz . Probably developed in the 12th century , the towers provided flanking fire . They were connected to the castle by removable wooden bridges , so if the towers were captured the rest of the castle was not accessible . The gatehouse to the inner ward of Beeston Castle , England , was built in the 1220s and has an entrance between two D - shaped towers . When seeking to explain this change in the complexity and style of castles , antiquarians found their answer in the Crusades . It seemed that the Crusaders had learned much about fortification from their conflicts with the Saracens and exposure to Byzantine architecture . There were legends such as that of Lalys -- an architect from Palestine who reputedly went to Wales after the Crusades and greatly enhanced the castles in the south of the country -- and it was assumed that great architects such as James of Saint George originated in the East . In the mid-20th century this view was cast into doubt . Legends were discredited , and in the case of James of Saint George it was proven that he came from Saint - Georges - d'Espéranche , in France . If the innovations in fortification had derived from the East , it would have been expected for their influence to be seen from 1100 onwards , immediately after the Christians were victorious in the First Crusade ( 1096 -- 1099 ) , rather than nearly 100 years later . Remains of Roman structures in Western Europe were still standing in many places , some of which had flanking round - towers and entrances between two flanking towers .",
"15": "The castle builders of Western Europe were aware of and influenced by Roman design ; late Roman coastal forts on the English `` Saxon Shore '' were reused and in Spain the wall around the city of Ávila imitated Roman architecture when it was built in 1091 . Historian Smail in Crusading warfare argued that the case for the influence of Eastern fortification on the West has been overstated , and that Crusaders of the 12th century in fact learned very little about scientific design from Byzantine and Saracen defences . A well - sited castle that made use of natural defences and had strong ditches and walls had no need for a scientific design . An example of this approach is Kerak . Although there were no scientific elements to its design , it was almost impregnable , and in 1187 Saladin chose to lay siege to the castle and starve out its garrison rather than risk an assault . After the First Crusade , Crusaders who did not return to their homes in Europe helped found the Crusader states of the Principality of Antioch , the County of Edessa , the Kingdom of Jerusalem , and the County of Tripoli . The castles they founded to secure their acquisitions were designed mostly by Syrian master - masons . Their design was very similar to that of a Roman fort or Byzantine tetrapyrgia which were square in plan and had square towers at each corner that did not project much beyond the curtain wall . The keep of these Crusader castles would have had a square plan and generally be undecorated . While castles were used to hold a site and control movement of armies , in the Holy Land some key strategic positions were left unfortified . Castle architecture in the East became more complex around the late 12th and early 13th centuries after the stalemate of the Third Crusade ( 1189 -- 1192 ) . Both Christians and Muslims created fortifications , and the character of each was different . Saphadin , the 13th - century ruler of the Saracens , created structures with large rectangular towers that influenced Muslim architecture and were copied again and again , however they had little influence on Crusader castles . 13th to 15th centuries ( edit ) Krak des Chevaliers is a concentric castle built with both rectangular and rounded towers .",
"16": "It is one of the best - preserved Crusader castles . In the early 13th century , Crusader castles were mostly built by Military Orders including the Knights Hospitaller , Knights Templar , and Teutonic Knights . The orders were responsible for the foundation of sites such as Krak des Chevaliers , Margat , and Belvoir . Design varied not just between orders , but between individual castles , though it was common for those founded in this period to have concentric defences . The concept , which originated in castles such as Krak des Chevaliers , was to remove the reliance on a central strongpoint and to emphasise the defence of the curtain walls . There would be multiple rings of defensive walls , one inside the other , with the inner ring rising above the outer so that its field of fire was not completely obscured . If assailants made it past the first line of defence they would be caught in the killing ground between the inner and outer walls and have to assault the second wall . Concentric castles were widely copied across Europe , for instance when Edward I of England -- who had himself been on Crusade -- built castles in Wales in the late 13th century , four of the eight he founded had a concentric design . Not all the features of the Crusader castles from the 13th century were emulated in Europe . For instance , it was common in Crusader castles to have the main gate in the side of a tower and for there to be two turns in the passageway , lengthening the time it took for someone to reach the outer enclosure . It is rare for this bent entrance to be found in Europe . The design of Edward I 's Harlech Castle ( built in the 1280s ) in Wales was influenced by his experience of the Crusades . One of the effects of the Livonian Crusade in the Baltic was the introduction of stone and brick fortifications . Although there were hundreds of wooden castles in Prussia and Livonia , the use of bricks and mortar was unknown in the region before the Crusaders . Until the 13th century and start of the 14th centuries , their design was heterogeneous , however this period saw the emergence of a standard plan in the region : a square plan , with four wings around a central courtyard .",
"17": "It was common for castles in the East to have arrowslits in the curtain wall at multiple levels ; contemporary builders in Europe were wary of this as they believed it weakened the wall . Arrowslits did not compromise the wall 's strength , but it was not until Edward I 's programme of castle building that they were widely adopted in Europe . The Crusades also led to the introduction of machicolations into Western architecture . Until the 13th century , the tops of towers had been surrounded by wooden galleries , allowing defenders to drop objects on assailants below . Although machicolations performed the same purpose as the wooden galleries , they were probably an Eastern invention rather than an evolution of the wooden form . Machicolations were used in the East long before the arrival of the Crusaders , and perhaps as early as the first half of the 8th century in Syria . The greatest period of castle building in Spain was in the 11th to 13th centuries , and they were most commonly found in the disputed borders between Christian and Muslim lands . Conflict and interaction between the two groups led to an exchange of architectural ideas , and Spanish Christians adopted the use of detached towers . The Spanish Reconquista , driving the Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula , was complete in 1492 . The northern walls of the Gran Castello in Gozo , Malta , were built in the 15th century . Although France has been described as `` the heartland of medieval architecture '' , the English were at the forefront of castle architecture in the 12th century . French historian François Gebelin wrote : `` The great revival in military architecture was led , as one would naturally expect , by the powerful kings and princes of the time ; by the sons of William the Conqueror and their descendants , the Plantagenets , when they became dukes of Normandy . These were the men who built all the most typical twelfth - century fortified castles remaining to - day '' . Despite this , by the beginning of the 15th century , the rate of castle construction in England and Wales went into decline . The new castles were generally of a lighter build than earlier structures and presented few innovations , although strong sites were still created such as that of Raglan in Wales . At the same time , French castle architecture came to the fore and led the way in the field of medieval fortifications .",
"18": "Across Europe -- particularly the Baltic , Germany , and Scotland -- castles were built well into the 16th century . Advent of gunpowder ( edit ) Corvin Castle in Transylvania ( built between 1446 and 1480 ) was one of the biggest in Eastern Europe at that time . Artillery powered by gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 1320s and spread quickly . Handguns , which were initially unpredictable and inaccurate weapons , were not recorded until the 1380s . Castles were adapted to allow small artillery pieces -- averaging between 19.6 and 22 kg ( 43 and 49 lb ) -- to fire from towers . These guns were too heavy for a man to carry and fire , but if he supported the butt end and rested the muzzle on the edge of the gun port he could fire the weapon . The gun ports developed in this period show a unique feature , that of a horizontal timber across the opening . A hook on the end of the gun could be latched over the timber so the gunner did not have to take the full recoil of the weapon . This adaptation is found across Europe , and although the timber rarely survives , there is an intact example at Castle Doornenburg in the Netherlands . Gunports were keyhole shaped , with a circular hole at the bottom for the weapon and a narrow slit on top to allow the gunner to aim . This form is very common in castles adapted for guns , found in Egypt , Italy , Scotland , and Spain , and elsewhere in between . Other types of port , though less common , were horizontal slits -- allowing only lateral movement -- and large square openings , which allowed greater movement . The use of guns for defence gave rise to artillery castles , such as that of Château de Ham in France . Defences against guns were not developed until a later stage . Ham is an example of the trend for new castles to dispense with earlier features such as machicolations , tall towers , and crenellations . Bigger guns were developed , and in the 15th century became an alternative to siege engines such as the trebuchet . The benefits of large guns over trebuchets -- the most effective siege engine of the Middle Ages before the advent of gunpowder -- were those of a greater range and power .",
"19": "In an effort to make them more effective , guns were made ever bigger , although this hampered their ability to reach remote castles . By the 1450s guns were the preferred siege weapon , and their effectiveness was demonstrated by Mehmed II at the Fall of Constantinople . The response towards more effective cannons was to build thicker walls and to prefer round towers , as the curving sides were more likely to deflect a shot than a flat surface . While this sufficed for new castles , pre-existing structures had to find a way to cope with being battered by cannon . An earthen bank could be piled behind a castle 's curtain wall to absorb some of the shock of impact . Often , castles constructed before the age of gunpowder were incapable of using guns as their wall - walks were too narrow . A solution to this was to pull down the top of a tower and to fill the lower part with the rubble to provide a surface for the guns to fire from . Lowering the defences in this way had the effect of making them easier to scale with ladders . A more popular alternative defence , which avoided damaging the castle , was to establish bulwarks beyond the castle 's defences . These could be built from earth or stone and were used to mount weapons . Bastions and star forts ( 16th century ) ( edit ) The angled bastion , as used in Copertino Castle in Italy , was developed around 1500 . First used in Italy , it allowed the evolution of artillery forts that eventually took over the military role of castles . Around 1500 , the innovation of the angled bastion was developed in Italy . With developments such as these , Italy pioneered permanent artillery fortifications , which took over from the defensive role of castles . From this evolved star forts , also known as trace italienne . The elite responsible for castle construction had to choose between the new type that could withstand cannon fire and the earlier , more elaborate style . The first was ugly and uncomfortable and the latter was less secure , although it did offer greater aesthetic appeal and value as a status symbol . The second choice proved to be more popular as it became apparent that there was little point in trying to make the site genuinely defensible in the face of cannon .",
"20": "For a variety of reasons , not least of which is that many castles have no recorded history , there is no firm number of castles built in the medieval period . However , it has been estimated that between 75,000 and 100,000 were built in western Europe ; of these around 1,700 were in England and Wales and around 14,000 in German - speaking areas . Some true castles were built in the Americas by the Spanish and French colonies . The first stage of Spanish fort construction has been termed the `` castle period '' , which lasted from 1492 until the end of the 16th century . Starting with Fortaleza Ozama , `` these castles were essentially European medieval castles transposed to America '' . Among other defensive structures ( including forts and citadels ) , castles were also built in New France towards the end of the 17th century . In Montreal the artillery was not as developed as on the battle - fields of Europe , some of the region 's outlying forts were built like the fortified manor houses of France . Fort Longueuil , built from 1695 -- 1698 by a baronial family , has been described as `` the most medieval - looking fort built in Canada '' . The manor house and stables were within a fortified bailey , with a tall round turret in each corner . The `` most substantial castle - like fort '' near Montréal was Fort Senneville , built in 1692 with square towers connected by thick stone walls , as well as a fortified windmill . Stone forts such as these served as defensive residences , as well as imposing structures to prevent Iroquois incursions . Although castle construction faded towards the end of the 16th century , castles did not necessarily all fall out of use . Some retained a role in local administration and became law courts , while others are still handed down in aristocratic families as hereditary seats . A particularly famous example of this is Windsor Castle in England which was founded in the 11th century and is home to the monarch of the United Kingdom . In other cases they still had a role in defence . Tower houses , which are closely related to castles and include pele towers , were defended towers that were permanent residences built in the 14th to 17th centuries .",
"21": "Especially common in Ireland and Scotland , they could be up to five storeys high and succeeded common enclosure castles and were built by a greater social range of people . While unlikely to provide as much protection as a more complex castle , they offered security against raiders and other small threats . Later use and revival castles ( edit ) Neuschwanstein is a 19th - century historicist ( neoromanesque ) castle built by Ludwig II of Bavaria , inspired by the romanticism of the time . Castello Dei Baroni , a country residence in Wardija , Malta , designed with castle - like features According to archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham , `` the great country houses of the seventeenth to twentieth centuries were , in a social sense , the castles of their day '' . Though there was a trend for the elite to move from castles into country houses in the 17th century , castles were not completely useless . In later conflicts , such as the English Civil War ( 1641 -- 1651 ) , many castles were refortified , although subsequently slighted to prevent them from being used again . Some country residences , which were not meant to be fortified , were given a castle appearance to scare away potential invaders such as adding turrets and using small windows . An example of this is the 16th century Bubaqra Castle in Bubaqra , Malta , which was modified in the 18th century . Revival or mock castles became popular as a manifestation of a Romantic interest in the Middle Ages and chivalry , and as part of the broader Gothic Revival in architecture . Examples of these castles include Chapultepec in Mexico , Neuschwanstein in Germany , and Edwin Lutyens ' Castle Drogo ( 1911 -- 1930 ) -- the last flicker of this movement in the British Isles . While churches and cathedrals in a Gothic style could faithfully imitate medieval examples , new country houses built in a `` castle style '' differed internally from their medieval predecessors . This was because to be faithful to medieval design would have left the houses cold and dark by contemporary standards . Artificial ruins , built to resemble remnants of historic edifices , were also a hallmark of the period . They were usually built as centre pieces in aristocratic planned landscapes .",
"22": "Follies were similar , although they differed from artificial ruins in that they were not part of a planned landscape , but rather seemed to have no reason for being built . Both drew on elements of castle architecture such as castellation and towers , but served no military purpose and were solely for display . A toy castle is also used as a common children attraction in playing fields and fun parks , such as the castle of the Playmobil FunPark in Ħal Far , Malta . Construction ( edit ) See also : Medieval technology and Stonemasonry A 19th - century depiction by Eugène Viollet - le - Duc of the construction of the large tower at Coucy Castle in France , with scaffolding and masons at work . The holes mark the position of the scaffolding in earlier stages of construction . Experimental archeology castle building at Guédelon Castle site ( 2015 ) Once the site of a castle had been selected -- whether a strategic position or one intended to dominate the landscape as a mark of power -- the building material had to be selected . An earth and timber castle was cheaper and easier to erect than one built from stone . The costs involved in construction are not well - recorded , and most surviving records relate to royal castles . A castle with earthen ramparts , a motte , and timber defences and buildings could have been constructed by an unskilled workforce . The source of man - power was probably from the local lordship , and the tenants would already have the necessary skills of felling trees , digging , and working timber necessary for an earth and timber castle . Possibly coerced into working for their lord , the construction of an earth and timber castle would not have been a drain on a client 's funds . In terms of time , it has been estimated that an average sized motte -- 5 m ( 16 ft ) high and 15 m ( 49 ft ) wide at the summit -- would have taken 50 people about 40 working days . An exceptionally expensive motte and bailey was that of Clones in Ireland , built in 1211 for £ 20 . The high cost , relative to other castles of its type , was because labourers had to be imported . The cost of building a castle varied according to factors such as their complexity and transport costs for material .",
"23": "It is certain that stone castles cost a great deal more than those built from earth and timber . Even a very small tower , such as Peveril Castle , would have cost around £ 200 . In the middle were castles such as Orford , which was built in the late 12th century for £ 1,400 , and at the upper end were those such as Dover , which cost about £ 7,000 between 1181 and 1191 . Spending on the scale of the vast castles such as Château Gaillard ( an estimated £ 15,000 to £ 20,000 between 1196 and 1198 ) was easily supported by The Crown , but for lords of smaller areas , castle building was a very serious and costly undertaking . It was usual for a stone castle to take the best part of a decade to finish . The cost of a large castle built over this time ( anywhere from £ 1,000 to £ 10,000 ) would take the income from several manors , severely impacting a lord 's finances . Costs in the late 13th century were of a similar order , with castles such as Beaumaris and Rhuddlan costing £ 14,500 and £ 9,000 respectively . Edward I 's campaign of castle - building in Wales cost £ 80,000 between 1277 and 1304 , and £ 95,000 between 1277 and 1329 . Renowned designer Master James of Saint George , responsible for the construction of Beaumaris , explained the cost : In case you should wonder where so much money could go in a week , we would have you know that we have needed -- and shall continue to need 400 masons , both cutters and layers , together with 2,000 less skilled workmen , 100 carts , 60 wagons and 30 boats bringing stone and sea coal ; 200 quarrymen ; 30 smiths ; and carpenters for putting in the joists and floor boards and other necessary jobs . All this takes no account of the garrison ... nor of purchases of material . Of which there will have to be a great quantity ... The men 's pay has been and still is very much in arrears , and we are having the greatest difficulty in keeping them because they have simply nothing to live on .",
"24": "-- Not only were stone castles expensive to build in the first place , but their maintenance was a constant drain . They contained a lot of timber , which was often unseasoned and as a result needed careful upkeep . For example , it is documented that in the late 12th century repairs at castles such as Exeter and Gloucester cost between £ 20 and £ 50 annually . Medieval machines and inventions , such as the treadwheel crane , became indispensable during construction , and techniques of building wooden scaffolding were improved upon from Antiquity . When building in stone a prominent concern of medieval builders was to have quarries close at hand . There are examples of some castles where stone was quarried on site , such as Chinon , Château de Coucy and Château Gaillard . When it was built in 992 in France the stone tower at Château de Langeais was 16 metres ( 52 ft ) high , 17.5 metres ( 57 ft ) wide , and 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long with walls averaging 1.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) . The walls contain 1,200 cubic metres ( 42,000 cu ft ) of stone and have a total surface ( both inside and out ) of 1,600 square metres ( 17,000 sq ft ) . The tower is estimated to have taken 83,000 average working days to complete , most of which was unskilled labour . Many countries had both timber and stone castles , however Denmark had few quarries , and as a result , most of its castles are earth and timber affairs , or later on built from brick . Brick - built structures were not necessarily weaker than their stone - built counterparts . Brick castles are less common in England than stone or earth and timber constructions , and often it was chosen for its aesthetic appeal or because it was fashionable , encouraged by the brick architecture of the Low Countries . For example , when Tattershall Castle was built between 1430 and 1450 , there was plenty of stone available nearby , but the owner , Lord Cromwell , chose to use brick . About 700,000 bricks were used to build the castle , which has been described as `` the finest piece of medieval brick - work in England '' .",
"25": "Most Spanish castles were built from stone , whereas castles in Eastern Europe were usually of timber construction . The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork , Poland , is an example of medieval fortresses and built in the typical style of northern Brick Gothic . On its completion in 1406 it was the largest brick castle in the world . Social centre ( edit ) See also : Court ( royal ) God Speed ! by Edmund Blair Leighton , 1900 : a late Victorian view of a lady giving a favour to a knight about to do battle Due to the lord 's presence in a castle , it was a centre of administration from where he controlled his lands . He relied on the support of those below him , as without the support of his more powerful tenants a lord could expect his power to be undermined . Successful lords regularly held court with those immediately below them on the social scale , but absentees could expect to find their influence weakened . Larger lordships could be vast , and it would be impractical for a lord to visit all his properties regularly so deputies were appointed . This especially applied to royalty , who sometimes owned land in different countries . To allow the lord to concentrate on his duties regarding administration , he had a household of servants to take care of chores such as providing food . The household was run by a chamberlain , while a treasurer took care of the estate 's written records . Royal households took essentially the same form as baronial households , although on a much larger scale and the positions were more prestigious . An important role of the household servants was the preparation of food ; the castle kitchens would have been a busy place when the castle was occupied , called on to provide large meals . Without the presence of a lord 's household , usually because he was staying elsewhere , a castle would have been a quiet place with few residents , focused on maintaining the castle . As social centres castles were important places for display . Builders took the opportunity to draw on symbolism , through the use of motifs , to evoke a sense of chivalry that was aspired to in the Middle Ages amongst the elite . Later structures of the Romantic Revival would draw on elements of castle architecture such as battlements for the same purpose . Castles have been compared with cathedrals as objects of architectural pride , and some castles incorporated gardens as ornamental features .",
"26": "The right to crenellate , when granted by a monarch -- though it was not always necessary -- was important not just as it allowed a lord to defend his property but because crenellations and other accoutrements associated with castles were prestigious through their use by the elite . Licences to crenellate were also proof of a relationship with or favour from the monarch , who was the one responsible for granting permission . Courtly love was the eroticisation of love between the nobility . Emphasis was placed on restraint between lovers . Though sometimes expressed through chivalric events such as tournaments , where knights would fight wearing a token from their lady , it could also be private and conducted in secret . The legend of Tristan and Iseult is one example of stories of courtly love told in the Middle Ages . It was an ideal of love between two people not married to each other , although the man might be married to someone else . It was not uncommon or ignoble for a lord to be adulterous -- Henry I of England had over 20 bastards for instance -- but for a lady to be promiscuous was seen as dishonourable . The purpose of marriage between the medieval elites was to secure land . Girls were married in their teens , but boys did not marry until they came of age . There is a popular conception that women played a peripheral role in the medieval castle household , and that it was dominated by the lord himself . This derives from the image of the castle as a martial institution , but most castles in England , France , Ireland , and Scotland were never involved in conflicts or sieges , so the domestic life is a neglected facet . The lady was given a dower of her husband 's estates -- usually about a third -- which was hers for life , and her husband would inherit on her death . It was her duty to administer them directly , as the lord administered his own land . Despite generally being excluded from military service , a woman could be in charge of a castle , either on behalf of her husband or if she was widowed . Because of their influence within the medieval household , women influenced construction and design , sometimes through direct patronage ; historian Charles Coulson emphasises the role of women in applying `` a refined aristocratic taste '' to castles due to their long term residence .",
"27": "Locations and landscapes ( edit ) Highland castles such as Château de Montségur in France have become the popular idea of where castles should be found because they are photogenic , where in reality castles were built in a variety of places due to a range of considerations . The positioning of castles was influenced by the available terrain . Whereas hill castles such as Marksburg were common in Germany , where 66 per cent of all known medieval were highland area while 34 per cent were on low - lying land , they formed a minority of sites in England . Because of the range of functions they had to fulfil , castles were built in a variety of locations . Multiple factors were considered when choosing a site , balancing between the need for a defendable position with other considerations such as proximity to resources . For instance many castles are located near Roman roads , which remained important transport routes in the Middle Ages , or could lead to the alteration or creation of new road systems in the area . Where available it was common to exploit pre-existing defences such as building with a Roman fort or the ramparts of an Iron Age hillfort . A prominent site that overlooked the surrounding area and offered some natural defences may also have been chosen because its visibility made it a symbol of power . Urban castles were particularly important in controlling centres of population and production , especially with an invading force , for instance in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th century the majority of royal castles were built in or near towns . Srebrenik Fortress in Bosnia , inaccessibility of location with only a narrow bridge traversing deep canyon provides excellent protection As castles were not simply military buildings but centres of administration and symbols of power , they had a significant impact on the surrounding landscape . Placed by a frequently - used road or river , the toll castle ensured that a lord would get his due toll money from merchants . Rural castles were often associated with mills and field systems due to their role in managing the lord 's estate , which gave them greater influence over resources . Others were adjacent to or in royal forests or deer parks and were important in their upkeep . Fish ponds were a luxury of the lordly elite , and many were found next to castles .",
"28": "Not only were they practical in that they ensured a water supply and fresh fish , but they were a status symbol as they were expensive to build and maintain . Although sometimes the construction of a castle led to the destruction of a village , such as at Eaton Socon in England , it was more common for the villages nearby to have grown as a result of the presence of a castle . Sometimes planned towns or villages were created around a castle . The benefits of castle building on settlements was not confined to Europe . When the 13th - century Safad Castle was founded in Galilee in the Holy Land , the 260 villages benefitted from the inhabitants ' newfound ability to move freely . When built , a castle could result in the restructuring of the local landscape , with roads moved for the convenience of the lord . Settlements could also grow naturally around a castle , rather than being planned , due to the benefits of proximity to an economic centre in a rural landscape and the safety given by the defences . Not all such settlements survived , as once the castle lost its importance -- perhaps succeeded by a manor house as the centre of administration -- the benefits of living next to a castle vanished and the settlement depopulated . Almourol Castle in Portugal , which stands on a small islet in the Tejo River During and shortly after the Norman Conquest of England , castles were inserted into important pre-existing towns to control and subdue the populace . They were usually located near any existing town defences , such as Roman walls , although this sometimes resulted in the demolition of structures occupying the desired site . In Lincoln , 166 houses were destroyed to clear space for the castle , and in York agricultural land was flooded to create a moat for the castle . As the military importance of urban castles waned from their early origins , they became more important as centres of administration , and their financial and judicial roles . When the Normans invaded Ireland , Scotland , and Wales in the 11th and 12th centuries , settlement in those countries was predominantly non-urban , and the foundation of towns was often linked with the creation of a castle . The location of castles in relation to high status features , such as fish ponds , was a statement of power and control of resources . Also often found near a castle , sometimes within its defences , was the parish church .",
"29": "This signified a close relationship between feudal lords and the Church , one of the most important institutions of medieval society . Even elements of castle architecture that have usually been interpreted as military could be used for display . The water features of Kenilworth Castle in England -- comprising a moat and several satellite ponds -- forced anyone approaching a water castle entrance to take a very indirect route , walking around the defences before the final approach towards the gateway . Another example is that of the 14th - century Bodiam Castle , also in England ; although it appears to be a state of the art , advanced castle it is in a site of little strategic importance , and the moat was shallow and more likely intended to make the site appear impressive than as a defence against mining . The approach was long and took the viewer around the castle , ensuring they got a good look before entering . Moreover , the gunports were impractical and unlikely to have been effective . The landscape around Leeds Castle in England has been managed since the 13th century . The castle overlooks artificial lakes and ponds and is within a medieval deer park . Warfare ( edit ) See also : Siege and Medieval warfare An early 13th - century drawing by Matthew Paris showing contemporary warfare , including the use of castles , crossbowmen and mounted knights As a static structure , castles could often be avoided . Their immediate area of influence was about 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) and their weapons had a short range even early in the age of artillery . However , leaving an enemy behind would allow them to interfere with communications and make raids . Garrisons were expensive and as a result often small unless the castle was important . Cost also meant that in peace time garrisons were smaller , and small castles were manned by perhaps a couple of watchmen and gate - guards . Even in war , garrisons were not necessarily large as too many people in a defending force would strain supplies and impair the castle 's ability to withstand a long siege . In 1403 , a force of 37 archers successfully defended Caernarfon Castle against two assaults by Owain Glyndŵr 's allies during a long siege , demonstrating that a small force could be effective .",
"30": "Early on , manning a castle was a feudal duty of vassals to their magnates , and magnates to their kings , however this was later replaced with paid forces . A garrison was usually commanded by a constable whose peace - time role would have been looking after the castle in the owner 's absence . Under him would have been knights who by benefit of their military training would have acted as a type of officer class . Below them were archers and bowmen , whose role was to prevent the enemy reaching the walls as can be seen by the positioning of arrowslits . If it was necessary to seize control of a castle an army could either launch an assault or lay siege . It was more efficient to starve the garrison out than to assault it , particularly for the most heavily defended sites . Without relief from an external source , the defenders would eventually submit . Sieges could last weeks , months , and in rare cases years if the supplies of food and water were plentiful . A long siege could slow down the army , allowing help to come or for the enemy to prepare a larger force for later . Such an approach was not confined to castles , but was also applied to the fortified towns of the day . On occasion , siege castles would be built to defend the besiegers from a sudden sally and would have been abandoned after the siege ended one way or another . A reconstructed trebuchet at Château des Baux in France If forced to assault a castle , there were many options available to the attackers . For wooden structures , such as early motte - and - baileys , fire was a real threat and attempts would be made to set them alight as can be seen in the Bayeux Tapestry . Projectile weapons had been used since antiquity and the mangonel and petraria -- from Roman and Eastern origins respectively -- were the main two that were used into the Middle Ages . The trebuchet , which probably evolved from the petraria in the 13th century , was the most effective siege weapon before the development of cannons . These weapons were vulnerable to fire from the castle as they had a short range and were large machines . Conversely , weapons such as trebuchets could be fired from within the castle due to the high trajectory of its projectile , and would be protected from direct fire by the curtain walls .",
"31": "Ballistas or springalds were siege engines that worked on the same principles as crossbows . With their origins in Ancient Greece , tension was used to project a bolt or javelin . Missiles fired from these engines had a lower trajectory than trebuchets or mangonels and were more accurate . They were more commonly used against the garrison rather than the buildings of a castle . Eventually cannons developed to the point where they were more powerful and had a greater range than the trebuchet , and became the main weapon in siege warfare . Walls could be undermined by a sap . A mine leading to the wall would be dug and once the target had been reached , the wooden supports preventing the tunnel from collapsing would be burned . It would cave in and bring down the structure above . Building a castle on a rock outcrop or surrounding it with a wide , deep moat helped prevent this . A counter-mine could be dug towards the besiegers ' tunnel ; assuming the two converged , this would result in underground hand - to - hand combat . Mining was so effective that during the siege of Margat in 1285 when the garrison were informed a sap was being dug they surrendered . Battering rams were also used , usually in the form of a tree trunk given an iron cap . They were used to force open the castle gates , although they were sometimes used against walls with less effect . As an alternative to the time - consuming task of creating a breach , an escalade could be attempted to capture the walls with fighting along the walkways behind the battlements . In this instance , attackers would be vulnerable to arrowfire . A safer option for those assaulting a castle was to use a siege tower , sometimes called a belfry . Once ditches around a castle were partially filled in , these wooden , movable towers could be pushed against the curtain wall . As well as offering some protection for those inside , a siege tower could overlook the interior of a castle , giving bowmen an advantageous position from which to unleash missiles .",
"32": "See also ( edit ) Middle Ages portal Alcázar Burgstall - site of a former castle Cave castle Dzong architecture Forts in India Hill castle Hillside castle Island castle Japanese castle List of castles in Africa Lowland castle Ridge castle Spur castle Toll castle Water castle References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Creighton & Higham 2003 , p. 6 , chpt 1 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1988 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Coulson 2003 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Liddiard 2005 , pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Herlihy 1970 , p. xvii -- xviii Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Liddiard 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Stephens 1969 , pp. 452 -- 475 ^ Jump up to : Duffy 1979 , pp. 23 -- 25 Jump up ^ Liddiard 2005 , pp. 2 , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1983 , pp. xvi -- xvii Jump up ^ Liddiard 2005 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Creighton & Higham 2003 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Thompson 1987 , pp. 1 -- 2 , 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , pp. 2 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Turnbull 2003 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Turnbull 2003 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Nossov 2006 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Friar 2003 , p. 214 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1988 , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Barthélemy 1988 , p. 397 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Barthélemy 1988 , pp. 408 -- 410 , 412 -- 414 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , pp.",
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"37": "17 Jump up ^ Kollewe , Julia ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` Playmobil 's theme park in Malta has captured children 's imagination '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Mary - Ann ( 1 March 2007 ) . Top 10 Malta & Gozo . Dorling Kindersley Limited . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 1784 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : McNeill 1992 , pp. 39 -- 40 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , p. 42 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , p. 43 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Erlande - Brandenburg 1995 , pp. 121 -- 126 Jump up ^ Erlande - Brandenburg 1995 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Bachrach 1991 , pp. 47 -- 52 Jump up ^ Higham & Barker 1992 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1988 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Higham & Barker 1992 , pp. 79 , 84 -- 88 Jump up ^ Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork , UNESCO , retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 Jump up ^ Emery 2007 , p. 139 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , pp. 16 -- 18 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , pp. 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 172 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , pp. 28 -- 29 Jump up ^ Coulson 1979 , pp. 74 -- 76 Jump up ^ Coulson 1979 , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Liddiard 2005 , p.",
"38": "9 Jump up ^ Schultz 2006 , pp. xv -- xxi Jump up ^ Gies & Gies 1974 , pp. 87 -- 90 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , pp. 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Coulson 2003 , p. 382 Jump up ^ McNeill 1992 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Coulson 2003 , pp. 297 -- 299 , 382 ^ Jump up to : Creighton 2002 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Krahe 2002 , pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , pp. 35 -- 41 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Creighton & Higham 2003 , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Smail 1973 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , pp. 180 -- 181 , 217 Jump up ^ Creighton & Higham 2003 , pp. 58 -- 59 Jump up ^ Creighton & Higham 2003 , pp. 59 -- 63 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , pp. 110 , 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , pp. 76 -- 79 Jump up ^ Liddiard 2005 , pp. 7 -- 10 Jump up ^ Creighton 2002 , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1983 , pp. xx -- xxiii ^ Jump up to : Friar 2003 , pp. 123 -- 124 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1988 , pp. 15 -- 18 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , pp. 132 , 136 Jump up ^ Liddiard 2005 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p.",
"39": "264 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 263 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1988 , pp. 125 -- 126 , 169 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , pp. 126 -- 127 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , pp. 254 , 262 Jump up ^ Allen Brown 1976 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Friar 2003 , p. 262 ^ Jump up to : Allen Brown 1976 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Cathcart King 1988 , p. 127 Bibliography ( edit ) Allen Brown , Reginald ( 1976 ) ( 1954 ) , Allen Brown 's English Castles , Woodbridge : The Boydell Press , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 069 - 8 Allen Brown , Reginald ( 1984 ) , The Architecture of Castles : A Visual Guide , B.T. Batsford , ISBN 0 - 7134 - 4089 - 9 Aurell , Martin ( 2006 ) , Daniel Power , ed. , `` Society '' , The Central Middle Ages : Europe 950 -- 1320 , The Short Oxford History of Europe , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 925312 - 9 Bachrach , Bernard S. ( 1991 ) , `` The Cost of Castle Building : The Case of the Tower at Langeais , 992 -- 994 '' , in Kathryn L. Reyerson , Faye Powe , The Medieval Castle : Romance and Reality , University of Minnesota Press , pp. 47 -- 62 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2003 - 6 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Barthélemy , Dominique ( 1988 ) , Georges Duby , ed.",
"40": ", `` Civilizing the fortress : eleventh to fourteenth century '' , A History of Private Life , Volume II : Revelations of the Medieval World , Belknap Press , Harvard University : 397 -- 423 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 40001 - 6 Burton , Peter ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , `` Islamic Castles in Iberia '' , The Castle Studies Group Journal , 21 : 228 -- 244 Buse , Dieter ( 2005 ) , The Regions of Germany : a reference guide to history and culture , Greenwood Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32400 - 0 Cathcart King , David James ( 1983 ) , Castellarium Anglicanum : An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England , Wales and the Islands . Volume I : Anglesey -- Montgomery , London : Kraus International Publications , ISBN 0 - 527 - 50110 - 7 Cathcart King , David James ( 1988 ) , The Castle in England and Wales : an Interpretative History , London : Croom Helm , ISBN 0 - 918400 - 08 - 2 Chartrand , René ( 2005 ) , French Fortresses in North America 1535 -- 1763 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 714 - 7 Chartrand , René ; Spedaliere , Donato ( 2006 ) , The Spanish Main 1492 -- 1800 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 005 - 5 Coulson , Charles ( 1979 ) , `` Structural Symbolism in Medieval Castle Architecture '' , Journal of the British Archaeological Association , London : British Archaeological Association , 132 : 73 -- 90 Coulson , Charles ( 2003 ) , Castles in Medieval Society : Fortresses in England , France , and Ireland in the Central Middle Ages , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 927363 - 4 Creighton , Oliver ( 2002 ) , Castles and Landscapes , London : Continuum , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5896 - 3 Creighton , Oliver ( 2012 ) ,",
"41": "Early European Castles : Aristocracy and Authority , AD 800 -- 1200 , Debates in Archaeology , London : Bristol Classical Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78093 - 031 - 2 Creighton , Oliver ; Higham , Robert ( 2003 ) , Medieval Castles , Shire Archaeology , ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0546 - 6 Duffy , Christopher ( 1979 ) , Siege Warfare : The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494 -- 1660 , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , ISBN 0 - 7100 - 8871 - X Ekdahl , Sven ( 2006 ) , `` Castles : The Baltic Region '' , in Alan V. Murray , The Crusades : An Encyclopedia : Volume I : A -- C , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 862 - 4 Emery , Anthony ( 2007 ) , `` Malbork Castle -- Poland '' ( PDF ) , The Castle Studies Group Journal , 21 : 138 -- 156 Erlande - Brandenburg , Alain ( 1995 ) , The Cathedral Builders of the Middle Ages , `` New Horizons series '' , Thames & Hudson Ltd , ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 30052 - 7 Friar , Stephen ( 2003 ) , The Sutton Companion to Castles , Stroud : Sutton Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 3994 - 2 Gebelin , François ( 1964 ) , The châteaux of France , H. Eaton Hart ( English ed . ) , Presses Universitaires de France Gies , Joseph ; Gies , Frances ( 1974 ) , Life in a Medieval Castle , New York : Harper & Row , ISBN 0 - 06 - 090674 - X Goodall , John ( 2008 ) ( 2003 ) , Portchester Castle ( 2nd ed . )",
"42": ", London : English Heritage , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84802 - 007 - 8 Herlihy , David ( 1970 ) , The History of Feudalism , London : Humanities Press , ISBN 0 - 391 - 00901 - X Higham , Robert ; Barker , Philip ( 1992 ) , Timber Castles , London : B.T. Batsford , ISBN 0 - 7134 - 2189 - 4 Johnson , Matthew ( 2002 ) , Behind the Castle Gate : From Medieval to Renaissance , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 25887 - 1 Krahe , Friedrich - Wilhelm ( 2002 ) , Burgen und Wohntürme des deutschen Mittelalters ( in German ) , Stuttgart : Thorbecke , ISBN 3 - 7995 - 0104 - 5 Liddiard , Robert ( 2005 ) , Castles in Context : Power , Symbolism and Landscape , 1066 to 1500 , Macclesfield : Windgather Press Ltd , ISBN 0 - 9545575 - 2 - 2 McNeill , Tom ( 1992 ) , English Heritage Book of Castles , London : English Heritage and B.T. Batsford , ISBN 0 - 7134 - 7025 - 9 Norris , John ( 2004 ) , Welsh Castles at War , Stroud : Tempus , ISBN 0 - 7524 - 2885 - 3 Nossov , Konstantin ( 2006 ) , Indian Castles 1206 -- 1526 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 065 - 9 Schultz , James ( 2006 ) , Courtly love , the love of courtliness , and the history of sexuality , Chicago : University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 74089 - 8 Smail , R.C. ( 1973 ) , The Crusaders in Syria and the Holy Land , London : Thames & Hudson , ISBN 0 - 500 - 02080 - 9 Stephens , W.B.",
"43": "( ed ) ( 1969 ) , `` The castle and castle estate in Warwick '' , A History of the County of Warwick , 8 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Thompson , Michael ( 1987 ) , The Decline of the Castle , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 32194 - 8 Tillman , Curt ( 1958 ) , Lexikon der Deutschen Burgen und Schlosser ( in German ) , 1 , Stuttgart : Anton Hiersemann Turnbull , Stephen ( 2003 ) , Japanese castles 1540 -- 1640 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 429 - 0 Vann , Theresa M. ( 2006 ) , `` Castles : Iberia '' , in Alan V. Murray , The Crusades : An Encyclopedia : Volume I : A -- C , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 862 - 4 Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castle . Gravett , Christopher ( 1990 ) , Medieval Siege Warfare , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , ISBN 0 - 85045 - 947 - 8 Johnson , Matthew ( 2002 ) , Behind the Castle Gate : From Medieval to Renaissance , London : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 26100 - 7 Kenyon , J. ( 1991 ) , Medieval Fortifications , Leicester : Leicester University Press , ISBN 0 - 7185 - 1392 - 4 Mesqui , Jean ( 1997 ) , Chateaux - forts et fortifications en France ( in French ) , Paris : Flammarion , ISBN 2 - 08 - 012271 - 1 Monreal y Tejada , Luis ( 1999 ) , Medieval Castles of Spain ( English ed . ) , Konemann , ISBN 3 - 8290 - 2221 - 2 Pounds , N.J.G. ( 1994 ) , The Medieval Castle in England and Wales : A Social and Political History , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 45828 - 5 Thompson , M.W. ( 1991 ) ,",
"44": "The Rise of the Castle , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 37544 - 4 Fortifications Ancient history Abatis Agger Broch Burgus Castellum Castra Castros Circular rampart City gate Crannog Ditch Defensive wall Dun Faussebraye Gatehouse Gord Hillfort Limes Oppidum Palisade Pincer gate Promontory fort Rampart Ringfort ( Rath ) Refuge castle Schwedenschanze Stockade Sudis Trou de loup Vallum Wagon fort ( Laager ) Vitrified fort Post-classical history Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Arrowslit Barbican Bartizan Bastion Battery tower Battlement Bent entrance Bergfried Bretèche Bridge castle Bridge tower Butter - churn tower Caltrop Castle Chamber gate Chartaque Chashi Chemin de ronde Chemise Cheval de frise Citadel Coercion castle Concentric castle Corner tower Counter-castle Curtain Drawbridge Enceinte Embrasure Flanking tower Fortified buildings ( church , house ) Ganerbenburg Gate tower Gabion Glacis Guard tower Gulyay - gorod Gusuku Half tower Hoarding Inner bailey Keep Kremlin ( Detinets ) Landesburg L - plan castle Machicolation Merlon Moat Motte - and - bailey Murder - hole Neck ditch Outer bailey Peel tower Portcullis Postern Reduit Ringwork Quadrangular castle Shell keep Shield wall Toll castle Tower castle Tower house Turret Wall tower Bailey ( or ward ) Watchtower Witch tower Yett Modern history 18th century and earlier Abwurfdach Bastion",
"45": "Blockhouse Breastwork Canal Caponier Casemate Cavalier Counterguard Counterscarp Couvreface Coupure Covertway Crownwork Device fort Entrenchment Flèche Gorge Hornwork Lunette Orillon Ostrog Outwork Place - of - arms Polygonal fort Presidio ( Spanish America ) Punji sticks Ravelin Redan Redoubt Retrenchment Sandbag Scarp Sconce Schanze Sea fort Station Star fort Tenaille 19th century Barbed wire Barbette Border outpost Bunker Coastal artillery Gun turret Land mine Martello tower Outpost Trench warfare Sangar Wire obstacles 20th century Admiralty scaffolding Air raid shelter Anti-tank trench Barbed tape Blast shelter Blast wall Border barrier Buoy Bremer wall Concertina wire Defensive fighting position British `` hedgehog '' road block Czech hedgehog Dragon 's teeth Electric fence Fallout shelter Fire support base Flak tower Hardened aircraft shelter Hesco bastion Main Line of Resistance Revetment Sentry gun Spider hole Submarine pen Tunnel warfare Underground hangar By topography Cave castle Hill castle Hill fort Hillside castle Hilltop castle Island castle Lowland castle Marsh castle Moated castle Promontory fort Ridge castle Rocca Rock castle Spur castle Water castle By role Coercion castle Counter-castle Ganerbenburg Hunting lodge Imperial castle",
"46": "Kaiserpfalz Landesburg Lustschloss Ordensburg Refuge castle Toll castle Urban castle By design Bridge castle Circular rampart Concentric castle L - plan castle Motte - and - bailey castle Quadrangular castle Ringfort Ringwork Tower castle See also : Category List of castles in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard List of castles in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon",
"47": "Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau List of castles in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands List of castles in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt",
"48": "Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Stonemasonry Types Ashlar Rustication Carving Dry stone Letter cutting Masonry Monumental Rubble Sculpture Slipform Materials List of stone Artificial stone Brick Cast stone Decorative stones Dimension stone Fieldstone Flagstone Gabion Granite Marble Mortar Sandstone Slate Tools Angle grinder Bush hammer Ceramic tile cutter Chisel Diamond blade Lewis ( lifting appliance ) Non-explosive demolition agents Plug and feather Stonemason 's hammer Straightedge Techniques Brickwork Flaming Flushwork Knapping Polygonal masonry Repointing Scabbling Tuckpointing Products",
"49": "Hardstone carving Headstone ( Footstone ) Mosaic Sculpture Stone wall Organizations International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland Mason Contractors Association of America Operative Plasterers ' and Cement Masons ' International Association Worshipful Company of Masons LCCN : sh85020702 GND : 4009104 - 1 BNF : cb11931695w ( data ) HDS : 24640 NDL : 00571227 BNE : XX526049 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castle&oldid=816295113 '' Categories : Castles Medieval defences Masonry Hidden categories : CS1 Maltese - language sources ( mt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Latin - language text CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân",
"50": "- lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو",
"51": "Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 13 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what were the two causes of the dust bowl
|
[
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"a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion",
"severe drought",
"failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion",
"severe drought",
"a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion (the Aeolian processes)",
"severe drought",
"a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion (the Aeolian processes)"
] |
{
"0": "Dust Bowl - Wikipedia Dust Bowl Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dust Bowl ( disambiguation ) . Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl between 1935 and 1938 originally prepared by the Soil Conservation Service . The most severely affected counties are colored . A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County , Oklahoma , April 1936 . Iconic photo taken by Arthur Rothstein . The Dust Bowl , also known as the Dirty Thirties , was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s ; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion ( the Aeolian processes ) caused the phenomenon . The drought came in three waves , 1934 , 1936 , and 1939 -- 1940 , but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years . With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains , farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade ; this had displaced the native , deep - rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds . The rapid mechanization of farm equipment , especially small gasoline tractors , and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers ' decisions to convert arid grassland ( much of which received no more than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of precipitation per year ) to cultivated cropland . During the drought of the 1930s , the unanchored soil turned to dust , which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky . These choking billows of dust -- named `` black blizzards '' or `` black rollers '' -- traveled cross country , reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington , D.C. On the Plains , they often reduced visibility to 3 feet ( 1 m ) or less . Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma , to witness the `` Black Sunday '' black blizzards of April 14 , 1935 ; Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press coined the term `` Dust Bowl '' while rewriting Geiger 's news story .",
"1": "While the term `` the Dust Bowl '' was originally a reference to the geographical area affected by the dust , today it is usually used to refer to the event , as in `` It was during the Dust Bowl '' . The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres ( 400,000 km ) that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico , Colorado , and Kansas . The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of poverty - stricken families to abandon their farms , unable to pay mortgages or grow crops , and losses reached US $ 25 million per day by 1936 ( equivalent to US $440,000,000 in 2017 ) . Many of these families , who were often known as `` Okies '' because so many of them came from Oklahoma , migrated to California and other states to find that the Great Depression had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left . The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works , notably the novel The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) by John Steinbeck , the folk music of Woody Guthrie , and photographs depicting the conditions of migrants by Dorothea Lange . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic characteristics and early history 2 Drought and dust storms 3 Human displacement 3.1 United States 3.2 Characteristics of migrants 4 U.S. government response 5 Long - term economic impact 6 Influence on the arts and culture 7 Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains 8 See also 8.1 Notable documentaries 8.2 International 8.3 General 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Geographic characteristics and early History A dust storm approaches Stratford , Texas , in 1935 . The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains , characterized by plains which vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano Estacado . Elevation ranges from 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) in the east to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) at the base of the Rocky Mountains .",
"2": "The area is semiarid , receiving less than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain annually ; this rainfall supports the shortgrass prairie biome originally present in the area . The region is also prone to extended drought , alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration . During wet years , the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output , but crops fail during dry years . The region is also subject to high winds . During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains , this region was thought unsuitable for European - style agriculture ; explorers called it the Great American Desert . The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture . The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862 , offering settlers 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) plots . With the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 , waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains , and they greatly increased the acreage under cultivation . An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that `` rain follows the plow '' ( a popular phrase among real estate promoters ) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently . While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily cattle ranching , the adverse effect of harsh winters on the cattle , beginning in 1886 , a short drought in 1890 , and general overgrazing , led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation . Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land , the United States government expanded on the 160 acres ( 65 ha ) offered under the Homestead Act -- granting 640 acres ( 260 ha ) to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the Kinkaid Act ( 1904 ) and 320 acres ( 130 ha ) elsewhere in the Great Plains under the Enlarged Homestead Act ( 1909 ) . Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century . A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the `` formerly '' semiarid area could support large - scale agriculture . At the same time , technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs .",
"3": "The combined effects of the disruption of the Russian Revolution , which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops , and World War I increased agricultural prices ; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation . For example , in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas , the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920 , then tripled again between 1925 and 1930 . The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large - scale erosion under certain environmental conditions . The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods . Furthermore , cotton farmers left fields bare during winter months , when winds in the High Plains are highest , and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting , thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation . Drought and Dust storms A dust storm ; Spearman , Texas , April 14 , 1935 `` Heavy black clouds of dust rising over the Texas Panhandle , Texas '' , c. 1936 . After fairly favourable climatic conditions in the 1920s with good rainfall and relatively moderate winters , which permitted increased settlement and cultivation in the Great Plains , the region entered an unusually dry era in the summer of 1930 . During the next decade , the northern plains suffered four of their seven driest calendar years since 1895 , Kansas four of its twelve driest , and the entire region south to West Texas lacked any period of above - normal rainfall until record rains hit in 1941 . When severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s , it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time . The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable , reduced to a powdery consistency in some places . Without the indigenous grasses in place , the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period . The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail , leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion . The fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds .",
"4": "On November 11 , 1933 , a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year . Beginning on May 9 , 1934 , a strong , two - day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl . The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago , where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust ( ~ 5500 tonnes ) . Two days later , the same storm reached cities to the east , such as Cleveland , Buffalo , Boston , New York City , and Washington , D.C. That winter ( 1934 -- 1935 ) , red snow fell on New England . On April 14 , 1935 , known as `` Black Sunday '' , 20 of the worst `` black blizzards '' occurred across the entire sweep of the Great Plains , from Canada south to Texas . The dust storms caused extensive damage and turned the day to night ; witnesses reported that they could not see five feet in front of them at certain points . Denver - based Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma that day . His story about Black Sunday marked the first appearance of the term Dust Bowl ; it was coined by Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press , while rewriting Geiger 's news story . Spearman and Hansford County have been literaly ( sic ) in a cloud of dust for the past week . Ever since Friday of last week , there has n't been a day pass but what the county was beseieged ( sic ) with a blast of wind and dirt . On rare occasions when the wind did subside for a period of hours , the air has been so filled with dust that the town appeared to be overhung by a fog cloud . Because of this long seige of dust and every building being filled with it , the air has become stifling to breathe and many people have developed sore throats and dust colds as a result . '' -- Spearman Reporter , 21 March 1935 Much of the farmland was eroded in the aftermath of the Dust Bowl . In 1941 , a Kansas agricultural experiment station released a bulletin that suggested reestablishing native grasses by the `` hay method '' .",
"5": "Developed in 1937 to speed up the process and increase returns from pasture , the `` hay method '' was originally supposed to occur in Kansas naturally over 25 -- 40 years . After much data analysis , the causal mechanism for the droughts can be linked to ocean temperature anomalies . Specifically , Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures appear to have had an indirect effect on the general atmospheric circulation , while Pacific sea surface temperatures seem to have had the most direct influence . Human displacement This catastrophe intensified the economic impact of the Great Depression in the region . United States Buried machinery in a barn lot ; Dallas , South Dakota , May 1936 In 1935 , many families were forced to leave their farms and travel to other areas seeking work because of the drought ( which at that time had already lasted four years ) . The abandonment of homesteads and financial ruin resulting from catastrophic topsoil loss led to widespread hunger and poverty . Dust Bowl conditions fomented an exodus of the displaced from Texas , Oklahoma , and the surrounding Great Plains to adjacent regions . More than 500,000 Americans were left homeless . Over 350 houses had to be torn down after one storm alone . The severe drought and dust storms had left many homeless ; others had their mortgages foreclosed by banks , or felt they had no choice but to abandon their farms in search of work . Many Americans migrated west looking for work . Parents packed up `` jalopies '' with their families and a few personal belongings , and headed west in search of work . Some residents of the Plains , especially in Kansas and Oklahoma , fell ill and died of dust pneumonia or malnutrition . `` Broke , baby sick , and car trouble ! '' - Dorothea Lange 's 1937 photo of a Missouri migrant family 's jalopy stuck near Tracy , California . The Dust Bowl exodus was the largest migration in American history within a short period of time . Between 1930 and 1940 , approximately 3.5 million people moved out of the Plains states ; of those , it is unknown how many moved to California . In just over a year , over 86,000 people migrated to California . This number is more than the number of migrants to that area during the 1849 Gold Rush .",
"6": "Migrants abandoned farms in Oklahoma , Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , Colorado , and New Mexico , but were often generally referred to as `` Okies '' , `` Arkies '' , or `` Texies '' . Terms such as `` Okies '' and `` Arkies '' came to be known in the 1930s as the standard terms for those who had lost everything and were struggling the most during the Great Depression . Not all migrants traveled long distances ; some simply went to the next town or county . So many families left their farms and were on the move that the proportion between migrants and residents was nearly equal in the Great Plains states . Characteristics of migrants A migratory family from Texas living in a trailer in an Arizona cotton field Historian James N. Gregory examined Census Bureau statistics and other records to learn more about the migrants . Based on a 1939 survey of occupation by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of about 116,000 families who arrived in California in the 1930s , he learned that only 43 percent of southwesterners were doing farm work immediately before they migrated . Nearly one - third of all migrants were professional or white - collar workers . The poor economy displaced more than just farmers as refugees to California ; many teachers , lawyers , and small business owners moved west with their families during this time . After the Great Depression ended , some moved back to their original states . Many others remained where they had resettled . About one - eighth of California 's population is of Okie heritage . Us government response The greatly expanded participation of government in land management and soil conservation was an important outcome from the disaster . Different groups took many different approaches to responding to the disaster . To identify areas that needed attention , groups such as the Soil Conservation Service generated detailed soil maps and took photos of the land from the sky . To create shelterbelts to reduce soil erosion , groups such as the United States Forestry Service 's Prairie States Forestry Project planted trees on private lands . Finally , groups like the Resettlement Administration , which later became the Farm Security Administration , encouraged small farm owners to resettle on other lands , if they lived in dryer parts of the Plains . During President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first 100 days in office in 1933 , his administration quickly initiated programs to conserve soil and restore the ecological balance of the nation .",
"7": "Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes established the Soil Erosion Service in August 1933 under Hugh Hammond Bennett . In 1935 , it was transferred and reorganized under the Department of Agriculture and renamed the Soil Conservation Service . It is now known as the Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS ) . As part of New Deal programs , Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act in 1936 , requiring landowners to share the allocated government subsidies with the laborers who worked on their farms . Under the law , `` benefit payments were continued as measures for production control and income support , but they were now financed by direct Congressional appropriations and justified as soil conservation measures . The Act shifted the parity goal from price equality of agricultural commodities and the articles that farmers buy to income equality of farm and non-farm population . '' Thus , the parity goal was to re-create the ratio between the purchasing power of the net income per person on farms from agriculture and that of the income of persons not on farms that prevailed during 1909 -- 1914 . To stabilize prices , the government paid farmers and ordered more than six million pigs to be slaughtered . It paid to have the meat packed and distributed to the poor and hungry . The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) was established to regulate crop and other surpluses . FDR in an address on the AAA commented , Let me make one other point clear for the benefit of the millions in cities who have to buy meats . Last year the Nation suffered a drought of unparalleled intensity . If there had been no Government program , if the old order had obtained in 1933 and 1934 , that drought on the cattle ranges of America and in the corn belt would have resulted in the marketing of thin cattle , immature hogs and the death of these animals on the range and on the farm , and if the old order had been in effect those years , we would have had a vastly greater shortage than we face today . Our program -- we can prove it -- saved the lives of millions of head of livestock . They are still on the range , and other millions of heads are today canned and ready for this country to eat . '' The FSRC diverted agricultural commodities to relief organizations . Apples , beans , canned beef , flour and pork products were distributed through local relief channels .",
"8": "Cotton goods were later included , to clothe the needy . In 1935 , the federal government formed a Drought Relief Service ( DRS ) to coordinate relief activities . The DRS bought cattle in counties which were designated emergency areas , for $14 to $20 a head . Animals determined unfit for human consumption were killed ; at the beginning of the program , more than 50 percent were so designated in emergency areas . The DRS assigned the remaining cattle to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) to be used in food distribution to families nationwide . Although it was difficult for farmers to give up their herds , the cattle slaughter program helped many of them avoid bankruptcy . `` The government cattle buying program was a blessing to many farmers , as they could not afford to keep their cattle , and the government paid a better price than they could obtain in local markets . '' President Roosevelt ordered the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million trees from Canada to Abilene , Texas to break the wind , hold water in the soil , and hold the soil itself in place . The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques , including crop rotation , strip farming , contour plowing , terracing , and other improved farming practices . In 1937 , the federal government began an aggressive campaign to encourage farmers in the Dust Bowl to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserved the soil . The government paid reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice the new methods . By 1938 , the massive conservation effort had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65 % . The land still failed to yield a decent living . In the fall of 1939 , after nearly a decade of dirt and dust , the drought ended when regular rainfall finally returned to the region . The government still encouraged continuing the use of conservation methods to protect the soil and ecology of the Plains . At the end of the drought , the programs which were implemented during these tough times helped to sustain a positive relationship between America 's farmers and the federal government . The President 's Drought Committee issued a report in 1935 covering the government 's assistance to agriculture during 1934 through mid-1935 : it discussed conditions , measures of relief , organization , finances , operations , and results of the government 's assistance .",
"9": "Numerous exhibits are included in this report . Long - term economic Impact In many regions , more than 75 % of the topsoil was blown away by the end of the 1930s . Land degradation varied widely . Aside from the short - term economic consequences caused by erosion , there were severe long - term economic consequences caused by the Dust Bowl . By 1940 , counties that had experienced the most significant levels of erosion had a greater decline in agricultural land values . The per - acre value of farmland declined by 28 % in high - erosion counties and 17 % in medium - erosion counties , relative to land value changes in low - erosion counties . Even over the long - term , the agricultural value of the land often failed to recover to pre-Dust Bowl levels . In highly eroded areas , less than 25 % of the original agricultural losses were recovered . The economy adjusted predominantly through large relative population declines in more - eroded counties , both during the 1930s and through the 1950s . The economic effects persisted , in part , because of farmers ' failure to switch to more appropriate crops for highly eroded areas . Because the amount of topsoil had been reduced , it would have been more productive to shift from crops and wheat to animals and hay . During the Depression and through at least the 1950s , there was limited relative adjustment of farmland away from activities that became less productive in more - eroded counties . Some of the failure to shift to more productive agricultural products may be related to ignorance about the benefits of changing land use . A second explanation is a lack of availability of credit , caused by the high rate of failure of banks in the Plains states . Because banks failed in the Dust Bowl region at a higher rate than elsewhere , farmers could not get the credit they needed to buy capital to shift crop production . In addition , profit margins in either animals or hay were still minimal , and farmers had little incentive in the beginning to change their crops .",
"10": "Patrick Allitt recounts how fellow historian Donald Worster responded to his return visit to the Dust Bowl in the mid-1970s when he revisited some of the worst afflicted counties : Capital - intensive agribusiness had transformed the scene ; deep wells into the aquifer , intensive irrigation , the use of artificial pesticides and fertilizers , and giant harvesters were creating immense crops year after year whether it rained or not . According to the farmers he interviewed , technology had provided the perfect answer to old troubles , such of the bad days would not return . In Worster 's view , by contrast , the scene demonstrated that America 's capitalist high - tech farmers had learned nothing . They were continuing to work in an unsustainable way , devoting far cheaper subsidized energy to growing food than the energy could give back to its ultimate consumers . In contrast with Worster 's pessimism , historian Mathew Bonnifield argued that the long - term significance of the Dust Bowl was `` the triumph of the human spirit in its capacity to endure and overcome hardships and reverses . '' Influence on the arts and culture Florence Owens Thompson seen in the photo Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children . by Dorothea Lange The crisis was documented by photographers , musicians , and authors , many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government . For instance , the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis . Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression . She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families . Among her most well - known photographs is Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children , which depicted a gaunt - looking woman , Florence Owens Thompson , holding three of her children . This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost . Decades later , Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast . Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl `` Okie . '' The work of independent artists was also influenced by the crises of the Dust Bowl and the Depression .",
"11": "Author John Steinbeck , borrowing closely from field notes taken by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb , wrote The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) about migrant workers and farm families displaced by the Dust Bowl . Babb 's own novel about the lives of the migrant workers , Whose Names Are Unknown , was written in 1939 but was eclipsed and shelved in response to the success of the Steinbeck 's work , and was finally published in 2004 . Many of the songs of folk singer Woody Guthrie , such as those on his 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads , are about his experiences in the Dust Bowl era during the Great Depression when he traveled with displaced farmers from Oklahoma to California and learned their traditional folk and blues songs , earning him the nickname the `` Dust Bowl Troubadour '' . Migrants also influenced musical culture wherever they went . Oklahoma migrants , in particular , were rural Southwesterners who carried their traditional country music to California . Today , the `` Bakersfield Sound '' describes this blend , which developed after the migrants brought country music to the city . Their new music inspired a proliferation of country dance halls as far south as Los Angeles . The 2014 science fiction film Interstellar features a ravaged 21st - century America which is again scoured by dust storms ( caused by a worldwide pathogen affecting all crops ) . Along with inspiration from the 1930s crisis , director Christopher Nolan features interviews from the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl to draw further parallels . In 2017 , Americana recording artist Grant Maloy Smith released the album Dust Bowl -- American Stories , which was inspired by the history of the Dust Bowl . In a review , the music magazine No Depression wrote that the album 's lyrics and music are `` as potent as Woody Guthrie , as intense as John Trudell and dusted with the trials and tribulations of Tom Joad -- Steinbeck and The Grapes of Wrath . '' Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains The change in the total value of agricultural land and revenue was quite similar over the twentieth century . Agricultural land and revenue boomed during World War I , but fell during the Great Depression and the 1930s . The land and revenue began increasing again in 1940 , and has been increasing since then .",
"12": "From 1910 to the 1940s , total farmland increased and remained constant until 1970 when it slightly declined . During this time , total population increased steadily , but there was a slight dip in trend from 1930 to 1960 . See also U.S. Route 66 -- notable Dust Bowl migration route to California 1936 North American heat wave Great Plains Shelterbelt Ogallala Aquifer Notable documentaries The Dust Bowl -- 2012 documentary by Ken Burns The Plow That Broke the Plains -- 1936 documentary International Palliser 's Triangle -- semiarid area of Canada Goyder 's Line -- semiarid area of Australia General Desertification Monoculture Semi-arid climate Global warming References ^ Jump up to : `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- 20th Century Drought '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . PBS . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Black Sunday Dust Storm of 14 April 1935 '' . National Weather Service : Norman , Oklahoma . August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mencken , H.L. ( 1979 ) . Raven I. McDavid , Jr. , ed . The American Language ( One - Volume Abridged ed . ) . New York : Alfred A Knopf . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 40075 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . A History of Us : War , Peace and all that Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bust : America - The Story of Us . A&E Television Networks . 2010 . OCLC 783245601 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` A History of Drought in Colorado : lessons learned and what lies ahead '' ( PDF ) . Colorado Water Resources Research Institute . February 2000 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Report of the Great Plains Area Drought Committee '' . Hopkins Papers , Franklin D. Roosevelt Library . August 27 , 1936 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Plains : from dust to dust '' . Planning Magazine . December 1987 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Regions at Risk : a comparison of threatened environments . United Nations University Press . 1995 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Drought in the Dust Bowl Years . US : National Drought Mitigation Center . 2006 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rockies and Plains Average Temperature -- October to March '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rockies and Plains Precipitation , 1895 -- 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Precipitation 1895 to 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Climate Division 1 ( High Plains ) : Precipitation 1895 -- 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE WEATHER OF 1941 IN THE UNITED STATES '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Francis D ; Beers , Howard W ( January 1937 ) . `` Areas of Intense Drought Distress , 1930 -- 1936 '' ( PDF ) . Research Bulletin . U.S. Works Progress Administration / Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research ( FRASER ) . pp. 1 -- 23 .",
"14": "Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Philip G. ( July 15 , 1935 ) . `` The Drought of 1934 '' ( PDF ) . A Report of The Federal Government 's Assistance to Agriculture . U.S. Drought Coordinating Committee / Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research ( FRASER ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surviving the Dust Bowl '' . 1998 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stock , Catherine McNicol ( 1992 ) . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains , p. 24 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4689 - 9 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bill ( March 21 , 1935 ) . `` Nearly week seige of dust storm in county '' . Spearman Reporter . Spearman , Texas . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hornbeck , Richard ( December 2009 ) . `` The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl : Short and Long - run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe '' ( PDF ) . US : National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McLeman , Robert A ; Dupre , Juliette ; Berrang Ford , Lea ; Ford , James ; Gajewski , Konrad ; Marchildon , Gregory ( June 2014 ) . `` What we learned from the Dust Bowl : lessons in science , policy , and adaptation '' . Population and Environment. 35 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 440 . doi : 10.1007 / s11111 - 013 - 0190 - z . Jump up ^ A Cultural History of the United States -- The 1930s . San Diego , California : Lucent Books , Inc. , 1999 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Schama , Simon ; Hobkinson , Sam ( 2008 ) . American Plenty . BBC . OCLC 884893188 .",
"15": "^ Jump up to : `` First Measured Century : Interview : James Gregory '' . PBS . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babb , Sanora , Dorothy Babb , and Douglas Wixson . On the Dirty Plate Trail . Edited by Douglas Wixson . Autin , Texas : University of Texas Press , 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ A Cultural History ( 1999 ) , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Worster , Donald ( 1979 ) . Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Worster , Donald . Dust Bowl -- The Southern Plains in the 1930s , New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Worster ( 2004 ) , Dust Bowl , p. 45 , Jump up ^ Gregory , N. James . ( 1991 ) American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Babb , et al. ( 2007 ) , On the Dirty Plate Trail , p. 13 Jump up ^ Steiner , Frederick ( 2008 ) . The Living Landscape , Second Edition : An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning , p. 188 . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 59726 - 396 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rau , Allan . Agricultural Policy and Trade Liberalization in the United States , 1934 -- 1956 ; a Study of Conflicting Policies . Genève : E. Droz , 1957 . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience / Surviving the Dust Bowl / Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Monthly Catalog , United States Public Documents , By United States Superintendent of Documents , United States Government Printing Office , Published by the G.P.O. , 1938 Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project . Texas . Writers ' Program ( Tex . ) : Writers ' Program Texas . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , James Shannon . Chronicles of Oklahoma . Oklahoma Historical Society . p. 224 .",
"16": "Jump up ^ PBS Timeline of Dust Bowl Jump up ^ A Cultural History ( 1999 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ United States . Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Murphy , Philip G. , ( 1935 ) , Drought of 1934 : The Federal Government 's Assistance to Agriculture `` . Accessed October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hornbeck , Richard ( June 2012 ) . `` The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl : Short - and Long - Run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 102 ( 4 ) . pp. 1477 -- 1507 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 102.4. 1477 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 -- via Harvard University , Department of Economics . Jump up ^ Landon - Lane , John ; Rockoff , Hugh ; Steckel , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` Droughts , Floods , and Financial Distress in the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . p. 6 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrick Allitt , A Climate of Crisis : America in the Age of Environmentalism ( 2014 ) p 203 Jump up ^ Allitt p 211 , paraphrasing William Cronin 's evaluation of Mathew Paul Bonnifield , Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Destitute Pea Pickers in California : Mother of Seven Children , Age Thirty - two , Nipomo , California . Migrant Mother '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Ellen Carol ; Dumenil , Lynn ( 2012 ) . Through Women 's Eyes ( Third ed . ) . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 67603 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Names Are Unknown : Sanora Babb '' . Harry Ransom Center . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Dayton Duncan , preface by Ken Burns ( 2012 ) . `` Biographies : Sanora Babb '' . The Dust Bowl : An Illustrated History . PBS . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See : Lanzendorfer , Joy , `` The forgotten Dust Bowl novel that rivaled `` The Grapes of Wrath '' , '' Smithsonian.com , 2016 May 23 . `` Sanora Babb , '' The Dust Bowl : a film by Ken Burns , PBS.org ( 2012 ) For the role of Tom Collins of the Farm Security Administration in Steinbeck 's novel , see : John Steinbeck with Robert Demott , ed. , Working Days : The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath , 1938 -- 1941 ( New York , New York : Penguin Books , 1990 ) , pp. xxvii -- xxviii , 33 ( journal entry for 1938 June 24 ) . Jump up ^ Alarik , Scott . Robert Burns unplugged . The Boston Globe , August 7 , 2005 . Retrieved on December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` How Ken Burns ' surprise role in ' Interstellar ' explains the movie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Hubble ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Kingman gets a mention on Dust Bowl album '' . Kingman Daily Miner . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apice , John ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Expressive Original Songs Steeped In the Dirt & Reality of the Dust Bowl - Depression Era '' . No Depression . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Bibliography Bonnifield , Mathew Paul . ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression Gregory , James Noble . American exodus : The dust bowl migration and Okie culture in California ( Oxford University Press , 1989 ) Lassieur , Allison.",
"18": "( 2009 ) The Dust Bowl : An Interactive History Adventure Capstone Press , ISBN 1 - 4296 - 3455 - 3 Reis , Ronald A. ( 2008 ) The Dust Bowl Chelsea House ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9737 - 3 Sylvester , Kenneth M. , and Eric S.A. Rupley , `` Revising the Dust Bowl : High above the Kansas Grassland '' , Environmental History , 17 ( July 2012 ) , 603 -- 33 . Worster , Donald 2004 ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s ( 25 . anniversary ed ) Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517489 - 5 Woody Guthrie , ( 1963 ) The ( Nearly ) Complete Collection of Woody Guthrie Folk Songs , Ludlow Music , New York . Alan Lomax , Woody Guthrie , Pete Seeger , ( 1967 ) Hard - Hitting Songs for Hard - Hit People , Oak Publications , New York . Timothy Egan ( 2006 ) The Worst Hard Time , Houghton Mifflin Company , New York , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34697 - X . Katelan Janke , ( 1935 ) Survival in the Storm : The Dust Bowl Diary of Grace Edwards , Dalhart , Texas , Scholastic ( September 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 439 - 21599 - 4 . Karen Hesse ( paperback January 1999 ) Out of the Dust , Scholastic Signature . New York First Edition , 1997 , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 590 - 37125 - 8 . Sanora Babb ( 2004 ) Whose Names Are Unknown , University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3579 - 3 . Sweeney , Kevin Z. ( 2016 ) . Prelude to the Dust Bowl : Drought in the Nineteenth - Century Southern Plains Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dust Bowl .",
"19": "NASA Explains `` Dust Bowl '' Drought The Dust Bowl photo collection `` The Dust Bowl '' , a PBS television series by filmmaker Ken Burns The Dust Bowl ( EH.Net Encyclopedia ) Black Sunday , April 14 , 1935 , Dodge City , KS The Bibliography of Aeolian Research Surviving the Dust Bowl , Black Sunday ( April 14 , 1935 ) Voices from the Dust Bowl : The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection , 1940 -- 1941 Library of Congress , American Folklife Center Online collection of archival sound recordings , photographs , and manuscripts YouTube Video : `` The Great Depression , Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park , and the Civilian Conservation Corps ( C.C.C. ) '' Farming in the 1930s ( Wessels Living History Farm ) Out of the Dust ( The Modesto Bee ) Africa Data Dissemination Service , part of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network , U.S. Geological Service Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Dust Bowl Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Dust Bowl Migration Archive at Sonoma State University Library Dust , Drought , and Dreams Gone Dry : Oklahoma Women in the Dust Bowl Oral History Project , Oklahoma Oral History Research Program Voices of Oklahoma interview with Frosty Troy . First person interview conducted on November 30 , 2011 with Frosty Troy talking about the Oklahoma Dust Bowl . Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project .",
"20": "Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Commons History of Oklahoma Prior to 19th century Cooper Bison Kill ( 11th millennium BCE ) Spiro Mounds ( 9th -- 15th century CE ) 19th century Louisiana Purchase Arkansas Territory ( 1819 − 1824 ) Comanche -- Mexico Wars ( 1821 -- 1870s ) Cutthroat Gap Massacre ( 1833 ) Indian Removal Indian Territory ( 1834 -- 1907 ) Antelope Hills Expedition ( 1858 ) Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Washita Massacre ( 1868 ) Oklahoma Territory ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Land runs ( 1890s ) 20th century State of Sequoyah ( 1905 ) State of Oklahoma ( 1907 ) Crazy Snake Rebellion ( 1909 ) Green Corn Rebellion ( 1917 ) Osage Indian murders ( 1920s ) Tulsa race riot ( 1921 ) Dust Bowl ( 1930s ) Red River Bridge War ( 1931 ) Oklahoma City bombing ( 1995 ) 21st century OU Bombing ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"21": "php?title=Dust_Bowl&oldid=838466625 '' Categories : Dust Bowl Great Plains Great Depression in the United States 1930s in the United States 1930 in the United States Internal migrations in the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of the American West Environmental disasters in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Soil in the United States Droughts in the United States Agriculture in the United States Agriculture in Oklahoma Agriculture in Texas Agriculture in Canada 20th - century droughts 1930 natural disasters in the United States Natural disasters in Oklahoma 1930s natural disasters 1930s droughts Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 05 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"22": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who becomes chief resident on grey's anatomy season 7
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{
"0": "April Kepner - wikipedia April Kepner Jump to : navigation , search April Kepner Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Gallery Picture of Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner First appearance `` Invasion '' 6x05 , October 15 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` With You I 'm Born Again '' 7x01 , September 23 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sarah Drew Information Nickname ( s ) Virgin Mary Apes Shepherd 's flunkey Ducky Dud Keps The Machine Occupation Attending trauma surgeon Interim Chief of General Surgery ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Joe Kepner ( Father ) Karen Kepner ( Mother ) Libby , Kimmie and Alice ( sisters ) Spouse ( s ) Jackson Avery ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Matthew Taylor ( ex-fiancé ) Children Samuel Norbert Avery ( son , with Jackson ; deceased ) Harriet Kepner - Avery ( daughter , with Jackson ) Religion Christianity April Kepner M.D. , is a fictional character from the television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Sarah Drew . She was introduced in the episode `` Invasion '' as a former surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital who joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the two hospitals merge to compensate for the absence of some of the central cast members , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . The character was originally set to appear in two episodes , Drew 's contract was extended to the remainder of the sixth season , with her becoming a series regular in the seventh season . The character 's focal storyline involved her struggle with fitting into the new work environment , her religious beliefs and balancing her duties as the hospital 's chief resident and her friendship with her colleagues and as of the end of season eight , her relationship with her best friend and now ex-husband Jackson Avery . Although initially focusing on neurosurgery during her residency , Kepner finally settles on trauma surgery as a specialty .",
"1": "After failing her boards , Kepner departs upon her contract 's expiration , but returns as a surgical attending when Chief Hunt offers her job back . Characterizing the character , ABC noted her determination , thoroughness , and intelligence as her main traits , while her insecurity , over-eagerness and vulnerability were highlighted as her main weakness . The character received mixed reviews from critics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2014 ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) April Kepner was born in Columbus , Ohio on April 23 , 1982 . Her mother Karen is a teacher and her father Joe is a farmer . She is the second of four daughters ; her sisters are Libby , Kimmie , and Alice . Kepner is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital . She joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals , alongside Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) , and Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . Kepner is first shown to possess a red diary , in which she writes all her feelings and thoughts which is stolen by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . Grey uses the personal information written in the notebook to unnerve and blackmail Kepner but later apologizes . After she made a mistake that led to a patient 's death , she is fired . However , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) rehires her when he becomes the new Chief of Surgery .",
"2": "As she is not confident anymore , she spends her time doing errands for Shepherd and develops a crush on him , earning her the nickname `` Shepherd 's flunky '' . In the season six finale , she discovers the body of her best friend Reed Adamson , who has been shot . She later runs into the shooter , Gary Clark , who lets her go after she tells him about her life after remembering a technique she says she learned from Oprah . Following the shooting , Kepner and Avery move into Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) house . Kepner reveals that she is a virgin because she is a Christian and made a promise to God to stay a virgin until she was married , she also states that she thinks men find her annoying after yelling at Alex , Meredith , Lexie and Jackson about secrets , she claims that the fact that she is a 28 year old virgin is not a drinks conversation . She shows potential as a trauma surgeon during a trauma drill . She develops feelings for Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) who almost makes her lose her virginity . When Avery , now her best friend finds out about this , he assaults Karev . Later , Kepner agrees to go on a date with Robert Stark , believing him to have a good side . Her fellow residents make fun of her which prompts her to break up with him . April also impresses Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and she is ultimately granted the position of Chief Resident in the season seven finale . Kepner initially struggles with her new status as her fellow doctors do not listen to her and do not take her seriously . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Kepner , prepare for their boards exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . The night before taking the exam , April loses her virginity to Avery . This causes her to re-evaluate her faith during her Boards Exams , making the examiners feel uncomfortable . It is revealed that she is the only one out of the residents to have failed her Boards Exams . She receives phone calls from other hospital retracting their offers of fellowships and is laid off from Seattle Grace . Although Avery has true feelings for her , she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her .",
"3": "As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies , the former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) organizes his annual dinner for them . The eighth season ends with Kepner , Avery , Karev and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang , who are victims of an aviation accident . Months later , Hunt goes to visit April , who had moved back to her parents ' farm in Moline , Ohio . In the wake of the tragic aviation accident , he offers her an attending position at the hospital . When she gets back to Seattle Grace , she resumes her sexual relationship with Avery , despite claiming she wants to re-virginise. April has a pregnancy scare and Jackson promises that he will be there every step of the way , even marry her , if she tests positive . When April finds out that she is not pregnant , she is overjoyed , but inadvertently hurts Jackson 's feelings by saying that they dodged a bullet , seemingly thrilled that they do n't have to get married anymore . Jackson breaks up with April . April suggests to Jackson that they each take a date to Bailey 's wedding in an attempt to move on . Jackson takes intern Stephanie ; the two bond and eventually have sex . When Jackson tells April that he is sleeping with somebody else , she is visibly crushed and tells him that they ca n't be friends again until she has gotten over him . In the next episode , a very attractive paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) asks April out for coffee and they start seeing each other . Shortly afterwards she turns to Jackson for dating advice and it is hinted that Jackson is still in love with her when he shows signs of jealousy but Jackson overcomes his jealousy and they then re-establish their friendship . She confesses to Matthew that she is not a virgin anymore as she led him to believe and he breaks up with her because she lied to him . However , in the next episode , Matthew forgives April and they get back together . He asks her to marry him through a flash mob and she says yes . In the season 9 finale , April thinks she lost Jackson when a bus blew up and tells him she loves him , but he only has a few injuries . She remains engaged to Matthew while Jackson dates Stephanie . At the wedding , Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love .",
"4": "Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later it is revealed that they have secretly eloped . At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage , but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital . Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son 's elopement with April , and the fact that there was n't a prenuptial agreement . They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement . Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious . Not long after their fight , April realizes she is pregnant . April and Jackson 's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2 , and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth . Jackson believes that termination is the best option , however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long . They scheduled an induction for the next day , at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby 's death certificate , which is too hard for the couple to bear . April does n't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle , while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancé the night before . They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then . She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery , and he died a few hours after birth . In the following weeks after Samuel 's death , April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another . After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet , Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son , leaving April to storm out in anger . In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon with the army ; this not being well received by Jackson . But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave . Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army , this having a strain on her and Jackson 's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone .",
"5": "On Christmas Day after already being away for some time , April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period , Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April 's base camp , leaving her to terminate the call ; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home . On Valentine 's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson , and they embrace in the foyer . In Season 12 , April and Jackson go through divorce proceedings started by Jackson . The morning before they sign the divorce papers , April discovers that she is expecting a second baby . She does not inform Jackson , and he is told by Arizona Robbins , which leads to additional tension . After Catherine Avery convinces Jackson to fight for full custody of his unborn child , April takes out a restraining order against him . The Averys ' lawyer asks for all documentation of their marriage , when reading through their wedding vows , Jackson realizes that they should fix the situation for their child . He and April decide to raise their son or daughter together as friends . Complications arise when April 's water breaks and when rushed to the hospital , she appears to be in critical condition ; however she survives the delivery ( via c - section ) and she and Jackson are shown their new daughter . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` I think it 's a really fun character and , of course , getting to be on that show is wonderful and exciting for any actress in Hollywood . '' Drew on her role in Grey 's Anatomy . Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace . Drew was brought aboard Grey 's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series ' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes ; she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box ( 2009 ) which was eventually not picked up by ABC . Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members , notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo 's absence due to pregnancy .",
"6": "Drew was originally contracted to guest star in a multi-episodes story arc where her character would be eventually fired from the series after two episodes . She explained : `` I came on to the show and I was told from day one that I was only going to be there for two episodes . I did not expect anything beyond that . The morning my firing episode aired , my agent got a call that they were talking about a contract and I was just completely floored . '' However she was promoted to a series regular on June 9 , 2010 for the seventh season of the show . Rhimes said in the wake of the news : `` Kepner has really been folded into the group '' of Grey 's Anatomy adding `` It 'll depend on what the studio and the network decide to do with those actors , but I fully advocate to have ( the characters ) '' . Drew received the call for her promotion the morning after the sixth episode of season six was telecast on October 29 , 2009 . She described the call as a `` totally happy surprise '' . Characterization ( edit ) `` I love the idea that there 's this person that everybody kind of hates , yet they all have to deal with , ( and even ) lean on . She is one of them , even though they find her terribly annoying , and I think that that 's sort of charming . '' Drew 's character has been called intelligent , hardworking , thorough and determined by Grey 's Anatomy executives . But she is also considered vulnerable , insecure , sensitive and overly eager by her colleagues . Of the character , Drew said : `` April is a very , very good doctor . She really knows what she 's doing , she 's worked really hard , and she certainly wants to do her best and stick around . '' but also described her as `` annoying '' , `` neurotic '' and `` really insecure '' . In the eighth season , April 's position as chief resident and her struggle to get a handle on her fellow residents formed the central arc of her storyline . Rhimes explained : `` Watching April try to be in charge of Cristina and Alex and Jackson is a pretty impossible task , and it 's made for comedy , it 's one of the funniest things we 're working on this season . ''",
"7": "One of Kepner 's central characteristics is her religious belief , notably her chastity and her instance on saving herself for someone she truly loves . In an interview , Drew assessed that : There certainly has never been a 28 - year - old virgin on Grey 's . I do n't even think there 's been a 28 - year - old virgin on television . Unless it 's someone who is sort of a recluse . A normal , smart , doctor .... pretty , healthy ... that in and of itself is really fascinating , and really interesting , and totally different . It 's neat to see someone who is just totally clueless in that area . Everyone else ( On Grey ' Anatomy ) seems like they know exactly what they 're doing . April is totally , totally clueless . Shonda told one of the directors , there are virgins that have sort of done everything else . But not April . April 's really pretty much done nothing . She 's completely untouched . '' Relationships ( edit ) April and Jackson ( Jesse Williams ) 's sexual encounter makes her re-evaluate her faith and jeopardizes the course of her career . Kepner entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey 's Anatomy . In her early appearances , she is introduced as the best friend and roommate of her fellow Mercy West resident , Reed Adamson . In the season six finale , when Reed is tragically murdered by Gary Clark during the shooting , April is the first to find her when she trips over her dead body . In season seven April forms a friendship with Meredith Grey and she eventually moves into her house . Ellen Pompeo offered regarding their bond : `` Meredith will accept April in order to get the audience to accept her , '' and Drew further explained : `` She 's being plugged into the community . Meredith has really taken her under her wing , is really looking out for her . Having Meredith come around to April helps the audience come around to April . '' She first develops a crush on Derek Shepherd in season six . Carina MacKenzie from The Los Angeles Times called it `` ridiculous '' and added : `` April is drooling all over Chief McDreamy . Vomit . ( ... ) She 's been reduced to a 12 - year - old with hearts in her eyes and a painful inability to be subtle . ''",
"8": "Drew herself was skeptical about it , saying : `` The biggest thing that people did not like about my character was they thought I was a threat for the Mer / Der relationship , which I kind of found was super ridiculous ( ... ) I never saw it as anything that would ever transpire into something that might threaten them . I only saw it as a really pathetic little crush . '' She briefly has feelings for Alex Karev who almost makes her lose her virginity when he tries to sleep with her in Something 's Gotta Give . Wetpaint commented that he made her feel `` worthless and unwanted when she was at her most vulnerable . '' Kepner also briefly dates Dr. Robert Stark , a senior pediatric surgical attending . After her fellow residents make fun of her , she breaks up with him , creating a coldness between them . However , it is Stark who recommends her as chief resident to Dr. Hunt . Drew stated : `` She sees a side to Dr. Stark that he does n't show to anyone else at the hospital , and she finds that part endearing ... I think they enjoy the companionship . '' In the end of season eight , Kepner embarks on a relationship with her best friend turned lover Jackson Avery ( Williams ) , who she loses her virginity to and that eventually leads her to reflect on her faith and fail her boards . Critics praised the chemistry between April and Jackon . Rhimes commented on the dynamic between the two in season nine and said : `` I think it 's going to be funny , sexy , and good . '' Reception ( edit ) Kepner 's crush on Shepherd in season six was disliked among television critics . The character received mixed reviews from critics and fans alike . Initially , Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times highly praised the characterization of Kepner . writing : `` One of my favorite Mercy Westers is intern April ( Sarah Drew ) . Her saccharine - sweet attitude and wide - eyed insincerity were hilarious , as was her super-mysterious hot pink notebook full of morale - boosting platitudes . ''",
"9": "However , she criticized the later development of her story , especially her crush on Derek Shepherd calling it `` vomit '' PopSugar noted similarities between Kepner and Lexie Grey , stating : `` Am I the only one who thinks the new doctor is kind of like Lexie 2.0 ? Their dynamic reminded me of when Lexie first started and tries really hard to make nice with Mere , but gets the cold shoulder in return . '' Mariella Mosthof from Wetpaint stated : `` Despite her obnoxious yet well - meaning tendencies , we briefly flirted with the idea of liking April 's character last season , and it looks like there 's plenty of opportunity for her to come back and charm us again yet again this time around . '' Reviewing the first part of the eight season , Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic wrote : `` Although the girl has grown in terms of likeability , her downfalls still outweigh the positives . She does n't really bring too much to the table . She was n't the best choice for Chief Resident ; she does n't seem to be on the same level surgical wise and she has n't carried a story on her own that makes us care about her . '' Kepner was included in TV Guide 's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters , adding : `` The extremely neurotic April ( she makes Liz Lemon look laid back ) has slowly made strides with fans thanks to her personal setbacks -- she lost her treasured virginity to her best friend and failed her boards -- but she still has a long way to go . '' Entertainment Weekly also named her one of the `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' , commenting : `` April 's lightened up a little this season ( season 9 ) , but a few episodes of sympathetic behavior ca n't erase the painful memories of Seattle Grace - Mercy West 's most irritating doctor being . '' TV Fanatic included her in their list of Worst Character on TV . Christina Tran commented : `` Could she be any more annoying ? ! ? '' Drew stated that it was initially `` hard '' for her as an actress to play an unpopular character but deemed her `` interesting '' and when she was informed by the writers that her character would get Dr. Shepherd ( Dempsey ) shot in the season six finale , her reaction was : `` Oh , come on , guys , really ?",
"10": "They already hate my character , now they 're going to hate her even more ! '' Critics reception gradually changed positively . Entertainment Weekly noted : `` April was chirpy , irritating , and immature , and her crush on Derek did n't endear her to us either . But these days , we say hooray for April ; since Meredith declared that the two of them are pals , April 's become a lot more tolerable , instead of being Lexie 2.0 . '' Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote : `` April has grown since her character was introduced . She 's no longer much less annoying than she used to be , and she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' and described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . The Hollywood Reporter also remarked : `` It 's nice to see April with a bit of a backbone and putting Alex in his place as the newfound confidence suits her well . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Character Bios '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Sarah Drew Previews Character , Grey 's Anatomy Role '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Sarah Drew Dishes on Dream Grey 's Anatomy Gig '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Tanen ( writer ) , Chandra Wilson ( director ) ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 05 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sarah Drew '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Most Loathed TV Characters Pictures , April Photos '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 .",
"11": "^ Jump up to : MacKenzi , Carina ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Mercy West is in , Izzie Stevens is out '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) ; Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . ABC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive : Jesse Williams Gets Full - Time Upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Interview with Sarah Drew : April is ' Super Freaked - Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Shonda Rhimes Talks Mer - Der 's Struggle , Cristina 's Pregnancy '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` April Kapner Bio '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Glenn ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Sarah Drew Knows April is ' Annoying ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is in store for April this season '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( July 29 , 2011 ) .",
"12": "`` Will Grey 's Anatomy Incorporate Sarah Drew 's Pregnancy ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Drew Exclusive : `` I had no idea ... '' `` . The Star Scoop . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeo : ' Grey 's Meredith , April will bond ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Top 5 OMG Moments From Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Episode 8 : `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April and Stark ? ! Sarah Drew Speaks on Unexpected Grey 's Anatomy Romance '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spoiler : Will April and Jackson Get Together in Season 9 ? - Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Round Table : `` Love the One You 're With '' `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . EW.com . July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : He 's a Sloan all right '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 .",
"13": "Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown , `` Invasion '' `` . PopSugar . Sugar Inc . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Staff Round Table : Worst Character on TV '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : 10 Reasons We Love It Again ! - Finally , April Is Less Annoying '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : Nothing Left To Squeeze '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Get Up , Stand Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . General `` April Kepner 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 .",
"14": "External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal April Kepner on IMDb April Kepner at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Kepner&oldid=814151186 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional characters from Ohio Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles that may be too long from November 2014 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 04 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1,
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3,
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5,
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-1052450681419062019
|
who has won the 2017 mens singles mutua madrid open tennis
|
[
"Rafael Nadal",
"Rafael Nadal",
"Rafael Nadal",
"Rafael Nadal",
"Rafael Nadal"
] |
{
"0": "2017 Mutua Madrid Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia 2017 Mutua Madrid Open -- men 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Men 's Singles 2017 Mutua Madrid Open Champion Rafael Nadal Runner - up Dominic Thiem Final score 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Details Draw 56 ( 7 Q / 4 WC ) Seeds 16 Events Singles men women Doubles men women ← 2016 Mutua Madrid Open 2018 → Main article : 2017 Mutua Madrid Open Novak Djokovic was the defending champion , but lost in the semifinals to Rafael Nadal . Nadal went on to win his 5th Madrid Open title , defeating Dominic Thiem in the final , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 . With the win Nadal ties Djokovic with 30 Masters 1000 singles titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Draw 2.1 Key 2.2 Finals 2.3 Top half 2.3. 1 Section 1 2.3. 2 Section 2 2.4 Bottom half 2.4. 1 Section 3 2.4. 2 Section 4 3 Qualifying 3.1 Seeds 3.2 Qualifiers 3.3 Lucky losers 3.4 Qualifying draw 3.4. 1 First qualifier 3.4. 2 Second qualifier 3.4. 3 Third qualifier 3.4. 4 Fourth qualifier 3.4. 5 Fifth qualifier 3.4. 6 Sixth qualifier 3.4. 7 Seventh qualifier 4 References Seeds ( edit ) The top eight seeds receive a bye into the second round . 01 . Andy Murray ( Third round ) 02 . Novak Djokovic ( Semifinals ) 03 . Stan Wawrinka ( Second round ) 04 . Rafael Nadal ( Champion ) 05 . Milos Raonic ( Third round ) 06 .",
"1": "Kei Nishikori ( Quarterfinals , withdrew ) 07 . Marin Čilić ( Second round ) 08 . Dominic Thiem ( Final ) 09 . David Goffin ( Quarterfinals ) 10 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Second round , withdrew ) 11 . Tomáš Berdych ( Third round ) 12 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Third round ) 13 . Lucas Pouille ( First round ) 14 . Jack Sock ( First round ) 15 . Gaël Monfils ( First round ) 16 . Nick Kyrgios ( Third round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Tournament Prize Giving ceremony . Quarterfinals Semifinals Final LL Borna Ćorić 8 Dominic Thiem 6 6 8 Dominic Thiem 6 6 Pablo Cuevas Pablo Cuevas 6 6 Alexander Zverev 6 0 8 Dominic Thiem 6",
"2": "Rafael Nadal 7 6 9 David Goffin 6 Rafael Nadal 7 6 Rafael Nadal 6 6 Novak Djokovic 6 Kei Nishikori Novak Djokovic w / o Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Quarterfinals A Murray 6 6 WC G García López 6 6 6 WC M Copil WC M Copil 7 7 A Murray M Zverev 6 LL B Ćorić 6 6 LL",
"3": "B Ćorić 6 7 LL B Ćorić 7 6 Q P-H Herbert 7 6 6 Q P-H Herbert 5 13 L Pouille 6 7 LL B Ćorić 12 G Dimitrov 7 6 8 D Thiem 6 6 P Kohlschreiber 6 12 G Dimitrov 6 7 I Karlović 7 6 7 I Karlović 5 R Bautista Agut 6 7 6 12 G Dimitrov 6 6 LL J Donaldson 7 6 8 D Thiem 6 7 Q A Mannarino 5 LL J Donaldson 8 D Thiem 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round",
"4": "Third Round Quarterfinals S Wawrinka 5 6 B Paire 6 6 B Paire 7 6 P Carreño Busta B Paire 5 6 Q T Bellucci 6 6 6 P Cuevas 7 0 6 P Cuevas 7 7 P Cuevas 5 6 6 N Mahut 6 0 7 N Mahut 7 14 J Sock 6 6 P Cuevas 6 6 11 T Berdych 6 6 A Zverev 6 0 Q D Istomin 11 T Berdych 7 6",
"5": "R Haase 7 6 R Haase 6 D Evans 5 11 T Berdych A Zverev 7 6 A Zverev 6 6 F Verdasco 5 A Zverev 6 6 6 7 M Čilić 7 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Quarterfinals 5 M Raonic 6 6 PR T Haas 6 G Müller G Müller 6 7 5 M Raonic M Granollers 5 5 9 D Goffin 6 6",
"6": "F Mayer 7 7 F Mayer 6 0 K Khachanov 6 9 D Goffin 7 6 9 D Goffin 6 7 9 D Goffin 6 16 N Kyrgios 7 6 R Nadal 7 6 M Baghdatis 6 16 N Kyrgios 6 6 R Harrison 7 6 R Harrison B Tomic 5 6 16 N Kyrgios J Sousa R Nadal 6 6 F Fognini 6 6 F Fognini 6 6 R Nadal 7 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Quarterfinals",
"7": "6 K Nishikori 6 6 A Ramos Viñolas D Schwartzman 6 0 D Schwartzman 6 6 6 K Nishikori 6 6 D Ferrer 7 6 D Ferrer Q M Kukushkin 6 6 D Ferrer w / o Q A Kuznetsov 6 7 5 10 J-W Tsonga 10 J-W Tsonga 7 6 7 6 K Nishikori 15 G Monfils 6 0 6 N Djokovic w / o G Simon 0 6 7 G Simon 6 6 Q E Escobedo",
"8": "F López 6 7 F López 6 6 F López 5 WC T Robredo 6 N Djokovic 6 7 WC N Almagro 6 6 WC N Almagro 6 5 N Djokovic 6 7 Qualifying ( edit ) Seeds ( edit ) Adrian Mannarino ( Qualified ) Borna Ćorić ( Qualifying competition , Lucky loser ) Thomaz Bellucci ( Qualified ) Nikoloz Basilashvili ( First round ) Andreas Seppi ( Qualifying competition ) Denis Istomin ( Qualified ) Andrey Kuznetsov ( Qualified ) Mikhail Kukushkin ( Qualified ) Jared Donaldson ( Qualifying competition , Lucky loser ) Thiago Monteiro ( First round ) Alexandr Dolgopolov ( First round ) Ernesto Escobedo ( Qualified ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert ( Qualified ) Mikhail Youzhny ( Qualifying competition ) Qualifiers ( edit ) Adrian Mannarino Mikhail Kukushkin Thomaz Bellucci Ernesto Escobedo Pierre - Hugues Herbert Denis Istomin Andrey Kuznetsov Lucky losers ( edit ) Borna Ćorić Jared Donaldson Qualifying draw ( edit ) First qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition",
"9": "Adrian Mannarino 7 6 WC Jaume Munar 6 6 Adrian Mannarino 6 7 Santiago Giraldo 6 Santiago Giraldo 6 5 7 10 Thiago Monteiro 7 6 Second qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition Borna Ćorić 7 6 WC Enrique López - Pérez 6 6 Borna Ćorić 6 8 Mikhail Kukushkin 7 6 Alt Daniel Muñoz de la Nava 6 6 8 Mikhail Kukushkin 7 6 Third qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition",
"10": "Thomaz Bellucci 7 6 Evgeny Donskoy 6 Thomaz Bellucci 6 6 14 Mikhail Youzhny Roberto Carballés Baena 6 14 Mikhail Youzhny 6 6 Fourth qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition Nikoloz Basilashvili 5 0 WC Nicola Kuhn 7 6 WC Nicola Kuhn 12 Ernesto Escobedo 6 6 Alt Ivan Dodig 0 12 Ernesto Escobedo 6 6 Fifth qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition 5 Andreas Seppi 6",
"11": "6 WC Carlos Taberner 5 Andreas Seppi 6 6 13 Pierre - Hugues Herbert 7 7 Jerzy Janowicz 6 13 Pierre - Hugues Herbert 7 6 Sixth qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition 6 Denis Istomin 7 6 Íñigo Cervantes 6 6 Denis Istomin 7 6 9 Jared Donaldson 6 Víctor Estrella Burgos 5 9 Jared Donaldson 6 7 Seventh qualifier ( edit ) First Round Qualifying Competition 7 Andrey Kuznetsov 6 6",
"12": "Casper Ruud 7 Andrey Kuznetsov 6 7 Lukáš Lacko 6 Lukáš Lacko 6 7 11 Alexandr Dolgopolov 6 5 References ( edit ) Main Draw Qualifying Draw 2017 ATP World Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C.",
"13": "( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St.",
"14": "Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan ( S ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Mutua_Madrid_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 795025370 '' Categories : 2017 Mutua Madrid Open Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 14 : 46 . About Wikipedia",
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[
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who plays the dad in drake and josh
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[
"Jonathan Goldstein",
"Jonathan Goldstein",
"Jonathan Goldstein",
"Jonathan Goldstein",
"Jonathan Goldstein"
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{
"0": "List of Drake & Josh characters - wikipedia List of Drake & Josh characters Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters from the American television series Drake & Josh , which aired on Nickelodeon from 2004 to 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Drake Parker 1.2 Josh Nichols 1.3 Audrey Parker - Nichols 1.4 Walter Nichols 1.5 Megan Parker 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Craig Ramirez and Eric Blonowitz 2.2 Mindy Crenshaw 2.3 Helen Dubois 2.4 `` Crazy '' Steve 2.5 Gavin Mitchell 2.6 Mrs. Hayfer 2.7 Dr.",
"1": "Jeff Glazer 2.8 Bruce Winchill 3 Minor characters 3.1 Grammy Nichols 3.2 Papa Nichols 3.3 Aunt Catherine 3.4 Jackie 3.5 Wendy 3.6 Sammy 3.7 Trevor 3.8 Clayton 3.9 Janie 3.10 Corey 3.11 Vince 3.12 Karate instructor and coffee shop owner 3.13 Drew and Jerry 3.14 Henry Doheny 4 Drake 's girlfriends 4.1 Liza 4.2 Tori 4.3 Susan 4.4 Kelly Hayfer 4.5 Carly 4.6 Lucy 4.7 Christine 5 Drake 's band 5.1 Band members 5.1. 1 Scottie , Rina , and Paul 5.1. 2 Gary 5.1. 3 Julio 5.1. 4 Neil Kramer 6 References Main characters ( edit ) Drake Parker ( edit ) Drake Parker ( Drake Bell ) is depicted as a laid - back , charming , immature , and womanizing teenager . Although he often appears unintelligent , his under - achievement seems to be caused by apathy and he has been known not to think before he acts ( getting straight D 's in school ) . Drake has great interest in music , playing the electric guitar in a band throughout the series and liking all forms , his favorite being rock . He can also play several percussion instruments , shown in `` Megan 's New Teacher '' when he tried to play drums and guitar at the same time and in `` Josh Runs Into Oprah '' where he played the bongos . He usually takes advantage of Josh to get what he wants . He has a lot of success with girls and much of the comedy is his effortless ability to get dates . Drake is also very unhygienic ( not washing hands , eating food off the floor ) . Drake feels embarrassed about his new stepbrother at first , but grows to accept Josh . Despite his arrogance and selfishness , Drake still redeems himself by doing the right thing . He becomes more mature as the series progresses .",
"2": "In 2010 , Drake Bell made an appearance in the iCarly Season 3 episode `` iBloop '' which stars his Drake & Josh co-star Miranda Cosgrove . He reprised his role as Drake Parker to make an appearance in the episode , during which he seems to have stepped into the alternate fictional universe of iCarly where he recognizes Cosgrove 's character as Megan Parker and follows by asking the whereabouts of Josh and the rest of his family . Josh Nichols ( edit ) Josh Nichols ( Josh Peck ) is Drake and Megan 's stepbrother . Unlike his stepbrother , Josh is smart , conscientious , sensible , and does well in school , although he is not often the socially stable one . In the pilot episode , he had a job for the school newspaper in which he wrote under the name Miss Nancy . In season two , he begins working for Helen at the fictional Premiere movie theatre . Unlike Drake , Josh often stresses over school a lot and uses his common sense , often repeating things for emphasis when anxious . Despite his good moral compass and punctuality , Josh is prone to bad luck , especially with girls . However , later , he begins to date Mindy Crenshaw , who is his academic rival . He has all sorts of hobbies , including cooking and performing magic tricks . Later in the series , Josh becomes more popular and gains better luck . He is obsessed with Oprah Winfrey and accidentally ran her over with his car in Josh Runs into Oprah . Audrey Parker - Nichols ( edit ) Audrey ( Nancy Sullivan ) is Drake and Megan 's mother and Josh 's stepmother . Her first name is never mentioned in the series , but is revealed in most scripts as `` Audrey '' . She is usually telling the boys to try not to be so immature . She upsets her husband Walter because of her preference to Bruce Winchill , his rival weatherman . Because Walter is unable to discipline the boys , she usually has to punish the boys although these punishments are usually unfair because most are Megan 's fault . As stepmother and stepson , Audrey and Josh have a very fond relationship , and he affectionately calls her `` Mom '' or `` Mama '' . Her profession was never specified in the series , but it is generally assumed that she is a stay - at - home mom .",
"3": "She is a very generous and loving mother however a bit naive when it comes to her daughter Megan , especially when it is Megan 's word against Drake and Josh . Walter Nichols ( edit ) Walter ( Jonathan Goldstein ) is Josh 's father and Drake and Megan 's stepfather . He is a meteorologist for a local TV news program in San Diego , but he is often wrong about the weather . Walter is often clumsy , out of date , and seemingly empty - headed . As a result , he lacks the respect of his stepchildren , who refer to him by his first name . When Megan calls him by his first name , he always asks `` When did she start calling me Walter ? '' and Audrey replies `` I do n't know . '' He is also clueless and skeptical in regards to Megan 's pranks which have caused the boys a lot of punishments , although starting in the episode `` The Demonator '' , Walter slowly begins to notice Megan 's evil ways . A running gag involves a rivalry between him and Bruce Winchill , an unseen weatherman from another station . He hates that Winchill is so popular , as he is always right with his predictions , and even forbids the use of Winchill 's name in the family home . Megan Parker ( edit ) Megan Parker ( Miranda Cosgrove ) is the younger sister and stepsister of Drake and Josh . Megan often references a best friend named Janie and often refers to her older brothers as `` boobs . '' Although at times Megan helps her brothers , she is usually antagonistic and hostile to them . It has also been shown that she is very smart and quick - witted ; she can pull off very extreme , cruel and sometimes complicated ( or even potentially dangerous ) pranks on her brothers all while ensuring that her parents think of her as being a `` sweet little girl '' ( also believing her to be always innocent ) . However , in the episode , `` The Affair '' , Megan calls Drake a `` boob '' and Josh `` gross '' in front of her mother , who does not react . Even when an incident has nothing to do with them she still manages to take their distrust from others as an advantage . This has even gone so far as to suggest that she might even possess genius - level intelligence , for example building a hidden computerized monitor in her room .",
"4": "Most of the time throughout the series , Megan is very conceited , rude , sassy , and mean to her brothers . However , despite her near - constant harassing them , Megan actually loves her brothers deep down and has shown them genuine love and gratefulness when they uncovered that her then - boyfriend had been cheating on her . Recurring characters ( edit ) Craig ramirez and Eric blonowitz ( edit ) Craig ( Alec Medlock ) and Eric ( Scott Halberstadt ) are two stereotypical `` nerdy '' honor students that are always being exploited by Drake , mostly due to his hare - brained schemes . Drake often mistakes Eric for Craig . Craig corrected him one time , and Drake sarcastically said `` It matters '' . Eric first appeared in the pilot episode as an extra and along with his best friend , Craig , a few times in Season 2 and 3 , but they appear more frequently in Season 4 , and also appear in the television film Drake & Josh : Really Big Shrimp . They usually are good friends and good in nature , but not free of a selfish side . Drake is so unkind to them that anytime they try to talk with them he rudely shuts the door in their face and tells them that there are lots of reasons why they do not have girlfriends . Eric left for Puerto Rico in the final episode , `` Dance Contest . '' Craig and Eric appear with another Drake & Josh character , Gavin , in the 2010 iCarly episode `` iStart a Fan War '' , implying that the two series take place within the same universe . It is revealed in the episode Who 's Got Game that Craig and Eric do not consider themselves to be friends with Drake because of the bad things he has done to them . Mindy Crenshaw ( edit ) Mindy ( Allison Scagliotti ) is an intelligent but boastful girl at school who is always trying to be better than Drake and Josh , especially Josh , who is her rival . She also shows an extreme hatred for Drake , too . For example in `` Honor Council '' , she took apart Mrs. Hayfer 's car and rebuilt it in the middle of her classroom to frame Drake for the prank and have him suspended .",
"5": "For this misdeed , Mindy was sent to a mental hospital , causing a temporary departure from the series , but she eventually reappeared in `` Mindy 's Back '' to compete in the school science fair . Later on , she became Josh 's on - again off - again girlfriend , and the two enjoy studying together . One of Mindy 's well - known character traits is her extraordinary intelligence and scientific talents . She defeats Josh yearly in the science fair with the exception of one year after they started to date and she let him win , which she enjoys rubbing in his face at times . She also cloned her pet Cockapoo , and has a love of sharks . Helen Dubois ( edit ) Helen Ophelia Dubois ( Yvette Nicole Brown ) is the manager of the Premiere Theater , connected to the Premiere Galleria mall . She is Josh 's boss at the theater , and is known for her intimidating demeanor , loud voice , and demanding attitude towards employees . She adores Drake , but dislikes Josh despite the hard work he puts in at the theater . She starred in a hit television sitcom as a child , called Happy Times ( a parody of the classic 1970s TV sitcoms Happy Days and Good Times ) . She married Buzz Baxter in `` Drake & Josh : Really Big Shrimp '' , but divorced him some time before Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh after 5 weeks . Yvette Nicole Brown plays Helen throughout the series , but Frances Callier filled in for her in the season two episode `` Little Diva '' . Helen appears in a 2011 episode of Victorious in which she becomes the principal of Hollywood Arts High School . She later appears in a 2015 episode of Game Shakers , in which she hosts her own talk show titled The Helen Show . `` Crazy '' Steve ( edit ) Not to be confused with Crazzy Steve . Steve ( Jerry Trainor ) is an employee at the Premiere movie theater who is noted for his emotional and mental instability , lashing out at co-workers , strangers , and passersby over little things . Incredibly sensitive , Steve takes offense at the slightest of subjects or even the most thoroughly minor hints at insults , hollering at others for interrupting him or denying his questions , desires , or offers .",
"6": "Steve 's utter lack of sanity has earned him a dangerously unpredictable reputation amongst colleagues , to the extent where he finds immense frustration in following along with episodes of Dora the Explorer , screaming at the animated characters on the screen . In seasons 2 and 3 , he had a lot of hair but in season 4 his head was shaved . He appears in the program 's 2008 Christmas special , most notably towards its conclusion , where he shreds hunks of cheese in a wood chipper in order to grant his friends ' wish for a white Christmas . He later appeared in an episode of the series Sam and Cat where he is revealed to have been placed at a mental institution for the sick with a restrictive mask over his face . Gavin mitchell ( edit ) Gavin ( Jake Farrow ) works with Josh at the Premiere and he has a mullet - like haircut similar in fashion to Rod Stewart ( in `` Who 's Got Game '' he got a perm ) . A running gag throughout the series involved Helen asking him to tell Josh to clean something unusual in the theater . He normally declines doing it himself when Josh asks if he would do it . He then cleans up the mess himself - telling Josh `` I got it '' . He also has a crush on Audrey . He can apparently get away with anything at work , like taking a nap on the roof . He first appeared in `` Driver 's License '' and made an appearance in Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh . Gavin appears in iCarly in Season 4 episode `` iStart a Fan War '' with Craig and Eric . Mrs. Hayfer ( edit ) Mrs. Hayfer ( Julia Duffy ) is the boys ' English teacher who adores Josh due to his hard - working personality , but hates Drake because of his consistently poor performance in school ; likewise , as noted by his doodles of her in his notebook , as seen in `` Honor Council '' , Drake hates her in return . In the episode `` Mean Teacher '' , Mrs. Hayfer is shown to hate Drake for no apparent reason as it is shown that when he answered a question correctly , she dubbed it incorrect and appointed the same question correct to another student right next to him as well as grading a flawless report he did with a `` D - '' again for no logical reason .",
"7": "In fact , her catchphrase is `` I hate you , Drake '' , with Drake responding , `` I know '' . She also always says `` To the nurse ! '' , which is her own way of telling people to leave her classroom . In `` Little Sibling '' , Mrs. Hayfer says it to Josh when she wanted to have a private talk with Drake . Mrs. Hayfer has a daughter named Kelly , who Drake briefly dates , much to her discontent . In `` Honor Council '' , she comes into the classroom to find her car parked where the boys ' seats are originally and accuses Drake of putting the car there , but her star student , Mindy , is the real culprit . Drake apparently hates Mrs. Hayfer so much that he wishes she would die , as seen in the episode , `` Megan 's First Kiss '' , in which Josh says `` You 're not gon na believe this ! '' and Drake asks in an anxious and excited tone , `` Mrs. Hayfer died ? ! '' Mrs. Hayfer has a Rottweiler named Tiberius , who appears in the season 4 episode `` Vicious Tiberius '' and is violent towards Drake and Josh , who had agreed to house sit for her . She has a brief appearance in Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh , where Drake accidentally hits a fire hydrant while driving , resulting in water getting sprayed all over her . She then points out and yells her famous line : `` I Hate You , Drake Parker ! '' In the season 2 finale `` Honor Council '' , Josh mentions her full name as being Alice Hayfer . However , in `` Vicious Tiberious '' , a video shows her full name as being Linda Hayfer . Dr. jeff Glazer ( edit ) Dr. Glazer ( Roark Critchlow ) is a doctor who lives across the street from the boys . He is always called on whenever a serious emergency happens at their house . Although he always seems kind while performing medical procedures for the boys , he always leaves them with a ridiculously high bill for his services ( he once charged $100 for diagnosing a sheep as pregnant after it had already given birth and an extra $50 not to tell Audrey and Walter , and charged $300 for diagnosing Drake 's facial rash ) .",
"8": "He first appeared in `` The Bet '' and he last appeared in `` Sheep Thrills '' . Bruce Winchill ( edit ) Although Bruce Winchill is never seen in Drake & Josh , he is mentioned throughout the series . Megan and Audrey have a crush on him because he has good hair . He is a rival weatherman of Walter , and he always gets the weather right . Minor characters ( edit ) Grammy Nichols ( edit ) Grammy ( Randee Heller ) is Josh 's grandmother and Walter 's mother . She loves Josh and Megan , but she hates Drake . In her only appearance in `` Grammy '' , she expresses anger towards Drake when he decides to go to a concert even though Audrey and Walter said that he could not . At the end of the episode , Grammy shows affection toward Drake when he attempts to tell his parents the truth . She is later mentioned frequently . She sent gifts to Josh many times . She is last mentioned in `` Merry Christmas , Drake and Josh '' . Papa Nichols ( edit ) Papa Nichols ( Vernon Roberts ) is Josh 's great - grandfather and Walter 's grandfather . In his only appearance in `` The Demonator '' , he had surgery and said he fought in World War II . Walter tells Drake and Josh that they are not allowed to ride The Demonator roller coaster and he and Audrey tell the boys to stay home and watch Papa Nichols . Meanwhile , Drake lets Craig and Eric come over and watch him while the boys and Megan go to Mystic Mountain to ride the Demonator , but when he wakes up disoriented , he thinks he is back in the war and attacks them , thinking they are Germans ( whom he called `` German Nerds '' ) . At the end of The Demonator , Walter tries to wake him up and he punches him when he called him a `` German . '' He is later mentioned once by Josh in `` The Wedding '' . Aunt Catherine ( edit ) Catherine is Drake and Josh 's great - aunt . She is mentioned in the episode `` The Wedding '' , where it is revealed that she is getting married and she collects hair from people she does not know . Although she is never seen , she is described as being mean , and is apparently hated by her family , including Josh . She also owns a beach - house , which the family wants to receive .",
"9": "According to Drake she is `` old and gross '' . Jackie ( edit ) Jackie ( Robin Sydney ) is obsessed with Drake and appeared in a total of four episodes . She would come into the scene randomly ( usually at the end , specifically when something positive happens to Drake ) , and shout hysterically , `` I love you ! Bye ! '' In response , Drake would ask , `` Who are you ? '' Wendy ( edit ) Wendy ( Alyson Stoner ) is a girl that had an obsessive crush on Drake in the episode `` Number 1 Fan '' , her sole appearance . She is approximately the same age as Megan , and is in a camp club with Megan and some other children . Sammy ( edit ) Sammy ( Jordan Wright ) is a young child that Drake needed to take care of as part of a Big Sibling program because he got in trouble for lying to Mrs. Hayfer ( Julia Duffy ) about being in class on time . While Drake proceeds to take care of Sammy , he ( Sammy ) wanted Josh to be his big sibling . Sammy considers Josh to be the coolest guy ever , something that most characters think about Drake . Trevor ( edit ) Trevor ( Taran Killam ) is Drake 's absent - minded friend and Scottie 's older brother . Even though he only appeared in `` Dune Buggy '' , he is mentioned several times in the series , and his voice is heard over the phone in `` Josh Runs into Oprah '' . Trevor gets a brain scan every month , due to his unintelligence as found out in `` Dune Buggy '' . In `` The Wedding '' , the boys use his old car ( a Chevrolet El Camino ) to get to their great aunt Catherine 's wedding , but it breaks down and later catches fire . Clayton ( edit ) Clayton ( Josh Sussman ) is one of the nerdy children at school . He has speech problems since he mumbles and no one can understand what he is saying . Even Craig and Eric call him a `` nerd , '' considering that they are nerds themselves . He appears only in `` Josh is Done '' and `` Eric Punches Drake '' .",
"10": "In `` Eric Punches Drake , '' he begins to dislike Drake when Drake spits blue mouthwash into his bottled water , and he even goes as far as to find out where Drake and Josh live just so he could repeat `` Why ? '' However , fans have speculated that since `` Eric Punches Drake '' took place after `` Josh is Done '' then Drake spitting mouthwash into his bottle would be considered revenge for the chemistry incident that Clayton caused on Drake . Janie ( edit ) Megan 's best friend ( Jasmine McNeal ) . She is mentioned in several episodes of Season 4 and appears in `` Megan 's Revenge '' and `` Megan 's First Kiss '' . Corey ( edit ) Corey ( Christian Vandal ) is Megan 's first boyfriend . He appears only in the episode `` Megan 's First Kiss '' , in which Drake and Josh expose his cheating on her with another girl named Monica ( Kelly Heyer ) . Vince ( edit ) Vince ( D. Elliot Woods ) is a helicopter pilot who appears in `` Helicopter '' . He gives Drake a lesson about skydiving and he takes him and Josh on a ride in his helicopter . However , he becomes unconscious after hitting his head on a fire extinguisher . When the boys try to wake him up , Josh accidentally sprays him out of the helicopter with the fire extinguisher . When Drake and Josh get home , Vince comes in angrily and gives Walter a $400,000 bill for the damaged helicopter . Drake and Josh , knowing the consequences , ground themselves for two weeks . Karate instructor and coffee shop owner ( edit ) Played by Toshi Toda . He first appears in the pilot as Josh 's karate instructor . He is later seen in `` First Crush '' saying that his karate place burnt down . Since then he has become the owner of a coffee shop where he held auditions for a band . He banned Drake from entering the shop because Drake had a snake in his backpack which was put there by Megan . However Cathy , Josh 's crush at the time , spoke to him about giving them another chance . Drew and Jerry ( edit ) Drew ( James Immekus ) and Jerry ( Stephen Markarian ) are two boys who look and act like Drake and Josh . They appeared only in the episode `` Drew & Jerry '' .",
"11": "Drew plays the saxophone and flirts with girls while Jerry likes pool , video games and magic tricks . Josh began hanging out with Drew , making Drake jealous , which led to the friendship between him and Jerry . Aside from being a good comedian , Jerry also plays a lot of pool at the Premiere . Josh and Drew then attend a movie premiere that Drake and Josh were going to see originally , so Drake angrily gets back at Josh by spending the day with Jerry fishing . However , during an argument , Drake has Jerry do a magic trick which involved cutting a girl 's ponytail and then putting it back clear in position . Josh then tells Drew to entertain everyone in the Premiere by playing the saxophone . A talent agent sees them and decides to give them their own TV show , a comedy about two brothers . Drake and Josh then watch the show themselves . Henry Doheny ( edit ) Henry Doheny ( Steve Tom ) is a formerly famous magician who moves in with the family in the episode `` The Great Doheny '' . Josh , Walter and Megan idolize him while Drake hates him . Doheny does magic wherever he goes , such as interfering with random people and doing magic tricks for them and even puts a sandwich inside his stomach without eating it . When Drake could no longer stand Doheny being in the house , he tried to harm him with a baseball bat but Josh decided to help him become famous again instead . Megan came up with a trick called `` The Box of Impalement '' , which backfired due to putting Doheny in a large box and sticking swords into his body , killing him . However at the funeral Henry came back to life and regained his career and went off to Las Vegas to perform there for four years . Drake 's girlfriends ( edit ) Liza ( edit ) Liza , nicknamed Hot Liza by Drake , was Drake 's girlfriend in the Dr. Phyllis show episode . Tori ( edit ) Tori was Drake 's girlfriend in the episode `` Playing the Field . '' Drake wants to get back with her so he dates Hot Liza to get her back . Susan ( edit ) Susan ( Ashley Drane ) was Drake 's girlfriend in the episode `` Believe Me , Brother '' . She loved Drake but then ended up cheating on him by flirting with Josh .",
"12": "Whenever Drake would come near Susan with Josh , Susan would pretend not to love Josh . She is a very manipulative and selfish character . Susan would play on the brothers ' relationship to get what she wanted , however she did not know how strong the bond was between the two brothers . As revenge , Drake and Josh planted some purple paint in her locker and it splattered all over her when she opened the door . She is later exposed when a prank created by Megan on their video project for class is tampered to reveal embarrassing images of the boys , including a shot of Susan kissing Josh , much to Drake 's dismay . Kelly Hayfer ( edit ) Kelly Hayfer ( Chelsea Brummet ) is Mrs. Hayfer 's daughter . She appears only in the episode `` Mean Teacher '' , in which she dates Drake . She has a laughing problem throughout the episode , much to Drake 's annoyance . Although she loves him , she ends the relationship -- much to Drake 's excitement -- because she does not believe it is working out . Carly ( edit ) Carly ( Brittany Curran ) is Drake 's girlfriend . She first appears in `` Who 's Got Game '' where Josh challenges Drake on who can get the most dates . Drake meets her at the CD shop where she works and he falls in love with her at first sight . Carly grew fond of him too after meeting him . She dumps Drake when she found out about the bet , thinking Drake is just using her . He then proves to her that he can be honest and they continue dating . She makes her final appearance in `` The Storm '' where she befriends Drake 's ex-girlfriends Lucy and Christine , thanks to Megan . Drake flirts with other girls in subsequent episodes such as `` Tree House '' . Lucy ( edit ) Lucy ( Gabrielle Christian ) is another one of Drake 's ex-girlfriends . She is introduced in `` Girl Power , '' where she admitted to be tougher than Drake . Although Drake disagreed , Lucy decided that the two of them should wrestle each other . Drake is hesitant about wrestling her . Lucy is considered to be a tomboy . She returned in `` The Storm '' , where she is friends with Carly and Christine ( Drake 's girlfriend and ex-girlfriend , respectively ) .",
"13": "Christine ( edit ) Christine ( Sarah Christine Smith ) is another one of Drake 's ex-girlfriends . She is introduced in `` The Storm '' , where she is friends with Carly and Lucy ( Drake 's girlfriend and ex-girlfriend , respectively ) . Drake 's band ( edit ) Drake has a band in which he is the frontman . Band members ( edit ) Scottie , rina , and Paul ( edit ) Scottie ( Johnny Lewis ) is the drummer of Drake 's band and is Trevor 's younger brother . He is considered to be unintelligent , according to Drake and the other band members . Rina ( Molly Orr ) is the bassist of Drake 's band , while Paul ( Jeremy Ray Valdez ) is the rhythm guitarist . They only appeared in four episodes in Season 1 . Drake and the three band members are detained at a Rock Shock concert because Scottie photocopied their tickets in the episode `` Grammy '' , the final appearance of the three . Gary ( edit ) Gary ( Dan Mott ) is the goofy and self - absorbed drummer of Drake 's band . He has a tattoo of a foot on his chest and likes to wear girls shirts ( e.g. his sister 's blouse and Megan 's panda shirt ) . He only appeared in `` The Storm '' . Julio ( edit ) Julio ( Shiloh Fernandez ) is the bassist of Drake 's band in season four . He only appeared in `` The Storm '' but he is mentioned in `` Josh Runs Into Oprah '' . Neil Kramer ( edit ) Neil Kramer ( Ridge Canipe ) is a 5th grader who appears in `` Megan 's New Teacher '' who played the drums for Drake when his original drummer left . Drake noticed his talent for drums when he found him playing a song on books with pencils in the classroom . After that he took him home to hear him play and Drake wanted to have him play in the band . However , when Josh handed out pop quizzes that everyone failed because they did not do homework , Neil 's mom banned him from playing . Drake and Megan hatched a plan to get Josh fired ; it worked , leading to Neil playing for Drake 's band at the Premiere 's third anniversary . Neil was never seen again after that .",
"14": "References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Helen 's Surgery '' . Drake & Josh . Season 3 . Episode 7 . June 11 , 2005 . Nickelodeon . Jump up ^ Drake & Josh episode # 16 : `` Mean Teacher '' ( hide ) Drake & Josh General Characters Episodes `` Really Big Shrimp '' Films Go Hollywood ( 2006 ) Merry Christmas ( 2008 ) Merchandise Video games Drake & Josh ( video game ) Drake & Josh : Talent Showdown Other Soundtrack Zoey 101 iCarly Victorious Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Drake_%26_Josh_characters&oldid=838359768 '' Categories : Drake & Josh Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2014 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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9,
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in which country were the two battles of el alamein fought
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[
"the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein",
"Egypt",
"Egypt",
"Egypt"
] |
{
"0": "Second battle of El Alamein - wikipedia Second battle of El Alamein Jump to : navigation , search Second Battle of El Alamein Part of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War 24 October 1942 : Soldiers of the 9th Australian Infantry Division in a posed attack . ( Photographer : Len Chetwyn ) Date 23 October -- 11 November 1942 Location El Alamein , Egypt Result Allied victory Belligerents Germany Italy United Kingdom India Palestine Australia New Zealand South Africa Free French Free Greeks United States ( air support ) Commanders and leaders Ettore Bastico Georg Stumme † Erwin Rommel Harold Alexander Bernard Montgomery Strength 116,000 men 547 tanks 192 armoured cars 770 -- 900 aircraft ( 480 serviceable ) 552 artillery pieces 496 anti-tank guns -- 1,063 195,000 men 1,029 tanks 435 armoured cars 730 -- 750 aircraft ( 530 serviceable ) 892 -- 908 artillery pieces 1,451 anti-tank guns Casualties and losses 36,939 to 59,000 men c. 500 tanks 254 guns 64 German and 20 Italian aircraft 13,560 men 332 -- c.",
"1": "500 tanks 111 guns 77 British and 20 US aircraft Western Desert Campaign Invasion of Egypt Compass Nibeiwa Sidi Barrani Bardia Mechili Beda Fomm Kufra Giarabub Sonnenblume Tobruk Bardia raid Twin Pimples Brevity Skorpion Battleaxe Crusader Flipper 1st Bir el Gubi Point 175 2nd Bir el Gubi Gazala Bir Hakeim Mersa Matruh 1st Alamein Sidi Haneish Alam Halfa Agreement Caravan Bertram Braganza 2nd Alamein Outpost Snipe El Agheila Associated articles Frontier Wire Devil 's gardens Fort Capuzzo Maletti Group Camouflage Babini Group Combeforce 3rd Indian Motor Brigade Baggush Box The Second Battle of El Alamein ( 23 October -- 11 November 1942 ) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein . With the Allies victorious , it was the watershed of the Western Desert Campaign . The First Battle of El Alamein had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt . In August 1942 , Lieutenant - General Sir Bernard Law Montgomery took command of the Eighth Army following the sacking of General Claude Auchinleck and the death of his replacement Lieutenant - General William Gott in an air crash . The Allied victory turned the tide in the North African Campaign and ended the Axis threat to Egypt , the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa . The Second Battle of El Alamein revived the morale of the Allies , being the first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941 . The battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch , which started on 8 November , the Battle of Stalingrad and the Guadalcanal Campaign . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 2.1 Allied plan 2.1. 1 Operation Lightfoot 2.1. 2 Operation Bertram 2.1.",
"2": "3 Operation Braganza 2.2 Axis plan 3 Battle 3.1 Phase one : the break - in 3.2 Phase two : the crumbling 3.2. 1 D + 2 : 25 October 3.3 Phase three : the counter 3.3. 1 D + 3 : 26 October 3.3. 2 D + 4 : 27 October 3.3. 3 D + 5 -- 6 : 28 -- 29 October 3.3. 4 D + 7 -- 9 : 30 October -- 1 November 3.4 Phase four : Operation Supercharge 3.4. 1 D + 10 : 2 November 3.4. 2 D + 11 : 3 November 3.5 Phase five : the break - out 3.5. 1 D + 12 , 4 November 3.5. 2 D + 13 , 5 November 3.5. 3 D + 14 , 6 November 3.5. 4 D + 15 -- 18 , 7 -- 11 November 4 Aftermath 4.1 Analysis 4.2 Casualties 4.3 Subsequent operations 4.3. 1 Battle of El Agheila 4.3. 2 Tripoli 4.3. 3 Tunisia 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Second Battle of El Alamein order of battle Erwin Rommel ( left ) in his command halftrack , SdKfz. 250 / 3 .",
"3": "The Panzer Army Africa ( Panzerarmee Afrika ) , composed of German and Italian infantry and mechanised units under Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel , had struck deep into Egypt by 12 July 1942 after its success at the Battle of Gazala . This threatened the British Empire 's control of the Suez Canal and Mandatory Palestine . General Claude Auchinleck withdrew the Eighth Army to within 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) of Alexandria to a point where the Qattara Depression came to within 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) of El Alamein on the coast . This gave the defenders a short front to defend and provided secure flanks because tanks could not traverse the Depression . The Axis advance was halted here in early July in the First Battle of El Alamein . The Eighth Army counter-offensives during July failed , as Rommel had dug in to allow his exhausted troops to regroup . Auchinleck called off all offensive action at the end of July to allow rebuilding the Eighth Army 's strength . In early August , the British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , and General Sir Alan Brooke -- the Chief of the Imperial General Staff ( CIGS ) -- visited Cairo and replaced Auchinleck as Commander - in - chief ( C - in - C ) Middle East Command with General Sir Harold Alexander . Lieutenant - General William Gott was appointed to command of the Eighth Army , but he was killed when the transport plane he was travelling in was shot down by Luftwaffe fighters ; Lieutenant - General Bernard Montgomery was then appointed commander of the Eighth Army . Faced with long supply lines and lacking reinforcements , and well aware of massive Allied reinforcements in men and materiel on the way , Rommel decided to strike the Allies while their build - up was incomplete . The two armoured divisions of the Afrika Korps , together with a force made up of the reconnaissance units of Panzer Army Africa , led the attack but the Allies stopped them at the Alam el Halfa ridge and Point 102 on 30 August 1942 . The attack failed in this second battle at the Alamein line , better known as the Battle of Alam el Halfa ( commonly , but incorrectly , Alam Halfa ) ; expecting a counter-attack by Montgomery 's Eighth Army , Panzer Army Africa dug in .",
"4": "The factors that had favoured the Eighth Army 's defensive plan in the First Battle of El Alamein , the short front line and the secure flanks , now favoured the Axis defence . Rommel , furthermore , had plenty of time to prepare his defensive positions and lay extensive minefields ( laying approximately 500,000 mines ) and barbed wire . Alexander and Montgomery were determined to establish a superiority of forces sufficient not only to achieve a breakthrough but also to exploit it and destroy Panzer Army Africa . In all the previous swings of the pendulum in the Western Desert Campaign since 1941 , neither side had ever had the strength after achieving victory in an offensive battle to exploit it decisively : the losing side had always been able to withdraw and regroup closer to its main supply bases . The British had an intelligence advantage : signals intelligence from Ultra and local sources exposed the Axis order of battle , its supply position , force disposition and intentions . A reorganisation of the intelligence function in Africa in July had also improved the integration of intelligence received from all sources and the speed of its dissemination . With rare exceptions , intelligence identified the supply ships destined for North Africa , their location or routing and in most cases their cargoes , allowing them to be attacked . By 25 October , Panzer Army fuel stocks were down to three days ' supply , of which only two days ' worth were east of Tobruk . `` The Panzer Army ... did not possess the operational freedom of movement that was absolutely essential in consideration of the fact that the British offensive can be expected to start any day '' . Submarine and air transport somewhat eased the shortage of ammunition and by late October , stocks amounting to 16 days supply were held in forward areas . After six more weeks , the Eighth Army was ready , 195,000 men and 1,029 tanks began the offensive against the 116,000 men and 547 tanks of Panzer Army Africa . Prelude ( edit ) Allied plan ( edit ) Operation Lightfoot ( edit ) Montgomery 's plan was for a main attack to the north of the line and a secondary attack to the south , involving XXX Corps ( Lieutenant - General Oliver Leese ) and XIII Corps ( Lieutenant - General Brian Horrocks ) , while X Corps ( Lieutenant - General Herbert Lumsden ) was to exploit the success .",
"5": "With Operation Lightfoot , Montgomery intended to cut two corridors through the Axis minefields in the north . One corridor was to run south - west through the 2nd New Zealand Division sector towards the centre of Miteirya Ridge , while the second was to run west , passing 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) north of the west end of the Miteirya Ridge across the 9th Australian and 51st ( Highland ) Division sectors . Tanks would then pass through and defeat the German armour . Diversions at Ruweisat Ridge in the centre and also the south of the line would keep the rest of the Axis forces from moving northwards . Montgomery expected a 12 - day battle in three stages : the break - in , the dogfight and the final breaking of the enemy . For the first night of the offensive , Montgomery planned for four infantry divisions of XXX Corps to advance on a 16 mi ( 26 km ) front to the Oxalic Line , over-running the forward Axis defences . Engineers would clear and mark the two lanes through the minefields , through which the armoured divisions from X Corps would pass to gain the Pierson Line . They would rally and consolidate their position just west of the infantry positions , blocking an Axis tank counter-attack . The British tanks would then advance to Skinflint , astride the north -- south Rahman Track deep in the Axis defensive system , to challenge the Axis armour . The infantry battle would continue as the Eighth Army infantry `` crumbled '' the deep Axis defensive fortifications ( three successive lines of fortification had been constructed ) and destroy any tanks that attacked them . Operation Bertram ( edit ) Main article : Operation Bertram The Commonwealth forces practised a number of deceptions in the months before the battle to confuse the Axis command as to the whereabouts of the forthcoming battle and when the battle was likely to occur . This operation was codenamed Operation Bertram . In September , they dumped waste materials ( discarded packing cases , etc . ) under camouflage nets in the northern sector , making them appear to be ammunition or ration dumps . The Axis naturally noticed these but , as no offensive action immediately followed and the `` dumps '' did not change in appearance , they were subsequently ignored .",
"6": "This allowed Eighth Army to build up supplies in the forward area unnoticed by the Axis , by replacing the rubbish with ammunition , petrol or rations at night . Meanwhile , a dummy pipeline was built , hopefully leading the Axis to believe the attack would occur much later than it , in fact , did and much further south . To further the illusion , dummy tanks consisting of plywood frames placed over jeeps were constructed and deployed in the south . In a reverse feint , the tanks destined for battle in the north were disguised as supply trucks by placing removable plywood superstructures over them . Operation Braganza ( edit ) Main article : Operation Braganza As a preliminary , the 131st ( Queen 's ) Infantry Brigade of the 44th ( Home Counties ) Infantry Division , supported by tanks from the 4th Armoured Brigade , launched Operation Braganza attacking the 185th Airborne Division Folgore on the night of 29 / 30 September in an attempt to capture the Deir el Munassib area . The Italian paratroopers repelled the attack , killing or capturing over 300 of the attackers . It was wrongly assumed that Fallschirmjäger ( German paratroopers ) had manned the defences and been responsible for the British reverse . The Afrika Korps war diary notes that the Italian paratroops `` bore the brunt of the attack . It fought well and inflicted heavy losses on the enemy . '' Axis plan ( edit ) Deployment of forces on the eve of battle . With the failure of their offensive at Alam el Halfa , the Axis forces were now on the defensive , but losses had not been excessive . German and Italian supply lines were over-stretched ; the Axis had been relying on captured Allied supplies and equipment that had long since been consumed . Rommel had been advised by both the German and Italian staffs that his army could not be properly supplied so far from the ports of Tripoli and Benghazi . Despite these warnings , Rommel pressed ahead with his advance to Alamein and as predicted , the supply echelons could not deliver the required supplies from the ports to the front . On the other hand , the British Commonwealth forces were being re-supplied with men and materials from the United Kingdom , India , Australia and New Zealand , as well as with trucks and the newly - introduced Sherman tanks from the United States .",
"7": "Rommel continued to request equipment , supplies and fuel , but the main focus of the German war machine was on the Eastern Front , and very limited supplies reached North Africa . Georg Stumme in 1940 . Furthermore , Rommel was ill . In early September , arrangements were made for him to return to Germany on sick leave and for General der Panzertruppe Georg Stumme to transfer from the Russian front to take his place . Before he left for Germany on 23 September , Rommel organised the planned defence and wrote a long appreciation of the situation to the German High Command , once again setting out the essential needs of the Panzer Army . Rommel knew that the British Commonwealth forces would soon be strong enough to launch an offensive against his army . His only hope now relied on the German forces fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad to quickly defeat the Soviet forces and moving south through the Trans - Caucasus and threatening Iran ( Persia ) and the Middle East . This would require large numbers of British Commonwealth forces to be sent from the Egyptian front to reinforce British forces in Iran , leading to the postponement of any offensive against his army . Using this delay , Rommel hoped to convince the German High Command to reinforce his forces for the eventual link - up between Panzer Army Africa and the German armies battling their way through southern Russia , enabling them finally to defeat the British and Commonwealth armies in North Africa and the Middle East . In the meantime , his forces dug in and waited for the eventual attack by the British Commonwealth forces or the defeat of the Soviet Army at Stalingrad . Rommel added depth to his defences by creating at least two belts of mines about 3.1 mi ( 5 km ) apart which were connected at intervals to create boxes which would restrict enemy penetration and deprive British armour of room for manoeuvre . The front face of each box was lightly held by battle outposts and the rest of the box was unoccupied but sowed with mines and explosive traps and covered by enfilading fire . These became known as the Devil 's gardens . The main defensive positions were built to a depth of at least 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) behind the second mine belt . The Axis laid around half a million mines , mostly Teller anti-tank mines with some smaller anti-personnel types ( such as the S - mine ) .",
"8": "( Many of these mines were British , and had been captured at Tobruk ) . To lure enemy vehicles into the minefields , the Italians had a trick of dragging an axle and tyres through the fields using a long rope to create what appeared to be well - used tracks . Rommel was concerned with not letting the British armour break out into the open because he had neither the strength of numbers nor fuel to match them in a battle of manoeuvre . He therefore had to try to restrict the battle to his defended zones and counter any breakthrough both quickly and vigorously . Rommel therefore stiffened his forward lines by alternating German and Italian infantry formations . Because the Allied deception measures had confused the Axis as to their likely point of attack , Rommel departed from his usual practice of holding his armoured strength in a single concentrated reserve and split it into a northern group ( 15th Panzer and Littorio Division ) and a southern group ( 21st Panzer and Ariete Division ) , each organised into battle groups in order to be able to make a quick armoured intervention wherever the blow fell and so prevent any narrow breakthroughs from being enlarged . The effect , however , was that a significant proportion of his armoured reserve was dispersed and held unusually far forward . The 15th Panzer Division had 125 operational tanks ( 16 Pz. IIs , 43 Pz. III Ausf H , 43 Pz. III Ausf J , 6 Pz. IV Ausf D , 15 Pz. IV Ausf F ) while the 21st Panzer Division had 121 operational combat vehicles ( 12 Pz. IIs , 38 Pz. III Ausf H , 43 Pz. III Ausf J , 2 Pz. IV Ausf D , 15 Pz. IV Ausf F ) Further back , however , Rommel did have the 90th Light and Trieste Motorised Divisions in reserve near the coast . Rommel believed that when the main thrust came , he could manoeuvre his troops faster than the Allies to concentrate his defences at the battle 's centre of gravity . However , having concentrated his defence , he would not be able to move his forces again because of lack of fuel .",
"9": "As a result of their intelligence advantage , the British were well aware that Rommel would be unable to mount a defence based on his usual battle - of - manoeuvre tactics . However , no clear picture emerged of how he would fight the battle and , in the event , British plans seriously underestimated the Axis defences and the Panzer Army 's power of resistance . Battle ( edit ) The Battle of El Alamein is usually divided into five phases , consisting of the break - in ( 23 -- 24 October ) , the crumbling ( 24 -- 25 October ) , the counter ( 26 -- 28 October ) , Operation Supercharge ( 1 -- 2 November ) and the break - out ( 3 -- 7 November ) . No name is given to the period from 29 -- 31 October , when the battle was at a standstill . Phase one : the break - in ( edit ) British night artillery barrage which opened the second Battle of El Alamein Prior to the main barrage , there was a diversion by the 24th Australian Brigade , which involved the 15th Panzer Division being subjected to heavy fire for a few minutes . Then at 21 : 40 ( Egyptian Summer Time ) on 23 October on a calm , clear evening under the bright sky of a full moon , Operation Lightfoot began with a 1,000 - gun barrage . The fire plan had been arranged so that the first rounds from the 882 guns from the field and medium batteries would land along the 40 mi ( 64 km ) front at the same time . After 20 minutes of general bombardment , the guns switched to precision targets in support of the advancing infantry . The shelling plan continued for five and a half hours , by the end of which each gun had fired about 600 rounds , about 529,000 shells . Operation Lightfoot alluded to the infantry attacking first . Anti-tank mines would not be tripped by soldiers stepping on them since they were too light . As the infantry advanced , engineers had to clear a path for the tanks coming behind . Each gap was to be 24 ft ( 7.3 m ) wide , which was just enough to get tanks through in single file . The engineers had to clear a 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) route through the Devil 's Gardens .",
"10": "It was a difficult task that was not achieved because of the depth of the Axis minefields . Kittyhawk Mark III , of No. 250 Squadron RAF taxiing at LG 91 , Egypt , during Operation Lightfoot At 22 : 00 , the four infantry divisions of XXX Corps began to move . The objective was to establish a bridgehead before dawn at the imaginary line in the desert where the strongest enemy defences were situated , on the far side of the second mine belt . Once the infantry reached the first minefields , the mine sweepers , including Reconnaissance Corps troops and sappers , moved in to create a passage for the armoured divisions of X Corps . Progress was slower than planned but at 02 : 00 , the first of the 500 tanks crawled forward . By 04 : 00 , the lead tanks were in the minefields , where they stirred up so much dust that there was no visibility at all , traffic jams developed and tanks bogged down . Only about half of the infantry attained their objectives and none of the tanks broke through . Original military uniform of an Italian paratrooper of the division Folgore in 1942 The 7th Armoured Division ( with one Free French Brigade under command ) from XIII Corps ( Lieutenant - General Brian Horrocks ) made a secondary attack to the south . The main attack aimed to achieve a breakthrough , engage and pin down the 21st Panzer Division and the Ariete Armoured Division around Jebel Kalakh , while the Free French on the far left were to secure Qaret el Himeimat and the el Taqa plateau . The right flank of the attack was to be protected by 44th Infantry Division with the 131st Infantry Brigade . The attack met determined resistance , mainly from the 185 Airborne Division Folgore , part of the Ramcke Parachute Brigade and the Keil Group . The minefields were deeper than anticipated and clearing paths through them was impeded by Axis defensive fire . By dawn on 24 October , paths still had not been cleared through the second minefield to release 22nd and 4th Light Armoured Brigades into the open to make their planned turn north into the rear of enemy positions 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) west of Deir el Munassib .",
"11": "Further north along the XIII Corps front , the 50th Infantry Division achieved a limited and costly success against determined resistance from the Pavia Division , Brescia Division and elements of the 185th Airborne Division Folgore . The 4th Indian Infantry Division , on the far left of the XXX Corps front at Ruweisat Ridge , made a mock attack and two small raids intended to deflect attention to the centre of the front . Phase two : the crumbling ( edit ) A mine explodes close to a British artillery tractor as it advances through enemy minefields and wire to the new front line Dawn aerial reconnaissance showed little change in Axis disposition , so Montgomery gave his orders for the day : the clearance of the northern corridor should be completed and the New Zealand Division supported by 10th Armoured should push south from Miteirya Ridge . 9th Australian Division , in the north , should plan a crumbling operation for that night , while in the southern sector , 7th Armoured should continue to try to break through the minefields with support , if necessary , from 44th Division . Panzer units counter-attacked the 51st Highland Division just after sunrise , only to be stopped in their tracks . British tanks advance to engage German armour after infantry had opened gaps in the Axis minefield at El Alamein , 24 October 1942 The morning of Saturday 24 October brought disaster for the German headquarters . The reports that Stumme had received that morning showed the attacks had been on a broad front but that such penetration as had occurred should be containable by local units . He went forward himself to observe the state of affairs and , finding himself under fire , suffered a heart attack and died . Temporary command was given to Major - General Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma . Hitler had already decided that Rommel should leave his sanatorium and return to North Africa . Rommel flew to Rome early on 25 October to press the Comando Supremo for more fuel and ammunition and then on to North Africa to resume command that night of the Panzer Army Africa , which that day was renamed the German - Italian Panzer Army ( Deutsch - Italienische Panzerarmee ) . There was little activity during the day pending more complete clearance of paths through the minefields . The armour was held at Oxalic .",
"12": "Artillery and the Allied Desert Air Force , making over 1,000 sorties , attacked Axis positions all day to aid the ' crumbling ' of the Axis forces . By 16 : 00 there was little progress . At dusk , with the sun at their backs , Axis tanks from the 15th Panzer Division and Italian Littorio Division swung out from the Kidney feature ( also known to the Germans and Italians as Hill 28 ) , often wrongly called a ridge as it was actually a depression , to engage the 1st Armoured Division and the first major tank battle of El Alamein began . Over 100 tanks were involved and half were destroyed by dark . Neither position was altered . At around 10 : 00 , Axis aircraft had destroyed a convoy of 25 Allied vehicles carrying petrol and ammunition , setting off a night - long blaze ; Lumsden wanted to call off the attack , but Montgomery made it clear that his plans were to be carried out . The thrust that night by 10th Armoured Division from Miteirya Ridge failed . The lifting of mines on the Miteirya Ridge and beyond took far longer than planned and the leading unit , 8th Armoured Brigade , was caught on their start line at 22 : 00 -- zero hour -- by an air attack and were scattered . By the time they had reorganised they were well behind schedule and out of touch with the creeping artillery barrage . By daylight the brigade was out in the open taking considerable fire from well sited tanks and anti-tank guns . Meanwhile 24th Armoured Brigade had pushed forward and reported at dawn they were on the Pierson line , although it turned out that , in the dust and confusion , they had mistaken their position and were well short . The attack in the XIII Corps sector to the south fared no better . 44th Division 's 131st Infantry Brigade cleared a path through the mines , but when 22nd Armoured Brigade passed through , they came under heavy fire and were repulsed , with 31 tanks disabled . Allied air activity that night focused on Rommel 's northern armoured group , where 135 short tons ( 122 t ) of bombs were dropped . To prevent a recurrence of 8th Armoured Brigade 's experience from the air , attacks on Axis landing fields were also stepped up .",
"13": "D + 2 : 25 October ( edit ) The initial thrust had ended by Sunday . The Allies had advanced through the minefields in the west to make a 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) wide and 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) deep inroad . They now sat atop Miteirya Ridge in the south - east . Axis forces were firmly entrenched in most of their original battle positions and the battle was at a standstill . Montgomery decided that the planned advance southward from Miteirya Ridge by the New Zealanders would be too costly and instead decided that XXX Corps -- while keeping firm hold of Miteirya -- should strike northward toward the coast with 9th Australian Division . Meanwhile , 1st Armoured Division -- on the Australians ' left -- should continue to attack west and north - west , and activity to the south on both Corps fronts would be confined to patrolling . The battle would be concentrated at the Kidney feature and Tel el Eisa until a breakthrough occurred . RAF Baltimore of No. 223 Squadron bombing El Daba airfield in support of the Alamein offensive By early morning , the Axis forces launched a series of attacks using 15th Panzer and Littorio divisions . The Panzer Army was probing for a weakness , but without success . When the sun set the Allied infantry went on the attack . Around midnight , 51st Division launched three attacks , but no one knew exactly where they were . Pandemonium and carnage ensued , resulting in the loss of over 500 Allied troops , and leaving only one officer among the attacking forces . While the 51st Highland Division was operating around Kidney , the Australians were attacking Point 29 , a 20 ft ( 6.1 m ) high Axis artillery observation post south - west of Tel el Eisa , in an attempt to surround the Axis coastal salient containing the German 164th Light Division and large numbers of Italian infantry . This was the new northern thrust Montgomery had devised earlier in the day , and was to be the scene of heated battle for some days . The Australian 26th Brigade attacked at midnight , supported by artillery and 30 tanks of 40th Royal Tank Regiment . They took the position and 240 prisoners .",
"14": "Fighting continued in this area for the next week , as the Axis tried to recover the small hill that was so important to their defence . Meanwhile , the air force night bombers dropped 115 short tons ( 104 t ) of bombs on targets in the battlefield and 14 short tons ( 13 t ) on the Stuka base at Sidi Haneish , while night fighters flew patrols over the battle area and the Axis forward landing grounds . In the south , the 4th Armoured Brigade and 69th Infantry Brigade attacked the Folgore ( 187th regiment ) at Deir Munassib , but lost about 20 tanks gaining only the forward positions . Phase three : the counter ( edit ) D + 3 : 26 October ( edit ) A British soldier gives a V gesture to German prisoners captured at El Alamein , 26 October 1942 Rommel , on his return to North Africa on the evening of 25 October , immediately assessed the battle . Casualties , particularly in the north , as a result of incessant artillery and air attack , had been heavy . He found that the Italian Trento Division had lost 50 % of its infantry and most of its artillery , 164th Light Division had lost two battalions and although the 15th Panzer and Littorio Divisions had held off the Allied armour , this had proved costly ; 15th Panzer had a mere 31 tanks remaining . Most other units were under strength , all men were on half rations , a large number were sick , and the entire Axis army had only enough fuel for three days . Rommel was convinced by this time that the main assault would come in the north and determined to retake Point 29 . He ordered a counter-attack against it by 15th Panzer , 164th Light Divisions and elements of Italian XX Corps to begin at 15 : 00 but ( according to the British official history ) under heavy artillery and air attack this came to nothing . According to Rommel this attack did meet some success , with the Italians recapturing part of what he calls Hill 28 : `` Attacks were now launched on Hill 28 by elements of the 15th Panzer Division , the Littorio and a Bersaglieri Battalion , supported by the concentrated fire of all the local artillery and AA .",
"15": "In the evening part of the Bersaglieri Battalion succeeded in occupying the eastern and western edges of the hill '' . The bulk of the Australian 2 / 17th Battalion , which had defended the position , was in fact forced to pull back . During the day , Rommel reversed his policy of distributing his armour across the front , ordering 90th Light Division forward from Ed Daba and 21st Panzer north along with one third of the Ariete Division and half the artillery from the southern sector to concentrate with 15th Panzer and Littorio in the north at what was becoming the focal point of the battle . The Trieste Division were ordered from Fuka to replace 90th Light at Ed Daba . 21st Panzer and the Ariete made slow progress during the night as they were heavily bombed . Rommel was aware that having moved 21st Panzer north he would be unable to move it back south because of a lack of fuel . Back at the Kidney feature , the British failed to take advantage of the missing tanks . Each time they tried to move forward they were stopped by anti-tank guns . The Allied offensive was stalled . Churchill railed , `` Is it really impossible to find a general who can win a battle ? '' On a brighter note for the British , three Vickers Wellington torpedo night bombers of No. 38 Squadron destroyed the oil tanker Tergestea at Tobruk and Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers of No. 42 Squadron RAF , attached to No. 47 Squadron , sank the tanker Proserpina at Tobruk , removing the last hope for refuelling Rommel 's army . Rommel himself noted in his diary that with the sinking of Tergestea and Proserpina the battle was lost . Montgomery was concerned that the impetus of the offensive was waning . Although by 26 October XXX Corps ' infantry had completed the capture of the planned bridgehead west of the second mine belt , the armour of X Corps , although established just beyond the infantry , had failed to break through the enemy 's anti-tank defences . He therefore decided that over the next two days , while continuing the process of attrition , he would thin out his front line to create a reserve with which to restore his momentum .",
"16": "The reserve was to include the New Zealand Division ( with 9th Armoured Brigade under command ) , 10th Armoured Division and 7th Armoured Division . The attacks in the south , which lasted three days and caused considerable losses without achieving a breakthrough , were suspended . D + 4 : 27 October ( edit ) Main article : Outpost Snipe Tanks of 8th Armoured Brigade waiting just behind the forward positions near El Alamein before being called to join the battle , 27 October 1942 By this time , the main battle was concentrated around Tel el Aqqaqir and the Kidney feature at the end of 1st Armoured Division 's path through the minefield . A mile north - west of the feature was Outpost Woodcock and roughly the same distance south - west lay Outpost Snipe . An attack was planned on these areas using two battalions from 7th Motor Brigade . At 23 : 00 on 26 October 2 Battalion , The Rifle Brigade would attack Snipe and 2nd Battalion King 's Royal Rifle Corps ( KRRC ) would attack Woodcock . The plan was for 2nd Armoured Brigade to pass round the north of Woodcock the following dawn and 24th Armoured Brigade round the south of Snipe . The attack was to be supported by all the available artillery of both X and XXX Corps . Both battalions had difficulty finding their way in the dark and dust . At dawn , the KRRC had not reached its objective and had to find cover and dig in some distance from Woodcock . 2nd Rifle Brigade had had better fortune and after following the shell bursts of the supporting artillery dug in when they concluded they had reached their objective having encountered little opposition . At 06 : 00 , the 2nd Armoured Brigade commenced its advance and ran into such stiff opposition that , by noon , it had still not linked with the KRRC . The 24th Armoured Brigade started a little later and was soon in contact with the Rifle Brigade ( having shelled them in error for a while ) . Some hours of confused fighting ensued involving tanks from the Littorio and troops and anti-tank guns from 15th Panzer which managed to keep the British armour at bay in spite of the support of the Rifle Brigade battlegroup 's anti-tank guns .",
"17": "Rommel had decided to make two counter-attacks using his fresh troops . 90th Light Division was to make a fresh attempt to capture Point 29 and 21st Panzer were targeted at Snipe ( the Ariete detachment had returned south ) . At Snipe , mortar and shellfire was constant all day long . At 16 : 00 , Rommel launched his major attack . German and Italian tanks moved forward . Against them the Rifle Brigade had 13 6 - pounder anti-tank guns along with six more from the supporting 239th Anti-Tank Battery , RA . Although on the point of being overrun more than once they held their ground , destroying 22 German and 10 Italian tanks . The Germans gave up but in error the British battle group was withdrawn without being replaced that evening . Its CO , Lieutenant - Colonel Victor Buller Turner was awarded the Victoria Cross . Only one anti-tank gun -- from 239 Battery -- was brought back . When it was discovered that neither Woodcock nor Snipe was in Eighth Army hands , 133rd Lorried Infantry Brigade was sent to capture them . By 01 : 30 on 28 October , the 4th battalion Royal Sussex Regiment judged they were on Woodcock and dug in . At dawn , 2nd Armoured Brigade moved up in support but before contact could be made 4th Royal Sussex were counter-attacked and overrun with many losses . Meanwhile , the Lorried Brigade 's two other battalions had moved on Snipe and dug in , only to find out the next day that they were in fact well short of their objective . Further north , the 90th Light Division 's attack on Point 29 during the afternoon of 27 October failed under heavy artillery and bombing which broke up the attack before it had closed with the Australians . The action at Snipe was an episode of the Battle of El Alamein described by the regiment 's historian as the most famous day of the regiment 's war . Lucas - Phillips , in his Alamein records that : The desert was quivering with heat . The gun detachments and the platoons squatted in their pits and trenches , the sweat running in rivers down their dust - caked faces . There was a terrible stench .",
"18": "The flies swarmed in black clouds upon the dead bodies and excreta and tormented the wounded . The place was strewn with burning tanks and carriers , wrecked guns and vehicles , and over all drifted the smoke and the dust from bursting high explosives and from the blasts of guns . -- Lucas - Phillips , sfn , Lucas - Phillips D + 5 -- 6 : 28 -- 29 October ( edit ) A Valentine tank in North Africa , carrying British infantry On 28 October , 15th and 21st Panzer made a determined attack on the X Corps front but were halted by sustained artillery , tank and anti-tank gun fire . In the afternoon , they paused to regroup to attack again but they were bombed for two and a half hours and were prevented from even forming up . This proved to be Rommel 's last attempt to take the initiative and as such his defeat here represented a turning point in the battle . At this point , Montgomery ordered the X Corps formations in the Woodcock - Snipe area to go over to defence while he focused his army 's attack further to the north . Late on 27 October , the British 133rd Brigade was sent forward to recover lost positions but the next day , a good part of this force was overrun by German and Italian tanks from the Littorio and supporting 12th Bersaglieri Regiment and several hundred British soldiers were captured . On the night of 28 / 29 October , the 9th Australian Division was ordered to make a second set - piece attack . The 20th Australian Infantry Brigade with 40th R.T.R. in support would push north - west from Point 29 to form a base for 26th Australian Infantry Brigade with 46th R.T.R. in support , to attack north - east to an Axis location south of the railway known as Thompson 's Post and then over the railway to the coast road , where they would advance south - east to close on the rear of the Axis troops in the coastal salient . An attack by the third brigade would then be launched on the salient from the south - east . The 20th Brigade took its objectives with little trouble but 26th Brigade had more trouble . Because of the distances involved , the troops were riding on 46th R.T.R.",
"19": "Valentine tanks as well as carriers , which mines and anti-tank guns soon brought to grief , forcing the infantry to dismount . The infantry and tanks lost touch with each other in fighting with the 125th Panzergrenadier Regiment and a battalion of 7th Bersaglieri Regiment sent to reinforce the sector and the advance came to a halt . The Australians suffered 200 casualties in that attack and suffered 27 killed and 290 wounded . The German and Italian forces that had participated in the counter-attack formed an outpost and held on until the arrival of German reinforcements on 1 November . British Grant tank moving up to the front , 29 October 1942 It became clear that there were no longer enough hours of darkness left to reform , continue the attack and see it to its conclusion , so the operation was called off . By the end of these engagements in late October , the British had 800 tanks still in operation , while the Panzerarmee day report for 28 October ( intercepted and read by Eighth Army the following evening ) recorded 81 serviceable German tanks and 197 Italian . With the help of signals intelligence information the Proserpina ( carrying 4,500 tonnes of fuel ) and Tergestea ( carrying 1,000 tonnes of fuel and 1,000 tonnes of ammunition ) had been destroyed on 26 October and the tanker Luisiano ( carrying 2,500 tonnes of fuel ) had been sunk off the west coast of Greece by a torpedo from a Wellington bomber on 28 October . Rommel told his commanders , `` It will be quite impossible for us to disengage from the enemy . There is no gasoline for such a manoeuvre . We have only one choice and that is to fight to the end at Alamein . '' These actions by the Australians and British had alerted Montgomery that Rommel had committed his reserve in the form of 90th Light Division to the front and that its presence in the coastal sector suggested that Rommel was expecting the next major Eighth Army offensive in this sector . Montgomery determined therefore that it would take place further south on a 4,000 yd ( 2.3 mi ; 3.7 km ) front south of Point 29 .",
"20": "The attack was to take place on the night of 31 October / 1 November , as soon as he had completed the reorganisation of his front line to create the reserves needed for the offensive ( although in the event it was postponed by 24 hours ) . To keep Rommel 's attention on the coastal sector , Montgomery ordered the renewal of the 9th Australian Division operation on the night of 30 / 31 October . D + 7 -- 9 : 30 October -- 1 November ( edit ) Montgomery watches Allied tanks advance ( November 1942 ) The night of 30 October saw a continuation of previous Australian plans , their third attempt to reach the paved road . Although not all the objectives were achieved , by the end of the night they were astride the road and the railway , making the position of the Axis troops in the salient precarious . Rommel brought up a battlegroup from 21 . Panzer - Division and on 31 October , launched four successive attacks against `` Thompson 's Post '' . The fighting was intense and often hand - to - hand , but no ground was gained by the Axis forces . One of the Australians killed was Sergeant William Kibby ( 2 / 48th Infantry Battalion ) who , for his heroic actions from the 23rd until his death on the 31st -- including a lone attack on a machine - gun position at his own initiative -- was awarded the Victoria Cross . Again , on Sunday , 1 November Rommel tried to dislodge the Australians , but the brutal , desperate fighting resulted in nothing but lost men and equipment . He did however regain contact with Panzergrenadier - Regiment 125 in the nose of the salient , and the supporting 10 ° battaglione Bersaglieri -- that fought well according to German and Allied sources ; the Bersaglieri had resisted several Australian attacks even though they were ( in the words of military historian Niall Barr ) `` surrounded on all sides , short of ammunition , food and water , ( and ) unable to evacuate their many wounded '' . By now , it had become obvious to Rommel that the battle was lost . His fuel state continued to be critical : on 1 November , two more supply ships -- the Tripolino and the Ostia -- had been torpedoed and sunk from the air north - west of Tobruk .",
"21": "The shortage forced him to rely increasingly on fuel flown in from Crete on the orders of Albert Kesselring , Luftwaffe Oberbefehlshaber Süd ( OB Süd , Supreme Commander South ) , despite the restrictions imposed by heavy bombing of the airfields in Crete and the Desert Air Force 's efforts to intercept the transport aircraft . Rommel began to plan a retreat anticipating retiring to Fuka , some 50 mi ( 80 km ) west , as he had only 90 tanks remaining in stark contrast with the Allies ' 800 . Ironically , large amounts of fuel arrived at Benghazi after the German forces had started to retreat , but little of it reached the front , a fact Kesselring tried to change by delivering it more closely to the fighting forces . Phase four : Operation Supercharge ( edit ) D + 10 : 2 November ( edit ) A Priest 105 mm self - propelled gun of the 1st Armoured Division preparing for action , 2 November 1942 This phase of the battle began at 01 : 00 on 2 November , with the objective of destroying enemy armour , forcing the enemy to fight in the open , reducing the Axis stock of petrol , attacking and occupying enemy supply routes , and causing the disintegration of the enemy army . The intensity and the destruction in Supercharge were greater than anything witnessed so far during this battle . The objective of this operation was Tel el Aqqaqir , the base of the Axis defence roughly 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) north - west of the Kidney feature and situated on the Rahman lateral track . The initial thrust of Supercharge was to be carried out by 2nd New Zealand Division . The division 's commander -- Lieutenant - General Sir Bernard Freyberg -- had tried to free them of this task , as they had lost 1,405 men in just three days , at El Ruweisat Ridge in July . However , in addition to its own 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade and 28th ( Maori ) Infantry Battalion , the division was to have had placed under its command 151st ( Durham ) Brigade from 50th Division , 152nd ( Seaforth and Camerons ) Brigade from 51st Division and the 133rd Royal Sussex Lorried Infantry Brigade .",
"22": "In addition , the division was to have British 9th Armoured Brigade under command . As in Operation Lightfoot , it was planned that two infantry brigades ( the 151st on the right and 152nd on the left ) each this time supported by a regiment of tanks -- the 8th and 50th Royal Tank Regiments -- would advance and clear a path through the mines . Once they reached their objectives , 4,000 yd ( 3,700 m ) distant , 9th Armoured Brigade would pass through supported by a heavy artillery barrage and break open a gap in the Axis defences on and around the Rahman track , some 2,000 yd ( 1,800 m ) further forward , which the 1st Armoured Division , following behind , would pass through into the open to take on Rommel 's armoured reserves . Rommel had ordered 21st Panzer Division from the front line on 31 October to form a mobile counterattacking force . The division had left behind a panzergrenadier regiment which would bolster the Trieste Division which had been ordered forward to replace it . Rommel had also interspersed formations from the Trieste and 15th Panzer Divisions to `` corset '' his weaker forces in the front line . On 1 November the two German armoured divisions had 102 effective tanks to face Supercharge and the Littorio and Trieste Divisions had 65 tanks between them . Supercharge started with a seven - hour aerial bombardment focused on Tel el Aqqaqir and Sidi Abd el Rahman , followed by a four and a half hour barrage of 360 guns firing 15,000 shells . The two assault brigades started their attack at 01 : 05 on 2 November and gained most of their objectives to schedule and with moderate losses . On the right of the main attack 28th ( Maori ) battalion captured positions to protect the right flank of the newly formed salient and 133rd Lorried Infantry did the same on the left . New Zealand engineers cleared five lines through the mines allowing the Royal Dragoons armoured car regiment to slip out into the open and spend the day raiding the Axis communications .",
"23": "The 9th Armoured Brigade had started its approach march at 20 : 00 on 1 November from El Alamein railway station with around 130 tanks and arrived at its start line with only 94 runners ( operational tanks ) . The brigade was to have started its attack towards Tel el Aqqaqir at 05 : 45 behind a barrage ; the attack was postponed for 30 minutes while the brigade regrouped on Currie 's orders . At 06 : 15 , 30 minutes before dawn , the three regiments of the brigade advanced towards the gun line . We all realise that for armour to attack a wall of guns sounds like another Balaclava , it is properly an infantry job . But there are no more infantry available . So our armour must do it . -- Lieutenant General Sir Bernard Freyberg Brigadier Currie had tried to get the brigade out of doing this job , stating that he believed the brigade would be attacking on too wide a front with no reserves and that they would most likely have 50 percent losses . The reply came from Freyberg that Montgomery ... was aware of the risk and has accepted the possibility of losing 100 % casualties in 9th Armoured Brigade to make the break , but in view of the promise of immediate following through of the 1st Armoured Division , the risk was not considered as great as all that . -- Freyberg The German and Italian anti-tank guns ( mostly Pak38 and Italian 47 mm guns , along with 24 of the formidable 88 mm flak guns ) opened fire upon the charging tanks silhouetted by the rising sun . German tanks , which had penetrated between the Warwickshire Yeomanry and Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry , also caused many casualties . British tanks attacking the Folgore sector were fought off with petrol bombs and mortar fire as well as with the obsolete Italian 47 mm cannons . The Axis gun screen started to inflict a steady amount of damage upon the advancing tanks but was unable to stop them ; over the course of the next 30 minutes , around 35 guns were destroyed and several hundred prisoners taken . The 9th Armoured Brigade had started the attack with 94 tanks and was reduced to only 14 operational tanks and of the 400 tank crew involved in the attack , 230 were killed , wounded or captured .",
"24": "`` If the British armour owed any debt to the infantry of the Eighth Army , the debt was paid on November 2 by 9th Armoured in heroism and blood . '' Bernard Montgomery , referring to the British Armour 's mistakes during the First Battle of El Alamein After the Brigade 's action , Brigadier Gentry of 6th New Zealand Brigade went ahead to survey the scene . On seeing Brigadier Currie asleep on a stretcher , he approached him saying , `` Sorry to wake you John , but I 'd like to know where your tanks are ? '' Currie waved his hand at a group of tanks around him and replied `` There they are '' . Gentry said `` I do n't mean your headquarters tanks , I mean your armoured regiments . Where are they ? '' Currie waved his arm and again replied , `` There are my armoured regiments , Bill '' . The brigade had sacrificed itself upon the gun line and caused great damage but had failed to create the gap for the 1st Armoured Division to pass through ; however , soon after dawn 1st Armoured Division started to deploy and the remains of 9th Armoured Brigade came under its command . 2nd Armoured Brigade came up behind the 9th , and by mid-morning 8th Armoured Brigade had come up on its left , ordered to advance to the south - west . In heavy fighting during the day the British armour made little further progress . At 11 : 00 on 2 November , the remains of 15th Panzer , 21st Panzer and Littorio Armoured Divisions counter-attacked 1st Armoured Division and the remains of 9th Armoured Brigade , which by that time had dug in with a screen of anti-tank guns and artillery together with intensive air support . The counter-attack failed under a blanket of shells and bombs , resulting in a loss of some 100 tanks . German prisoners brought in from the battle Although X Corps had failed in its attempt to break out , it had succeeded in its objective of finding and destroying enemy tanks .",
"25": "Although tank losses were approximately equal , this represented only a portion of the total British armour , but most of Rommel 's tanks ; the Afrika Korps strength of tanks fit for battle fell by 70 while in addition to the losses of the 9th Armoured Brigade , the 2nd and 8th Armoured Brigades lost 14 tanks in the fighting , with another 40 damaged or broken down . The fighting was later termed the `` Hammering of the Panzers '' . In the late afternoon and early evening , the 133rd Lorried and 151st Infantry Brigades -- by this time back under command of 51st Infantry Division -- attacked respectively the Snipe and Skinflint ( about a mile west of Snipe ) positions in order to form a base for future operations . The heavy artillery concentration which accompanied their advance suppressed the opposition from the Trieste Division and the operation succeeded with few casualties . On the night of 2 November , Montgomery once again reshuffled his infantry in order to bring four brigades ( 5th Indian , 151st , 5th New Zealand and 154th ) into reserve under XXX Corps to prepare for the next thrust . He also reinforced X Corps by moving 7th Armoured Division from army reserve and sending 4th Light Armoured Brigade from XIII Corps in the south . General von Thoma 's report to Rommel that night said he would have at most 35 tanks available to fight the next day and his artillery and anti-tank weapons had been reduced to 1⁄3 of their strength at the start of the battle . Rommel concluded that to forestall a breakthrough and the resulting destruction of his whole army he must start withdrawing to the planned position at Fuka . He called up Ariete from the south to join the mobile Italian XX Corps around Tel el Aqqaqir . His mobile forces ( XX Corps , Afrika Korps , 90th Light Division and 19th Flak Division ) were ordered to make a fighting withdrawal while his other formations were to withdraw as best they could with the limited transport available .",
"26": "D + 11 : 3 November ( edit ) At 20 : 30 on 2 November , Lumsden decided that one more effort by his X Corps would see the gun screen on the Rahman track defeated and ordered 7th Motor Brigade to seize the track along a 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) front north of Tell el Aqqaqir . The 2nd and 8th Armoured Brigades would then pass through the infantry to a distance of about 3.5 mi ( 5.6 km ) . On the morning of 3 November 7 Armoured Division would pass through and swing north heading for the railway at Ghazal station . 7th Motor Brigade set off at 01 : 15 on 3 November , but having received its orders late , had not had the chance to reconnoitre the battle area in daylight . This combined with stiff resistance led to the failure of their attack . As a consequence , the orders for the armour were changed and 2nd Armoured Brigade was tasked to support the forward battalion of 133rd Lorried Brigade ( 2nd King 's Royal Rifle Corps ) and 8th Armoured Brigade was to push south - west . Fighting continued throughout 3 November , but 2nd Armoured was held by elements of the Afrika Korps and tanks of the Littorio Division . Further south , 8th Armoured Brigade was held off by anti-tank units helped later by tanks of the arriving Ariete Division . Phase five : the break - out ( edit ) Sherman tanks of the Eighth Army move across the desert On 2 November , Rommel let Hitler know that : `` The army 's strength was so exhausted after its ten days of battle that it was not now capable of offering any effective opposition to the enemy 's next break - through attempt ... With our great shortage of vehicles an orderly withdrawal of the non-motorised forces appeared impossible ... In these circumstances we had to reckon , at the least , with the gradual destruction of the army . '' At 13.30 on 3 November Rommel received a reply : `` To Field Marshal Rommel . It is with trusting confidence in your leadership and the courage of the German - Italian troops under your command that the German people and I are following the heroic struggle in Egypt .",
"27": "In the situation which you find yourself there can be no other thought but to stand fast , yield not a yard of ground and throw every gun and every man into the battle . Considerable air force reinforcements are being sent to C. - in - C South . The Duce and the Comando Supremo are also making the utmost efforts to send you the means to continue the fight . Your enemy , despite his superiority , must also be at the end of his strength . It would not be the first time in history that a strong will has triumphed over the bigger battalions . As to your troops , you can show them no other road than that to victory or death . Adolf Hitler '' . Rommel thought the order ( similar to one that had been given at the same time by Benito Mussolini through the Comando Supremo ) `` demanded the impossible ... We were completely stunned , and for the first time in the African campaign I did not know what to do . A kind of apathy took hold of us as we issued orders for all existing positions to be held on instructions from the highest authority . '' Rommel decided to compromise : X and XXI Italian Corps and 90th Light Division would stand firm while the Afrika Korps would withdraw approximately 6 mi ( 9.7 km ) west during the night of 3 November with XX Italian Corps and the Ariete Division conforming to their position . He then replied to Hitler confirming his determination to hold the battlefield . The Desert Air Force continued to apply huge pressure . In what was its biggest day of the battle , it flew 1,208 sorties and dropped 396 short tons ( 359 t ) of bombs in the 24 hours of 3 November . On the night of 3 November , Montgomery launched at the Rahman track three of the infantry brigades he had gathered into reserve as a prelude to a massive armoured break out . At 17 : 45 , 152nd Infantry Brigade -- with 8th RTR in support -- attacked about 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of Tel el Aqqaqir .",
"28": "5th Indian Infantry Brigade would attack the track 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) south during the early hours of 4 November , and at 06 : 15 , 154th Infantry Brigade would attack Tel el Aqqaqir . The first of these attacks -- having been mistakenly told the enemy had withdrawn from their objectives -- met stiff resistance . Failed communications compounded problems and the forward infantry elements ended up dug in well short of their objective . By the time 5th Indian Brigade set off , the defenders had started to withdraw and their objective was taken with virtually no opposition . By the time 154th Brigade moved forward , although they met some shelling , the enemy had left . D + 12 , 4 November ( edit ) A captured 88 mm Flak 36 near El Aqqaqir , November 1942 On 4 November , Eighth Army 's plan for pursuit was set in motion at dawn . There were no fresh units available for the chase so 1st and 7th Armoured Division were to swing northward to roll up the Axis units still in the forward lines and 2nd New Zealand Division with two lorry borne infantry brigades and 9th Armoured and 4th Light Armoured Brigades under command would head west along desert tracks to the escarpment above Fuka , some 60 mi ( 97 km ) away . The New Zealanders got off to a bad start because the units involved were dispersed after the recent fighting and took time to concentrate . The paths through the minefields were very congested and broken up , which delayed matters further . By dark , Freyberg had leaguered his force only 15 mi ( 24 km ) west of the Rahman track , although 9th Armoured Brigade was still at the track and 6th New Zealand Brigade even further back . 1st and 7th Armoured Divisions ' plan to trap 90th Light Division also hit trouble . The 1st Armoured came into contact with the remnants of 21st Panzer and had to spend most of the day pushing them back 8 mi ( 13 km ) . Meanwhile , 7th Armoured was being held up by the Ariete Armoured Division which in the course of the day was decimated while giving stout resistance .",
"29": "This action is described by Rommel in his diary : Enormous dust - clouds could be seen south and south - east of headquarters ( of the DAK ) , where the desperate struggle of the small and inefficient Italian tanks of XX Corps was being played out against the hundred or so British heavy tanks which had come round their open right flank . I was later told by Major von Luck , whose battalion I had sent to close the gap between the Italians and the Afrika Korps , that the Italians , who at that time represented our strongest motorised force , fought with exemplary courage . Tank after tank split asunder or burned out , while all the time a tremendous British barrage lay over the Italian infantry and artillery positions . The last signal came from the Ariete at about 15.30 hours : `` Enemy tanks penetrated south of Ariete . Ariete now encircled . Location 5 km north - west Bir el Abd . Ariete tanks still in action . '' ( ... ) In the Ariete we lost our oldest Italian comrades , from whom we had probably always demanded more than they , with their poor armament , had been capable of performing . This day also saw the destruction of the Littorio Armoured Division and the Trieste Motorised Division . Berlin radio claimed that in this sector the `` British were made to pay for their penetration with enormous losses in men and material . The Italians fought to the last man . '' The British , however , took many prisoners , since the remnants of Italian infantry divisions were not motorised and could not escape from encirclement . Private Sid Martindale , 1st Battalion Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders , wrote about the `` Bologna '' Division , which had taken the full weight of the British armoured attack : The more we advanced the more we realized that the Italians did not have much fight in them after putting up a strong resistance to our overwhelming advance and they started surrendering to our lead troops in droves . There was not much action to see but we came across lots of burnt out Italian tanks that had been destroyed by our tanks . I had never seen a battlefield before and the site ( sic ) of so many dead was sickening .",
"30": "Bologna and the remainder of Trento Division tried to fight their way out of Alamein and marched in the desert without water , food , or transport before surrendering exhausted and dying from dehydration . It was reported that Colonel Arrigo Dall'Olio , commanding the 40th Infantry Regiment of the Bologna , surrendered saying , `` We have ceased firing not because we have n't the desire but because we have spent every round . '' In a symbolic act of final defiance , no one in 40th Bologna Infantry Regiment raised their hands . Harry Zinder of Time magazine noted that the Italians fought better than had been expected , and commented that for the Italians It was a terrific letdown by their German allies . They had fought a good fight . In the south , the famed Folgore parachute division fought to the last round of ammunition . Two armoured divisions and a motorised division , which had been interspersed among the German formations , thought they would be allowed to retire gracefully with Rommel 's 21st , 15th and 19th ( sic ) light . But even that was denied them . When it became obvious to Rommel that there would be little chance to hold anything between El Daba and the frontier , his Panzers dissolved , disintegrated and turned tail , leaving the Italians to fight a rear - guard action . By late morning on 4 November , Rommel realised his situation was dire : `` The picture in the early afternoon of the 4th was as follows : powerful enemy armoured forces ... had burst a 19 - kilometre hole in our front , through which strong bodies of tanks were moving to the west . As a result of this , our forces in the north were threatened with encirclement by enemy formations 20 times their number in tanks ... There were no reserves , as every available man and gun had been put into the line . So now it had come , the thing we had done everything in our power to avoid -- our front broken and the fully motorised enemy streaming into our rear . Superior orders could no longer count . We had to save what there was to be saved . '' Rommel telegraphed Hitler for permission to fall back on Fuka . As further Allied blows fell , von Thoma was captured and reports came in from the Ariete and Trento that they were encircled .",
"31": "At 17 : 30 , unable to wait any longer for a reply from Hitler , Rommel gave orders to retreat . Due to insufficient transportation , most of the Italian infantry formations were abandoned and left to their fate . Any chance of getting them away with an earlier move had been spoiled by the dictator 's insistence that Rommel hold his ground , obliging him to keep the un-motorised Italian units well forward until it was too late . To deepen the armoured thrusts , 1st Armoured Division was directed at El Daba , some 15 mi ( 24 km ) down the coast and 7th Armoured towards Galal , a further 24 km ( 15 mi ) west along the railway . Meanwhile , the New Zealand group had hoped to reach their objective by mid-morning on 5 November , but was held up by shell fire when picking their way through what turned out to be a dummy minefield and 15th Panzer were able to get there first . D + 13 , 5 November ( edit ) Churchill tanks of ' Kingforce ' of the 1st Armoured Division during the battle , 5 November 1942 Montgomery now realised that in order to finish the enemy off he would need to make even deeper armoured thrusts . 7th Armoured was ordered across country to intercept the coastal road at Sidi Haneish , 65 mi ( 105 km ) west of the Rahman track while 1st Armoured , at that time west of El Dada , was ordered to take a wide detour through the desert to Bir Khalda , 80 mi ( 130 km ) west of the Rahman track preparatory to swinging up to cut the road at Mersa Matruh . Neither move proved successful . 7th Armoured finished the day 20 mi ( 32 km ) short of its objective . 1st Armoured determined to make up time with a night march , but in the darkness the armour became separated from their support vehicles and as a consequence ran out of fuel at dawn on 6 November , 16 mi ( 26 km ) short of Bir Khalda .",
"32": "The Air Force continued to fly in support but because of the wide spread of the various X Corps units it was difficult to establish firm `` bomb lines '' demarcating areas in which troops and vehicles could be assumed to be those of the enemy and so free to be attacked . D + 14 , 6 November ( edit ) By 11 : 00 on 6 November , the `` B '' Echelon vehicles were starting to reconnect with 1st Armoured Division , but only enough partly to refuel two of the armoured regiments which set off again hoping to be in time to cut off the enemy . However , they ran out of fuel again , 30 mi ( 48 km ) south - west of Mersa Matruh . A fuel convoy had set out from Alamein on the evening of 5 November , but progress was slow as the tracks had become very cut up . By midday on the 6th , rain had started to fall and the convoy became bogged down , still 40 mi ( 64 km ) from the planned meeting point with the 1st Armoured Division `` B '' echelon support vehicles . On the morning of 6 November 2 New Zealand Division advanced toward Sidi Haneish while 10th Armoured Division 's 8th Armoured Brigade had moved west from Galal to occupy the landing fields at Fuka and the escarpment . Roughly 15 mi ( 24 km ) south - west of Sidi Haneish , 7th Armoured Division had come upon 21st Panzer and the Voss Reconnaissance Group that morning . There was a series of clashes during the day during which 21st Panzer lost 16 tanks and numerous guns . They narrowly escaped encirclement , however , and escaped on wheels that evening to Mersa Matruh . Once again , it proved difficult to firmly identify targets for the air force but during the day US heavy bombers attacked Tobruk , sinking Etiopia ( 2,153 long tons ( 2,188 t ) ) and later attacked Benghazi , sinking the Mars and setting the tanker Portofino ( 6,572 GRT ) , alight .",
"33": "D + 15 -- 18 , 7 -- 11 November ( edit ) A German 88mm gun abandoned near the coast road , west of El Alamein , 7 November 1942 On 7 November , poor ground conditions after the rain and lack of fuel saw 1st and 7th Armoured Divisions remaining quiet . 10th Armoured Division , with the benefit of working on the coastal road and with ample fuel , pushed its tanks on to Mersa Matruh while its infantry mopped up on the road west of Galal . Rommel intended to fight a delaying action at Sidi Barrani , 80 mi ( 130 km ) west of Matruh , to give his retreating forces time to get through the bottleneck through the escarpment passes at Halfya and Sollum . The last rearguards left Matruh on the night of 7 / 8 November but were only able to hold Sidi Barrani until the evening of the 9th . By the evening of 10 November the New Zealand Division , heading for Sollum , had 4th Light Armoured Brigade at the foot of the Halfya Pass while 7th Armoured Division was conducting another detour to the south aiming to swing round and take Fort Capuzzo and Sidi Azeiz . On the morning of 11 November , 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade stormed the pass taking 600 Italian prisoners . By the end of the day on the 11th , the Egyptian border area was clear , but Montgomery was forced to order that the pursuit should -- for the time being -- be continued by armoured cars and artillery only because of the difficulty in supplying larger formations west of Bardia until the supply infrastructure could catch up .",
"34": "Aftermath ( edit ) Analysis ( edit ) ( show ) Diagrammatic narrative of the battle Allied Forces attack : 10pm 23 October Axis Armoured Divisions counter-attack : 6pm 24 October Allies attempt to break through : Night of 25 October Axis counter-attack and attack by 9th Australian Division : Afternoon of 25 October Folgore Parachutist Division attacked from three directions : 10 : 30 pm 25 October until 3 am 26 October Allies advance - 51st Highland Division takes Kidney Ridge , Littorio Armoured Division counter-attacks : 5pm 26 October Both sides redeploy their Forces : Night of 26 to 27 October Axis fails to retake Kidney Ridge : 8am 27 October Allies attempt to push back Trento Division : 28 October Rommel redeploys his forces : 29 October Operation Supercharge begins , 9th Australian fails to break through : 11pm 31 October 1942 . Tank Battle of Tell el Aqqaqir : 9am 2 November ; Axis forces begin retreat : 10pm 2 November Axis forces prepare to fall back : 3 November Axis forces halt their retreat : 3 November Allied forces break through : 7am 4 November ; Trento , Bologna and Ariete Divisions destroyed , Axis forces flee El Alamein was an Allied victory , although Rommel did not lose hope until the end of the Tunisia Campaign . Churchill said , It may almost be said , `` Before Alamein we never had a victory . After Alamein we never had a defeat '' . -- Winston Churchill . The Allies frequently had numerical superiority in the Western Desert but never had it been so complete in quantity and quality . With the arrival of Sherman tanks , 6 - pounder anti-tank guns and Spitfires in the Western Desert , the Allies gained a comprehensive superiority . Montgomery envisioned the battle as an attrition operation , similar to those fought in World War I and correctly predicted the length of the battle and the number of Allied casualties .",
"35": "Allied artillery was superbly handled and Allied air support was excellent , in contrast to the Luftwaffe and Regia Aeronautica , which offered little or no support to ground forces , preferring to engage in air - to - air combat . Air supremacy had a huge effect on the battle and not only because of its physical impact . As Montgomery later wrote , The moral effect of air action ( on the enemy ) is very great and out of all proportion to the material damage inflicted . In the reverse direction , the sight and sound of our own air forces operating against the enemy have an equally satisfactory effect on our own troops . A combination of the two has a profound influence on the most important single factor in war -- morale . -- Montgomery Casualties ( edit ) Memorial to the 9th Australian Division at the El Alamein Cemetery In 2005 , Barr wrote that the 36,939 men Panzerarmee casualties , was an estimate because of the chaos of the Axis retreat . British figures , based on Ultra intercepts , gave German casualties as 1,149 killed , 3,886 wounded and 8,050 men captured . Italian losses were 971 dead , 933 wounded and 15,552 men captured . By 11 November , the number of Axis prisoners had risen to 30,000 men . In a note to The Rommel Papers , Fritz Bayerlein ( quoting figures obtained from Offizieller Bericht des Oberkommandos Afrika ) instead estimated German losses in the battle as 1,100 killed , 3,900 wounded and 7,900 prisoners and Italian losses as 1,200 killed , 1,600 wounded and 20,000 prisoners . According to the official history of the Italian Army , Axis losses during the battle were 4,000 to 5,000 killed or missing , 7,000 to 8,000 wounded and 17,000 prisoners ; during the retreat the losses rose to 9,000 killed or missing , 15,000 wounded and 35,000 prisoners .",
"36": "According to the writings of General Giuseppe Rizzo , total Axis casualties included 25,000 men killed or wounded ( including 5,920 Italians killed ) and 30,000 prisoners ( 20,000 Italians and 10,724 Germans ) , as well as 510 tanks and 2,000 field guns , anti-tank guns , anti-aircraft guns . Axis tank losses were c. 500 ; on 4 November , only 36 German tanks were left out of the 249 at the beginning of the battle . About half of the 278 Italian tanks had been lost and most of the remainder were knocked out on the next day by the 7th Armoured Division . About 254 Axis guns were lost , along with 64 German and 20 Italian aircraft . The Eighth Army had 13,560 casualties , of whom 2,350 men had been killed , 8,950 wounded and 2,260 men were missing ; 58 percent of the casualties were British , 22 percent Australian , 10 percent New Zealanders , 6 percent South African , 1 percent Indian and 3 percent were Allied forces . The Eighth Army lost from 332 -- 500 tanks , although by the end of the battle , 300 had already been repaired . The artillery lost 111 guns and the DAF lost 77 British and 20 American aircraft . Subsequent operations ( edit ) The Eighth Army was surprised by Rommel 's withdrawal and confusion caused by redeployments between the three corps meant they were slow in pursuit , failing to cut off Rommel at Fuka and Mersa Matruh . The Desert Air Force failed to make a maximum effort to bomb a disorganised and retreating opponent , which on 5 November was within range and confined to the coast road . Supply shortages and a belief that the Luftwaffe were about to get strong reinforcements , led the DAF to be cautious , reduce the number of offensive sorties on 5 November and protect the Eighth Army .",
"37": "Battle of El Agheila ( edit ) Main article : Battle of El Agheila Area of Western Desert Campaign 1941 -- 1942 The Axis made a fighting withdrawal to El Agheila but Rommel 's troops found themselves exhausted and with few replacements , while Montgomery had planned to transport material over great distances , to provide the Eighth Army with 2,400 t ( 2,600 short tons ) of supplies per day . Huge quantities of engineer stores had been collected to repair transport infrastructure and the railway line from El Alamein to Fort Capuzzo , despite having been blown up in over 200 places , was quickly repaired . In the month after Eighth Army reached Capuzzo , the railway carried 133,000 short tons ( 121,000 t ) of supplies . Benghazi handled 3,000 short tons ( 2,700 t ) a day by the end of December , rather than the expected 800 short tons ( 730 t ) . Mindful of Axis counter-strokes from El Agheila , Montgomery paused for three weeks to concentrate his forces and prepare an assault . On 11 December , Montgomery launched the 51st ( Highland ) Division along the line of the coast road with 7th Armoured Division on the inland flank . On 12 December the 2nd New Zealand Division started a deeper flanking manouevre to cut the Axis line of retreat on coast road in the rear of the Mersa Brega position . The Highland Division made a slow and costly advance and 7th Armoured met stiff resistance from the Ariete Combat Group ( the remains of the Ariete Armoured Division ) . Rommel 's army had lost roughly 75,000 men , 1,000 guns and 500 tanks since the Second battle of Alamein and withdrew . By 15 December , the New Zealanders had reached the coast road but the firm terrain allowed Rommel to break his forces into smaller units and withdraw off - road , through the gaps between the New Zealanders positions . Rommel conducted a text - book retreat , destroying all equipment and infrastructure left behind and peppering the land behind him with mines and booby traps .",
"38": "Eighth Army reached Sirte on 25 December but west of Sirte , were forced to pause to consolidate their strung out formations , to prepare an attack at Wadi Zemzem near Buerat 230 mi ( 370 km ) east of Tripoli . Rommel had , with the agreement of Field Marshal Bastico , sent a request to the Italian Comando Supremo in Rome to withdraw to Tunisia where the terrain would better suit a defensive action and where he could link with the Axis army forming there , in response to the Operation Torch landings . Mussolini replied on 19 December that the Panzer Army must resist to the last man at Buerat . Tripoli ( edit ) On 15 January 1943 , General Montgomery launched the 51st ( Highland ) Division in a frontal attack while sending the 2nd New Zealand Division and the 7th Armoured Division around the inland flank of the Axis line . Weakened by the withdrawal of 21st Panzer Division to Tunisia to strengthen von Arnim 's Fifth Panzer Army ( 5 . Panzerarmee ) , Rommel conducted a fighting retreat . The port of Tripoli , some 150 mi ( 240 km ) further west , was taken on 23 January as Rommel continued to withdraw to the French - built southern defences of Tunisia , the Mareth Line . Tunisia ( edit ) Main article : Tunisia Campaign Rommel was by this time in contact with von Arnim 's Fifth Panzer Army , which had been fighting against the multi-national British First Army in northern Tunisia , since shortly after Operation Torch the previous autumn . Hitler was determined to retain hold of Tunisia and Rommel finally started to receive replacement men and materials . The Axis now faced a war in Africa on two fronts with Eighth Army approaching from the east and the British , French and Americans from the west . Rommel 's German - Italian Panzer Army was renamed the Italian First Army under General Giovanni Messe and Rommel assumed command of the new Army Group Africa , responsible for both fronts . The two Allied armies were placed under 18th Army Group with Harold Alexander in command .",
"39": "The failure of British First Army forces in the run for Tunis in December 1942 led to a prolongation of the North African campaign which would not end until the Italian - German forces in North Africa capitulated in May 1943 . See also ( edit ) World War II portal El Alamein Fountain ( war memorial commemorating the battle , in Sydney , Australia ) List of World War II Battles North African Campaign timeline Dan Pienaar Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In Playfair the estimate for this figure is 104,000 comprising 54,000 Italians and 50,000 Germans including the 19th Flak Division and the Ramcke Parachute Brigade , both Luftwaffe units . There were approximately 77,000 Italians in North Africa who did not come under the Panzerarmee . Jump up ^ 249 German tanks and 298 Italian tanks : 31 Panzer II , 85 Panzer III ( short 50mm main gun ) , 88 Panzer III ( long 50mm main gun ) , 8 Panzer IV ( short 75mm main gun ) , 30 Panzer IV ( long 75mm main gun ) , 7 command tanks , 278 Fiat M13 / 40 variants and 20 Italian light tanks ; another 23 German tanks under repair , have been excluded . Jump up ^ 275 German ( 150 serviceable ) including 80 dive bombers ) and 400 Italian ( 200 serviceable ) aircraft . There was a further 225 ( 130 serviceable ) German bombers in Italy and Greece . There were 300 German and Italian transport aircraft not included in the total . Jump up ^ 68 7.65 cm ( Source possibly means the 7.62 cm PaK 36 ( r ) ) anti-tank guns , 290 50mm Pak 38 anti-tank guns , 88mm flak guns . Jump up ^ 1,029 tanks were operational at the start of the battle : 170 M3 Grant and 252 M4 Sherman medium tanks , 216 Crusader II and 78 Crusader III Cruiser tanks , 119 M3 Stuart ( Honey ) light tanks and 194 Valentine Infantry tanks . There were 200 replacement tanks and over 1,000 tanks were in various stages of repair , overhaul or being modified at workshops .",
"40": "Jump up ^ There was a front line strength of 420 fighters , of which only 50 were Supermarine Spitfire and nearly half were Hawker Hurricanes . Jump up ^ This figure excludes 54 transport aircraft . Jump up ^ 554 were 2 pounder anti-tank guns and 849 6 pounders . Jump up ^ 13,085 German casualties , including 1,149 killed , 3,886 wounded and 8,050 men captured . 17,456 Italian losses , including 971 dead , 933 wounded and 15,552 men captured . Jump up ^ including 4,810 killed or missing and 8,950 wounded . Jump up ^ The Polish Mine Detector designed in Scotland in 1941 by the Polish engineer and signals officer , Lieutnant Józef Kosacki was to be used for the first time in action . Five hundred of these were issued to Eighth Army . The apparatus doubled the speed at which heavily mined sands could be cleared , from around 100 metres ( 110 yd ) to about 200 m ( 220 yd ) an hour . Jump up ^ Sometimes shown on Axis maps as `` 28 '' Jump up ^ The Ariete , however , was not completely destroyed and fought in the following battle of El Agheila . Jump up ^ This is not accurate . The Bologna was returning on foot to the front line after the retreat order by Rommel had been cancelled . When the attack by 2nd New Zealand Division achieved a breakthrough in the sector defended by the Trento Division , armoured cars and tanks were sent forward in the open desert and caught the exhausted and disorganised soldiers of the Bologna off guard . Jump up ^ Presumably a confused reference to the 90th Light Division . There was no 19th Light Division in the German Order of Battle Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maurer 1983 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2003 , pp. 249 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Buffetaut 1995 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 9 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2005 , p. 304 .",
"41": "^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2005 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Barr 2005 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2005 , p. 404 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , pp. 404 , 78 . Jump up ^ Terraine 1985 , p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Bierman & Smith 2003 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Hinsley 1981 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Hinsley 1981 , p. 423 . ^ Jump up to : Hinsley 1981 , p. 427 . Jump up ^ Greene & Massignani 1994 , p. 219 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Dear 2005 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Hinsley 1981 , pp. 430 -- 431 . Jump up ^ Modelski 1986 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Lucas 1983 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Barr 2005 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Afrika Korps War Diary , 30 September 1942 Jump up ^ Creveld 1997 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Hinsley 1981 , pp. 432 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Jentz 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Watson 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Hinsley 1981 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2002 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Mead 2007 , p. 304 .",
"42": "Jump up ^ Barr 2005 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Clifford 1943 , p. 307 . ^ Jump up to : Hinsley 1981 , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Bierman & Smith 2002 , chapters 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , pp. 366 -- 368 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Young 1966 , p. 260 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Clifford 1943 , p. 308 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Greene & Massignani 1994 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Montanari 1993 , pp. 753 -- 754 . ^ Jump up to : Young 1966 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Watson 2007 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Strawson 1981 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Barr 2005 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Hinsley 1981 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Vivian 2000 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Untold stories from the Desert Air Force -- Eighth Army 's enforcer in the Second World War Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 54 -- 55 .",
"43": "Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lucas - Phillips 1962 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 56 , 54 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Hinsley 1981 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Walker 2006 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Dr. Mark ( 23 October 2002 ) . `` The Battle of El Alamein , 23 October 1942 '' . Remembering 1942 . Australian War Memorial , Canberra . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 58 , 63 . Jump up ^ Vivian 2000 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Barr 2005 , p. 380 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Watson 2007 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , Map 10 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Hinsley 1981 , p. 445 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Barr 2005 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 66 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Barr 2005 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Walker 1967 , p. 395 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Watson 2007 , p. 24 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ Barr 2005 , pp. 388 -- 389 . Jump up ^ Lucas - Phillips 1962 , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 67 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Rommel 1982 , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Rommel 1982 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 81 , 83 . ^ Jump up to : Playfair 2004 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Rommel 1982 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Montanari 1993 , p. 815 . Jump up ^ `` Desert War , Note ( 11 ) : Statement issued by the German Government on 6 November 1942 '' . spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Montanari 1993 , p. 812 . Jump up ^ Spirit , Martin ; Martindale , Sid ( 2005 ) . `` Sid 's War : The Story of an Argyll at War '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Watson 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Caccia Dominioni de Sillavengo , Paolo ( 1966 ) . Alamein 1933 -- 1962 : An Italian Story . Translated by Chamberlin , Dennis . Allen & Unwin . p. 130 . OCLC 557831458 . Jump up ^ Zinder , Harry ( 16 November 1942 ) . `` A Pint of Water per Man '' . Time Magazine ( 16 November 1942 ) . Archived from the original on 26 September 2010 .",
"45": "Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bierman & Smith 2003 , chapter 27 . Jump up ^ Bauer 2000 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1950 , p. 603 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ The Rommel Papers Jump up ^ Montanari 1993 , p. 838 . Jump up ^ Giuseppe Rizzo , Buche e croci nel deserto , Verona , 1969 , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Playfair 2004 , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Watson 2007 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hinsley 1981 , pp. 452 -- 453 . Jump up ^ Clifford 1943 , pp. 317 -- 318 . Jump up ^ Watson 2007 , pp. 39 , 42 . Jump up ^ Clifford 1943 , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Watson 2007 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Clifford 1943 , pp. 322 , 320 . Jump up ^ Clifford 1943 , pp. 325 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Watson 2007 , p. 44 . References ( edit ) Barr , Niall ( 2005 ) ( 2004 ) . Pendulum of War : The Three Battles of El Alamein . Woodstock , NY : Overlook Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58567 - 738 - 2 .",
"46": "Bauer , Eddy ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Young , Peter , ed . The History of World War II ( rev . ed . ) . London : Orbis . ISBN 1 - 85605 - 552 - 3 . Bierman , John ; Smith , Colin ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . War Without Hate : The Desert Campaign of 1940 -- 1943 . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200394 - 7 . Buffetaut , Yves ( 1995 ) . Operation Supercharge - La seconde bataille d'El Alamein ( Operation Supercharge : Second Battle of El Alamein ) . Les grandes batailles de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : Collection hors - série Militaria ( in French ) . Paris : Histoire Et Collections . OCLC 464158829 . Churchill , W. ( 1950 ) . The Hinge of Fate . The Second World War . new York : Bantam . OCLC 24115733 . Clifford , Alexander ( 1943 ) . Three Against Rommel . London : George G. Harrap . OCLC 10426023 . Creveld , Martin van ( 1997 ) . Supplying War ; Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54657 - 5 . Dear , I.C.B. , ed. ( 2005 ) ( 1995 ) . The Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280666 - 6 . Greene , Jack ; Massignani , Alessandro ( 1994 ) . Rommel 's North Africa Campaign : September 1940 -- November 1942 . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58097 - 018 - 1 . Hinsley , F.H. ; Thomas , E.E. ; Ransom , C.F.G. ; Knight , R.C. ( 1981 ) .",
"47": "British Intelligence in the Second World War : Its influence on Strategy and Operations . II . London : HMSO . ISBN 0 - 11 - 630934 - 2 . Jentz , Thomas L. ( 1996 ) . Panzertruppen 2 : The Complete Guide to the Creation & Combat Employment of Germany 's Tank Force 1943 -- 1945 . Schiffer . ISBN 0 - 7643 - 0080 - 6 . Latimer , Jon ( 2002 ) . Alamein . London : John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 6203 - 7 . Latimer , Jon ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . Alamein . London : John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 6213 - 6 . Lucas - Phillips , C.E. ( 1962 ) . Alamein . London : Heinemann . OCLC 3510044 . Lucas , James Sydney ( 1983 ) . War in the Desert : The Eighth Army at El Alamein . New York : Beaufort Books . OCLC 610276818 . Maurer , Maurer ( 1983 ) ( 1961 ) . Air Force Combat Units Of World War II ( PDF ) . Maxwell AFB , Alabama : Office of Air Force History . ISBN 0 - 89201 - 092 - 4 . Mead , Richard ( 2007 ) . Churchill 's Lions : A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II . Stroud : Spellmount . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86227 - 431 - 0 . Modelski , Tadeusz ( 1986 ) . The Polish Contribution to The Ultimate Allied Victory in The Second World War . Worthing . OCLC 60083169 . Montanari , Mario ( 1993 ) . El Alamein . Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale . III . Roma : Stato Maggiore dell'esercito , Ufficio Storico . OCLC 313319483 .",
"48": "Playfair , Major - General I.S.O. ; et al. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub . HMSO 1966 ) . Butler , J.R.M. , ed . The Mediterranean and Middle East : The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa . History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series . IV ( Naval & Military Press ed . ) . London : HMSO . ISBN 1 - 84574 - 068 - 8 . Rommel , Erwin ; Liddell Hart , Basil ( 1982 ) ( 1953 ) . The Rommel Papers . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80157 - 0 . Strawson , John ( 1981 ) . El Alamein : Desert Victory . London : J.M. Dent . OCLC 0460044222 . Terraine , John ( 1985 ) . The Right of the Line : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 45 . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 9780340266441 . Vivian , Cassandra ( 2000 ) . The Western Desert of Egypt : An Explorer 's Handbook . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 527 - X . Walker , Ian W. ( 2006 ) . Iron Hulls , Iron Hearts ; Mussolini 's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa . Ramsbury : The Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 86126 - 646 - 4 . Walker , Ronald ( 1967 ) . Alam Halfa and Alamein . The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939 -- 1945 . Wellington , NZ : Historical Publications Branch . OCLC 893102 . Watson , Bruce Allen ( 2007 ) ( 1999 ) . Exit Rommel : The Tunisian Campaign , 1942 -- 43 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3381 - 5 . Young , Peter ( 1966 ) .",
"49": "A Short History of World War II 1939 -- 1945 ( 1970 ed . ) . London : Pan Books . OCLC 852185369 . Further reading ( edit ) Bright , John , ed. ( 1951 ) . The Ninth Queen 's Royal Lancers 1936 -- 1945 : The Story of an Armoured Regiment in Battle . Aldershot : Gale & Polden . OCLC 3732838 . Carell , Paul ( 1962 ) . The Foxes of the Desert . New York : Bantam Books . OCLC 721200796 . Carver , Field Marshal Lord ( 2000 ) ( 1962 ) . El Alamein ( pbk . ed . ) . Ware : Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84022 - 220 - 3 . Maughan , Barton ( 1966 ) . `` 14 Launching the Battle and 15 The Dog Fight '' . Tobruk and El Alamein . Official History of Australia in the Second World War Series 1 ( Army ) . III ( online ed . ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . pp. 639 -- 754 . OCLC 954993 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Walker , Ronald ( 1967 ) . Alam Halfa and Alamein . The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939 -- 1945 ( online ed . ) . Wellington , NZ : Historical Publications Branch . OCLC 504337535 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Battle of El Alamein . External image The Second Battle of El Alamein Battle of El Alamein : map of initial dispositions The fate of the Italians in the battle as reported by TIME MAGAZINE The war time memories of Pte .",
"50": "Sid Martindale 1st Battalion Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders The 3rd Hussars ( 9th Armoured Brigade ) at El Alamein Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and Second World War ( Deception and mine clearance at El Alamein ) German Minefields at Alamein ( October -- November , 1942 ) US War Department Information Bulletin , 1943 The History of the British 7th Armoured Division at the Wayback Machine ( archived 21 June 2007 ) El Alamein at the Wayback Machine ( archived 22 March 2008 ) El Alamein in Egypt Today ( where to stay etc ) World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality",
"51": "Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk",
"52": "Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease",
"53": "Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Portal Major tank battles WWI",
"54": "Battle of Cambrai ( 1917 ) WWII Battle of Brody ( 1941 ) Battle of Stalingrad Second Battle of El Alamein Battle of Prokhorovka Battle of Kursk Battle of Arracourt Battle of the Bulge Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Battle of Asal Uttar Battle of Chawinda Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Battle of Basantar Yom Kippur War Battle of Valley of Tears Gulf War Battle of 73 Easting Coordinates : 30 ° 50 ′ N 28 ° 57 ′ E / 30.833 ° N 28.950 ° E / 30.833 ; 28.950 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein&oldid=838316749 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1942 1942 in Egypt Battles and operations of World War II involving Greece Battles and operations of World War II involving India Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa Battles of World War II involving Australia Battles of World War II involving France Battles of World War II involving Germany Battles of World War II involving Italy Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Egypt in World War II Egypt -- United Kingdom military relations El Alamein Erwin Rommel Tank battles involving Germany Tank battles involving Italy Tank battles involving the United Kingdom Tank battles involving South Africa Tank battles of World War II Western Desert Campaign October 1942 events November 1942 events Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009",
"55": "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Pages incorrectly using the quote template Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 07 : 31 .",
"56": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what were the chief spiritual aims of the catholic church and mendicant orders
|
[
"preaching, evangelism, and ministry, especially to the poor"
] |
{
"0": "Mendicant orders - wikipedia Mendicant orders Jump to : navigation , search Mendicant orders are , primarily , certain Christian religious orders that have adopted a lifestyle of poverty , traveling , and living in urban areas for purposes of preaching , evangelism , and ministry , especially to the poor . At their foundation these orders rejected the previously established monastic model . This foresaw living in one stable , isolated community where members worked at a trade and owned property in common , including land , buildings and other wealth . By contrast , the mendicants avoided owning property , did not work at a trade , and embraced a poor , often itinerant lifestyle . They depended for their survival on the goodwill of the people to whom they preached . The term `` mendicant '' is also used with reference to some non-Christian religions to denote holy persons committed to an ascetic lifestyle , which may include members of religious orders and individual holy persons . Cluny Abbey , a former Benedictine monastery in Saône - et - Loire , France . It was at one time the center of Western monasticism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins of the friars 1.1 Dominicans 1.2 Franciscans 2 Characteristics 3 Early mendicant orders 4 Other mendicant orders 5 Former mendicant orders 5.1 Extinct mendicant orders 5.2 Orders no longer mendicant 6 Non-Christian mendicant orders 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Origins of the Friars ( edit ) What is called the mendicant movement in Church history arose primarily in the 13th century in Western Europe . Until that time the monks of Europe worked at their trade in their monastery . Renouncing personal property , they owned all things in common as a community after the example of chapters 2 and 4 of the Acts of the Apostles . With the rise of Western monasticism , monasteries attracted not only individuals aspiring to become monks and nuns , but also property , buildings and hence riches . In the view of some , the idea that Christ came down to earth poor and that the true Church must be the church of the poor clashed with this phenomenon .",
"1": "The desire for true Christian authenticity was thus seen by some to contrast to the empirical reality of the Church . The twelfth century saw great changes in western Europe . As commerce revived , urban centers arose and with them an urban middle class . New directions in spirituality were called for . Church reform became a major theme of the cultural revival of this era . In response to this , there emerged the new mendicant orders founded by Francis of Assisi ( c. 1181 - 1226 ) and Dominic Guzman ( c. 1170 -- 1221 ) . The mendicant friars were bound by a vow of poverty and dedicated to an ascetic way of life , renouncing property and travelling the world to preach . Their survival was dependent upon the good will and material support of their listeners . It was this way of life that gave them their name , `` mendicant '' , derived from the Latin mendicare , meaning `` to beg '' . The mendicant movement had started in France and Italy and became popular in the poorer towns and cities of Europe at the beginning of the thirteenth century . The refusal of the mendicants to own property and therefore to pay taxes was seen as threatening the stability of the established Church which was then planning a crusade , to be financed by tithes . For this and other reasons some mendicant orders were officially suppressed by Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 and others were reformed , so as to be capable of contributing funds or men to support the war effort . Dominicans ( edit ) Main article : Dominican Order While on a visit to southern France , Saint Dominic met the Albigensians , a religious sect which had a great popularity partly because of the economic situation of the times . Dominic , who had begun as a secular canon , responded to a desperate need for informed preaching by founding the Order of Preachers and thus embarking on a new form of religious life , the life of the friar . Before this time , religious life had been monastic , but with Dominic the secluded monastery gave way to priories in the cities . By the time of his death in 1221 , the Order had spread through Western Europe , hundreds of young men had joined , and the presence of the Order of Preachers was felt at the major universities of the time .",
"2": "Franciscans ( edit ) Main article : Franciscans Francis came to this manner of life through a period of personal conversion . The Franciscans spread far and wide the devotion to the humanity of Christ , with the commitment to imitate the Lord . Many of them were priests and men of learning whose contributions were notable in the rapid evolution and contemporary relevance of the movement . Notable Franciscans include Anthony of Padua , who were inspirations to the formation of Christian mendicant traditions . Characteristics ( edit ) With deep insight the Franciscans and Dominicans put into practice a pastoral strategy suited to the social changes . The emergence of urban centers meant concentrated numbers of the homeless and the sick . This created problems for the parish churches who found themselves unable to address these issues . Since many people were moving from the countryside to the cities , they no longer built their convents in rural districts but rather in urban zones . In another innovation , the mendicant orders relinquished their principle of stability , a classical principle of ancient monasticism , opting for a different approach . Unlike the Benedictine monks , the mendicants were not permanently attached to any one particular convent and to its abbot . Because the orders ' primary aim was the evangelization of the masses , the church granted them freedom from the jurisdiction of the bishops and they travelled about to convert or reinforce faith . The freedom of mendicancy allowed Franciscans and Dominicans mobility . Since they were not tied to monasteries or territorial parishes , they were free to take the gospel into the streets , to preach , hear confessions and minister to people wherever they were . Friars Minor and Preachers travelled with missionary zeal from one place to another . Consequently , they organized themselves differently in comparison with the majority of monastic orders . Instead of the traditional autonomy that every monastery enjoyed , they gave greater importance to the order as such and to the Superior General , as well as to the structure of the order Provinces . Their flexibility enabled them to send out the most suitable friars on specific missions , and the mendicant orders reached North Africa , the Middle East and Northern Europe .",
"3": "As students and professors , Friars Minor and Friars Preacher , Franciscans and Dominicans , entered the leading universities of the time , set up study centres , produced texts of great value and were protagonists of scholastic theology in its best period and had an important effect on the development of thought . The great thinkers , St Thomas Aquinas and St Bonaventure , were mendicants . In all the great cities of western Europe , friaries were established , and in the universities theological chairs were held by Dominicans and Franciscans . Later in the 13th century they were joined by the mendicant orders of Carmelites , Augustinian Hermits , and Servites . They attracted a significant level of patronage , as much from townsfolk as aristocrats . Their focus of operation rapidly centered on towns where population growth historically outstripped the provision of rural parishes . Most medieval towns in Western Europe of any size came to possess houses of one or more of the major orders of friars . Some of their churches came to be built on grand scale with large spaces devoted to preaching , something of a specialty among the mendicant orders . Early mendicant orders ( edit ) Despite conforming to a recognizable model , the mendicant orders of friars had origins that were generally very different . The original mendicant orders of friars in the Church in the Middle Ages were the Dominicans -- Order of Preachers , commonly called the Black Friars , founded 1215 . Franciscans -- who in modern times include the Order of Friars Minor ( O.F.M. ) ; the Order of Friars Minor Conventual ( O.F.M. Conv . ) , who are commonly known as the Grey Friars ; the Capuchins ( Order of Friars Minor Capuchin ) ( O.F.M. Cap . ) , founded 1209 ; and the Third Order Regular of St. Francis , whose origins lie in the 15th century . Augustinians -- Hermits of St. Augustine , commonly called the Austin Friars , various loosely organized groups of hermits who accepted the Augustinian rule 1244 -- 1256 , in order to fall under the provisions of the decree `` Ne nimium '' of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 .",
"4": "In modern times two reform groups , the Augustinian Recollects and the Discalced Augustinians , exist as separate orders . Carmelites -- Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Carmel , commonly known as the White Friars , a groups of hermits on Mount Carmel in the Crusader states , who adopted a rule sometime between 1206 and 1214 , before they began migrating to Western Europe around 1238 In modern times a reform group , the Discalced Carmelites , founded 1593 , exists as a separate order . The Second Council of Lyons ( 1274 ) recognized these as the four `` major '' mendicant orders , and suppressed certain others . The Council of Trent loosened the restrictions on their owning property . Afterwards , except for the Franciscans and their offshoot the Capuchins , members of the orders were permitted to own property collectively as do monks . Other mendicant orders ( edit ) The other mendicant orders recognized by the Holy See today are the Trinitarians -- Order of the Most Blessed Trinity , sometimes called the Red Friars , founded 1193 . Mercedarians -- Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy , founded 1218 ; and after a reform Discalced Mercedarians . Servites -- Order of Servants of Mary , founded 1233 by the Seven Holy Men of Florence , Italy . The order was suppressed by the Second Council of Lyon in 1272 , on the basis of the restrictions in the decree `` Ne nimium '' of 1215 ; the suppression was not fully enforced and was subsequently overturned by Pope Benedict XI in his Bull , `` Dum levamus '' , of 11 February 1304 . Minims -- Hermits of St. Francis of Paola , founded 1436 . Hospitaller Order of the Brothers of Saint John of God -- founded in 1572 by Saint John of God for the care of the sick . Order of Bethlehemite Brothers , founded in Guatemala in 1653 and refounded in 1984 . Like the monastic orders , many of the mendicant orders , especially the larger ones , underwent splits and reform efforts , forming offshoots , permanent or otherwise , some of which are mentioned in the lists given above .",
"5": "Former mendicant orders ( edit ) Mendicant orders that formerly existed but are now extinct , and orders which for a time were classed as mendicant orders but now no longer are . Extinct mendicant orders ( edit ) Ambrosians or Fratres sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus , existed before 1378 , suppressed by Pope Innocent X in 1650 . Fraticelli of Monte Malbe , founded at Monte Malbe near Perugia in Italy in the 14th century , by the end of the century they had dispersed . Hospitallers of San Hipólito ( Saint Hippolytus ) or Brothers of Charity of de San Hipólito were founded in Mexico and approved by Rome as a mendicant order in 1700 . In the 18th century they were absorbed by the Brothers Hospitaller of Saint John of God . Jesuati , or Clerici apostolici Sancti Hieronymim , Apostolic Clerics of Saint Jerome , founded in 1360 , suppressed by Pope Clement IX in 1668 . Saccati or Friars of the Sack ( Fratres Saccati ) , known also variously as Brothers of Penitence and perhaps identical with the Boni Homines , Bonshommes or Bones - homes , whose history is obscure . Crutched Friars or Fratres Cruciferi ( cross-bearing friars ) or Crossed Friars , Crouched Friars or Croziers , named after the staff they carried which was surmounted by a crucifix , existed by 1100 , suppressed by Pope Alexander VII in 1656 . Scalzetti , founded in the 18th century , suppressed by Pope Pius XI in 1935 . Orders no longer mendicant ( edit ) Jesuits or Society of Jesus , founded in 1540 , and for a time considered a mendicant order , before being classed instead as an Order of Clerks Regular . Teutonic Order or Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem , founded c. 1190 , reorganized 1929 as a religious order in 1929 .",
"6": "Non-Christian mendicant orders ( edit ) The term `` mendicant '' may also be used to refer to other non-Catholic and non-Christian ascetics , such as Buddhist monks and Hindu sannyasis . The Pali scriptures of Theravada Buddhism use the term bhikkhu for mendicant , and in Mahayana scriptures , the equivalent Sanskrit term bhikṣu is used . Mendicant traditions in Islam are found in Sufism and Dervishes . See also ( edit ) Mendicant Missionary order Teaching order References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mendicant movement '' , Augnet Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Benedict XVI , `` The Mendicant Orders '' , General Audience , 13 January 2010 Jump up ^ Guiraud , Jean ( 1909 ) . Saint Dominic . p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Labatt , Annie , and Charlotte Appleyard . `` Mendicant Orders in the Medieval World '' . In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2000 ( October 2004 ) Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Mendicant Friars '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Tironensian Order Military School . Histoire Et Costumes Des Ordres Religieux , Civils Et Militaires ( in French ) . Brussels , 1845 reprinted Nabu Press 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1278531496 . Jump up ^ `` Who we are '' , Dominican Friars , Central Province Jump up ^ The sequence followed in listing the different orders follows the official precedence recognized by the Holy See , cf . Annuario Pontificio 2014 ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2014 , p.",
"7": "1421 - 1425 ^ Jump up to : `` The Mendicant Orders '' , University of Saint Thomas -- Saint Paul , Minnesota , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Origins of the Carmelite Order '' , The British Province of Carmelite Friars Archived 2013 - 08 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The sequence followed in listing the different orders follows the official precedence recognized by the Holy See , cf . Annuario Pontificio 2014 ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2014 , p. 1421 - 1425 Jump up ^ Griffin , Patrick . `` Order of Servites '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 13 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 19 Aug. 2013 Jump up ^ Giancarlo Rocca ( dir . ) , Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione , Edizioni Paoline , Roma , vol . V , 1978 , col. 1185 . Jump up ^ The sequence followed in listing the different orders follows the official precedence recognized by the Holy See , cf . Annuario Pontificio 2014 ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2014 , p. 1421 - 1425 Jump up ^ Giancarlo Rocca ( dir . ) , Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione , Edizioni Paoline , Roma , vol . V , 1978 , col. 1185 . Jump up ^ Giancarlo Rocca ( dir . ) , Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione , Edizioni Paoline , Roma , vol . V , 1978 , col. 1185 . Jump up ^ Giancarlo Rocca ( dir . ) , Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione , Edizioni Paoline , Roma , vol . V , 1978 , col. 1185 . External links ( edit ) Audience of Benedict XVI , 13 January , 2010 Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Mendicant Friars '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . `` Mendicant Movement and Orders '' .",
"8": "Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . ( hide ) Consecrated life in the Catholic Church Types Secular clergy Consecrated virgin Hermit Religious institute Orders Monastic Cenobitic Enclosed Idiorrhythmic Canons Regular Mendicants Second Orders Clerics Regular Congregations Secular institute Society of apostolic life Vows Evangelical counsels Poverty Chastity Obedience Profession Solemn vow Vow of silence Vow of enclosure Monastery Abbey Cloister Convent Hermitage Priory Refectory List Prayer Contemplation Liturgy of the Hours Mass Meditation Mysticism Rosary Habit Clerical clothing Coif Cornette Scapular Vestment Members Abbot Abbess Brother Monk Friar Nun Master of novices Novice Oblate Postulant Provincial superior Prior Sister Superior general Other Asceticism Tonsure Vocational discernment Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"9": "php?title=Mendicant_orders&oldid=832407994 '' Categories : Mendicant orders Ascetics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 20 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who gets the most punishments on impractical jokers
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[
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{
"0": "Impractical Jokers - wikipedia Impractical Jokers Jump to : navigation , search For the British television series , see Impractical Jokers UK . Impractical Jokers Genre Hidden camera Directed by Peter Fowkes P.J. Morrison Starring Brian `` Q '' Quinn James `` Murr '' Murray Sal Vulcano Joe Gatto Narrated by Drew Patterson Bill St. James Erik Falcon Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 160 ( and 27 specials ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Charlie DeBevoise Mark Hickman Brian Quinn James Murray Joe Gatto Sal Vulcano Pete McPartland Simmy Kustanowitz Location ( s ) New York Camera setup Hidden camera Running time 21 minutes ( season 1 - 5 ) 24 minutes ( season 5 - present ) Production company ( s ) NorthSouth Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Release Original network TruTV Comedy Central UK Picture format 576i ( season 1 ) 1080i ( season 2 - present ) Original release December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Impractical Jokers : Inside Jokes Jokers Wild Impractical Jokers : After Party External links Website Impractical Jokers is an American hidden camera reality series that premiered on TruTV on December 15 , 2011 , and is produced by NorthSouth Productions . It follows Joseph `` Joe '' Gatto , James `` Murr '' Murray , Brian `` Q '' Quinn , and Salvatore `` Sal '' Vulcano , the four members of the comedy troupe The Tenderloins , as they coerce one another into doing public pranks while being filmed by hidden cameras . The show differs from other prank television programs , as the stars of Impractical Jokers do not know the details of the prank until the moment they are performing it on strangers . It was announced in 2017 that the show will be syndicated to broadcast television outlets via Trifecta Entertainment & Media .",
"1": "It will be cleared in 85 % of the U.S. markets . In March 2018 , TruTV announced that the show would be renewed for an eighth season that will have 26 episodes and is expected to air in February of 2019 . TruTV also announced that an Impractical Jokers feature - length movie will go into production in the spring of 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Episodes 3 Statistics 4 Cast 4.1 Main 4.2 Guest appearances 5 Reception 6 Impractical Jokers : Inside Jokes 7 Impractical Jokers : After Party 8 Impractical Jokers movie 9 International versions 10 International broadcasts 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Intertitle used since Season 3 . From left to right : Q , Murr , Sal , and Joe . Joseph `` Joe '' Gatto , James `` Murr '' Murray , Brian `` Q '' Quinn , and Salvatore `` Sal '' Vulcano , four high school friends who attended Monsignor Farrell High School , from Staten Island , New York , formed the live improv and sketch comedy troupe The Tenderloins in 1999 . After a long and successful history , including winning the $100,000 grand prize in NBC 's `` It 's Your Show '' competition , the group went into television . In 2008 , they filmed a pilot episode for a scripted sitcom for Spike TV , but the show did not go to series . TruTV announced the series Impractical Jokers , originally slated to be named Mission : Uncomfortable , on April 12 , 2011 , eight months before the show 's debut . Murray explained how the hidden camera format made sense based on the jokesters ' skills . `` We needed to find the right format ... thing is , we 've been doing this for years , but when it 's on camera , the embarrassment is amplified . '' Q and Sal have said when they gave their pilot episode to TruTV , it was recorded on their iPhones . At the time they pitched the idea to TruTV , Murray was VP of Development for NorthSouth Productions , the company that has produced the series since its inception .",
"2": "Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Impractical Jokers episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) 28 September 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) 31 January 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 26 January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 5 26 February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) November 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 03 ) 6 26 February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7 26 February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) November 2018 ( 2018 - 11 ) Specials 27 February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) TBA Before every challenge , the Jokers explain where they are , what the challenge is , and what will happen if they fail . Often ( but not always ) the cast member ( s ) performing the prank wears an earpiece , while the others have a mic in a covert location . Cameras are hidden near the area to capture the action . The challenge location is usually a public area in or around New York City such as a city park , or store . The criteria of each challenge are the same for each of the Jokers competing in the round . If the Joker can not complete their task , they get a thumbs - down .",
"3": "At the end of the episode , the Joker or Jokers with the most thumbs down is punished , and the punishments are usually more embarrassing , humiliating , disgusting , painful or scary than any of the challenges . Punishments can not be refused , or the Joker will be kicked off the show . Statistics ( edit ) Up to date as of April 14 , 2018 . Impractical Jokers statistics Joker Punishments Thumbs down Thumbs up Challenges Joe 36 ( 23.4 % ) 136 ( 35.9 % ) 254 ( 68.5 % ) 377 ( 92.0 % ) Murr 50 ( 34.0 % ) 168 ( 48.7 % ) 228 ( 59.3 % ) 379 ( 92.6 % ) Q 40 ( 26.1 % ) 140 ( 38.0 % ) 252 ( 69.0 % ) 375 ( 91.4 % ) Sal 55 ( 36.0 % ) 163 ( 42.6 % ) 239 ( 66.2 % ) 377 ( 92.0 % ) Punishments include double , separate , triple , and in one episode , all four punished . Some statistics have been rounded . Some challenges involved double - thumbs down ( 10 ) ( Sal 4 , Murr 3 , Joe 2 , Q 2 ) ; punishment percentage rates are based on total episodes that involve punishments ( 147 out of 150 ) ; challenge percentage rates are based on total challenges attempted ( 418 as of October 12 , 2017 ) . In some instances , a joker can bet that another Joker ca n't complete a ( usually difficult ) task . If the task is complete , the challenge will end ( even if not all Jokers participated ) , and the Joker who loses the bet loses the entire episode , regardless of the loser board . This has only happened on three occasions in the show 's run ; one of those occasions , the Joker was successful on the bet and did n't take the loss on the episode . Cast ( edit ) The Tenderloins in Times Square in 2010 .",
"4": "Main ( edit ) Brian `` Q '' Quinn ( born March 14 , 1976 ) is an improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island . He attended Monsignor Farrell High School , where he was involved in numerous activities including drama and sports . He attended Brooklyn College and later went on to join the New York City Fire Department . He is the third host of the podcast Tell ' Em Steve - Dave ! on SModcast.com . James `` Murr '' Murray ( born May 1 , 1976 ) is an improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island . He attended Monsignor Farrell High School there , and was also part of a community theatre . He continued his education at Georgetown University where he received a BA in English . He continues to work at NorthSouth Productions , where he is the Senior Vice President of Development . Salvatore `` Sal '' Vulcano ( born November 5 , 1976 ) is an improvisational and stand - up comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island . He attended Monsignor Farrell High School , where he took part in various sports such as hockey , basketball and football . He received a degree in Finance from St. John 's University . Joseph `` Joe '' Gatto Jr. ( born June 5 , 1976 ) is an improvisational comedian from the New York City borough of Staten Island , where he attended Monsignor Farrell High School . He studied at LIU Post where he received a degree in Accounting . He founded the Tenderloins comedy troupe in 2000 and worked at the baby retail store Giggle , until January 2011 . He is the only married Joker , and has two children with his wife Bessy . Guest appearances ( edit ) Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Daniel Ribacoff Rosie O'Donnell Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Casey Jost Rob Emmer Casey Jost Joey Fatone Tommy Dreamer Soren Thompson Danica McKellar Byamba Grant Marshall Colin White Howie Mandel Johnny Launonen Mike Langan Rob Emmer Joey Fatone Casey Jost Johnny Launonen Rob Emmer Dr.",
"5": "Frank Contacessa Alex Brightman James Buckley Travis Pastrana Joey Fatone Tommy Dreamer Danica McKellar Casey Jost Rob Emmer Gary Busey Bully Ray Velvet Sky Jesse Bravo Matthew Lewis Victoria Justice Noah Syndergaard Kayla Harrison Australia 's Thunder from Down Under Joey Fatone Soren Thompson Gary Busey Kayla Harrison Casey Jost Dr. Frank Contacessa Big Jay Oakerson Doug McDermott Enes Kanter Reception ( edit ) Impractical Jokers has been well received by some critics , with Linda Stasi of the New York Post calling it `` possibly the funniest , most ridiculous show I 've seen in years . '' While it has been compared to earlier hit prank shows such as Candid Camera and Jackass , critics have offered praise for its unique twist on the genre , wherein the stars ' reactions to the pranks are often equally as humorous as those of the innocent bystanders . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times stated that `` the gag pays off twice : once in the reaction of the unsuspecting passer - by , once in the discomfort of the fellow doing the asking . '' He later wrote that the cast - members ' occasional integrity ( kept ) these four clowns a little bit lovable . '' Dean Robbins of The Daily Page echoed this sentiment , stating that `` the friends are jovial rather than Jackass - obnoxious , even rejecting some dares as too offensive . '' The series has been generally well received , garnering 1.5 million viewers during its December 15 , 2011 , premiere . The review of the show by Variety 's Brian Lowry was less positive , ending with this statement : `` Nobody will ever confuse Impractical Jokers with high art , certainly , but as low - brow , micro-cost comedy in the context of TruTV 's programming resources , it 's actually quite practical -- and occasionally funny . '' Impractical Jokers : Inside Jokes ( edit ) Impractical Jokers : Inside Jokes is a spin - off of Impractical Jokers in which episodes that have already aired are shown again with pop - up facts throughout , including behind - the - scenes stories and facts directly from the Jokers .",
"6": "The first episode of Impractical Jokers : Inside Jokes aired on July 14 , 2016 , following the mid-season British special . Impractical Jokers : after Party ( edit ) Impractical Jokers : After Party is a spin - off hosted by Joey Fatone , in which the Jokers and surprise guests go through a deep dive of challenges , special play - by - play punishment analysis from the latest episode , and bonus content from the latest episode or the whole show . The first episode of the series aired on August 3 , 2017 after the episode `` The Q - Pay '' had aired . After Party is filmed at The Flagship Brewing Company bar in Staten Island . Impractical Jokers movie ( edit ) On March 7 , 2018 it was announced that a feature - length Impractical Jokers movie was in the works . It will be directed by Chris Henchy and produced by Funny or Die . Production on the film is set to begin in the spring of 2018 . International versions ( edit ) A UK version of Impractical Jokers began airing in winter 2012 on BBC Three . It starred comedians Paul McCaffrey , Joel Dommett , Marek Larwood and Roisin Conaty . The pilot was filmed and placed online as part of `` The Comedy Kitchen '' in 2012 . The first series included six episodes , which aired from November 15 to December 20 , 2012 . The second series also included six episodes , and aired from February 24 to April 2 , 2014 . It was produced by Yalli Productions . It was cancelled after Series 2 in April 2014 , mainly due to its unpopularity . However , more recently , Comedy Central and Channel 5 picked up the rights to co-produce a third season of Impractical Jokers UK with Yalli Productions , starring Late Night Gimp Fight . A Dutch version was broadcast on Veronica in 2013 , called De Fukkers . In 2015 a new version started at RTL 5 , named Foute Vrienden , like the Flemish version . A Belgian ( Flemish ) version broadcast on 2BE in the fall of 2012 , titled Foute Vrienden . James Murray appeared in episode 5 of the first season .",
"7": "The second season , which started in March 2014 , included 10 episodes . A Brazilian version is currently being broadcast on SBT titled Amigos da Onça . The series premiere aired on January 7 , 2013 and ended on August 13 , 2013 . James Murray appeared in episode 3 of the second season . A Lebanese version was broadcast on Al Jadeed in the fall of 2013 . A Mexican version broadcast on TBS Latin America started on May 20 , 2015 with the title Impractical Jokers . A Greek version was broadcast on Ant1 in February 2014 with the title Wanted . A French - Canadian version was broadcast on V on February 24 , 2014 with the title Les Jokers . A Swedish version was broadcast on TV6 in April 2014 with the title Radiostyrd . A Spanish version was broadcast on Neox in 2014 with the title Sinvergüenzas . An Egyptian version was released in 2015 with the title Al Mohayesoun . International broadcasts ( edit ) On April 18 , 2014 , during the first ever live recording of their What Say You ? podcast at the Prince Charles Cinema in London , Q and Sal stated that , when the BBC bought the rights to create a UK version of the show , they also bought the rights to air the US version of the show in the UK . This was meant to be aired after the first season of the UK show , but the BBC never aired it . However , it finally came to air on August 22 , 2014 . The US version now airs on Comedy Central UK and Channel 5 . The show is presently airing on RTÉ2 in Ireland . The series currently airs on Comedy Central India ( India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bhutan and Maldives ) , WB Channel ( India , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Bhutan and Maldives ) and WB Channel Pakistan ( Pakistan , Bangladesh , Afghanistan , Iran and Tajikistan ) . The series currently airs in Canada on ACTION , CMT and OLN . It is currently being shown in Australia on The Comedy Channel . It is currently being shown in New Zealand on Comedy Central New Zealand . The series currently airs in France and Belgium on MTV France with the title Les Jokers .",
"8": "The series currently airs in Italy on DMAX with the title Cattivissimi amici . The series currently airs in Mexico on cable companies carrying the Tru TV channel with the original title . The series currently airs in Spain on Neox and Comedy Central Spain with the title Agárralos como Puedas . The series currently airs in Brazil on TBS with the title Tirando a Maior Onda . The series currently airs in Bulgaria on BTV with the title Шегаджии . The series currently airs in Germany on ProSieben Maxx . The original series currently airs in Poland on TTV . The original series currently airs in Russia on MTV Russia with the title Нереальные подставы ( Unreal Trolling ) . The show aired on + TVI and Sic Radical with the original title . In Malaysia , Impractical Jokers is shown on Warner TV . The original series currently airs in the Netherlands on RTL 5 . The series currently airs in Vietnam on Warner TV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Impractical Jokers ' Renewed For Season 6 By TruTV '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WBITVP Appoints Jean - Louis Blot to Lead Warner Bros . ' Newly Launched TV Production Operations in France '' . Jump up ^ TruTV 's ' Impractical Jokers ' Cleared in 85 % of U.S. - Deadline Hollywood ( Published May 24 , 2017 ; accessed September 7 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` TruTV Renews ' Impractical Jokers , ' Orders Feature Film From Funny or Die ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2018 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Moye , David ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Impractical Jokers ' : TruTV 's New Hidden Camera Program ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffPost Weird News . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` TruTV Renews ' Impractical Jokers ' , ' Carbonaro Effect ' , Orders 5 New Series & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tulloch , Katrina ( 2014 - 08 - 16 ) . `` ' Impractical Jokers ' star Brian Quinn : April Fools ' Day is amateur hour '' . syracuse.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Steussy , Lauren ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Quinn donates $50 K : FDNY , not ' Impractical Jokers , ' is proudest moment '' . SILive.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fox , Joanne ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Impractical Jokers present behind - the - scenes look at comedy '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Team North South '' . www.northsouth.tv . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Post Homecoming 2015 - Registration Closed - Long Island University '' . community.liu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) . `` ' Impractical Jokers ' reflect on their comedy roots ahead of season 6 '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda . `` Jokers ' on you '' . New York Post . NYP Holdings , Inc . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Four Pranksters , Giving as Good as They Get '' . New York Times Television . The New York Times Publishing Company . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Dean .",
"10": "`` Impractical Jokers wallows in embarrassment '' . Isthmus The Daily Page . Isthmus Publishing Company , Inc . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Jaguars / Falcons Top Nigh '' . Renew / Cancel Index . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian . `` Impractical Jokers '' . Variety TV Review . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Impractical Jokers : Inside Jokes '' . truTV . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` truTV to Present Mid-Season Premiere IMPRACTICAL JOKERS : BRITISH INVASION , Today '' . broadwayworld.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2018/03/08/Impractical-Jokers-renewed-for-Season-8-feature-film-announced/6241520514929/ Jump up ^ `` BBC Impractical Jokers profiles '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC Three announces series of online pilots - News - British Comedy Guide '' . Comedy.co.uk . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Impractical Jokers ' to Get U.K. Version on Viacom 's Channel 5 , Comedy Central '' . Hollywood Reporter . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RTL 5 maakt Nederlandse versie Foute Vrienden '' ( in Dutch ) . Showbizznetwork.nl . February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro nets line up pranks format News '' . C21Media . February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 .",
"11": "Jump up ^ `` '' Amigos da Onça `` , novo humorístico do SBT , aposta em câmera escondida '' . UOL . December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stargate Entertainment - Al Mohayesoun Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . action-tv.ca . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Програма - bTV '' . Jump up ^ TV - Programm . rtv.de . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 ( german ) . Jump up ^ `` '' Нереальные подставы '' MTV Russia -- когда смотреть по ТВ в Шадринске -- Яндекс. Телепрограмма `` . External links ( edit ) Official website of Impractical Jokers Impractical Jokers on IMDb ( hide ) truTV original programming Former 1999 -- 2007 debuts ( Court TV ) Anatomy of Crime ( 2000 -- 02 ) Bait Car ( 2007 -- 12 ) Disorder in the Court ( 2006 -- 11 ) Dominick Dunne 's Power , Privilege , and Justice ( 2002 -- 09 ) Forensic Files ( 2000 -- 11 ) Haunting Evidence ( 2005 -- 08 ) Hot Pursuit ( 2002 -- 09 ) I ,",
"12": "Detective ( 2001 -- 06 ) The Investigators ( 2004 -- 09 ) Inside American Jail ( 2005 -- 10 ) Masterminds ( 2003 -- 11 ) Most Daring ( 2007 -- 10 ) Most Shocking ( 2006 -- 10 ) North Mission Road ( 2003 -- 07 ) Ocean Force ( 2006 -- 07 ) Psychic Detectives ( 2004 -- 08 ) Snap Judgment ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Speeders ( 2007 -- 09 ) Star Jones ( 2007 -- 08 ) Suburban Secrets ( 2007 -- 08 ) Tiger Team ( 2007 ) ' Til Death Do Us Part ( 2007 ) Video Justice ( 2006 -- 07 ) 2008 -- 17 debuts All Worked Up ( 2009 -- 11 ) Almost Genius ( 2015 -- 16 ) Barmageddon ( 2014 -- 15 ) Bear Swamp Recovery ( 2011 ) Billy on the Street ( 2015 - 17 ) Black Gold ( 2008 -- 13 ) Branson Famous ( 2014 -- 15 ) Cash Dome ( 2013 ) Caught Red Handed ( 2012 -- 13 ) Conspiracy Theory with Jesse Ventura ( 2009 -- 12 ) Container Wars ( 2013 ) Fake Off ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Friends of the People ( 2014 -- 15 ) Full Throttle Saloon ( 2009 -- 14 ) Guinness World Records Gone Wild / Unleashed ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hardcore Pawn ( 2010 -- 15 ) It Only Hurts When I Laugh ! ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Killer Karaoke ( 2012 -- 14 ) Las Vegas Jailhouse ( 2010 -- 12 ) Lizard Lick Towing ( 2011 -- 14 ) Ma 's Roadhouse ( 2010 ) Man vs.",
"13": "Cartoon ( 2009 ) Motor City Masters ( 2014 ) NFL Full Contact ( 2010 ) Operation Repo ( 2008 -- 14 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 ) Police POV ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Principal 's Office ( 2008 -- 09 ) Rehab : Party at the Hard Rock Hotel ( 2008 -- 10 ) Six Degrees of Everything ( 2015 ) South Beach Tow ( 2011 -- 14 ) Southern Fried Stings ( 2010 -- 11 ) Speeders Fight Back ( 2008 -- 09 ) Storage Hunters ( 2011 -- 13 ) Street Patrol ( 2008 -- 09 ) Top 20 Most Shocking ( 2009 -- 12 ) Upload with Shaquille O'Neal ( 2013 -- 14 ) Vegas Strip ( 2011 -- 12 ) truTV Presents : World 's Dumbest . ( 2008 -- 14 ) Top 20 Funniest / truTV Top Funniest ( 2013 -- 15 ) Current Impractical Jokers ( since 2011 ) The Carbonaro Effect ( since 2014 ) Hack My Life ( since 2015 ) Fameless ( since 2015 ) Adam Ruins Everything ( since 2015 ) Those Who Ca n't ( since 2016 ) Comedy Knockout ( since 2016 ) Impractical Jokers : Inside Jokes ( since 2016 ) Jon Glaser Loves Gear ( since 2016 ) I 'm Sorry ( since 2017 ) The Chris Gethard Show ( since 2017 ) At Home with Amy Sedaris ( since 2017 ) Talk Show the Game Show ( since 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"14": "php?title=Impractical_Jokers&oldid=837977993 '' Categories : 2011 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series 2010s American reality television series American hidden camera television series TruTV shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 05 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-4933703924077588548
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baga beach is in north or south goa
|
[
"North Goa",
"North Goa",
"North",
"North",
"North Goa"
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{
"0": "Baga , Goa - Wikipedia Baga , Goa Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Baga ( disambiguation ) . Baga Town Baga Location of Baga in Goa Baga Baga ( India ) Show map of Goa Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 15 ° 33 ′ 32 '' N 73 ° 45 ′ 12 '' E / 15.55889 ° N 73.75333 ° E / 15.55889 ; 73.75333 Coordinates : 15 ° 33 ′ 32 '' N 73 ° 45 ′ 12 '' E / 15.55889 ° N 73.75333 ° E / 15.55889 ; 73.75333 Country India State Goa District North Goa Sub-district Bardez Languages Official Konkani Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 403516 Area code ( s ) 083227 Baga a seaside town in Bardez , Goa , India . It comes under the jurisdiction of Calangute , which is 2 km south . Baga is known for its popular beach and Baga Creek . It is visited by thousands of tourists annually . Baga beach ( edit ) Baga Beach is a popular beach and tourist destination in North Goa . Baga is located at the north end of the contiguous beach stretch that starts from Sinquerim , Candolim , leads to Calangute and then to Baga . Dolphins can be located at around 1 -- 2 km from the shoreline Parasailing in Baga Beach The beach contains rows of shacks and fishing boats , and at high tide the beach is narrow . The beach is named after the Baga Creek , which empties into the Arabian Sea at the north end of the beach . Baga Beach is also famous for water sports such as parasailing and banana rides , and dolphin cruises .",
"1": "In Baga Beach , new parking has been constructed for around 800 cars or more , and there is baga creek bridge which connects northern part like Arpora , Anjuna etc ... References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeff Koyen ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` 36 Hours in Goa , India '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tourist Guide to Goa , p . ___ ( Sura Books 2007 ) ( ISBN 978 - 8174782076 ) Jump up ^ South India handbook : the travel guide , p. 468 - 69 ( 2001 ) ( ISBN 978 - 1900949811 ) Jump up ^ Fodor 's India , p. 454 - 55 ( 6th ed. 2008 ) ( ISBN 978 - 1400019120 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baga , Goa . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Baga . Baga beach This article related to a location in the Indian state of Goa is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baga,_Goa&oldid=817215978 '' Categories : Cities and towns in North Goa district Beaches of Goa Beaches of North Goa district Goa geography stubs Talk About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 23 : 27 . About Wikipedia",
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what's the use of fn key on laptop
|
[
"to combine keys which are usually kept separate",
"changing display or audio settings quickly, such as brightness, contrast, or volume, and is held down in conjunction with the appropriate key to change the settings",
"a modifier key on many keyboards, especially on laptops",
"changing display or audio settings quickly, such as brightness, contrast, or volume, and is held down in conjunction with the appropriate key to change the settings"
] |
{
"0": "Fn key - wikipedia Fn key Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Function key . The Fn key , short form for function , is a modifier key on many keyboards , especially on laptops , used in a compact layout to combine keys which are usually kept separate . It is typically found on laptops due to their keyboard size restrictions . It is also found on many full - sized `` multimedia '' keyboards as the F - Lock key . It is mainly for the purpose of changing display or audio settings quickly , such as brightness , contrast , or volume , and is held down in conjunction with the appropriate key to change the settings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Compact layouts 2 Technical details 3 Fn and Control key placement 3.1 Control Key Preference Factors 4 Common Fn key features 5 References 6 External links Compact layouts ( edit ) Typically , in a compact layout the main area of the keyboard ( containing the letter keys ) is kept in much the same layout as with a full - sized keyboard , and the numeric keypad is moved to share a group of central keys . This allows typists to enter text without having to learn a new layout . The symbol that is accessed through pressing Fn is often printed on the key in a smaller font , a box , or different color ( usually blue but sometimes orange ) . This 78 - key UK layout is taken from the Apple iBook . Characters in blue are accessed through the Fn key , but functions on the top row can be accessed without Fn key in Mac OS X . Technical details ( edit ) Fn is a modifier key , and works like other modifiers keys , such as Ctrl , Shift , Alt and AltGr . For a standard modifier key , the microcontroller inside the keyboard sends a scancode for the modifier itself , which is then interpreted by the operating system and combined with other simultaneous key - presses . The Fn key is a form of meta - modifier key , in that it causes the operating system to see altered scancodes when other keys on the keyboard are pressed . This allows the keyboard to directly emulate a full - sized keyboard , so the operating system can use standard keymaps designed for a full - sized keyboard . However , because the operating system has no notion of the Fn key , the key can not normally be remapped in software , unlike all other standard keyboard keys .",
"1": "While it is most common for the Fn key processing to happen directly in the keyboard micro-controller , offering no knowledge to the main computer of whether the Fn key was pressed , some manufacturers , like Lenovo , perform this mapping in BIOS running on the main CPU , allowing remapping the Fn key by modifying the BIOS interrupt handler ; and Apple , in which the Fn key is mappable and serves other uses too , as triggering the Dictation function by pressing the Fn key twice . In addition to being mapped to standard keyboard keys like Scroll Lock and Num Lock , the Fn key combinations may also be mapped to control system interfaces to change the LCD brightness , VGA output , or speaker volume on most laptop computers . Fn and Control key placement ( edit ) There is not yet an agreed - upon standard for the placement of the Fn key , although most manufacturers have elected to place it alongside a shrunken and / or displaced left Control key . Because the Control key is most frequently associated with OS and application shortcuts ( such as Control + S to save a document , or Control + Shift + Escape to launch the Task Manager in modern versions of Microsoft Windows ) altering its size and placement is often regarded as inconvenient for users accustomed to the larger left Control key on IBM PC - style keyboards commonly used for desktop computers . The majority of portable computer manufacturers today ( including HP , Dell , and Samsung ) currently place the Fn key between the left Control key and the left Windows key , making it the second key from the left on the bottom row of the keyboard . This usually means that the Control key is reduced in size , but allows it to remain in the lowest - left position on the keyboard . Conversely , Lenovo currently arrange keyboards on their ThinkPad computers with the Fn key as the lowest - left , making Control the second - from - left on the bottom row . This arrangement is currently unique to ThinkPads amongst all laptops shipped with Windows , but it is one that has been in place since the modern ThinkPad product line was introduced by IBM in 1992 . IBM designers rationalised that since the Fn key was used to control features that in some cases had no other physical or software controls ( for example , the ThinkLight keyboard - illumination lamp , which is switched only by the Fn + PgUp keys ) , the Fn key should have the more prominent position on the keyboard .",
"2": "Notably , IBM did not include Windows keys on any of their keyboards until 2006 , which meant that though the left Control key was displaced by the Fn key , neither it nor the left Alt key needed to be made smaller . The inclusion of Windows keys on ThinkPad models from mid-2006 onwards was achieved mainly by shrinking the left Alt key , which means that ThinkPad keyboards now generally have larger left Control keys than those of many other manufacturers , and are unique in preserving on laptops the Control , Windows , and Alt key arrangement used on most desktop keyboards . Many laptops place the Fn key at a less convenient position ( and with a smaller size ) within the top row of functions keys F1 to F12 and other `` multimedia '' or manufacturer - specific device / power control key . Apple also place the Fn key at the bottom left of the keyboard , displacing and shrinking the left Control key , though this is less controversial as macOS , the main operating system for most Apple laptops , is much less reliant on the Control key for shortcuts and modifiers than Windows or Unix - like operating systems . This inconsistency between manufacturers , and the overall issue of Control key shrinkage , has long been a point of contention between laptop purchasers and users , which is aggravated by the fact that on most keyboards the Fn key is mapped at the hardware level and so can not be remapped ( that is , reconfigured or virtually `` moved '' ) at the OS level . Lenovo , however , have since circa 2011 allowed users to reverse the Fn and left Control key arrangement via a BIOS setting . Other manufacturers have chosen to map the Fn key not to the left of the space bar but instead to the right , so that the space bar can be better centered with the rest positions ( alphabetic keys F and J on Latin layouts ) , without sacrificing the width of the left Control and left Alt key ( already reduced by the insertion of the left Win key between them ) , while keeping AltGr on the right large enough for more frequent use on international layouts ; in that case , the Fn key just replaces the second Win key ( which is optional and in fact not needed ) of extended PC keyboards .",
"3": "Other manufacturers have placed the Fn key at end of row B , immediately to the right of the second Shift key which is larger than necessary for typing text , in order to map the second Win key next to the right of AltGr , or to preserve the conventional placement of Japanese input mode keys . A different solution , which side - steps the Fn key placement issue altogether , is to remap the Caps - Lock key as Control . This emulates the layout of the IBM Model F keyboard for the original IBM PC , which placed the Caps - Lock key where right Control is found on modern keyboards , a location that is favoured by some Vim and Emacs users because of its prominent location and long - time use on Unix workstations . Control key preference factors ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paramount seems to be whether the user keeps their palm stationary on a wrist rest or not . Other factors include the control key 's size , displacement , and position relative to the left - shift key . A touch typist who prefers to keep their palm resting on a fixed position has difficulty reaching a lower - left control , whereas they can reach a right - displaced control without palm movement . Executing a control - and - shift operation with a right - displaced - control involves curling the little finger slightly underneath the ring - finger . Control key combinations involving the upper - left of the keyboard , including the keys ( 1 , Q , W , 2 ) require either moving the hand , or using the right - control key with the opposite hand . A user who hovers their hands and / or moves them laterally may prefer the lower - left control , as combined with movement of the palm , it offers a more open access to the leftmost keys . It also allows control - and - shift operations to be performed without curling the little finger underneath . Some workarounds include using little - finger - shift and ring - finger - control or thumb - control presses . Such change to the point of origin does reduce the useful radius of the first four fingers across the keyboard , yet may be more ergonomic for the hand .",
"4": "On a fullsize keyboard , some users access the lower - left Control key using the side of their palm , a technique which is not generally possible on shallow throw laptop keyboards with wrist rests . Common Fn key features ( edit ) Fn key features vary from keyboard to keyboard , but the common ones are the follow : Turn the laptop 's internal speaker volume up and down Mute the laptop 's internal speaker Increase or decrease the monitor 's brightness or contrast Activate an external monitor for giving a presentation Activate Stand By mode Hibernate the laptop Eject a CD / DVD Lock the keyboard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fn Cntrl Swap Lenovo Laptops Jump up ^ Lenovo Fn Key Jump up ^ Thinkpad Fn Ctrl Key Jump up ^ Lenovo Fn Control Swap Jump up ^ FN key placement - I want my control Jump up ^ Fn vs Ctrl let the games begin Jump up ^ Fn Key Remapping Jump up ^ Fn Cntrl Swap Lenovo Laptops Jump up ^ Moving the Ctrl Key Jump up ^ `` How to Use the Fn Key on Your Laptop '' . External links ( edit ) Microsoft Keyboards - F Lock Key What the F - Key ? ( hide ) Keyboard keys Dead keys Compose Modifier keys Control Shift Alt / Option ( Apple ) AltGr Meta Command ( Apple ) / Windows ( Microsoft ) Super Hyper Fn Lock keys Scroll lock Num lock Caps lock F - Lock Navigation keys Arrow keys Page Up / Page Down Home End Esc Menu Editing Enter / Return Carriage return Backspace Insert Delete Tab Space bar Numeric keypad Language input Contextual Function keys Print screen System request Break / Pause Misc .",
"5": "Power management keys ( Power , Sleep , Wake ) Any key Macro key Concepts Keyboard layout Keyboard shortcut Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fn_key&oldid=822371469 '' Categories : Computer keys Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles that may contain original research from September 2016 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 00 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when was the first case of alzheimer's diagnosed
|
[
"1901",
"1901",
"1901",
"1901",
"1901"
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{
"0": "Alzheimer 's disease - Wikipedia Alzheimer 's disease Jump to : navigation , search `` Alzheimer '' redirects here . For other uses , see Alzheimer ( disambiguation ) . Alzheimer 's disease Synonyms Alzheimer disease , Alzheimer 's Comparison of a normal aged brain ( left ) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer 's ( right ) . Characteristics that separate the two are pointed out . Specialty Neurology Symptoms Difficulty in remembering recent events , problems with language , disorientation , mood swings Usual onset Over 65 years old Duration Long term Causes Poorly understood Risk factors Genetics , head injuries , depression , hypertension Diagnostic method Based on symptoms and cognitive testing after ruling out other possible causes Differential diagnosis Normal aging Medication Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors , NMDA receptor antagonists ( small benefit ) Prognosis Life expectancy 3 -- 9 years Frequency 29.8 million ( 2015 ) Deaths 1.9 million ( 2015 ) Alzheimer 's disease ( AD ) , also referred to simply as Alzheimer 's , is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time . It is the cause of 60 -- 70 % of cases of dementia . The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events ( short - term memory loss ) . As the disease advances , symptoms can include problems with language , disorientation ( including easily getting lost ) , mood swings , loss of motivation , not managing self care , and behavioural issues . As a person 's condition declines , they often withdraw from family and society . Gradually , bodily functions are lost , ultimately leading to death . Although the speed of progression can vary , the typical life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years . The cause of Alzheimer 's disease is poorly understood . About 70 % of the risk is believed to be genetic with many genes usually involved . Other risk factors include a history of head injuries , depression , or hypertension . The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain . A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes . Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal ageing .",
"1": "Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis . Mental and physical exercise , and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD ; however , evidence to support these recommendations is not strong . There are no medications or supplements that have been shown to decrease risk . No treatments stop or reverse its progression , though some may temporarily improve symptoms . Affected people increasingly rely on others for assistance , often placing a burden on the caregiver ; the pressures can include social , psychological , physical , and economic elements . Exercise programmes may be beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and can potentially improve outcomes . Behavioural problems or psychosis due to dementia are often treated with antipsychotics , but this is not usually recommended , as there is little benefit with an increased risk of early death . In 2015 , there were approximately 29.8 million people worldwide with AD . It most often begins in people over 65 years of age , although 4 % to 5 % of cases are early - onset Alzheimer 's which begin before this . It affects about 6 % of people 65 years and older . In 2015 , dementia resulted in about 1.9 million deaths . It was first described by , and later named after , German psychiatrist and pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 . In developed countries , AD is one of the most financially costly diseases .",
"2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Pre-dementia 1.2 Early 1.3 Moderate 1.4 Advanced 2 Cause 2.1 Genetic 2.2 Cholinergic hypothesis 2.3 Amyloid hypothesis 2.4 Tau hypothesis 2.5 Other hypotheses 3 Pathophysiology 3.1 Neuropathology 3.2 Biochemistry 3.3 Disease mechanism 4 Diagnosis 4.1 Criteria 4.2 Techniques 5 Prevention 5.1 Medication 5.2 Lifestyle 5.3 Diet 6 Management 6.1 Medications 6.2 Psychosocial intervention 6.3 Caregiving 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 History 10 Society and culture 10.1 Social costs 10.2 Caregiving burden 10.3 Media 11 Research directions 11.1 Drugs 11.2 Behavioral prevention 11.3 Possible transmission 11.4 Infections 11.5 Imaging 11.6 Early diagnosis 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Signs and symptoms Stages of Alzheimer 's disease Effects of ageing on memory but not AD Forgetting things occasionally Misplacing items sometimes Minor short - term memory loss Not remembering exact details Early stage Alzheimer 's Not remembering episodes of forgetfulness Forgets names of family or friends Changes may only be noticed by close friends or relatives Some confusion in situations outside the familiar Middle stage Alzheimer 's Greater difficulty remembering recently learned information Deepening confusion in many circumstances Problems with sleep Trouble knowing where they are Late stage Alzheimer 's Poor ability to think Problems speaking Repeats same conversations More abusive , anxious , or paranoid The disease course is divided into four stages , with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functional impairment . Predementia The first symptoms are often mistakenly attributed to ageing or stress . Detailed neuropsychological testing can reveal mild cognitive difficulties up to eight years before a person fulfils the clinical criteria for diagnosis of AD . These early symptoms can affect the most complex activities of daily living .",
"3": "The most noticeable deficit is short term memory loss , which shows up as difficulty in remembering recently learned facts and inability to acquire new information . Subtle problems with the executive functions of attentiveness , planning , flexibility , and abstract thinking , or impairments in semantic memory ( memory of meanings , and concept relationships ) can also be symptomatic of the early stages of AD . Apathy can be observed at this stage , and remains the most persistent neuropsychiatric symptom throughout the course of the disease . Depressive symptoms , irritability and reduced awareness of subtle memory difficulties are also common . The preclinical stage of the disease has also been termed mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . This is often found to be a transitional stage between normal ageing and dementia . MCI can present with a variety of symptoms , and when memory loss is the predominant symptom , it is termed `` amnestic MCI '' and is frequently seen as a prodromal stage of Alzheimer 's disease . Early In people with AD , the increasing impairment of learning and memory eventually leads to a definitive diagnosis . In a small percentage , difficulties with language , executive functions , perception ( agnosia ) , or execution of movements ( apraxia ) are more prominent than memory problems . AD does not affect all memory capacities equally . Older memories of the person 's life ( episodic memory ) , facts learned ( semantic memory ) , and implicit memory ( the memory of the body on how to do things , such as using a fork to eat or how to drink from a glass ) are affected to a lesser degree than new facts or memories . Language problems are mainly characterised by a shrinking vocabulary and decreased word fluency , leading to a general impoverishment of oral and written language . In this stage , the person with Alzheimer 's is usually capable of communicating basic ideas adequately . While performing fine motor tasks such as writing , drawing or dressing , certain movement coordination and planning difficulties ( apraxia ) may be present , but they are commonly unnoticed . As the disease progresses , people with AD can often continue to perform many tasks independently , but may need assistance or supervision with the most cognitively demanding activities . Moderate Progressive deterioration eventually hinders independence , with subjects being unable to perform most common activities of daily living .",
"4": "Speech difficulties become evident due to an inability to recall vocabulary , which leads to frequent incorrect word substitutions ( paraphasias ) . Reading and writing skills are also progressively lost . Complex motor sequences become less coordinated as time passes and AD progresses , so the risk of falling increases . During this phase , memory problems worsen , and the person may fail to recognise close relatives . Long - term memory , which was previously intact , becomes impaired . Behavioural and neuropsychiatric changes become more prevalent . Common manifestations are wandering , irritability and labile affect , leading to crying , outbursts of unpremeditated aggression , or resistance to caregiving . Sundowning can also appear . Approximately 30 % of people with AD develop illusionary misidentifications and other delusional symptoms . Subjects also lose insight of their disease process and limitations ( anosognosia ) . Urinary incontinence can develop . These symptoms create stress for relatives and carers , which can be reduced by moving the person from home care to other long - term care facilities . Advanced During the final stages , the patient is completely dependent upon caregivers . Language is reduced to simple phrases or even single words , eventually leading to complete loss of speech . Despite the loss of verbal language abilities , people can often understand and return emotional signals . Although aggressiveness can still be present , extreme apathy and exhaustion are much more common symptoms . People with Alzheimer 's disease will ultimately not be able to perform even the simplest tasks independently ; muscle mass and mobility deteriorates to the point where they are bedridden and unable to feed themselves . The cause of death is usually an external factor , such as infection of pressure ulcers or pneumonia , not the disease itself . Cause The cause for most Alzheimer 's cases is still mostly unknown except for 1 % to 5 % of cases where genetic differences have been identified . Several competing hypotheses exist trying to explain the cause of the disease . Genetic The genetic heritability of Alzheimer 's disease ( and memory components thereof ) , based on reviews of twin and family studies , ranges from 49 % to 79 % . Around 0.1 % of the cases are familial forms of autosomal ( not sex - linked ) dominant inheritance , which have an onset before age 65 .",
"5": "This form of the disease is known as early onset familial Alzheimer 's disease . Most of autosomal dominant familial AD can be attributed to mutations in one of three genes : those encoding amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) and presenilins 1 and 2 . Most mutations in the APP and presenilin genes increase the production of a small protein called Aβ 42 , which is the main component of senile plaques . Some of the mutations merely alter the ratio between Aβ42 and the other major forms -- particularly Aβ40 -- without increasing Aβ42 levels . Most cases of Alzheimer 's disease do not exhibit autosomal - dominant inheritance and are termed sporadic AD , in which environmental and genetic differences may act as risk factors . The best known genetic risk factor is the inheritance of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) . Between 40 and 80 % of people with AD possess at least one APOEε4 allele . The APOEε4 allele increases the risk of the disease by three times in heterozygotes and by 15 times in homozygotes . Like many human diseases , environmental effects and genetic modifiers result in incomplete penetrance . For example , certain Nigerian populations do not show the relationship between dose of APOEε4 and incidence or age - of - onset for Alzheimer 's disease seen in other human populations . Early attempts to screen up to 400 candidate genes for association with late - onset sporadic AD ( LOAD ) resulted in a low yield . More recent genome - wide association studies ( GWAS ) have found 19 areas in genes that appear to affect the risk . These genes include : CASS4 , CELF1 , FERMT2 , HLA - DRB5 , INPP5D , MEF2C , NME8 , PTK2B , SORL1 , ZCWPW1 , SlC24A4 , CLU , PICALM , CR1 , BIN1 , MS4A , ABCA7 , EPHA1 , and CD2AP . Mutations in the TREM2 gene have been associated with a 3 to 5 times higher risk of developing Alzheimer 's disease .",
"6": "A suggested mechanism of action is that when TREM2 is mutated , white blood cells in the brain are no longer able to control the amount of beta amyloid present . Cholinergic hypothesis The oldest , on which most currently available drug therapies are based , is the cholinergic hypothesis , which proposes that AD is caused by reduced synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . The cholinergic hypothesis has not maintained widespread support , largely because medications intended to treat acetylcholine deficiency have not been very effective . Other cholinergic effects have also been proposed , for example , initiation of large - scale aggregation of amyloid , leading to generalised neuroinflammation . Amyloid hypothesis In 1991 , the amyloid hypothesis postulated that extracellular amyloid beta ( A ) deposits are the fundamental cause of the disease . Support for this postulate comes from the location of the gene for the amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) on chromosome 21 , together with the fact that people with trisomy 21 ( Down Syndrome ) who have an extra gene copy almost universally exhibit at least the earliest symptoms of AD by 40 years of age . Also , a specific isoform of apolipoprotein , APOE4 , is a major genetic risk factor for AD . While apolipoproteins enhance the breakdown of beta amyloid , some isoforms are not very effective at this task ( such as APOE4 ) , leading to excess amyloid buildup in the brain . Further evidence comes from the finding that transgenic mice that express a mutant form of the human APP gene develop fibrillar amyloid plaques and Alzheimer 's - like brain pathology with spatial learning deficits . An experimental vaccine was found to clear the amyloid plaques in early human trials , but it did not have any significant effect on dementia . Researchers have been led to suspect non-plaque A oligomers ( aggregates of many monomers ) as the primary pathogenic form of A. These toxic oligomers , also referred to as amyloid - derived diffusible ligands ( ADDLs ) , bind to a surface receptor on neurons and change the structure of the synapse , thereby disrupting neuronal communication .",
"7": "One receptor for A oligomers may be the prion protein , the same protein that has been linked to mad cow disease and the related human condition , Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease , thus potentially linking the underlying mechanism of these neurodegenerative disorders with that of Alzheimer 's disease . In 2009 , this theory was updated , suggesting that a close relative of the beta - amyloid protein , and not necessarily the beta - amyloid itself , may be a major culprit in the disease . The theory holds that an amyloid - related mechanism that prunes neuronal connections in the brain in the fast - growth phase of early life may be triggered by ageing - related processes in later life to cause the neuronal withering of Alzheimer 's disease . N - APP , a fragment of APP from the peptide 's N - terminus , is adjacent to beta - amyloid and is cleaved from APP by one of the same enzymes . N - APP triggers the self - destruct pathway by binding to a neuronal receptor called death receptor 6 ( DR6 , also known as TNFRSF21 ) . DR6 is highly expressed in the human brain regions most affected by Alzheimer 's , so it is possible that the N - APP / DR6 pathway might be hijacked in the ageing brain to cause damage . In this model , beta - amyloid plays a complementary role , by depressing synaptic function . In early 2017 , a trial of verubecestat , which inhibits the beta - secretase protein responsible for creating beta - amyloid protein was discontinued as an independent panel found `` virtually no chance of finding a positive clinical effect '' . Tau hypothesis In Alzheimer 's disease , changes in tau protein lead to the disintegration of microtubules in brain cells . The tau hypothesis proposes that tau protein abnormalities initiate the disease cascade . In this model , hyperphosphorylated tau begins to pair with other threads of tau . Eventually , they form neurofibrillary tangles inside nerve cell bodies . When this occurs , the microtubules disintegrate , destroying the structure of the cell 's cytoskeleton which collapses the neuron 's transport system . This may result first in malfunctions in biochemical communication between neurons and later in the death of the cells .",
"8": "Other hypotheses A neurovascular hypothesis has been proposed which states that poor functioning of the blood -- brain barrier may be involved . The cellular homeostasis of biometals such as ionic copper , iron , and zinc is disrupted in AD , though it remains unclear whether this is produced by or causes the changes in proteins . These ions affect and are affected by tau , APP , and APOE , and their dysregulation may cause oxidative stress that may contribute to the pathology . The quality of some of these studies has been criticised , and the link remains controversial . The majority of researchers do not support a causal connection with aluminium . Smoking is a significant AD risk factor . Systemic markers of the innate immune system are risk factors for late - onset AD . There is tentative evidence that exposure to air pollution may be a contributing factor to the development of Alzheimer 's disease . An infection with Spirochetes ( a bacterium ) in gum disease may cause dementia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer 's disease . A fungal infection may also be a factor . One hypothesis posits that dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and their associated myelin during aging contributes to axon damage , which then causes amyloid production and tau hyper - phosphorylation as a side effect . Retrogenesis is a medical hypothesis about the development and progress of Alzheimer 's disease proposed by Barry Reisberg in the 1980s . The hypothesis is that just as the fetus goes through a process of neurodevelopment beginning with neurulation and ending with myelination , the brains of people with AD go through a reverse neurodegeneration process starting with demyelination and death of axons ( white matter ) and ending with the death of grey matter . Likewise the hypothesis is , that as infants go through states of cognitive development , people with AD go through the reverse process of progressive cognitive impairment . Reisberg developed the caregiving assessment tool known as `` FAST '' ( Functional Assessment Staging Tool ) which he says allows those caring for AD patients to identify the stages of disease progression and that provides advice about the kind of care needed at each stage . Pathophysiology Main article : Biochemistry of Alzheimer 's disease Histopathologic image of senile plaques seen in the cerebral cortex of a person with Alzheimer 's disease of presenile onset . Silver impregnation .",
"9": "There is cortical atrophy in Alzheimer 's disease , associated with loss of gyri and sulci in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe , and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus . Neuropathology Alzheimer 's disease is characterised by loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions . This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions , including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe , and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus . Degeneration is also present in brainstem nuclei like the locus coeruleus . Studies using MRI and PET have documented reductions in the size of specific brain regions in people with AD as they progressed from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer 's disease , and in comparison with similar images from healthy older adults . Both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are clearly visible by microscopy in brains of those afflicted by AD . Plaques are dense , mostly insoluble deposits of beta - amyloid peptide and cellular material outside and around neurons . Tangles ( neurofibrillary tangles ) are aggregates of the microtubule - associated protein tau which has become hyperphosphorylated and accumulate inside the cells themselves . Although many older individuals develop some plaques and tangles as a consequence of ageing , the brains of people with AD have a greater number of them in specific brain regions such as the temporal lobe . Lewy bodies are not rare in the brains of people with AD . Biochemistry Enzymes act on the APP ( amyloid precursor protein ) and cut it into fragments . The beta - amyloid fragment is crucial in the formation of senile plaques in AD . Alzheimer 's disease has been identified as a protein misfolding disease ( proteopathy ) , caused by plaque accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta protein , and tau protein in the brain . Plaques are made up of small peptides , 39 -- 43 amino acids in length , called amyloid beta ( A ) . A is a fragment from the larger amyloid precursor protein ( APP ) . APP is a transmembrane protein that penetrates through the neuron 's membrane . APP is critical to neuron growth , survival , and post-injury repair .",
"10": "In Alzheimer 's disease , gamma secretase and beta secretase act together in a proteolytic process which causes APP to be divided into smaller fragments . One of these fragments gives rise to fibrils of amyloid beta , which then form clumps that deposit outside neurons in dense formations known as senile plaques . AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein . Every neuron has a cytoskeleton , an internal support structure partly made up of structures called microtubules . These microtubules act like tracks , guiding nutrients and molecules from the body of the cell to the ends of the axon and back . A protein called tau stabilises the microtubules when phosphorylated , and is therefore called a microtubule - associated protein . In AD , tau undergoes chemical changes , becoming hyperphosphorylated ; it then begins to pair with other threads , creating neurofibrillary tangles and disintegrating the neuron 's transport system . Disease mechanism Exactly how disturbances of production and aggregation of the beta - amyloid peptide give rise to the pathology of AD is not known . The amyloid hypothesis traditionally points to the accumulation of beta - amyloid peptides as the central event triggering neuron degeneration . Accumulation of aggregated amyloid fibrils , which are believed to be the toxic form of the protein responsible for disrupting the cell 's calcium ion homeostasis , induces programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) . It is also known that A selectively builds up in the mitochondria in the cells of Alzheimer 's - affected brains , and it also inhibits certain enzyme functions and the utilisation of glucose by neurons . Various inflammatory processes and cytokines may also have a role in the pathology of Alzheimer 's disease . Inflammation is a general marker of tissue damage in any disease , and may be either secondary to tissue damage in AD or a marker of an immunological response . There is increasing evidence of a strong interaction between the neurons and the immunological mechanisms in the brain . Obesity and systemic inflammation may interfere with immunological processes which promote disease progression . Alterations in the distribution of different neurotrophic factors and in the expression of their receptors such as the brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) have been described in AD .",
"11": "Diagnosis PET scan of the brain of a person with AD showing a loss of function in the temporal lobe Alzheimer 's disease is usually diagnosed based on the person 's medical history , history from relatives , and behavioural observations . The presence of characteristic neurological and neuropsychological features and the absence of alternative conditions is supportive . Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography ( CT ) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , and with single - photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) or positron emission tomography ( PET ) can be used to help exclude other cerebral pathology or subtypes of dementia . Moreover , it may predict conversion from prodromal stages ( mild cognitive impairment ) to Alzheimer 's disease . Assessment of intellectual functioning including memory testing can further characterise the state of the disease . Medical organisations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardise the diagnostic process for practising physicians . The diagnosis can be confirmed with very high accuracy post-mortem when brain material is available and can be examined histologically . Criteria The National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke ( NINCDS ) and the Alzheimer 's Disease and Related Disorders Association ( ADRDA , now known as the Alzheimer 's Association ) established the most commonly used NINCDS - ADRDA Alzheimer 's Criteria for diagnosis in 1984 , extensively updated in 2007 . These criteria require that the presence of cognitive impairment , and a suspected dementia syndrome , be confirmed by neuropsychological testing for a clinical diagnosis of possible or probable AD . A histopathologic confirmation including a microscopic examination of brain tissue is required for a definitive diagnosis . Good statistical reliability and validity have been shown between the diagnostic criteria and definitive histopathological confirmation . Eight cognitive domains are most commonly impaired in AD -- memory , language , perceptual skills , attention , constructive abilities , orientation , problem solving and functional abilities . These domains are equivalent to the NINCDS - ADRDA Alzheimer 's Criteria as listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM - IV - TR ) published by the American Psychiatric Association . Techniques Neuropsychological screening tests can help in the diagnosis of AD . In the tests , people are instructed to copy drawings similar to the one shown in the picture , remember words , read , and subtract serial numbers .",
"12": "Neuropsychological tests such as the mini -- mental state examination ( MMSE ) are widely used to evaluate the cognitive impairments needed for diagnosis . More comprehensive test arrays are necessary for high reliability of results , particularly in the earliest stages of the disease . Neurological examination in early AD will usually provide normal results , except for obvious cognitive impairment , which may not differ from that resulting from other diseases processes , including other causes of dementia . Further neurological examinations are crucial in the differential diagnosis of AD and other diseases . Interviews with family members are also utilised in the assessment of the disease . Caregivers can supply important information on the daily living abilities , as well as on the decrease , over time , of the person 's mental function . A caregiver 's viewpoint is particularly important , since a person with AD is commonly unaware of his own deficits . Many times , families also have difficulties in the detection of initial dementia symptoms and may not communicate accurate information to a physician . Supplemental testing provides extra information on some features of the disease or is used to rule out other diagnoses . Blood tests can identify other causes for dementia than AD -- causes which may , in rare cases , be reversible . It is common to perform thyroid function tests , assess B12 , rule out syphilis , rule out metabolic problems ( including tests for kidney function , electrolyte levels and for diabetes ) , assess levels of heavy metals ( e.g. lead , mercury ) and anaemia . ( It is also necessary to rule out delirium ) . Psychological tests for depression are employed , since depression can either be concurrent with AD ( see Depression of Alzheimer disease ) , an early sign of cognitive impairment , or even the cause . Due to low accuracy , the C - PIB - PET scan is not recommended to be used as an early diagnostic tool or for predicting the development of Alzheimer 's disease when people show signs of mild cognitive impairment ( MCI ) . The use of 18F - FDG PET scans , as a single test , to identify people who may develop Alzheimer 's disease is also not supported by evidence . Prevention Intellectual activities such as playing chess or regular social interaction have been linked to a reduced risk of AD in epidemiological studies , although no causal relationship has been found . There is no definitive evidence to support that any particular measure is effective in preventing AD .",
"13": "Global studies of measures to prevent or delay the onset of AD have often produced inconsistent results . Epidemiological studies have proposed relationships between certain modifiable factors , such as diet , cardiovascular risk , pharmaceutical products , or intellectual activities among others , and a population 's likelihood of developing AD . Only further research , including clinical trials , will reveal whether these factors can help to prevent AD . Medication Although cardiovascular risk factors , such as hypercholesterolaemia , hypertension , diabetes , and smoking , are associated with a higher risk of onset and course of AD , statins , which are cholesterol lowering drugs , have not been effective in preventing or improving the course of the disease . Long - term usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) were thought in 2007 to be associated with a reduced likelihood of developing AD . Evidence also suggested the notion that NSAIDs could reduce inflammation related to amyloid plaques , but trials were suspended due to high adverse events . No prevention trial has been completed . They do not appear to be useful as a treatment , but as of 2011 were thought to be candidates as presymptomatic preventatives . Hormone replacement therapy in menopause , although previously used , may increase the risk of dementia . Lifestyle People who engage in intellectual activities such as reading , playing board games , completing crossword puzzles , playing musical instruments , or regular social interaction show a reduced risk for Alzheimer 's disease . This is compatible with the cognitive reserve theory , which states that some life experiences result in more efficient neural functioning providing the individual a cognitive reserve that delays the onset of dementia manifestations . Education delays the onset of AD syndrome without changing the duration of the disease . Learning a second language even later in life seems to delay getting Alzheimer disease . Physical activity is also associated with a reduced risk of AD . Physical exercise is associated with decreased rate of dementia . Physical exercise is also effective in reducing symptom severity in those with Alzheimers . Diet People who maintain a healthy , Japanese , or Mediterranean diet have a reduced risk of AD . A Mediterranean diet may improve outcomes in those with the disease . Those who eat a diet high in saturated fats and simple carbohydrates ( mono - and disaccharide ) have a higher risk . The Mediterranean diet 's beneficial cardiovascular effect has been proposed as the mechanism of action .",
"14": "Conclusions on dietary components have at times been difficult to ascertain as results have differed between population - based studies and randomised controlled trials . There is limited evidence that light to moderate use of alcohol , particularly red wine , is associated with lower risk of AD . There is tentative evidence that caffeine may be protective . A number of foods high in flavonoids such as cocoa , red wine , and tea may decrease the risk of AD . Reviews on the use of vitamins and minerals have not found enough consistent evidence to recommend them . This includes vitamin A , C , the alpha - tocopherol form of vitamin E , selenium , zinc , and folic acid with or without vitamin B. Evidence from a single study indicates that the alpha - tocopherol form of vitamin E may slow cognitive decline . Trials examining folic acid ( B9 ) and other B vitamins failed to show any significant association with cognitive decline . Omega - 3 fatty acid supplements from plants and fish , and dietary docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) , do not appear to benefit people with mild to moderate Alzheimer 's disease . Curcumin as of 2010 had not shown benefit in people even though there is tentative evidence in animals . There was inconsistent and unconvincing evidence that ginkgo has any positive effect on cognitive impairment and dementia . As of 2008 there was no concrete evidence that cannabinoids are effective in improving the symptoms of AD or dementia ; however , some research into endocannabinoids looked promising . Management There is no cure for Alzheimer 's disease ; available treatments offer relatively small symptomatic benefit but remain palliative in nature . Current treatments can be divided into pharmaceutical , psychosocial and caregiving . Medications Three - dimensional molecular model of donepezil , an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of AD symptoms Molecular structure of memantine , a medication approved for advanced AD symptoms Five medications are currently used to treat the cognitive problems of AD : four are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( tacrine , rivastigmine , galantamine and donepezil ) and the other ( memantine ) is an NMDA receptor antagonist . The benefit from their use is small . No medication has been clearly shown to delay or halt the progression of the disease .",
"15": "Reduction in the activity of the cholinergic neurons is a well - known feature of Alzheimer 's disease . Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are employed to reduce the rate at which acetylcholine ( ACh ) is broken down , thereby increasing the concentration of ACh in the brain and combating the loss of ACh caused by the death of cholinergic neurons . There is evidence for the efficacy of these medications in mild to moderate Alzheimer 's disease , and some evidence for their use in the advanced stage . The use of these drugs in mild cognitive impairment has not shown any effect in a delay of the onset of AD . The most common side effects are nausea and vomiting , both of which are linked to cholinergic excess . These side effects arise in approximately 10 -- 20 % of users , are mild to moderate in severity , and can be managed by slowly adjusting medication doses . Less common secondary effects include muscle cramps , decreased heart rate ( bradycardia ) , decreased appetite and weight , and increased gastric acid production . Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous system , although excessive amounts in the brain can lead to cell death through a process called excitotoxicity which consists of the overstimulation of glutamate receptors . Excitotoxicity occurs not only in Alzheimer 's disease , but also in other neurological diseases such as Parkinson 's disease and multiple sclerosis . Memantine is a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist first used as an anti-influenza agent . It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors and inhibiting their overstimulation by glutamate . Memantine has been shown to have a small benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer 's disease . Reported adverse events with memantine are infrequent and mild , including hallucinations , confusion , dizziness , headache and fatigue . The combination of memantine and donepezil has been shown to be `` of statistically significant but clinically marginal effectiveness '' . Atypical antipsychotics are modestly useful in reducing aggression and psychosis in people with Alzheimer 's disease , but their advantages are offset by serious adverse effects , such as stroke , movement difficulties or cognitive decline . When used in the long - term , they have been shown to associate with increased mortality . Stopping antipsychotic use in this group of people appears to be safe .",
"16": "Huperzine A while promising , requires further evidence before its use can be recommended . Psychosocial intervention Psychosocial interventions are used as an adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behaviour - , emotion - , cognition - or stimulation - oriented approaches . Research on efficacy is unavailable and rarely specific to AD , focusing instead on dementia in general . Behavioural interventions attempt to identify and reduce the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviours . This approach has not shown success in improving overall functioning , but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviours , such as incontinence . There is a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of these techniques in other behaviour problems such as wandering . Music therapy is effective in reducing behavioural and psychological symptoms . Emotion - oriented interventions include reminiscence therapy , validation therapy , supportive psychotherapy , sensory integration , also called snoezelen , and simulated presence therapy . A Cochrane review has found no evidence that this is effective . Supportive psychotherapy has received little or no formal scientific study , but some clinicians find it useful in helping mildly impaired people adjust to their illness . Reminiscence therapy ( RT ) involves the discussion of past experiences individually or in group , many times with the aid of photographs , household items , music and sound recordings , or other familiar items from the past . Although there are few quality studies on the effectiveness of RT , it may be beneficial for cognition and mood . Simulated presence therapy ( SPT ) is based on attachment theories and involves playing a recording with voices of the closest relatives of the person with Alzheimer 's disease . There is partial evidence indicating that SPT may reduce challenging behaviours . Finally , validation therapy is based on acceptance of the reality and personal truth of another 's experience , while sensory integration is based on exercises aimed to stimulate senses . There is no evidence to support the usefulness of these therapies . The aim of cognition - oriented treatments , which include reality orientation and cognitive retraining , is the reduction of cognitive deficits . Reality orientation consists in the presentation of information about time , place or person to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his or her place in them . On the other hand , cognitive retraining tries to improve impaired capacities by exercitation of mental abilities .",
"17": "Both have shown some efficacy improving cognitive capacities , although in some studies these effects were transient and negative effects , such as frustration , have also been reported . Stimulation - oriented treatments include art , music and pet therapies , exercise , and any other kind of recreational activities . Stimulation has modest support for improving behaviour , mood , and , to a lesser extent , function . Nevertheless , as important as these effects are , the main support for the use of stimulation therapies is the change in the person 's routine . Caregiving Further information : Caregiving and dementia Since Alzheimer 's has no cure and it gradually renders people incapable of tending for their own needs , caregiving is essentially the treatment and must be carefully managed over the course of the disease . During the early and moderate stages , modifications to the living environment and lifestyle can increase patient safety and reduce caretaker burden . Examples of such modifications are the adherence to simplified routines , the placing of safety locks , the labelling of household items to cue the person with the disease or the use of modified daily life objects . If eating becomes problematic , food will need to be prepared in smaller pieces or even pureed . When swallowing difficulties arise , the use of feeding tubes may be required . In such cases , the medical efficacy and ethics of continuing feeding is an important consideration of the caregivers and family members . The use of physical restraints is rarely indicated in any stage of the disease , although there are situations when they are necessary to prevent harm to the person with AD or their caregivers . As the disease progresses , different medical issues can appear , such as oral and dental disease , pressure ulcers , malnutrition , hygiene problems , or respiratory , skin , or eye infections . Careful management can prevent them , while professional treatment is needed when they do arise . During the final stages of the disease , treatment is centred on relieving discomfort until death , often with the help of hospice . Prognosis Disability - adjusted life year for Alzheimer and other dementias per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 .",
"18": "No data ≤ 50 50 -- 70 70 -- 90 90 -- 110 110 -- 130 130 -- 150 150 -- 170 170 -- 190 190 -- 210 210 -- 230 230 -- 250 ≥ 250 The early stages of Alzheimer 's disease are difficult to diagnose . A definitive diagnosis is usually made once cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities , although the person may still be living independently . The symptoms will progress from mild cognitive problems , such as memory loss through increasing stages of cognitive and non-cognitive disturbances , eliminating any possibility of independent living , especially in the late stages of the disease . Life expectancy of people with AD is less . Following diagnosis it typically ranges from three to ten years . Fewer than 3 % of people live more than fourteen years . Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment , decreased functional level , history of falls , and disturbances in the neurological examination . Other coincident diseases such as heart problems , diabetes or history of alcohol abuse are also related with shortened survival . While the earlier the age at onset the higher the total survival years , life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger . Men have a less favourable survival prognosis than women . Pneumonia and dehydration are the most frequent immediate causes of death brought by AD , while cancer is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population . Epidemiology Rates after age 65 Age New affected per thousand person -- years 65 -- 69 3 70 -- 74 6 75 -- 79 9 80 -- 84 23 85 -- 89 40 90 -- 69 Two main measures are used in epidemiological studies : incidence and prevalence . Incidence is the number of new cases per unit of person -- time at risk ( usually number of new cases per thousand person -- years ) ; while prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease in the population at any given time .",
"19": "Regarding incidence , cohort longitudinal studies ( studies where a disease - free population is followed over the years ) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person -- years for all dementias and 5 -- 8 for AD , which means that half of new dementia cases each year are AD . Advancing age is a primary risk factor for the disease and incidence rates are not equal for all ages : every five years after the age of 65 , the risk of acquiring the disease approximately doubles , increasing from 3 to as much as 69 per thousand person years . There are also sex differences in the incidence rates , women having a higher risk of developing AD particularly in the population older than 85 . In the United States , the risk of dying from Alzheimer 's disease is 26 % higher among the non-Hispanic white population than among the non-Hispanic black population , whereas the Hispanic population has a 30 % lower risk than the non-Hispanic white population . Deaths per million persons in 2012 due to dementias including Alzheimer 's disease 0 -- 4 5 -- 8 9 -- 10 11 -- 13 14 -- 17 18 -- 24 25 -- 45 46 -- 114 115 -- 375 376 -- 1266 Prevalence of AD in populations is dependent upon different factors including incidence and survival . Since the incidence of AD increases with age , it is particularly important to include the mean age of the population of interest . In the United States , Alzheimer prevalence was estimated to be 1.6 % in 2000 both overall and in the 65 -- 74 age group , with the rate increasing to 19 % in the 75 -- 84 group and to 42 % in the greater than 84 group . Prevalence rates in less developed regions are lower . The World Health Organization estimated that in 2005 , 0.379 % of people worldwide had dementia , and that the prevalence would increase to 0.441 % in 2015 and to 0.556 % in 2030 . Other studies have reached similar conclusions .",
"20": "Another study estimated that in 2006 , 0.40 % of the world population ( range 0.17 -- 0.89 % ; absolute number 26.6 million , range 11.4 -- 59.4 million ) were afflicted by AD , and that the prevalence rate would triple and the absolute number would quadruple by 2050 . History See also : Timeline of Alzheimer 's disease Alois Alzheimer 's patient Auguste Deter in 1902 . Hers was the first described case of what became known as Alzheimer 's disease . The ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and physicians associated old age with increasing dementia . It was not until 1901 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what became known as Alzheimer 's disease , named after him , in a fifty - year - old woman he called Auguste D. He followed her case until she died in 1906 , when he first reported publicly on it . During the next five years , eleven similar cases were reported in the medical literature , some of them already using the term Alzheimer 's disease . The disease was first described as a distinctive disease by Emil Kraepelin after suppressing some of the clinical ( delusions and hallucinations ) and pathological features ( arteriosclerotic changes ) contained in the original report of Auguste D. He included Alzheimer 's disease , also named presenile dementia by Kraepelin , as a subtype of senile dementia in the eighth edition of his Textbook of Psychiatry , published on 15 July , 1910 . For most of the 20th century , the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease was reserved for individuals between the ages of 45 and 65 who developed symptoms of dementia . The terminology changed after 1977 when a conference on AD concluded that the clinical and pathological manifestations of presenile and senile dementia were almost identical , although the authors also added that this did not rule out the possibility that they had different causes . This eventually led to the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease independent of age . The term senile dementia of the Alzheimer type ( SDAT ) was used for a time to describe the condition in those over 65 , with classical Alzheimer 's disease being used to describe those who were younger .",
"21": "Eventually , the term Alzheimer 's disease was formally adopted in medical nomenclature to describe individuals of all ages with a characteristic common symptom pattern , disease course , and neuropathology . Society and culture See also : Alzheimer 's disease organisations Social costs Dementia , and specifically Alzheimer 's disease , may be among the most costly diseases for society in Europe and the United States , while their costs in other countries such as Argentina , and South Korea , are also high and rising . These costs will probably increase with the ageing of society , becoming an important social problem . AD - associated costs include direct medical costs such as nursing home care , direct nonmedical costs such as in - home day care , and indirect costs such as lost productivity of both patient and caregiver . Numbers vary between studies but dementia costs worldwide have been calculated around $160 billion , while costs of Alzheimer 's disease in the United States may be $100 billion each year . The greatest origin of costs for society is the long - term care by health care professionals and particularly institutionalisation , which corresponds to 2 / 3 of the total costs for society . The cost of living at home is also very high , especially when informal costs for the family , such as caregiving time and caregiver 's lost earnings , are taken into account . Costs increase with dementia severity and the presence of behavioural disturbances , and are related to the increased caregiving time required for the provision of physical care . Therefore , any treatment that slows cognitive decline , delays institutionalisation or reduces caregivers ' hours will have economic benefits . Economic evaluations of current treatments have shown positive results . Caregiving burden Further information : Caregiving and dementia The role of the main caregiver is often taken by the spouse or a close relative . Alzheimer 's disease is known for placing a great burden on caregivers which includes social , psychological , physical or economic aspects . Home care is usually preferred by people with AD and their families . This option also delays or eliminates the need for more professional and costly levels of care . Nevertheless , two - thirds of nursing home residents have dementias . Dementia caregivers are subject to high rates of physical and mental disorders .",
"22": "Factors associated with greater psychosocial problems of the primary caregivers include having an affected person at home , the carer being a spouse , demanding behaviours of the cared person such as depression , behavioural disturbances , hallucinations , sleep problems or walking disruptions and social isolation . Regarding economic problems , family caregivers often give up time from work to spend 47 hours per week on average with the person with AD , while the costs of caring for them are high . Direct and indirect costs of caring for an Alzheimer 's patient average between $18,000 and $77,500 per year in the United States , depending on the study . Cognitive behavioural therapy and the teaching of coping strategies either individually or in group have demonstrated their efficacy in improving caregivers ' psychological health . Media Main article : Alzheimer 's disease in the media AD has been portrayed in films such as : Iris ( 2001 ) , based on John Bayley 's memoir of his wife Iris Murdoch ; The Notebook ( 2004 ) , based on Nicholas Sparks ' 1996 novel of the same name ; A Moment to Remember ( 2004 ) ; Thanmathra ( 2005 ) ; Memories of Tomorrow ( Ashita no Kioku ) ( 2006 ) , based on Hiroshi Ogiwara 's novel of the same name ; Away from Her ( 2006 ) , based on Alice Munro 's short story `` The Bear Came over the Mountain '' ; Still Alice ( 2014 ) , about a Columbia University professor who has early onset Alzheimer 's disease , based on Lisa Genova 's 2007 novel of the same name and featuring Julianne Moore in the title role . Documentaries on Alzheimer 's disease include Malcolm and Barbara : A Love Story ( 1999 ) and Malcolm and Barbara : Love 's Farewell ( 2007 ) , both featuring Malcolm Pointon . Research directions Main article : Alzheimer 's disease research Drugs In the decade 2002 -- 2012 , 244 compounds were assessed in Phase I , Phase II , or Phase III trials , and only one of these ( memantine ) received FDA approval ( though others were still in the pipeline ) . Solanezumab failed to show effectiveness in patients who already had Alzheimer 's symptoms . One area of clinical research is focused on treating the underlying disease pathology .",
"23": "Reduction of beta - amyloid levels is a common target of compounds ( such as apomorphine ) under investigation . Immunotherapy or vaccination for the amyloid protein is one treatment modality under study . Unlike preventative vaccination , the putative therapy would be used to treat people already diagnosed . It is based upon the concept of training the immune system to recognise , attack , and reverse deposition of amyloid , thereby altering the course of the disease . An example of such a vaccine under investigation was ACC - 001 , although the trials were suspended in 2008 . Another similar agent is bapineuzumab , an antibody designed as identical to the naturally induced anti-amyloid antibody . However , immunotherapeutic agents have been found to cause some concerning adverse drug reactions , such as amyloid - related imaging abnormalities . Other approaches are neuroprotective agents , such as AL - 108 , and metal - protein interaction attenuation agents , such as PBT2 . A TNFα receptor - blocking fusion protein , etanercept has showed encouraging results . In 2008 , two separate clinical trials showed positive results in modifying the course of disease in mild to moderate AD with methylthioninium chloride , a drug that inhibits tau aggregation , and dimebon , an antihistamine . The consecutive phase - III trial of dimebon failed to show positive effects in the primary and secondary endpoints . Work with methylthioninium chloride showed that bioavailability of methylthioninium from the gut was affected by feeding and by stomach acidity , leading to unexpectedly variable dosing . A new stabilised formulation , as the prodrug LMTX , is in phase - III trials ( in 2014 ) . Behavioral prevention Preliminary research on the effects of meditation on retrieving memory and cognitive functions have been encouraging . A 2015 review suggests that mindfulness - based interventions may prevent or delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer 's disease . Possible transmission Rare cases of possible transmission between people are being studied , e.g. to growth hormone patients . Infections The herpes simplex virus HSV - 1 has been found in the same areas as amyloid plaques . This suggested the possibility that AD could be treated or prevented with antiviral medication . Studies of antivirals in cell cultures have shown promising results .",
"24": "Fungal infection of AD brain has also been described . This hypothesis was proposed by the microbiologist L. Carrasco when his group found statistical correlation between disseminated mycoses and AD . Further work revealed that fungal infection is present in different brain regions of AD patients , but not in the control individuals . A fungal infection explains the symptoms observed in AD patients . The slow progression of AD fits with the chronic nature of some systemic fungal infections , which can be asymptomatic and thus , unnoticed and untreated . The fungal hypotheses is also compatible with some other established AD hypotheses , like the amyloid hypothesis , that can be explained as an immune system response to an infection in the CNS , as found by R. Moir and R. Tanzi in mouse and worm models of AD . Imaging This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . Last update : from PMID 28072381 and PMID 28259856 ( April 2018 ) Of the many medical imaging techniques available , single photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ) appears to be superior in differentiating Alzheimer 's disease from other types of dementia , and this has been shown to give a greater level of accuracy compared with mental testing and medical history analysis . Advances have led to the proposal of new diagnostic criteria . PiB PET remains investigational , but a similar PET scanning radiopharmaceutical called florbetapir , containing the longer - lasting radionuclide fluorine - 18 , is a diagnostic tool in Alzheimer 's disease . Amyloid imaging is likely to be used in conjunction with other markers rather than as an alternative . Volumetric MRI can detect changes in the size of brain regions . Measuring those regions that atrophy during the progress of Alzheimer 's disease is showing promise as a diagnostic indicator . It may prove less expensive than other imaging methods currently under study . In 2011 An FDA panel voted unanimously to recommend approval of florbetapir . The imaging agent can help to detect Alzheimer 's brain plaques . A negative scan indicates sparse or no plaques , which is not consistent with a diagnosis of AD . Early diagnosis Emphasis in Alzheimer 's research has been placed on diagnosing the condition before symptoms begin . A number of biochemical tests have been developed to enable earlier detection .",
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"72": "Biochem Pharmacol. 15 April 2014 ; 88 ( 4 ) : 529 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcp. 2013.12. 008 . PMID 24361915 . Jump up ^ Effect of Meditation on Cognitive Functions in Context of Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases . Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2014 ; 8 : 17 . doi : 10.3389 / fnbeh. 2014.00017 . PMID 24478663 . Jump up ^ Larouche E , Hudon C , Goulet S ( January 2015 ) . `` Potential benefits of mindfulness - based interventions in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer 's disease : an interdisciplinary perspective '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 276 ( 276 ) : 199 -- 212 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbr. 2014.05. 058 . PMID 24893317 . Jump up ^ Jaunmuktane Z , Mead S , Ellis M , Wadsworth JD , Nicoll AJ , Kenny J , Launchbury F , Linehan J , Richard - Loendt A , Walker AS , Rudge P , Collinge J , Brandner S ( September 2015 ) . `` Evidence for human transmission of amyloid - β pathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy '' . Nature . 525 ( 7568 ) : 247 -- 50 . doi : 10.1038 / nature15369 . PMID 26354483 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Autopsies reveal signs of Alzheimer 's in growth - hormone patients '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Herpes simplex virus tipo 1 como factor de riesgo asociado con la enfermedad de Alzheimer ( Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 as Risk Factor Associated to Alzheimer Disease ) . Revista Médica De Chile . June 2011 ; 139 ( 6 ) : 779 -- 86 . Spanish . doi : 10.4067 / S0034 - 98872011000600013 . PMID 22051760 .",
"73": "Jump up ^ Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 DNA Is Located within Alzheimer 's Disease Amyloid Plaques . The Journal of Pathology. 2008 ; 217 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 38 . doi : 10.1002 / path. 2449 . PMID 18973185 . Jump up ^ Itzhaki RF ( 2014 ) . `` Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer 's disease : increasing evidence for a major role of the virus '' . Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 6 : 202 . doi : 10.3389 / fnagi. 2014.00202 . PMC 4128394 . PMID 25157230 . Jump up ^ Itzhaki RF , Lathe R , Balin BJ , Ball MJ , Bearer EL , Braak H , Bullido MJ , Carter C , Clerici M , Cosby SL , Del Tredici K , Field H , Fulop T , Grassi C , Griffin WS , Haas J , Hudson AP , Kamer AR , Kell DB , Licastro F , Letenneur L , Lövheim H , Mancuso R , Miklossy J , Otth C , Palamara AT , Perry G , Preston C , Pretorius E , Strandberg T , Tabet N , Taylor - Robinson SD , Whittum - Hudson JA ( 2016 ) . `` Microbes and Alzheimer 's Disease '' . Journal of Alzheimer 's Disease . 51 ( 4 ) : 979 -- 84 . doi : 10.3233 / JAD - 160152 . PMID 26967229 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Alonso R , Pisa D , Rábano A , Carrasco L ( July 2014 ) . `` Alzheimer 's disease and disseminated mycoses '' . European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 33 ( 7 ) : 1125 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 013 - 2045 - z . PMID 24452965 .",
"74": "^ Jump up to : Pisa D , Alonso R , Rábano A , Rodal I , Carrasco L ( October 2015 ) . `` Different Brain Regions are Infected with Fungi in Alzheimer 's Disease '' . Scientific Reports . 5 : 15015 . doi : 10.1038 / srep15015 . PMC 4606562 . PMID 26468932 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fungus , the bogeyman '' . The Economist . Archived from the original on 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar DK , Choi SH , Washicosky KJ , Eimer WA , Tucker S , Ghofrani J , Lefkowitz A , McColl G , Goldstein LE , Tanzi RE , Moir RD ( May 2016 ) . `` Amyloid - β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer 's disease '' . Science Translational Medicine . 8 ( 340 ) : 340ra72 . doi : 10.1126 / scitranslmed. aaf1059 . PMID 27225182 . Jump up ^ `` Could Alzheimer 's Stem From Infections ? It Makes Sense , Experts Say '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alzheimer 's culprit may fight other diseases '' . Science News . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Systematic Review of the Diagnostic Accuracy of 99mTc - HMPAO - SPECT in Dementia . The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry . 2004 ; 12 ( 6 ) : 554 -- 70 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ajgp. 12.6. 554 . PMID 15545324 . Jump up ^ The use of the exploratory IND in the evaluation and development of F - PET radiopharmaceuticals for amyloid imaging in the brain : a review of one company 's experience . The Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging . August 2009 ; 53 ( 4 ) : 387 -- 93 .",
"75": "PMID 19834448 . Jump up ^ Leung K ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` ( E ) - 4 - ( 2 - ( 6 - ( 2 - ( 2 - ( 2 - ( F - fluoroethoxy ) ethoxy ) ethoxy ) pyridin - 3 - yl ) vinyl ) - N - methyl benzenamine ( ( F ) AV - 45 ) ) ) '' . Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database . Archived from the original on 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Amyloid Imaging in Aging and Dementia : Testing the Amyloid Hypotheses in Vivo . Behavioural Neurology . 2009 ; 21 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 28 . doi : 10.3233 / BEN - 2009 - 0232 . PMID 19847050 . PMC 2804478 . Jump up ^ Role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of dementia . The British Journal of Radiology . December 2007 ; 80 ( Spec No 2 ) : S71 -- 77 . doi : 10.1259 / bjr / 33117326 . PMID 18445747 . Jump up ^ FDA recommends approval of new compound in Alzheimer 's detection . JAMA. 19 January 2011 ; 305 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 83 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2010.2008 . PMID 21245183 . Jump up ^ `` Amyvid '' . Community register of medicinal products for human use . European Community . 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Preclinical Alzheimer 's disease : diagnosis and prediction of progression . Lancet Neurology . 1 September 2005 ; 4 ( 9 ) : 576 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / s1474 - 4422 ( 05 ) 70168 - x . PMID 16109364 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma N , Singh AN ( July 2016 ) . `` Exploring biomarkers for Alzheimer 's disease '' .",
"76": "J Clin Diagn Res ( Review ) . 10 ( 7 ) : KE01 -- 6 . doi : 10.7860 / JCDR / 2016 / 18828.8166 . PMID 27630867 . Further reading Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Alzheimer 's disease '' dated 2008 - 09 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Library resources about Alzheimer 's Disease Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Alzheimer 's Disease : Unraveling the Mystery . US Department of Health and Human Services , National Institute on Aging , NIH . 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Can Alzheimer 's Disease Be Prevented ? ( PDF ) . US Department of Health and Human Services , National Institute on Aging , NIH . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2013 . Caring for a Person with Alzheimer 's Disease : Your Easy - to - Use Guide from the National Institute on Aging . US Department of Health and Human Services , National Institute on Aging , NIH . 2009 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Russell D , Barston S , White M ( 19 December 2007 ) . `` Alzheimer 's Behavior Management : Learn to Manage Common Behavior Problems '' . helpguide.org . Archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 29 February 2008 . Greater cognitive deterioration in women than men with Alzheimer 's disease : a meta analysis . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 2012 ; 34 ( 9 ) : 989 -- 98 . doi : 10.1080 / 13803395.2012. 712676 . PMID 22913619 .",
"77": "External links Classification V T D ICD - 10 : G30 , F00 ICD - 9 - CM : 331.0 , 290.1 OMIM : 104300 MeSH : D000544 DiseasesDB : 490 External resources MedlinePlus : 000760 eMedicine : neuro / 13 Patient UK : Alzheimer 's disease GeneReviews : NBK1161 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alzheimer 's disease . Alzheimer 's disease at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Mental and behavioral disorders ( F00 -- F99 & 290 -- 319 ) ( hide ) Neurological / symptomatic Dementia Mild cognitive impairment Alzheimer 's disease Vascular dementia Pick 's disease Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease Huntington 's disease Parkinson 's disease AIDS dementia complex Frontotemporal dementia Sundowning Wandering Autism spectrum Autism Asperger syndrome Savant syndrome PDD - NOS High - functioning autism Other Delirium Post-concussion syndrome Organic brain syndrome Psychoactive substances , substance abuse , drug abuse and substance - related disorders Intoxication / Drug overdose Physical dependence Substance dependence Rebound effect Double rebound Withdrawal Stimulant psychosis Schizophrenia , schizotypal and delusional Psychosis and schizophrenia - like disorders Schizoaffective disorder Schizophreniform disorder Brief reactive psychosis Schizophrenia Disorganized ( hebephrenic ) schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia Simple - type schizophrenia Childhood schizophrenia Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia Delusional disorders Delusional disorder Folie à deux Mood ( affective ) Mania Bipolar disorder ( Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymia Bipolar NOS ) Depression ( Major depressive disorder Dysthymia Seasonal affective disorder Atypical depression Melancholic depression ) Neurotic , stress - related and somatoform Anxiety disorder Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia ( Anthropophobia ) Specific phobia ( Claustrophobia )",
"78": "Specific social phobia Other Panic disorder Panic attack Generalized anxiety disorder OCD stress ( Acute stress reaction PTSD ) Adjustment disorder Adjustment disorder with depressed mood Somatic symptom disorder Somatization disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Hypochondriasis Nosophobia Da Costa 's syndrome Psychalgia Conversion disorder ( Ganser syndrome Globus pharyngis ) Neurasthenia Mass psychogenic illness Dissociative disorder Dissociative identity disorder Psychogenic amnesia Fugue state Depersonalization disorder Physiological / physical behavioral Eating disorder Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Rumination syndrome NOS Nonorganic sleep disorders ( Nonorganic hypersomnia Nonorganic insomnia ) Parasomnia ( REM sleep behavior disorder Night terror Nightmare ) Sexual dysfunction sexual desire ( Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Hypersexuality ) sexual arousal ( Female sexual arousal disorder ) Erectile dysfunction orgasm ( Anorgasmia Delayed ejaculation Premature ejaculation Sexual anhedonia ) pain ( Vaginismus Dyspareunia ) Postnatal Postpartum depression Postpartum psychosis Adult personality and behavior Gender dysphoria Sexual maturation disorder Ego - dystonic sexual orientation Sexual relationship disorder Paraphilia ( Voyeurism Fetishism ) Other Personality disorder Impulse control disorder ( Kleptomania",
"79": "Trichotillomania Pyromania Dermatillomania ) Factitious disorder ( Munchausen syndrome ) Disorders typically diagnosed in childhood Intellectual disability X-linked intellectual disability ( Lujan -- Fryns syndrome ) Psychological development ( developmental disabilities ) Specific Pervasive Emotional and behavioral ADHD Conduct disorder ( ODD ) Emotional / behavioral disorder ( Separation anxiety disorder ) social functioning ( Selective mutism RAD DAD ) Tic disorder ( Tourette syndrome ) Speech ( Stuttering Cluttering ) Movement disorders ( Stereotypic ) Symptoms and uncategorized Catatonia False pregnancy Intermittent explosive disorder Psychomotor agitation Stereotypy Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures Klüver -- Bucy syndrome Diseases of the nervous system , primarily CNS ( G04 -- G47 , 323 -- 349 ) Inflammation Brain Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Limbic encephalitis Encephalitis lethargica Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic Spinal cord Myelitis : Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess Both / either Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Myalgic Meningoencephalitis Brain / encephalopathy",
"80": "Degenerative Extrapyramidal and movement disorders Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige 's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathisia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff person Dementia Tauopathy Alzheimer 's Early - onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia / Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick 's Dementia with Lewy bodies Posterior cortical atrophy Vascular dementia Mitochondrial disease Leigh disease Demyelinating autoimmune Multiple sclerosis Neuromyelitis optica Schilder 's disease hereditary Adrenoleukodystrophy Alexander Canavan Krabbe ML PMD VWM MFC CAMFAK syndrome Central pontine myelinolysis Marchiafava -- Bignami disease Alpers ' disease Episodic / paroxysmal Seizure / epilepsy Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy Headache Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension Cerebrovascular",
"81": "TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville 's Millard -- Gubler Lateral medullary Medial medullary Weber 's Lacunar stroke Sleep disorders Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine -- Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder Jet lag CSF Intracranial hypertension Hydrocephalus / NPH Choroid plexus papilloma Idiopathic intracranial hypertension Cerebral edema Intracranial hypotension Other Brain herniation Reye 's Hepatic encephalopathy Toxic encephalopathy Hashimoto 's encephalopathy Spinal cord / myelopathy Syringomyelia Syringobulbia Morvan 's syndrome Vascular myelopathy Foix -- Alajouanine syndrome Spinal cord compression Both / either Degenerative SA Friedreich 's ataxia Ataxia - telangiectasia MND UMN only : Primary lateral sclerosis Pseudobulbar palsy Hereditary spastic paraplegia LMN only : Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies Spinal muscular atrophies SMA SMAX1 SMAX2 DSMA1 Congenital DSMA SMA - PCH SMA - LED",
"82": "SMA - PME Progressive muscular atrophy Progressive bulbar palsy Fazio -- Londe Infantile progressive bulbar palsy both : Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Amyloidosis ( E85 , 277.3 ) Common amyloid forming proteins AA ATTR Aβ2M AL Aβ / APP AIAPP ACal APro AANF ACys ABri Systemic amyloidosis AL amyloidosis AA amyloidosis Aβ2M / Haemodialysis - associated AGel / Finnish type AA / Familial Mediterranean fever ATTR / Transthyretin - related hereditary Organ - limited amyloidosis Heart AANF / Isolated atrial Brain Familial amyloid neuropathy ACys + ABri / Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Aβ / Alzheimer 's disease Kidney AApoA1 + AFib + ALys / Familial renal Skin Primary cutaneous amyloidosis Amyloid purpura Endocrine Thyroid ACal / Medullary thyroid cancer Pituitary APro / Prolactinoma Pancreas AIAPP / Insulinoma AIAPP / Diabetes mellitus type 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alzheimer%27s_disease&oldid=838536880 '' Categories : Articles with evidence out of context Alzheimer 's disease Ailments of unknown cause Unsolved problems in neuroscience Learning disabilities Psychiatric diagnosis Dementia Abnormal psychology Cognitive disorders Aphasias Herpes simplex virus - associated diseases Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with broken reference names CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with German - language external links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages",
"83": "EngvarB from May 2014 Use British English from September 2016 Use dmy dates from April 2016 Infobox medical condition ( new ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Featured articles RTT RTTNEURO Pages using PMID magic links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido",
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"85": "ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 96 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 16 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who wrote the theme to last of the mohicans
|
[
"Dougie MacLean",
"Dougie MacLean",
"Scottish singer-songwriter Dougie MacLean",
"Scottish singer-songwriter Dougie MacLean",
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{
"0": "The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1992 soundtrack album . For other uses , see The Last of the Mohicans ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Last of the Mohicans Soundtrack album by Trevor Jones & Randy Edelman Released 1992 ( Reissued 2000 ) Genre Film score Label Morgan Creek ( 1992 ) Varèse Sarabande ( 2000 ) 2000 Reissue Re-recording by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Last of the Mohicans is the soundtrack album of the film of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Background 3 Rerecording in 2000 4 Commercial usage 5 Track listing 5.1 1992 5.2 2000 6 References 7 External links Credits ( edit ) Composers : Trevor Jones and Randy Edelman Conductor : Daniel A. Carlin and Randy Edelman Manufacturer : Morgan Creek Background ( edit ) Director Michael Mann initially asked Trevor Jones to provide an electronic score for the film , but late in the game , it was decided an orchestral score would be more appropriate for this historic epic . Jones hurried to re-fashion the score for orchestra in the limited time left , while the constant re-cutting of the film meant music cues sometimes had to be rewritten several times to keep up with the new timings . Finally , with the release date looming , composer Randy Edelman was called in to score some minor scenes which Jones did not have time to do . Jones and Edelman received co-credit on the film ( thus making the score ineligible for Oscar consideration ) . The main theme of the movie is the tune `` The Gael '' by Scottish singer - songwriter Dougie MacLean from his 1990 album The Search .",
"1": "Rerecording in 2000 ( edit ) The score was re-recorded and re-released in 2000 to address some perceived problems with its original incarnation . The tracks were reordered into their onscreen chronology ( the original album separated the Jones material from that composed by Edelman ) , some additional cues were added , and Clannad 's `` I Will Find You '' was no longer included . Commercial usage ( edit ) Music from the track `` Promontory '' was used for a fall 2007 Nike television commercial featuring NFL players Shawne Merriman and Steven Jackson , also directed by Michael Mann . Track listing ( edit ) 1992 ( edit ) Tracks 1 -- 9 are composed by Trevor Jones except for the main theme which is composed by Dougie MacLean ; tracks 10 -- 15 are by Randy Edelman . `` Main Title '' -- 1 : 44 `` Elk Hunt '' -- 1 : 49 `` The Kiss '' -- 2 : 47 `` The Glade Part II '' -- 2 : 34 `` Fort Battle '' -- 4 : 22 `` Promentory '' -- 6 : 15 `` Munro 's Office / Stockade '' -- 2 : 30 `` Massacre / Canoes '' -- 6 : 52 `` Top of the World '' -- 2 : 43 `` The Courier '' -- 2 : 27 `` Cora '' -- 2 : 30 `` River Walk and Discovery '' -- 5 : 30 `` Parlay '' -- 3 : 46 `` The British Arrival '' -- 2 : 00 `` Pieces of a Story '' -- 4 : 58 `` I Will Find You '' ( performed by Clannad ) -- 1 : 42 Note : Clannad did a full version of _̈ I Will Find You _̈ on their album _̈ Banba _̈ 2000 ( edit ) `` Main Title '' -- 1 : 52 `` Elk Hunt '' -- 1 : 50 `` Bridge at Lacrosse '' -- 1 : 23 `` Garden Scene '' -- 3 : 20 `` Ambush ''",
"2": "-- 2 : 35 `` The Glade '' -- 3 : 16 `` Fort Battle '' -- 4 : 18 `` The Courier '' -- 2 : 30 `` The Kiss '' -- 2 : 49 `` Stockade '' -- 2 : 47 `` Massacre '' -- 6 : 54 `` Ascent / Pursuit '' -- 3 : 06 `` Promontory '' -- 5 : 38 `` Top of the World '' -- 3 : 01 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Last of the Mohicans at AllMusic External links ( edit ) The Last of the Mohicans at MusicBrainz ( hide ) James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans Fictional characters Magua Chingachgook Natty Bumppo Historical characters Colonel Munro Daniel Webb Marquis de Montcalm Tamenund Films Leather Stocking ( 1909 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 German ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1932 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1936 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1968 ) Last of the Redmen ( 1947 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1971 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Related Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans Leatherstocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"3": "php?title=The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(soundtrack)&oldid=803954490 '' Categories : Film soundtracks 1992 soundtracks Varèse Sarabande soundtracks James Fenimore Cooper Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with MusicBrainz release links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 18 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
1,
0,
3,
2
] |
[
1,
0,
3,
2
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-4804889058718384357
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who was the german leader who signed the treaty of versailles
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[
"Gustav Bauer",
"Gustav Bauer",
"President Friedrich Ebert"
] |
{
"0": "Treaty of Versailles - wikipedia Treaty of Versailles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919 , at the end of World War I . For other uses , see Treaty of Versailles ( disambiguation ) .",
"1": "Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany Cover of the English version Signed 28 June 1919 Location Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France Effective 10 January 1920 Condition Ratification by Germany and three of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers Signatories Principal Allied and Associated Powers British Empire France Italy United States Japan Other Allied powers ( show ) Belgium Bolivia Brazil China Cuba Ecuador Greece Guatemala Haiti Hejaz Honduras Liberia Nicaragua Panama Peru Poland Portugal Romania Serb - Croat - Slovene State Siam Czechoslovakia Uruguay Central Powers Germany Depositary French government Languages French and English Treaty of Versailles at Wikisource Paris Peace Conference League of Nations ( show ) Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles ( show ) War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Treaties Possible cause of World War II International Opium Convention Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( show ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( show ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon ( show ) Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres ( show ) Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Others ( show ) American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry The Treaty of Versailles ( French : Traité de Versailles ) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end . The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which directly led to World War I .",
"2": "The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 . Of the many provisions in the treaty , one of the most important and controversial required `` Germany ( to ) accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage '' during the war ( the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles ) . This article , Article 231 , later became known as the War Guilt clause . The treaty forced Germany to disarm , make substantial territorial concessions , and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers . In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks ( then $31.4 billion or £ 6.6 billion , roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £ 284 billion in 2018 ) . At the time economists , notably John Maynard Keynes ( a British delegate to the Paris Peace Conference ) , predicted that the treaty was too harsh -- a `` Carthaginian peace '' -- and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive , views that , since then , have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries . On the other hand , prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently . The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one content : Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated , nor was it permanently weakened . The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties , which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers , and the re-negotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan , the Young Plan , and the indefinite postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932 . Although it is often referred to as the `` Versailles Conference '' , only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace .",
"3": "Most of the negotiations were in Paris , with the `` Big Four '' meetings taking place generally at the Quai d'Orsay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 World War I 1.2 Fourteen Points 1.3 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 1.4 Armistice 1.5 Occupation 1.6 Blockade 1.7 Polish uprising 2 Negotiations 2.1 French aims 2.2 British aims 2.3 American aims 3 Treaty 3.1 Territorial changes 3.2 Mandates 3.3 Military restrictions 3.4 Reparations 3.5 Guarantees 3.6 International organizations 4 Reactions 4.1 Among the allies 4.1. 1 Britain 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Italy 4.1. 4 Portugal 4.1. 5 United States 4.1. 6 China 4.1. 6.1 House 's views 4.2 In Germany 5 Violations 6 Historical assessments 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Background World war I Main article : World War I Play media The Signing of the Peace Treaty of Versailles The First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) was fought across Europe , the Middle East , Africa and Asia . Countries beyond the war zones were also affected by the disruption of international trade , finance and diplomatic pressures from the belligerents . In 1917 , two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire , which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin .",
"4": "Fourteen Points Main article : Fourteen Points On 6 April 1917 , the United States entered the war against the Central Powers due to German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain , which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives , as well as the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram , sent by the Empire of Germany to Mexico , urging for a declaration of war against the United States . The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies . The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions . On 8 January 1918 , United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . This speech outlined a policy of free trade , open agreements , democracy and self - determination . It also called for a diplomatic end to the war , international disarmament , the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories , the creation of a Polish state , the redrawing of Europe 's borders along ethnic lines , and the formation of a League of Nations to afford `` mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike '' . Wilson 's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin 's Decree on Peace of November 1917 , which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations . The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry , a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign - policy advisor Edward M. House , into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference . Europeans generally welcomed Wilson 's intervention , but Allied colleagues Georges Clemenceau of France , David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy were sceptical of Wilsonian idealism . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 Main article : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk The borders of Eastern Europe , as drawn up in Treaty of Brest - Litovsk After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front , the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918 .",
"5": "This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles ( 3,400,000 km ) of territory and 62 million people . This loss equated to a third of the Russian population , a quarter of its territory , around a third of the country 's arable land , three - quarters of its coal and iron , a third of its factories ( totalling 54 percent of the nation 's industrial capacity ) , and a quarter of its railroads . Armistice Main article : Armistice with Germany During the autumn of 1918 , the Central Powers began to collapse . Desertion rates within the German army began to increase , and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production . On the Western Front , the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies . Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied , which prompted uprisings in Germany , which became known as the German Revolution . The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points , and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered . Following negotiations , the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice , which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium . Occupation Main article : Occupation of the Rhineland The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium , France , and Luxembourg within fifteen days . In addition , it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland . In late 1918 , Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation . Blockade Main article : Blockade of Germany Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials , primarily from the Americas , which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean . The Blockade of Germany ( 1914 -- 1919 ) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers . The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade .",
"6": "The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade , although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people . Polish uprising Main article : Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) In late 1918 , a Polish government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed . In December , Poles launched an uprising within the German province of Posen . Fighting lasted until February , when an armistice was signed that left the province in Polish hands , but technically still a German possession . Negotiations The heads of the `` Big Four '' nations at the Paris Peace Conference , 27 May 1919 . From left to right : David Lloyd George , Vittorio Orlando , Georges Clemenceau , and Woodrow Wilson Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris . Initially , 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations . The defeated nations of Germany , Austria , and Hungary were excluded from the negotiations . Russia was also excluded because it had negotiated a separate peace ( the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ) with Germany in 1918 . The terms of this treaty awarded Germany a large proportion of Russia 's land and resources . Its terms were extremely harsh , as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out . At first a `` Council of Ten '' comprising two delegates each from Britain , France , the United States , Italy and Japan met officially to decide the peace terms . It became the `` Big Four '' when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four nations met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions to be ratified by the entire assembly . Apart from Italian issues , the main conditions were determined at personal meetings among the leaders of the `` Big Three '' nations : British Prime Minister David Lloyd George , French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau , and American President Woodrow Wilson . The minor nations attended a weekly `` Plenary Conference '' that discussed issues in a general forum , but made no decisions . These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations , many of which were incorporated into the final treaty .",
"7": "French aims As the only major allied power sharing a land border with Germany , France was chiefly concerned with weakening Germany as much as possible . The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau described France 's position best by telling Wilson : `` America is far away , protected by the ocean . Not even Napoleon himself could touch England . You are both sheltered ; we are not . '' Clemenceau and his colleagues hoped at the very least to have Allied troops occupy bridges over the Rhine and proposed a plan to create a buffer state in the Rhineland in order to create a barrier between a revitalized Germany and France . However , their demands would not be met by the treaty . Instead , France obtained the demilitarization of the Rhineland , a mandate over the Saar and promises of Anglo - American support in case of a new German aggression ( a commitment that could not be relied on after the United States failed to ratify the treaty ) . Clemenceau 's inability to procure the Rhineland state led to fierce criticism of him in France and contributed to his subsequent fall from power . British economist John Maynard Keynes argued , So far as possible , therefore , it was the policy of France to set the clock back and undo what , since 1870 , the progress of Germany had accomplished . By loss of territory and other measures her population was to be curtailed ; but chiefly the economic system , upon which she depended for her new strength , the vast fabric built upon iron , coal , and transport must be destroyed . If France could seize , even in part , what Germany was compelled to drop , the inequality of strength between the two rivals for European hegemony might be remedied for generations . France , which suffered significant destruction in its northern territories ( the worst damage sustained in areas that formed a so - called Red Zone ) and the second heaviest ( after the Russian empire ) human losses among allies ( see main article World War I casualties ) , was adamant on the payment of reparations . The failure of the government of the Weimar Republic to pay these reparations led to the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian forces . British aims Further information : Heavenly Twins ( Sumner and Cunliffe ) Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war and Prime Minister David Lloyd George supported reparations to a lesser extent than the French .",
"8": "Britain began to look on a restored Germany as an important trading partner and worried about the effect of reparations on the British economy . American aims Main article : Fourteen Points Before the end of the war , President Woodrow Wilson put forward his Fourteen Points , which represented the liberal position at the Conference and helped shape world opinion . Wilson was concerned with rebuilding the European economy , encouraging self - determination , promoting free trade , creating appropriate mandates for former colonies , and above all , creating a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace . He opposed harsh treatment of Germany but was outmaneuvered by Britain and France . He brought along top intellectuals as advisors , but his refusal to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation made his efforts seem partisan , and it contributed to a risk of political defeat at home . Treaty Further information : Full text of the treaty German Johannes Bell signs the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors , with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him . In June 1919 , the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves . The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position , and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty . Gustav Bauer , the head of the new government , sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn , including Articles 227 , 230 and 231 . In response , the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours . On 23 June , Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty . On 28 June 1919 , the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( the immediate impetus for the war ) , the peace treaty was signed . The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes , the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations , freedom of navigation on major European rivers , to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz .",
"9": "Territorial changes Germany after Versailles : Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The treaty stripped Germany of 25,000 square miles ( 65,000 km ) of territory and 7 million people . It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established . In Western Europe Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and cede control of the Eupen - Malmedy area . Within six months of the transfer , Belgium was required to conduct a plebiscite on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control , communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League 's decision . To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines , Germany was to cede the output of the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years ; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty . The treaty `` restored '' the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871 as they pertained to this issue . The sovereignty of Schleswig - Holstein was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time ( see Schleswig Plebiscites ) . In Eastern Europe , Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia . Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce `` all rights and title over the territory '' . Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland , with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite . The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality . The province of Posen ( now Poznan ) , which had come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising , was also to be ceded to Poland .",
"10": "Pomerelia ( Eastern Pomerania ) , on historical and ethnic grounds , was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor . The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East Prussian Soldau area , which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig , was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite . An area of 51,800 square kilometres ( 20,000 square miles ) was granted to Poland at the expense of Germany . Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers , for disposal according to their wishes . Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland , including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea , for the League of Nations to establish the Free City of Danzig . Mandates Main article : League of Nations mandate German colonies ( light blue ) made into League of Nations mandates . Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states . Togoland and German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) were transferred to France . Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium , whereas German South - West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained German East Africa . As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa , Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle , a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique . Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong , China , to Japan , not to China . Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia , except for German Samoa , which was taken by New Zealand . Military restrictions The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces ( the Reichswehr ) . The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament . Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions .",
"11": "The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units , and the General Staff was to be dissolved . Military schools for officer training were limited to three , one school per arm , and conscription was abolished . Private soldiers and Non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of 25 years , with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises . To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men , the number of men allowed to leave early was limited . Workmen decommission a heavy gun , to comply with the treaty . The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size , with increases limited to population increases ; paramilitary forces were forbidden . The Rhineland was to be demilitarized , all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden . Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed . Germany was prohibited from the arms trade , limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons , armoured cars , tanks and military aircraft . The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers ( not exceeding 6,000 long tons ( 6,100 t ) ) , twelve destroyers ( not exceeding 800 long tons ( 810 t ) ) and twelve torpedo boats ( not exceeding 200 long tons ( 200 t ) ) and was forbidden submarines . The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men , including manning for the fleet , coast defences , signal stations , administration , other land services , officers and men of all grades and corps . The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed 1,500 men . Germany surrendered eight battleships , eight light cruisers , forty - two destroyers , and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning . Thirty - two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use . Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force , including naval air forces , and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials .",
"12": "In conjunction , Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty . Reparations Main article : World War I reparations In Article 231 Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war `` as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies . '' The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers , and it also established an Allied `` Reparation Commission '' to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take . The commission was required to `` give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard '' , and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921 . In the interim , the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ( $5 billion ) in gold , commodities , ships , securities or other forms . The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany . Guarantees Location of the Rhineland To ensure compliance , the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years . If Germany had not committed aggression , a staged withdrawal would take place ; after five years , the Cologne bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated . After ten years , the bridgehead at Coblenz and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn . If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations , the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately . International organizations Main articles : Covenant of the League of Nations and International Labour Organization § History Part I of the treaty , as per all the treaties signed during the Paris Peace Conference , was the Covenant of the League of Nations , which provided for the creation of the League , an organization for the arbitration of international disputes .",
"13": "Part XIII organized the establishment of the International Labour Officer , to regulate hours of work , including a maximum working day and week ; the regulation of the labour supply ; the prevention of unemployment ; the provision of a living wage ; the protection of the worker against sickness , disease and injury arising out of his employment ; the protection of children , young persons and women ; provision for old age and injury ; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad ; recognition of the principle of freedom of association ; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures . The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the International Opium Convention . Reactions Among the Allies Britain The surrender of the German High Seas Fleet following the Armistice and its internment ( and eventual scuttling ) in Scapa Flow meant that Britain had already accomplished her primary war goal even before the Paris Peace Conference opened . With the German naval threat removed , Britain began focusing on Germany as a bulwark against the threat posed by the new Soviet Union . Thus , British policy towards Germany began diverging from France 's almost from the moment the guns fell silent . British officials at the conference declared French policy to be `` greedy '' and `` vindictive , '' with Ramsay MacDonald later announcing , after Hitler 's re-militarisation of the Rhineland in 1936 , that he was `` pleased '' that the treaty was `` vanishing '' , expressing his hope that the French had been taught a `` severe lesson '' . In 1938 , Lloyd George published a massive two - volume memoir titled The Truth About the Peace Treaties , in which he effectively repudiated the terms of the treaty that bore his signature . France France signed the treaty and was active in the League . The French people rejoiced that Alsace and Lorraine had been returned to France and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations . But the perception that Clemenceau had failed to achieve all of France 's demands damaged him politically . When he stood for election as President of France in January 1920 , he was defeated . Through much of the 1920s , France was the most vigorous of the wartime Allies in seeking to enforce the treaty 's harsher terms , especially with regard to reparations . Without strong British support , however , she was largely unsuccessful .",
"14": "French Marshal Ferdinand Foch -- who felt the restrictions on Germany were too lenient -- prophetically predicted that `` this ( treaty ) is not peace . It is an Armistice for twenty years . '' Italy Reaction in Italy to the treaty was extremely negative . The country had suffered high casualties , yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals , notably gaining control of the Dalmatian coast and Fiume . President Wilson rejected Italy 's claims on the basis of `` national self - determination . '' For their part , Britain and France -- who had been forced in the war 's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse -- were disinclined to support Italy 's position at the peace conference . Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier Vittorio Orlando and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino further undermined Italy 's position at the conference . A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference ( though he later returned ) . He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed , effectively ending his active political career . Anger and dismay over the treaty 's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of Benito Mussolini 's dictatorship three years later . Portugal Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its African colonies , which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany . To this extent , she succeeded in her war aims . The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany 's bordering overseas colonies . Otherwise , however , Portugal obtained little at the peace conference . Her promised share of German reparations never materialized , and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new League of Nations went instead to Spain -- which had remained neutral in the war . In the end , Portugal ratified the treaty , but got little out of the war , which cost more than 8,000 Portuguese troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives . United States Senator Borah , Lodge and Johnson refuse Lady Peace a seat . Refers to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of Treaty of Versailles establishing the League of Nations .",
"15": "After the Versailles conference , Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that `` at last the world knows America as the savior of the world ! '' However , the Republican Party , led by Henry Cabot Lodge , controlled the US Senate after the election of 1918 , and the senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two - thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty . A discontent bloc of 12 -- 18 `` Irreconcilables '' , mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats , fiercely opposed the treaty . One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty , even with reservations added by Lodge . A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations . The largest bloc , led by Senator Lodge , comprised a majority of the Republicans . They wanted a treaty with reservations , especially on Article 10 , which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the US Congress . All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson , and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them . However , Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills . The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919 , as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats , and were close to a two - thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations , but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification . Among the American public as a whole , the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the treaty , saying it favored the British . After Wilson 's presidency , his successor Republican President Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations . Congress subsequently passed the Knox -- Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers . It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921 .",
"16": "Soon after , the US -- German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921 , the US -- Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921 , and the US -- Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921 . China China felt betrayed as the German territory in China was handed to Japan . The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China and the fall of the nascent Chinese Republic 's government and poisoned relations with the West . House 's views Wilson 's former friend Edward Mandell House , present at the negotiations , wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919 : I am leaving Paris , after eight fateful months , with conflicting emotions . Looking at the conference in retrospect , there is much to approve and yet much to regret . It is easy to say what should have been done , but more difficult to have found a way of doing it . To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement , I feel like admitting it . But I would also say in reply that empires can not be shattered , and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance . To create new boundaries is to create new troubles . The one follows the other . While I should have preferred a different peace , I doubt very much whether it could have been made , for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris . In Germany See also : Stab - in - the - back legend German delegates in Versailles : Professor Walther Schücking , Reichspostminister Johannes Giesberts , Justice Minister Otto Landsberg , Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau , Prussian State President Robert Leinert , and financial advisor Carl Melchior . On 29 April , the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau arrived in Versailles .",
"17": "On 7 May , when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors , including the so - called `` War Guilt Clause '' , von Brockdorff - Rantzau replied to Clemenceau , Wilson and Lloyd George : `` We know the full brunt of hate that confronts us here . You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war ; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie . '' Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations , the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands , and a `` violation of honour '' , soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference . Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty -- particularly the provision that blamed Germany for starting the war -- as an insult to the nation 's honor . They referred to the treaty as `` the Diktat '' since its terms were presented to Germany on a take - it - or - leave - it basis . Germany ′ s first democratically elected head of government , Philipp Scheidemann , resigned rather than sign the treaty . In a passionate speech before the National Assembly on 21 March 1919 , he called the treaty a `` murderous plan '' and exclaimed , Which hand , trying to put us in chains like these , would not wither ? The treaty is unacceptable . After Scheidemann ′ s resignation , a new coalition government was formed under Gustav Bauer . President Friedrich Ebert knew that Germany was in an impossible situation . Although he shared his countrymen 's disgust with the treaty , he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it . He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty , the Allies would invade Germany from the west -- and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion . With this in mind , he asked Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war . If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out , Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty . Hindenburg -- after prodding from his chief of staff , Wilhelm Groener -- concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale .",
"18": "However , rather than inform Ebert himself , he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities . Upon receiving this , the new government recommended signing the treaty . The National Assembly voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138 , with five abstentions ( there were 421 delegates in total ) . This result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline . Foreign minister Hermann Müller and colonial minister Johannes Bell travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany . The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116 . Demonstration against the treaty in front of the Reichstag . Conservatives , nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the treaty . Politicians of the Weimar Republic who supported the treaty , socialists , communists , and Jews were viewed with suspicion as persons of questionable loyalty . It was rumored that Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling Germany out to its enemies . Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germany and the newly formed Weimar Republic were regarded as having `` stabbed Germany in the back '' . Those who instigated unrest and strikes in the critical military industries on the home front or who opposed German nationalism were seen to have contributed to Germany 's defeat . These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918 , its armies were still on French and Belgian territory . Furthermore , on the Eastern Front , Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . In the West , Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918 . Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive , leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel . The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors , with the Jews taking most of the blame . Violations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"19": "( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hitler announces the Anschluss of Austria in violation of Art . 80 on the Heldenplatz , Vienna , 15 March 1938 . The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency . Nonetheless , even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations ( 132 billion gold marks ) still placed a significant burden on the German economy . Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed , Germans blamed the near - collapse of their economy on the treaty , and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one - third of the hyper - inflation . In March 1921 , French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg , which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland , according to the Treaty of Versailles . In January 1923 , French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty . The German government answered with `` passive resistance '' , which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces . Production and transportation came to a standstill , but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany . Consequently , passive resistance was called off in late 1923 . The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan , which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925 . Some significant violations of the provisions of the treaty were : At the time of signing in 1919 , the dissolution of the General Staff according to Article 160 appeared to happen ; however , the core of the General Staff was reestablished and hidden in the Truppenamt . March 1935 , under the government of Adolf Hitler , Germany violated the Part V of the Treaty of Versailles by introducing compulsory military conscription in Germany and rebuilding the armed forces . March 1936 , Germany violated Article 43 of the treaty by reoccupying the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland . March 1938 , Germany violated Article 80 of the treaty by annexing Austria in the Anschluss .",
"20": "Historical assessments John Maynard Keynes , the principal representative of the British Treasury , referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' . According to David Stevenson , since the opening of French archives , most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference , though Stevenson notes that `` ( t ) he jury is still out '' , and that `` there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way . '' In his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace , John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' , a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French revanchism , rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , which Germany had accepted at the armistice . He stated : `` I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible . '' Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference , and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others ( including some US officials ) had used at Paris . He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay , and that these would produce drastic instability . French economist Étienne Mantoux disputed that analysis . During the 1940s , Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace , or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes ' claims . More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments . It has been argued ( for instance by historian Gerhard Weinberg in his book A World At Arms ) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany . The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up , and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation ( in contrast to the situation following World War II ) . In a 1995 essay , Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of Austria - Hungary and with Russia withdrawn from Europe , that Germany was now the dominant power in Eastern Europe .",
"21": "The British military historian Correlli Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was `` extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself , when she was expecting to win the war , had had in mind to impose on the Allies '' . Furthermore , he claimed , it was `` hardly a slap on the wrist '' when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918 , which had taken away a third of Russia 's population ( albeit of non-Russian ethnicity ) , one - half of Russia 's industrial undertakings and nine - tenths of Russia 's coal mines , coupled with an indemnity of six billion marks . Eventually , even under the `` cruel '' terms of the Treaty of Versailles , Germany ′ s economy had been restored to its pre-war status . Barnett also claims that , in strategic terms , Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914 . Germany ′ s eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria , who had both in the past balanced German power . Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer , because the former Austrian Empire fractured after the war into smaller , weaker states , Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war , and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany . In the West , Germany was balanced only by France and Belgium , both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany . Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany , the treaty `` much enhanced '' German power . Britain and France should have ( according to Barnett ) `` divided and permanently weakened '' Germany by undoing Bismarck 's work and partitioning Germany into smaller , weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again . By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe , Britain `` had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War '' . American contemporary view of German World War I reparations . Political cartoon 1921 . The British historian of modern Germany , Richard J. Evans , wrote that during the war the German right was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa .",
"22": "Consequently , any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them . Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles . Evans further noted that the parties of the Weimar Coalition , namely the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , the social liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) and the Christian democratic Centre Party , were all equally opposed to Versailles , and it is false to claim as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the Weimar Republic . Finally , Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic , instead contending that it was the Great Depression of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy . He also argued that Versailles was not the `` main cause '' of National Socialism and the German economy was `` only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations '' . Ewa Thompson points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule , a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography , more interested in understanding the German point of view . In nations that found themselves free as the result of the treaty -- such as Poles or Czechs -- it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours . Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis , resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party . The German historian Detlev Peukert wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the interwar period , and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany . Rather , Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty , and it was this `` perception '' rather than the `` reality '' of the Versailles treaty that mattered .",
"23": "Peukert noted that because of the `` millenarian hopes '' created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe , any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated German Reich were bound to create a nationalist backlash , and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash . Having noted that much , Peukert commented that the policy of rapprochement with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe , and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles . Finally , Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of autarky within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic , not the Treaty of Versailles . French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of Germans in the Sudetenland and in Posen - West Prussia were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment , where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented . Cartier asserts that , out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen - West Prussia in 1921 , 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment . In 1926 , the Polish Ministry of the Interior estimated the remaining number of Germans at fewer than 300,000 . These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler ′ s annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland . See also United Nations portal World War I portal Aftermath of World War I Causes of World War II Decree on Peace International Opium Convention , incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles Little Treaty of Versailles Minority Treaties Neutrality Acts of 1930s Septemberprogramm Treaty of Rapallo ( 1920 ) Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ see the Reparations section . Jump up ^ Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers .",
"24": "Article 117 of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye with Austria , Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary , Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria and Article 231 of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey . Jump up ^ see The Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , The Treaty of Trianon , The Treaty of Neuilly , and The Treaty of Sèvres . Citations ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Preamble ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 114 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 107 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Article 5 . Form of a Treaty '' , The American Journal of International Law , Vol. 29 , Supplement : Research in International Law ( 1935 ) , pp. 722 -- 39 , at p. 725 . Jump up ^ The order below is as it appears in the preamble of the treaty . The states are divided into two groups . In each , the states are listed alphabetically according to the French language . The United States is alphabetised as Amérique . The order is otherwise the same as for English , except Czechoslovakia , which in French is Tchécoslovaquie . ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Signatures and Protocol Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) with Austria ; Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria ; Treaty of Trianon with Hungary ; Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire ; Davis , Robert T. , ed. ( 2010 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security : Chronology and Index for the 20th Century . 1 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger Security International . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38385 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes , Hickey , p. 9 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 19 Jump up ^ Folly , p. xxxiv Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p.",
"25": "429 Jump up ^ Fourteen Points Speech Jump up ^ Irwin Unger , These United States ( 2007 ) p. 561 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes , Hickey , p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Truitt , p. 114 Jump up ^ Beller , pp. 182 -- 95 Jump up ^ Bessel , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Hardach , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Simkins , p. 71 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 638 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 101 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 102 Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 8 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 526 Jump up ^ Edmonds , ( 1943 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Martel ( 1999 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . 1940 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Frucht , p. 24 Jump up ^ Lentin , Antony ( 1985 ) ( 1984 ) . Guilt at Versailles : Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 41130 - 0 . Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Venzon , p. 439 Jump up ^ Keylor , William R. ( 1998 ) . The Legacy of the Great War : Peacemaking , 1919 . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 669 - 41711 - 4 . Jump up ^ Larousse ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sontag , p. 22 Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes , The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( Harcourt Brace and Howe , 1920 ) p.",
"26": "34 Jump up ^ David Thomson , Europe Since Napoleon . Penguin Books . 1970 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 73 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 227 -- 230 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XII Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 246 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 33 and 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 45 and 49 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Section V preamble and Article 51 Jump up ^ Peckham , p. 107 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 81 and 83 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 88 and annex Jump up ^ Martin , p. lii Jump up ^ Boemeke , p. 325 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 94 Jump up ^ Ingrao , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brezina , p. 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 99 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 100 -- 104 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 22 and 119 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 437 ^ Jump up to : Benians , p. 658 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 1224 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 496 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 156 Jump up ^ Shuster , p.",
"27": "74 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V preamble Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 159 , 160 , 163 and Table 1 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 173 , 174 , 175 and 176 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 161 , 162 , and 176 ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles , Articles 42 , 43 , and 180 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 115 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 165 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 198 and tables No. II and III . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 181 and 190 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 185 and 187 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 198 , 201 , and 202 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 231 Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Article 177 Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , Article 161 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine , Article 121 Jump up ^ Treaty of Sèvres , Article 231 Jump up ^ Martel ( 2010 ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 232 -- 35 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 428 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 429 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 430 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part I Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XIII preamble and Article 388 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 295 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Lloyd George , 1938 , p . Jump up ^ R. Henig , Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 ( London : Routledge , 1995 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses , Post-war Settlement ( Portugal ) in : 1914 -- 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War , ed.",
"28": "by Ute Daniel , Peter Gatrell , Oliver Janz , Heather Jones , Jennifer Keene , Alan Kramer , and Bill Nasson , issued by Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR . 66th Cong. , 1st sess . Senate Documents : Addresses of President Wilson ( May -- November 1919 ) , vol. 11 , no . 120 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal ( 1945 ) online Jump up ^ William C. Widenor , Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Ralph A. Stone , The Irreconcilables : The Fight Against the League of Nations ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) ch 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duff , John B. ( 1968 ) . `` The Versailles Treaty and the Irish - Americans '' . Journal of American History . 55 ( 3 ) : 582 -- 598 . doi : 10.2307 / 1891015 . JSTOR 1891015 . Jump up ^ Wimer , Kurt ; Wimer , Sarah ( 1967 ) . `` The Harding Administration , the League of Nations , and the Separate Peace Treaty '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 29 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 24 . doi : 10.1017 / S0034670500023706 . JSTOR 1405810 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 3 July 1921 ) . `` HARDING ENDS WAR ; SIGNS PEACE DECREE AT SENATOR 'S HOME . Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Britains Forgotten Army , Director / Producer Simon Chu , Radio Times , p.",
"29": "61 , 63 11 - 17 November 2017 Jump up ^ The Betrayed Ally , China in the Great War , Introduction , Christopher Arnander & Frances Wood , Pen and Sword , 2016 Jump up ^ Bibliographical Introduction to `` Diary , Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House '' . Archived 23 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foreign Minister Brockdorff - Ranzau when faced with the conditions on 7 May : `` Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses , die uns hier entgegentritt . Es wird von uns verlangt , daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Krieg bekennen ; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge '' . 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ Lauteinann , Geschichten in Quellen Bd. 6 , S. 129 . Jump up ^ Koppel S. Pinson ( 1964 ) . Modern Germany : Its History and Civilization ( 13th printing ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . p. 397 f . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 160 Jump up ^ Michael Geyer , Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860 bis 1980 , Frankfurt 1984 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V Jump up ^ Fischer , Klaus ( 1995 ) . Nazi Germany : A New History , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Parker ( 1956 ) , p. 355 .",
"30": "Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ CBS World Roundup Broadcast 13 March 1938 Columbia Broadcasting System retrieved from http://otr.com/ra/news/CBS_Roundup_3-13-1938.mp3 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes . The Economic Consequences of the Peace at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Keynes ( 1919 ) . The Economic Consequences of the Peace . Ch VI . The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe -- nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours , nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe , nothing to reclaim Russia ; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves ; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy , or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New . The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues , being preoccupied with others -- Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy , Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week , the President to do nothing that was not just and right . It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes , was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four . Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field , and they settled it as a problem of theology , of polities , of electoral chicane , from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling . Jump up ^ Hantke , Max ; Spoerer , Mark ( 2010 ) . `` The imposed gift of Versailles : the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany 's armed forces , 1924 -- 9 '' ( PDF ) . Economic History Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 849 -- 864 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2009. 00512. x .",
"31": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David . ( 20 February 1994 ) . `` Over There , and There , and There . '' Review of : `` A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , '' by Gerhard L. Weinberg . New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard Germany , Hitler and World War II , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Correlli Barnett , The Collapse of British Power ( London : Pan , 2002 ) , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Richard In Hitler 's Shadow , New York : Panatheon 1989 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson , Rice University ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Peukert , Detlev The Weimar Republic , New York : Hill & Wang , 1992 page 278 . ^ Jump up to : La Seconde Guerre mondiale , Raymond Cartier , Paris , Larousse Paris Match , 1965 , quoted in : Pater Lothar Groppe ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Die `` Jagd auf Deutsche '' im Osten : Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem `` Bromberger Blutsonntag '' vor 50 Jahren `` . Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung / 28 . August 2004 ( in German ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . ' Von 1.058. 000 Deutschen , die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten ' , ist bei Cartier zu lesen , ' waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert . Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15 .",
"32": "Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt . ' Further reading Andelman , David A. ( 2008 ) . A Shattered Peace : Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today . New York / London : J. Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 78898 - 0 . Bell , Origins of the Second World War Birdsall , Paul . Versailles twenty years after ( 1941 ) old but still useful summary Boemke , Manfred F. , Gerald D. Feldman , and Elisabeth Gläser ( eds . ) , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 Years . Washington , D.C. : German Historical Institute , 1998 . Cooper , John Milton . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Demarco , Neil ( 1987 ) . The World This Century . London : Collins Educational . ISBN 0 - 00 - 322217 - 9 . Fischer , Klaus . Nazi Germany : A New History . New York : Continuum , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 82640 - 797 - 9 Graebner , Norman A. and Edward M. Bennett , The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy : The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2011 . Herron , George D. ( 1924 ) . The Defeat in the Victory . Boston : Christopher Publishing House . xvi , ( 4 ) , 202 pp . Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Peacemakers . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5939 - 1 . Also published as Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76052 - 0 . Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations . Oxford : Oxford University Press .",
"33": "ISBN 0 - 19 - 829236 - 8 . Martel , Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Parker , R.A.C. `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' pages 355 -- 373 from World Politics , Volume 8 , Issue # 3 , April 1956 . Sharp , Alan ( 2011 ) . Consequences of Peace : The Versailles Settlement : Aftermath and Legacy 1919 -- 2010 . Haus Publishing . Sharp , Alan . The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking After the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2008 ) Shepley , Nick . The Paris Peace Conference 1919 : A student 's guide to the Treaty of Versailles ( 2015 ) ; 51pp online Sontag , Richard ( 1971 ) . A Broken World , 1919 - 1939 . Michigan : Harper and Row . Stevenson , David ( 1998 ) . `` France at the Paris Peace Conference : Addressing the Dilemmas of Security '' . In Robert W.D. Boyce . French Foreign and Defence Policy , 1918 -- 1940 : The Decline and Fall of a Great Power . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15039 - 2 . Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John ( 1972 ) . The Wreck of Reparations , being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement , 1932 . New York : H. Fertig . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Versailles .",
"34": "Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Versailles Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Peace between Germany and the United States of America Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Photographs of the document The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today 's world Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty Woodrow Wilson Original Letters on Treaty of Versailles , Shapell Manuscript Foundation My 1919 -- A film from the Chinese point of view , the only country that did not sign the treaty `` Versailles Revisted '' ( Review of Manfred Boemeke , Gerald Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment after 75 Years . Cambridge , UK : German Historical Institute , Washington , and Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , Strategic Studies 9 : 2 ( Spring 2000 ) , 191 -- 205 Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty at omniatlas.com Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France World War I treaties During the war Sykes -- Picot St.",
"35": "- Jean - de-Maurienne Damascus Protocol London Brest - Litovsk Ukraine Batum Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint - Germain - en - Laye Neuilly - sur - Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath Rapallo ( 1920 ) Tartu ( 1920 ) Warsaw Riga ( 1920 ) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga ( 1921 ) Tartu ( 1921 ) Cilicia Ankara Kars Lausanne Rapallo ( 1922 ) Territories of the Former Austro - Hungarian Monarchy Italian Reparation Payments Sino - German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Turkish Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt British ( Egypt ) Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal See also : Fourteen Points Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa (",
"36": "1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan",
"37": "1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution (",
"38": "1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London",
"39": "Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1858 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1858 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan ( 1860 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan ( 1861 ) London Protocol ( 1862 ) Agreement of Paris ( 1864 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan ( 1866 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan ( 1866 ) Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan ( 1868 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Austria - Hungary and Japan ( 1869 ) Sino - Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty ( 1871 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan ( 1871 ) Treaty of Friendship ,",
"40": "Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan ( 1873 ) Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874 Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1875 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1882 Japan - Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty ( 1884 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1885 Convention of Tientsin ( 1885 ) Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan ( 1887 ) Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan ( 1888 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1894 ) Italo -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1894 ) Japan - China Peace Treaty ( 1895 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan ( 1895 ) Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula ( 1895 ) ( ja ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Komura - Weber Memorandum ( 1896 ) Yamagata -- Lobanov Agreement ( 1896 ) Japan -- China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) ( ja ) Franco -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Japan -- Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1896 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan ( 1897 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan ( 1898 ) Nishi -- Rosen Agreement ( 1898 ) Japan - Thailand Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Treaty ( 1898 ) Boxer Protocol ( 1901 ) Anglo - Japanese Alliance ( 1902 ) Japan - China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1903 ) ( ja ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1904 Japan -- Korea Agreement of August 1904 Japan - Russia Treaty of Peace ( 1905 ) Taft -- Katsura agreement ( 1905 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Additional Agreement of the Japan - China Treaty relating to Manchuria ( 1905 ) ( ja ) Franco - Japanese Treaty of 1907 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1907 Russo - Japanese Agreement of",
"41": "1907 Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 Root -- Takahira Agreement ( 1908 ) Japan - China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao ( 1909 ) ( ja ) Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1910 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA ( 1911 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1912 World War I -- II ( 1912 -- 45 ) Japan - China Treaty of 1915 Russo - Japanese Agreement of 1916 Lansing -- Ishii Agreement ( 1917 ) Japan - China Co-defense Military Pact ( 1918 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) Covenant of the League of Nations ( 1919 ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( 1919 ) Svalbard Treaty ( 1920 ) Gongota Agreement of 1920 Treaty of Sèvres ( 1920 ) Treaty of Trianon ( 1921 ) Four - Power Treaty ( 1921 ) Nine - Power Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues ( 1922 ) ( ja ) Washington Naval Treaty ( 1922 ) Treaty of Lausanne ( 1923 ) Klaipėda Convention ( 1924 ) Soviet -- Japanese Basic Convention ( 1925 ) German -- Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation ( 1927 ) Kellogg -- Briand Pact ( 1928 ) Japan - China Customs Agreement ( 1930 ) London Naval Treaty ( 1930 ) Cease Fire Agreement in Shanghai ( 1932 ) ( ja ) Japan - Manchukuo Protocol ( 1932 ) Tanggu Truce ( 1933 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1934 Japan - Manchukuo - Soviet Protocol for Cession of",
"42": "North Manchuria Railway ( 1935 ) ( ja ) He -- Umezu Agreement ( 1935 ) Chin - Doihara Agreement ( 1935 ) Canada - Japan New Trade Agreement ( 1935 ) Japan - Netherlands Shipping Agreement ( 1936 ) Anti-Comintern Pact ( 1936 ) Hart - Ishizawa Agreement ( 1937 ) India - Japan Agreement of 1937 Van Mook - Kotani Agreement ( 1938 ) Tripartite Pact ( 1940 ) Japan - China Basic Relations Treaty ( 1940 ) Japan - Manchukuo - China Joint Declaration ( 1940 ) ( ja ) Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact ( 1941 ) Japan - Thailand Attack / Defence Alliance Treaty ( 1941 ) ( ja ) Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( 1945 ) During Cold War ( 1945 -- 89 ) Security Treaty between the United States and Japan ( 1951 ) Treaty of San Francisco ( 1951 ) Sino - Japanese Peace Treaty ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and India ( 1952 ) Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma ( 1954 ) Japan -- Philippines Reparations Agreement ( 1956 ) Soviet -- Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia ( 1958 ) Japan -- South Vietnam Reparations Agreement ( 1959 ) Japan -- US Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security ( 1960 ) Tokyo Convention ( 1963 ) Japan -- South Korea Treaty ( 1965 ) Ogasawara Reversion Agreement ( 1968 ) Okinawa Reversion Agreement ( 1971 ) Japan -- China Joint Communiqué ( 1972 ) Japan -- North Vietnam Agreement ( 1973 ) Japan -- China Trade Agreement ( 1974 ) Basic Treaty between Japan and Australia ( 1976 ) Sino -- Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty ( 1978 ) VIAF : 216082262 GND : 4063141",
"43": "- 2 BNF : cb162047487 ( data ) HDS : 26467 NDL : 00574105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Versailles&oldid=838113493 '' Categories : Treaty of Versailles 1919 in France Arms control treaties France -- Germany relations Germany -- Italy relations Germany -- Japan relations Germany -- United Kingdom relations Germany -- United States relations International relations Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Peace treaties of France Peace treaties of Germany Peace treaties of Italy Peace treaties of Japan Peace treaties of the United Kingdom Peace treaties of the United States Treaties concluded in 1919 Treaties entered into force in 1920 Treaties of the Empire of Japan Treaties of the French Third Republic Treaties of the German Empire Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) Treaties of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- 1922 ) World War I treaties June 1919 events Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Project Gutenberg links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2011 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents",
"44": "About Wikipedia Wikisource Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол",
"45": "မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 92 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where is fight or flight in the brain
|
[
"the adrenal medulla",
"the adrenal medulla"
] |
{
"0": "Fight - or - flight response - wikipedia Fight - or - flight response Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fight or Flight . Fight or flight ? The fight - or - flight response ( also called hyperarousal , or the acute stress response ) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event , attack , or threat to survival . It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon . His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system , preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing . More specifically , the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines , especially norepinephrine and epinephrine . The hormones estrogen , testosterone , and cortisol , as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin , also affect how organisms react to stress . This response is recognised as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Autonomic nervous system 1.1. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.1. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system 1.2 Reaction 1.3 Function of physiological changes 2 Emotional components 2.1 Emotion regulation 2.2 Emotional reactivity 3 Cognitive components 3.1 Content specificity 3.2 Perception of control 3.3 Social information processing 4 Other animals 4.1 Evolutionary perspective 4.2 Examples 4.3 Varieties of responses 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Physiology ( edit ) Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate , digestion , respiratory rate , pupillary response , urination , and sexual arousal . This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight - or - flight response and its role is mediated by two different components : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system .",
"1": "Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes that occur during the fight - or - flight response . This component of the autonomic nervous system utilises and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Parasympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla , physically surrounding the sympathetic origin , and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system . Its main function is to activate the `` rest and digest '' response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response . This system utilises and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . Reaction ( edit ) The fight - or - flight response The reaction begins in the amygdala , which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus . The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH . The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously , via the sympathetic nervous system , and releases the hormone epinephrine . The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol , which increases blood pressure , blood sugar , and suppresses the immune system . The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy . This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose . Additionally , the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy , which prepares muscles throughout the body for response .",
"2": "Catecholamine hormones , such as adrenaline ( epinephrine ) or noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) , facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and : Acceleration of heart and lung action Paling or flushing , or alternating between both Inhibition of stomach and upper - intestinal action to the point where digestion slows down or stops General effect on the sphincters of the body Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body Liberation of metabolic energy sources ( particularly fat and glycogen ) for muscular action Dilation of blood vessels for muscles Inhibition of the lacrimal gland ( responsible for tear production ) and salivation Dilation of pupil ( mydriasis ) Relaxation of bladder Inhibition of erection Auditory exclusion ( loss of hearing ) Tunnel vision ( loss of peripheral vision ) Disinhibition of spinal reflexes Shaking . Function of physiological changes ( edit ) The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running . Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include : Increased blood flow to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body . Increased blood pressure , heart rate , blood sugars , and fats in order to supply the body with extra energy . The blood clotting function of the body speeds up in order to prevent excessive blood loss in the event of an injury sustained during the response . Increased muscle tension in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength . Emotional components ( edit ) Emotion regulation ( edit ) See also : Emotional self - regulation In the context of the fight or flight response , emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal . Emotional reactivity ( edit ) During the reaction , the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response . Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression , which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response . Cognitive components ( edit ) Content specificity ( edit ) The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative .",
"3": "These negative cognitions may be characterised by : attention to negative stimuli , the perception of ambiguous situations as negative , and the recurrence of recalling negative words . There also may be specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction . Perception of control ( edit ) See also : Control ( psychology ) Perceived control relates to an individual 's thoughts about control over situations and events . Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual 's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities . Therefore , overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression . Social information processing ( edit ) See also : Social information processing ( cognition ) The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts . The attribution of hostility , especially in ambiguous situations , seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression . Other animals ( edit ) Evolutionary perspective ( edit ) An evolutionary psychology explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves . The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival . Examples ( edit ) A typical example of the stress response is a grazing zebra . If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill , the stress response is activated as a means to escape its predator . The escape requires intense muscular effort , supported by all of the body 's systems . The sympathetic nervous system 's activation rarely provides for these needs . A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog . The cat shows accelerated heartbeat , piloerection ( hair standing on end , normally to dissipate heat ) , and pupil dilation , all signs of sympathetic arousal . Note that the zebra and cat still maintain homeostasis in all states . Varieties of responses ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bison hunted by dogs Animals respond to threats in many complex ways .",
"4": "Rats , for instance , try to escape when threatened , but will fight when cornered . Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them . Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest . Other animals have alternative self - protection methods . Some species of cold - blooded animals change color swiftly , to camouflage themselves . These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system , but , in order to fit the model of fight or flight , the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way . Thus , flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place . And often both fight and flight are combined in a given situation . The fight or flight actions also have polarity -- the individual can either fight or flee against something that is threatening , such as a hungry lion , or fight for or fly towards something that is needed , such as the safety of the shore from a raging river . A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight . There may be a period of heightened awareness , during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other . Signs such as paling , piloerection , immobility , sounds , and body language communicate the status and intentions of each animal . There may be a sort of negotiation , after which fight or flight may ensue , but which might also result in playing , mating , or nothing at all . An example of this is kittens playing : each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal , but they never inflict real damage . See also ( edit ) Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis Coping ( psychology ) Defense physiology Emotional dysregulation Freezing behavior Escape distance The Relaxation Response Rest and digest Vasoconstriction Workplace bullying Yerkes -- Dodson law Acute stress reaction Anxiety Anxiety disorder Panic attack Phobia Social anxiety Social anxiety disorder Tend and befriend Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some references say he first described the response in 1914 in The American Journal of Physiology . Others in the 1915 edition of Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage . Other sources say that he first used the term in 1929 or in 1932 edition of the same book .",
"5": "The issue needs further research . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannon , Walter ( 1932 ) . Wisdom of the Body . United States : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0393002055 . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1929 ) . Bodily changes in pain , hunger , fear , and rage . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ Jansen , A ; Nguyen , X ; Karpitsky , V ; Mettenleiter , M ( 27 October 1995 ) . `` Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System : Basis of the Fight - or - Flight Response '' . Science Magazine . 5236 ( 270 ) . Jump up ^ Walter Bradford Cannon ( 1915 ) . Bodily Changes in Pain , Hunger , Fear and Rage : An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement . Appleton - Century - Crofts . Jump up ^ `` Adrenaline , Cortisol , Norepinephrine : The Three Major Stress Hormones , Explained '' . Hufflington Post . April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gozhenko , A ; Gurkalova , I.P. ; Zukow , W ; Kwasnik , Z ( 2009 ) . PATHOLOGY -- Theory . Medical Student 's Library . Radom . pp. 270 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , A ; Thews , G ( 1989 ) . `` Autonomic Nervous System '' . In Janig , W. Human Physiology ( 2 ed . ) . New York , NY : Springer - Verlag . pp. 333 -- 370 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Chudler , Eric . `` Neuroscience For Kids '' . University of Washington . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Margioris , Andrew ; Tsatsanis , Christos ( April 2011 ) . `` ACTH Action on the Adrenal '' . Endotext.org .",
"6": "Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , David ; Glaser , R ( August 2003 ) . `` How stress influences the immune response '' . Trends in Immunology. 24 ( 8 ) : 444 -- 448 . doi : 10.1016 / S1471 - 4906 ( 03 ) 00173 - X . PMID 12909458 . Jump up ^ King , Michael . `` PATHWAYS : GLYCOGEN & GLUCOSE '' . Washington University , St. Louis . Jump up ^ `` HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE '' . University of Utah . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Henry Gleitman , Alan J. Fridlund and Daniel Reisberg ( 2004 ) . Psychology ( 6 ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97767 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stress Management for Health Course . `` The Fight Flight Response '' . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Olpin , Michael . `` The Science of Stress '' . Weber State University . Jump up ^ Cistler , Josh ; Bunmi O. Olatunji ; Matthew T. Feldner ; John P. Forsyth ( 2010 ) . `` Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders : An Integrative Review '' . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment . 32 ( 1 ) : 68 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s10862 - 009 - 9161 - 1 . PMC 2901125 . PMID 20622981 . Jump up ^ Gross , James ( 1998 ) . `` Sharpening the Focus : Emotion Regulation , Arousal , and Social Competence '' . Psychological Inquiry. 9 ( 4 ) : 287 -- 290 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327965pli0904_8 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Avero , Pedro ; Calvo , M ( 1 July 1999 ) . `` Emotional reactivity to social - evaluative stress : genderdifferences in response systems concordance '' . Personality and Individual Differences. 27 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 170 . doi : 10.1016 / S0191 - 8869 ( 98 ) 00229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carthy , T ; Horesh N ; Apter A ; Edge MD ; Gross JJ ( May 2010 ) . `` Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation in anxious children '' . Behavior Research and Therapy . 48 ( 5 ) : 384 -- 393 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2009.12. 013 . Jump up ^ Valiente , C ; Eisenberg N ; Smith CL ; Reiser M ; Fabes RA ; Losoya S ; Guthrie IK ; Murphy BC ( December 2003 ) . `` The relations of effortful control and reactive control to children 's externalising problems : A longitudinal assessment '' . Personality . 71 ( 6 ) : 1171 -- 1196 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 6494.7106011 . PMID 14633062 . Jump up ^ Reid , Sophie C. ; Salmon , Karen ; Peter F. Lovibond ( October 2006 ) . `` Cognitive Biases in Childhood Anxiety , Depression , and Aggression : Are They Pervasive or Specific ? '' . Cognitive Therapy and Research . 30 ( 5 ) : 531 -- 549 . doi : 10.1007 / s10608 - 006 - 9077 - y . Jump up ^ Beck , Aaron ( 1979 ) . Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders . United States : Penguin Books . Jump up ^ Weems , CF ; Silverman , WK ( April 2006 ) . `` An integrative model of control : implications for understanding emotion regulation and dysregulation in childhood anxiety '' . Journal of Affective disorders . 91 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 124 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2006.01. 009 .",
"8": "Jump up ^ Brendgen , M ; Vitaro F ; Turgeon L ; Poulin F ; Wanner B ( June 2004 ) . `` Is there a dark side of positive illusions ? Overestimation of social competence and subsequent adjustment in aggressive and nonaggressive children '' . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology . 32 ( 3 ) : 305 -- 320 . doi : 10.1023 / B : JACP.0000026144.08470.cd . PMID 15228179 . Jump up ^ Crick , Nicki ; Dodge , Kenneth ( January 1994 ) . `` A review and reformulation of social information - processing mechanisms in children 's social adjustment '' . Psychological Bulletin . 115 ( 1 ) : 74 -- 101 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.115. 1.74 . Jump up ^ Dodge , Kenneth ( March 1980 ) . `` Social cognition and children 's aggressive behavior '' . Journal of Child Development . 51 ( 1 ) : 162 -- 170 . doi : 10.2307 / 1129603 . Jump up ^ Grohol , John . `` What 's the purpose of the fight or flight response ? '' . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , David ; Kopin , I ( 2007 ) . `` Evolution of concepts of stress '' . Stress. 10 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 10253890701288935 . PMID 17514579 . Jump up ^ Gill , A.C. ( 2004 ) . Revision of the Indo - Pacific dottyback fish subfamily Pseudochrominae ( Perciformes : Pseudochromidae ) . Smithiana Monographs . pp. 1 -- 123 . Further reading ( edit ) Sapolsky , Robert M. , 1994 . Why Zebras Do n't Get Ulcers . W.H. Freeman and Company .",
"9": "This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document `` http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter4/sec2_1.html '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight-or-flight_response&oldid=832446496 '' Categories : Sympathetic nervous system Aggression Fear Dichotomies Psychological theories Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Scots Simple English Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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who played stonewall jackson in gods and generals
|
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{
"0": "Gods and Generals ( film ) - wikipedia Gods and Generals ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Gods and Generals Theatrical release poster Directed by Ronald F. Maxwell Produced by Moctesuma Esparza Robert Katz Mace Neufield Robert Rehme Screenplay by Ronald F. Maxwell Based on Gods and Generals by Jeff Shaara Starring Jeff Daniels Stephen Lang Robert Duvall Music by John Frizzell Randy Edelman Production company Ted Turner Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date February 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 21 ) Running time 219 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $56 million Box office $12.8 million Gods and Generals is a 2003 American period war drama film written and directed by Ronald F. Maxwell . It is an adaptation of the 1996 novel of the same name by Jeffrey Shaara and prequel to Maxwell 's 1993 film Gettysburg . The film stars Stephen Lang as Stonewall Jackson , Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Chamberlain and Robert Duvall as General Robert E. Lee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Director 's cut 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Historical response 6.3 Author 's response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Colonel Robert E. Lee resigns from the Union Army as the south secedes from the Union and both sides prepare for war . Major Jackson , who is a professor at Virginia Military Institute in Lexington at the outset of the war , leaves his family behind to do battle at Manassas Junction . Jackson is asked by a retreating General Barnard Bee for assistance against the Federal army who is pursuing them after a brief stand on Matthews Hill . In rallying his shaken troops , Bee launches the name of Stonewall into history and the Confederates rout the Federals at Henry House Hill . Jackson maintains steadfast discipline in his ranks during the battle despite suffering a wound to his left hand from a spent ball .",
"1": "Meanwhile , Chamberlain makes his transition from teacher to military officer and practices drilling his soldiers , and is taught military tactics by Col. Adelbert Ames , the commander of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment . He is called to battle at the Union invasion of Fredericksburg . The Southern forces lead a fighting retreat as the Union army crosses the river and storms the town , and there are scenes of the subsequent looting of Fredricksburg by the Union Army . Outside the city , Lee , James Longstreet and Jackson have prepared an elaborate defense on Marye 's Heights outside the town , and the movie focuses on Confederate defenses behind a formidable stone wall . Several Union brigades , including the Irish Brigade , attempt to cross an open field and attack the wall , but are thrown back with heavy losses by Confederate rifle and artillery fire . At one point , two Irish units are forced into battle against one another , to the anguish of a Southern Irishman who believes he is killing his kin . Chamberlain leads an unsuccessful attack against Longstreet 's defenses , led by Brig. Gen. Lewis Armistead and finds his unit pinned down in the open field . He survives by shielding himself with a corpse until nightfall ; eventually he and surviving members of 20th Maine are ordered to retreat and spend 2 nights on the battlefield , sleeping with the dead . Chamberlain and the defeated Union soldiers depart Fredericksburg . Jackson and Lee return to the city , and Lee is confronted by an angry citizen whose house has been destroyed by Union artillery . Jackson spends the rest of the winter at a local plantation , Moss Neck Manor , where he develops a friendship with a girl who lives there . Later , Jackson discovers the child has died from scarlet fever and he begins to cry . A soldier asks why he weeps for this child but not for the thousands of dead soldiers , and another soldier states that Jackson is weeping for everyone . Jackson is soon reunited with his wife and newborn child just before the Battle of Chancellorsville . Outside Chancellorsville , Lee identifies that the southern army faces an opposing force almost twice their size . Jackson calls upon his chaplain , Beverly Tucker Lacy who knows the area , and asks him to find a route by which the southern forces can infiltrate in secret .",
"2": "Jackson then leads his forces in a surprise attack on an unprepared Union 11th Corps . Although his men initially rout the opponents , they quickly become confused in the melee , and Jackson 's attack is stalled . While scouting a path at night , Jackson is caught in no - mans - land between the 2 armies and badly wounded by his own men , who had mistaken him and his staff for Union cavalry . During his evacuation , his litter bearers are targeted by artillery and drop Jackson on the ground . He is then taken to a field hospital where his arm is amputated. Lee remarks that while Jackson has lost his left arm , he ( Lee ) has lost his right . Jackson dies shortly after , of pneumonia he had contracted during recovery . Jackson 's body is returned to Lexington , accompanied by VMI Cadets and covered by the new Confederate flag . Cast ( edit ) Stephen Lang as Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson ( CSA ) Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain ( 20th Maine , USA ) Robert Duvall as General Robert E. Lee ( CSA ) Kevin Conway as Sergeant Buster Kilrain ( 20th Maine ) C. Thomas Howell as Lieutenant Thomas Chamberlain ( 20th Maine ) Jeremy London as Captain Alexander `` Sandie '' Pendleton ( CSA ) Matt Letscher as Colonel Adelbert Ames ( 20th Maine ) Brian Mallon as Major General Winfield Scott Hancock ( USA ) Bo Brinkman as Major Walter H. Taylor ( CSA ) Bruce Boxleitner as Lieutenant General James Longstreet ( CSA ) William Sanderson as Major General A.P. Hill ( CSA ) Billy Campbell as Major General George Pickett ( CSA ) Alex Hyde - White as Major General Ambrose E. Burnside ( USA ) Joseph Fuqua as Major General J.E.B.",
"3": "Stuart ( CSA ) John Prosky as Brigadier General Lewis A. Armistead ( CSA ) Royce D. Applegate as Brigadier General James L. Kemper ( CSA ) Patrick Gorman as Major General John Hood ( CSA ) W. Morgan Sheppard as Major General Isaac R. Trimble ( CSA ) James Patrick Stuart as Colonel Edward Porter Alexander ( CSA ) Jonathon Demers as Brigadier General Richard S. Ewell ( CSA ) Andrew Prine as Brigadier General Richard B. Garnett ( CSA ) James Garrett as Brigadier General John C. Caldwell ( USA ) J. Scott Watkins as Brigadier General Raleigh E. Colston ( CSA ) Fred Griffith as Brigadier General Robert Rodes ( CSA ) Tim O'Hare as Colonel St. Clair Augustine Mulholland ( USA ) John Castle as Brigadier General William N. Pendleton ( CSA ) Matt Lindquist as Prussian Lieutenant Colonel Heros von Borcke ( CSA ) Ted Turner as Lieutenant Colonel Waller T. Patton ( CSA ) Lester Kinsolving as Brigadier General William Barksdale ( CSA ) Cooper Huckabee as Henry Thomas Harrison Mira Sorvino as Fanny Chamberlain Kali Rocha as Anna Jackson Donzaleigh Abernathy as Martha Karen Hochstetter as Roberta Corbin Martin Clark as Dr. George Junkin Christie Lynn Smith as Catherine Corbin Production ( edit ) Ted Turner has a cameo in the film as Colonel Waller T. Patton . Colonel Patton , the great uncle of George S. Patton , was mortally wounded at Gettysburg , a scene depicted in the movie Gettysburg . United States Senators George Allen ( R - Virginia ) and Robert Byrd ( D - West Virginia ) also have cameo roles , both playing Confederate officers , Phil Gramm ( R - Texas ) appears as a member of the Virginia Legislature early in the film and Congressman Ed Markey ( D - Massachusetts ) also appeared as an Irish Brigade officer . Most of the extras were American Civil War reenactors , who provided their own equipment and worked without pay . In exchange , Ted Turner agreed to donate $500,000 to Civil War battlefield preservation . The movie was filmed in Virginia 's Shenandoah Valley , western Maryland and in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia .",
"4": "Actual historic locations in the film include Virginia Military Institute and Washington & Lee University , known as Washington College during the Civil War . Russell Crowe was the original choice to play Stonewall Jackson , but scheduling conflicts prevented his availability in the summer and fall of 2001 when the movie was filmed . Stephen Lang had begun to reprise his role as George Pickett , but instead was asked to fill in the role of Jackson . Billy Campbell , who had played a 44th New York lieutenant in Gettysburg was called in to hastily replace Lang in the role of Pickett . Although Tom Berenger desired to reprise his Gettysburg role as James Longstreet ( which he called his favorite role ) he was unavailable because of scheduling difficulties . Bruce Boxleitner was instead cast in the role . Darius N. Couch was portrayed by actor Carsten Norgaard . Martin Sheen was prevented from reprising his role as Lee due to contractual obligations to The West Wing . During post-production , Maxwell , Warner Bros. executives and Turner debated on whether to release the film as two parts over two years or as a single film . Maxwell decided to focus on Stonewall Jackson 's history in one film . God and Generals closes with an ending sequence stating that the Civil War story will be concluded with a third film Last Full Measure . As of 2015 , there have been no efforts to produce this final feature film . Director 's cut ( edit ) The director 's cut was released for Blu - ray Disc on May 24 , 2011 . Among the footage edited includes a sub-plot which follows John Wilkes Booth , the famous actor who would eventually assassinate President Abraham Lincoln . One scene towards the end of the extended cut of the film features Chamberlain and his wife , Fanny , attending a production of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar in which Booth plays Marcus Junius Brutus . Chamberlain and his wife have a conversation with Booth and his fellow actors following the end of the play . Another scene cut from the film features a performance in Washington , D.C. in which Booth plays the role of Macbeth , which is being seen by President Lincoln . When he gives the famous `` dagger of the mind '' soliloquy , he looks directly at Lincoln while reciting it .",
"5": "Later , when Booth is offered the chance to meet with Lincoln , he refuses . A sequence dealing with the Battle of Antietam was removed from the film . The battle was seen mostly from the perspectives of Jackson ( who played a major strategic role in the battle ) and Chamberlain ( whose corps was held in reserve ) . In the Director 's Cut the entire sequence at Antietam is shown ; the Antietam battle scenes mostly depict the fighting in Miller 's Cornfield , where soldiers from the opposite sides fired at each other from just a few meters away . Soundtrack ( edit ) In 2003 , the film score was composed by John Frizzell , with some minor contributions by Randy Edelman , who composed the score for the previous Gettysburg . The soundtrack is notable for containing a new song commissioned for the movie and written and performed by Bob Dylan , Cross the Green Mountain . The track was later included on the compilation album The Bootleg Series Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes lists an 8 % approval rating while Metacritic lists a score of 30 , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reads , `` Filled with two - dimensional characters and pompous self - righteousness , Gods and Generals is a long , tedious sit . Some may also take offense at the pro-Confederate slant . '' Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars . He described it as `` a Civil War movie that Trent Lott might enjoy '' and said of its Lost Cause themes , `` If World War II were handled this way , there 'd be hell to pay . '' He also faulted the film for its music and `` pithy quotations . '' Historical response ( edit ) Gods and Generals is widely viewed as championing the Lost Cause ideology by creating a presentation more favorable to the Confederacy . Writing in the Journal of American History , historian Steven E. Woodworth derided the movie as a modern - day telling of Lost Cause mythology . Woodworth called the movie `` the most pro-Confederate film since Birth of a Nation , a veritable celluloid celebration of slavery and treason . ''",
"6": "He summed up his reasons for disliking the movie by saying : Gods and Generals brings to the big screen the major themes of Lost Cause mythology that professional historians have been working for half a century to combat . In the world of Gods and Generals , slavery has nothing to do with the Confederate cause . Instead , the Confederates are nobly fighting for , rather than against , freedom , as viewers are reminded again and again by one white southern character after another . Woodworth criticized the portrayal of slaves as being `` generally happy '' with their condition . He also criticizes the relative lack of attention given to the motivations of Union soldiers fighting in the war . He excoriates the film for allegedly implying , in agreement with Lost Cause mythology , that the South was more `` sincerely Christian . '' Woodworth concludes that the film , through `` judicial omission , '' presents `` a distorted view of the Civil War . '' Historian William B. Feis similarly criticized the director 's decision `` to champion the more simplistic - and sanitized - interpretations found in post-war `` Lost Cause '' mythology `` . Author 's response ( edit ) Author Jeff Shaara originally liked the movie , but his opinion on it has since changed . He said , `` It 's enormously different , it 's radically different from the book . There are characters in the film that do not exist in the book , and a great many characters in the book that never made it to the film . It 's just an entirely different story , and I have to tell you , I 've heard from literally thousands of people through my website , and I get emails every day and try to be as accessible as I can , and the overwhelming percentage of those that wrote me said , ' How could you let them butcher your book like that ? ' I have no answer to that because I had no control or power to change what came up on the screen . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gods and Generals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods and Generals '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaara , Jeffrey ( 1998 ) . Gods and Generals : A Novel of the Civil War ( Civil War Trilogy ) .",
"7": "New York City : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0345422477 . Jump up ^ Robert Duvall claimed that he is related to Robert E. Lee on his mother 's side of the family ( Interview on CNN , February 15 , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Wertz , Jay ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Ron Maxwell Interview - ' Gods and Generals ' Extended Directors Cut '' . Historynet . Weider Media Group . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gods and Generals '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GODS AND GENERALS ( 2003 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Gods and Generals '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woodworth , Steven E. `` Film Review : Gods and Generals '' . Teaching History . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feis , William B. `` '' Movie Review : Gods and Generals `` '' . The Society for Military History . Jump up ^ `` In Depth with Jeff Shaara '' . In Depth with Jeff Shaara. C - Span . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Caggiano , Greg . `` Interview with Best - Selling Author Jeff Shaara '' . Reel to Real . Retrieved 7 July 2015 .",
"8": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gods and Generals ( film ) Gods and Generals at AllMovie Gods and Generals on IMDb Gods and Generals at Rotten Tomatoes Gods and Generals at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Ronald F. Maxwell Verna : USO Girl ( 1978 ) Little Darlings ( 1980 ) The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia ( 1981 ) Kidco ( 1984 ) The Parent Trap II ( 1986 ) Gettysburg ( 1993 ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 ) Copperhead ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gods_and_Generals_(film)&oldid=828018206 '' Categories : 2003 films English - language films American Civil War films Films based on American novels Films based on military novels Films shot in Virginia Films set in Maryland Films set in 1861 Films set in 1862 Films set in 1863 Films set in Virginia Films directed by Ronald F. Maxwell Films shot in West Virginia 2000s drama films American drama films American films Warner Bros. films Epic films based on actual events Films scored by Randy Edelman Cultural depictions of Robert E. Lee Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Euskara Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 02 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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1,
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0,
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3,
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2,
1,
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4
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8129226506978989056
|
where does the phrase dressed to the nines
|
[
"Scots in origin"
] |
{
"0": "To the nines - wikipedia To the nines Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see To the nines ( disambiguation ) . `` To the nines '' is an English idiom meaning `` to perfection '' or `` to the highest degree '' or to dress `` buoyantly and high class '' . In modern English usage , the phrase most commonly appears as `` dressed to the nines '' or `` dressed up to the nines '' . Origin ( edit ) The phrase is said to be Scots in origin . The earliest written example of the phrase is from the 1719 Epistle to Ramsay by the Scottish poet William Hamilton : The bonny Lines therein thou sent me , How to the nines they did content me . Robert Burns ' `` Poem on Pastoral Poetry '' , published posthumously in 1800 , also uses the phrase : Thou paints auld nature to the nines , In thy sweet Caledonian lines . The phrase may have originally been associated with the Nine Worthies or the nine Muses . A poem from a 17th century collection of works by John Rawlet contains the following lines : The learned tribe whose works the World do bless , Finish those works in some recess ; Both the Philosopher and Divine , And Poets most who still make their address In private to the Nine . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Evans , Bergen ; Corneli Evans ( 1957 ) . A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage . Random House . p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dressed to the nines ' comes from old Scottish phrase '' . Deseret News . April 13 , 1997 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dressed to the nines ' - the meaning and origin of this phrase '' . Phrasefinder . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_the_nines&oldid=836126697 '' Categories : English phrases Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 20 : 33 . About Wikipedia",
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[
0
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0
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-2154275263565518616
|
what color is the golden gate bridge in san francisco
|
[
"orange vermilion called international orange",
"an orange vermilion called international orange",
"International Orange",
"red",
"an orange vermilion called international orange"
] |
{
"0": "Golden Gate Bridge - wikipedia Golden Gate Bridge Jump to : navigation , search Golden Gate Bridge A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from Fort Point Coordinates 37 ° 49 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 37.81972 ° N 122.47861 ° W / 37.81972 ; - 122.47861 Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 37.81972 ° N 122.47861 ° W / 37.81972 ; - 122.47861 Carries 6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1 ( see below ) , pedestrians and bicycles . Crosses Golden Gate Locale San Francisco , California and Marin County , California , U.S.",
"1": "Official name Golden Gate Bridge Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Characteristics Design Art Deco , Suspension , truss arch & truss causeways Material Steel Total length 8,981 ft ( 2,737.4 m ) , about 1.7 mi ( 2.7 km ) Width 90 ft ( 27.4 m ) Height 746 ft ( 227.4 m ) Longest span 4,200 ft ( 1,280.2 m ) Clearance above 14 ft ( 4.3 m ) at toll gates , Trucks can not pass Clearance below 220 ft ( 67.1 m ) at high tide History Architect Irving Morrow Engineering design by Joseph Strauss , and Charles Ellis Construction start January 5 , 1933 ( 1933 - 01 - 05 ) Construction end April 19 , 1937 ( 1937 - 04 - 20 ) Opened May 27 , 1937 ; 80 years ago ( 1937 - 05 - 27 ) Statistics Daily traffic 110,000 Toll Cars ( southbound only ) $7.50 ( Pay by plate ) , $6.50 ( FasTrak ) , $4.50 ( carpools during peak hours , FasTrak only ) California Historical Landmark Designated June 18 , 1987 Reference no . 974 San Francisco Designated Landmark Designated May 21 , 1999 Reference no . 222 Golden Gate Bridge Bridges in the San Francisco Bay The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one - mile - wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the American city of San Francisco , California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers .",
"2": "The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' It opened in 1937 and was , until 1964 , the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ferry service 1.2 Conception 1.3 Design 1.4 Finance 1.5 Construction 1.6 Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries 2 Structural specifications 3 Aesthetics 4 Traffic 4.1 Usage and tourism 4.2 Tolls 4.3 Congestion pricing 5 Issues 5.1 Suicides 5.2 Wind 5.3 Seismic vulnerability and improvements 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Ferry service Golden Gate with Fort Point in foreground , c. 1891 Before the bridge was built , the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay . A ferry service began as early as 1820 , with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco . The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service , launched in 1867 , eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company , a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary , the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s . Once for railroad passengers and customers only , Southern Pacific 's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy . The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US $1.00 per vehicle , a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge . The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes . Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County . San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats . Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay , the city 's growth rate was below the national average .",
"3": "Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft ( 2,042 m ) strait , which had strong , swirling tides and currents , with water 372 ft ( 113 m ) deep at the center of the channel , and frequent strong winds . Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation . Conception Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new , the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins . San Francisco 's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million , which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 , and impractical for the time . He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less . One who responded , Joseph Strauss , was an ambitious engineer and poet who had , for his graduate thesis , designed a 55 - mile - long ( 89 km ) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait . At the time , Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges -- most of which were inland -- and nothing on the scale of the new project . Strauss 's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait , connected by a central suspension segment , which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million . Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts . A suspension - bridge design was considered the most practical , because of recent advances in metallurgy . Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California . The bridge faced opposition , including litigation , from many sources . The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic . The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors . Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs . Southern Pacific Railroad , one of the most powerful business interests in California , opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project , leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service . In May 1924 , Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction .",
"4": "Deakyne , on behalf of the Secretary of War , approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the `` Bridging the Golden Gate Association '' and both San Francisco County and Marin County , pending further bridge plans by Strauss . Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry , which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles . The bridge 's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy , city engineer of San Francisco , and Strauss . The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923 , creating a special district to design , build and finance the bridge . San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District , with the exception being Humboldt County , whose residents opposed the bridge 's construction and the traffic it would generate . Design South tower seen from walkway , with Art Deco elements Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project . However , because he had little understanding or experience with cable - suspension designs , responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts . Strauss 's initial design proposal ( two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment ) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint . The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff , the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City . Irving Morrow , a relatively unknown residential architect , designed the overall shape of the bridge towers , the lighting scheme , and Art Deco elements , such as the tower decorations , streetlights , railing , and walkways . The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge . The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships . Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis , collaborating remotely with Moisseiff , was the principal engineer of the project . Moisseiff produced the basic structural design , introducing his `` deflection theory '' by which a thin , flexible roadway would flex in the wind , greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers .",
"5": "Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound , a later Moisseiff design , the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed , because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter . Ellis was also tasked with designing a `` bridge within a bridge '' in the southern abutment , to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point , a pre -- Civil War masonry fortification viewed , even then , as worthy of historic preservation . He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge 's southern anchorage . Below Golden Gate Bridge Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree . He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University . He became an expert in structural design , writing the standard textbook of the time . Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge , but he received none of the credit in his lifetime . In November 1931 , Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate , Clifford Paine , ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff . Ellis , obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression , continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis , eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations . With an eye toward self - promotion and posterity , Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who , despite receiving little recognition or compensation , are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge . He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge . Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated . In May 2007 , the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge .",
"6": "The height , depth , and length of the span from end to end , looking west The Golden Gate Bridge at sunset , as seen from just north of Alcatraz Island Finance The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District , authorized by an act of the California Legislature , was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design , construct , and finance the Golden Gate Bridge . However , after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the District was unable to raise the construction funds , so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure . The bonds were approved in November 1930 , by votes in the counties affected by the bridge . The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million . However , the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932 , when Amadeo Giannini , the founder of San Francisco -- based Bank of America , agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy . Construction Construction began on January 5 , 1933 . The project cost more than $35 million , completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget . The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic - Marshall Construction Co. , a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall , both of Lehigh University . 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge together . This is a segment of one of those replaced during the seismic retrofit of the bridge after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Strauss remained head of the project , overseeing day - to - day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions . A graduate of the University of Cincinnati , he placed a brick from his alma mater 's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured . He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site , which saved the lives of many otherwise - unprotected ironworkers . Of eleven men killed from falls during construction , ten were killed on February 17 , 1937 , when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen .",
"7": "According to Travel Channel 's Monumental Mysteries , the workers ' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear . The platform fell into the safety net , but was too heavy and the net gave way . Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) fall into the icy waters , including the 37 - year - old foreman , Slim Lambert . Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club . The project was finished and opened May 27 , 1937 . The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012 . The Bridge Round House , an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938 , has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop . The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new , official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza . During the bridge work , the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge 's road work . With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012 , all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased . Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries View of the Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point from Marine Drive . The bridge - opening celebration began on May 27 , 1937 and lasted for one week . The day before vehicle traffic was allowed , 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates . On opening day , Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin , then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial `` barriers '' , the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass . An official song , `` There 's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate '' , was chosen to commemorate the event .",
"8": "Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled `` The Mighty Task is Done . '' The next day , President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington , D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon . As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area . Weeks of civil and cultural activities called `` the Fiesta '' followed . A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge . In May 1987 , as part of the 50th anniversary celebration , the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge . However , this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people , and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people , causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight . Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads , and was estimated not to have exceeded 40 % of the yielding stress of the suspension cables , bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday , May 27 , 2012 , because of the additional law enforcement costs required `` since 9 / 11 '' . A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day , 1937 Play media Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge . This copy was sent to the City of Seattle Structural specifications On the south side of the bridge a 36.5 - inch - wide ( 93 cm ) cross-section of the cable , containing 27,572 wires , is on display . Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) .",
"9": "The Golden Gate Bridge 's clearance above high water averages 220 feet ( 67 m ) while its towers , at 746 feet ( 227 m ) above the water , were the world 's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1998 when bridges in Denmark and Japan were completed . The weight of the roadway is hung from two cables that pass through the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end . Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire . There are 80,000 miles ( 130,000 km ) of wire in the main cables . The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets . Aesthetics The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange . The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge 's visibility in fog . Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan , he added details , such as lighting , to outline the bridge 's cables and towers . In 1999 , it was ranked fifth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead - based topcoat , which was touched up as required . In the mid-1960s , a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats . Since 1990 , acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air - quality reasons . The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded . A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise View of the northern tower of the bridge Traffic Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 Play media Testing the newly installed movable barrier . Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 . Although part of the National Highway System , the bridge is not officially part of California 's Highway System .",
"10": "For example , under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401 , Route 101 ends at `` the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge '' and then resumes at `` a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco '' . The Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns . On weekday mornings , traffic flows mostly southbound into the city , so four of the six lanes run southbound . Conversely , on weekday afternoons , four lanes run northbound . During off - peak periods and weekends , traffic is split with three lanes in each direction . From 1968 to 2015 , opposing traffic was separated by small , plastic pylons , and during that time , there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head - on collisions . To improve safety , the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph ( 80 to 72 km / h ) on October 1 , 1989 . Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s , only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier . Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11 , 2015 , following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic , the longest in the bridge 's history . The new barrier system , including the zipper trucks , cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install . Usage and tourism Play media Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also : Golden Gate National Recreation Area The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists , and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes . Initially , they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb , but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003 , primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway .",
"11": "The main walkway is on the eastern side , and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays ( 5 am to 3 : 30 pm ) , and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours ( until 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) . The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends ( 5 am to 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) , and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight , when it is closed to pedestrians . The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway . Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies : San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit . Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line , and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week . The southern end of the bridge , near the toll plaza and parking lot , is also accessible daily from 5 : 30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28 . The Marin Airporter , a private company , also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport . A visitor center and gift shop , dubbed the `` Bridge Pavilion '' , is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge , adjacent to the southeast parking lot . It opened in 2012 , in time for the bridge 's 75th anniversary celebration . A cafe , outdoor exhibits , and restroom facilities are located nearby . On the Marin side of the bridge , only accessible from the northbound lanes , is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point , named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways . Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions . Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries / ( re ) colonizations vicinity to the bridge , and researchers study them to strengthen protections , concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby , or to use a local whale watching operator . Tolls The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971 , with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls .",
"12": "In November 2006 , the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit , projected at $80 million over five years . The District promised that the proposal , which it called a `` partnership program , '' would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself . In October 2007 , the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means , most likely a toll increase . In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years , the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling . Subsequently , this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013 . The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight - year period . In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system , the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling ( branded as `` Pay - by - Plate '' ) , and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge . Twenty - eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan . On April 7 , 2014 , the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6 , while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7 . Bicycle , pedestrian , and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free . For vehicles with more than two axles , the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system , and $6 per axle for FasTrak users . During peak traffic hours , carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4 ; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate . The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015 , and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years .",
"13": "Golden Gate Bridge toll increases ( 2014 -- 18 ) Effective date FasTrak Toll - by - plate Carpool Multi-axle vehicle April 7 , 2014 $6.00 $7.00 $4.00 $7.00 per axle July 1 , 2015 $6.25 $7.25 $4.25 $7.25 per axle July 1 , 2016 $6.50 $7.50 $4.50 $7.50 per axle July 1 , 2017 $6.75 $7.75 $4.75 $7.75 per axle July 1 , 2018 $7.00 $8.00 $5.00 $8.00 per axle Congestion pricing Further information : San Francisco congestion pricing Looking south In March 2008 , the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge , charging higher tolls during the peak hours , but rising and falling depending on traffic levels . This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant . As a condition of the grant , the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009 . The first results of the study , called the Mobility , Access and Pricing Study ( MAPS ) , showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible . The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008 . In August 2008 , transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue . Issues Suicides Main article : Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge As a suicide prevention initiative , this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline . The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site / suicide bridge in the world , after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge . The deck is about 245 feet ( 75 m ) above the water . After a fall of four seconds , jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km / h .",
"14": "Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma . About 5 % of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water . After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths , suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017 . Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million . Wind Since its completion , the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times : on December 1 , 1951 , because of gusts of 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) ; on December 23 , 1982 , because of winds of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ; and on December 3 , 1983 , because of wind gusts of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . An anemometer , placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge , has been used to measure wind speeds . Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers . Seismic vulnerability and Improvements South approach sub-structure with seismic isolators ( short black cylinders ) added as part of the Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . Doyle Drive Replacement Project progress in October 2013 Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events . The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake . Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake , the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure ( i.e. , collapse ) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320 - foot ( 98 m ) arch over Fort Point . A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure 's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal ( repairable ) damage . One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic . A complex electro - hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts , transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports . This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac , accomplishing this task without disrupting day - to - day San Francisco commuter traffic . The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012 .",
"15": "The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio , known as Doyle Drive , dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle , President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa , and the man who , more than any other person , made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge . The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north . The road was deemed `` vulnerable to earthquake damage '' , had a problematic 4 - lane design , and lacked shoulders , and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced . Construction on the $1 billion replacement , temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway , began in December 2009 . The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27 -- 30 , 2012 , and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway , until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9 -- 12 , 2015 . As of May 2012 , an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive . In popular culture Main article : Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture Golden Gate Bridge at sunset As a prominent American landmark , the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books , films and video games . Comparison of the side elevations of the Golden Gate Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) San Francisco with two bridges ( Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background ) , Coit Tower ( in background to the left of north tower ) , and Fort Mason ( on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower ) from Marin Golden Gate Bridge at night , with San Francisco in the background See also Bridges portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 25 de Abril Bridge , a bridge with a similar design in Portugal The Bridge , a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks List of longest suspension bridge spans List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks List of tallest bridges San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Suicide bridge Suspension bridge References Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transportation District '' . Goldengate.org .",
"16": "Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge at Structurae ^ Jump up to : Denton , Harry et al. ( 2004 ) `` Lonely Planet San Francisco '' Lonely Planet , United States , ISBN 1 - 74104 - 154 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues , FY 1938 to FY 2011 '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge '' . Office of Historic Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks '' . City of San Francisco . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge -- Museum / Attraction View '' . Frommers. 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Bay Area Bridges '' . US Department of Transportation , Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fimrite , Peter ( April 28 , 2005 ) . `` Ferry tale -- the dream dies hard : 2 historic boats that plied the bay seek buyer -- anybody '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harlan , George H. ( 1967 ) . San Francisco Bay Ferryboats . Howell - North Books . ^ Jump up to : Span , Guy ( May 4 , 2002 ) . `` So Where Are They Now ? The Story of San Francisco 's Steel Electric Empire '' . Bay Crossings . ^ Jump up to : Sigmund , Pete ( 2006 ) . `` The Golden Gate : ' The Bridge That Could n't Be Built ' , '' . Construction Equipment Guide . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 .",
"17": "Jump up ^ Barnard , Hanes , Rubin , Kvitek ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Giant Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay '' ( PDF ) . Eos. 87 ( 29 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Owens , T.O. ( 2001 ) . The Golden Gate Bridge . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 5016 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : People & Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . 1999 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , John B. ( 2002 ) `` Case Studies in Infrastructure Delivery '' Springer , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7652 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gudde , Erwin G. ( 1949 ) . California Place Names . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 130 . OCLC 37647557 . Jump up ^ `` Special District Formed -- Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` People and Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge Design ( goldengatebridge.org ) Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : People & Events : Irving Morrow ( 1884 -- 1952 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience : Leon Moisseiff ( 1872 -- 1943 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Billah , K. ; Scanlan , R. ( 1991 ) . `` Resonance , Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure '' ( PDF ) .",
"18": "American Journal of Physics . Undergraduate Physics Textbooks. 59 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 124 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.16590 . Jump up ^ Fort Point , Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : Charles Alton Ellis ( 1876 -- 1949 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Donald C. ( 1995 ) `` Great American Bridges and Dams '' John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14385 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 72 years ago today , iconic Golden Gate Bridge finished construction ahead of schedule & $1.3 million under budget '' . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life On The American Newsfront : Ten Men Fall To Death From Golden Gate Bridge '' . Life : 20 -- 21 . March 1 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : King , John ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge 's Plaza Flawed but Workable '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Kligman , David ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` From Sea to Shining Sea : PG&E 's Earley Joins Tribute to Golden Gate Bridge '' . Currents . PG&E . Jump up ^ San Francisco Examiner . May 27 , 1982 . No. 147 , p. 2 . Golden Gate Bridge -- 45th anniversary of completion . Jump up ^ Tung , Stephen ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Day the Golden Gate Bridge Flattened '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 .",
"19": "Jump up ^ Pollalis , Spiro N. ; Otto , Caroline ( 1990 ) . `` THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Design School . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Terrence ( May 26 , 1987 ) . `` Golden Gate Crowd Made Bridge Bend '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Prado , Mark ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge officials nix walk for 75th anniversary '' . Marin Independent Journal . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Festival : : Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary '' . Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Geoffrey A. ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` A Historian 's Long View of Golden Gate Bridge '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A13C . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge Facts '' . Gocalifornia.about.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stamberg , Susan . `` The Golden Gate Bridge 's Accidental Color '' . NPR . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Joseph A. ; Urban Rivalry in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1930s ( 2000 ) . `` Planning '' . Journal of Planning Education and Research . 20 : 66 -- 76 . doi : 10.1177 / 073945600128992609 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Research Library : How Often is the Golden Gate Bridge Repainted ? '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 .",
"20": "Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data : Painting The Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data : How Many Ironworkers and Painters Maintain the Golden Gate Bridge ? '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Toll Rates & Traffic Operations '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Additional Information -- Movable Median Barrier Project '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Key Dates '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Nanette ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Scott ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Hines Is Still Alive '' . Modern Luxury . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Golden Gate Bridge , Sidewalk Access for Pedestrians and Bicyclists . Goldengatebridge.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 76X Marin Headlands '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transit bus service '' ( PDF ) . Golden Gate Transit . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 28 19th Avenue '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.marinairporter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Site Improvements '' .",
"21": "Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary . Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H. Dana Bowers Rest Area '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . pp. 183 , 205 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Animals -- Golden Gate National Recreation Area ( U.S. National Park Service ) . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ The SFGate. 2015 . Whale , sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Keener B ... 2017 . Ask The Naturalist : Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now ? . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Woodrow M ... 2017 . Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay . The ABC7 . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Key Dates '' . Research Library . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curiel , Jonathan ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Program Status '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Electronic Tolling on the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Goldengate.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toll 2014 '' . Goldengate.org.",
"22": "April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cabanatuan , Michael ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Recommendations , February 27 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Board of Directors . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolling , David ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` GG Bridge tolls could top $7 , June 11 meeting will set new rates '' . Sonoma Index - Tribune . Jump up ^ The San Francisco Chronicle ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge '' . planetizen.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Bridge raises tolls , denies Doyle Dr. funds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility , Access and Pricing Study '' . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wollan , Malia ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Bone , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate bridge in San Fransico ( sic ) gets safety net to deter suicides '' . The Times . New York . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension Bridges '' ( PDF ) . snu.ac.kr . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 12 , 2003 .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Koopman , John , Staff Writer ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death : Suicide by bridge is gruesome , and death is almost certain . The fourth in a seven - part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate . '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bateson , John ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` 70 YEARS : Spanning the Golden Gate : New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Showing fancy foot work . Roads&Bridges ( December 28 , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . goldengatebridge.org ( February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge Authority ( May 2008 ) . `` Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Joann ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive '' . Presidio Parkway Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doyle Drive Replacement Project '' . Doyle Drive Replacement Project . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Current Construction Activity '' .",
"24": "Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive . Presidio Parkway . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH : It 's wrecked , but it 's still ' Doyle Drive ' '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Further reading Cassady , Stephen ( 1979 ) . Spanning the Gate ( Commemorative edition , 1987 ed . ) . Squarebooks . Dyble , Louise Nelson ; the Golden Gate Bridge ( 2009 ) . Paying the Toll : Local Power , Regional Politics . University of Pennsylvania Press . Friend , Tad ( October 13 , 2003 ) . `` Jumpers : The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . The New Yorker . 79 ( 30 ) . p. 48 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Guthman , Edward ; an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lethal Beauty / The Allure : Beauty '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Schwartz , Harvey ( 2015 ) . Building the Golden Gate Bridge : A Workers ' Oral History . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0295995069 . Starr , Kevin ( 2010 ) . Golden Gate : The Life and Times of America 's Greatest Bridge . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 534 - 3 . Steel , Eric ( 2006 ) . The Bridge . ( Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies '' . Vibrationdata.com. April 5 , 2006 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Golden Gate Bridge ( category ) Official website Links for Golden Gate Bridge at DMOZ `` Images of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . San Francisco Public Library 's Historical Photograph database . Marshal ' J ' ( Narrator ) ( 1962 ) . `` The Bridge Builders '' . KPIX - TV . ( A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge . )",
"25": "`` Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge '' . Batolls.info . `` San Francisco To Have World 's Greatest Bridge '' . Popular Science . March 1931 . `` Golden Gate Bridge facts '' . sftodo.com . ( Educational poster . ) `` End of Land Sadness -- The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge Movie . ( hide ) Crossings of the San Francisco Bay West Pacific Ocean Golden Gate Bridge East North Bay : Richmond - San Rafael Bridge South Bay : Transbay Tube BART World 's longest suspension bridge span Preceded by George Washington Bridge Golden Gate Bridge 1937 -- 1964 Superseded by Verrazano -- Narrows Bridge San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas - Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Corona Heights",
"26": "Crissy Field Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks / Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square / Painted Ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell - Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Sports San Francisco Giants AT&T Park Candlestick Park Kezar Stadium Food and drink Anchor Steam Boudin Bakery Buena Vista Cafe Dungeness crab Ghirardelli Square Tadich Grill Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar Top of the Mark Shopping Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Westfield San Francisco Centre National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco San Francisco Bay watershed Outline Hydrography Ecology List of tributaries List of lakes Subdivisions Major San Francisco Bay Suisun Bay San Pablo Bay Minor Golden Gate Grizzly Bay Richardson Bay San Rafael Bay Richmond",
"27": "Inner Harbor San Leandro Bay Former Yerba Buena Cove Mission Bay Waterways Rivers San Joaquin Sacramento Napa Guadalupe Petaluma Creeks ( discharging into the Bay ) Alameda Baxter Cerrito Codornices Coyote ( Santa Clara ) Coyote ( Marin ) San Leandro San Lorenzo Schoolhouse Temescal Sausal Redwood San Mateo Sonoma Corte Madera Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio San Rafael Miller Novato Tolay San Francisquito Pacheco Alhambra Adobe Rodeo Refugio Pinole Garrity Rheem Karlson San Pablo Castro Wildcat Fluvius Innominatus Marin ( Alameda County ) Strawberry Easton Mission Creek Reservoirs Calaveras Reservoir Lafayette Reservoir Straits and estuaries Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Carquinez Strait Oakland Estuary Raccoon Strait Parks and protected areas Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge Eden Landing Ecological Reserve Hayward Regional Shoreline Hayward Shoreline Interpretive Center Crown Memorial State Beach Eastshore State Park Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve Point Isabel Regional Shoreline César Chávez Park Brooks Island Regional Shoreline Point Pinole Regional Shoreline Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge Coyote Point Park Middle Harbor Shoreline Park National Estuarine Research Reserve China Camp State Park San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park SF Bay Trail Oyster Bay Regional Shoreline Big Break Regional Shoreline Islands and peninsulas Major islands Alameda Alcatraz Angel",
"28": "Treasure Island Yerba Buena Minor Brooks Bair Bay Farm Belvedere Brother Castro Rocks Coast Guard Greco Mare Red Rock The Sisters Marin Islands Roe Ryer Seal Islands Peninsulas / infill Albany Bulb Point Isabel Foster City Fleming Point Hunters Point Steamboat Point Potrero Point Wetlands Chelsea Cordelia Crissy Field Hoffman Meeker Mowry Napa Sonoma Point Molate Seal Stege Suisun Westpoint Bridges and tubes Bridges San Francisco -- Oakland Eastern span replacement Richmond -- San Rafael San Mateo -- Hayward Dumbarton Golden Gate Benicia -- Martinez Antioch Carquinez Leimert Park Street Fruitvale High Street Bay Farm Island Tubes Posey / Webster Street Transbay Ports and marinas Port of San Francisco Port of Oakland Port of Richmond San Francisco Naval Shipyard Mare Island Naval Shipyard Port of Redwood City Berkeley Marina Oyster Point Marina / Park Clipper Yacht Harbor Westpoint Harbor Foster City Marina ( proposed ) Other Discovery Site Humphrey the Whale Cosco Busan oil spill Delta and Dawn Golden Gate Biosphere Reserve California clapper rail Reber Plan San Leandro Oyster Beds Thicktail chub Delta smelt Richmond Shipyards U.S.",
"29": "Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model Guadalupe Watershed Clifton Court Forebay Conservation and Development Commission The Watershed Project Save The Bay Harold Gilliam Marincello Citizens for East Shore Parks Friends of Five Creeks Urban Creeks Council Cargill salt infill Ferry service / SF Bay Ferry 1971 oil spill Greenbelt Alliance The Bay Institute San Francisco Baykeeper San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science Water Trail Estuary Partnership Leslie Salt Portal VIAF : 235599832 GND : 4271721 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Gate_Bridge&oldid=807037147 '' Categories : Golden Gate Bridge 1937 establishments in California Art Deco architecture in California Bridges by Joseph Strauss Bridges completed in 1937 Bridges in San Francisco Bridges in Marin County , California Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways California Historical Landmarks California State Route 1 Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Landmarks in San Francisco Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area Pedestrian bridges in California Road bridges in California Roads with a reversible lane San Francisco Designated Landmarks Suspension bridges in California Symbols of California Toll bridges in California U.S. Route 101 Tourist attractions in Marin County , California Works Progress Administration in California Open - spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States Steel bridges in the United States Truss bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles using Template : Infobox bridge with clearance Pages using Infobox bridge with extra All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND",
"30": "identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски",
"31": "മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7037852711673324115
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what type of car is a g wagon
|
[
"Mercedes-Benz G-Class",
"Mercedes-Benz",
"a mid-size four-wheel drive luxury SUV manufactured by Magna Steyr (formerly Steyr-Daimler-Puch) in Austria and sold by Mercedes-Benz",
"mid-size four-wheel drive luxury SUV"
] |
{
"0": "Mercedes - Benz G - Class - wikipedia Mercedes - Benz G - Class Jump to : navigation , search Mercedes - Benz G - Class Mercedes - Benz G 350 BlueTEC ( W463 ) Overview Manufacturer Daimler - Benz ( 1979 - 1998 ) DaimlerChrysler ( 1999 - 2007 ) Daimler AG ( 2007 - present ) Also called Mercedes - Benz G - Wagen ( 1979 -- present ) Puch G Production SUV : 1979 -- present Pickup truck : 2013 -- 2015 ( 69 made ) Assembly Graz , Austria Tiaret , Algeria ( 200 BA6 G Class ) Thessaloniki , Greece Body and chassis Class Mid-size luxury SUV Heavy duty luxury pickup truck Related Peugeot P4 Rheinmetall LIV ( SO ) ( aka AGF ) Interim Fast Attack Vehicle The Mercedes - Benz G - Class , sometimes called G - Wagen ( short for Geländewagen , `` cross country vehicle '' ) , is a mid-size four - wheel drive luxury SUV manufactured by Magna Steyr ( formerly Steyr - Daimler - Puch ) in Austria and sold by Mercedes - Benz . In certain markets , it has been sold under the Puch name as Puch G . The G - wagen is characterized by its boxy styling and body - on - frame construction . It uses three fully locking differentials , one of the few vehicles to have such a feature . Despite the introduction of an intended replacement , the unibody SUV Mercedes - Benz GL - Class in 2006 , the G - Class is still in production and is one of the longest produced Mercedes - Benz in Daimler 's history , with a span of 35 years . Only the Unimog surpasses it . The G - class was developed as a military vehicle from a suggestion by the Shah of Iran ( at the time a significant Mercedes shareholder ) to Mercedes and offered as a civilian version in 1979 . In this role it is sometimes referred to as the `` Wolf '' . The Peugeot P4 was a variant made under license in France with a Peugeot engine .",
"1": "It was not available from Mercedes - Benz in the United States until 2002 , although this was preceded by a grey - market where even basic models commanded six - figure prices in the 1990s . It was launched in 2002 as the Mercedes - Benz G500 with a V - 8 petrol engine and achieved 3114 sales that year . This eventually tapered down to some sub-1000 sales years , however , in the 2010s sales began to increase again surpassing 3000 in 2014 and in 2015 it sold more than in its launch year , with 3616 sold that year . In 2016 this increased to 3950 in the United States . Canada saw a similar increase , which , although is a smaller market saw sales increase from 127 in 2012 to over 400 in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 G - Wagen 460 and 461 2.1 G - Wagen 461 2.2 460 models 2.3 461 models 3 G - Class 463 3.1 1997 update 3.2 W463 - based military , parapublic and utility versions 3.3 463 Worker / Professional / Greenline 3.4 2005 update 3.4. 1 Grand Edition ( 2006 ) 3.4. 2 Production 3.5 2006 update 3.5. 1 G 55 AMG Kompressor ( 2006 -- ) 3.5. 2 Engines 3.5. 3 Transmissions 3.6 2007 update 3.6. 1 Engines 3.6. 2 Transmissions 3.7 2008 update 3.7. 1 Engines 3.8 2009 update 3.8. 1 G 500 Guard ( 2009 ? - ) 3.8. 2 G - Class LIMITED. 30 and G - Class EDITION. PUR ( 2009 ) 3.8. 3 G 55 AMG KOMPRESSOR `` Edition 79 '' ( 2009 ? - ) 3.8.",
"2": "4 G 350 BlueTEC ( 2010 -- ) 3.8. 5 G - Wagon 280 CDI Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle 5.4 ( 2010 ? - ) 3.8. 6 Mercedes - Benz G - Wagon Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle 6. X CONCEPT ( 2010 ) 3.8. 7 BA3 Final Edition , Edition Select ( 2011 -- ) 3.8. 8 G - Class Professional 3.8. 9 G 55 AMG long `` mastermind '' Limited ( 2012 ) 3.8. 10 Vehicle models 3.8. 11 Engines 3.8. 12 Transmissions 3.8. 13 Production 3.8. 14 Marketing 3.9 2012 update 3.9. 1 G - Class Professional ( 2012 -- ) 3.9. 2 G63 AMG , G65 AMG ( 2012 -- ) 3.9. 3 Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle 6.1 , G - Class 6x6 ( 2012 -- ) 3.9. 4 Ener - G - Force ( 2012 ) 3.9. 5 G63 AMG 6x6 ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 3.9. 6 G 550 Night Edition ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 3.9. 7 G - Class Cabriolet `` Final Edition '' ( 2013 -- ) 3.9. 8 G 500 4 × 42 3.9. 9 Mercedes - Maybach G 650 Landaulet ( 2017 -- ) 3.9. 10 Engines 3.9. 11 Transmissions 3.9. 12 Production 3.9. 13 Marketing 3.10 Previous models 4 Second generation ( W464 ; 2019 -- ) 5 Military operators 6 Body styles 7 Reception 8 Motorsport 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 9.2.",
"3": "1 General 9.2. 2 Workshop manuals 10 See also 11 External links History ( edit ) Puch G Very early , carburetted Mercedes - Benz 230 G Cabriolet Development started in 1972 , focusing on off - road abilities and maximum safety and comfort ; with a cooperative agreement between Daimler - Benz and Steyr - Daimler - Puch in Graz , Austria . Mercedes - Benz engineers in Stuttgart were in charge of design and testing , while the team in Graz developed the production plans . The first wooden model was presented to Daimler - Benz management in 1973 , with the first drivable prototype beginning various testing including German coalfields , the Sahara Desert , and the Arctic Circle in 1974 . Construction commenced on a new production facility in Graz , where the new cross-country vehicle would be assembled nearly entirely by hand in 1975 , with production of the `` G Model '' beginning in Graz in 1979 . In 1980 , the Vatican took delivery of a specially made G - Wagen outfitted with a clear thermoplastic top which served as the Popemobile . The `` Papa G '' later took up permanent residence at the Mercedes - Benz Museum in Stuttgart , Germany . The first major refinements were introduced in 1981 , including an automatic transmission , air conditioning , an auxiliary fuel tank , protective headlamp grilles and a cable winch . Fuel injection became available in 1982 , when the 230 GE was introduced in Turin , along with more comfortable and supportive front seats , auxiliary heating , wider tires and fender flares . For 1985 , differential locks , central door locking and a tachometer became standard and by 1986 over 50,000 G Models had been produced . The G - Wagen was facelifted in 1990 . In 1989 , for the 10th anniversary of the G Model , a new model variant with permanent 4 - wheel drive , a wood - trimmed interior and optional Anti-lock Braking System ( ABS ) debuted at the Frankfurt International Motor Show . Production began the following April . For 1992 , a new sub-series for professional users began production . The civilian model began to offer cruise control , a stainless - steel spare - tire cover , running boards and Burl Walnut wood interior trim .",
"4": "The same year , the 100,000 th G Model was built in Graz . In 1994 , the model line was officially renamed the G - Class . Ventilated front disc brakes and a driver 's air bag became standard . In 1996 the automatic transmission became an electronically controlled 5 - speed unit . Headlamp washers , cruise control and a front passenger 's air bag were added . In 1998 , the range - topping G 500 with a 296 hp V 8 was introduced for series production . For 1999 a limited run of V 8 powered `` G 500 Classic '' special editions marked the model 's 20th anniversary . A multifunction steering wheel was added to all models . Later in the year , the new G 55 AMG debuts as the most powerful G - Class yet , with 354 hp . The U.S. market launch of the G - Class took place in 2001 . New alloy wheels , a chrome grille and body - color bumpers plus a more luxurious cabin were introduced . New dynamic control systems included the Electronic Stability Program ( ESP ) , Brake Assist and the 4 wheel Electronic Traction System ( 4 ETS ) . The G 55 AMG was upgraded in 2004 with a supercharged V 8 engine developing 476 hp . In Siberia in 2006 , a documentary filmmaker was the first foreigner to reach the world 's coldest region with a passenger vehicle in winter , driving a stock G 500 nearly 19,000 km without a single breakdown , in temperatures as frigid as − 63 _̊ F / - 53 ° C . A new version was expected for 2007 , but the new GL - Class did not replace the G - Wagen , and it will continue to be hand - built in Graz , Austria at an annual production of 4,000 to 6,000 units . In February 2009 , Magna Steyr , an operating unit of Magna International , announced that it signed an agreement with Daimler AG to extend the production of the Mercedes - Benz G - Class at Magna Steyr in Graz , Austria until 2015 . Besides the production , the further development of the G - Class by Daimler 's subsidiary Mercedes - Benz Consult Graz since 1992 .",
"5": "For 2007 the output of the G 55 AMG was raised to an even 500 hp . Bi Xenon headlamps , corner - illuminating front foglamps and new scratch - resistant nano - particle paint finishes were offered for the first time . In 2008 more - refined instrumentation and controls were included in the G - Class cabin , along with the COMAND system with hard - drive - based navigation , a rear view camera , voice control , Bluetooth and a Tire Pressure Monitoring System . The Vatican receives a new white `` Popemobile '' based on a G 500 . 2009 marked the 30th anniversary of the vehicle , with over 200,000 units having been manufactured in Graz since 1979 . G - Wagen 460 and 461 ( edit ) 460 / 461 Overview Production 1979 -- 1990 ( 460 ) 1990 -- 2001 ( 461 ) Body and chassis Body style 3 - door SWB 2 - door SWB convertible 3 - door SWB van 3 - door LWB van 5 - door LWB station wagon Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / Four - wheel drive Platform Mercedes - Benz 460 Powertrain Engine 2.0 L I4 2.3 L I4 2.8 L I6 Petrol 2.4 L I4 diesel 2.5 L I5 diesel 3.0 L I5 diesel 2.9 L I5 turbodiesel Transmission 4 - speed manual 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,400 mm ( 94.5 in ) or 2,850 mm ( 112.2 in ) Mercedes - Benz G - Class 2 - door The original 460 - series Geländewagen went on sale in 1979 , after having debuted in February of that year . It was offered with two wheelbases , a short wheelbase ( SWB ) of 2,400 mm and a long one ( LWB ) of 2,850 mm . One could choose between three body styles : A two - door short wheelbase convertible , a two - door SWB wagon and a long wheelbase four - door wagon .",
"6": "The two wagon versions were also available as windowless two - door Vans ( or Kastenwagen in German ) . While always assembled in Graz , the car was sold as the Puch G only in the Austrian , Swiss , and Eastern European markets . During the G - wagen 's life span many a different body style was made for army and public - service clients , like the Popemobile , the pickup or the chassis / cab with a wheelbase of 2,850 , 3,120 or 3,400 mm , the chassis / cab being the base vehicle for army - ambulances or communication vehicles . Because of the sheer variety of military versions , this article focuses on the more standardized civilian G - Wagen . The 460 was popular with military and off - road enthusiasts , with more than 50,000 built in the first decade . Mercedes - Benz initially did not sell the model in the United States , but by means of `` casual importation '' grey - market in the mid-1980s , importers sold a number of G - Wagens which had been modified to meet the specifications by the US DOT , at about $135,000 . G - Wagen 461 ( edit ) Mercedes G - Classe Edition Pur The 461 is the dedicated military and parapublic service model , produced from 1990 until 2001 . The 462 designation was used on ELBO - made Greek army verhicles . The Peugeot P4 had its own designations . 460 models ( edit ) 200 GE -- M102E20 2.0 L I4 , 109 PS ( 80 kW ) at 5,200 rpm , ( only sold in Italy and a few other markets ) 230 G -- M115 2.3 L I4 , 102 hp ( 75 kW ) , 127 lb ft ( 172 N m / 3,000 rpm ) 230 GE -- M102E23 2.3 L I4 , 125 PS ( 92 kW ) at 5,000 rpm , 141 lb ft ( 192 N m / 4,000 rpm ) 280 GE -- M110E 2.8 L I6 , 156 hp ( 115 kW ) , 166 lb ft ( 226 N m / 4,",
"7": "250 rpm ) 240 GD -- OM616 2.4 L Diesel I4 , 72 PS ( 53 kW ) at 4,400 rpm , 101 lb ft ( 137 N m / 2,400 rpm ) 250 GD -- OM602 2.5 L Diesel I5 , 84 hp ( 62 kW ) , 113 lb ft ( 154 N m / 2,800 rpm ) 300 GD -- OM617 3.0 L Diesel I5 , 88 PS ( 65 kW ) at 4,400 rpm , 126 lb ft ( 172 N m / 2,400 rpm ) 461 models ( edit ) 230 GE -- M102E23 2.3 L I4 , 125 hp ( 92 kW ) , 140 lb ft ( 192 N m / 4000 rpm ) 290 GD -- OM602D29 2.9 L Diesel I5 , 95 hp ( 71 kW ) 290 GD TD -- OM602DLA29 2.9 L Diesel I5 ( turbocharged ) , 92 kW ( 123 hp ) G - Class 463 ( edit ) 463 Overview Production 1990 -- present Body and chassis Body style 3 - door SWB 2 - door SWB convertible 5 - door LWB station wagon Layout Front engine / Four - wheel drive Platform Mercedes - Benz W463 Related KSU Gazal - 1 Powertrain Engine 5.0 L V8 5.4 L supercharged V8 5.5 L twin - turbo V8 6.0 L twin - turbo V12 2.9 L V6 Diesel 4.0 L V8 Diesel Transmission 5 - speed / 7 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 2,400 mm ( 94.5 in ) or 2,850 mm ( 112.2 in ) Length Pre-2003 : 4,661 mm ( 183.5 in ) 2004 -- 09 : 4,714 mm ( 185.6 in ) ( LWB ) 2010 -- : 4,686 mm ( 184.5 in ) Width Pre-2003 : 1,",
"8": "760 mm ( 69.3 in ) 2004 -- 09 : 1,811 mm ( 71.3 in ) 2004 -- 09 AMG : 1,864 mm ( 73.4 in ) 2010 -- : 1,824 mm ( 71.8 in ) 2010 -- AMG : 1,857 mm ( 73.1 in ) Height 2004 -- 09 : 1,976 mm ( 77.8 in ) Pre-2003 : 1,836 mm ( 72.3 in ) 2010 -- : 1,930 mm ( 76.0 in ) Kerb weight 2,580 kg ( 5,690 lb ) ( G55 AMG ) The chassis was significantly revised for 1990 , and resulted in the new 463 G - Class . Equipped with anti-lock brakes , full - time 4WD and a trio of electric locking differentials . The interior was totally upgraded , finished with wooden accents and optional leather upholstery . The 463 features a larger choice of engines , with the V8 - powered 500 GE added in 1993 . The 500 GE was produced in limited numbers for just two years . Steering wheel was revised for 1993 model year . All 463 G - Wagens began using Mercedes - Benz 's new letter - first naming scheme in 1994 , as well as another major steering wheel revision which included driver airbags . 1997 update ( edit ) The range was refreshed again in 1997 , including the introduction of a power - topped convertible and two new engines , the 2.9 L Turbo Diesel and the V6 - powered ( M112 motor ) G320 -- previous years ' G320s were outfitted with the M104 I6 . The V8 G - wagen returned with a new engine in 1998 as the G500 , with official sales beginning in the United States in 2002 at $75,000 . The 354 hp ( 260 kW ) G55 AMG cemented the vehicle in the American market , becoming a vehicle of choice for many celebrities . Since 2000 model year , steering wheel has been revised with control buttons .",
"9": "W463 - based military , parapublic and utility versions ( edit ) Since the classic W461 ended production in 2001 , military , parapublic service and utility versions are also based on the W463 driveline . Sometimes , the W461 designation is still used for these 463 Worker / Professional / Greenline ( edit ) G 270 CDI -- OM612 2.7 L Diesel I5 ( turbocharged ) , 156 hp ( 115 kW ) , 294 lb ft ( 400 Nm ) G 280 CDI -- OM642 3.0 L Diesel V6 , 183 hp ( 135 kW ) , 294 lb ft ( 400 Nm ) ( manufactured in both 4 × 4 and 6 × 6 ) G 300 CDI -- OM642 3.0 L Diesel V6 , 183 hp ( 135 kW ) , 294 lb ft ( 400 Nm ) 2005 update ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz considered that 2005 would be the last year they would export the Geländewagen to the USA market ; however , with an order placed by the U.S. Marine Corps for 157 Mercedes - Benz units to replace their aging and limited use Desert Patrol Vehicle with a more modern and militarized Interim Fast Attack Vehicle , the manufacturer continued to offer the vehicle in the US market . To celebrate the supposed end of US market Geländewagens , 500 examples of the `` Grand Edition '' model were made available . All `` Grand Edition '' are marked with external Grand Edition badging on the front fenders as well as silver plaque with specific series number `` xxx of 500 '' on the interior of the vehicle . Also new for the 2005 model year was the first supercharged G55 AMG model , boasting a 469 hp ( 350 kW ) V8 engine . So equipped , a G55 AMG was able to achieve 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) in 5.4 seconds . The G550 went from 0 to 60 mph in 7.2 seconds , while it took the G55 AMG 5.2 seconds . Brabus G V12 Biturbo Various automobile tuners such as AMG , Brabus , Lorinser , Carlsson , A.R.T.",
"10": ", and RENNtech have all modified the engine , interior , and exterior . It was rumored that , with military contracts for the G - Class completed , production of the old G - wagen in Graz , Austria would cease in 2006 . However , reports state that production of the current G - wagen will continue for the foreseeable future , alongside its once - intended replacement , the GL - Class ( X164 ) . An outcry among enthusiasts who admired the G - Class for its tremendous off - road potential , along with its reputation and cachet , showed that a market still existed for such a vehicle . G63 AMG V12 ( 2002 ) The G63 AMG V12 was a special edition for 2002 only with a 6.3 litre longitudinal V12 with 36 valves / 3 valves per cylinder . This engine was also was put into the 2002 S63 AMG V12 which both produced 438 BHP and sent the G63 from 0 - 60 mph in 5.9 seconds , 0.5 seconds quicker than the G55 AMG V8 of that same year . Grand Edition ( 2006 ) ( edit ) It is a version of long wheelbase G 500 and G 400 CDI . It included optional allanite grey magno metallic body colour , brushed aluminium trim strips with integrated `` Grand Edition '' lettering , open - pored , non-embossed natural leather upholstery ; matte - silk wood trim on the dashboard and centre console , as well as illuminated door sills with `` Grand Edition '' lettering . The vehicle went on sale in March 2006 . Production ( edit ) On Nov 11 , 2005 , Dr. Dieter Zetsche , DaimlerChrysler Board of Management member and head of the Mercedes Car Group , announced Magna Steyr would continue production of G - Class vehicles in Graz . 2006 update ( edit ) G 55 AMG Early models include G 320 CDI ( replacing G 270 CDI and G 400 CDI ) , G 500 , G 55 AMG Kompressor . G 320 CDI and G 500 are available in three body variants ( Station Wagon short , Station Wagon long , Cabriolet ) .",
"11": "G 55 AMG Kompressor only available in long Station Wagon body . Delivery of G 320 CDI began in September 2006 . G 55 AMG Kompressor ( 2006 -- ) ( edit ) In the mid-year update , the supercharged engine was updated to increase power to 500 PS ( 368 kW ; 493 hp ) and torque to 700 N ⋅ m ( 516 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2750 -- 4000 rpm via enhanced and retuned engine control unit . Other features included 18 - inch AMG light - alloy wheels in titanium grey with 285 / 55 R 18 wide - base tyres , bi-xenon headlamps , oval foglamps with a cornering light function and ISOFIX child seat attachments in the second seat row , scratch resistant body paint in calcite white , periclase green metallic and teallite blue metallic . The vehicle went on sale in September 2006 , in long Station Wagon body only . Engines ( edit ) Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 500 2006 -- 4,966 cc ( 303 cu in ) V8 ( M 113 E 50 ) 292 PS ( 215 kW ; 288 hp ) @ 5500 , 456 N ⋅ m ( 336 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2800 G 55 AMG Kompressor ( 476 PS ) 2005 - 07 5,439 cc ( 332 cu in ) V8 Supercharger ( M 113 E 55 ML ) 476 PS ( 350 kW ; 469 hp ) @ 6100 , 700 N ⋅ m ( 516 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2650 -- 4500 G 55 AMG Kompressor ( 500 PS ) 2008 -- 10 5,439 cc ( 332 cu in ) V8 Supercharger ( M 113 E 55 ML ) 500 PS ( 368 kW ; 493 hp ) @ 6100 , 700 N ⋅ m ( 516 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2750 -- 4000 Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power ,",
"12": "torque@rpm G 320 CDI 2006 -- 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA ) 224 PS ( 165 kW ; 221 hp ) @ 3800 , 540 N ⋅ m ( 398 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2400 Transmissions ( edit ) Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Types G 500 2006 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - TRONIC ) G 55 AMG 2006 -- 2012 5 - speed automatic ( AMG SPEEDSHIFT ) Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Types G 320 CDI 2006 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - TRONIC ) 2007 update ( edit ) The company showed a facelifted 2007 model at the Paris Auto Show in September 2006 and increased the power of the G55 AMG version from 476 to 500 hp ( 370 kW ) . Mercedes - Benz at the same time also announced that it will continue to manufacture the G - Class through 2015 on the continuing demand worldwide for the model by military and civilian buyers . New options include a reversing camera which shows drivers the scene behind the vehicle on the new COMAND unit 's 6.5 - inch screen , a tire pressure monitoring system whose information appears in the instrument cluster display , a sports exhaust system for the long - wheelbase G 500 Station Wagon from G 55 AMG , the `` ARTICO '' interior package with robust man - made leather appointments , the new `` Cognac '' leather upholstery which extends the previous choice of leather appointments in either black or grey by adding a third , brown tone ( no - cost option for G 500 model ) . The delivery of the vehicles began in mid April 2007 . The `` G '' is available in three body variants , two station wagon versions with a short or long wheelbase . Early engine ranges include G 320 CDI ( replacing G 270 CDI and G 400 CDI ) , G 500 , G 55 AMG . G 55 AMG is only available in long Station Wagon body .",
"13": "Engines ( edit ) Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 500 2007 -- 4,966 cc ( 303 cu in ) V8 ( M 113 E 50 ) 292 PS ( 215 kW ; 288 hp ) @ 5500 , 456 N ⋅ m ( 336 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2800 G 55 AMG 2007 -- 5,439 cc ( 332 cu in ) V8 supercharged ( M 113 E 55 ML ) 507 PS ( 373 kW ; 500 hp ) @ 6100 , 700 N ⋅ m ( 516 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2750 Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 320 CDI 2007 -- 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA ) 224 PS ( 165 kW ; 221 hp ) @ 3800 , 540 N ⋅ m ( 398 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2400 Transmissions ( edit ) Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Types G 500 2007 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - TRONIC ) G 55 AMG 2007 -- 5 - speed automatic ( AG 5 / AMG SPEEDSHIFT ? ) Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Types G 320 CDI 2007 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - TRONIC ) 2008 update ( edit ) Mercedes G 55 extralong version of the Russian president New features include new telematics with Bluetooth hands - free system , new media interface option , standard Audio 20 CD including a built - in six - disc CD changer for G 320 CDI , standard COMAND APS infotainment system with a built - in six - disc DVD changer for G 500 .",
"14": "The COMAND APS also incorporates the new LINGUATRONIC system with extended functionality , with optional Harman Kardon Logic7 surround sound system with 12 high - performance speakers and an output of 450 watts , optional TV tuner and reversing camera . Other options include climatised seats for the driver and front passenger . The vehicles went on sale in September 2008 . Early models include G 320 CDI , G 500 for all body styles : Short - wheelbase Station Wagon , Long - wheelbase Station Wagon ( pictured at right ) , Cabriolet . Engines ( edit ) Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 500 2008 -- 5,461 cc ( 333 cu in ) V8 ( M 273 KE 55 ) 388 PS ( 285 kW ; 383 hp ) @ 6000 , 530 N ⋅ m ( 391 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2800 -- 4800 Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 320 CDI 2008 -- 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA ) 224 PS ( 165 kW ; 221 hp ) @ 3800 , 540 N ⋅ m ( 398 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2400 2009 update ( edit ) New features include ergonomically optimised front seats , modernised the rear seat bench , optional climatised multicontour seats . New standard equipment include an Aux - in socket in the glove compartment and the familiar designer ignition key , optional indirect ambient interior lighting , a leather - trimmed dashboard , an extensive Chrome package as well as a media interface to connect an iPod , USBor Aux devices add to the feel - good factor on board . New body colour choices include palladium silver metallic , designo platinum magno matt finish . Early models include G 350 CDI ( replacing G 320 ) , G 500 , G 55 AMG .",
"15": "G 350 CDI and G 500 are available in three body variants ( short Station Wagon , long Station Wagon and Cabriolet ) , while G 55 AMG is only available in four - door long Station Wagon body . US models went on sale as 2010 vehicles , which included G55 AMG . Taiwan models included G 350 CDI long Station Wagon , G 500 long Station Wagon , G 55 AMG in 2010 , followed by G 350 CDI short Station Wagon in 2011 in limited quantities ( 20 units ) . G 350 BlueTEC long Station Wagon was added in 2Q 2012 . G 500 Guard ( 2009 ? - ) ( edit ) It is an armoured version of G 500 long Station Wagon with bullet resistance level FB6 or FB7 , Touchshift 7 ‐ speed automatic transmission . G - Class limited 30 and G - Class Edition PUR ( 2009 ) ( edit ) EDITION. PUR is a long - wheelbase station wagon based on the G 280 CDI from the 461 model series . It includes all - terrain tyres in size 265 / 75 R 16 on aluminium rims , flexible wheel arch flaring , protective grilles for the headlamps and lights , optional a walk - on bonnet , a towing lug at the front , a two - section rear door , four individual seats upholstered in hard - wearing fabric or man - made leather , rubber floor coverings in the passenger compartment , spray - protected controls and drainage apertures in the footwells . Optional features include load compartment with a wood floor , load - securing rings and rails . LIMITED. 30 model is a long - wheelbase station wagon based on G 500 from G 463 model series . It includes designo platinum black body colour , light - alloy wheels and LIMITED. 30 lettering on the wings , designo leather in the colour `` chablis '' and designo wood trim in anthracite poplar . G 55 AMG Kompressor `` Edition 79 '' ( 2009 ? - ) ( edit ) It is a version of G 55 AMG for Middle East market , inspired by the sales start of the series in 1979 .",
"16": "It included designo magno alanite grey body colour from SLS AMG , a crash bar at the front , carbon - look side trim strips , 19 - inch AMG light - alloy wheels in a titanium finish , chromed protective grilles for the front indicators , tail lights and the underguard ; designo leather seats in black / sand , solid carbon - fibre trim , Edition logo `` 1 out of 79 '' positioned in front of the selector lever . The vehicle was unveiled in 2009 Dubai International Motor Show . G 350 BlueTEC ( 2010 -- ) ( edit ) It is the first G - Class vehicle with BlueTEC Diesel engine . It includes electronically controlled traction system 4ETS , the Electronic Stability Program ( ESP ) and three differential locks selectable at the push of a button , permanent all - wheel drive with off - road ratio , 7G - TRONIC seven - speed automatic transmission . AdBlue tank has rated range of 12,000 kilometres . The vehicle was unveiled in 2010 Geneva International Motor Show . Production model was sold in three body variants ( short - wheelbase Station Wagon , long - wheelbase Station Wagon and Convertible ) . G - Wagon 280 CDI light armoured Patrol vehicle 5.4 ( 2010 ? - ) ( edit ) Available in five doors and fully armoured crew and cargo compartments or with four doors and an armoured crew compartment and unprotected rear body structure , it is an armoured version of G 280 CDI with engine rated 184 PS ( 135 kW ; 181 hp ) and 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2600 , 5 - speed automatic transmission . Mercedes - Benz G - Wagon Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle 6. X CONCEPT ( 2010 ) ( edit ) It is an armoured patrol vehicle developed with EADS , based on LAPV 5.4 .",
"17": "It included a high torque common rail diesel engine , top speed of 150 km / h , 1.3 tonnes cargo capacity , monocoque full steel body , compact 2850mm wheelbase , modular armour plate including a mine deflector plate on the vehicles floor , adjustable variable lift front and rear coil - over air shock absorbers with maximum 450mm of ground clearance , hydraulic braking system with four ventilated disc brakes , EADS vehicle data recorder system , EADS integrated communication system for UHF or VHF bands , EADS integrated mobile command , control and information system ; EADS jamming system. A10 Warhog The vehicle was unveiled in EUROSATORY 2010 . Ba3 Final Edition , Edition Select ( 2011 -- ) ( edit ) They are versions of G 350 BlueTEC in short wheelbase Station Wagon body and long - wheelbase G 500 with long - wheelbase Station Wagon body , both with 7G - TRONIC seven - speed automatic / Manual transmission . BA3 Final Edition includes 5 - twin - spoke light - alloy wheels with 265 / 60 R 18 tyres , running boards and the spare wheel cover with a 3D Mercedes - Benz star in stainless steel , AMG radiator grille in a 3 - louvre design with chrome highlights .",
"18": "Edition Select model includes 2 - tone body colours ( designo mystic white , palladium silver metallic , thulite red metallic and obsidian black metallic ) , obsidian black metallic bumpers and AMG side flaps and exterior mirrors , running boards and the spare wheel cover with a 3D Mercedes - Benz star in stainless steel , 18 - inch light - alloy wheels in a 5 - twin - spoke design with 265 / 60 R 18 tyres , carbon - fibre look inserts in the protective strips , an underguard and an AMG sports exhaust system , two - tone upholstery in porcelain / black designo leather ( optional Single - tone black designo leather ) , chrome luggage compartment sill protector with `` Mercedes - Benz '' lettering and a radiator grille with chrome inserts , black leather dashboard , armrest , door handles and parking brake lever ; gathered leather inner door panels , black designo velour floor mats with porcelain edging , designo wood trim in black piano lacquer , steering wheel and selector lever are in a leather / piano lacquer combination with contrasting topstitching . Japan version of Edition Select includes G 500 ( as G 550 ) , and went on sale on January 2012 . G - Class Professional ( edit ) Available in G 280 CDI ( long wheelbase station wagon ) and G 300 CDI ( long wheelbase station wagon , panel cab , chassis cab , pickup truck ) , it is a version of G - Class Military for civilian market . It included 3.0 - litre Diesel engine rated 185 PS ( 136 kW ; 182 hp ) , 5 - speed automatic transmission , manual windows , snorkel engine intake , air conditioning , two lockable toolboxes , a flexible map - reading light , drainage plugs in the footwell area , leather - wrapped steering wheel . Long wheelbase station wagon models include 4 seats with fabric upholstery , sliding wood panels at rear cargo compartment . Hong Kong model went on sale in 2011 - 04 - 11 . Early models included G 300 CDI long wheelbase station wagon . In 2014 MBAUP delivered 6 G 300 professional lwb cab chassis for new prototype fire fighting vehicles in Victoria Australia .",
"19": "Commencing late 2015 a `` fire pack '' version of the G300 lwb cab chassis will be delivered for the first of more than 300 of the `` Ultra Light Fire Tankers '' . The Fire pack includes factory fitted reinforced front winch bar and recovery points ( 2 ) rated to 50 kn , 100 amp power supply to the rear of the vehicle , fire protected fuel , electrical and brake lines and a tow bar and rear recovery points as well as enhanced rear body mounts to handle the continuous high weight , extreme operating environment and strength for the industry leading Falling Object Protection System ( FOPS ) that is installed on the vehicles . The fire pack and ULT have been developed jointly by Mercedes and fire vehicle specialists from the Victorian government department responsible for fire management on public land , to meet the need for an extremely capable , off - road , small ( 4500 kg ) , fire truck . The proven toughness of the G Klasse platform combined with an innovative fire vehicle body has set a new standard for the Australian forest fire industry . G 55 AMG long `` mastermind '' limited ( 2012 ) ( edit ) It is a limited ( 5 units ) version of G 55 AMG with four - door long Station Wagon body for Japan market , designed with apparel brand mastermind JAPAN .",
"20": "Vehicle models ( edit ) Availability varies depending on export market G 300 Professional ( 2009 -- 2011 ) -- 3.0 L 2987 cc V6 diesel , ( 135 kW ) , ( 400 N m ) G 350 Bluetec ( 2009 -- present ) -- 3.0 L 2987 cc V6 diesel , 211 hp ( 155 kW ) , ( 540 N m ) G 500 ( 550 in US ) ( 2009 -- present ) -- M273E55 5.5 L 5461 cc V8 , 382 hp ( 285 kW ) , 391 lb ft ( 530 N m ) Engines ( edit ) Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 500 2009 -- 5,461 cc ( 333 cu in ) V8 ( M 273 KE 55 ) 388 PS ( 285 kW ; 383 hp ) @ 6000 , 530 N ⋅ m ( 391 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2800 -- 4800 G 55 AMG 2009 -- 5,439 cc ( 332 cu in ) V8 supercharged ( M 113 E 55 ML ) 507 PS ( 373 kW ; 500 hp ) @ 6100 , 700 N ⋅ m ( 516 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2750 -- 4000 Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 280 CDI 2010 ? - 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA red . ) 184 PS ( 135 kW ; 181 hp ) @ 3800 , 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2600 G 300 CDI 2010 ? - 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA red . )",
"21": "184 PS ( 135 kW ; 181 hp ) @ 3800 , 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2600 G 350 BlueTEC 2010 -- 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA ) 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 3400 , 540 N ⋅ m ( 398 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2400 G 350 CDI 2009 -- 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA ) 224 PS ( 165 kW ; 221 hp ) @ 3800 , 540 N ⋅ m ( 398 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2400 G 500 is sold as G 550 in Japan , United States . Transmissions ( edit ) Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Types G 280 CDI 2010 ? - 5 - speed automatic G 300 CDI 2010 ? - 5 - speed automatic Production ( edit ) Manufacturing contracts with Daimler AG have been renewed for the continued production of Mercedes - Benz 's G - Class at Magna Steyr 's facilities in Graz , Austria , until 2015 now to 2019 end of production because due to legislative reasons . Production of G 300 CDI Professional ended in October 2011 . Marketing ( edit ) The G - Class vehicle appeared in the 2010 movie Sex and the City 2 . As part of Mercedes - Benz 's attempt to demonstrate the off - road capability of G - Class SUV , seven G - Class vehicles took a journey from Halls Creek in Western Australia to Wiluna . However , shock absorbers on six of the vehicles ( 5 civilian G 350 and 1 military models ) were broken during their trip in the corrugations of Canning Stock Route in day 7 .",
"22": "Mercedes - Benz Australia later arranged for the replacement shock absorbers to land in Perth , before transferring to a light plane destined for a remote Aboriginal settlement close to Well 33 , about 1000 km from Wiluna . The parts would be delivered by the sole surviving vehicle , a G - Professional . 2012 update ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz G 63 AMG In June 2012 , the G - Class received some minor modifications to the specification and engine range . The significant changes on the outside are LED running lights and new side mirrors with integrated turn signals ( coinciding with the current design of side mirrors for Mercedes - Benz ) ; also , the AMG has a new bumper and grille . The majority of the G - Class 's upgrades reside under its hood and behind its doors : a new interior and more modern amenities . Interior changes include a re-sculpted dashboard and center console with a relocated COMAND screen and a new colour multifunction screen added to the gauge cluster . The latest MBrace2 telematics system is also on board and now comes standard with DISTRONIC adaptive cruise control , blind - spot monitoring and updated PARKTRONIC backup sensors and rearview camera , together with a revised stability control to enable trailer stabilizing functionality . The vehicles went on sale in June 2012 . Early models included G350 BlueTEC , G500 , G500 Cabriolet , G63 AMG and G65 AMG . The G350 BlueTEC was sold as a long - wheelbase station wagon , the G500 was sold as either a long - wheelbase station wagon or a short - wheelbase cabriolet . US models went on sale in August 2012 as 2013 model year vehicles . Early models included G550 and G63 AMG . Japan models went on sale in 2012 - 08 - 02 . Early models included left - hand drive versions of the G550 , G63 AMG and G65 AMG . Taiwan models went on sale as 2013 model year vehicles . Early models included the G350 BlueTEC , G500 and G63 AMG . The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show ( G350 BlueTEC ). , followed by the 2013 Osaka Motor Show ( G350 BlueTEC ) .",
"23": "G - Class Professional ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) Available as the G300 CDI ( long - wheelbase station wagon , chassis cab , pickup truck ) , it is a stripped - out , more practically - oriented version of the G - Class , specifically created for extreme operations in rugged terrain . It includes a 3.0 - liter Diesel engine rated at 183 PS ( 135 kW ; 180 hp ) and a 5 - speed automatic transmission . G63 AMG , G65 AMG ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) See also : Mercedes - Benz G 65 AMG MB W463 G 63 AMG at Legendy 2014 car show in Prague The G63 comes with the AMG SPEEDSHIFT PLUS 7G - TRONIC transmission and an ECO start / stop function and an AMG sports exhaust system . Furthermore , the suspension / damper settings are adjusted for more dynamic handling characteristics , by using optimised bearings for the automatic gearbox , transfer case and engine , cutting vibration and noise levels . It has AMG 5x2 spoke 9.5 x20 - inch titanium - grey - painted light alloy wheels with high - sheen finish and 275 / 50 R 20 tyres , AMG high - performance brakes 375x36 millimetres front and 330x20 millimetres rear discs , six - piston fixed front brake calliper from the ML63 AMG , single - piston floating rear caliper and red brake caliper colour . The readjusted ESP includes automatic control systems such as the start - up assist and a HOLD function with optional trailer coupling . It has a twin - blade radiator grill with four chrome inserts , an AMG bumper with three airflow inlets and high - gloss chrome stainless steel inserts , new LED daytime running lamps below the bi-xenon headlamps , stainless - steel running boards and side protective strips with stainless - steel inserts , AMG instrument cluster with colour TFT screen , AMG main menu and separate gear display , plus white - lit AMG sills on all doors , E-SELECT shift lever from SLS AMG , and `` designo '' leather upholstery with ruffled leather door paneling .",
"24": "The G65 AMG is based on G63 AMG , but includes a high - gloss chrome radiator grill , 9.5 x20 - inch AMG five - spoke light alloy wheel in titanium grey with high - sheen finish , 275 / 50 R 20 tyres , `` designo '' leather upholstery and the leather instrument panel trim , V12 diamond design of the seats , including the impressed AMG medallion on the headrests , black piano lacquer `` designo '' trim features and `` designo '' foot mats with a V12 badge , and the AMG Performance Studio option ( AMG light alloy wheels in matt black with high - sheen rim flanges ) . The vehicles went on sale in June 2012 in long station - wagon body style only . It went on sale in the USA in 2015 . Light armoured Patrol vehicle 6.1 , G - Class 6x6 ( 2012 -- ) ( edit ) The Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle 6.1 is based on the Mercedes - Benz G - Wagon Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle 6. X CONCEPT . It includes a 3.0 - liter Diesel engine from the 461 series , a tire pressure monitor , 1000 mm water treading depth and a top speed of 140 km / h . The G - Class 6x6 is a truck with 2 rows of seats and with 3 - ton payload capacity . The vehicles were unveiled at Eurosatory 2012 . Ener - G - Force ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz Ener - G Force Mercedes - Benz Ener - G Force It is a concept vehicle based on the concept of a future police car developed for the Los Angeles Design Challenge 2012 . It includes a 3 - panel greenhouse , 20 - inch rims , recycled water in tanks on the roof with a hydrogen converter and hydrogen fuel cells , 4 wheel - hub motors , a `` Terra - Scan '' 360 - degree topography scanner on the roof , side skirts illumination indicating the operating and charge status of the energy packs , a roof rack and additional lamps integrated into the roof . The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 LA Auto Show .",
"25": "G63 AMG 6x6 ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Mercedes - Benz G63 AMG 6x6 A version of the G - Class CDI with five differential locks and six - wheel - drive , half a meter of ground clearance , twin - turbo V8 engine from G63 AMG , AMG SPEEDSHIFT PLUS 7G - TRONIC automatic transmission , increased ground clearance to 460 millimetres with diving depth increased to 1000 millimetres , 18 - inch beadlock wheels , 37 x 12.5 x 18 inch all - terrain tyres , flared wheel arches in carbon fibre , rear load area with stainless - steel roll - over bar , four electrically adjustable , heated and ventilated individual seats , red or light brown exclusive `` designo '' leather interior upholstery , rear compartment with a special center console , the roof liner and pillars in Alcantara covering , rear panel trimmed in leather . The top speed is limited to 160 km / h and it is capable of reaching 100 km / h in around 7 seconds . On February 17 , 2015 GTspirit reported that the G63 AMG 6x6 has been sold out . Mercedes - Benz managed to sell more units of the G63 AMG 6x6 than originally anticipated . The last customer delivery is expected to leave the G - Class factory in Graz , Austria in May , a little over 100 units have been built .",
"26": "Mercedes - Benz G 63 AMG 6x6 The back of the Mercedes - Benz G 63 6x6 Mercedes - Benz G 63 6x6 dashboard Mercedes - Benz G 63 6x6 switches Brabus G 63 700 AMG 6x6 G 550 night Edition ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) It is a limited ( 100 units ) version of G550 , right - side drive for the Japanese market , with obsidian black body colour , porcelain ( 60 units ) or classic red ( 40 units ) `` designo '' leather interior , AMG over fender , exclusive titanium grey paint 18 - inch 5 twin spoke aluminium wheels , `` designo '' leather seats with seat heater , `` designo '' piano lacquer wood interior trim ( black ) , Alcantara roof liner ( anthracite ) , leather dashboard and `` designo '' floor mats ( black ) . The vehicle went on sale 2013 - 04 - 16 . The vehicle was unveiled at the Mercedes Benz Connection in Roppongi . G - Class Cabriolet `` Final Edition '' ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) It is a limited ( 200 units ) version of the G500 Cabriolet , commemorating the end of the G - Class Cabriolet production , with a collapsible soft top in beige with a draught - stop , beige - coloured tonneau cover , radiator grill in chrome , 5 - spoke light - alloy wheels in titanium grey , `` Final Edition 200 '' monogram on the B - pillar , sand - coloured and black designo leather seats , trim on the centre console in `` designo '' satin - finish light brown poplar wood , leather trim for the front doors , and an AMG performance steering wheel . G 500 4 × 42 ( edit ) Main article : Mercedes - Benz G500 4 × 42 G 500 4 × 42 Right rear quarter view . Shortly after the G63 AMG 6x6 sold out , Mercedes - Benz revealed a G500 4 × 42 bearing strong resemblance to the G63 AMG 6x6 .",
"27": "It 's one axle shorter than the G63 AMG 6x6 but uses a newly developed variable chassis , albeit with the body of the series production G - Class . The G500 4 × 42 is powered by the new 4.0 liter V8 biturbo engine which debuted in the Mercedes - AMG GT and later in the 2015 C63 AMG . It produces 422 hp and 610 Nm of torque which altogether is capable of achieving a 210 km / h top speed . Mercedes - Maybach G 650 landaulet ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) G 650 Landaulet rear view G 650 Landaulet In 2017 was the release of the first SUV under the sub-brand name Mercedes - Maybach which will be built on the basis of the G - Class . The car will be assembled on an elongated platform model Mercedes - Benz G 500 4x42 , whose wheelbase is 3428 mm . The folding fabric roof will be installed on the rear of the vehicle above the 2nd row seats . In addition , the SUV will get the same portal axle , powerful brakes , all locking differentials , but the suspension will be re-designed with extra comfort . Under the hood , there is an AMG - enhanced V12 biturbo engine that produces 630 horsepower . The production will be strictly limited to 99 units .",
"28": "Engines ( edit ) Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 500 2012 -- 5,461 cc ( 333 cu in ) V8 ( M 273 E55 ) 388 PS ( 285 kW ; 383 hp ) @ 6000 , 530 N ⋅ m ( 391 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2800 -- 4800 G 500 Cabriolet 2012 -- 2013 5,461 cc ( 333 cu in ) V8 ( M 273 E55 ) 388 PS ( 285 kW ; 383 hp ) @ 6000 , 530 N ⋅ m ( 391 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2800 -- 4800 G 63 AMG 2012 -- 5,461 cc ( 333 cu in ) V8 twin turbo ( M 157 DE 55 AL ) 544 PS ( 400 kW ; 537 hp ) @ 5500 , 760 N ⋅ m ( 561 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2000 -- 5000 G 65 AMG 2012 -- 5,980 cc ( 365 cu in ) V12 twin turbo ( M 275 E 60 AL and M 279 E 60 AL ( Starting 2015 ) ) 612 PS ( 450 kW ; 604 hp ) @ 4300 -- 5600 , 1,000 N ⋅ m ( 738 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2300 -- 4300 Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Type Power , torque@rpm G 300 CDI ( 183PS ) 2012 -- 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA red . ) 183 PS ( 135 kW ; 180 hp ) @ 3800 , 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2800 G 300 CDI ( 184PS ) 2013 ? - 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA red . )",
"29": "184 PS ( 135 kW ; 181 hp ) @ 3800 , 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2800 G 350 BlueTEC 2012 -- 2,987 cc ( 182 cu in ) V6 turbo ( OM 642 DE 30 LA ) 211 PS ( 155 kW ; 208 hp ) @ 3400 , 540 N ⋅ m ( 398 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 -- 2400 G 500 is sold as G 550 in Canada , Japan , United States . Transmissions ( edit ) Petrol engines ( hide ) Model Years Types G 500 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - TRONIC PLUS ) G 500 Cabriolet 2012 -- 2013 7 - speed automatic ( 7G - TRONIC PLUS ) G 63 AMG 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( AMG SPEEDSHIFT PLUS 7G - TRONIC ) G 65 AMG 2012 -- 7 - speed automatic ( AMG SPEEDSHIFT PLUS 7G - TRONIC ) Diesel engines ( hide ) Model Years Types G 300 CDI ( 183PS ) 2012 -- 5 - speed automatic G 300 CDI tomatic G 350 BlueTec Production ( edit ) Production of G63 AMG 6x6 was set to begin in third quarter of 2013 by Magna Steyr . As of July 19 , 2013 , the Mercedes - Benz G - Class 300 CDI started replacing the Swiss army 's PUCH 230 GE all - terrain vehicles , with the 4 - seater station wagon variant accounting for 75 % of the planned procurement volume for Mercedes - Benz G - models , and the chassis variant for shelter - type bodies making up the remaining 25 % . Marketing ( edit ) The G - Class is used in the 2013 film A Good Day to Die Hard . Previous models ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz 300GD , 1983 model year ( back view ) Mercedes - Benz 300GD ,",
"30": "1983 model year ( front ) 200 GE -- M102E20 1,997 cc I4 , 109 PS ( 80 kW ) ( only sold in Italy ) -- later rebadged G 200 230 GE -- M102E23 2,299 cc I4 , 125 PS ( 92 kW ) , 140 lb ft ( 192 N m / 4000 rpm ) - later rebadged G 230 300 GE -- M103 3.0 L I6 -- later rebadged G 300 , 168 hp ( 125 kW ) at 5,000 rpm , 173 lb ft ( 235 N m / 4500 rpm ) 250 GD -- OM602 2.5 L Diesel I5 , 94 hp ( 69 kW ) , 116 lb ft ( 158 N m / 2600 rpm ) ( very few were produced ) 300 GD -- OM603 3.0 L Diesel I6 -- later rebadged G 300 Diesel , 111 hp ( 83 kW / 4600 rpm ) , 141 lb ft ( 191 N m / 2700 -- 2900 rpm ) 350 GD Turbodiesel -- OM603D35A 3.5 L Diesel I6 ( turbocharged ) , 136 hp ( 100 kW ) , 244 lb ft ( 330 N m ) - later rebadged G 350 Turbodiesel 500 GE -- M117 5.0 L V8 , 236 hp ( 174 kW ) 500 GE 6.0 AMG -- M117E60 6.0 L V8 , 331 hp ( 243 kW ) G 300 - M102 3.0 G 320 -- M104 3.2 L I6 , 217 hp ( 161 kW ) , 229 lb ft ( 310 N m ) G 36 AMG -- M104E36 3.6 L I6 , 258 hp ( 190 kW ) , 273 lb ft ( 370 N m ) G 300 Turbodiesel -- OM606D30LA 3.0 L Diesel I6 ( turbocharged ) , 177 hp ( 130 kW / 4400rpm ) ,",
"31": "244 lb ft ( 330 N m / 1600 - 3600rpm ) G 320 -- M112 3.2 L V6 , 215 hp ( 158 kW ) , 221 lb ft ( 300 N m / 2800 - 4800rpm ) G 500 -- M113E50 5.0 L V8 , 296 hp ( 218 kW ) , 336 lb ft ( 456 Nm ) G 55 AMG -- M113E55 ( 2002 -- 2004 ) -- 32V 5.4 L V8 , 354 hp ( 260 kW ) G 55 AMG ( 2005 -- 2012 ) -- M113E55ML 5.4 L 5439 cc V8 supercharged , 507 hp ( 373 kW ) , 514 lb ft ( 700 N m ) G 63 AMG -- V 12 N / A , 444 hp ( 326 kW ) , ( 620 N m / 4400 rpm ) G 270 CDI -- OM612 2.7 L Diesel I5 ( turbocharged ) , 156 hp ( 115 kW ) , 294 lb ft ( 400 Nm ) G 400 CDI -- OM628 4.0 L Diesel V8 ( turbocharged ) , 250 hp ( 184 kW ) , 411 lb ft ( 560 N m ) G 320 CDI -- OM642 3.0 L Diesel V6 , 224 hp ( 165 kW ) , 397 lb ft ( 540 Nm ) Second generation ( W464 ; 2019 -- ) ( edit ) The Second generation W464 G Class was launched on January 14 , 2018 on the NAIAS Auto Show in Detroit . In contrast to its predecessor , the new G - Class has grown in width by 121 millimeters , and 53 millimeters in length , and now has 6 millimeters more ground clearance . As compared to its predecessor with the same engine , the weight savings are around 170 kilograms . Despite all this , the vehicle visually differs from the W463 very little . Due to the age of the basic concept of the previous model , the technical changes are significant .",
"32": "Among other things , the front axle now has independent suspension instead of a rigid axle ; the rear axle remains solid . The low range gear ratio was shortened from 2.1 : 1 to 2.9 : 1 . The new model now has the familiar digital cockpit from the S - class . At launch only the G550 will be offered . Military operators ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of military Mercedes - Benz G - Class operators Albania Since 2010s , the Albanian Army is using G - Class vehicles . Algeria Since 2010s , the Algerian Army , Gendarmerie Nationale and the Algerian police are using several models of G - Class vehicles 4x4 6x6 G500 . Most of those vehicles are manufactured in Bouchekif factory Tiaret owned by the Algerian army . First G - Class wagons released in 2015 . Argentina Since the 1980s , the Argentine Army has used the MB - 230G ( short and long chassis ) for different purposes . 900 remain in service . Australia In October 2007 , Mercedes - Benz became the preferred tenderer for the Australian Defence Force to replace the fleet of Land Rover Perentie in Project Land 121 Overlander . Mercedes - Benz was the sole tenderer with neither Toyota for the Land Cruiser or Land Rover for the Defender submitting a proposal . In October 2008 , an initial contract for 1200 vehicles was signed . 2,268 vehicles were purchased with ten variants including 6x6 . Australia is the first military customer to receive 6 × 6 vehicles and these are the first six - wheel military vehicles built by Mercedes - Benz since 1941 . Austria The Austrian Army has been a long time user of various Puch G models . A Puch G of the Austrian Army . Belgium The Belgian Police or `` Gendarmerie - Rijkswacht '' has been a long time user of first G500 models .",
"33": "Bulgaria The Bulgarian Army operates 600 + vehicles in various configurations , most of them armed . Bulgarian army G - class with HELBROC insignia Canada A total of 1,159 vehicles have been ordered by the Canadian Army beginning in late 2003 . An armoured kit can be fitted ( or removed ) in 8 hours by three soldiers . Their light armour has been criticised for leading to loss of life in Afghanistan , however it is considerably better than the Iltis predecessor . Delivery of these vehicles to Reserve units has also begun . They will be deployed in armoured reconnaissance units . It is in the final stages of fully replacing the Iltis in most units as the armoured reconnaissance vehicle in use LFCA . Other units will replace the Iltis with a militarized Chevrolet Silverado known as the MILCOTS ( or colloquially as the `` Milverado '' . ) For the most exposed missions in Afghanistan 75 RG - 31 Nyala built by BAE Land Systems OMC , South Africa , will be used . Canadian Army G - Wagens Croatia Croatia bought 300 to 320 vehicles for needs of Croatian army and for operations in Afghanistan additional 30 RG - 31 vehicles were delivered . Croatia uses mix of 4 × 4 vehicles in peacekeepings operations and the G - Class is a very popular choice within the Croatian Army . G - Class is supplemented by Land Rover Wolf and Iveco LMV . Cyprus Denmark The Danish military bought the 240 GD ( / 24 , / 28 and / 34 variants ) to supersede the M151A1 , the Volkswagen 181 ( `` Jagdwagen '' ) and the Land Rover 88 . First deliveries of the 240 GD were in 1985 and later the 290 GD ( / 24 and / 28 variants ) where also introduced . More than 1,300 have been put in service . A few 300 GE 's have also been used -- mainly by the Danish army EOD - services . Currently the Danes are taking delivery of over 2,000 270CDIs in several variants , starting in 2003 . East Timor used by units of Army of the Timor Leste Defence Force .",
"34": "Egypt The Egyptian Army uses the G 320 ( 4 × 4 ) armoured personnel carrier has been designed as a private venture by the Kader Factory for Developed Industries and is based on the chassis of the commercial German Mercedes - Benz MB 320G ( 4 × 4 ) light vehicle . This vehicle is based on the long - wheelbase version of the German Mercedes - Benz G 320 4 × 4 with the chassis frame being modified by a heavy - duty suspension which has been designed to withstand the additional weight imposed by the armour package . Estonia The Estonian Defence Forces have a small number of various G - Class vehicles , which were purchased to replace the outdated UAZ and Volkswagen Iltis vehicles . Finland The Finnish Army uses the Geländewagen mostly as armored vehicles and ambulances , but other versions are also in service . French Army Peugeot P4 's France The French Army has the Peugeot P4 which is a derivative from the G - Class equipped with Peugeot engine and equipment . AGF ( Light infantry vehicle ) of the German special forces A LAPV Enok , the latest armored model of the German Army A Wolf of the German Army Germany The German Armed Forces uses the G - Class under the name `` Wolf '' . Over 12,000 vehicles have been delivered in over 50 versions , ranging from ambulance vehicles to armored vehicles used by the German special forces . In the 1970s the cheaper Volkswagen Iltis was preferred ; now the Iltis is replaced by the `` Wolf '' and the armoured variant LAPV Enok . A Greek Army vehicle in Military Police colours Greece The Greek Army as well as Air Force , Navy and Police have several versions ( 462 ) of the Geländewagen , manufactured by ELBO the Hellenic Vehicles Industry . Hungary The Hungarian Ground Forces have 233 of G - 270 CDI BA 10 , which is mounted with UMF light - machine gun platform , and 5 of G - 280 CDI BA6 C + R SSA FB6 . More will be purchased between 2010 and 2013 .",
"35": "Indonesia Paspampres ( Indonesian Presidential Security forces ) are using G - 270 CDI for their fleet with SIRINA lights , Gunner Roof Mount , Bullbar , Black Grill , Roof and Rear View Mirror Handles . New model of G300 CDI in 2010 acquired not less than 30 units for presidential and vice-presidential escort purposes . The Paspampres uses black G300 CDI with the Military Police in white and ensigns with Indonesian MP insignia . Iraq The Kurdish Peshmerga has 60 `` Wolf '' including 20 lightly armored type to help fight off the ISIL forces . Ireland The Irish Army used a number of G - Wagens as ambulances . Kosovo The KSF use more than 200 Latvia The Latvian Land Forces and Latvian National Guards use different modifications of Geländewagen , including armored . Lithuania The Lithuanian Armed Forces operates approximately 200 formerly Dutch GD vehicles since delivery in 2016 . Luxembourg The Military of Luxembourg uses the 300D variant of the Geländewagen . Norwegian military MB240GD Malaysia Locally built by DEFTECH since 2001 , the G - Wagon is used along with Land Rover Defender as light transport of Malaysian Army . It uses the GD280 chassis . Malaysia Army GD290 Mexico The Mexican naval defense secretary ( SEMAR ) announced in 2008 , a contract to purchase large numbers of Mercedes - Benz military vehicles for the Mexican Marine corps . As of May 16 , 2009 The SEMAR has received 20 of the 84 G - Class vehicles in order . Mongolia The Ministry of Defense of Mongolia operates 10 G - class vehicles ( Wolf ) donated by the German Government in 2010 . Netherlands The Royal Netherlands Army uses various versions of the Mercedes - Benz G - Class , mostly 461 290GD and 290GD TD models with manual gearbox . The Dutch police and Koninklijke Marechaussee also use the G - Class . Most of the police versions are armored 463 models . North Korea The Korean People 's Army appears to have acquired G - class vehicles , some of which were seen on the Korean Worker 's Party 65th anniversary military parade .",
"36": "At the funeral of Kim Jong - il his hearse was flanked by G - Class vehicles . Norway The Norwegian Army bought 240 GD to replace Volvo and Land Rover 4 × 4 vehicles in the mid-1980s , and 300 GD to use as ambulances . The 300GD is also used to transport the launch control station and optical sensors for the NASAMS Air - defense system . During the 90 's 290 GD 's where bought , and in the first half of the 00 's a small number of armoured 270 CDI 's were put into service . Today the Defence Forces operates a total of 3000 vehicles . The escort company of the Norwegian Royal Guard employs a black G500 AMG with police lights on the roof . Poland 96 GD 290 and 25 MB290GD WD in service with Wojska Lądowe. 13 GD 290 in service with the Żandarmeria Wojskowa Portugal The Portuguese Military uses the G - class for light transport along with Toyota Landcruiser , UMM Alter and Land Rover Defender 90 . Russia Police , state security units , military and governmental agencies are using the G - Class . Mostly civilian versions in black . Security escort vehicles for both the President and Prime Minister are black G - 500 and G55 AMG . Serbia The Serbian Military currently uses Puch 300GD model . They also uses the following models in 300GD33 , 300GD6 and 300GD10 variants , for transport of VIP persons in 300GD3 - LUX and 300GD6 - LUX and Special Forces Brigade is use modified version designed for access to combat zone . Singapore The Singapore Army bought the 270 and 290 versions as secondary military transport . It is used in soft - top truck configuration and is known as a 1.5 - tonner or simply `` MB '' to its users . And also some were used also for patrolling in a `` jeep '' form . The Army also deploys the extremely short - wheelbase , soft - top version for its Colonels , Battalion COs , Brigade and Division Commanders as personal field transports . Slovenia The Military of Slovenia uses Mercedes - Benz G - Class vehicles mainly for transport .",
"37": "Slovakia The Armed Forces of Slovak republic uses Mercedes Benz G - 280 CDI in 5th Special Forces Regiment . Sweden The Swedish Army uses MB 290 / T ( 1994 ) MB 290GD ( 2000 ) MB 270 CDI ( 2005 ) The GW is to be the main light terrain vehicle in the Swedish armed forces in the future . In 2011 a framework agreement was signed between FMV and Daimler AG . An initial contract for 105 300 CDI was signed . Switzerland The Swiss Armed Forces uses the 230 with soft top as the primary general purpose carrier , and a hardtop version as mobile radio access point . It is in service since 1985 and gradually replaced Willys Jeeps , Haflinger light transports and Pinzgauer medium transports in the liaison and transport role . All versions in Swiss Army use are unarmed . From 2014 , the Steyr Daimler Puch 230 GE is going to be gradually replaced by the Mercedes - Benz G 300 CDI 4x4 hardtop version , starting with a first series of 3200 vehicles . United Kingdom The British Army used a number of these vehicles in Iraq during Operation Telic , particularly around the Baghdad and Rustamiyah areas . The British Commanders ' - in - Chief Mission to the Soviet Forces in Germany ( BRIXMIS ) also used a small number . An Argentine Army G - Class captured by the British Army during the Falklands War was subsequently used by No. 18 Squadron RAF in West Germany for several years . Ukraine Police , state security units , military and governmental agencies are using the G - Class . Mostly civilian versions in black . Security escort vehicles for both the President and Prime Minister are black G - 500 and G55 AMG . United States USMC IFAV The USMC Interim Fast Attack Vehicle ( IFAV ) is a modified version of the Mercedes - Benz Geländewagen 290 . It replaces the modified M - 151A2 ⁄ ton truck jeep used by the Marines as an FAV in the 1990s . The U.S.",
"38": "Marine Corps acquired 157 of the IFAVs distributed as follows : ( I ) Marine Expeditionary Force ( MEF ) Camp Pendleton , CA ( 33 ) ; ( II ) MEF Camp Lejeune , NC ( 25 ) ; ( III ) MEF on Okinawa , Japan ( 27 ) ; ( IV ) 17 Force Recon , Afghanistan ( 22 ) ; ( V ) 3 Force Recon Bn , Iraq ( 23 ) ; ( VI ) 1st Provisional DMZ Police Company , Korea ( 15 ) ; and ( VII ) various miscellaneous ( 12 ) Body styles ( edit ) Code Bodywork Wheelbase Notes Convertible with fixed windshield 2400 Only civilian types : 460 and 463 Van 2400 Only 460 / 461 and military types Station Wagon 2400 All types except Professional and Greenline military types Van 2850 Only 460 / 461 / Professional / Worker and military types 5 Pick - up 2850 Only 460 / 461 types and G63 6x6 ( w463 ) 6 Station Wagon 2850 All types 7 Convertible with folding windshield 2400 Only military types 8 Code unused N / A N / A 9 Chassis Cab 3120 Only 460 / 461 and military types 9 , 1 Chassis Cab 3400 Only 460 / 461 / Professional and military types 10 Convertible with folding windshield 2850 Only military types 11 Chassis Double Cab 3120 Only 460 / 461 and military types 11 , 1 Chassis Double Cab 3400 Only 460 / 461 and military types 11 , 2 Chassis Double Cab 6 × 6 3400 Only Greenline military types Reception ( edit ) US The Mercedes - Benz G500 was official launched in 2002 as the G500 , and achieved 3114 sales that year .",
"39": "This eventually tapered down to some sub-1000 sales years , but by the 2010s sales began to increase again surpassing 3000 in 2014 and in 2015 it sold more than in its launch year , 3616 . In 2005 , then Mercedes - AMG Chairman said that one third of all G - Class vehicles sold to civilians are the G55 AMG model . The largest markets for G 55s were California , USA ( in black and silver color mostly ) , and the United Arab Emirates with Dubai ( in white color mostly ) For 2017 the Mercedes - Benz G500 4 × 42 is announced for introduction to the U.S. market as the G550 4x4 ^ 2 as a 2017 model . In the late 1990s the USMC acquired the G - Class model as the Interim Fast Attack Vehicle ( IFAV ) , which was essentially a ' 97 to ' 01 DaimlerChrysler model 290 GDT , a diesel - power 2 - door with a pick - up bed . This was compact and light enough to be transported inside a Sikorsky CH - 53 Sea Stallion Helicopter . Motorsport ( edit ) In 1983 a specially modified 280 GE won the Paris -- Dakar Rally driven by Jacky Ickx and Claude Brasseur . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Algerian factory unveils new locally assembled truck for Algerian military '' . Db-defenceweb.co.za . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cross country 1 / 4 ton military jeeps '' . ELBO . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz G - Class review '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz G - Class to be produced till 2020 '' . MSN Arabia . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 7 August 2012 .",
"40": "Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz G - Wagen , Austria '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Büschi , Hans - Ulrich , ed. ( 5 March 1987 ) . Automobil Revue 1987 ( in German and French ) . 82 . Berne , Switzerland : Hallwag AG . p. 382 . ISBN 3 - 444 - 00458 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz Consult Graz -- Services -- Success story '' . Mercedes-benz-consult-graz.at . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Automobil Revue 1987 , p. 384 Jump up ^ While competitors change -- the `` G '' remains Jump up ^ While competitors change -- the `` G '' remains Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G - Class : Legendary Off - Roader will remain part of the Mercedes product lineup Jump up ^ Mercedes To Continue Producing G - Class Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz prepares the G - Class for the future : Forever young Jump up ^ G 55 AMG Kompressor now with 368 kW / 500 hp : Power increase for the AMG classic Jump up ^ AMG - Wagen gets a power boost Jump up ^ `` Mercedes to show face - lifted G - Class ute at upcoming Paris auto show ( ' ' AutoWeek Magazine ' ' ) '' . Autoweek.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Facelift for Mercedes - Benz G - Class : Latest generation of the classic cross-country vehicle now with an even classier specification Jump up ^ Whaddup , G - Wagen ?",
"41": "Mercedes updates iconic off - roader Jump up ^ Kitzbühel 2007 : The Mercedes - Benz SUV Family -- Classic formula : G - Class -- an indestructible off - roader Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Kitzbühel 2007 : The Mercedes - Benz SUV Family -- Technical data at a glance ) Jump up ^ Modern - day classic puts in a compelling performance : G - Class -- the show goes on Jump up ^ News about the longest - standing Mercedes model series : Added value for the G - Class Jump up ^ 2010 Mercedes - Benz G - Class Receives New - and - Improved Equipment -- The legendary G - Class benefits from new additional features that primarily enhance comfort and exclusivity in the interior Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G 350 CDI 短 軸 車型 首 度 登台 , 20 部 限量 發售 Jump up ^ 鐵漢 柔情 ─ Mercedes - Benz G 350 Blue TEC L 試 駕 - U-CAR 試車 報告 Jump up ^ 2009 Mercedes - Benz G - Wagen EDITION30 Special Edition Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz Guard safety philosophy : Licenced to protect Jump up ^ The magazine 4WheelFun crowns the G - Class as `` 2009 superstar '' : Best in class : the G - Class Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz SLS goes from zero to gold in seconds for Dubai show Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz at the 2010 Geneva International Motor Show -- New models , new technologies : Mercedes - Benz takes efficiency and driving enjoyment to a whole new level Jump up ^ G 350 BlueTEC with state - of - the - art emission - control technology : A true classic Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz LAPV 5.4 ENOK Handed Over to the Military Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G - Wagon LAPV 6.",
"42": "X Concept ready to blitz the front Jump up ^ Special G - Class models `` BA3 Final Edition '' and `` Edition Select '' : Monumental off - roader with shining stainless steel and chrome Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz gears up for the demise of the G - Class with BA3 Final Edition and Edition Select Jump up ^ メルセデス ・ ベンツ G クラス 特別 仕様 車 : G 550 ロング EDITION SELECT を 期間 限定 発売 Jump up ^ Off - road test : Mercedes - Benz G - Class 300 CDI Professional Jump up ^ 體驗 越野 真 髓 ─ Mercedes - Benz G - Class Offroad Event 2011 Jump up ^ G - Klasse Professional .",
"43": "Jump up ^ Unbeatable Off - road Model Jump up ^ G 55 AMG long `` mastermind '' Limited を 発売 Jump up ^ G300 CDi Professional no longer available in UK Jump up ^ `` Sex and the City 2 '' : roles for Mercedes - Benz and Maybach Jump up ^ Sex and the City 2 features supporting roles for Mercedes - Benz and Maybach Jump up ^ Australian Outback cripples fleet of Mercedes G - Wagens during PR event Jump up ^ Outback cripples Mercedes - Benz 's toughest off - roaders Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G - Class broken by the Australian Outback Jump up ^ The new generation G - Class : Forever young Jump up ^ Mercedes introduces 2013 G - Class , including 612 - HP G65 AMG Jump up ^ メルセデス ・ ベンツ 新型 G クラス を 発売 Jump up ^ 向 經典 致敬 - Mercedes - Benz G - Class - U-CAR 專題 報導 Jump up ^ 第 43 回 東京 モーター ショー 2013 メルセデス ・ ベンツ / AMG / スマート 出展 概要 について ~ ワールド プレミア 2 モデル を 含む 最新 モデル を 出展 ~ Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz , AMG and smart at the 43rd Tokyo Motor Show 2013 - Two world premieres and many more from the future and newest model ranges - Jump up ^ 第 8 回 大阪 モーター ショー メルセデス ・ ベンツ / AMG / スマート 出展 概要 について Jump up ^ The new generation Mercedes - Benz G - Class -- Forever Young Jump up ^ G -- Klasse Professional . Preisliste . Gültig ab 2 . Juli 2012 .",
"44": "Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G 63 AMG and G 65 AMG : G - Class Summit Jump up ^ Mercedes reveals G63 and G65 AMG ahead of Beijing Jump up ^ 奔驰 G 6X6 和 LAPV 6.1 军用 版 G 级 年底 来 袭 Jump up ^ German Technology on Eurosatory Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz Ener - G - Force concept is a G - Class for the future Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz Ener - G - Force Concept is mean , clean and green Jump up ^ Los Angeles Auto Show 2012 : Three world premieres from Mercedes - Benz Jump up ^ Barari , Arman ( ed . ) . `` Mercedes G63 AMG 6 × 6 -- Official Pictures and Details '' . Motorward . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 02 .",
"45": "Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G63 AMG 6x6 drive review Jump up ^ Official : 2013 Mercedes - Benz G63 AMG 6 × 6 Jump up ^ Mercedes releases 6x6 G63 AMG specs and pics Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G 63 AMG 6x6 : Taking the desert by storm Jump up ^ OExclusive : Mercedes - Benz G63 AMG 6x6 Sold Out Jump up ^ G 550 Night Edition Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G550 `` Night Edition '' Japan Exclusive Jump up ^ G 550 Night Edition を 限定 発売 Jump up ^ Mercedes Benz Japan -- G class special edition `` G 550 Night Edition '' -- Only 100 cars available , only in Japan Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz G - Class Cabriolet `` Final Edition '' Jump up ^ Mercedes G - Class Cabriolet Final Edition Jump up ^ The G - Class Brochure ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Exclusive : Mercedes - Benz G500 4 × 42 Review ^ Jump up to : https://www.mercedes-benz.com/en/mercedes-benz/vehicles/passenger-cars/g-class/the-new-mercedes-maybach-g-650-landaulet/ Jump up ^ A Six - Wheeled Mercedes G - Class Could Be The Ultimate Road Warrior Jump up ^ Swiss army opts for Mercedes - Benz G - Class 300 CDI Jump up ^ Mercedes - Benz represented with 14 different models in the new film `` A Good Day to Die Hard '' : G - Class , Sprinter , Unimog and Zetros save the World Jump up ^ New Die Hard movie wrecked 132 cars in $11 million chase scene Jump up ^ `` Die Mercedes G - Klasse bleibt ein klassischer Geländewagen '' . springerprofessional.de ( in German ) . 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live from Detroit - Master G is back ! This is the 2019 Mercedes - Benz G - Class '' . MercedesBlog. 14 January 2018 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 .",
"46": "Jump up ^ `` The All - New 2019 Mercedes - Benz G550 Debuts in Detroit , Cuts Down on Compromise Automobile Magazine '' . Automobile Magazine . 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://defence-blog.com/army/first-4x4-mercedes-vehicles-made-in-algeria-out-of-the-factory-tiaret.html Jump up ^ http://defence-blog.com/army/algeria-military-receives-110-more-mercedes-vehicles.html Jump up ^ `` ORBAT del Ejército Argentino '' . Saorbats.com.ar . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Minister for Defence Brendan Nelson ( 5 October 2007 ) . `` New defence contracts deliver a boost for Brisbane '' ( Press release ) . Department of Defence . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ridgway , Steve ( 13 November 2008 ) . `` $350 m wagon deal '' ( PDF ) . Army : The Soldiers ' Newspaper ( 1202 ed . ) . Canberra , Australia : Department of Defence . ISSN 0729 - 5685 . Jump up ^ `` G Wagon '' . Australian Army . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` G - wagon booklet '' ( PDF ) . Australian Army . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Duff , Craig ( 13 September 2012 ) . `` Merc G - wagons for military '' . Cars Guide ( in The Daily Telegraph ) . pp. 21 -- 22 ( 90 -- 91 ) . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Armoured Vehicles -- Mercedes G - Wagon -- Blast Resistant Vehicles -- Nyala APV -- IED -- MND Gordon O'Connor -- Afghan Mission -- Procurement Priorities -- CASR -- Canadian American Strategic Review Archived April 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine .",
"47": "Jump up ^ Mercedes G - Wagon -- Kandahar -- Afghanistan -- Gumbad IED -- Media Response -- Canadian Forces -- CASR -- Canadian American Strategic Review Archived May 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Canadian Army -- Equipment Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Danish army Mercedes 240 GD / 24 '' . Armyvehicles.dk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Danish army Mercedes 300 GE / 28 '' . Armyvehicles.dk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Danish army Mercedes G270CDI / 28 '' . Armyvehicles.dk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kader G 320 armoured personnel carrier ( Egypt ) -- Jane 's Armour and Artillery '' . Articles.janes.com. 2007 - 10 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Germany and the Kurds : Supplying Arms as Part of Evolving German Foreign Policy ? '' . sldinfo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Richard ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` Lithuania receives surplus vehicles from the Netherlands '' . United Press International . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ahmad Zahid : 84 G - WAGON Masih Beroperasi '' ( in Malaysian ) . KL Security Review . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111113223822/http://www.deftech.com.my:80/product10.html Jump up ^ `` Secretaria de Marina -- Armada de México '' . Semar.gob.mx . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Recibe Semar vehículos para incrementar capacidad operativa : : El Informador '' .",
"48": "Informador.com.mx . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Батлан хамгаалах салбарт 140 мянган еврогийн vнэ бvхий 10 машин бэлэглэлээ . http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1175104 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived October 1 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kim Jong - il 's Funeral Held in N. Korea ( PHOTOS ) '' . Ibtimes.com. 2011 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Zestawienie pojazdów użytkowych Wojska Polskiego -- Militarypedia ( note : it does provide its own sources ) '' ( in Polish ) . Militarypedia.corran.pl . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://i720.photobucket.com/albums/ww202/report-air_2009/Dia%20de%20Portugal_Santarem_10JUN09/IMG_9725.jpg Jump up ^ Henrik Svensk . `` Personterrängbil 5 - MB 290 / T Geländewagen '' . SoldF.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Henrik Svensk . `` Personterrängbil 5 Geländewagen '' . Soldf.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Carr , Clare ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` Oh Lord wo n't you buy me a Mercedes Benz '' . RAF Museum . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMG 's new chief has big plans for 2006 '' . AutoWeek. 2005 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz G - Class History '' . Edmunds .",
"49": "Retrieved 7 August 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) General ( edit ) Barrett , Frank ( 1998 ) . Illustrated Buyer 's Guide Mercedes - Benz . Motorbooks International Illustrated Buyer 's Guide series ( 2nd ed . ) . Osceola , WI , USA : MBI Publishing . ISBN 0760304513 . Bolsinger , Markus ; Lengert , Axel ; Peters , Wolfgang ( 2013 ) . Legend -- The G Class : from 1979 to today . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 9783768836241 . Breuninger , Martin ( 1993 ) . Das G - Buch : Alles über den Geländewagen von Mercedes - Benz ( The G Book : Everything about the Geländewagen from Mercedes - Benz ) ( in German ) . Radolfzell , Germany : Tufa . ASIN B002UNICHS . Breuninger , Martin ( 1995 ) . Das G - Reisebuch -- mit dem Geländewagen von Mercedes - Benz unterwegs ( The G Travel Book : On the move with the Geländewagen from Mercedes - Benz ) ( in German ) . Radolfzell , Germany : Tufa . ASIN B002UNICIM . Breuninger , Martin ( 2004 ) . The Legend Keeps on Driving : 25 Years of Mercedes - Benz G - Class . Radolfzell , Germany : Tufa . ISBN 0962554154 . Clarke , R.M. ( 1999 ) . Mercedes G - Wagen 1981 -- 1994 . Road Test Portfolio Series . Cobham , Surrey , UK : Brooklands Books . ISBN 1855203081 . Clarke , R.M. ( 2006 ) . Mercedes - Benz G - Wagen Gold Portfolio 1981 -- 2005 . Road Test Portfolio Series . Cobham , Surrey , UK : Brooklands Books . ISBN 1855206994 . Füngeling , Michael ( 2001 ) .",
"50": "Das große Mercedes - G - Buch Baureihen 460 , 461 , 463 ( The Big Mercedes G Book 460 , 461 , 463 series ) . Ein Off - road - Sachbuch series ( in German ) ( 2nd , expanded ed . ) . Ottobrunn : AC Verlag . ISBN 3930193248 . Long , Brian ( 2016 ) . Mercedes - Benz G - Wagen : 1979 to 2015 . Mercedes - Benz Veloce series . Dorchester , England : Veloce Publishing Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 845847 - 77 - 7 . Sand , Jörg ( 2011 ) . Das Neue Große Mercedes G - Klasse - Buch ( The New Big Mercedes G Class Book ) ( in German ) ( updated and revised ed . ) . Königswinter , Germany : Heel . ISBN 9783868524710 . Seper , Hans ( 2009 ) . 100 Jahre Steyr 1864 -- 1964 ( 100 Years of Steyr 1864 -- 1964 ) ( in German ) ( 3rd ( facsimile ) ed . ) . Gnas , Austria : Weishaupt Verlag . ISBN 9783705902909 . Sippel , Kai ( 2007 ) . Das G - Modell als Einsatzfahrzeug . Mercedes - Benz / Puch -- Geländewagen im Behördendienst ( The G Model as Emergency Vehicle : Mercedes - Benz / Puch Geländewagen in Public Service ) ( in German ) . Kai Sippel . ISBN 9783000218422 . Skarics , Rudolf ( editor - in - chief ) ( 1999 ) . 100 Years of Steyr - Daimler - Puch Graz 1899 -- 1999 . Graz , Austria : Steyr - Daimler - Puch . ISBN 3950110712 . Stroh , Gari M. ( 2008 ) . Overland : A Mercedes - Benz Journey Through the Americas . West Palm Beach , FL , USA : StarGroup International . ISBN 9781884886911 .",
"51": "Storz , Alexander Franc ( 2013 ) . Mercedes G - Modell -- seit 1979 . Schrader - Typen - Chronik series ( in German ) ( revised ed . ) . Stuttgart : Motorbuch Verlag . ISBN 9783613035829 . Taylor , James ( 1994 ) . Mercedes - Benz since 1945 : A Collector 's Guide . Volume 4 : The 1980s . Croydon , UK : Motor Racing Publications . pp. 89 -- 96 . ISBN 0947981772 . Workshop manuals ( edit ) Russek , Peter ( 2006 ) . Mercedes - Benz G - Models / Puch G / 240 GD , 300 GD , 230 G , 230 GE , 280 GE , 250 GD . Pocket Mechanic Vehicle Manual . Caversham , Reading , Berkshire , UK : Peter Russek Publications . ISBN 1898780773 . Sand , Jörg ( 2008 ) . Das Mercedes - Benz G - Klasse Schrauberhandbuch : reparieren und optimieren leicht gemacht ( The Mercedes - Benz G Class Gearheads ' Handbook : repairing and optimizing made easy ) ( in German ) . Königswinter , Germany : Heel . ISBN 9783898807180 . Mercedes - Benz G / Puch G / 240 GD , 300 GD bis 1989 ; 300 GD ab 1990 ; 230 G , 230 GE bis 1984 ; 230 GE ab 1985 ; 280 GE , 250 GD ab 1988 . Reparaturanleitung , Band 1201 . ( in German ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Zug , Switzerland : Verlag Bucheli. 2011 . ISBN 9783716819203 . Mercedes - Benz Technical Companion . Cambridge , MA , USA : Bentley Publishers . 1998 . ISBN 9780837610337 . See also ( edit ) Force Motors Trax - a very similar Indian produced vehicle Force Motors Gurkha - the civilian variant External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mercedes - Benz G - Class .",
"52": "Official website Press kit : The new generation Mercedes - Benz G - Class : Forever young Mercedes - Benz G 63 AMG 6x6 : Taking the desert by storm Some history on the GWagen : Mortinson 's page on the GWagen ( hide ) `` previous -- Mercedes - Benz road car timeline , 1990s -- present Model Body 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Hatch W168 W169 W176 W245 W246 Saloon W201 W202 W203 W204 W205 Estate S202 S203 S204 S205 Saloon W124 W210 W211 W212 W213 Limousine V124 V212 Estate S124 S210 S211 S212 S213 Saloon W126 W140 W220 W221 W222 Limousine V126 V140 V220 V221 V222 Pullman VF140 VF220 CLA 4 - door coupé C117 Shooting brake X117 CLS 4 - door coupé W219",
"53": "W218 Shooting brake X218 CLC / C Coupé CL203 CL203 C204 C205 Cabriolet A203 A203 A204 A205 CLK / E Coupé C124 C208 C209 C207 C238 Cabriolet A124 A208 A209 A207 A238 CL / S Coupé C126 C140 C215 C216 C217 Cabriolet A217 SLK / SLC Roadster R170 R171 R172 SL R129 R230 R231 SLS / GT Coupé C197 GT Roadster R197 GT SLR Coupé C199 Roadster R199 Speedster Z199 Vaneo MPV W414 W251 V W447 GLA Crossover X156 GLK / GLC / GLC Coupe SUV X204 X253 SUV coupé C253 M / GLE SUV W163 W164 W166 SUV coupé C292 GL / GLS SUV",
"54": "X164 X166 Off - road vehicle W460 / 461 W463 X Pickup truck BR 470 Citan LCV W415 Vito & Viano MB100 W638 W639 W447 Sprinter T1 W901 - W905 NCV3 Vario T2 W670 Unimog Tractor / truck U435 U437 Model Body 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"55": "php?title=Mercedes-Benz_G-Class&oldid=821964528 '' Categories : Mercedes - Benz G - Class Mercedes - Benz vehicles Police vehicles Luxury sport utility vehicles Sport utility vehicles Off - road vehicles Mid-size sport utility vehicles Retro - style automobiles Military vehicles of Germany All - wheel - drive vehicles Convertibles Military light utility vehicles Cars of Austria 1980s automobiles 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Vehicles introduced in 1979 Pickup trucks Flagship vehicles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 17 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Angel of the Morning - wikipedia Angel of the Morning Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Angel of the Morning '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts from the album Angel of the Morning B - side `` Reap What You Sow '' Released 7 February 1968 Format 7 '' single Recorded American Sound Studios Memphis January 1968 Genre Pop , country Length 3 : 19 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Chip Taylor Producer ( s ) Chips Moman Merrilee Rush singles chronology `` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 ) `` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' Merrilee & the Turnabouts ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' is a popular song , written and composed by Chip Taylor , that has been recorded numerous times by , or has been a hit single for , various artists including Evie Sands , Merrilee Rush , Juice Newton , Nina Simone , P.P. Arnold , Olivia Newton - John , The Pretenders / Chrissie Hynde , Dusty Springfield , Mary Mason , Melba Montgomery , Vagiant , Billie Davis , Bonnie Tyler , Rita Wilson , The New Seekers and Skeeter Davis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins , the original recording , and subsequent versions 2 Versions by Chip Taylor 3 Non-charting versions 4 Translated versions 5 Film , television and literature 6 Versions ( English language - chronology ) 7 Chart history 7.1 Weekly charts 7.1. 1 Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version 7.2 Year - end charts 7.2.",
"1": "1 Juice Newton version 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Origins , the original recording , and subsequent versions ( edit ) Written and composed by New York City - born songwriter Chip Taylor , actor Jonathan `` Jon '' Voight 's brother , `` Angel of the Morning '' was originally offered to Connie Francis to sing , but she turned it down because she thought that it was too risqué for her career . The song 's narrator describes her feelings about a one - night stand : `` If morning 's echo says we 've sinned , well , it was what I wanted now . '' Taylor produced a recording of the song with Evie Sands , but the financial straits of Cameo - Parkway Records , which had Sands on their roster , reportedly prevented either that version 's release or its distribution . Other early recordings of the song were made in 1967 by Danny Michaels for Lee Hazlewood 's LHI label and by UK vocalist Billie Davis . The song finally became a hit in 1968 through a recording by Merrilee Rush , made that January at American Sound Studios in Memphis , with Chips Moman and Tommy Cogbill producing . Rush had come to Memphis through the group she fronted , the Turnabouts , being the opening act for a Paul Revere and the Raiders tour . While in Memphis , the Raiders recorded the album Going to Memphis at American Sound Studios , an association which led to Rush 's discovery by Tommy Cogbill , who had been hoping to find the right voice for `` Angel of the Morning '' -- he had kept a tape of the demo of that song constantly in his pocket for several months . Rush recorded the song and the tracks which would comprise her Angel of the Morning album with the American Sound house band , even though the single and the album would be credited to the group `` Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts . '' The single version was released in February 1968 , and reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 that June , peaking at No. 7 . A No. 1 hit in Canada , Australia and New Zealand , and also gave Rush a hit in the Netherlands ( No. 4 ) . The song earned Rush a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary - Pop Vocal Performance , Female .",
"2": "Rush recorded a new version of the song for her 1977 eponymous album release . ( Rush 's version of `` Angel of the Morning '' would be featured on the soundtrack of the 1999 film Girl , Interrupted , whose time frame is 1967 and 1968 , in which author - composer Chip Taylor 's niece Angelina Jolie had a starring role . ) In the United Kingdom , where Rush 's version stalled at No. 55 , a rendition by P.P. Arnold , who had sung background on the 1967 Billie Davis version , reached No. 29 in August 1968 . In 1970 a rendition by Connie Eaton reached No. 34 on the Billboard C&W charts . In 1977 , Mary Mason also had a UK Top 30 hit with her version , which was actually a medley of two Chip Taylor songs , `` Angel of the Morning '' and `` Any Way That You Want Me , '' reaching No. 27 . Also in 1977 the British act Guys ' n ' Dolls had a hit in the Netherlands with the song , and their version reached No. 11 on the Dutch charts . In 1978 a release by Melba Montgomery reached No. 22 on the Billboard C&W chart . `` Angel of the Morning '' Single by Juice Newton from the album Juice B - side `` Headin ' for a Heartache '' Released February 1981 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Recorded 4 September 1980 Genre Soft rock , Country rock Length 3 : 49 3 : 57 ( 7 `` ) Label Capitol 4976 Songwriter ( s ) Chip Taylor Producer ( s ) Richard Landis Juice Newton singles chronology `` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 ) `` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 ) The highest - charting and best - selling version in the United States was recorded and released in 1981 by country - rock singer Juice Newton for her album Juice .",
"3": "Newton re-interpreted the song at the suggestion of Steve Meyer , who promoted Capitol Records singles and albums to radio stations and felt a version of `` Angel of the Morning '' by Newton would be a strong candidate for airplay . Newton would state that she would never have herself thought of recording `` Angel of the Morning , '' and even though she immediately recognized the song when Meyer played it for her ( quote ) : `` I ( had n't been ) really aware of that song because ... when ( it ) was popular I was listening to folk music and R&B and not Pop , and that was a very Pop song . '' Newton 's version reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 22 on the Billboard country music chart , and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart in April of that year . The recording also earned Newton a Grammy nomination , and in the same category as Rush 's 1968 hit . More than 1 million units of Newton 's single of the song were sold in the United States , and the single reached the Top 10 in a number of other countries , including Canada and Australia . Notably , Newton 's video for `` Angel of the Morning '' was the first country - music music video aired on MTV ; it first aired in 1981 . In the UK , this recording reached No. 43 on the UK Singles Chart , marking the song 's third appearance on that chart without becoming a truly major hit . ( Newton recorded the song again in 1998 for her The Trouble with Angels album . ) The song `` Angel , '' released by reggae artist Shaggy , heavily samples `` Angel of the Morning , '' using the melody , but with different words , for the sung refrain . It reached # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 31 , 2001 . Swedish singer Jill Johnson released `` Angel of the Morning , '' with lyrics in English , in 2007 from her album of cover versions , Music Row . This version peaked at No. 30 at the Swedish singles chart . Versions by Chip Taylor ( edit ) In 1972 , Taylor released a version on Buddah 325 . It reached # 101 in the Record World survey . In 1996 , Taylor released a version on the album Hit Man .",
"4": "In 1999 , a version by Taylor appeared on the KGSR fundraiser CD Broadcasts Vol. 7 . In 2004 , Taylor released a version of the song with his singer / songwriter partner Carrie Rodriguez on the album of the same name . Non-charting versions ( edit ) In 1968 , the American singer Joya Landis recorded a late rocksteady / early reggae version of this song in Jamaica for producer Arthur `` Duke '' Reid and his Treasure Isle label . The UK release ( Trojan TR - 622 ) had `` Love Letters '' by Phyllis Dillon and Alton Ellis as the B - side . It also appeared on the compilation album Soul Of Jamaica a.k.a. Come Rock With Me In Jamaica , and on the Trojan compilation album , Tighten Up , Volume 1 ( both 1968 ) . The Chicks , a female New Zealand pop duo , released their version on their 1968 album C'mon Chicks . Allison Durbin , who was dubbed `` Australia 's Queen of Pop '' in the 1960s , released a version on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man . Soul singer Bettye Swann had a single release of `` Angel of the Morning '' in 1969 . The New Seekers included `` Angel of the Morning '' on their self - titled debut album ( 1969 ) . Nina Simone recorded the song in 1971 on Here Comes the Sun . Norwegian singer Ellen Nikolaysen recorded the song for her 1973 English language album Freckles . Soul singer Thelma Jones recorded the song for her eponymous 1978 album . Reggae singer Samantha Rose recorded a Lover 's rock version on the In Person LP in 1979 . Vintage British Invasion group The Tremeloes recorded the song in 1987 as an attempted comeback single . In 1991 , horror punk band Haunted Garage included the chorus of `` Angel of the Morning '' in the bridge of their song `` Theme '' on the album Possession Park , changing the lyrics to `` Satan of the morning '' . In 1995 , Chrissie Hynde and The Pretenders sang their own version on the Friends soundtrack album . The song was released as a single , but it did not chart .",
"5": "The short - lived British girl band Thunderbugs recorded an upbeat version of the song for their 1999 debut album , Delicious . In 2003 Maggie Reilly recorded `` Angel of the Morning '' for her album Save It for a Rainy Day . The Boston - based band Tijuana Sweetheart ( then named VAGIANT ) released a cover on their debut album , Public Display of Infection . The Atlanta - based band Girlyman released a cover on its 2007 live album Somewhere Different Now . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country , which they released in 2014 . Ray Conniff recorded a version found on the album `` Turn Around Look at Me '' in 1968 . Translated versions ( edit ) A number of non-English versions of `` Angel of the Morning '' have been recorded including the following : In Czech as `` Dál jen vejdi '' a 1989 single by Věra Martinová In Dutch as `` Vlinder van een zomer '' a 1968 single by Willeke Alberti . In French as `` Au revoir et à demain '' ( literally : `` goodbye and see you tomorrow '' ) a 1967 single by Liliane Saint - Pierre . In Finnish as `` Kaipuu '' a 1968 single by Pepe Willberg and also as `` Jos Itket Silloin '' recorded by Pirjo Lehti for her 1985 Se On Rakkautta Oikeaa album . In Italian as `` Gli occhi verdi dell'amore '' ( literally : `` the green eyes of love '' ) which was a 1968 hit in Italy at No. 9 for I Profeti . In German as `` Der Engel der Verdammten '' by Juliane Werding on her 1975 album Wenn du denkst , dass du denkst , dann denkst du nur , du denkst and also as `` `` Ich bin dein Engel bis zum Morgen '' a 1981 single by Suzanne Klee . In Spanish as `` Ángel de la Mañana '' by Enrique Guzmán in 1975 .",
"6": "In Swedish as `` En enda morgon '' recorded by Elisabeth Andreassen for her 1981 album Angel of the Morning and also as `` Nattens sista ängel '' recorded by Wizex for their 1982 album Nattfjäril . These respective lyricists for these versions were Mats Rådberg and Roine Carlsson . In Russian as `` Нелегальный Ангел '' ( Nelegal'nyj Angel ) by Julia Kova in 2005 . Film , television and literature ( edit ) The Merrilee Rush version of the song is featured in the soundtrack of the films Girl , Interrupted ( as noted above ) and Violet and Daisy . Rush 's version is also played during a scene in the 1978 film Fingers , where it is used to accentuate the conflicted nature of the main character played by Harvey Keitel . The song was performed live by Chrissie Hynde in a 1995 episode of Friends titled `` The One with the Baby on the Bus , '' and that version also appears in that show 's soundtrack album . ( As noted above , though released as a single , it did not chart . ) The song also makes an appearance in the 1996 film Jerry Maguire , with Tom Cruise 's titular character singing what appears to be the original version , enthusiastically if badly . More recently , Conan O'Brien has referenced the track , during periodic ironic pledges to cease his show 's use of arbitrary and stupid humor in which he presents a gorilla dressed as a nurse who uses an old - fashioned abdominal exerciser while enjoying the song . In `` Branch Closing '' , an episode of The Office , Michael Scott sings `` Levinson in the morning '' to his supervisor , Jan Levinson . The song plays a central role in Graeme Simsion 's 2016 novel The Best of Adam Sharp ( optioned to Vocab Films in 2017 ) . Juice Newton 's version is heard during Drew Barrymore 's first scene in the film Charlie 's Angels , in the film Charlie Wilson 's War ( in which it is also sung by Emily Blunt ) , the opening titles of Deadpool , and the ending of The Meddler . It is also featured in Season 1 of HBO 's True Detective .",
"7": "The Toyota Highlander `` Kid Cave '' commercial , aired from late 2010 , features a young boy who is embarrassed by his parents 's singing of the song while he is riding with them in a car . The song features in an episode of ABC 's sitcom Modern Family , `` Regrets Only '' ( Series / Season 2 , Ep 16 ) , when Gloria , portrayed by Sofia Vergara , is singing along to it on a karaoke machine . A karaoke version of the song is also featured in the second - season finale of the HBO series The Leftovers . The song also features a parody version in Family Guy with Peter Griffin portraying himself as Deadpool . Versions ( English language - chronology ) ( edit ) 1967 : Evie Sands ( original recording ) , Billie Davis 1968 : Merrilee Rush and The Turnabouts , Asha Puthli and The Surfers , P.P. Arnold , Percy Faith , Ray Conniff 1969 : Dusty Springfield ( TV performance on Decidedly Dusty ) , Skeeter Davis , Bettye Swann , the New Seekers , the Tremeloes , Connie Eaton 1970 : The Aggressors , on their album Reggae Steadae Go 1971 : Nina Simone 1973 : Olivia Newton - John 1977 : Merrilee Rush ( re-recording for United Artists Records ) , Guys ' n ' Dolls , Mary Mason ( `` Angel of the Morning '' / `` Any Way That You Want Me '' medley ) 1978 : Melba Montgomery , Thelma Jones , Pat Kelly 1981 : Elisabeth Andreassen , Juice Newton , the States 1987 : The Tremeloes 1995 : The Pretenders 1995 : Annie Schilder BZN 1998 : Juice Newton ( re-recording ) , Bonnie Tyler 1998 : Gitte Haenning ( Gitte Hænning ) WEA Records Warner music Germany 1998 : Bonnie Tyler 1999 : Thunderbugs 2000 : Joya Landis 2001 : Maggie Reilly 2003 : The Shocker 2006 : Chip Taylor & Carrie Rodriguez 2007 : Girlyman , Jill Johnson , Vagiant 2008 : Barb Jungr ,",
"8": "Randy Crawford ( with Joe Sample ) 2011 : Hanne Boel 2012 : Rita Wilson Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 32 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 70 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Cash Box 45 Juice Newton version ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 26 Canada 8 New Zealand 50 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Cash Box 21 See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of number - one singles in 1968 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1981 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts -- `` Angel of the Morning '' / `` Reap What You Sow '' `` . Discogs . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Roben ( 2010 ) . Memphis Boys : the story of American Studios ( 1st ed . ) . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 126 -- 130 . ISBN 1 - 60473 - 401 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM v Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca .",
"9": "Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Arnold UK Singles Chart info Archived August 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 12 September 2009 Jump up ^ Mason UK Singles Chart info Archived March 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia . May 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewiston Daily Sun April 15 , 1981 p. 4 Jump up ^ Kentucky New Era p. 2 Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , page 250 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 454 . Jump up ^ Newton UK Singles Chart info Archived March 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Hit Man -- Chip Taylor . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ KGSR BROADCASTS CDS -- Volume 7 Archived December 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... KGSR.com . Jump up ^ Angel of the Morning -- Chip Taylor , Carrie Rodriguez Amazon.com . Jump up ^ Best of Adam Sharp Playlist , Penguin Jump up ^ Anita Busch . Toni Collette Options Graeme Simsion Novel ' The Best of Adam Sharp ' For Her Vocab Films , Deadline Hollywood Jump up ^ Beth Harpaz . What Embarrasses a Teen ? A Parent 's Mere Existence , Associated Press , 2010 - 12 - 20 Jump up ^ `` Discography '' . Asha Puthli official website . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MusicMight : : Artists : : THE STATES '' . Rockdetector.com .",
"10": "Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Merrilee Rush -- Angel of the Morning '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles , July 13 , 1968 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.5867&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Hits of 1981 / Top 100 Songs of 1981 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1968 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . Sydney : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Juice Newton -- Angel of the Morning '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Juice Newton -- Angel of the Morning '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ ( http://www.rock.co.za/files/sa_charts_1969_1989_songs_(A-B).html%7Caccessdate=17 January 2018 ) Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Juice Newton -- Angel of the Morning '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Juice Newton -- Angel of the Morning '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Juice Newton : Artist Chart History '' .",
"11": "Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Juice Newton Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Juice Newton Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Juice Newton Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 5 / 16 / 81 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4689&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3870 Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1981 '' . tropicalglen.com . Preceded by `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' by Herb Alpert Canadian RPM 100 number - one single ( Merrilee Rush version ) July 6 , 1968 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Lady Willpower '' by Gary Puckett and the Union Gap Preceded by `` What Kind of Fool '' by Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb Billboard Adult Contemporary ( chart ) number - one single ( Juice Newton version ) April 11 - April 25 , 1981 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` Morning Train ( Nine to Five ) '' by Sheena Easton External links ( edit ) Newton 1981 U.S.",
"12": "single release info Discogs Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Juice Newton Studio albums Juice Newton & Silver Spur After the Dust Settles Come to Me Well Kept Secret Take Heart Juice Quiet Lies Dirty Looks Ca n't Wait All Night Old Flame Emotion Ai n't Gonna Cry The Trouble with Angels American Girl The Gift of Christmas Duets : Friends & Memories Live albums Every Road Leads Back to You Compilation albums Greatest Hits Emotions Anthology Country Classics The Ultimate Hits Collection Notable singles `` It 's a Heartache '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Sunshine '' `` Angel of the Morning '' `` Queen of Hearts '' `` The Sweetest Thing ( I 've Ever Known ) '' `` Love 's Been a Little Bit Hard on Me '' `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Tell Her No '' `` You Make Me Want to Make You Mine '' `` Hurt '' `` Old Flame '' `` Both to Each Other ( Friends and Lovers ) '' ( with Eddie Rabbitt ) `` Cheap Love '' `` What Can I Do with My Heart '' `` First Time Caller '' `` Tell Me True '' `` When Love Comes Around the Bend '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' ( with Willie Nelson ) Guest appearances `` Ebony Eyes '' ( Bob Welch song ) Have Harmony , Will Travel ( Carla Olson album ) Related topics Discography Otha Young Book : Juice Newton Melba Montgomery Discography Collaborative and solo studio albums What 's in Our Heart Bluegrass Hootenanny Do n't Let the Good Times Fool You Compilation albums A King & Two Queens Famous Country Duets Collaborative singles `` We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds '' `` Let 's Invite Them Over '' `` What 's in Our Heart '' `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Baby Ai n't That Fine '' `` Something to Brag About '' Solo singles `` No Charge '' `` Do n't Let the Good Times Fool You '' `` Angel of the Morning '' See also George Jones Gene Pitney Charlie Louvin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"13": "php?title=Angel_of_the_Morning&oldid=837752850 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1981 singles 1993 singles 2001 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Capitol Records singles Connie Eaton songs Elisabeth Andreassen songs Jill Johnson songs Juice Newton songs Melba Montgomery songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Pop ballads Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Song recordings produced by Richard Landis Songs about casual sex Songs written by Chip Taylor Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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{
"0": "Mary , Did You Know ? - Wikipedia Mary , Did You Know ? Jump to : navigation , search A depiction of the Nativity of Jesus by Francesco Londonio ( c. 1750 ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' is a Christmas song with lyrics written by Mark Lowry and music written by Buddy Greene . It was originally recorded by Christian recording artist Michael English on his self - titled debut solo album in 1991 ( English and Lowry were both members of the Gaither Vocal Band at the time ) . It reached No. 6 on CCM Magazine 's AC Chart . Lowry would record the song several times himself , most notably with the Gaither Vocal Band on their 1998 Christmas album Still the Greatest Story Ever Told . The song has since gone on to become a modern Christmas classic , being recorded by many artists over the years across multiple genres . Contents ( hide ) 1 Kenny Rogers & Wynonna Judd version 2 Clay Aiken version 3 Cee Lo Green version 4 Pentatonix version 5 Other notable versions 6 Musical 7 Criticism 8 References 9 External links Kenny Rogers & Wynonna Judd version ( edit ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' Single by Kenny Rogers & Wynonna Judd from the album The Gift Released December 1996 Format CD single Genre Country Length 3 : 53 Label Magnatone Songwriter ( s ) Mark Lowry , Buddy Greene Producer ( s ) Brent Maher , Jim McKell Kenny Rogers singles chronology `` I 'll Be There for You '' ( 1992 ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( 1996 ) `` The Greatest '' ( 1999 ) `` I 'll Be There for You '' ( 1992 ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( 1996 ) `` The Greatest '' ( 1999 ) A duet version recorded by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Rogers on Rogers ' holiday album The Gift peaked at No. 55 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1997 .",
"1": "Chart positions Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 55 Clay Aiken version ( edit ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' Single by Clay Aiken from the album Merry Christmas with Love Released 2005 Format Digital download Recorded Genre Contemporary Christian music , Latin Pop Length 3 : 21 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Mark Lowry , Buddy Greene Producer ( s ) Walter Afanasieff Clay Aiken singles chronology `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2005 ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( 2005 ) `` Without You '' ( 2006 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2005 ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( 2005 ) `` Without You '' ( 2006 ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' is Clay Aiken 's fifth single for his Christmas album Merry Christmas with Love . Aiken performed the song on The Tyra Banks Show . Chart positions Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 35 U.S. Billboard Hot Christian Songs 32 Cee Lo green version ( edit ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' Song by Cee Lo Green from the album Cee Lo 's Magic Moment Released 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre R&B Length 3 : 54 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Mark Lowry , Buddy Greene Producer ( s ) Adam Anders , Peer Åström `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' is the eleventh track on Cee Lo 's Christmas album Cee Lo 's Magic Moment . On December 15 , 2012 the song appeared on the US R&B Songs chart at number 22 . This version is the slowest of all . It also served as the closing credits song to the 2014 20th Century Fox movie Son of God . Chart positions Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard R&B Songs 11 U.S.",
"2": "Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 44 Pentatonix version ( edit ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' Song by Pentatonix from the album That 's Christmas to Me Released October 17 , 2014 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Ambient , a cappella Length 3 : 23 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Mark Lowry , Buddy Greene Music video `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' on YouTube `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' is the sixth track on Pentatonix 's second Christmas album , That 's Christmas to Me . The song both debuted and peaked at No. 26 on the weekly Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending December 6 , 2014 . Chart positions Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 26 Other notable versions ( edit ) 1993 : Kathy Mattea on her Christmas album Good News , which won a Grammy Award for Best Southern , Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album 1995 : Vickie Winans recorded the song for her self - titled album 1997 : Gary Chapman on his Christmas album This Gift 1998 : Donny Osmond on his album Christmas at Home 1999 : Natalie Cole on her album The Magic of Christmas 1999 : Reba McEntire on her Christmas album The Secret of Giving 2000 : The Gas House Gang on their album Some Children See Him ... 2000 : Lea Salonga on her album The Christmas Album 2001 : Rescue on their album The First Christmas 2001 : Hayley Westenra on her second album , My Gift to You , released in New Zealand and Australia , by Universal New Zealand label ; also included as a bonus song on a special UK version of her first international album , Pure ( 2003 ) ; and performed it on her 2004 PBS Great Performances special , Live from New Zealand , which was released on DVD . 2004 : Glen Campbell recorded the song on his album Love Is the Answer : 24 Songs of Faith , Hope and Love .",
"3": "2004 : The Katinas on their album Family Christmas 2005 : Jeff Fenholt on his album `` Down from His Glory '' ... and more 2006 : Stan Whitmire on his album Christmas Around the Piano 2007 : Kimberley Locke on her album Christmas 2008 : Kutless on BEC Recordings album X Christmas 2008 : MC6 A Cappella on their album Christmas 2009 : Jerry Douglas on his album Jerry Christmas 2010 : Aled Jones on his album Aled 's Christmas Gift 2010 : Jessica Simpson on her album Happy Christmas 2011 : Rascal Flatts released a version of the song as a single , which appears on the 2012 compilation A Very Special Christmas : 25 Years Bringing Joy to the World 2012 : Don Moen on his album Christmas : A Season of Hope ( a duet with its composer , Buddy Greene ) 2012 : Jeremy Camp on his album Christmas : God with Us 2012 : Scotty McCreery on his album Christmas with Scotty McCreery 2013 : Mary J. Blige on her album A Mary Christmas 2013 : Linda Eder on her album Christmas Where You Are 2013 : The Oak Ridge Boys on their album Christmas Time 's A-Comin ' 2014 : Sanam Puri as solo cover 2014 : The slowest version of this song played in the credits of the film Son of God 2015 : India. Arie on Christmas with Friends ; a duet with Gene Moore , Jr . 2015 : Jordan Smith on The Voice 's season nine finals . This version debuted and peaked at No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and at No. 2 on the Billboard Holiday 100 chart on the week ending January 2 , 2016 .",
"4": "2015 : Peter Hollens published a six - voice a cappella version on Youtube 2015 : The Braxtons on their album Braxton Family Christmas 2015 : Danny Gokey on his album Christmas Is Here 2016 : Straight No Chaser ( group ) on their album I 'll Have Another ... Christmas Album ( Straight No Chaser album ) 2016 : Voctave on their album The Spirit of the Season ( feat . composer Mark Lowry ) 2016 : Beckah Shae on her album Let It Snow 2017 : Zara Larsson on the soundtrack of the CGI - animated Christmas film The Star Musical ( edit ) The song was also used as the basis for a stage musical , also titled Mary , Did You Know and written by Bruce Greer , that won the 1999 Dove Award for Musical of the Year . Criticism ( edit ) `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' remains a popular piece of Christmas music , although some criticize it for what they perceive as a lack of Scriptural or theological depth . For example , Lutheran writer Holly Scheer , in addressing the rhetorical - question title of the song writes that those familiar with `` the biblical account of Christ 's conception and birth should n't need to ask if Mary knew , because the Bible plainly tells us she did . '' On the other hand the Roman Catholic author Karl Erickson implored people to praise `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' as a `` beautiful expression of God 's love for all of us '' and responded to criticism of the piece , stating that `` Mary , Did You Know is a song and not a theological essay . Even as simple Christmas music , however , it does a fine job conveying the beauty and profound mystery of the Incarnation . Yes , there is some poetic license taken within the lyrics , but much less than is taken within innumerable other songs we are asked to sing regularly -- Sing a New Church , for example . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brothers , Jeffrey Lee ( 2003 ) . Hot hits : adult contemporary charts , 1978 - 2001 ( 1st ed . ) . Bloomington , IN : 1stBooks Library . p. 86 . ISBN 9781410732941 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p93355/charts-awards/billboard-singles Jump up ^ `` Kenny Rogers Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Clay Aiken - Mary Did You Know - The Tyra Banks Show on YouTube ^ Jump up to : https://www.billboard.com/artist/298842/cee+lo+green/chart?f=1230 Jump up ^ Official Video - Mary , Did You Know ? - Pentatonix on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mary , did you know - Peter Hollens ( Youtube Video ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxDlLzSRp34 Jump up ^ Cusic , Don ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music : pop , rock , and worship . ABC - CLIO . pp. 141 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34425 - 1 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McTeigue SJ , Fr . Robert . `` The Problem With `` Mary Did You Know '' `` . Aleteia . Aleteia . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' . EWTN . EWTN . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Scheer , Holly ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Why ' Mary Did You Know ' Is The Most Biblically Illiterate Christmas Tune '' . The Federalist . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Karl ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` What Did Mary Know ? '' . Catholic 365 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 .",
"6": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Kenny Rogers Studio albums Love Lifted Me Kenny Rogers Daytime Friends Love or Something Like It The Gambler Kenny Gideon Share Your Love Love Will Turn You Around We 've Got Tonight Eyes That See in the Dark What About Me ? The Heart of the Matter They Do n't Make Them Like They Used To I Prefer the Moonlight Something Inside So Strong Love Is Strange Back Home Again If Only My Heart Had a Voice Vote for Love Across My Heart She Rides Wild Horses There You Go Again Back to the Well Water & Bridges The Love of God Amazing Grace You Ca n't Make Old Friends Collaboration albums Every Time Two Fools Collide ( with Dottie West ) Classics ( with Dottie West ) Timepiece ( with David Foster ) Christmas albums Christmas Once Upon a Christmas ( with Dolly Parton ) Christmas in America The Gift Christmas from the Heart Christmas with Kenny Christmas Collection Once Again It 's Christmas Compilations Ten Years of Gold The Kenny Rogers Singles Album Greatest Hits ( 1980 ) 20 Greatest Hits Duets The Kenny Rogers Story Love Is What We Make It Short Stories Greatest Hits ( 1988 ) Daytime Friends -- The Very Best of Kenny Rogers Live by Request 42 Ultimate Hits 21 Number Ones Notable singles `` That Crazy Feeling '' `` Just Dropped In ( To See What Condition My Condition Was In ) '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` Ruby ,",
"7": "Do n't Take Your Love to Town '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` Lucille '' `` Daytime Friends '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Every Time Two Fools Collide '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Love or Something Like It '' `` Anyone Who Is n't Me Tonight '' ( with Dottie West ) `` The Gambler '' `` All I Ever Need Is You '' ( with Dottie West ) `` She Believes in Me '' `` ' Til I Can Make It on My Own '' ( with Dottie West ) `` You Decorated My Life '' `` Coward of the County '' `` Do n't Fall in Love with a Dreamer '' ( with Kim Carnes ) `` Love the World Away '' `` Lady '' `` I Do n't Need You '' `` Share Your Love with Me '' `` Blaze of Glory '' `` Through the Years '' `` Love Will Turn You Around '' `` A Love Song '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Sheena Easton ) `` All My Life '' `` Scarlet Fever '' `` Islands in the Stream '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Eyes That See in the Dark '' `` This Woman '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` Together Again '' ( with Dottie West ) `` What About Me ? '' ( with Kim Carnes and James Ingram ) `` Evening Star '' `` Crazy '' `` Morning Desire '' `` Goodbye Marie '' `` Tomb of the Unknown Love '' `` Twenty Years Ago '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Ronnie Milsap ) `` I Prefer the Moonlight '' `` The Factory '' `` I Do n't Call Him Daddy '' `` When You Put Your Heart in It '' `` Planet Texas '' `` The Vows Go Unbroken ( Always True to You ) '' `` Maybe '' ( with Holly Dunn ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Crazy in Love '' `` If You Want to Find Love '' `` Ol ' Red '' `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( with Wynonna Judd ) `` The Greatest '' `` Buy Me a Rose '' ( with Alison Krauss and Billy Dean ) `` He Will , She",
"8": "Knows '' `` There You Go Again '' `` Homeland '' `` I Ca n't Unlove You '' Guest singles `` What Are We Doin ' in Love '' ( with Dottie West ) `` Real Love '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Anne Murray ) Related articles Discography The First Edition Kenny Rogers Roasters Book : Kenny Rogers Wynonna Judd Studio albums Wynonna Tell Me Why Revelations The Other Side New Day Dawning What the World Needs Now Is Love A Classic Christmas Sing : Chapter 1 Wynonna & the Big Noise Compilation albums Collection Her Story : Scenes from a Lifetime Love Heals Notable singles `` She Is His Only Need '' `` I Saw the Light '' `` No One Else on Earth '' `` My Strongest Weakness '' `` Tell Me Why '' `` Only Love '' `` Is It Over Yet '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` Girls with Guitars '' `` To Be Loved by You '' `` Heaven Help My Heart '' `` When Love Starts Talkin ' '' `` Come Some Rainy Day '' `` Ca n't Nobody Love You ( Like I Do ) '' `` What the World Needs '' `` Heaven Help Me '' `` Sing '' Guest singles `` A Bad Goodbye '' ( with Clint Black ) Related articles Discography The Judds Ashley Judd Naomi Judd Clay Aiken Albums Measure of a Man Merry Christmas with Love All Is Well A Thousand Different Ways On My Way Here Tried and True Compilations",
"9": "The Very Best of Clay Aiken Singles `` This Is the Night '' `` The Way '' / `` Solitaire '' `` On My Way Here '' Books Learning to Sing Related articles Discography National Inclusion Project Hayley Westenra New Zealand albums Walking in the Air Hayley Westenra My Gift to You International albums Pure Live from New Zealand Odyssey Treasure Hayley Sings Japanese Songs River of Dreams : The Very Best of Hayley Westenra Hayley Sings Japanese Songs 2 Winter Magic Paradiso Hushabye CeeLo Green Studio albums Cee - Lo Green and His Perfect Imperfections Cee - Lo Green . Is the Soul Machine The Lady Killer Cee Lo 's Magic Moment Heart Blanche Compilations Closet Freak : The Best of Cee - Lo Green the Soul Machine Singles `` Fuck You '' `` It 's OK '' `` Fool for You '' `` Bright Lights Bigger City '' `` I Want You ( Hold On to Love ) '' `` Cry Baby '' `` Anyway '' `` Only You '' Promotional singles `` Less Than an Hour '' `` Georgia '' `` No One 's Gonna Love You '' `` Love Is a Battlefield '' Featured singles `` Sugar ( Gimme Some ) '' `` Politics '' `` Lil Star '' `` Pretty Please ( Love Me ) '' `` My Life '' `` Make the World Move '' Related articles Discography Awards Goodie Mob Gnarls Barkley Dungeon Family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary,",
"10": "_Did_You_Know%3F&oldid=821747951 '' Categories : American Christmas songs Marian hymns Kenny Rogers songs Wynonna Judd songs Glen Campbell songs Vocal duets 1991 songs Clay Aiken songs Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff Song recordings produced by Brent Maher RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 11 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-7070472892925791621
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when is the new series of keeping faith starting
|
[
"13 February 2018"
] |
{
"0": "Keeping Faith ( TV series ) - wikipedia Keeping Faith ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Keeping Faith Also known as Un Bore Mercher Genre Thriller Created by Matthew Hall Directed by Pip Broughton Andy Newbery Starring Eve Myles Hannah Daniel Matthew Gravelle Bradley Freegard Mark Lewis Jones Aneirin Hughes Mali Harries Composer ( s ) Laurence Love Greed Amy Wadge Country of origin Wales Original language ( s ) Welsh , English No. of series No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Adrian Bate Maggie Russell Shane Murphy Producer ( s ) Pip Broughton Nora Ostler Location ( s ) Carmarthenshire , Carmarthen , Laugharne , Vale of Glamorgan , Swansea Cinematography Steve Lawes Rory Taylor Bjorn Bratberg Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Vox Pictures , Nevision , Cinematic Productions , Soundworks , About Premium Content Release Original network S4C ( Welsh Version ) and BBC One Wales ( English Version ) Picture format 16 : 9 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 5 November ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) -- 24 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 24 ) External links Website Keeping Faith ( Welsh : Un Bore Mercher ) is a Welsh thriller television series , created by Matthew Hall and produced by Vox Pictures , that was first broadcast on S4C on 5 November 2017 . Pip Broughton directed six of the series ' episodes , and Andy Newbery the other two . The series stars Eve Myles as Faith Howells , a solicitor whose husband Evan , with whom she works at their family - run law firm , disappears whilst she is on maternity leave following the birth of their third child . The eight - part series is the second in a season of bilingual dramas set to premiere back to back on S4C . The series co-stars Hannah Daniel , Matthew Gravelle , Bradley Freegard , Mark Lewis Jones , Mali Harries and Aneirin Hughes .",
"1": "Initial S4C broadcasts carried entirely English subtitles , while repeat airings carried encoded English subtitles for scenes spoken in Welsh . The series has concurrently been available on the BBC iPlayer as part of the BBC 's ongoing relationship with S4C . The series was filmed concurrently in both Welsh and English , and the English - language version premiered on BBC Wales in on 13 February 2018 . The show was extremely popular in Wales , with an average of 300,000 viewers per episode , making it the most popular show on BBC Wales for over 20 years . It also became the most downloaded non-network show on BBC iPlayer , with over 5 million downloads . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Music 2 Cast 3 Episodes 3.1 Series 1 3.2 Series 2 4 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Set in the fictional small town of Abercorran ( the original name for Laugharne Castle ) , filming started on the back to back format tv program Keeping Faith ( Un Bore Mercher ) in the summer of 2017 . Some of the exterior shots were filmed in Carmarthenshire , with the house of Faith ( the main character ) outside Laugharne . Many scenes were seen as being Laugharne but the actors did not say it was the town . Also in Carmarthenshire , the historic Guildhall in the town of Carmarthen was used as a courtroom , and exterior shots of Faith show her in the main square of Carmarthen . Other courtroom scenes feature the former courthouse at Swansea . Studio scenes were filmed in South Wales , with Sony UK Technology Centre 's Ffilm Factory 35 in Pencoed welcoming the production . Also , the Vale of Glamorgan , Pontardawe and Swansea were used as locations for the Welsh / English drama . Vox pictures produced the drama with aid of Nevision , Cinematic Productions , Soundworks and About Premium Content . The production of the program was funded through the Welsh Government 's Media Investment Budget , which is advised by Pinewood Pictures , and S4C and BBC Wales . Location assistance was provided from Wales Screen , part of the Welsh Government 's creative industries team , helping to maximise the economic benefits for Wales .",
"2": "Gwawr Martha Lloyd , S4C Drama Content Commissioner , said of the series ; `` We 're very excited about this new and original series that will be premiering on S4C this autumn . With a stellar cast and a completely compelling story , plot and setting , we 're hoping the audience will grow to love the world and the characters of Un Bore Mercher as much as we in S4C have as we worked to develop the series . The series intends to take the viewer on a thrilling , emotional and warm journey , which will pull at their heart - strings but will also make them smile along the way . '' Music ( edit ) Original music for the series was composed by singer - songwriter Amy Wadge . The English and Welsh Soundtracks were released as EPs on iTunes on Friday 9th March 2018 . The English soundtrack is sung by Amy Wadge and the Welsh soundtrack by Ela Hughes .",
"3": "Cast ( edit ) Eve Myles as Faith Howells ; solicitor , mother of three and wife of Evan Howells Hannah Daniel as Cerys Jones ; junior associate at Howells Matthew Gravelle as Constable Terry Price ; husband to Bethan ( Evan 's sister ) and local policeman Bradley Freegard as Evan Howells ; a solicitor who mysteriously disappears Mark Lewis Jones as Steve Baldini ; one of Evan 's clients who befriends Faith Rhian Morgan as Marion Howells ; Evan 's mother Aneirin Hughes as Tom Howells ; Evan 's father and a former solicitor Eiry Thomas as DI Susan Williams ; head of the local CID Mali Harries as Bethan Price ( neé Howells ) ; Terry 's wife and Evan 's sister Alex Harries as Arthur Davies ; a former client of Evan 's , who is homeless Betsan Llwyd ( Un Bore Mercher ) / Suzanne Packer ( Keeping Faith ) as Delyth Lloyd ; secretary at Howells Catherine Ayers as Lisa Connors ; Faith 's best friend Richard Elfyn as DCI Huw Parry ; divisional commander and close friend of Tom Lowri Palfrey as Erin Glynn ; daughter of a local crimelord and a former client of Evan 's Angeline Ball as Gael Reardon ; widow of Paddy Reardon , who was killed by Erin Glynn Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( edit ) Episode Title Directed by Written by Viewers ( S4C ) ( millions ) Original airdate ( S4C ) `` Episode 1 '' Pip Broughton Matthew Hall 0.46 5 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) Lawyer , wife and mother Faith Howells is drawn into a mystery when her husband and business partner Evan disappears . He leaves for work but never arrives . His sudden absence strikes deep into the heart of his tiny Welsh community and forces Faith to come back from extended maternity leave to defend a hopeless vagrant on a shoplifting charges . As an increasingly desperate Faith searches for clues , she uncovers new revelations about Evan 's private life and questions how well she really knows the man she loves .",
"4": "`` Episode 2 '' Pip Broughton Matthew Hall & Sian Naiomi 0.37 12 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Faith represents Steve Baldini , a reformed criminal who may know something about her husband 's disappearance . Back at the office , Tom ( Evan 's father , and sometime senior partner in the law firm ) makes a troubling discovery in the company archives that he believes will upset Faith 's trust of her husband . DI Susan Williams , a vindictive police officer who has crossed swords with Faith in the past , turns her attention towards Faith 's recent behaviour . `` Episode 3 '' Pip Broughton Matthew Hall Less than 0.20 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) Now in custody , Faith butts heads with DI Williams , who believes she may have more to do with Evan 's disappearance than she is letting on . At the police station , Faith encounters Reverend Talbot , a family friend , and represents him on charges of misusing church funds . Tom enlists the help of his friend , Swansea detective DCI Parry , to look into his son 's files , while Faith 's friend Lisa tracks down a lead at a lap - dancing club Evan was seen frequenting . Troubled by the discovery of a DNA paternity test kit in Evan 's office , Faith confronts her mother - in - law Marion and uncovers a dark family secret . `` Episode 4 '' Pip Broughton Matthew Hall & Anwen Huws 0.36 26 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) Fearing for her family 's safety , Faith takes shelter in a hotel and meets with Steve , who tells her that Evan might have had links with a notorious family of drug dealers . As Faith looks into the lead , she is drawn deeper into Abercorran 's sinister underbelly . Meanwhile , Evan 's sister Bethan begins to feel the aftershocks of Marion 's revelation . Dr Alpay proposes a deal to Cerys , and a disturbing discovery in the woods by Terry results in Williams building a case against Faith .",
"5": "5 `` Episode 5 '' Andy Newbery Matthew Hall 0.32 3 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) Shaken by the break - in at her home , Faith buries herself in work and takes on the case of an elderly farmer who is caught in a dispute with a ruthless landowner . Meanwhile , Steve 's growing closeness to Faith begins to attract suspicions from Terry . Arthur receives a mysterious package , Dr Alpay names a price for information about Evan , and Faith receives a disturbing visit from Gael Reardon . 6 `` Episode 6 '' Andy Newbery Matthew Hall Less than 0.24 10 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) When Evan 's car is found abandoned at the docks , Faith is dragged to the police station for an interrogation . When Steve attempts to help , he too finds himself caught in the firing line of the law . Meanwhile , an increasingly conflicted Tom uncovers terrible secrets about his son , Bethan 's erratic behaviour puts a strain on her marriage to Terry , Faith prepares to do a secret deal with Dr Alpay , and DI Williams resorts to desperate tactics to break Faith . 7 `` Episode 7 '' Pip Broughton Matthew Hall 0.22 17 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) Following the crash , Williams resorts to dirty tricks to shift the blame onto Faith . Meanwhile , Terry looks into Dr Alpay 's background and finds an ally in DCI Parry , Steve risks returning to his criminal past to help Faith , and Delyth makes a shocking discovery in Evan 's will . Faith and Cerys push for a court hearing to get the children back , but Faith finds herself lost and alone within her community . 8 `` Episode 8 '' Pip Broughton Matthew Hall 0.23 24 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 24 ) With Williams now out of the way , Faith fights for her children in a heated court battle that risks tearing the Howells family apart . As the clock ticks on Faith 's debt , Steve makes a desperate and deadly pact with his former employers to secure her freedom .",
"6": "Tom and Marion must face tough truths , and Faith finally learns the truth behind Evan 's disappearance . Series 2 ( edit ) After the final episode of Series 1 , ( April 2018 ) , and with the storyline on some significant ' cliff - hangers ' , the voice - over states that a second series is in preparation . Critical reception ( edit ) The series has generally received favorable responses and was described in The Guardian as , `` a bit like Big Little Lies relocated to rural Wales '' . As Un Bore Mercher , the Welsh version of the series gained strong reviews . Gary Raymond , in Wales Arts Review , wrote : ' ... particularly interesting to see a genuine diamond emerge from the coalface in the form of Keeping Faith ' and ' Social media opinion has been a little more approving ' ( than the limited publicity surrounding the series ) . Lydia Morris at the UK Daily Post wrote that the programme ' has already proved a hit with TV audiences ' . A review ( under ' Show and Tell ' by Paul Flynn ) in Grazia magazine was headed ' Like Broadchurch when it was good , Welsh production Keeping Faith is a TV trailblazer ' and was generous with its praise . As of 16 March 2018 the series rates 7.7 out of 10 on IMDB . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` S4C Press release : Three drama series to fire the imagination ... Bang ; Un Bore Mercher ; Craith '' . www. s4c. wales. 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Un Bore Mercher - BBC - S4C ' ... Mystery drama about a woman whose husband disappears . ' '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 March 2018 .",
"7": "Jump up ^ Work begins on second series of record - breaking BBC Wales drama ... The eight - part series , starring Eve Myles ( Broadchurch / Victoria ) , has broken a string of records over recent weeks ... at bbc.co.uk/mediacentre , accessed 8 April 2018 Jump up ^ Robert Harries , 19 April 2017 , ' Filming for new TV drama gets under way in historic Carmarthen building ' walesonline.co.uk , accessed 15 March 2018 Jump up ^ Footage gives public a rare glimpse inside a former Swansea courthouse used as a set for new BBC drama walesonline.co.uk , accessed 15 March 2018 Jump up ^ Rachel Jones , 6th November 2017 : ' Bilingual Television Thriller Keeping Faith Films in South Wales ' businessnewswales.com , accessed 15 March 2018 Jump up ^ Filming starts on new joint BBC Wales and S4C drama series 13 April 2017 , bbc.co.uk , accessed 15 March 2018 Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 30 programmes - BARB '' . www.barb.co.uk . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Dimension overload : why TV ca n't get enough of parallel universes '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Morgan Jeffery , 13 February 2018 : `` Eve Myles almost quit acting before she was offered new BBC series Keeping Faith '' ' The Welsh - language version of Keeping Faith has already aired on S4C , under the title of Un Bore Mercher , with the series -- and in particular Myles 's performance -- earning strong reviews . ' digitalspy.com , accessed 16 March 2018 Jump up ^ Gary Raymond , 2 March 2018 - Reviews , Film & TV , Keeping Faith walesartsreview.org , accessed 15 March 2018 Jump up ^ Lydia Morris 14 February 2018 : The actress who learned Welsh to land Keeping Faith lead role dailypost.co.uk , accessed 15 March 2018 Jump up ^ Paul Flynn ' Show and Tell ' ( review ) in Grazia magazine ( ISSN 1120 - 5113 ) , p.",
"8": "110 , headed ' Like Broadchurch when it was good , Welsh production Keeping Faith is a TV trailblazer ' ... ' It 's what happens to the gloriously little folk when big events calamitously fall onto the doorstep . The characters ' reactions to Evan 's disappearance are entirely human , local and believable . Catch up , please . ' Viewed 16 March 2018 Jump up ^ ' Keeping Faith ' TV Series ( 2017 -- ) imdb.com , accessed 16 March 2018 External links ( edit ) Keeping Faith on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeping_Faith_(TV_series)&oldid=836651689 '' Categories : 2017 British television programme debuts 2017 British television programme endings 2010s British crime drama television series 2010s Welsh television series English - language television programs S4C television programmes Television series about missing people Television shows set in Wales Welsh - language television programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 01 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many seasons of ray donovan has there been
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"0": "Ray Donovan - wikipedia Ray Donovan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the TV series . For the former United States Secretary of Labor , see Raymond J. Donovan . For the fictional character , see A Guy Thing . Ray Donovan Genre Crime drama Family drama Created by Ann Biderman Starring Liev Schreiber Paula Malcomson Eddie Marsan Dash Mihok Steven Bauer Katherine Moennig Pooch Hall Kerris Dorsey Devon Bagby Jon Voight Composer ( s ) Marcelo Zarvos Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 60 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Zuriff Mark Gordon Ann Biderman Producer ( s ) Allen Coulter Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California / New York City , New York Running time 45 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) The Mark Gordon Company Ann Biderman Co . Bider Sweet Productions David Hollander Productions Showtime Networks Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network Showtime Original release June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Ray Donovan is an American television crime drama series created by Ann Biderman for Showtime . The twelve - episode first season premiered on June 30 , 2013 . The pilot episode broke viewership records , becoming the biggest premiere of all time on Showtime . Showtime renewed the show for a fourth season , which premiered on June 26 , 2016 . On August 11 , 2016 , Showtime renewed the show for a fifth season , which premiered on August 6 , 2017 . On October 23 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a 12 - episode sixth season , to be filmed in New York City and debut in 2018 . The drama is set in Los Angeles , California , where Irish - American Ray Donovan ( Liev Schreiber ) , originally from South Boston , works for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler , representing the rich and famous .",
"1": "Donovan is a `` fixer '' : a person who arranges bribes , payoffs , threats , and other shady activities , to ensure the outcome desired by the client . Good at his job , and no common hood , Ray is normally a devoted family man as well . He experiences his own problems when his menacing father , Mickey Donovan ( Jon Voight ) , is unexpectedly released from prison , and the FBI attempts to bring down Ray and his associates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Reception 4 Awards and nominations 5 Home media release 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ray Donovan episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) 12 July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) September 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 12 July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 12 June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 5 12 August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Liev Schreiber as Raymond `` Ray '' Donovan . Paula Malcomson as Abby Donovan , Ray 's wife . ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Eddie Marsan as Terrence `` Terry '' Donovan , Ray 's older brother . A former boxer , has Parkinson 's disease . Dash Mihok as Brendan `` Bunchy '' Donovan , Ray 's younger brother . Identifies himself as a sexual anorexic .",
"2": "Pooch Hall as Daryll Donovan , Ray 's younger half - brother ( via Mickey and Claudette ) . A professional boxer , trained by Terry , he also drives limos . Steven Bauer as Avi Rudin , Ray 's right - hand man . Former IDF soldier and ex-Mossad agent . Katherine Moennig as Lena Barnum , Ray 's investigative assistant . Kerris Dorsey as Bridget Donovan , Ray 's daughter . Devon Bagby as Conor Donovan , Ray 's son . Jon Voight as Mickey Donovan , Ray 's father . Graham Rogers as Jacob `` Smitty '' Smith , Bridget 's boyfriend . ( season 6 ; recurring season 5 ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Elliott Gould as Ezra Goldman ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Peter Jacobson as Lee Drexler ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Denise Crosby as Deb Goldman William Stanford Davis as Potato Pie Ambyr Childers as Ashley Rucker ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Josh Pais as Stu Feldman ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Claudette ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Austin Nichols as Tommy Wheeler ( seasons 1 - 4 ) Brooke Smith as Frances Simpson ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Michael McGrady as Frank Barnes ( seasons 1 - 5 ) Craig Ricci Shaynak as Kenneth `` Tiny '' Benson ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Octavius J.",
"3": "Johnson as Marvin Gaye Washington ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Frank Whaley as FBI Agent Van Miller ( season 1 ) Johnathon Schaech as Sean Walker ( season 1 ) James Woods as Patrick `` Sully '' Sullivan ( season 1 ) Rosanna Arquette as Linda ( season 1 ) Kwame Patterson as Re-Kon ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Mo McRae as Deonte Frasier ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Jay Thomas as Marty Grossman ( seasons 1 - 5 ) Hank Azaria as Ed Cochran ( seasons 2 - 4 ) Sherilyn Fenn as Donna Cochran ( season 2 ) Ann - Margret as June Wilson ( season 2 ) Kip Pardue as FBI Agent Thomas Volcheck ( season 2 ) Andrea Bogart as Megan Volchek ( season 2 ) Wendell Pierce as Ronald Keith ( seasons 2 - 3 ) Crispin Alapag as Pablo Ramirez ( season 2 ) Vinessa Shaw as Kate McPherson ( season 2 ) Jeryl Prescott as Cherry ( season 2 ) Omar Dorsey as Cookie Brown ( season 2 ) Jamie Donnelly as Peggy Shaugnessy ( season 2 ) Eion Bailey as Steve Knight ( season 2 ) Brian Geraghty as Detective Jim Halloran ( season 2 ) Steph DuVall as Shorty ( season 2 ) Heather McComb as Patty ( season 2 ) Jayne Taini as Harriet Greenberg ( seasons 2 - 5 ) Ian McShane as Andrew Finney ( season 3 ) Katie Holmes as Paige Finney ( season 3 ) Guy Burnet as Casey Finney ( season 3 ) Jason Butler Harner as Varick Strauss ( season 3 ) Leland Orser as Father Romero ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Michael Hyatt as Detective Sheila Muncie ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Christy Williams as Michelle ( season 3 ) Nick Kent as Davros Minassian ( season 3 ) Ken Davitian as Vartan Minassian ( season 3 ) Grace Zabriskie as Mrs.",
"4": "Minassian ( season 3 ) Shree Crooks as Audrey ( season 3 ) Aaron Staton as Greg Donellen ( seasons 3 - 4 ) Alyssa Diaz as Teresa ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) Fairuza Balk as Ginger ( season 3 ) Bronson Pinchot as Flip Brightman ( season 3 ) Embeth Davidtz as Sonia Kovitzky ( season 4 ) Richard Brake as Vlad ( season 4 ) Pasha D. Lychnikoff as Ivan Belikov ( season 4 ) Ismael Cruz Córdova as Hector Campos ( season 4 ) Lisa Bonet as Marisol Campos ( season 4 ) Dominique Columbus as Damon Bradley ( seasons 4 - 5 ) Tom Wright as Punch Hoffman ( seasons 4 - 5 ) Derek Webster as Jackson Holt ( seasons 4 - 5 ) Tara Buck as Maureen Dougherty Donovan ( seasons 4 - 5 ) Raymond J. Barry as Dmitri Sokolov ( season 4 ) Ted Levine as Little Bill Primm ( season 4 ) Gabriel Mann as Jacob Waller ( Season 4 ) Paula Jai Parker as Sylvie Starr ( season 4 ) Susan Sarandon as Samantha Winslow ( season 5 ) C. Thomas Howell as Dr. Brogan ( season 5 ) Rhys Coiro as Rob Heard ( season 5 ) Lili Simmons as Natalie James ( season 5 ) Michel Gill as Doug Landry ( season 5 ) Brian J. White as Jay White ( season 5 ) Kim Raver as Dr.",
"5": "Bergstein ( season 5 ) James Keach as Tom ( season 5 ) Jordan Mahome as Damon 's father ( season 5 ) Adina Porter as Vicki Delgatti ( season 5 ) Ryan Dorsey as Duquesne `` Dime Bag '' Baker ( season 5 ) Keir O'Donnell as George Winslow ( season 5 ) Jake Busey as Acid Man / Chef Dave ( season 5 ) Billy Miller as Todd Dougherty ( season 5 ) Ryan Radis as Beckett ( season 5 ) Domenick Lombardozzi as Sean `` Mac '' McGrath ( season 6 ) Lola Glaudini as Anita Novak ( season 6 ) Reception ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes ratings per season Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Rating 76 80 77 Ray Donovan has received positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season a rating of 76 % based on reviews from 38 critics , with the sites consensus stating : `` Ray Donovan moves quickly between genres and tones , with Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight 's performances making the whiplash worth it '' . Metacritic gives the first season a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 , based on reviews from 36 critics , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . Tim Goodman , writing for The Hollywood Reporter , said that `` Showtime has another gem on their hands '' and the casting of Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight was `` gold '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipients Result Ref .",
"6": "2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Most Exciting New Series Ray Donovan Won 2014 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Jon Voight Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Liev Schreiber Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Jon Voight Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series Ray Donovan Nominated 2015 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Liev Schreiber Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries , or Television Film Jon Voight Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Liev Schreiber Nominated 2016 Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama Ray Donovan Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama Liev Schreiber Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Jon Voight Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series David Hollander Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Harrison Marsh , Robert Edmondson , R. Russell Smith Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Hank Azaria Won 2017 Canadian Society of Cinematographers Awards TV Series Cinematography Robert McLachlan Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Liev Schreiber Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Hank Azaria Nominated Home media release ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on June 10 , 2014 . The second season was released on both media on May 26 , 2015 . The third season was released on DVD on December 29 , 2015 .",
"7": "The fourth season was released on DVD on December 27 , 2016 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) 2013 Original Series Premiere Slate '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Showtime Orders Twelve Episodes of Two New Dramas , ' Ray Donovan ' and ' Masters of Sex ' '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Showtime gives series orders to ' Donovan , ' ' Sex ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael . `` TV Ratings : ' Ray Donovan ' Premiere Tops ' Homeland ' With Showtime Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Showtime renews Masters of Sex , Ray Donovan ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' Renewed For Season 5 On Showtime '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Episodes ' Final Season , Ray Donovan Get August Premiere Dates '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ray Donovan Renewed for Season 6 -- But a ' Big ' Change Is In Store '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ray Donovan ' : Graham Rogers Upped To Series Regular For Season 6 '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McShane Joins Showtime 's ' Ray Donovan ' '' . Deadline Hollywood .",
"8": "January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Katie Holmes Joins ' Ray Donovan ' Season 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Levine & Ismael Cruz Cordova Join ' Ray Donovan ' In Recurring Roles '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Revenge ' Alum Gabriel Mann Joins Showtime 's ' Ray Donovan ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan : Season 1 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan : Season 2 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan : Season 1 '' . rottentomatoes.com . Jump up ^ `` Ray Donovan '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Tim Goodman . `` Ray Donovan : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ The BTJA Announces Icon Award Recipient and Most Exciting New Series Honorees ( June 10 , 2013 ) . criticschoice.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18th Satellite Awards Winners '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards 2014 : And the nominees are ... '' Retrieved 2 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray Donovan Golden Globes Wins '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ray Donovan Emmy Awards '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Writers Guild Awards Winners '' .",
"9": "Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Unveiled '' . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` Ray Donovan - ' The 1st Season ' of the Showtime Series on DVD and Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ray Donovan on IMDb Ray Donovan at TV.com Ray Donovan at Metacritic Ray Donovan at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Showtime original programming Current The Affair ( since 2014 ) Billions ( since 2016 ) The Chi ( 2018 ) Dark Net ( since 2016 ) Gigolos ( since 2011 ) Guerrilla ( since 2017 ) Homeland ( since 2011 ) I 'm Dying Up Here ( since 2017 ) Inside the NFL ( since 2008 ) Our Cartoon President ( since 2018 ) Polyamory : Married & Dating ( since 2012 ) Ray Donovan ( since 2013 ) Shameless ( since 2011 ) ShoBox : The New Generation ( since 2001 ) Showtime Championship Boxing ( since 1986 ) SMILF ( since 2017 ) Submission ( since 2016 ) Twin Peaks ( since 2017 ) Former 1980s debuts 33 Brompton Place Bizarre Brothers Shelley Duvall 's Faerie Tale Theatre It 's Garry Shandling 's Show OWL / TV The Paper Chase Super Dave Tall Tales & Legends Nightmare Classics Thunderbirds 2086 1990s debuts",
"10": "Beggars and Choosers Beverly Hills Bordello The Busy World of Richard Scarry Chris Cross Dead Man 's Gun The Hoop Life Linc 's The Outer Limits OWL / TV Poltergeist : The Legacy Ready or Not Red Shoe Diaries Rude Awakening Stargate SG - 1 Total Recall 2070 Women : Stories of Passion 2000s debuts American Candidate Barbershop : The Series Big Brother : After Dark Body Language Brotherhood Californication The Chris Isaak Show Dead Like Me Deeper Throat Dexter Elite Xtreme Combat Family Business Fat Actress Free for All Going to California Full Color Football : The History of the American Football League Huff Jeremiah Kama Sutra The L Word Lady Chatterley 's Stories Leap Years Lock ' N Load Masters of Horror Meadowlands Nurse Jackie Odyssey 5 Out of Order Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! Queer as Folk Queer Duck Resurrection Blvd .",
"11": "Street Time Secret Diary of a Call Girl ShoMMA ShoXC Sleeper Cell Soul Food Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union The Tudors The Underground This American Life United States of Tara Weeds 2010s debuts 60 Minutes Sports Beach Heat : Miami The Big C The Borgias Dave 's Old Porn Dice Episodes The Franchise The Green Room with Paul Provenza Happyish House of Lies Inside Comedy Inside NASCAR La La Land Look : The Series Masters of Sex Penny Dreadful The Real L Word Roadies Time of Death Web Therapy White Famous Years of Living Dangerously Upcoming City on a Hill ( TBA ) Escape at Dannemora ( TBA ) Guantanamo ( TBA ) Kidding ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Donovan&oldid=838359083 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts American crime drama television series American legal television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Lesbian - related television programs Serial drama television series Showtime ( TV network ) original programs Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series created by Ann Biderman Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2013 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 14 : 30 . About Wikipedia",
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what was the united states foreign policy after ww1 started
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[
"neutrality"
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{
"0": "History of U.S. foreign policy - wikipedia History of U.S. foreign policy Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Foreign policy of the United States Further information : Timeline of United States diplomatic history Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal History of U.S. foreign policy is a brief overview of major trends regarding the foreign policy of the United States from the American Revolution to the present . The major themes are becoming an `` Empire of Liberty '' , promoting democracy , expanding across the continent , supporting liberal internationalism , contesting World Wars and the Cold War , fighting international terrorism , `` developing '' or exploiting the Third World , and building a strong world economy .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 New nation , 1776 -- 89 2 Early National Era : 1789 -- 1800 3 Jeffersonian Era : 1801 -- 48 3.1 War of 1812 3.2 Latin America 4 Civil War 4.1 Postwar adjustments 5 James G. Blaine 6 1893 -- 1914 7 World War I : 1914 -- 19 7.1 From neutrality to war to end all wars : 1914 - 17 7.2 Winning the war and fighting for peace 8 Interwar years , 1919 - 41 8.1 Naval disarmament 8.2 Dawes Plan 8.3 Mexico 8.4 Intervention ends in Latin America 8.5 Isolationism in 1930s 8.5. 1 Spanish Civil War : 1936 - 1939 8.6 Coming of War : 1937 - 41 8.6. 1 Pearl Harbor Was unpredictable 9 World War II : 1941 -- 45 9.1 Postwar peace 10 Cold War : 1947 -- 91 11 Post-Cold War : 1992 -- present 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Bibliography 14.1 Surveys 14.2 Historiography 14.3 Primary sources 14.4 Great Britain 14.5 France 14.6 Pre-1945 14.7 Cold War 14.8 Asia 14.9 Since 1990 15 Bibliography 16 External links New nation , 1776 -- 89 ( edit ) Further information : International relations , 1648 -- 1814 ; American Revolution ; American Revolutionary War ; and Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War From the establishment of the United States after regional , not global , focus , but with the long - term ideal of creating an `` Empire of Liberty . ''",
"2": "The military and financial alliance with France in 1778 , which brought in Spain and the Netherlands to fight the British , turned the American Revolutionary War into a world war in which the British naval and military supremacy was neutralized . The diplomats -- especially Franklin , Adams and Jefferson -- secured recognition of American independence and large loans to the new national government . The Treaty of Paris in 1783 was highly favorable to the United States which now could expand westward to the Mississippi River . Historian Samuel Flagg Bemis was a leading expert on diplomatic history . According to Jerold Combs : Bemis 's The Diplomacy of the American Revolution , published originally in 1935 , is still the standard work on the subject . It emphasized the danger of American entanglement in European quarrels . European diplomacy in the eighteenth century was `` rotten , corrupt , and perfidious , '' warned Bemis . America 's diplomatic success had resulted from staying clear of European politics while reaping advantage from European strife . Franklin , Jay , and Adams had done just this during the Revolution and as a consequence had won the greatest victory in the annals of American diplomacy . Bemis conceded that the French alliance had been necessary to win the war . Yet he regretted that it had brought involvement with `` the baleful realm of European diplomacy . '' Vergennes ( the French foreign minister ) was quite willing to lead America to an `` abattoir '' ( slaughterhouse ) where portions of the United States might be dismembered if this would advance the interests of France . American foreign affairs from independence in 1776 to the new Constitution in 1789 were handled under the Articles of Confederation directly by Congress until the new government created a department of foreign affairs and the office of secretary for foreign affairs on January 10 , 1781 . The Jay Treaty of 1795 aligned the U.S. more with Britain and less with France , leading to political polarization at home Early national era : 1789 -- 1800 ( edit ) The cabinet - level Department of Foreign Affairs was created in 1789 by the First Congress . It was soon renamed the Department of State and changed the title of secretary for foreign affairs to Secretary of State ; Thomas Jefferson returned from France to take the position .",
"3": "When the French Revolution led to war in 1793 between Britain ( America 's leading trading partner ) , and France ( the old ally , with a treaty still in effect ) , Washington and his cabinet decided on a policy of neutrality . In 1795 Washington supported the Jay Treaty , designed by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton to avoid war with Britain and encourage commerce . The Jeffersonians vehemently opposed the treaty , but Washington 's support proved decisive , and the U.S. and Britain were on friendly terms for a decade . However the foreign policy dispute polarized parties at home , leading to the First Party System . In a `` Farewell Message '' that became a foundation of policy President George Washington in 1796 counseled against foreign entanglements : Europe has a set of primary interests , which to us have none , or a very remote relation . Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies , the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns . Hence therefore it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves , by artificial ties , in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics , or the ordinary combinations & collisions of her friendships , or enmities . Our detached & distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course . By 1797 the French were openly seizing American ships , leading to an undeclared war known as the Quasi-War of 1798 -- 99 . President John Adams tried diplomacy ; it failed . In 1798 , the French demanded American diplomats pay huge bribes in order to see the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand , which the Americans rejected . The Jeffersonian Republicans , suspicious of Adams , demanded the documentation , which Adams released using X , Y and Z as codes for the names of the French diplomats . The XYZ Affair ignited a wave of nationalist sentiment . Overwhelmed , the U.S. Congress approved Adams ' plan to organize the navy . Adams reluctantly signed the Alien and Sedition Acts as a wartime measure . Adams broke with the Hamiltonian wing of his Federalist Party and made peace with France in 1800 . Jeffersonian era : 1801 -- 48 ( edit ) Thomas Jefferson envisioned America as the force behind a great `` Empire of Liberty '' , that would promote republicanism and counter the imperialism of the British Empire .",
"4": "The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , made by Jefferson in a $15 million deal with Napoleon Bonaparte , doubled the size of the growing nation by adding a huge swath of territory west of the Mississippi River , opening up millions of new farm sites for the yeomen farmers idealized by Jeffersonian Democracy . President Jefferson in the Embargo Act of 1807 forbid trade with both France and Britain , but his policy , largely seen as partisan in favor of agrarian interests instead of commercial interests , was highly unpopular in New England and ineffective in stopping bad treatment from British warships . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 The USS Constitution surprised analysts with an important victory over the HMS Guerriere in 1812 . The Jeffersonians deeply distrusted the British in the first place , but the British shut down most American trade with France , and impressed into the Royal Navy about 6000 sailors on American ships who claimed American citizenship . American honor was humiliated by the British attack on the American warship the Chesapeake in 1807 . In the west , Indians supported by Britain ( but not under their control ) used ambushes and raids to kill settlers , thus delaying the expansion of frontier settlements into the Midwest ( Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan , especially ) . In 1812 diplomacy had broken down and the U.S. declared war on Britain . The War of 1812 was marked by very bad planning and military fiascoes on both sides . It ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1815 . Militarily it was a stalemate as both sides failed in their invasion attempts , but the Royal Navy blockaded the coastline and shut down American trade ( except for smuggling supplies into British Canada ) . However the British achieved their main goal of defeating Napoleon , while the American armies defeated the Indian alliance that the British had supported , ending the British war goal of establishing a pro-British Indian boundary nation in the Midwest . The British stopped impressing American sailors and trade with France ( now an ally of Britain ) resumed , so the causes of the war had been cleared away . Especially after the great American victory at the Battle of New Orleans , Americans felt proud and triumphant for having won their `` second war of independence . '' Successful generals Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison became political heroes as well .",
"5": "After 1815 tensions de-escalated along the U.S. - Canada border , with peaceful trade and generally good relations . Boundary disputes were settled amicably . Both the U.S. and Canada saw a surge in nationalism and national pride after 1815 , with the U.S. moving toward greater democracy and the British postponing democracy in Canada . After 1780 The United States opened relations with North African countries , and with the Ottoman Empire . Latin America ( edit ) In response to the new independence of Spanish colonies in Latin America in the early 19th century , the United States established the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 . This policy declared opposition to European interference in the Americas and left a lasting imprint on the psyche of later American leaders . The failure of Spain to colonize or police Florida led to its purchase by the U.S. in 1821 . John Quincy Adams was the leading American diplomat of the era . In 1846 after an intense political debate in which the expansionist Democrats prevailed over the Whigs , the U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas . Mexico never recognized that Texas had achieved independence and promised war should the U.S. annex it . President James K. Polk peacefully resolved a border dispute with Britain regarding Oregon , then sent U.S. Army patrols into the disputed area of Texas . That triggered the Mexican - American War , which the Americans won easily . As a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 the U.S. acquired territory that included California , Arizona and New Mexico , and the Hispanic residents there were given full U.S. citizenship . Civil war ( edit ) See also : United Kingdom and the American Civil War and France and the American Civil War Every nation was officially neutral throughout the American Civil War , and none recognized the Confederacy . That marked a major diplomatic achievement for Secretary Seward and the Lincoln Administration . France , under Napoleon III , had invaded Mexico and installed a puppet regime ; it hoped to negate American influence . France therefore encouraged Britain in a policy of mediation suggesting that both would recognize the Confederacy . Lincoln repeatedly warned that meant war .",
"6": "The British textile industry depended on cotton from the South , but it had stocks to keep the mills operating for a year and in any case the industrialists and workers carried little weight in British politics . Knowing a war would cut off vital shipments of American food , wreak havoc on the British merchant fleet , and cause the immediate loss of Canada , Britain , with its powerful Royal Navy , refused to go along with French schemes . Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesman , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the and American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . '' Elite opinion in Britain tended to favor the Confederacy , while public opinion tended to favor the United States . Large scale trade continued in both directions with the United States , with the Americans shipping grain to Britain while Britain sent manufactured items and munitions . Immigration continued into the United States . British trade with the Confederacy was limited , with a trickle of cotton going to Britain and some munitions slipped in by numerous small blockade runners . The Confederate strategy for securing independence was largely based on the hope of military intervention by Britain and France , but Confederate diplomacy proved inept . With the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862 , it became a war against slavery that most British supported . A serious diplomatic dispute with the United States erupted over the `` Trent Affair '' in late 1861 . Public opinion in the Union called for war against Britain , but Lincoln gave in and sent back the diplomats his Navy had illegally seized . British financiers built and operated most of the blockade runners , spending hundreds of millions of pounds on them ; but that was legal and not the cause of serious tension . They were staffed by sailors and officers on leave from the Royal Navy . When the U.S.",
"7": "Navy captured one of the fast blockade runners , it sold the ship and cargo as prize money for the American sailors , then released the crew . A long - term issue was the British shipyard ( John Laird and Sons ) building two warships for the Confederacy , including the CSS Alabama , over vehement protests from the United States . The controversy was resolved after the Civil War in the form of the Alabama Claims , in which the United States finally was given $15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by British - built warships . In the end , these instances of British involvement neither shifted the outcome of the war nor provoked either side into war . The U.S. diplomatic mission headed by Minister Charles Francis Adams , Sr. proved much more successful than the Confederate missions , which were never officially recognized . Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that : The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established An American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . '' Postwar adjustments ( edit ) Relations with Britain ( and Canada ) were tense ; Canada was negligent in allowing Confederates to raid Vermont . Confederation came in 1867 , in part as a way to meet the American challenge without depending on British armed forces . The U.S. looked the other way when Irish activists known as Fenians tried and failed badly in an invasion of Canada in 1871 . The arbitration of the Alabama Claims in 1872 provided a satisfactory reconciliation ; The British paid the United States $15.5 million for the economic damage caused by Confederate warships purchased from it . Congress did pay Russia for the Alaska Purchase in 1867 , but otherwise rejected proposals for any major expansions , such as the proposal by President Ulysses Grant to acquire Santo Domingo .",
"8": "James G. Blaine ( edit ) James G. Blaine , a leading Republican ( and its losing candidate for president in 1884 ) was a highly innovative Secretary of State in the 1880s . By 1881 , Blaine had completely abandoned his high - tariff Protectionism and used his position as Secretary of State to promote freer trade , especially within the western hemisphere . His reasons were twofold : firstly , Blaine 's wariness of British interference in the Americas was undiminished , and he saw increased trade with Latin America as the best way to keep Britain from dominating the region . Secondly , he believed that by encouraging exports , he could increase American prosperity . President Garfield agreed with his Secretary of State 's vision and Blaine called for a Pan-American conference in 1882 to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increasing trade . At the same time , Blaine hoped to negotiate a peace in the War of the Pacific then being fought by Bolivia , Chile , and Peru . Blaine sought to expand American influence in other areas , calling for renegotiation of the Clayton - Bulwer Treaty to allow the United States to construct a canal through Panama without British involvement , as well as attempting to reduce British involvement in the strategically located Kingdom of Hawaii . His plans for the United States ' involvement in the world stretched even beyond the Western Hemisphere , as he sought commercial treaties with Korea and Madagascar . By 1882 , however , a new Secretary was reversing Blaine 's Latin American initiatives . Serving again as Secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison , Blaine worked for closer ties with the Kingdom of Hawaii , and sponsored a program to bring together all the independent nations of the Western Hemisphere in what became the Pan-American Union . 1893 -- 1914 ( edit ) Before 1892 senior diplomats from the United States to other countries , and from them to the U.S. , were called `` ministers . '' In 1892 four major European countries ( Britain , France , Germany Italy ) raise title of their chief diplomat to the US to `` ambassador '' ; the US reciprocated in 1893 . In early 1893 the business community in Kingdom of Hawaii overthrew the Queen and sought annexation by President Harrison , who forwarded the proposal to the Senate for approval .",
"9": "But the newly elected President Cleveland withdrew the proposed annexation ; nevertheless , revolutionaries in Hawaii formed an independent Republic of Hawaii . It voluntarily joined the U.S. as a territory in 1898 with full U.S. citizenship for its residents . It became the 50th state in 1959 . Editorial cartoon intervention in Cuba . Columbia ( the American people ) reaches out to help oppressed Cuba in 1897 while Uncle Sam ( the U.S. government ) is blind to the crisis and will not use its powerful guns to help . Judge magazine , February 6 , 1897 . In the late 19th century , the U.S. began investment in new naval technology including steam - powered battleships with powerful armaments and steel decking . In the mid 1890s American public opinion denounced the Spanish repression of the Cuban independence movement as brutal and unacceptable . The U.S. increased pressure and was dissatisfied with Spanish responses . When the American battleship the USS Maine exploded for undetermined reasons in the harbor of Havana , Cuba , on 15 February 1898 , the issue became overwhelming and McKinley could not resist the demands for immediate action . Most Democrats and many Republicans demanded war to liberate Cuba . Almost simultaneously the two countries declared war . ( Every other country was neutral . ) The U.S. easily won the one - sided four - month - long Spanish -- American War from April through July . In the peace treaty of Paris the U.S. and took over the last remnants of the Spanish Empire , notably Cuba , Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . It marked America 's transition from a regional to a global power . Cuba was given independence under American supervision . However the permanent status of the Philippines became a heated political topic . Democrats , led by William Jennings Bryan , had strongly supported the war but not strongly opposed annexation . McKinley was reelected and annexation was decided . The U.S. Navy emerged as a major naval power thanks to modernization programs begun in the 1880s and adopted the sea power theories of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . The Army remained small but was reorganized in the Roosevelt Administration along modern lines and no longer focused on scattered forts in the West .",
"10": "The Philippine -- American War was a short operation to suppress insurgents and ensure U.S. control of the islands ; by 1907 , however , interest in the Philippines as an entry to Asia faded in favor of the Panama Canal , and American foreign policy centered on the Caribbean . The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine , which proclaimed a right for the United States to intervene to stabilize weak states in the Americas , further weakened European influence in Latin America and further established U.S. regional hegemony . The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 ended a half century of peaceful borders and brought escalating tensions , as revolutionaries threatened American business interests and hundreds of thousands of refugees fled north . President Woodrow Wilson tried using military intervention to stabilize Mexico but that failed . After Mexico in 1917 rejected Germany 's invitation in the Zimmermann Telegram to join in war against the U.S. , relations stabilized and there were no more interventions in Mexico . Military interventions did occur in other small countries like Nicaragua , but were ended by the Good Neighbor policy announced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 , which allowed for American recognition of and friendship with dictatorships . World war I : 1914 -- 19 ( edit ) From neutrality to war to end all wars : 1914 - 17 ( edit ) American foreign policy was largely determined by President Woodrow Wilson , who had shown little interest in foreign affairs before entering the White House in 1913 . His chief advisor was `` Colonel '' Edward House , who was sent on many top - level missions . With the outbreak of war in 1914 , the United States declared neutrality and worked to broker a peace . It insisted on its neutral rights , which included allowing private corporations and banks to sell or loan money to either side . With the British blockade , there were almost no sales or loans to Germany , only to the Allies . The widely publicized German atrocities in Germany Shocked American public opinion . Neutrality was supported by Irish - Americans , who hated Britain , by German Americans who wanted to remain neutral , and by women and the churches . It was supported by the more educated upscale WASP element , led by Theodore Roosevelt . Wilson insisted on neutrality , denouncing both British and German violations , especially those German violations in which American civilians were killed .",
"11": "The German U-boat torpedoed the RMS Lusitania in 1915 . It sank in 20 minutes , killing killed 128 American civilians and over 1000 Britons . It was against the laws of war to sink any passenger ship without allowing the passengers to reach the life boats . American opinion turned strongly against Germany as a bloodthirsty threat to civilization . Germany apologized and repeatedly promised to stop attacks by its U-boats , but reversed course in early 1917 when it saw the opportunity to strangle Britain by unrestricted submarine warfare . It also made overtures to Mexico , in the Zimmermann Telegram , hoping to divert American military attention to south of the border . The German decision was not made or approved by the civilian government in Berlin , the by the military commanders and the Kaiser . They realized it meant war with the United States , but hoped to weaken the British by cutting off its imports , and strike a winning below with German soldiers transferred from the Eastern front , where Russia had surrendered . Following the repeated sinking of American merchant ships in early 1917 , Wilson asked and obtained a declaration of war in April 1917 . He neutralized the antiwar element by arguing this was a war With the main goal of ending aggressive militarism and indeed ending all wars . During the war the U.S. was not officially tied to the Allies by treaty , but military cooperation meant that the American contribution became significant in mid-1918 . After the failure of the German spring offensive , as fresh American troops arrived in France at 10,000 a day , the Germans were in a hopeless position , and surrendered . Coupled with Wilson 's Fourteen Points in January 1918 , the U.S. now had the initiative on the military , diplomatic and public relations fronts . Wilsonianism -- Wilson 's ideals -- had become the hope of the world , including the civilian population Germany itself . Winning the war and fighting for peace ( edit ) British prime minister Lloyd George , Italy 's Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , France 's Georges Clemenceau , and Wilson at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 . At the peace conference at Versailles , Wilson tried with mixed success to enact his Fourteen Points .",
"12": "He was forced to accept British , French and Italian demands for financial revenge : Germany would be made to pay reparations that amounted to the total cost of the war for the Allies and admit guilt in humiliating fashion . It was a humiliating punishment for Germany which subsequent commentators thought was too harsh and unfair . Wilson succeeded in obtaining his main goal , a League of Nations that would hopefully resolve all future conflicts before they caused another major war . Wilson , however , refused to consult with Republicans , who took control of Congress after the 1918 elections and which demanded revisions protecting the right of Congress to declare war . Wilson refused to compromise with the majority party in Congress , or even bring any leading Republican to the peace conference . His personal enemy , Henry Cabot Lodge , now control the Senate . Lodge did support the league of Nations , but wanted provisions that would insist that only Congress could declare war on behalf of the United States . Wilson was largely successful in designing the new League of Nations , declaring it would be : a great charter for a new order of affairs . There is ground here for deep satisfaction , universal reassurance , and confident hope . The League did go into operation , but the United States never joined . With a two - thirds vote needed , the Senate did not ratify either the original Treaty or its Republican version . Washington made separate peace treaties with the different European nations . Nevertheless , Wilson 's idealism and call for self - determination of all nations had an effect on nationalism across the globe , while at home his idealistic vision , called `` Wilsonianism '' of spreading democracy and peace under American auspices had a profound influence on much of American foreign policy ever since . Inter-war years , 1919 - 41 ( edit ) Main articles : International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) and Washington Naval Conference In the 1920s , American policy was an active involvement in international affairs , while ignoring the League of Nations , setting up numerous diplomatic ventures , and using the enormous financial power of the United States to dictate major diplomatic questions in Europe . The Republican presidents , Warren Harding , Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover , avoided any political commitments or alliances with anyone else . They minimize contact with the League of Nations . However , as historian Jerald Combs reports their administrations in no way returned to 19th - century isolationism .",
"13": "The key Republican leaders : including Elihu Root , Charles Evans Hughes , and Hoover himself , were Progressives who accepted much of Wilson 's internationalism ... They did seek to use American political influence and economic power to goad European governments to moderate the Versailles peace terms , induce the Europeans to settle their quarrels peacefully , secure disarmament agreements , and strengthen the European capitalist economies to provide prosperity for them and their American trading partners . Naval disarmament ( edit ) The Washington Naval Conference , was the most successful diplomatic venture the 1920s . It was held in Washington , under the Chairmanship of Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922 . Conducted outside the auspice of the League of Nations , it was attended by nine nations -- the United States , Japan , China , France , Great Britain , Italy , Belgium , Netherlands , and Portugal Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference . It focused on resolving misunderstandings or conflicts regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia . The main achievement was a series of naval disarmament agreements agreed to by all the participants , that lasted for a decade . It resulted in three major treaties : Four - Power Treaty , Five - Power Treaty ( the Washington Naval Treaty ) , the Nine - Power Treaty , and a number of smaller agreements . These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but Were not renewed , as the world scene turned increasingly negative after 1930 . Dawes plan ( edit ) The Dawes plan was the American solution to the crisis of reparations , in which France was demanding More money than Germany was willing to pay , so France occupied the key industrial Ruhr district of Germany with its army . The Occupation of the Ruhr in 1923 Caused an international crisis ; Germany deliberately hyperinflated currency , making the occupation highly expensive for France . The crisis was solved by a compromise brokered by the United States in the form of the Dawes Plan in 1924 . This plan , sponsored by American Charles G. Dawes , set out a new financial scheme . New York banks loaned Germany hundreds of millions of dollars that it used to pay reparations and rebuild its heavy industry . France , Britain and the other countries used the reparations in turn to repay wartime loans they received from the United States .",
"14": "By 1928 Germany called for a new payment plan , resulting in the Young Plan that established the German reparation requirements at 112 billion marks ( US $26.3 billion ) and created a schedule of payments that would see Germany complete payments by 1988 . With the collapse of the German economy in 1931 , reparations were suspended for a year and in 1932 during the Lausanne Conference they were suspended indefinitely . Between 1919 and 1932 , Germany paid less than 21 billion marks in reparations . After 1953 West Germany paid the entire remaining balance . Mexico ( edit ) Further information : Mexico -- United States relations Since the turmoil of the Mexican revolution had died down , the Harding administration was prepared to normalize relations with Mexico ... Between 1911 and 1920 American imports from Mexico increased from $57,000,000 to $179,000,000 and exports from $61,000,000 to $208,000,000 . Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover took the lead in order to promote trade and investments other than in oil and land , which had long dominated bilateral economic ties . President Álvaro Obregón assured Americans that they would be protected in Mexico , and Mexico was granted recognition in 1923 . A major crisis erupted in the mid-1930s when the Mexican government expropriated millions of acres of land from hundreds of American property owners as part of President Lázaro Cárdenas 's land redistribution program . No compensation was provided to the American owners . The emerging threat of the Second World War forced the United States to agree to a compromise solution . The US negotiated an agreement with President Manuel Avila Camacho that amounted to a military alliance . Intervention ends in Latin America ( edit ) Small - scale military interventions continued after 1921 as the Banana Wars tapered off . The Hoover administration began a goodwill policy and withdrew all military forces . President Roosevelt announced the `` Good Neighbor Policy '' by which the United States would no longer intervene to promote good government , but would accept whatever governments were locally chosen . His Secretary of State Cordell Hull endorsed article 8 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States ; it provides that `` no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another '' .",
"15": "Isolationism in 1930s ( edit ) In the 1930s , the United States entered the period of deep isolationism , rejecting international conferences , and focusing moment mostly on reciprocal tariff agreements with smaller countries of Latin America . Spanish Civil war : 1936 - 1939 ( edit ) When the Spanish Civil War erupted in 1936 , the United States remained neutral and banned arms sales to either side . This was in line with both American neutrality policies , and with a Europe - wide agreement to not sell arms for use in the Spanish war lest it escalate into a world war . Congress endorsed the embargo by a near - unanimous vote . Only armaments were embargoed ; American companies could sell oil and supplies to both sides . Roosevelt quietly favored the left - wing Republican ( or `` Loyalist '' ) government , but intense pressure by American Catholics forced him to maintain a policy of neutrality . The Catholics were outraged by the systematic torture , rape and execution of priests , bishops , and nuns by anarchist elements of the Loyalist coalition . This successful pressure on Roosevelt was one of the handful of foreign policy successes notched by Catholic pressures on the White House in the 20th century . Germany and Italy provided munitions , and air support , and troops to the Nationalists , led by Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union provided aid to the Loyalist government , and mobilized thousands of volunteers to fight , including several hundred from the United States in the Abraham Lincoln Battalion . All along the Spanish military forces supported the nationalists , and they steadily pushed the government forces back . By 1938 , however , Roosevelt was planning to secretly send American warplanes through France to the desperate Loyalists . His senior diplomats warned that this would worsen the European crisis , so Roosevelt desisted . Adolf Hitler and Franco mutually disliked one another , and Franco repeatedly repeatedly manipulated Hitler for his own benefit during World War Two . Franco sheltered Jewish refugees escaping through France and never turned over the Spanish Jews to Nazi Germany as requested , and when during the Second World War the Blue Division was dispatched to help the Germans , it was forbidden to fight against the Allies , and was limited only to fighting the Soviet .",
"16": "Coming of war : 1937 - 41 ( edit ) Main article : Franklin D. Roosevelt § Third term ( 1941 -- 45 ) President Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson 's mistakes in World War I. He often made exactly the opposite decision . Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed , while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China . Unlike the loans in World War I , the United States made large - scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend - Lease , with little expectation of repayment . Wilson did not greatly expand war production before the declaration of war ; Roosevelt did . Wilson waited for the declaration to begin a draft ; Roosevelt started one in 1940 . Wilson never made the United States an official ally but Roosevelt did . Wilson never met with the top Allied leaders but Roosevelt did . Wilson proclaimed independent policy , as seen in the 14 Points , while Roosevelt always had a collaborative policy with the Allies . In 1917 , United States declared war on Germany ; in 1941 , Roosevelt waited until the enemy attacked at Pearl Harbor . Wilson refused to collaborate with the Republicans ; Roosevelt named leading Republicans to head the War Department and the Navy Department . Wilson let General John J. Pershing make the major military decisions ; Roosevelt made the major decisions in his war including the `` Europe first '' strategy . He rejected the idea of an armistice and demanded unconditional surrender . Roosevelt often mentioned his role in the Wilson administration , but added that he had profited more from Wilson 's errors than from his successes . Pearl Harbor was unpredictable ( edit ) Main articles : Attack on Pearl Harbor and Pearl Harbor advance - knowledge conspiracy theory Political scientist Roberta Wohlstetter explores why all American intelligence agencies failed to predict the attack on Pearl Harbor . The basic reason was that the Japanese plans were a very closely held secret . The attack fleet kept radio silence and was not spotted by anyone en route to Hawaii . There were air patrols over Hawaii , but they were too few and too ineffective to scan a vast ocean . Japan Navy spread false information -- using fake radio signals -- to indicate the main fleet was in Japanese waters , and suggested their main threat was north toward Russia . The U.S. had MAGIC , which successfully cracked the Japanese diplomatic code .",
"17": "However , the Japanese Foreign Ministry and its diplomats were deliberately never told about the upcoming attack , so American intelligence was wasting its time trying to discover secrets through MAGIC American intelligence expected attacks against British and Dutch possessions , and were looking for those clues . At Pearl Harbor , they focused on predicting local sabotage . There was no overall American intelligence center -- the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) was formed during . In 1941 no one coordinated the masses of information coming in from the Army , Navy , and State department , and from British and Dutch allies . The system of notification was flawed , so the what the sender thought was an urgent message did not appear urgent to the recipient . After the attack , congressional investigators identify and link together all sorts of small little signals pointing to an attack , while they discarded signals pointing in other directions . Even in hindsight there was so much confusion , noise , and poor coordination that Wohlstetter concludes no accurate predictions of the attack on Pearl Harbor was at all likely before December 7 . World war II : 1941 -- 45 ( edit ) Main article : Diplomatic history of World War II The same pattern which emerged with the first world war continued with the second : warring European powers , blockades , official U.S. neutrality but this time President Roosevelt tried to avoid all of Wilson 's mistakes . American policy substantially favored Britain and its allies , and the U.S. getting caught up in the war . Unlike the loans in World War I , the United States made large - scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend - Lease . Industries greatly expanded to produce war materials . The United States officially entered World War II against Germany , Japan , and Italy in December 1941 , following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor . This time the U.S. was a full - fledged member of the Allies of World War II , not just an `` associate '' as in the first war . During the war , the U.S. conducted military operations on both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts . After the war and devastation of its European and Asian rivals , the United States found itself in a uniquely powerful position due to the lack of damage to its domestic industries . Postwar peace ( edit ) After 1945 , the isolationist pattern characterizing the inter-war period had ended for good .",
"18": "It was Franklin Roosevelt policy to establish a new international organization that would be much more effective than the old League of Nations , and avoid its flaws . He successfully sponsored the formation of the United Nations . The major long - term goal of Roosevelt 's foreign policy during the war was creating a United Nations to resolve all world problems The United States was a major force in establishing the United Nations in 1945 , hosting a meeting of fifty nations in San Francisco . Avoiding the rancorous debates of 1919 , where there was no veto , the US and the Soviet Union , as well as Britain , France and China , became permanent members of the Security Council with veto power . The idea of the U.N. was to promote world peace through consensus among nations , with boycotts , sanctions and even military power exercised by the Security Council . It depended on member governments for funds and had difficulty funding its budget . In 2009 , its $5 billion budget was funded using a complex formula based on GDP ; the U.S. contributed 20 % in 2009 . However , the United Nations ' vision of peace soon became jeopardized as the international structure was rebalanced with the development and testing of nuclear weapons by major powers . Cold war : 1947 -- 91 ( edit ) Further information : Cold War , Truman Doctrine , and Reagan Doctrine President Kennedy meeting with Soviet foreign minister Gromyko in 1962 . Kennedy knew about Soviet missiles in Cuba but had not revealed this information yet . The Cuban Missile crisis brought the world close to the brink of World War III but luckily cooler heads prevailed . From the late 1940s until 1991 , world affairs were dominated by the Cold War , in which the U.S. and its allies faced the Soviet Union and its allies . There was no large - scale fighting but instead numerous regional wars as well as the ever - present threat of a catastrophic nuclear war . In 1948 the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , which supplied Western Europe -- including Germany -- with $13 billion USD in reconstruction aid . Staff on vetoed any participation by East European nations . A similar program was operated by the United States to restore the Japanese economy . The U.S. actively sought allies , which it subsidized with military and economic `` foreign aid '' , as well as diplomatic support .",
"19": "Most nations aligned with either the Western or Eastern camp , but after 1960 the Soviets broke with China as the Communist movement worldwide became divided . Some countries , such as India and Yugoslavia , tried to be neutral . Rejecting the rollback of Communism by force because it risked nuclear war , Washington developed a new strategy called containment to oppose the spread of communism . The containment policy was developed by U.S. diplomat George Kennan in 1947 . Kennan characterized the Soviet Union as an aggressive , anti-Western power that necessitated containment , a characterization which would shape US foreign policy for decades to come . The idea of containment was to match Soviet aggression with force wherever it occurred while not using nuclear weapons . The policy of containment created a bipolar , zero - sum world where the ideological conflicts between the Soviet Union and the United States dominated geopolitics . Due to the antagonism on both sides and each countries ' search for security , a tense worldwide contest developed between the two states as the two nations ' governments vied for global supremacy militarily , culturally , and influentially . The Cold War was characterized by a lack of global wars but a persistence of regional proxy wars , often fought between client states and proxies of the United States and Soviet Union . The US also intervened in the affairs of other countries through a number of secret operations . During the Cold War , U.S. foreign policy objectives , seeking to limit Soviet influence , involved the United States and its allies in the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and in the closing stages the policy of aiding anti-Soviet Mujahideen forces in Afghanistan ( Operation Cyclone ) . Diplomatic initiatives included the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , the opening of People 's Republic of China and Détente . There were some successes for the U.S. during this period as well as some failures . In the 1980s under a program of extensive military spending led by President Reagan , as well as by diplomatic overtures between Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , a thaw resulted , which eventually led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union under an intelligent Soviet policy of glasnost . By the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the U.S. had military and economic interests in every region of the globe .",
"20": "In March 1992 , the New York Times received leaked parts of a `` Defense Policy Guidance '' document prepared by two principal authors at the U.S. Defense Department , Paul Wolfowitz and I. Lewis Libby . The policy document laid bare the post -- Cold War framework through which U.S. foreign policy would henceforth be guided . Post-cold war : 1992 -- present ( edit ) With the breakup of the Soviet Union into separate nations , and with the re-emergence of the nation of Russia , the world of pro-U.S. and pro-Soviet alliances broke down . Different challenges presented themselves , such as climate change as well as the threat of nuclear terrorism . Regional powerbrokers and dictators such as Saddam Hussein in Iraq challenged the peace with a surprise attack on the small nation of Kuwait in 1991 . President George H.W. Bush organized a coalition of allied and Middle Eastern powers which successfully pushed back the invading forces , but stopped short of invading Iraq and capturing Hussein ; as a result , the dictator was free to rule unchecked for another twelve years . After the Gulf War , many scholars , such as Zbigniew Brzezinski , claimed the lack of a new strategic vision for U.S. foreign policy resulted in many missed opportunities for its foreign policy . During the 1990s , the United States mostly scaled back its foreign policy budget as well as its cold war defense budget which amounted to 6.5 % of GDP while focusing on domestic economic prosperity under President Clinton , who succeeded in achieving a budget surplus for 1999 and 2000 . The United States also served as a peacekeeper in the warring ethnic disputes in the former Yugoslavia by cooperating as a U.N. peacekeeper . A decade of economic prosperity ended with the September 11 , 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City . The surprise attack by terrorists belonging to a militant Al - Qaeda organization prompted a national mourning and paradigm shift in U.S. foreign policy . The focus on domestic prosperity during the 1990s gave way to a trend of unilateral action under President George W. Bush to combat what was seen to be the growing trend of fundamentalist terrorism in the Middle East . The United States declared a War on Terrorism . This policy dominated U.S.",
"21": "foreign policy over the last decade as the nation embarked on two military campaigns in the Middle East , in Afghanistan and Iraq . Although both campaigns attracted international support , particularly the fighting in Afghanistan , the scale and duration of the war has lessened the motivation of American allies . Furthermore , when no WMDs were found after a military conquest of Iraq , there was worldwide skepticism that the war had been fought to prevent terrorism , and the war in Iraq has had serious negative public relations consequences for the image of the United States . The `` Bush Doctrine '' shifted diplomatic and security policy toward maximizing the spread of liberal political institutions and democratic values . The policy has been called `` democratic realism , '' `` national security liberalism , '' `` democratic globalism , '' or `` messianic universalism . '' The policy helped inspire democratic upheavals in the Middle East . German Chancellor Angela Merkel and U.S. President George W. Bush Across the world there was a transition from a bipolar world to a multipolar world . While the United States remains a strong power economically and militarily , rising nations such as China , India , and Brazil as well as Russia have challenged its dominance . Foreign policy analysts such as Nina Harchigian suggest that the six emerging big powers share common concerns : free trade , economic growth , prevention of terrorism , efforts to stymie nuclear proliferation . And if they can avoid war , the coming decades can be peaceful and productive provided there are no misunderstandings or dangerous rivalries . In his first formal television interview as president , Barack Obama addressed the Muslim world through an Arabic - language satellite TV network and expressed a commitment to repair relations that have deteriorated under the previous administration . Still under the Obama administration , American foreign policy has continued to irritate the Muslim world including one of its main allies , Pakistan . But serious problems remain for the U.S. The Mideast continues to fester with religious hatred and Arab resentment of Israel . The U.S. position is that the danger of nuclear proliferation is more evident with nations such as Iran and North Korea openly flouting the international community by insisting on building nuclear weapons . Important issues such as climate change , which require many governments to work together in sometimes tough solutions , present tough diplomatic challenges . An insight into recent thinking inside the State Department was provided in November 2010 and the following months through the Wikileaks United States diplomatic cables release .",
"22": "See also ( edit ) Timeline of United States history History of United States diplomatic relations by country List of treaties List of United States treaties American diplomatic missions Foreign policy of the United States Criticism of U.S. foreign policy Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jerald A. Combs , American diplomatic history : two centuries of changing interpretations ( 1983 ) p 160 . Jump up ^ Jerald A. Combs ( 2008 ) . The History of American Foreign Policy : To 1920 . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 21 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Samuel Flagg Bemis , Jay 's Treaty : A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy ( 1923 ) Jump up ^ Bradford Perkins , The First Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1795 -- 1805 ( 1955 ) . Jump up ^ Samuel Flagg Bemis , `` Washington 's Farewell Address : A Foreign Policy of Independence '' , American Historical Review , Vol. 39 , No. 2 ( Jan. , 1934 ) , pp. 250 -- 68 in JSTOR ; quote from George Washington . `` The Farewell Address -- Transcript of the Final Manuscript '' , The Papers of George Washington in `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . Accessed 2009 - 12 - 29 Jump up ^ Alexander De Conde , The quasi-war : the politics and diplomacy of the undeclared war with France 1797 -- 1801 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Robert W. Tucker , and David C. Hendrickson , Empire of Liberty : The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ The U.S. purchased Florida from Spain in 1819 . Jump up ^ Norman K. Risjord , `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks , and the Nation 's Honor , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 1961 ) 18 # 2 pp. 196 -- 210 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ J.C.A.",
"23": "Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ A.J. Langguth , Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Andrew C.A. Jampoler , Embassy to the Eastern Courts : America 's Secret First Pivot Toward Asia , 1832 -- 37 ( Annapolis : Naval Institute , 2015 . xvi , 236 pp . Jump up ^ Samuel Flagg Bemis , John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy ( 1950 ) Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , The Diplomacy of Annexation : Texas , Oregon , and the Mexican War ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Lynn M. Case , and Warren E. Spencer , The United States and France : Civil War Diplomacy ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Kinley J. Brauer , `` British Mediation and the American Civil War : A Reconsideration , '' Journal of Southern History , ( 1972 ) 38 # 1 pp. 49 -- 64 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : And international history of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) pp. 8 ( quote ) , 69 -- 70 Jump up ^ Howard Jones , Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : the Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War , ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Walter Stahr , Seward : Lincoln 's Indispensable Man ( 2012 ) ch. 11 Jump up ^ Frank J. Merli , The Alabama , British Neutrality , and the American Civil War . ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Martin B. Duberman , Charles Francis Adams , 1807 -- 1886 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , `` The World Was Watching : America 's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege , '' Wall Street Journal ( Feb.",
"24": "7 -- 8 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Garth Stevenson ( 1997 ) . Ex Uno Plures : Federal - Provincial Relations in Canada , 1867 - 1896 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Maureen M. Robson , `` The Alabama Claims and the Anglo ‐ American Reconciliation , 1865 -- 71 . '' Canadian Historical Review ( 1961 ) 42 # 1 pp : 1 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey W. Coker ( 2002 ) . Presidents from Taylor Through Grant , 1849 -- 1877 : Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents . Greenwood . pp. 205 -- 06 . Jump up ^ David M. Pletcher , `` Reciprocity and Latin America in the Early 1890s : A Foretaste of Dollar Diplomacy , '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1978 ) 47 # 1 pp. 53 -- 89 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ David Healy , James G. Blaine and Latin America ( 2001 ) . pp. 40 -- 60 Jump up ^ Russell H. Bastert , `` Diplomatic Reversal : Frelinghuysen 's Opposition to Blaine 's Pan-American Policy in 1882 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1956 ) 42 # 4 pp. 653 -- 71 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Lester D. Langley , `` James Gillespie Blaine : The Ideologue as Diplomat '' in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson , eds. , Makers of American Diplomacy : From Benjamin Franklin to Henry Kissinger ( 1974 ) pp. 253 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Dennis C. Jett ( 2014 ) . American Ambassadors : The Past , Present , and Future of America 's Diplomats . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Herring , From Colony to Superpower ( 2008 ) ch. 8 Jump up ^ Louis A. Perez , Jr , Cuba under the Platt Amendment , 1902 -- 1934 ( 1986 ) .",
"25": "Jump up ^ Paolo E. Coletta , `` Bryan , McKinley , and the Treaty of Paris . '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1957 ) : 131 -- 46 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 24.1 ( 1937 ) : 43 -- 52 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Herring , From Colony to Superpower ( 2008 ) chs. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Herring , From Colony to Superpower ( 2008 ) chs. 10 -- 12 Jump up ^ Jerald A Combs ( 2015 ) . The History of American Foreign Policy : v. 1 : To 1920 . pp. 325 -- . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) chs. 17 -- 19 Jump up ^ Manfred F. Boemeke et al , eds . The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment after Seventy - Five Years ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper ( 2001 ) . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Erez Manela , The Wilsonian Moment : Self - Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Jerald A. Combs , The History of American Foreign Policy from 1895 ( 4th ed. 2012 ) vol 2 p 124 Jump up ^ u-s-history.com - Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18 Jump up ^ Thomas H. Buckley , The United States and the Washington Conference , 1921 - 1922 ( U of Tennessee Press , 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick O. Cohrs , The Unfinished Peace after World War I : America , Britain and the Stabilisation of Europe , 1919 -- 1932 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Leonard Gomes , German Reparations , 1919 -- 1932 : A Historical Survey ( Springer , 2010 ) .",
"26": "Jump up ^ George D. Beelen , `` The Harding Administration and Mexico : Diplomacy by Economic Persuasion . '' The Americas 41.2 ( 1984 ) : 177 - 189 . Jump up ^ John Dwyer , The Agrarian Dispute : The Expropriation of American - Owned Rural Land in Postrevolutionary Mexico ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Karl M. Schmitt , Mexico and the United States , 1821 - 1973 : Conflict and Coexistence ( 1974 ) pp 185 - 88 . Jump up ^ Alan McPherson , `` Herbert Hoover , Occupation Withdrawal , and the Good Neighbor Policy . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 44.4 ( 2014 ) : 623 - 639 online . Jump up ^ Martin Folly and Niall Palmer ( 2010 ) . The A to Z of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II . p. 312 . Jump up ^ J. David Valaik , `` Catholics , neutrality , and the Spanish embargo , 1937 - 1939 . '' Journal of American History 54.1 ( 1967 ) : 73 - 85 . online Jump up ^ Dominic Tierney ( 2007 ) . FDR and the Spanish Civil War : Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle that Divided America . pp. 106 -- 8 , 183 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne , The Spanish Civil War , the Soviet Union , and Communism . Yale University Press , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Pastor ( 1999 ) . A Century 's Journey : How the Great Powers Shape the World . Basic Books . p. 218ff . Jump up ^ William E. Leuchtenburg ( 2015 ) . In the Shadow of FDR : From Harry Truman to Barack Obama . Cornell UP . p. 314 . Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Franklin D. Roosevelt and American foreign policy , 1932 - 1945 ( 1995 ) pp 232 , 319 , 373 Jump up ^ Torbjørn L. Knutsen ( 1999 ) .",
"27": "The Rise and Fall of World Orders . Manchester UP . p. 184ff . Jump up ^ Roberta Wohlstetter , Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision ( 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Lt - Col Robert F. Piacine , `` Pearl Harbor : Failure of Intelligence ? ' ( Air War College , 1997 ) online Jump up ^ Ralph B. Levering , The cold war , 1945 - 1987 ( 1988 ) online free Jump up ^ Martin McCauley , Russia , America , and the Cold War , 1949 - 1991 ( 1998 ) , A British perspective ; online free Jump up ^ 1992 Wolfowitz U.S. Strategy Plan Document Jump up ^ Jonathan Monten , `` The Roots of the Bush Doctrine : Power , Nationalism , and Democracy Promotion in U.s. Strategy '' International Security 29 # 4 ( 2005 ) , pp. 112 - 156 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` Obama tells Arabic network US is ' not your enemy ' '' . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Ambrose , Stephen E. , and Douglas G. Brinkley , Rise to Globalism : American Foreign Policy Since 1938 , 9th ed. ( 2012 ) Bailey , Thomas A. Diplomatic History of the American People ( 10th ed 1980 ) , standard older textbook online free ; 1964 edition online free Bemis , Samuel Flagg . A diplomatic history of the United States ( 5th ed. 1965 ) 1062 pp. online free Blume , Kenneth J. ( 2010 ) . The A to Z of U.S. Diplomacy from the Civil War to World War I. Scarecrow Press . Brune , Lester H. Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations ( 2003 ) , 1400 pp . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol. 1993 ) ; online Combs , Jerald A .",
"28": "The History of American Foreign Policy from 1895 ( 4th ed. 2012 ) excerpt DeConde , Alexander , et al. eds . Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 3 vol ( 2001 ) , 2200 pp. 120 long articles by specialists . Online DeConde , Alexander . A History of American Foreign Policy ( 1963 ) online free ; very useful footnotes to scholarly articles Findling , John E. ed . Dictionary of American Diplomatic History 2nd ed. 1989 . 700 pp. 1200 short articles . online copy Flanders , Stephen A , and Carl N. Flanders . Dictionary of American Foreign Affairs ( 1993 ) 835 pp. short articles Herring , George C. From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2008 ) , 1056pp ; a scholarly survey Herring , George C. Years of Peril and Ambition : U.S. Foreign Relations , 1776 -- 1921 ( 2nd ed. part 1 , 2017 . 458 pp . Herring , George C. The American Century & Beyond : U.S. Foreign Relations , 1893 -- 2014 ( 2nd ed. part 2 , 2017 ) , xiv , 748 pp. Updates the 2008 edition with new last chapter on 2001 - 14 ... Jentleson , B.W. and Thomas G. Paterson , eds . Encyclopaedia of U.S. Foreign Relations , ( 4 vols. , 1997 ) Lafeber , Walter . The American Age : United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad , 1750 to Present ( 2nd ed 1994 ) New Left textbook ; 884 pp. online edition Leopold , Richard . The growth of American foreign policy : a history ( 1963 online free Paterson , Thomas G. et al. American Foreign Relations ( 7th ed. 2 vol. 2009 ) , recent university textbook online free Williams , William Appleman .",
"29": "The tragedy of American diplomacy ( 1959 ) , highly influential criticism from the Left Historiography ( edit ) Beisner , Robert L. ed , American Foreign Relations since 1600 : A Guide to the Literature ( 2003 ) , 2 vol . 16,300 annotated entries evaluate every major book and scholarly article . Brauer , Kinley . `` The Need for a Synthesis of American Foreign Relations , 1815 - 1861 '' Journal of the Early Republic 14 # 4 ( 1994 ) , pp. 467 -- 76 in JSTOR Burns , Richard Dean , ed . Guide to American Foreign Relations since 1700 ( 1983 ) highly detailed annotated bibliography Combs , Jerald A. American diplomatic history : two centuries of changing interpretations ( U of California Press , 19830 . online free Crapol , Edward P. `` Coming to Terms with Empire : The Historiography of Late - Nineteenth - Century American Foreign Relations . '' Diplomatic History 16.4 ( 1992 ) : 573 -- 98 . Crapol , Edward P. `` Some Reflections on the Historiography of the Cold War , '' History Teacher 20 # 2 ( 1987 ) , pp. 251 -- 62 in JSTOR Dunne , Michael . `` Exceptionalism of a kind : the political historiography of US foreign relations . '' International Affairs ( 2011 ) 87 # 1 pp : 153 -- 71 . Fry , Joseph A. `` From Open Door to World Systems : Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth Century American Foreign Relations , '' Pacific Historical Review ( 1996 ) 65 # 2 pp. 277 -- 303 in JSTOR Gaddis , John Lewis . `` New conceptual approaches to the study of American Foreign Relations : interdisciplinary perspectives . '' Diplomatic History ( 1990 ) 14 # 3 p. : 405 -- 24 . Hogan , Michael J. America in the World : The Historiography of US Foreign Relations since 1941 ( 1996 ) , scholarly articles reprinted from the journal Diplomatic History Hogan , Michael J. ed .",
"30": "Paths to Power : The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941 ( 2000 ) essays on main topics Hogan , Michael J. and Thomas G. Paterson , eds . Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations ( 1991 ) essays on historiography Makdisi , Ussama . `` After Said : The Limits and Possibilities of a Critical Scholarship of US - Arab Relations . '' Diplomatic History ( 2014 ) 38 # 3 pp. 657 -- 84 . Pederson , William D. ed . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 2011 ) online pp. 480 -- 689 , covers historiography of American diplomacy worldwide in WW2 Schulzinger , Robert . A Companion to American Foreign Relations ( Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History ) ( 2006 ) . 26 essays by scholars ; emphasis on historiography Sexton , Jay . `` Toward a synthesis of foreign relations in the Civil War era , 1848 -- 77 . '' American Nineteenth Century History 5.3 ( 2004 ) : 50 -- 73 . Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2009 ) . `` The Diplomatic History Bandwagon : A State of the Field '' . Journal of American History . 95 ( 4 ) : 1053 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 27694560 . in JSTOR Zeiler , Thomas W. ed . American Foreign Relations since 1600 : A Guide to the Literature ( 2007 ) , online Primary sources ( edit ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416 pp. with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Paterson , Thomas G. , ed . Major problems in American foreign policy : documents and essays : vol 2 since 1914 ( 3rd ed. 1989 ) online free , Excerpts from primary and secondary sources . Great Britain ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom -- United States relations § Bibliography Allen ; H.C.",
"31": "Great Britain and the United States : A History of Anglo - American Relations , 1783 -- 1952 ( 1954 ) Bartlett , Christopher John . The Special Relationship : A Political History of Anglo - American Relations Since 1945 ( 1992 ) Burt , Alfred L. The United States , Great Britain , and British North America from the Revolution to the Establishment of Peace after the War of 1812 . ( 1940 ) , detailed history by Canadian scholar ; online Crawford , Martin . The Anglo - American Crisis of the Mid-Nineteenth Century : The Times and America , 1850 -- 1862 ( 1987 ) Dobson , Alan P. Anglo - American Relations in the Twentieth Century ( 1995 ) Dumbrell , John . A special relationship : Anglo - American relations from the cold war to Iraq ( 2006 ) Ellis , Sylvia . Historical Dictionary of Anglo - American Relations ( 2009 ) and text search Foreman , Amanda . A World on Fire : Britain 's Crucial Role in the American Civil War ( Random House , 2011 ) , 958 pp . Geoffrey Wheatcroft , `` How the British Nearly Supported the Confederacy , '' New York Times Sunday Book Review June 30 , 2011 online Hollowell ; Jonathan . Twentieth - Century Anglo - American Relations ( 2001 ) Hitchens , Christopher . Blood , Class and Empire : The Enduring Anglo - American Relationship ( 2004 ) Louis , William Roger ; Imperialism at Bay : The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire , 1941 -- 1945 ( 1978 ) Louis , William Roger , and Hedley Bull . The `` Special Relationship '' : Anglo - American Relations since 1945 ( 1987 ) Loewenheim , Francis L. et al. eds . Roosevelt and Churchill , their secret wartime correspondence ( 1975 ) , primary sources Perkins ; Bradford . The First Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1795 -- 1805 ( 1955 ) Perkins , Bradford . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 ( 1961 ) full text online Reynolds , David .",
"32": "From World War to Cold War : Churchill , Roosevelt , and the International History of the 1940s ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Rofe , J. Simon and Alison R. Holmes , eds . The Embassy in Grosvenor Square : American Ambassadors to the United Kingdom , 1938 -- 2008 ( 2012 ) , essays by scholars how the ambassadors promoted a special relationship Woods , Randall Bennett . Changing of the Guard : Anglo - American Relations , 1941 -- 1946 ( 1990 ) France ( edit ) Main article : France -- United States relations § Further reading Berthon , Simon . Allies at War : The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill , Roosevelt , and de Gaulle. ( 2001 ) . 356 pp . Blumenthal , Henry . France and the United States ; Their Diplomatic Relation , 1789 -- 1914 ( 1970 ) . Blumenthal , Henry . A Reappraisal of Franco - American Relations , 1830 -- 1871 ( 1959 ) . Costigliola , Frank . France and the United States : the cold alliance since World War II ( 1992 ) , Scholarly history . Hill , Peter P. Napoleon 's Troublesome Americans : Franco - American Relations , 1804 -- 1815 ( 2005 ) . Hoffman , Ronald and Peter J. Albert , eds . Diplomacy and Revolution : The Franco - American Alliance of 1778 ( 1981 ) , Topical essays by scholars . Paxton , Robert O. , ed . De Gaulle and the United States ( 1994 ) Stinchcombe , William C. The American Revolution and the French Alliance ( 1969 ) Williams , A. France , Britain and the United States in the Twentieth Century 1900 -- 1940 : A Reappraisal ( Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations ) ( 2014 ) . Pre-1945 ( edit ) Ambrosius , Lloyd E. Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition ( 1987 ) . Beale , Howard . Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power ( 1956 ) .",
"33": "Campbell , Charles S. From Revolution to Rapprochement : The United States and Great Britain , 1783 -- 1900 ( 1974 ) . Cogliano , Francis D. Emperor of Liberty : Thomas Jefferson 's Foreign Policy ( 2014 ) Curti , Merle . American Philanthropy Abroad : A History ( 1963 ) . Dallek , Robert . Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932 -- 1945 ( 2nd ed. 1995 ) standard scholarly survey Doyle , Don H. The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) Excerpt and text search Eckes , Alfred E. Opening America 's Market : U.S. Foreign Trade Policy since 1776 ( 1995 ) . Ekbladh , David . The Great American Mission : Modernization and the Construction of an American World Order ( 2011 ) Gilderhus , Mark T . The Second Century : U.S. Latin American Relations since 1889 ( 2000 ) . Howland , Charles P. Survey of American Foreign Relations , 1930 ( 1931 ) wide - ranging overview late 1920s Hyman , Harold Melvin . Heard Round the World ; the Impact Abroad of the Civil War . New York : Knopf , 1969 . Jones , Howard . Blue & Gray Diplomacy : A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations ( 2010 ) online LaFeber , Walter . The American Search for Opportunity , 1865 -- 1913 Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . ( 1993 ) . Peraino , Kevin . Lincoln in the World : The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power ( 2013 ) . excerpt Saul , Norman E. Distant Friends : The United States and Russia , 1763 -- 1867 ( 1991 ) . Sexton , Jay . `` Civil War Diplomacy . '' in by Aaron Sheehan - Dean ed. , A Companion to the US Civil War ( 2014 ) : 741 -- 62 .",
"34": "Smith , Robert W. Amid a Warring World : American Foreign Relations , 1775 -- 1815 ( 2012 ) , 220 pp. brief introduction excerpt Tucker , Robert W. and David C. Hendrickson . Empire of Liberty : The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson ( 1990 ) Cold war ( edit ) Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Anderson , David L. , ed . The Columbia History of the Vietnam War ( Columbia University Press , 2013 ) Bacevich , Andrew J. , ed . The Long War : A New History of U.S. National Security Policy Since World War II ( 2007 ) Brands , H.W. The Wages of Globalism : Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power ( 1997 ) Cohen , Warren I. , and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker , eds . Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World : American Foreign Policy 1963 -- 1968 ( Cambridge University Press , 1994 ) Colman , Jonathan . The Foreign Policy of Lyndon B. Johnson : The United States and the World , 1963 -- 1969 ( Edinburgh University Press , 2010 ) 231 pp . Dobson , Alan P. , and Steve Marsh . U.S. Foreign Policy since 1945 . 160 pp. ( 2001 ) online edition Gaddis , John Lewis . Strategies of Containment : A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy ( 1982 ) online edition Gavin , Francis J. and Mark Atwood Lawrence , eds . Beyond the Cold War : Lyndon Johnson and the New Global Challenges of the 1960s ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) 301 pp . Kolko , Gabriel , Confronting the Third World : United States Foreign Policy , 1945 -- 1980 ( 1988 ) Leffler , Melvyn P. For the Soul of Mankind : The United States , the Soviet Union , and the Cold War ( 2007 ) Lewis , Adrian R . The American Culture of War : The History of U.S. Military Force from World War II to Operation Iraqi Freedom ( 2006 ) Nixon , Richard .",
"35": "RN : the memoirs of Richard Nixon ( 1983 ) Paterson , Thomas G. Meeting the Communist Threat : Truman to Reagan ( 1988 ) , by leading liberal historian Asia ( edit ) Cohen Warren I. America 's Response to China : An Interpretative History of Sino - American Relations . ( 5th ed. 2009 ) Van Sant , John ; Mauch , Peter ; and Sugita , Yoneyuki , Historical Dictionary of United States - Japanese Relations . ( 2007 ) online review Since 1990 ( edit ) Brands , Hal . From Berlin to Baghdad : America 's Search for Purpose in the Post-cold War World ( 2008 ) , 440 pp . Gardner , Lloyd C. The Long Road to Baghdad : A History of U.S. Foreign Policy from the 1970s to the Present ( 2008 ) 310 pp . Hook , Steven W. and Christopher M. Jones , eds . Routledge Handbook of American Foreign Policy ( 2011 ) , 480 pp. essays by scholars excerpt Inbar , Efraim , and Jonathan Rynhold , eds . US Foreign Policy and Global Standing in the 21st Century : Realities and Perceptions ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Lansford , Tom . Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy Since the Cold War ( 2007 ) Scott , James A. After the End : Making U.S. Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War World . ( 1998 ) 434 pp. online edition Bibliography ( edit ) Samuel Flagg Bemis and Grace Gardner Griffin . Guide to the diplomatic history of the United States , 1775 - 1921 ( 1935 ) online 979pp ; an old bibliography as part of a highly detailed outline of American diplomatic history External links ( edit ) The Beginning of U.S. Foreign Policy in the Levant Shapell Manuscript Foundation Public policy of the United States Agricultural Arctic Climate change ( G.W. Bush ) Domestic ( Reagan , G.W. Bush ) Drug Economic ( G.W.",
"36": "Bush , Obama ) Energy ( Obama ) Environmental Fiscal Foreign ( History , Criticism , Reagan , Clinton , G.W. Bush , Obama , Trump ) Gun control ( Clinton ) Low - level radioactive waste Monetary Native American ( Nixon , Obama ) Nuclear energy Science Social ( Obama ) Space ( G.W. Bush , Obama ) Stem cell Telecommunications Trade Visa United States in World War II Home front American music during World War II United States aircraft production during World War II Arizona during World War II Nevada during World War II New Mexico during World War II Greatest Generation American women Women Airforce Service Pilots Women 's Army Corps Woman 's Land Army of America Rosie the Riveter Minorities Hispanic Americans in World War II Native Americans and World War II Puerto Ricans in World War II Military participation Army ( Uniforms ) Army Air Force Marine Corps Navy Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) Events List of battles Attack on Pearl Harbor Normandy landings Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Minorities African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans ) Jewish Americans Diplomatic participation Lend - Lease Destroyers for Bases Agreement Project Hula Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_U.S._foreign_policy&oldid=816296306 '' Categories : History of the foreign relations of the United States Foreign relations of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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when did world war 2 end in the pacific
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[
"14 and 15 August 1945",
"14 and 15 August 1945",
"14 and 15 August 1945",
"14 and 15 August 1945",
"September 2, 1945"
] |
{
"0": "End of World War II in Asia - wikipedia End of World War II in Asia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The end of World War II in Asia occurred on 14 and 15 August 1945 , when armed forces of the Empire of Japan surrendered to the forces of the Allies . The surrender came over three months after the surrender of the Axis forces in Europe and brought an end to World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 2 Final stages 3 Aftermath 3.1 Thailand ( Siam ) 3.2 Occupation of Japan 3.3 International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4 See also 5 References Prelude ( edit ) See also : End of World War II in Europe November 28 , 1943 -- Tehran Conference -- Soviet Union agrees to invade Japan `` after the defeat of Germany '' -- commence stockpiling resources in the Far East . February 4 , 1945 -- Yalta Conference -- Soviet Union agrees to invade Japan within 3 months of German surrender . April 5 , 1945 -- Soviet Union denounces the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact that had been signed on April 13 , 1941 . April 29 , 1945 - Italian Fascist Republican troops , under Rodolfo Graziani 's command , surrender in the `` Rendition of Cazerta '' . May 8 , 1945 -- Germany surrenders July 16 , 1945 -- Potsdam Conference . July 26 , 1945 -- Potsdam Declaration to Japan demanding unconditional surrender . Final stages ( edit ) See also : Pacific War § Final stages , Burma Campaign § Final operations , and Victory over Japan Day August 3 , 1945 -- Soviet General Vasilevskii reported to Stalin that Soviet forces ready for invasion from August 7 . August 6 , 1945 -- An atomic bomb , Little Boy , dropped on Hiroshima from a special B - 29 Superfortress named Enola Gay , flown by Col. Paul Tibbets .",
"1": "It is the first use of atomic weapons in combat . ( Atomic bombing of Hiroshima ) August 8 , 1945 -- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan against the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact . August 9 , 1945 -- Second , and more powerful plutonium implosion atomic bomb , Fat Man , is dropped on Nagasaki from a different Silverplate B - 29 named Bockscar , flown by Maj . Charles Sweeney ( Atomic bombing of Nagasaki ) August 9 , 1945 -- Soviet Armies launch the Soviet invasion of Manchuria . August 10 , 1945 -- The 38th Parallel is set as the delineation between the Soviet and US occupation zones in Korea . August 14 , 1945 ( at noon JST on August 15 , 1945 ) -- Emperor Shōwa 's decree to accept the Potsdam Declaration announced over radio . August 14 , 1945 -- General Douglas MacArthur is appointed to head the occupation forces in Japan . August 16 , 1945 -- Gen. Jonathan Wainwright , a POW since May 6 , 1942 following the surrender of U.S. forces in the Philippines under his command , is released from a POW camp in Manchuria . August 17 , 1945 -- Japanese IGHQ issues formal cease - fire in Manchuria . August 17 , 1945 -- General MacArthur issues General Order No. 1 . August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet Army invades Karafuto on southern Sakhalin Island . August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet amphibious landings in northern Korea . August 18 , 1945 -- Japanese pilots attack two Consolidated B - 32 Dominators of the 386th Bomb Squadron , 312th Bomb Group , on a photo reconnaissance mission over Japan . Sgt . Anthony Marchione , 19 , a photographer 's assistant on the B - 32 Hobo Queen II , was fatally wounded in the attack . Marchione would be the last American killed in air combat in the Second World War . August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet invasion of the Kuril Islands begins with amphibious landings on Shumshu .",
"2": "August 19 , 1945 -- Kwantung Army HQ transmit capitulation order to Japanese troops in Manchuria . August 23 , 1945 -- Last Japanese troops on Shumshu surrender to Soviet forces . August 25 , 1945 -- Japanese surrender in Karafuto ( south Sakhalin Island ) . August 27 , 1945 -- B - 29s drop supplies to Allied POWs in China . August 29 , 1945 -- The Soviets shoot down a B - 29 Superfortress dropping supplies to POWs in Korea August 29 , 1945 -- U.S. troops land near Tokyo to begin the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers . August 30 , 1945 -- The United Kingdom reoccupies Hong Kong . September 2 , 1945 -- Formal Japanese surrender ceremony aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay ; U.S. President Harry S. Truman declares VJ Day . Aftermath ( edit ) See also : South East Asia Command § Post -- World War II September 2 , 1945 -- The Japanese garrison in Penang surrenders , while the British retake Penang under Operation Jurist . September 3 , 1945 -- The Japanese commander in the Philippines , Gen. Yamashita , surrenders to Gen. Wainwright at Baguio . September 4 , 1945 -- Japanese troops on Wake Island surrender . September 5 , 1945 -- The British land in Singapore . September 5 , 1945 -- The Soviets complete their occupation of the Kuril Islands . September 6 , 1945 - Japanese forces in Rabaul surrender . September 8 , 1945 -- MacArthur enters Tokyo . September 8 , 1945 -- U.S. forces land at Incheon to occupy Korea south of the 38th Parallel September 9 , 1945 -- Japanese in China surrender . September 9 , 1945 -- Japanese in Korea surrender . September 10 , 1945 - Japanese in Labuan surrender . September 11 , 1945 - Japanese in Sarawak surrender . September 12 , 1945 - Japanese in Singapore surrender . September 13 , 1945 -- Japanese in Burma surrender .",
"3": "September 14 , 1945 - Japanese in Celebes surrender . September 16 , 1945 - Japanese in Hong Kong formally surrender . October 25 , 1945 -- Japanese in Taiwan surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek as part of General Order No. 1 , which later led to the ambiguous and unresolved political status of Taiwan . Thailand ( siam ) ( edit ) After Japan 's defeat in 1945 , with the help of Seri Thai , Thailand was treated as a defeated country by the British and French , although American support mitigated the Allied terms . Thailand was not occupied by the Allies , but it was forced to return the territory it had regained to the British and the French . In the postwar period Thailand had relations with the United States , which it saw as a protector from the communist revolutions in neighbouring countries . Occupation of Japan ( edit ) At the end of World War II , Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers , led by the United States with contributions also from Australia , India , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the island nation had been occupied by a foreign power . The San Francisco Peace Treaty , signed on September 8 , 1951 , marked the end of the Allied occupation , and after it came into force on April 28 , 1952 , Japan was once again an independent country . International military tribunal for the Far East ( edit ) During the occupation leading Japanese war crime charges were reserved for those who participated in a joint conspiracy to start and wage war , and were brought against those in the highest decision - making bodies ; `` Class B '' crimes were reserved for those who committed `` conventional '' atrocities or crimes against humanity ; `` Class C '' crimes were reserved for those in `` the planning , ordering , authorization , or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure . '' Twenty - eight Japanese military and political leaders were charged with Class A crimes , and more than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class B and C crimes , mostly entailing prisoner abuse . China held 13 tribunals of its own , resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions . The Japanese Emperor Hirohito and all members of the imperial family such as Prince Asaka , were not prosecuted for involvement in any the three categories of crimes .",
"4": "Herbert Bix explains that `` the Truman administration and General MacArthur both believed the occupation reforms would be implemented smoothly if they used Hirohito to legitimise their changes . '' As many as 50 suspects , such as Nobusuke Kishi , who later became Prime Minister , and Yoshisuke Aikawa , head of the zaibatsu Nissan , and future leader of the Chuseiren , were charged but released without ever being brought to trial in 1947 and 1948 . Shiro Ishii received immunity in exchange for data gathered from his experiments on live prisoners . The lone dissenting judge to exonerate all indictees was Indian jurist Radhabinod Pal . The tribunal was adjourned on 12 November 1948 . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II Japanese holdout Aftermath of World War II References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , pp. 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , pp. 33 , 34 . Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art . `` Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History : Japan , 1900 a.d. -- present '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 .",
"5": "Jump up ^ https://www.harpercollins.com/authors/13941 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia&oldid=808313296 '' Categories : Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II World War II operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre South West Pacific theatre of World War II Japanese home islands campaign Chronology of World War II Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 03 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is a wrinkle in time based on
|
[
"the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle",
"the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle",
"the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle",
"the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle",
"the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle"
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{
"0": "A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Wrinkle in Time Theatrical release poster Directed by Ava DuVernay Produced by Jim Whitaker Catherine Hand Screenplay by Jennifer Lee Jeff Stockwell Based on A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle Starring Oprah Winfrey Reese Witherspoon Mindy Kaling Gugu Mbatha - Raw Michael Peña Storm Reid Zach Galifianakis Chris Pine Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Spencer Averick Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Whitaker Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $100 -- 130 million Box office $124.4 million A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell , based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle . The film stars Oprah Winfrey , Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Michael Peña , Storm Reid , Zach Galifianakis and Chris Pine , and follows a young girl who , with the help of three astral travelers , sets off on a quest to find her father , who went missing after discovering a new planet . Principal photography began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . With a production budget of over $100 million , the film became the first live - action film with a nine - digit budget to be directed by a woman of color .",
"1": "A Wrinkle in Time premired at the El Capitan Theatre on February 26 , 2018 , and with a theatrical release on March 9 , 2018 , through the Disney Digital 3 - D , Real D 3D , and IMAX formats . The film received mixed reviews , with critics `` taking issue with the film 's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes '' while `` celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity '' , and has grossed $124 million worldwide against a break - even point of $400 million , thus being a box office bomb . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Thirteen - year - old Meg Murry struggles to adjust to school and home life ever since her father Alex , a well - renowned scientist , mysteriously disappeared while he was studying astrophysics . Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity 's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world . During the night , Meg 's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house . She mentions the tesseract , a type of space - travel Alex was working on , is real , and leaves soon after . The next day , one of Meg 's classmates , Calvin O'Keefe , joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who , another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace . When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard , Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman , Mrs. Which , who is the oldest and appears as a giant . The three reveal themselves as astral travelers , and lead Meg , Calvin , and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel . Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature , and takes the children up into the atmosphere , where they see a dark shadow known as The IT . Mrs.",
"2": "Which tells Meg her father 's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT , a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe . Gaining the women 's trust , Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides . The Happy Medium shows them Meg 's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz , The IT 's homeworld . Mrs. Which also explains The IT represents all of the greed , anger , pride , selfishness , and low self - esteem in the world . Showing them examples of these characteristics , Meg learns that while Calvin is popular at school , he is neglected and bullied by his father and her school enemy Veronica Kiley is extremely self - conscious . The three Mrs. propose they travel back to Earth to regroup , but Meg 's refusal messes with the tesseract , and they travel to Camazotz instead . Upon arriving on Camazotz , Mrs. Which , Mrs. Whatsit , and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz 's evil is stronger than their light . Before they depart , they bestow gifts upon Meg ; these include Mrs. Who 's glasses , the knowledge of Meg 's faults , and the command to never separate . The trio treks through Camazotz 's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT 's bodyguard , Red . He offers the starving children food and tells them Alex is safe and happy . He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here , but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims all of the food tastes like sand . When Red starts repeating the times tables , Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm , allowing the IT to take full control of his mind . When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace , they find themselves in a seemingly empty room . Using Mrs. Who 's glasses , Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner . After bringing him out of captivity , the IT 's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master . As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT 's power , Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children , abandoning Charles Wallace .",
"3": "Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself , leaving her alone . When she confronts Charles Wallace in corruption , she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power . Using her love for her brother and the knowledge she is imperfect , Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases the control of Camazotz from the evil entity . The three Mrs. return and tell Meg her time is here to tesser for herself . Returning home , Meg thanks the women for their help and for rescuing her father and they part ways , while Veronica becomes nice to her . The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father . Cast ( edit ) Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who Storm Reid as Meg Murry , a gifted young girl Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe , Meg 's classmate and friend Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry , Meg 's prodigious adoptive 6 - year - old brother Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's long - lost father Zach Galifianakis as The Happy Medium Michael Peña as Red David Oyelowo as the IT , Red 's true diabolical form Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Dr. Kate Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's mother André Holland as Principal James Jenkins Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Kiley Bellamy Young as Camazotz Woman Conrad Roberts as Elegant Man Yvette Cason as a teacher Will McCormack as another teacher Daniel MacPherson as Calvin 's Father Production ( edit ) DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live - action film with a budget of over $100 million . In October 2010 , it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time , by Madeleine L'Engle , which had previously been made as a 2003 television film . Following the financial success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios .",
"4": "Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films . The project 's budget was slated to be $35 million , which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia , both of which were made for less than $30 million . On August 5 , 2014 , Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter , taking over from Stockwell , who wrote the first draft . On February 8 , 2016 , it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film , and she was confirmed to direct later that same month . She became the first woman of color to direct a live - action film with a production budget over $100 million . On July 26 , 2016 , Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film , to play Mrs. Which , the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws , celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey . On September 7 , 2016 , Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film , with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit , who presents as a chatty , grandmotherly hobo , and Kaling set for the quotation - reciting Mrs. Who . On September 13 , 2016 , Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry , a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before . In October 2016 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg , Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry , respectively . On November 1 , 2016 , more cast were announced , including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium , André Holland as Principal Jenkins , Levi Miller as Calvin , and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace , along with Bellamy Young , Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack . Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red . The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . After Los Angeles , production moved to New Zealand for two weeks .",
"5": "Tobias A. Schliessler was the film 's cinematographer , Naomi Shohan its production designer , Paco Delgado its costume designer , and Rich McBride its visual effects supervisor . During production , DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to allow her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting . Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka , California , in Humboldt County , starting on November 29 , 2016 . Filming also took place at Eureka 's Sequoia Park , located next to Sequoia Park Zoo . None of the film 's major actors were present in Eureka . In mid-December , Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles . During the last two weeks of February 2017 , filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago , New Zealand . Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps , including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea , with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia . Filming wrapped in New Zealand 's South Island after two weeks , and DuVernay declared the cast and crew 's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post . Music ( edit ) Main article : A Wrinkle in Time ( soundtrack ) On September 28 , 2017 , Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film , replacing Jonny Greenwood , who was initially chosen to compose , and scored the film . On February 20 , 2018 , it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade , Sia , Kehlani , Chloe x Halle , Freestyle Fellowship , DJ Khaled , and Demi Lovato . Release ( edit ) The film was released in the United States on March 9 , 2018 . It was previously set for an April 6 , 2018 release . Marketing ( edit ) DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film would debut at the 2017 D23 expo ; it was released on July 15 , 2017 .",
"6": "Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 25 , 2018 , A Wrinkle in Time grossed $93.9 million in the United States and Canada , and just over $30.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $124.4 million . With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement , the film will need to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit . In the United States and Canada , A Wrinkle in Time was released alongside The Hurricane Heist , Gringo and The Strangers : Prey at Night , and was projected to gross $30 -- 38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $10.2 million on its first day , including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $33.3 million , finishing second behind Disney 's own Black Panther ( $41.1 million in its fourth weekend ) . In its second weekend the film made $16.6 million , dropping 50 % to 4th place . Internationally the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend , with Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 39 % , based on 241 reviews , and an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` A Wrinkle in Time is visually gorgeous , big - hearted , and occasionally quite moving ; unfortunately , it 's also wildly ambitious to a fault , and often less than the sum of its classic parts . '' On Metacritic , which assigns normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 75 % overall positive score ; audience members under the age of 18 gave it a respective average grade of `` A -- '' and positive score of 89 % .",
"7": "Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the film 's visuals and performances , writing , `` Awash in bold colors , bright patterns and ebullient kids , director Ava DuVernay 's new take on A Wrinkle in Time dazzles its way across time and space even if it does n't quite stick the landing . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C + '' and praised what he described as its ambition , saying : `` It almost does n't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power , or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder ; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she 's doing that A Wrinkle in Time remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false . '' Alex Hudson of Exclaim ! gave the film a 5 out of 10 , saying that it felt `` like a missed opportunity . Rather than a family classic , all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie . '' Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review , saying , `` ... if anything , the trouble with Wrinkle is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay 's personal touch . In fact , it feels a lot like Brad Bird 's big budget , equally smarmy 2015 Disney film , Tomorrowland . Both attempt to be so broad and universal that they feel disconnected from anything human . But universality does n't work that way , no matter how much you tell everyone to think like a kid . '' See also ( edit ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 ) Afrofuturism in film Black film List of black films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A WRINKLE IN TIME ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://thedisneyblog.com/2018/01/12/director-ava-duvernay-discusses-working-wrinkle-time/ Jump up ^ McDonald , Soraya Nadia ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' has Ava DuVernay , Oprah and a $100 million budget .",
"8": "But it still needs a better villain '' . The Undefeated . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jacob Shamsian ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` 5 reasons why Disney 's fantasy epic ' A Wrinkle in Time ' failed at the box office '' . Insider . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' : Why It Has Underperformed at the Box Office '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Wrinkle in Time Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . The Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bedrock taps Jeff Stockwell to adapt ' Wrinkle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Granat Launches Family - Oriented Bedrock Studios ( Updated ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' '' . / Film . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in Sci - Fi Thriller With Ava DuVernay Eyed to Direct ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Set To Direct Disney 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' ; Script By ' Frozen 's Jennifer Lee '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` With ' A Wrinkle In Time , ' Ava DuVernay will pass a milestone '' . LA Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Joins Ava Duvernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling in Talks to Join Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rising Actress Storm Reid Nabs Starring Role in Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 21 , 2016 ) .",
"10": "`` Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Gugu Mbatha - Raw Signs On For Ava DuVernay 's ' Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Pena Joins Disney 's A Wrinkle in Time Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Facebook '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Finalizes Cast as Filming Begins This Week '' . Collider . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogg , Trevor ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` A WRINKLE IN TIME : ' The Emotional Visual Effects Show ' '' . VFX Voice . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Ruth ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Postcard of Humboldt County ' : ' Wrinkle in Time ' brings local beauty to big screen '' . Redwood Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Houston , Will ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Film production in town : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' director 's Instagram indicates filming in Eureka '' . Eureka Times - Standard . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine looks sports bushy beard on A Wrinkle In Time set '' . Mail Online .",
"11": "December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time : What you need to know about the latest movie to shoot in NZ '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah : ' It 's a gorgeous day NZ ' star shares chopper ride in NZ with millions - Entertainment - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time cast declare their love for New Zealand after filming wraps '' . Newshub.co.nz . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Recruits Game of Thrones Composer '' . ScreenRant . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade , Sia , Game of Thrones composer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' To Hit Theaters In Spring 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ ava ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Teaser trailer coming at @ D23Expo . Hope you like what you see ! ✨ '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Wrinkle In Time ' Delivers Weird , Fun , And Heartfelt Family Entertainment '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Rebecca Rubin ; Dave McNary ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Looks to Lure Kids as ' Black Panther ' Stays Muscular '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango Media ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Film Review : Oprah Hitchhikes the Galaxy in Trippy Kiddie Treat '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Review : Ava DuVernay 's Eye - Popping Spectacle Proves that a Little Imagination Can Go a Long Way '' . Indiewire . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle In Time ' review '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Vince ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Wrinkle In Time ' Is A Series Of Affirmations In Search Of A Story '' .",
"13": "Uproxx . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Official website A Wrinkle in Time on IMDb Works of Ava DuVernay Films directed This Is the Life ( 2008 ) I Will Follow ( 2010 ) Middle of Nowhere ( 2012 ) Selma ( 2014 ) 13th ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Television series Queen Sugar ( 2016 -- present ) Films by Jennifer Lee Screenplay and directed Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Screenplay and story only Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Madeleine L'Engle Time Quintet A Wrinkle in Time A Wind in the Door Many Waters A Swiftly Tilting Planet An Acceptable Time Polly O'Keefe series The Arm of the Starfish Dragons in the Waters A House Like a Lotus An Acceptable Time Austin family series The Twenty - four Days Before Christmas A Full House : An Austin Family Christmas The Anti-Muffins Meet the Austins The Moon by Night The Young Unicorns A Ring of Endless Light Troubling a Star Katherine Forrester series The Small Rain A Severed Wasp Camilla Dickinson series Camilla Dickinson A Live Coal in the",
"14": "Sea Other fiction Ilsa And Both Were Young The Other Side of the Sun Certain Women A Winter 's Love The Joys of Love Characters Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Meg Murry Charles Wallace Murry Calvin O'Keefe Sandy and Dennys Murry Polly O'Keefe Vicky Austin Canon Tallis Adam Eddington Zachary Gray Other Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Echthroi Kything Hugh Franklin A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) A Ring of Endless Light ( film ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"15": "php?title=A_Wrinkle_in_Time_(2018_film)&oldid=838458377 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American films American fantasy adventure films American science fantasy films American science fiction films American space adventure films Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on science fiction novels Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Films directed by Ava DuVernay Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New Zealand Screenplays by Jennifer Lee ( filmmaker ) Performance capture in film Science fiction adventure films Time travel films Time Quintet Walt Disney Pictures films Films about time Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 04 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Do Your ears Hang Low ? - Wikipedia Do Your ears Hang Low ? Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Do Your Ears Hang Low ? '' ( Roud 15472 ) is a children 's song that is often sung in schools , at camps and at birthday parties . The melody of this song is usually a shorter version of `` Turkey in the Straw '' , but it can also be sung to the `` Sailor 's Hornpipe '' . Various theories exist concerning the origin of the lyrics , but no conclusive evidence seems to exist . A common belief is that the lyrics refer to the ears of a hound dog . It is most likely that this was a crude wartime soldiers ' song that , in sanitized form , has made its way into other circles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 2.1 Soldiers ' version 2.2 Southeastern Pennsylvania Schoolboys ' Version 3 Recorded versions 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The origins of the song are obscure . Variant versions with obscene lyrics exist , notably `` Do Your Balls Hang Low ? '' and `` Do Your Boobs Hang Low ? '' . These have sometimes been regarded as parody versions of the campfire song , but it is more likely that the obscene versions came first , and that `` Do Your Ears Hang Low ? '' is a sanitized version . Certainly `` Do Your Balls Hang Low ? '' is known to have been sung by British soldiers on the Western Front during the First World War . Lyn MacDonald reports that , on one occasion in 1916 , General Douglas Haig heard the song being sung by a column of soldiers as they marched past on their way to the Somme . He immediately called for his horse and rode to the head of the column to remonstrate with the battalion commander , only to find the Colonel singing as heartily as his men . Haig congratulated him on his fine voice , but added : `` I like the tune , but you must know that in any circumstances those words are inexcusable ! ''",
"1": "Lyrics ( edit ) The following lyrics are from one particular variant of the song : Do your ears hang low ? Do they wobble to and fro ? Can you tie ' em in a knot ? Can you tie ' em in a bow ? Can you throw ' em o'er your shoulder Like a continental soldier ? Do your ears hang low ? Do your ears stand high ? Do they reach up to the sky ? Do they droop when they are wet ? Do they stiffen when they 're dry ? Can you wave them at your neighbor With an element of flavor ? Do your ears stand high ? Do your ears flip - flop ? Can you use them as a mop ? Are they stringy at the bottom ? Are they curly at the top ? Can you use them for a swatter ? Can you use them for a blotter ? Do your ears flip - flop ? Do your ears stick out ? Can you waggle them about ? Can you flap them up and down As you fly around the town ? Can you shut them up for sure When you hear an awful bore ? Do your ears stick out ? Do your ears give snacks ? Are they all filled up with wax ? Do you eat it in the morning Do you eat it in the bath ? Do you eat it with a scone Or do you eat it on its own ? Do your ears give snacks ? In the United Kingdom , a shorter version with differences in the lyrics is heard , commonly sung in Cubs and Brownies events : Do your ears hang low ? Can you swing them to and fro ? Can you tie them in a knot ? Can you tie them in a bow ? Can you swing them over your shoulder like a regimental soldier Do your ears hang low ? ( With a humorous glissando at a perfect fourth down , and back up again on the final `` low '' . ) Soldiers ' version ( edit ) The lyrics of the World War I version of `` Do Your Balls Hang Low ? '' are recorded as : Do your balls hang low ? Do they dangle to and fro ? Can you tie them in a knot ? Can you tie them in a bow ? Do they itch when it 's hot ? Do you rest them in a pot ?",
"2": "Do you get them in a tangle ? Do you catch them in a mangle ? Do they swing in stormy weather ? Do they tickle with a feather ? Do they rattle when you walk ? Do they jingle when you talk ? Can you sling them on your shoulder Like a lousy fucking soldier ? Do your balls hang low ? Southeastern pennsylvania schoolboys ' version ( edit ) This version was popular in elementary schools in suburban Philadelphia and the surrounding area in the late 1970s and beyond : Do your balls hang low ? Can you drag ' em in the snow ? Can you tie ' em in a knot ? Can you tie ' em in a bow ? Can you toss ' em o'er your shoulder Like an es - ki - mo ? ( Alternate : Like a continental soldier ? ) Do n't feel bad if your balls hang low ! Recorded versions ( edit ) Sharon , Lois & Bram on Stay Tuned 1987 Barney on Barney 's Favorites 1993 , Barney 's Greatest Hits 2000 Prairie Dawn , Telly and Big Bird on Kids ' Favorite Songs , 1999 Kinky Friedman on Live From Uranus 2003 Øystein Sunde in a Norwegian variant called Hvis dine ører henger ned ( If your ears hang down ) on Det året det var så bratt 1971 A Swedish version was recorded by Mora Träsk , called Hänger öronen på dig ner ( Do your ears hang down ? ) , in 1980 A version of the song was recorded for the Kidsongs video `` A Day with the Animals '' in 1986 , and is often thought to be referring to a basset hound ( as the music video featured such ) . The song was later released for the home video market and in music CD format . A version was used on the Play School album There 's A Bear In There . A Hip Hop version of the melody is used in the Jibbs ' song `` Chain Hang Low '' . A parody of the song was used on the Finding Dory sound button book called `` Swim Along with Me '' in 2016 , titled `` Do Your Fins Move Fast ? '' that does not use `` can you '' phrases and it all has to do with swimming .",
"3": "It is not being sung by but it plays instrumental to the song . It was made from the sound book company Play - a-Sound . The vocal melody of this song is used in verses of `` みんな が みんな 英雄 '' by JPop artist AI . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wikiquote : Bottom ( TV series ) Jump up ^ Roud number 10259 . Jump up ^ Drinking songs Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan ( 1997 ) . From Game to War and Other Psychoanalytic Essays on Folklore . University Press of Kentucky . ^ Jump up to : Arthur , Max ( 2001 ) . When this Bloody War is Over : soldiers ' songs of the First World War . London : Judy Piatkus . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 7499 - 2252 - 4 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lyn ( 1983 ) . Somme . London : Michael Joseph . pp. 200 -- 203 . ISBN 0718122542 . External links ( edit ) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences : `` Do your ears hang low ? '' Lyrics and MIDI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Your_Ears_Hang_Low%3F&oldid=821653836 '' Categories : Songs of World War I Songs of World War II Children 's songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 20 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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how many seasons of vampire diaries r there
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"0": "The Vampire Diaries - wikipedia The Vampire Diaries Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the book series , see The Vampire Diaries ( novel series ) . For the unrelated film , see Vampire Diary . The Vampire Diaries Genre Drama Supernatural Horror Fantasy Romance Based on The Vampire Diaries by L.J. Smith Developed by Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Sara Canning Kat Graham Candice King Zach Roerig Kayla Ewell Michael Trevino Matt Davis Joseph Morgan Michael Malarkey Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 171 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Leslie Morgenstein Bob Levy Caroline Dries Melinda Hsu Taylor Chad Fiveash James Stoteraux Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Covington , Georgia Vancouver , British Columbia ( pilot ) Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Outerbanks Entertainment Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release September 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) -- March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Chronology Related shows The Originals External links Website www.cwtv.com/shows/the-vampire-diaries Production website www.warnerbros.com/tv/on-air/the-vampire-diaries/45316020-0cd7-4bcb-9135-8be3228f540a.html The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec , based on the popular book series of the same name written by L.J. Smith .",
"1": "The series premiered on The CW on September 10 , 2009 , and concluded on March 10 , 2017 , airing 171 episodes over eight seasons . The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for The CW of any series premiere since the network began in 2006 . The first season averaged 3.60 million viewers . It was the most - watched series on the network before being supplanted by Arrow . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning four People 's Choice Award and many Teen Choice Awards . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW officially announced that the spin - off The Originals , which focuses on the Original family of vampires , had been ordered to series , and the show began airing during the 2013 -- 14 American television season . On April 6 , 2015 , lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed via Instagram that she and co-star Michael Trevino ( who plays Tyler Lockwood ) would be leaving the show after its sixth season . Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh - season finale . Trevino appeared as a guest star in season seven and returned for season 8 . On March 11 , 2016 , The CW renewed the series for an eighth season , but on July 23 , 2016 , announced that the eighth season , which would have 16 episodes , would be the show 's last . The final season began airing on October 21 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 5.3 Awards and accolades 6 Home media releases 7 Spin - off 7.1 Crossover 8 Tie - in material 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , Virginia , a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century .",
"2": "It follows the life of Elena Gilbert ( Nina Dobrev ) , a teenage girl who has just lost both parents in a car accident , as she falls in love with a 162 - year - old vampire named Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) . Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan 's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) returns , with a plan to bring back their past lover Katherine Pierce , a vampire who looks exactly like Elena . Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire , he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena , creating a love triangle among the three . Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and threats to their town , including Katherine . The brothers ' history and the town 's mythology are revealed through flashbacks as the series goes on . Additional storylines revolve around the other inhabitants of the town , most notably Elena 's younger brother Jeremy Gilbert ( Steven R. McQueen ) , her best friends Bonnie Bennett , ( Kat Graham ) , and Caroline Forbes ( Candice King ) , their mutual friends Tyler Lockwood ( Michael Trevino ) , and Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , and their history teacher , vampire hunter Alaric Saltzman ( Matthew Davis ) . The town 's politics are orchestrated by descendants of the original founding families , all comprising a `` Founders ' Council . '' The founding families of Mystic Falls includes the Salvatores , the Gilberts , the Fells , the Forbes , and the Lockwoods . They guard the town mainly from vampires , although there are many more supernatural threats such as werewolves , witches , hybrids , ghosts and many more . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Ian Somerhalder , Nina Dobrev and Paul Wesley at PaleyFest 2014 Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; uncredited voiceover season 7 ; guest season 8 ) , whom the series follows as she falls in love with Stefan , and later leaves him after leading everyone to believe he was her true love , for his brother , Damon Salvatore , creating a love triangle . This results in her being drawn into the supernatural world , with the show following her struggles in surviving supernatural events in the town .",
"3": "Dobrev also portrays Elena 's doppelgänger , Katerina Petrova also known as Katherine Pierce . Katherine sporadically appeared in subsequent seasons and played a significant role in the fifth season . Dobrev has also played the Original doppelgänger , Silas ' true love known as Amara during the fifth season , whom he sought in the afterlife for two thousand years . Dobrev also played another Doppelgänger Tatia in The Originals season 2 episode `` Red Door . '' In the season 6 finale , Elena 's life was tied to Bonnie 's in such a way that as long as Bonnie is alive Elena will remain asleep . Damon put Elena in a coffin and had Tyler hide her in a warehouse in Brooklyn for the next 60 years or so while he waits to reunite with her . In the series finale Elena is awoken and she ends up choosing Damon in the series finale and they live a long and happy life together . Earning her happy ending . Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore , a good - hearted and affectionate vampire and the complete opposite of his older brother , Damon Salvatore . Later in the series , Stefan reverts to his old ways as a Ripper to save Damon from a werewolf bite and his role becomes more antagonistic , especially after he is forced to turn his humanity off . Eventually , he returns to his good - hearted and caring self and reconciles with Elena , but the relationship does n't last long . He marries Caroline in Season 8 and is killed afterwards in the series finale as he sacrifices himself for Mystic Falls . Wesley also portrays his revealed doppelgänger , Silas ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) , the world 's first immortal being . Wesley also played another doppelgänger , Tom Avery , during the fifth season . Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore , the malevolent vampire brother who initially served as the show 's anti-hero . He is mostly thought of as selfish and manipulative , but later on in the series , he begins to display a more caring side . Though his love for Elena is initially one - sided , she begins to develop feelings for him as they work together to save Stefan after he 's given in to his ripper side .",
"4": "They begin dating in season 4 , and continue to date ( with some breakups along the way ) until Elena is put into her deep sleep at the end of season 6 . Damon is extremely close with Stefan , but also has a close relationship with Bonnie , despite the fact that they hated each other for the first 5 seasons of the series . Throughout seasons 6 and 7 , their relationship has developed into a deeper bond , with Damon later confirming Bonnie is his best friend . Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; guest season 8 ) , Elena 's younger brother , later revealed to be her biological cousin and a member of The Five , a vampire hunter . Jeremy is killed in season 4 after Katherine throws him onto Silas , who drains his blood . He is resurrected by Bonnie Bennett , his love interest , in the season 4 finale . He leaves town numerous times during the show , and has only come back once since his exit mid season 6 , to say goodbye to Elena . Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest seasons 3 , 5 , 8 ) , Jeremy and Elena 's aunt and legal guardian . Canning left the show after season two when Jenna was killed after being turned into a vampire and used for Klaus ' ritual . Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett , Elena and Caroline 's best friend and a very powerful witch , who has died numerous times during the show but always returned . She is often able to use her magic to help the group , and while she initially hates vampires , particularly Damon , she ends up warming up to them and becomes Damon 's best friend after being stuck in a prison world with him for months . Bonnie has lost and regained her ability to do magic multiple times throughout the show . She spent seasons 1 -- 4 in an on - again , off - again relationship with Elena 's brother Jeremy and later became involved with Enzo . Candice King as Caroline Forbes , Bonnie and Elena 's best friend , who was insecure and often jealous of Elena at first , but after becoming a vampire in the second season comes into her own . Neurotic but lovable , Caroline has been the love interest of many of the male characters .",
"5": "Initially serving as Damon 's plaything in season 1 , which she still hates him for , she has had serious relationships with Matt , Tyler , Alaric , and Stefan , and was long the subject of Klaus 's adoration . She married Stefan before his death . Currently , she is raising twins with Alaric . Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan , Elena 's childhood friend and ex-boyfriend , who became romantically involved with Caroline in season 1 . They remain good friends even after breaking up during the third season . Matt wants no part in the supernatural events in his town and later is at odds with the vampires as he becomes a police officer and tries to protect the town from them . Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan ( season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 , 5 , 8 ) , the drug - addicted sister of Matt . She appears to be dating Tyler but is more interested in Jeremy . She is turned into a vampire by Damon and is killed by Stefan shortly after . Ewell left the show after the first season but has appeared as a guest in multiple seasons since . Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring seasons 7 - 8 ) , a werewolf later turned into a hybrid , Jeremy and Matt 's best friend , and son of the mayor of Mystic Falls ; male members of his family have been shown to carry a lycanthropic trait . His uncle Mason was also a werewolf , who was killed by Damon in season two . He was turned into the first successful hybrid by Klaus . In the season 5 finale , he is returned to being just a werewolf . He leaves town at the end of season 6 , though he appears in a couple episodes of season 7 , protecting Elena 's coffin . Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 4 -- 5 ) , a history teacher , vampire hunter , and love interest for Jenna . Davis left the show at the end of season three after Alaric was killed . His character returned as a regular in season 6 , after he was resurrected .",
"6": "Alaric is able to return to being a human with the help of Josette Laughlin ( Jodi Lyn O'Keefe ) and the two begin dating . Jo becomes pregnant and they plan to marry , but she is murdered by Kai at their wedding . Jo 's family of witches was able to transfer the babies to Caroline , however , so she gives birth to their twins , and Caroline and Alaric move to Dallas together . They begin a relationship , but end it when Caroline decides to be with Stefan after his return at the end of season 7 . Joseph Morgan as Original Vampire Klaus Mikaelson ( seasons 3 -- 4 , recurring season 2 ; guest seasons 5 , 7 ) . He begins to build an army of new `` hybrids , '' which are half vampire and half werewolf . During season 3 , Klaus began to develop feelings for Caroline and falls in love with her . Morgan left the show after the fourth season when Klaus moved on to his own spin - off , The Originals . Michael Malarkey as Enzo St. John ( seasons 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 5 ) , a vampire formerly under the imprisonment of the Augustine society . He was Damon Salvatore 's cellmate back in the 1950s when the latter was captured by the Augustines . He and Damon revived their friendship as he searched for his lost lover , Maggie . In the episode `` Man on Fire , '' Enzo shut off his humanity and then Stefan Salvatore ripped out his heart . He was resurrected in the season finale , and later becomes Bonnie 's love interest before coming under the control of the monster in the vault at the end of season 7 .",
"7": "Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 22 September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 23 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 6 22 October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 7 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 8 16 October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Production ( edit ) Initially , Kevin Williamson had little interest in developing the series , finding the premise too similar to other vampire tales . However , at the urging of Julie Plec , he began to read the novels and started to become intrigued by the story : `` I began to realize that it was a story about a small town , about that town 's underbelly and about what lurks under the surface . '' Williamson has stated the town 's story will be the main focus of the series rather than high school .",
"8": "On February 6 , 2009 , Variety announced that The CW had green - lit the pilot for The Vampire Diaries with Williamson and Julie Plec set as the head writers and executive producers . On May 19 , 2009 , the series was officially ordered for the 2009 -- 2010 season . The pilot episode was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , but the rest of the episodes have been filmed in Covington , Georgia ( which doubles as the show 's fictional small town of Mystic Falls , Virginia ) and various other communities around Greater Atlanta to take advantage of local tax incentives . On the morning of May 10 , 2012 , a fire broke out in the building on Clark Street in Covington that was used as the setting for Mystic Grill on the show . The series was given a full 22 - episode order on October 21 , 2009 , after strong ratings for the first half of the season . Now there is a spin - off called The Originals , that goes into depth about the original vampire family from The Vampire Diaries . On February 16 , 2010 , The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a second season , which premiered on September 9 , 2010 . On April 26 , 2011 , The CW renewed the show for a third season . The third season premiered on September 15 , 2011 . The fourth season premiered October 11 , 2012 . The CW renewed the show for a fifth season on February 11 , 2013 . On February 13 , 2014 , The CW renewed the series for a sixth season . On January 11 , 2015 , the CW renewed the series for a seventh season . President of The CW , Mark Pedowitz , said in an interview at the summer TCA 's that The Vampire Diaries did n't receive an extra episode order for the second season at the request of Kevin Williamson . Kevin Williamson felt to do the best show possible , he would rather do 22 episodes . `` I 'd rather have a great 22 than a good 24 if Kevin could n't do it , '' he explained . The first writers meeting for the fifth season held on April 15 , 2013 . Filming began on July 10 , 2013 , and finished on April 10 , 2014 .",
"9": "On July 23 , 2016 , it was announced that show would end after a 16 - episode eighth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 68 % 50 ( 22 reviews ) 100 % 78 ( 5 reviews ) 88 % N / A 69 % N / A 5 100 % N / A 6 87 % N / A 7 73 % N / A 8 100 % N / A The Vampire Diaries initially received mixed reviews , which through the course of the show improved greatly . Metacritic gave the show a Metascore of 50 ( out of 100 ) based on 22 critical reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the pilot a B+ , declaring that the show `` signals a welcome return to form for writer - producer Kevin Williamson . '' Reviewer , Ken Tucker , ended his review by writing that `` Diaries promises us a season of sharp - tongued amusement . '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post gave the premiere a perfect score , saying that she was `` hooked after one episode . '' Stasi praised the pacing of the episode and the `` vicious , bloody vamp action , '' which `` starts in the opening scene and continues throughout The Vampire Diaries with such ferocity and speed that it 's truly scary . '' Conversely , San Francisco Chronicle 's , Tim Goodman , gave the episode a highly critical review , calling the series `` awful . '' Goodman disliked the dialogue and hoped that the extras on Buffy the Vampire Slayer would `` return en masse to eat the cast of Vampire Diaries , plus any remaining scripts . '' Many TV critics felt the series improved with each episode . Sarah Hughes of The Independent says The Vampire Diaries turns into `` a well - crafted , interestingly developed series '' despite a poor opening episode . The New York Post also praised the portrayal of Elena , finding the character to be a strong - minded woman who did not allow her feelings for her boyfriend to control her .",
"10": "Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune said that `` the supernatural drama is a first - class production , featuring an insanely gorgeous cast , sharp scripts , and a brooding vibe that is hard for even the most levelheaded adult to resist . '' Mike Hale of The New York Times gave the series an honorable mention on his list of the top TV shows of 2009 . The show 's second season opened to favorable reviews from professional television critics as it received a 78 / 100 score on Metacritic . As the series progressed and developed onto the third season , critics praised the portrayals of the main characters and the development of the female characters such as Elena Gilbert played by Nina Dobrev , Bonnie Bennett played by Kat Graham , and Caroline Forbes played by Candice King . The third - season finale , `` The Departed , '' received critical acclaim . Diana Steenbergen of IGN praised the episode and the writers for clearing up a couple story lines and making all of them come to a head . She also praised Dobrev 's performance in this episode , addressing her behaviour as another reason the final revelation from Meredith was more shocking and believable . Similarly , Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review praised the writer 's skills in creating the more unexpected final twist . US Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere of The Vampire Diaries on September 10 , 2009 , gave The CW its biggest series premiere , scoring 4.91 million viewers . Adding in DVR numbers , the ratings for the premiere swelled to an official 5.7 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` as with several other shows that focus on the supernatural '' , The Vampire Diaries was `` slightly more popular outside of cities . That said , the show 's fandom has the smallest amount of spatial variation of all 50 shows '' . The following is a table for the seasonal rankings based on average total estimated viewers per episode of The Vampire Diaries . `` Rank '' refers to how The Vampire Diaries rated compared to the other television series which aired during prime time hours . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg .",
"11": "viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 pm 22 September 10 , 2009 4.91 May 13 , 2010 3.47 2009 -- 10 118 3.60 22 September 9 , 2010 3.36 May 12 , 2011 2.86 2010 -- 11 193 3.17 22 September 15 , 2011 3.10 May 10 , 2012 2.53 2011 -- 12 166 2.91 23 October 11 , 2012 3.18 May 16 , 2013 2.24 2012 -- 13 133 2.97 5 22 October 3 , 2013 2.59 May 15 , 2014 1.61 2013 -- 14 147 2.68 6 22 October 2 , 2014 1.81 May 14 , 2015 1.44 2014 -- 15 160 1.54 7 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 9 ) Friday 8 : 00 pm ( 10 -- 22 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 1.38 May 13 , 2016 1.04 2015 -- 16 141 1.95 8 Friday 8 : 00 pm 16 October 21 , 2016 0.98 March 10 , 2017 1.15 2016 -- 17 140 1.71 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Vampire Diaries Ian Somerhalder gained much attention from critics and audiences , and won several acting awards .",
"12": "The Vampire Diaries won 7 Teen Choice Awards in 2010 including : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Breakout Show , Choice TV : Female Breakout Star ( Nina Dobrev ) and Choice TV : Male Breakout Star ( Paul Wesley ) . Other nominations were Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) . The show won an award for Favorite New TV Drama at the 2010 People 's Choice Awards and received a nomination for Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show . It was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Network TV Series . On November 9 , 2010 , it received nominations for Favourite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show and Favourite TV Drama as well as a nomination for Ian Somerhalder in the TV Drama Actor category at the 2011 People 's Choice Awards . In 2011 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for 12 Teen Choice Awards including : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) , Choice Female Hottie ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Choice Vampire ( Nina Dobrev , Ian Somerhalder and Paul Wesley ) . At the 2012 People 's Choice Awards , the show gained four nominations : Best TV Drama , Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder and Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev . While the show and Ian Somerhalder lost out ( to another The CW show Supernatural and Nathan Fillion , respectively ) , Nina Dobrev won in her category , becoming the first write - in person ever to do so .",
"13": "At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained nine nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) and Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) , and won six . In 2013 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder , Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev , Drama Actor for Paul Wesley and Favorite TV Fan Following . While the show lost to another The CW show Supernatural , Ellen Pompeo and Nathan Fillion , respectively . At the 2013 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained eight nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Steven R. McQueen ) . In 2014 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for four People 's Choice Awards , including : Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show and Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder in which he won the award , Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite On Screen Chemistry ( Damon Salvatore & Elena Gilbert ) in which they won the award .",
"14": "At the 2014 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained ten nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) , Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) . In 2015 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder , Drama Actor for Paul Wesley , Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite TV Duo ( Ian Somerhalder & Nina Dobrev ) in which they won the award . At the 2015 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained ten nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Chris Wood ) Choice TV : Chemistry ( Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Candice King & Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Nina Dobrev & Ian Somerhalder ) . In 2016 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy and Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder .",
"15": "At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained seven nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV Actress -- Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Candice King ) , Choice TV : Chemistry ( Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Nina Dobrev & Paul Wesley ) . In 2017 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards : Favorite Network TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy and Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder . It was also nominated for three Teen Choice Awards : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , and Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) . Home media releases ( edit ) Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray in Regions A and B. Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes , deleted scenes , behind - the - scenes featurettes , webisodes , and a downloadable audiobook of L.J. Smith 's The Vampire Diaries : The Awakening . It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23 , 2010 . Following that release , Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31 , 2010 , and Region 3 on September 1 , 2010 . In Region A , it was released on Blu - ray on August 31 , 2010 . Region B 's releases varied ; United Kingdom on August 23 , 2010 , Brazil on August 26 , 2010 , and Australia on September 1 , 2010 . The Vampire Diaries Season 2 will be available in DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . Region B 's releases varied ; United Kingdom on August 22 , 2011 , Brazil on August 25 , 2011 .",
"16": "The Vampire Diaries : Season 3 will be available on DVD and Blu - ray on September 11 and A and on September 5 , 2012 , for Regions 4 and B . The Vampire Diaries : Season 4 is available on DVD and Blu - ray in A as of September 15 , 2013 . In Japan , the fourth season was released in a special collection including bonuses not available elsewhere . Included in the collection are an ankle bracelet , promotional image cards and a booklet about the cast . Season DVD release date Blu - ray release date Region A Region B Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 United States Canada United Kingdom Australia August 31 , 2010 August 23 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 August 31 , 2010 August 31 , 2010 August 23 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 August 30 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 August 30 , 2011 August 30 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 1 - 2 August 22 , 2011 November 9 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 September 11 , 2012 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 1 - 3 August 20 , 2012 October 17 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 September 3 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 3 , 2013 September 3 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 1 - 4 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 5 September 9 , 2014 October 27 ,",
"17": "2014 September 24 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 1 - 5 October 27 , 2014 October 1 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( TV series ) Former president of entertainment at The CW , Dawn Ostroff , mentioned a spin - off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years . A spin - off was in development for the 2011 fall line - up but due to Kevin Williamson 's commitment to The Secret Circle , it was put on hold indefinitely . Logo of The Originals On January 11 , 2013 , it was announced that a back - door pilot focused on the Originals , starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled The Originals would air on April 25 for a potential series pick - up for the 2013 -- 2014 season . This second spin - off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW announced that The Originals had been ordered to series premiere in the 2013 -- 14 television season . The Originals premiered on October 3 , 2013 . Daniel Gillies as Elijah , Claire Holt as Rebekah , and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters , originally from The Vampire Diaries , in the new spin - off series . The Originals is about the Mikaelson siblings , who are the original family of vampires , and their take - over of New Orleans . The show also involves Hayley and Klaus 's daughter . Crossover ( edit ) Producers reported that there will be a transition of the characters in both series . Claire Holt made a special cameo on episodes of The Vampire Diaries , in the episodes `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' and `` 500 Years of Solitude '' . Michael Trevino made a special cameo on episodes of The Originals , `` Bloodletting '' and `` The River In Reverse '' .",
"18": "Joseph Morgan , Daniel Gillies and Claire Holt returned in a special cameo on the series ' 100th episode `` 500 Years of Solitude '' . Nina Dobrev also appeared on the fifth episode from the second season , `` Red Door '' as Tatia . At the Television Critics Association winter 2016 press tour , CW president Mark Pedowitz announced an official crossover between The Vampire Diaries and The Originals where Stefan goes on the run and finds safe haven in New Orleans where he runs into Klaus . Tie - in material ( edit ) On October 31 , 2013 , DC Comics launched a comic book series based on the TV show . See also ( edit ) Vampire film List of vampire television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' star Nina Dobrev on Elena 's look - alike dilemma and more '' . Los Angeles Times . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2009 - 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/764952/yes-that-was-nina-dobrev-in-the-vampire-diaries-season-7-finale Jump up ^ ANDRIAKOS , JACQUELINE ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Trevino Is Leaving The Vampire Diaries , Alongside Nina Dobrev '' . People . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Shocker : Star Nina Dobrev Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) .",
"19": "`` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Comic - Con : ' The Vampire Diaries ' to End With Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CW cast ' Nina Dobrev ' '' . The CW . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' , ' Suits ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Blue Bloods ' : Find out what 's next in Spoiler Room '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CW cast ' Paul Wesley ' '' . The CW . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fradkin , Lori ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries ' Ian Somerhalder on Being a Vampire and Returning to Lost '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive Q&A with The Vampire Diaries ' Sara Canning '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Alison S. ( January 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Star Steven R. McQueen Dishes On Dude - Bonding Roadtrips And Filming In Atlanta '' . MTV . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CW cast ' Katerina Graham ' '' . The CW . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Krentcil , Faran ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Inside : Candice Accola '' . Nylon . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CW cast ' Zach Roerig ' '' .",
"20": "The CW . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CW cast ' Michael Trevino ' '' . The CW . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CW cast ' Matt Davis ' '' . The CW . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Matt Davis Returning to The Vampire Diaries As Series Regular for Season 6 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CW cast ' Joseph Morgan ' '' . The CW . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' : Michael Malarkey will be a series regular - EW.com '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Sarah ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries - Fresh blood for teenage vampire lovers '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Why Vampire Diaries is n't just the usual fang - bang '' . Sci - Fi Wire . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Schneider ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` CW picks up ' Vampire Diaries ' pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` CW picks up ' Melrose Place , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khouli , Gabriel ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' crew to film on square Thursday , Friday '' . The Covington News . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morris , Mike ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Mystic Grill ' from ' Vampire Diaries ' TV series burns '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution .",
"21": "Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` CW orders more ' Vampire Diaries ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Network Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The CW Network announces fall premiere dates '' . The CW . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Vampire Diaries , '' `` Gossip Girl , '' `` 90210 , '' `` Supernatural '' & `` America 's Next Top Model '' Renewed By The CW `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` The CW Network Announces Fall 2011 Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES EARLY PICKUPS FOR THREE SERIES FOR THE 2012 - 2013 SEASON The CW Blog '' . Blog.cwtv.com . February 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Reign ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Renewed by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` The CW : Is ' Supernatural ' in its final season ? Plus , ' One Tree Hill ' details and more '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` The Vampire Diaries To End With Season 8 '' . KSiteTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries '' . Metacritic . CBS .",
"22": "Retrieved November 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` TV Review : The Vampire Diaries ( 2009 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stasi , Linda ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Love at first bite '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` TV reviews : Melrose Place , Vampire Diaries '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Karpel , Ari ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` 5 reasons ' Vampire Diaries ' is better than ' Twilight ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Karla ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` It 's crazy happy season on fall TV '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` A Top 10 List That Needs an Addendum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review of `` The Departed '' retrieved 2014 / 04 / 10 Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Ratings : They Do n't Suck ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DVR spells OMG ratings for CW - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times .",
"23": "Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Vampire Diaries sets record as The CW most watch series premiere ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Down ; ' Nikita ' Better Than ' Supernatural ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Survivor , Grey 's Anatomy , CSI , Mentalist , Community Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Tops DVR Ratings Gain For The 2010 - 11 Season ; ' Fringe ' Has Biggest % Increase By DVR '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries , ' ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Secret Circle ' Quarter Hour Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) .",
"24": "`` Complete List Of 2011 - 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Up ; ' Up All Night ' , ' Beauty and the Beast ' and ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . May 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) .",
"25": "`` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 - 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' finale and ' Grimm ' adjust up , ' 20 / 20 ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Final Live + 7 viewer averages for 2015 - 16 : ' The Big Bang Theory ' moves ahead of ' NCIS , ' NFL stays No. 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Final Live + 7 viewer averages for 2016 - 17 : ' Sunday Night Football ' holds off ' The Big Bang Theory ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milet , Sandrine ( June 28 , 2010 ) .",
"26": "`` Teen Choice Awards 2010 : Second ( Giant ) Wave Of Nominees Announced ! '' . MTV News . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Teen Choice Awards Winners List ' Twilight Saga , ' Justin Bieber and Miley Cyrus are the night 's big winners '' . MTV News . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards TV Winners The Vampire Diaries and Gossip Girl '' . Teen Choice Awards . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PCA Awards / Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards nominations '' . SaturnAwards.org . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2011 '' . Peopleschoice.com . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . Chiff.com . July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2012 '' . Peopleschoice.com . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Award Nominees 2012 '' . The Huffington Post . May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2012 : ' Hunger Games , ' ' Twilight ' and Justin Bieber Win Big '' . ABC News . July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2013 '' . Peopleschoice.com . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2013 -- full list of nominations '' . On the Red Carpet . August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 .",
"27": "Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2013 : List of winners '' . CBS News . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show -- Winners -- 2014 '' . Peopleschoice.com . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries - Warner Announces The Complete 1st Season on DVD and Blu - ray : Date , Specs , Extras '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaires - Season 1 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - The Complete 1st Season '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) : Nina '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season Blu - ray : Amazon.ca : Nina Dobrev , Ian Somerhalder , David Barrett , David Von Ancken , Dennis Smith , Ernest R. Dickerson , Guy Ferland , J. Miller Tobin , John Dahl , Joshua Butler : DVD '' . Amazon.ca . July 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Complete First Season 4pc Blu - ray US Import : Amazon.co.uk : Nina Dobrev , Paul Wesley , Ian Somerhalder , Steven R. McQueen , Sara Canning , Katerina Graham , Candice Accola , Zach Roerig , Michael Trevino , Matthew Davis , Malese Jow , Kelly Hu , David Barrett , David Von Ancken , Dennis Smith , Ernest R. Dickerson , Guy Ferland , J. Miller Tobin , John Dahl , Joshua Butler : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In Portuguese : `` Listão de lançamentos para AGOSTO ! '' .",
"28": "Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - The Complete 1st Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) ( FREE Replica Necklace ) @ EzyDVD '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con 2011 Announcement '' . TheWB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon US Season 3 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Japan '' . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries - Warner Announces The Complete 1st Season on DVD and Blu - ray : Date , Specs , Extras '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Dairies - Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2009 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - The Complete 1st Season '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) : Nina '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season Blu - ray : Amazon.ca : Nina Dobrev , Ian Somerhalder , David Barrett , David Von Ancken , Dennis Smith , Ernest R. Dickerson , Guy Ferland , J. Miller Tobin , John Dahl , Joshua Butler : DVD '' . Amazon.ca . July 19 , 2010 .",
"29": "Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2009 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Nina Dobrev , Paul Wesley , Ian Somerhalder : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - The Complete 1st Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) ( FREE Replica Necklace ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon US Season 2 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Evie . `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - The Complete 2nd Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon US Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - The Complete 2nd Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Seasons 1 - 2 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries - Seasons 1 - 2 ( 10 Discs ) ( Region 4 ) '' . Fishpond.com.au . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Seasons 1 - 2 Complete ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 '' . Ezydvd.com.au .",
"30": "Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 1 - 3 Complete ( DVD ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Seasons 1 - 3 '' . mightyape.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 1 - 3 Complete ( Blu - ray ) ( 2012 ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The : Seasons 1 - 3 '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fourth Season ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 4 ( DVD + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - Season 4 ( Dvd / Ultraviolet ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fourth Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 4 ( Blu - ray + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - Season 4 ( Blu - ray / Ultraviolet ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 1 - 4 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - Season 1 - 4 '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 .",
"31": "Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 1 - 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2013 ) ( Region Free ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - Season 1 - 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries - ' The Complete 5th Season ' is Officially Announced for DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - Season 5 ( Limited Edition ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - Season 5 ( Limited Edition ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 1 - 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The - Season 1 - 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 1 - 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CW President teases The Vampire Diaries spin - off '' . TVFanatic.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 .",
"32": "Jump up ^ Shaw , Marty ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Spin Off On Hold -- Enter Secret Circle '' . Boom Tron . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Backdoor Pilot for ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff , ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' in the Works at CW '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' Adds Claire Holt '' . Hollywoodreporter.com . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Vampire Diaries - Season 5 , Episode 1 : I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . TV.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Holt '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Vampire Diaries and The Originals to cross over this season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries # 1 - DC Entertainment '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Vampire Diaries Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Vampire Diaries . Official website The Vampire Diaries on Warner TV The Vampire Diaries on IMDb The Vampire Diaries at TV.",
"33": "com The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come ,",
"34": "All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J.",
"35": "Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A.",
"36": "Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Valor ( since 2017 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming Black Lightning ( 2018 ) Life Sentence ( 2018 ) Book Awards for The Vampire Diaries Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Drama Eight Is Enough ( 1978 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 1979 ) Hart to Hart ( 1980 ) Magnum , P.I. ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) St.",
"37": "Elsewhere ( 1983 ) Hotel ( 1984 ) Miami Vice ( 1985 ) Dynasty II : The Colbys ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) Thirtysomething ( 1988 ) China Beach ( 1989 ) Rescue 911 ( 1990 ) Equal Justice ( 1991 ) Homefront ( 1992 ) Melrose Place ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Murder One ( 1996 ) Millennium ( 1997 ) Brooklyn South ( 1998 ) L.A.",
"38": "Doctors ( 1999 ) Providence ( 2000 ) Dark Angel ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) CSI : Miami ( 2003 ) Joan of Arcadia ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Prison Break ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Moonlight ( 2008 ) The Mentalist ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2011 ) Person of Interest ( 2012 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2013 ) Reign ( 2014 ) The Flash ( 2015 ) Supergirl ( 2016 ) This Is Us ( 2017 ) VIAF : 210800008 LCCN : no2010143794 GND : 7721571 - 0 BNF : cb162306714 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries&oldid=819401747 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries 2009 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings 2000s American drama television series 2010s American drama television series American fantasy television series American high school television series American horror fiction television series American mystery television series American romance television series American supernatural television series American teen drama television series English - language television programs Gay - related television programs Lesbian - related television programmes Nonlinear narrative television series Romantic fantasy television series Serial drama television series Suspense television series Television programs based on American novels Television series about siblings Television series by Alloy Entertainment Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S.",
"39": "state ) Television shows set in Atlanta Television shows set in Virginia The CW shows Vampires in television Werewolves in television Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2013 Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .",
"40": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the legal age for marriage in australia
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{
"0": "Marriage Act 1961 ( Australia ) - Wikipedia Marriage Act 1961 ( Australia ) Jump to : navigation , search This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marriage Act 1961 Parliament of Australia An Act relating to Marriage Citation No. 12 , 1961 Date of Royal Assent 6 May 1961 Status : Current legislation In Australia , the Marriage Act 1961 is the current Act that regulates marriage law in Australia . The Act was passed by the Australian Parliament and has been amended on numerous occasions and applies uniformly throughout Australia ( including its external territories ) ; and any law made by a State or Territory inconsistent with the Act is invalid . The Act is made pursuant to power granted to the federal parliament under s. 51 ( xxi ) of the Australian Constitution . The Act recognises only marriages of two people and does not recognise any other forms of union , including traditional Aboriginal unions . An amendment to the Act to legalise same - sex marriage passed into law on 8 December 2017 . The Family Law Act 1975 treats de facto relationships and polygamous marriages as marriages for the purpose of recognising the rights of parties at a breakup . Since 2009 , the Family Law Act 2009 has also recognised the property rights of each partner of de facto relationships on separation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Marriageable age 2 Void marriages 3 Solemnisation of marriages in Australia 3.1 Authorised celebrants 3.1. 1 Religious ministers 3.1. 2 Registry office marriages 3.1. 3 Civil celebrants 4 Recognition of foreign marriages 5 Other sections 6 Marriage education 7 Amendments to the Marriage Act 7.1 Marriage Amendment Act 2004 7.2 Marriage Amendment ( Definition and Religious Freedoms ) Act 2017 8 Same - sex marriage in the ACT 9 See also 10 References 11 External sources Marriageable age ( edit ) Part II ( s. 10 - 21 ) deals with the marriageable age and the marriage of minors .",
"1": "In the original 1961 Act , marriageable age was set at 16 for females and 18 for males . The marriageable age was equalised in 1991 by the Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 1991 which raised the marriageable age of females to 18 . The marriage of a person aged 16 or 17 to another aged over 18 is permitted in ' unusual and exceptional circumstances ' , which requires the consent of the younger person 's parents and authorisation by a court . Prior to the 1991 changes , the ' unusual and exceptional circumstances ' procedures applied to a girl aged 14 or 15 ( wanting to marry a male aged 18 or above ) or a male aged 16 or 17 ( wanting to marry a female aged 16 or above ) . For many years , courts have refused to accept a minor 's pregnancy as a pressing consideration in deciding whether to allow an early marriage . Void marriages ( edit ) Part III entitled ' void marriages ' establishes the circumstances in which a marriage is void . To preserve the validity of past marriages , this part is divided into years based on when amendments to this Act were introduced . A purported marriage is void if : either party is already married ( bigamy , polygamy ) . the parties are in a prohibited relationship : direct descendants or siblings , including adopted ( by law ) relationships . the marriage was not solemnised by an authorised celebrant ( as in Part IV , Division 2 ) . there is no consent , for example due to duress , fraud , mistake as to identity , mistake as to nature of ceremony , mental incapacity , or below marriageable age in Part II . Solemnisation of marriages in Australia ( edit ) Part IV entitled ' Solemnisation of Marriages in Australia ' deals with who is authorised to be a wedding celebrant , and the procedures to be followed . It also contains a division on marriages by foreign diplomatic or consular officers . Authorised celebrants ( edit ) Division 1 deals with authorised celebrants . Under the current Act three types of celebrants are allowed : ministers of religion , State and Territory officers , and ( civil ) marriage celebrants . Religious ministers ( edit ) Under Subdivision A , a register is kept of ministers of religion ( s. 27 ) of ' recognised ' denominations ( s26 ) .",
"2": "The only requirements for registration is that the person is a minister of religion who is nominated by their denomination and is resident in Australia and over 21 years ( s29 ) . A minister will be registered ( s30 ) unless the registrar refuses registration because there are sufficient ministers of that denomination , the minister is ' not a fit and proper person ' , or will not devote sufficient time to the functions of a minister of religion ( s31 ) . In general , the act establishes a broad scheme which recognises a religious wedding ceremony that is conducted by a registered minister . Ministers of religion are not bound to solemnise any marriage . Nothing in Part IV of the Marriage Act imposes an obligation on an authorised celebrant , being a minister of religion , to solemnise any marriage ( s47 ) . Registry office marriages ( edit ) Subdivision B ( s. 39 ) preserves the power of ' state and territory officers ' , allowing people who register marriages ( under a state law ) to also solemnise marriages ( i.e. registry marriages ) . Civil celebrants ( edit ) Subdivision C deals with ' marriage celebrants ' , or the authorisation of people to conduct civil ceremonies . Section 39B allows the register to be kept and sections 39D - E are procedural and seek to set up processes to control the number of celebrants . This section was introduced by the Marriage Amendment Act 2002 , after an Attorney - General inquiry into the Civil Celebrants Program . Prior to the passage of this amendment the authorisation of celebrants was entirely contained in s39 , which had a s39 ( 2 ) allowing the recognition of other ' fit and proper persons ' as civil marriage celebrants , religious celebrants outside a recognised denomination , and celebrants with special community needs . The original 1961 Act therefore allowed civil ceremonies , and the first civil celebrants were authorised in 1973 . By the time the amendments were introduced civil celebrants performed over 50 % of marriages . The changes therefore provide legislative recognition to civil celebrants , and prescribe a regime beyond being ' fit and proper ' in order to control the quality and number of celebrants . Section 39C now lists a number of requirements to be registered as civil celebrant , in addition to being over 18 and ' fit and proper ' .",
"3": "The register will take into account : knowledge of the law , a commitment to advising about relationship counselling , good community standing , criminal record , the existence of a conflict of interest or benefit to business , and ' any other matter ' . Section 39G imposes ' obligations ' on civil celebrants . These include professional development and an adherence to a code of practice . Sections 39H , I , and J set up a review of celebrants and a disciplinary system . Significantly , Subdivision C deals only with marriage celebrants ( civil or not a recognised religion ) , not with ministers of religion which are governed by Subdivision A. As a result , ministers of religion are not necessarily subject to the same obligations or code of practice . Recognition of foreign marriages ( edit ) Part VA deals with recognition of foreign marriages . This division reflects the Act 's tendency to seek to uphold the validity of marriages . Marriages will be recognised if they were valid in the country where they were performed if the marriage would be legal under Australian law . The foreign marriage certificate is proof of marriage and marriages need not be registered . As a marriage must be legal under Australian law , a foreign marriage will not be recognised if a person was already married ( or the overseas divorce is not recognised in Australia ) , a person was under 18 ( subject to some exceptions ) , the persons were siblings or parent / child , or there was duress or fraud . Other sections ( edit ) Marriages by Foreign Diplomatic or Consular Officers ( Division 3 of Part IV ) : there are currently no Australian diplomatic or consular officers appointed to solemnise marriages overseas under Australian law . Marriages of Members of the Defence Force Overseas : Part V of the act deals with marriages of members of the Defence Force overseas . Legitimation of children ( Part VI ) The Act legitimises children if their parents marry , including some recognised foreign marriages , or result from a void marriages . Offences ( Part VII ) : e.g. bigamy , marrying a person below marriageable age ( child marriages ) , a celebrant solemnising a marriage when believe legal impediment etc . Miscellaneous provisions in Part IX -- interpreters , publication of lists of celebrants , etc . Section 111A removed the ability to seek to recover damages for breach of contract where a promise to marry ( an engagement ) did not lead to marriage .",
"4": "Marriage education ( edit ) Part IA authorises the government to make grants to approved organisations for marriage counselling . Amendments to the marriage Act ( edit ) Two amendments of note to the Act have been made with respect to the legal definition of `` marriage '' in Australia , both of which relate to same - sex marriage . Marriage Amendment Act 2004 ( edit ) Before 2004 , there was no definition of marriage in the 1961 Act , and instead the common law definition used in the English case Hyde v Hyde ( 1866 ) was considered supreme . Though Sect 46 ( 1 ) of the Act required celebrants to explain the legal nature of marriage in Australia to a couple as `` the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others , voluntarily entered into for life '' , these words were descriptive or explanatory , rather than outlining what constituted a legally valid marriage in Australia . On 27 May 2004 the then federal Attorney - General Philip Ruddock introduced the Marriage Amendment Bill 2004 to incorporate a definition of marriage into the Marriage Act 1961 and to outlaw the recognition of same - sex marriages lawfully entered into in foreign jurisdictions . In June 2004 , the bill passed the House of Representatives . On 12 August 2004 , the amendment passed the Parliament . The bill subsequently received royal assent , becoming the Marriage Amendment Act 2004 . The amendment incorporated a definition of marriage into section 5 of the Act , known was the Interpretation section : marriage means the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others , voluntarily entered into for life . and inserted a new section : 88EA Certain unions are not marriages A union solemnised in a foreign country between : ( a ) a man and another man ; or ( b ) a woman and another woman ; must not be recognised as a marriage in Australia . The amendment was argued by Ruddock and Liberal MPs to be necessary to protect the institution of marriage , and ensure that the definition would be beyond legal challenge through the application of common law . Several years later , then - Prime Minister John Howard admitted that the government was motivated by the prospect of overseas same - sex marriages being recognised under Australian law via the judiciary .",
"5": "Labor Party shadow Attorney - General Nicola Roxon said that the Labor would not oppose the amendment , arguing that the amendment did not affect the legal situation of same - sex relationships , merely putting into statute law what was already common law . Likewise minor parties Family First and the Christian Democrats parties supported the bill , as did the junior party in the Coalition government , the National Party . Despite having the support of the major parties , the bill was bitterly contested by sections of the community , human rights groups and some minor political parties . The Australian Greens opposed the bill , calling it the `` Marriage Discrimination Act '' . The Australian Democrats also opposed the bill . Democrat Senator Andrew Bartlett stated that the legislation devalues his marriage , and Greens Senator Bob Brown referred to John Howard and the legislation as `` hateful '' . Not all of Labor was in support of the bill . During the bill 's second reading , Labor MP Anthony Albanese said , `` what has caused offence is why the government has rushed in this legislation in what is possibly the last fortnight of parliamentary sittings . This bill is a result of 30 bigoted backbenchers who want to press buttons out there in the community . '' Marriage Amendment ( definition and Religious Freedoms ) Act 2017 ( edit ) Main article : Marriage Amendment ( Definition and Religious Freedoms ) Act 2017 See also : Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey Ahead of both the 2007 and 2010 federal elections , the Labor Party re-asserted its official opposition to amending the Act to legalise same - sex marriage , though by 2011 a clear majority of the party at the national conference succeeded in changing party policy in favour of the practice . Prime Minister Julia Gillard ( opposed to same - sex marriage at the time ) successfully moved for a Labor Party MPs to be granted a conscience vote on same - sex marriage legislation . This , along with the Coalition 's uniform opposition to same - sex marriage whilst in opposition prevented two bills which would have legalised same - sex marriage in Australia from passing the House of Representatives and Senate in September 2012 . The Abbott Government ( 2013 - 15 ) initially opposed same - sex marriage , but in August 2015 resolved to put the matter to the people at a plebiscite after the 2016 federal election .",
"6": "This policy was retained by the Turnbull Government ( 2015 - present ) , though due to the refusal of the Senate to support the legislation to establish a plebiscite , the government conducted a voluntary postal survey on the matter from September to November 2017 . The survey returned 61.6 % `` Yes '' vote in favour of same - sex marriage . The government subsequently committed to facilitating the passage of a private member 's bill to amend the Act , and legalise same - sex marriage , by the end of 2017 . The bill in question , the Marriage Amendment ( Definition and Religious Freedoms ) Bill 2017 , was introduced by Liberal Party Senator Dean Smith on 15 November 2017 . The bill amends the definition of `` marriage '' in the Act , omitting the words `` man and a woman '' and replacing it with the gender - neutral statement `` 2 people '' . The bill passed the Senate by 43 votes to 12 on 29 November 2017 and passed the House of Representatives on 7 December 2017 , with only four votes against . It was given royal assent by the Governor General , Sir Peter Cosgrove , on 8 December 2017 . The Act had the effect of amending the definition of marriage in Section 5 of the Marriage Act : marriage means the union of 2 people to the exclusion of all others , voluntarily entered into for life . It also repealed Section 88EA , which banned the recognition of overseas same - sex marriages . Consequently , when the Act went into effect on 9 December 2017 , such couples became automatically recognised as married under the law . The original Act and the amendment also applies to Australia 's external territories . Same - sex marriage in the Act ( edit ) In October 2013 , same - sex marriage was legalised in the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The ACT legislation was overturned by the High Court for being inconsistent with the Marriage Act . This was due to the definition of the term ' marriage ' in the Marriage Act , which at that time excluded all types of marriage other than that between one man and one woman .",
"7": "See also ( edit ) Celebrant ( Australia ) Marriage Act Marriage in Australia Same - sex marriage in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Australian Government , Law Reform Commission - Aboriginal Traditional Marriage : Areas for Recognition Jump up ^ Family Law Act 1975 - S. 6 Polygamous marriages Jump up ^ `` ComLaw Acts - Attachment - Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 1991 '' . Scaleplus.law.gov.au . Archived from the original on 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004C05245 Jump up ^ `` Lawstuff Australia - Know Your Rights - Topics - Marriage '' . Jump up ^ and is nominated by a proclaimed ' recognised denomination ' as defined under s26 of the Marriage Act 1961 . The term ' minister of religion ' need not correspond to the actual office or title of the celebrant . Jump up ^ Hyde v. Hyde and Woodmansee ( L.R. ) 1 P. & D. 130 . Jump up ^ Neilsen , Mary Anne ( 10 February 2012 ) . `` Same - sex marriage '' . Background Notes 2011 - 2012 . Parliamentary Library ( Australia ) . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/bd/bd0405/05bd005 Jump up ^ http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/translatewipilink.ASPX?Folder=HANSARDR&Criteria=DOC_DATE:2004-05-27;SEQ_NUM:42 ; Jump up ^ Text of Marriage Amendment Act 2004 ( pdf ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 29 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Amendment Act 2004 '' . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` John Howard defends Malcolm Turnbull on same - sex plebiscite '' . The Australian . 8 August 2017 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) .",
"8": "John Howard : `` What we did n't want to happen in 2004 was for the courts to start adjudicating on the definition of marriage because that was a real threat in 2004 because some people who had contracted same sex marriages in another country had the capacity to bring their issues before courts in Australia '' . Jump up ^ http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/translatewipilink.ASPX?Folder=HANSARDS&Criteria=DOC_DATE:2004-08-12;SEQ_NUM:324 ; Jump up ^ `` Coalition , Labor pass same - sex marriage ban '' . ABC News Online . 2004 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wright , Tim ( 31 July 2009 ) . `` Same - sex couples still waiting at the altar for a basic right '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Albanese , Anthony ( 2004 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Marriage Legislation Amendment Bill 2004 : Second Reading '' . Anthony Albanese MP . Archived from the original on 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Labor decides on conscience vote for gay marriage '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor backs same - sex marriage '' . News Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Lower House votes down same - sex marriage bill '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Australian Senate votes down same - sex marriage bill '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Australia says yes to same - sex marriage in historic postal survey '' . The Guardian . 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Explanatory Memorandum : Marriage Amendment ( Definition and Religious Freedoms ) Bill 2017 '' . Parliament of Australia . 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Smith introduces same - sex marriage bill to parliament '' . The Guardian . 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Same - sex marriage bill passes Senate with day to spare before House of Representatives resumes '' . ABC News . 29 November 2017 .",
"9": "Jump up ^ `` Same - sex marriage bill passes House of Representatives after hundreds of hours of debate '' . ABC News . 7 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Same - sex marriage gets the Governor - General 's big tick '' . ABC News . 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage Amendment ( Definition and Religious Freedoms ) Act 2017 '' . Federal Register of Legislation. 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Commonwealth v Australian Capital Territory ( 2013 ) HCA 55 '' . Jump up ^ `` MARRIAGE ACT 1961 - SECT 5 Interpretation '' . www.austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 09 . External sources ( edit ) Marriage Act 1961 on Austlii Proposal to Reform the Civil Marriage Celebrants Programme Discussion Paper on Civil Celebrants Programme ( October 1997 ) Bills Digest on the Marriage Amendment Act 2002 Recognition of Foreign Marriages Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marriage_Act_1961_(Australia)&oldid=816135812 '' Categories : Acts of the Parliament of Australia Public policy in Australia Marriage , unions and partnerships in Australia 1961 in Australian law Marriage law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use Australian English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from July 2017 All articles needing copy edit Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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[
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-525942396749510966
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who played doctor smith in lost in space
|
[
"Jonathan Harris",
"Jonathan Harris",
"Jonathan Harris (born Jonathan Daniel Charasuchin",
"Jonathan Harris"
] |
{
"0": "Jonathan Harris - wikipedia Jonathan Harris Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see Jonathan Harris ( disambiguation ) . Jonathan Harris Jonathan Harris , c. 1967 Jonathan Daniel Charasuchin ( 1914 - 11 - 06 ) November 6 , 1914 The Bronx , New York City , New York , U.S. November 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 03 ) ( aged 87 ) Encino , California , U.S. Cause of death Cardiovascular disease Resting place Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery , Los Angeles Occupation Actor Years active 1938 -- 2002 Spouse ( s ) Gertrude Bregman ( m . 1938 ; his death 2002 ) Children Richard ( born 1942 ) Jonathan Harris ( born Jonathan Daniel Charasuchin ; November 6 , 1914 -- November 3 , 2002 ) was an American character actor . Two of his best - known roles were as the timid accountant Bradford Webster in the television version of The Third Man and the fussy villain Dr. Zachary Smith of the 1960s science fiction series Lost in Space . Near the end of his career , he provided voices for the animated features A Bug 's Life and Toy Story 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Stage 2.2 Early television career 2.3 Dr. Zachary Smith in Lost in Space 2.4 Later career 2.4. 1 Typecasting as a villain 2.4. 2 Voice roles 2.5 Lost in Space reunion appearances 3 Death and posthumous tributes 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Quotes 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) The second of three children , Harris was born to a poor family on November 6 , 1914 , in the Bronx , New York City . His parents were Sam and Jennie Charasuchin , Russian Jewish immigrants who eked out a living in Manhattan 's garment district . His family resided in a six - tenant apartment complex .",
"1": "To raise money , his mother took in boarders , some of whom were given Jonathan 's bed , relegating Jonathan to sleep on dining room chairs . From the age of 12 , he worked as a pharmacy clerk . While there was little money for luxuries , Jonathan 's father took efforts to expand his son 's cultural horizons . This included trips to the Yiddish Theatre , where he was encouraged by his father to listen to opera . Young Jonathan was enthralled . He discarded his Bronx accent and began to cultivate more sophisticated English tones . Although he could seldom afford tickets to them , Broadway plays were also an early interest . As a teenager , he also developed interests in archaeology , Latin , romantic poetry and Shakespeare . In 1931 , at age 16 , he graduated from James Monroe High School , where his classmates included Estelle Reiner . He had difficulty fitting in with peers , with the exception of his girlfriend and future wife , Gertrude Bregman . He legally changed his name from `` Charasuchin '' to `` Harris '' while still a teenager in 1932 , without informing his parents of the change . That same year , Harris 's work at the pharmacy led him to attend nearby Fordham University . He graduated from Fordham in 1936 with a degree in pharmacology , and , for a time , worked in various drugstores . He married in 1938 . Career ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) Acting was Harris 's first love . At age 24 , he prepared a fake résumé and tried out for a repertory company at the Millpond Playhouse in Long Island , New York and appeared in several of this troupe 's plays , prior to landing a spot in the company . In 1942 , Harris won the leading role of a Polish officer in the Broadway play The Heart of a City . Adopting a Polish accent , he advised the producers that his parents were originally from Poland . In 1946 , he starred in A Flag Is Born , opposite Quentin Reynolds and Marlon Brando . Early television career ( edit ) Harris was a popular character actor for 30 years on television , making his first guest appearance on an episode of The Chevrolet Tele - Theatre in 1949 .",
"2": "The role led to other roles in such series as : The Web , Lights Out , Goodyear Television Playhouse , two episodes of Hallmark Hall of Fame , Armstrong Circle Theatre , 3 episodes of Studio One , Telephone Time , Schlitz Playhouse of Stars , Climax ! , The Outlaws , The Twilight Zone , Bonanza , The Rogues , The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet , and Zorro , among many others . Harris returned to television , where he landed a co-starring role opposite Michael Rennie in The Third Man , from 1959 - 65 . He played Bradford Webster , an eccentric , cowardly assistant . Half the episodes were shot in London , England ; the rest were filmed in Hollywood . Harris 's teenaged son would visit the set at this time , and Harris did whatever he could to bridge the gap between father and son and tried to make up for lost time . Harris appeared in two 1961 episodes of The Twilight Zone , including a heroic role in `` The Silence '' , in which he ended up defending a young man challenged to be silent for a whole year at a prestigious gentleman 's club . Harris also portrayed Charles Dickens in a 1963 episode of Bonanza . From 1963 - 65 , Harris co-starred in the sitcom The Bill Dana Show . He played Mr. Phillips , the pompous manager of a posh hotel who is constantly at odds with his bumbling Bolivian bellhop , the Bill Dana character José Jiménez . A similar formula was later used in John Cleese 's British hotel comedy Fawlty Towers . ) Don Adams rounded out the cast as an inept house detective , a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on Get Smart . In similar fashion , several of Harris 's tropes from the series , such as `` Oh , the pain ! '' , along with the character 's mannerisms and delivery , became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on Lost in Space . In an apparent homage to his earlier role , Harris played a similarly pompous diplomat on Get Smart in 1970 . His female assistant was named Zachary . Harris also guest - starred on The Ghost & Mrs. Muir . Dr.",
"3": "Zachary Smith in Lost in Space ( edit ) Harris as Doctor Smith , 1967 Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of Dr. Zachary Smith , the evil and conniving double agent on Lost in Space . The character did not appear in the original 1965 pilot episode for CBS , nor did The Robot . The series was already in production when Harris joined the cast , and starring / co-starring billing had already been contractually assigned . Harris successfully negotiated to receive `` Special Guest Star '' billing on every episode . Bill Mumy said about Harris ' role in his first episode , `` It was actually implied that this villainous character that sabotaged the mission and ended up with us was going to be killed off after a while . '' Mumy added , `` Jonathan played him as written , which was this really dark , straight - ahead villain . '' Harris as `` Zeno '' in the Lost in Space episode `` West of Mars , '' 1966 The series was successful upon its debut , and midway through the first season , Harris began to rewrite his own dialogue . Due to Harris 's popularity on the show , Irwin Allen approved his changes and gave him carte blanche as a writer . According to Bill Mumy , Harris quickly moved to develop the character : `` And we 'd start working on a scene together , and he 'd have a line , and then in the script I 'd have my reply , and he 'd say , ' No , no , no , dear boy . No , no , no . Before you say that , The Robot will say this , this , this , this , this , this , and this , and then , you 'll deliver your line . ' '' Mumy also said of Harris ' portrayal , `` He truly , truly singlehandedly created the character of Dr. Zachary Smith that we know -- this man we love to hate , coward who would cower behind the little boy , ' Oh , the pain ! Save me , William ! ' That 's all him ! '' Harris subsequently stole the show , mainly via a seemingly never - ended series of alliterative insults directed toward The Robot , which soon worked their way into popular culture . Dr.",
"4": "Smith 's best - known tropes included spitefully calling The Robot epithets such as `` bubble - headed booby '' and `` clamoring clod '' . One of Harris ' co-stars , Mark Goddard , said of the series ' eventual shift toward Harris ' character , `` I guess it was because they felt that the people wanted to see more of The Robot and Jonathan . '' Goddard believed that the series ' creator , Irwin Allen , distanced the show from its original `` more science fiction '' - based concept : `` Irwin can really do those things so beautifully . So he really took those away from himself when he wanted to deal with The Robot and Jonathan playing games , cooking soufflés , or whatever else . '' A strong bond developed between Harris , Mumy , and some of the rest of the cast during the series ' three - year tenure . However , according to Mark Goddard : There was a lot of tension on the set for the three years it was filmed . There was always a lot of tension , because the shows started going more toward The Robot and Smith . There were hard feelings from especially Guy and June , and also myself , but not as heavy as them , because they were originally sold as being the stars of the show when it began . It ended up that Harris became the star of the show ... I think there was a period for a couple of months when I was angry at Jonathan Harris , for the same reasons , feeling that he was getting too many shows thrown his way . But we talk today . I see him , and there 's no animosity between us . When the series was renewed for its third and final season , it remained focused on Harris ' character , Dr. Smith . While the series was still solidly placed in the middle of the ratings pack , the writers appeared to run out of fresh ideas , and the show was unexpectedly cancelled in 1968 after 83 episodes , despite protests from its fans . Harris was succeeded in the role of Dr. Smith by Gary Oldman in the 1998 film version , who played the role as a more genuinely menacing and less likeable character than Harris 's on television . For the 2018 reboot of Lost in Space as a Netflix original series , Parker Posey was cast as Dr.",
"5": "Zachary Smith , a female sociopath using a stolen identity to assume the role of the ship 's psychologist . Later career ( edit ) In the mid-1970s , Harris starred in live - action roles in two Saturday morning children 's series , Space Academy and Uncle Croc 's Block , and was a well - known TV spokesman for the International House of Pancakes . He made several cameo and guest appearances during this period , including two episodes of Bewitched , and Sanford and Son . In a 1971 episode of Night Gallery , entitled `` Since Aunt Ada Came to Stay '' , Harris played Professor Nicholas Porteus , an expert on witchcraft . His last series guest - starring role was on an episode of Fantasy Island . He also starred as the character Fagan in the first episode of the science fiction series Ark II . Harris taught drama and gave voice lessons to Chuck Norris , who acknowledged Harris with a credit in Good Guys Wear Black ( 1978 ) . Typecasting as a villain ( edit ) Harris as Mr. Piper in the Land of the Giants episode `` Pay the Piper , '' 1970 Although he was considered something of a cult icon for the role of Dr. Smith , Harris became typecast as a fey and sometimes campy villain . For example , Irwin Allen cast Harris as a villainous `` Pied Piper '' in an episode of Land of the Giants . Approached by Allen a second time , to star in a children 's series , Jumbalina and the Teeners , Harris turned it down . In 1970 , Harris played the role of another not - so - likeable villain , the Bulmanian Ambassador in the Get Smart episode `` How Green Was My Valet '' . Harris was also a co-star , alongside Charles Nelson Reilly , in the series Uncle Croc 's Block , in which Harris and Reilly portrayed malcontents producing a children 's television show . Harris played the director and Reilly the titular host , Uncle Croc . In the cartoon Visionaries : Knights of the Magical Light , he played lackey and sycophant to the main villain . Harris also provided the voice of the Cylon character Lucifer , an antagonist on the original 1978 ABC version of Battlestar Galactica .",
"6": "Voice roles ( edit ) Harris spent much of his later career as a voice actor , heard in television commercials as well as cartoons such as Channel Umptee - 3 , The Banana Splits , My Favorite Martians , Rainbow Brite , Darkwing Duck , Happily Ever After , Problem Child , Spider - Man , A Bug 's Life , Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Toy Story 2 . He also did voiceover work in an episode of the animated Superman series . In multiple episodes of the 1995 -- 1997 cartoon series Freakazoid ! , Harris reprised the cowardly Smith character and dialogue under the name `` Professor Jones , '' uttering Smith 's catchphrase `` Oh , the pain ! '' Emphasizing the target of the parody , numerous characters would ask him , `` Were n't you on a TV show with a robot ? '' In 2001 , a year prior to his death , he recorded voice work for the animated theatrical short The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas . The film , Harris 's last work , was released posthumously in 2009 . Lost in Space reunion appearances ( edit ) In 1990 , Harris reunited with the cast of Lost in Space in a filmed celebration of the 25th anniversary of the series ' debut , at an event attended by more than 30,000 fans . Harris made a number of other convention appearances with other cast members of Lost in Space , including a 1996 appearance at Disney World . On June 14 , 1995 , Harris and other cast members appeared in The Fantasy Worlds of Irwin Allen , a television tribute to Irwin Allen , the creator of Lost in Space , who had died in 1991 . Harris refused to make a cameo appearance in the 1998 motion picture version of Lost in Space , unlike many of his co-stars in the original series . He announced , `` I 've never played a bit part in my life and I 'm not going to start now ! '' However , he did make promotional appearances for the film : Harris reprised his role as Dr. Smith in the one - hour television special Lost in Space Forever , and Harris and the rest of the surviving television cast appeared on the inside cover of an issue of TV Guide .",
"7": "In April 1998 , Harris appeared as a guest on the talk show Biography , on which Harris fondly reminisced about his Lost in Space days , admitting he would stay up nights thinking of new alliterative insults for The Robot ( `` bellicose bumpkin , '' `` bubble - headed booby '' ) because he enjoyed the interaction so much . For an appearance by Harris , talk show host Conan O'Brien brought one of his characters , Pimp - Bot 5000 ( a `` robot pimp '' ) , onto the set , and Harris went into character as Dr. Smith and proceeded to insult Pimp - Bot . Shying away from his usual dry , sarcastic , and often self - deprecating style , Conan confessed to Harris that he brought him on the show just to have him insult Pimp - Bot , and that the moment made his day . In late 2002 , Harris and the rest of the surviving cast of the television series were preparing to film an NBC two - hour movie entitled Lost in Space : The Journey Home ; however , the project was unable to proceed after Harris 's death . Death and posthumous tributes ( edit ) Two months before the reunion TV movie Lost in Space : The Journey Home was set to film , Harris was taken to the hospital with what he thought was a back problem . On November 3 , 2002 , Harris died of a blood clot to the heart . He was 87 years old , just three days shy of his 88th birthday . Harris was interred in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery , in Westwood Village , in Los Angeles . His funeral eulogists included long time friends : director Arthur Hiller ; former Twentieth Century Fox television executive and producer Kevin Burns ; and fellow Lost in Space castmate Bill Mumy . As a tribute to Harris , writer / director John Wardlaw wrote an additional scene for the film The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas , which included Harris 's final performance before his death . Wardlaw asked Lost in Space co-stars Bill Mumy , Angela Cartwright , and Marta Kristen to contribute their voices to the film . The three actors reunited in the recording studio on June 14 , 2006 . `` This was the first time they had all been together in something unrelated to Lost in Space and it was a blast .",
"8": "They listened to what Harris had recorded and there were laughs and some tears , '' Wardlaw stated . Personal life ( edit ) Harris was married to his childhood sweetheart , Gertrude Bregman , from 1938 until his death in 2002 . She died of natural causes , at age 93 , on August 28 , 2007 . They had one child , Richard , born 1942 . Throughout his life , Harris had a number of hobbies : gourmet cooking , watching movies , reading , traveling , painting , magic , playing piano ( he played a piano teacher in a 1968 episode of Bewitched ) , listening to opera , spending time with children , gardening and knitting . He also did some dancing in his spare time . Filmography ( edit ) 1952 : Botany Bay - Tom Oakly 1959 : The Big Fisherman - Lysias 1959 : Catch Me If You Can 1985 : Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer - Count Blogg ( voice ) 1987 : Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night - Grumblebee ( voice ) 1998 : A Bug 's Life - Manny ( voice ) 1999 : Toy Story 2 - Geri the Cleaner ( voice ) Quotes ( edit ) On his characteristic Mid-Atlantic accent : `` I 'm not British , just affected . '' On receiving a guest - starring role for every episode of Lost in Space : `` That was the first time ever in history that anybody got Special Guest Star . I started that whole nonsense . '' On the cancellation of Lost in Space : `` When the curtain comes down , you 're disappointed . Always , the curtain comes down . I 've done so much work , and then the curtain comes down and you go on to something else . '' When his father finally arrived at the theatre to see his son : `` He came to the dressing room , gave me a hug and a kiss and said , ' You belong here . ' I never forgot it . '' On trying his hand on being a leading man of the 1940s : `` I thought I was Cary Grant . Oh , I looked into the mirror , and said , ' Yes , Yes . It 's Cary Grant ' .",
"9": "And then , I pulled myself together and said , ' Are you kidding ? ' You 're a character man . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Harris on IMDb . Jump up ^ Aaker , Everett ( 2006 ) . `` Jonathan Harris '' . Encyclopedia of Early Television Crime Fighters : All Regular Cast Members in American Crime and Mystery Series , 1948 -- 1959 . McFarland . p. 252 . ISBN 9780786424764 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Pace , Eric ( 2002 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Jonathan Harris , 87 , Dr. Smith in 60 's TV Series Lost in Space '' . The New York Times . Jonathan Harris , a versatile character actor perhaps best known for his role as the villainous Dr. Smith in the science - fiction fantasy series Lost in Space on CBS television , died on Sunday in Los Angeles . He was 87 and lived in the Encino section of Los Angeles . He had been hospitalized for a back injury , but died of a blood clot ... ^ Jump up to : Goddard , Mark ( 2008 ) . To Space and Back : A Memoir . New York : Universe , Inc . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lost in Space Review : Re-entering the TV Atmosphere '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Night Gallery story `` Since Aunt Ada Came to Stay '' reviewed here `` . Written by David Juhl. 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Good Guys Wear Black ( Full Cast and Crew ) '' . IMdB . ^ Jump up to : Herrera , Margaux ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas Director Talks Crude Humor and Working with the Late Jonathan Harris '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lost in Space 25th Anniversary Tribute on IMDb . Jump up ^ Lost in Space Forever on IMDb .",
"10": "Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space : The Journey Home -- The TV Movie '' . Jupiter 2 . 2003 . Archived from the original on 2003 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul ( 2005 ) . `` Lost in Space : The Journey Home '' . Kennedy 's TV SF Guide . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 08 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , Jonathan . `` Jonathan Harris Trivia & Quotes '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ Harris , Jonathan . `` Jonathan Harris Quotes '' . BrainyQuote . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Harris .",
"11": "Jonathan Harris on IMDb 105050 Jonathan Harris at the Internet Broadway Database Jonathan Harris at the TCM Movie Database Jonathan Harris at AllMovie Jonathan Harris at Find a Grave The Bolt Who Screwed Christmas ( official website ) -- final work by Harris VIAF : 18710385 LCCN : n86140041 ISNI : 0000 0001 1602 761X BNE : XX4946155 SNAC : w6rz14dq Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Harris&oldid=837640640 '' Categories : 1914 births 2002 deaths Male actors from New York City American male film actors American people of Russian - Jewish descent American male poets American male radio actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Jewish American male actors 20th - century American male actors Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery Fordham University alumni People from the Bronx 20th - century American poets 20th - century male writers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with IBDb links Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 02 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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"0": "Camilla Luddington - wikipedia Camilla Luddington Jump to : navigation , search Camilla Luddington Luddington in 2014 ( 1983 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1983 ( age 34 ) Ascot , Berkshire , England Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Nationality British Occupation Actress Years active 2007 -- present Known for Grey 's Anatomy , Tomb Raider Partner ( s ) Matthew Alan ( engaged ) Children Camilla Luddington ( born December 15 , 1983 ) is an English actress , known for her roles as Kate Middleton in the Lifetime TV film William & Kate : The Movie ( 2011 ) and as Jo Wilson in the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . She provided the voice and motion capture work for the main character Lara Croft in three video games in the Tomb Raider series , the 2013 reboot and its sequels Rise of the Tomb Raider ( 2015 ) and Shadow of the Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Tomb Raider 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Luddington was born in Ascot , Berkshire , on 15 December 1983 . She later attended The American School In England at Thorpe in Surrey . She moved to suburban Austin , Texas for a year when she was fourteen . She completed her education at the American School in England in July 2002 . When she was nineteen , Luddington enrolled in Susquehanna University in Pennsylvania . However , she had not visited the university before she arrived as a student , and after six months she left and transferred to the New York Film Academy . In 2003 she was part of the school 's first one - year acting class program . After training as an actor , Luddington then returned to England before moving to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting .",
"1": "Career ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Luddington had the lead role as Kate in William & Kate : The Movie ( 2011 ) , then in 2013 appeared in the film The Pact II where she was portrayed a role of cartoonist . In 2015 , she joined the cast of The Healer as Cecilia , starring with Oliver Jackson - Cohen , Jonathan Pryce , Jorge Garcia and Kaitlyn Bernard . Television ( edit ) Luddington has worked mainly in the United States . In February 2011 , the Daily Mail described her as `` on the path to fame and fortune after being cast as Catherine Middleton in William & Kate : The Movie , a TV movie about the relationship between Prince William and Catherine `` Kate '' Middleton . Luddington joined the cast of the Showtime comedy - drama series Californication for its fifth season , playing a nanny . She also joined the cast of season five of the HBO vampire drama True Blood , as Claudette Crane , a faerie . In July 2012 , Luddington joined the cast of Grey 's Anatomy as Dr. Jo Wilson in a recurring role . In June 2013 it was announced that she would be a series regular from season ten onward . In October 2012 , Camilla appeared on a Halloween special of E ! 's popular fashion programme , Fashion Police , alongside a panel of Joan Rivers , Kelly Osbourne , George Kotsiopoulos and Kris Jenner . Tomb Raider ( edit ) In June 2012 , Crystal Dynamics confirmed Luddington would voice Lara Croft in the video game Tomb Raider . Luddington originally went into the audition for Lara thinking she was auditioning for a project called `` Krypted '' with a character called Sara . In June 2014 , it was revealed that a sequel was in production , titled Rise of the Tomb Raider , and Luddington confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be returning to voice and motion capture Lara in the new game . Personal life ( edit ) In October 2016 Luddington announced that she was expecting a baby girl with fellow actor Matthew Alan . Their daughter Hayden Alan was born on April 11 , 2017 . In January 2018 , she and Alan got engaged .",
"2": "Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Couple of White Chicks at the Hairdresser , AA Couple of White Chicks at the Hairdresser Receptionist 2 2009 Behaving Badly Flight Attendant Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls Jane Bennet Video short Filming of Shakey Willis , The The Filming of Shakey Willis Brooke Video short 2011 William & Kate : The Movie Kate Middleton 2014 Pact 2 , The The Pact 2 June Abbott 2016 Healer , The The Healer Cecilia 2017 Justice League Dark Zatanna Animated Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Forgotten , The The Forgotten Emma Clark / Jane Doe Episode : `` Train Jane '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Claire Episode : `` Lost & Found '' Days of Our Lives Tiffany 1 episode Big Time Rush Rebecca Episode : `` Big Time Concert '' 2011 Defenders , The The Defenders Talia Episode : `` Nevada v. Wayne '' 2011 Accidentally in Love Sandra Movie 2011 William & Kate : The Movie Catherine `` Kate '' Middleton Movie 2011 Friends with Benefits Woman Episode : `` The Benefit of Friends '' 2012 Serving Time Cammy Episode : `` Fresh Meet '' 2012 Friend Me Brandi Unaired series 2012 Californication Lizzie 10 episodes 2012 True Blood Claudette 6 episodes 2012 -- present Grey 's Anatomy Dr.",
"3": "Josephine `` Jo '' Wilson / Brooke Stadler Recurring in season 9 Main role : season 10 - present 2013 Tomb Raider : The Final Hours -- A Story of Survival Herself / Lara Croft Movie Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Tomb Raider Lara Croft ( voice and motion capture ) 2015 Infinite Crisis Supergirl , The Construct ( announcer , voice ) 2015 Rise of the Tomb Raider Lara Croft ( voice and motion capture ) 2018 Shadow of the Tomb Raider Lara Croft ( voice and motion capture ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Camilla Luddington'02 stars as Kate Middleton in Television Movie William & Kate '' . Jump up ^ `` Archives - Philly.com '' . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Anatomy ' of a pitch - perfect actress '' . Philly.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pasquine , Frank ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Acting Grad on a Roll : True Blood , Grey 's & Californication '' . New York Film Academy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 16 May 2013 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Camilla Luddington Set For ' The Pact II ' where she was potrayed a role of cartoonist '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Camilla Luddington , Jonathan Pryce Board Rom - Com ' The Healer ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Wills and Kate : the inside story '' . Iol.co.za. 23 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 2 February 2011 ) . `` British actress Camilla Luddington plucked from obscurity to play Kate Middleton '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 7 May 2011 ) .",
"4": "`` ' William & Kate ' Star Joins Showtime 's ' Californication ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` TV Castings : Camilla Luddington To Recur On ' True Blood , Allison Mack On ' Wilfred ' , Constance Zimmer On ' House Of Cards ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 19 July 2012 ) . `` Camilla Luddington Books Recurring Role on Grey 's Anatomy '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sulla - Heffinger , Anthony ( 3 April 2013 ) . `` Interview with Lara Croft voice actress Camilla Luddington '' . New York Post . News Corporation . ISSN 1090 - 3321 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Galt , Jon ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Camilla Luddington to play Lara Croft in Tomb Raider movie reboot '' . Fans Share . Fansshare.com . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Nick ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Camilla Luddington is new Lara Croft '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . OCLC 60623878 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Schramm , Mike ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Camilla Luddington is the new Lara Croft in Tomb Raider '' . Joystiq . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' actress Camilla Luddington discusses playing the new Lara Croft '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Luddington , Camilla ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` Tweet '' . Twitter .",
"5": "Jump up ^ Dill , Jennifer ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Star Camilla Luddington Puts a Little Pumpkin Spice in Her Pregnancy Announcement '' . E !. Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Liam ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Camilla Luddington Gives Birth to Baby Girl '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Camilla Luddington Engaged to Matthew Alan '' . E !. Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / camilluddington : '' . 1 August 2013 . Gamers ! As the Announcer in @ InfiniteCrisis , allow me to be the first to welcome you to the Trials , Protector . Jump up ^ Turbine , Inc . Infinite Crisis . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . Scene : Credits , Voice Over Talent . Jump up ^ `` Infinite Crisis Credits '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 .",
"6": "External links ( edit ) Camilla Luddington on IMDb Camilla Luddington on Twitter VIAF : 176916457 LCCN : no2011128658 MusicBrainz : e7e67c7d - f073 - 4313 - b7bc - 6259264ff3a7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camilla_Luddington&oldid=837060508 '' Categories : 1983 births Living people Actresses from Berkshire English film actresses English television actresses English video game actresses English voice actresses People from Ascot , Berkshire Susquehanna University alumni Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts People educated at the American School in England English expatriates in the United States British expatriate actresses in the United States 21st - century English actresses Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית مصرى Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 13 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what is the most common cause of right ventricular heart failure
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"0": "Heart failure - Wikipedia Heart failure Jump to : navigation , search Heart failure Synonyms Chronic heart failure ( CHF ) , congestive cardiac failure ( CCF ) The major signs and symptoms of heart failure Specialty Cardiology Symptoms Shortness of breath , feeling tired , leg swelling Duration Often lifelong Causes Heart attack , high blood pressure , abnormal heart rhythm , excessive alcohol use , infection , heart damage Risk factors Smoking , sedentary lifestyle Diagnostic method Echocardiogram Similar conditions Kidney failure , thyroid disease , liver disease , anemia , obesity Medication Diuretics , cardiac medications Frequency 40 million ( 2015 ) , 2 % of adults ( developed countries ) Deaths 35 % risk of death in first year ( edit on Wikidata ) Heart failure ( HF ) , often referred to as congestive heart failure ( CHF ) , occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body 's needs . Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath , excessive tiredness , and leg swelling . The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise , while lying down , and may wake the person at night . A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature . Chest pain , including angina , does not typically occur due to heart failure . Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , valvular heart disease , excess alcohol use , infection , and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause . These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart . There are two main types of heart failure : heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on whether the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected , or the heart 's ability to relax . The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise . Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction ( in which part of the heart muscle dies ) or cardiac arrest ( in which blood flow stops altogether ) . Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity , kidney failure , liver problems , anemia , and thyroid disease .",
"1": "The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography . Blood tests , electrocardiography , and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause . Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease . In people with chronic stable mild heart failure , treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking , physical exercise , and dietary changes , as well as medications . In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction , angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended . For those with severe disease , aldosterone antagonists , or hydralazine with a nitrate may be used . Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention . Sometimes , depending on the cause , an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended . In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy ( CRT ) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit . A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures . Heart failure is a common , costly , and potentially fatal condition . In 2015 it affected about 40 million people globally . Overall around 2 % of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65 , this increases to 6 -- 10 % . Rates are predicted to increase . In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35 % after which it decreases to below 10 % each year . This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer . In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5 % of emergency hospital admissions . Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE .",
"2": "Play media Video explanation Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Signs and symptoms 2.1 Left - sided failure 2.2 Right - sided failure 2.3 Biventricular failure 3 Causes 3.1 Congestive heart failure 3.2 Acute decompensation 3.3 Medications 4 Pathophysiology 4.1 Systolic dysfunction 4.2 Diastolic dysfunction 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Ultrasound 5.2 Chest X-ray 5.3 Electrophysiology 5.4 Blood tests 5.5 Angiography 5.6 Monitoring 5.7 Classification 5.8 Algorithms 5.8. 1 Framingham criteria 5.8. 2 ESC algorithm 5.9 Differential diagnosis 6 Prevention 7 Management 7.1 Acute decompensation 7.2 Chronic management 7.2. 1 Lifestyle 7.2. 2 Medication 7.2. 3 Minimally invasive therapies 7.2. 4 Surgical therapies 7.3 Palliative care 8 Prognosis 9 Epidemiology 9.1 United States 9.2 United Kingdom 9.3 Developing world 9.4 Sex 10 Economics 11 Research 12 References 13 External links Terminology ( edit ) Heart failure is a physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body and lungs . The term `` congestive heart failure '' is often used , as one of the common symptoms is congestion , or build - up of fluid in a person 's tissues and veins in the lungs or other parts of the body . Specifically , congestion takes the form of water retention and swelling ( edema ) , both as peripheral edema ( causing swollen limbs and feet ) and as pulmonary edema ( causing breathing difficulty ) , as well as ascites ( swollen abdomen ) . This is a common problem in old age as a result of cardiovascular disease , but it can happen at any age , even in fetuses .",
"3": "The term `` acute '' is used to mean rapid onset , and `` chronic '' refers to long duration . Chronic heart failure is a long - term condition , usually kept stable by the treatment of symptoms . Acute decompensated heart failure is a worsening of chronic heart failure symptoms which can result in acute respiratory distress . High - output heart failure can occur when there is an increased cardiac output . The circulatory overload caused , can result in an increased left ventricular diastolic pressure which can develop into pulmonary congestion ( pulmonary edema ) . Heart failure is divided into two types based on ejection fraction , which is the proportion of blood pumped out of the heart during a single contraction . Ejection fraction is given as a percentage with the normal range being between 50 and 75 % . The two types are : 1 ) Heart failure due to reduced ejection fraction . This type is also known as heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction or systolic heart failure . This type of heart failure occurs when the ejection fraction is less than 40 % . 2 ) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HFpEF ) . This type is also known as diastolic heart failure or heart failure with normal ejection fraction . This type of heart failure occurs when the heart muscle contracts well but the ventricle does not fill with blood well in the relaxation phase . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) A man with congestive heart failure and marked jugular venous distension . External jugular vein marked by an arrow . Heart failure symptoms are traditionally and somewhat arbitrarily divided into `` left '' and `` right '' sided , recognizing that the left and right ventricles of the heart supply different portions of the circulation . However , heart failure is not exclusively backward failure ( in the part of the circulation which drains to the ventricle ) . There are several other exceptions to a simple left - right division of heart failure symptoms . Additionally , the most common cause of right - sided heart failure is left - sided heart failure . The result is that patients commonly present with both sets of signs and symptoms . Left - sided failure ( edit ) The left side of the heart is responsible for receiving oxygen - rich blood from the lungs and pumping it forward to the systemic circulation ( the rest of the body except for the pulmonary circulation ) .",
"4": "Failure of the left side of the heart causes blood to back up ( be congested ) into the lungs , causing respiratory symptoms as well as fatigue due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood . Common respiratory signs are increased rate of breathing and increased work of breathing ( non-specific signs of respiratory distress ) . Rales or crackles , heard initially in the lung bases , and when severe , throughout the lung fields suggest the development of pulmonary edema ( fluid in the alveoli ) . Cyanosis which suggests severe low blood oxygen , is a late sign of extremely severe pulmonary edema . Additional signs indicating left ventricular failure include a laterally displaced apex beat ( which occurs if the heart is enlarged ) and a gallop rhythm ( additional heart sounds ) may be heard as a marker of increased blood flow or increased intra-cardiac pressure . Heart murmurs may indicate the presence of valvular heart disease , either as a cause ( e.g. aortic stenosis ) or as a result ( e.g. mitral regurgitation ) of the heart failure . Backward failure of the left ventricle causes congestion of the lungs ' blood vessels , and so the symptoms are predominantly respiratory in nature . Backward failure can be subdivided into the failure of the left atrium , the left ventricle or both within the left circuit . The patient will have dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) on exertion and in severe cases , dyspnea at rest . Increasing breathlessness on lying flat , called orthopnea , occurs . It is often measured in the number of pillows required to lie comfortably , and in orthopnea , the patient may resort to sleeping while sitting up . Another symptom of heart failure is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea : a sudden nighttime attack of severe breathlessness , usually several hours after going to sleep . Easy fatigability and exercise intolerance are also common complaints related to respiratory compromise . `` Cardiac asthma '' or wheezing may occur . Compromise of left ventricular forward function may result in symptoms of poor systemic circulation such as dizziness , confusion and cool extremities at rest .",
"5": "Right - sided failure ( edit ) Severe peripheral ( pitting ) edema Right - sided heart failure is often caused by pulmonary heart disease ( cor pulmonale ) , which is usually caused by difficulties of the pulmonary circulation , such as pulmonary hypertension or pulmonic stenosis . Physical examination may reveal pitting peripheral edema , ascites , and liver enlargement . Jugular venous pressure is frequently assessed as a marker of fluid status , which can be accentuated by eliciting hepatojugular reflux . If the right ventricular pressure is increased , a parasternal heave may be present , signifying the compensatory increase in contraction strength . Backward failure of the right ventricle leads to congestion of systemic capillaries . This generates excess fluid accumulation in the body . This causes swelling under the skin ( termed peripheral edema or anasarca ) and usually affects the dependent parts of the body first ( causing foot and ankle swelling in people who are standing up , and sacral edema in people who are predominantly lying down ) . Nocturia ( frequent nighttime urination ) may occur when fluid from the legs is returned to the bloodstream while lying down at night . In progressively severe cases , ascites ( fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity causing swelling ) and liver enlargement may develop . Significant liver congestion may result in impaired liver function ( congestive hepatopathy ) , and jaundice and even coagulopathy ( problems of decreased or increased blood clotting ) may occur . Biventricular failure ( edit ) Dullness of the lung fields to finger percussion and reduced breath sounds at the bases of the lung may suggest the development of a pleural effusion ( fluid collection between the lung and the chest wall ) . Though it can occur in isolated left - or right - sided heart failure , it is more common in biventricular failure because pleural veins drain into both the systemic and pulmonary venous systems . When unilateral , effusions are often right sided . If a person with a failure of one ventricle lives long enough , it will tend to progress to failure of both ventricles . For example , left ventricular failure allows pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension to occur , which increase stress on the right ventricle . Right ventricular failure is not as deleterious to the other side , but neither is it harmless .",
"6": "Causes ( edit ) Congestive heart failure ( edit ) Heart failure may also occur in situations of `` high output '' ( termed `` high - output heart failure '' ) , where the amount of blood pumped is more than typical and the heart is unable to keep up . This can occur in overload situations ( blood or serum infusions ) , kidney diseases , chronic severe anemia , beriberi ( vitamin B / thiamine deficiency ) , hyperthyroidism , cirrhosis , Paget 's disease , multiple myeloma , arteriovenous fistulae , or arteriovenous malformations . Viral infections of the heart can lead to inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart and subsequently contribute to the development of heart failure . Heart damage can predispose a person to develop heart failure later in life and has many causes including systemic viral infections ( e.g. , HIV ) , chemotherapeutic agents such as daunorubicin , cyclophosphamide , and trastuzumab , and abuse of drugs such as alcohol , cocaine , and methamphetamine . An uncommon cause is exposure to certain toxins such as lead and cobalt . Additionally , infiltrative disorders such as amyloidosis and connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus have similar consequences . Obstructive sleep apnea ( a condition of sleep wherein disordered breathing overlaps with obesity , hypertension , and / or diabetes ) is regarded as an independent cause of heart failure . Acute decompensation ( edit ) Main article : Acute decompensated heart failure Chronic stable heart failure may easily decompensate . This most commonly results from an intercurrent illness ( such as myocardial infarction ( a heart attack ) , pneumonia ) , abnormal heart rhythms , uncontrolled hypertension , or a patient 's failure to maintain a fluid restriction , diet , or medication . Other well recognized factors that may worsen CHF include the following : anemia and hyperthyroidism which place additional strain on the heart muscle , excessive fluid or salt intake , and medication that causes fluid retention such as NSAIDs and thiazolidinediones . NSAIDs in general increase the risk twofold . Medications ( edit ) A number of medications may cause or worsen the disease .",
"7": "This includes NSAIDS , a number of anesthetic agents such as ketamine , thiazolidinediones , a number of cancer medications , salbutamol , and tamsulosin among others . Pathophysiology ( edit ) A comparison of healthy heart with contracted muscle ( left ) and a weakened heart with over-stretched muscle ( right ) . Heart failure is caused by any condition which reduces the efficiency of the heart muscle , through damage or overloading . As such , it can be caused by a wide number of conditions , including myocardial infarction ( in which the heart muscle is starved of oxygen and dies ) , hypertension ( which increases the force of contraction needed to pump blood ) and amyloidosis ( in which misfolded proteins are deposited in the heart muscle , causing it to stiffen ) . Over time these increases in workload will produce changes to the heart itself : The heart of a person with heart failure may have a reduced force of contraction due to overloading of the ventricle . In a healthy heart , increased filling of the ventricle results in increased contraction force ( by the Frank -- Starling law of the heart ) and thus a rise in cardiac output . In heart failure , this mechanism fails , as the ventricle is loaded with blood to the point where heart muscle contraction becomes less efficient . This is due to reduced ability to cross-link actin and myosin filaments in over-stretched heart muscle . A reduced stroke volume may occur as a result of a failure of systole , diastole or both . Increased end systolic volume is usually caused by reduced contractility . Decreased end diastolic volume results from impaired ventricular filling ; this occurs when the compliance of the ventricle falls ( i.e. when the walls stiffen ) . As the heart works harder to meet normal metabolic demands , the amount cardiac output can increase in times of increased oxygen demand ( e.g. , exercise ) is reduced . This contributes to the exercise intolerance commonly seen in heart failure . This translates to the loss of one 's cardiac reserve , or the ability of the heart to work harder during strenuous physical activity . Since the heart has to work harder to meet the normal metabolic demands , it is incapable of meeting the metabolic demands of the body during exercise .",
"8": "A common finding in those with heart failure is an increased heart rate , stimulated by increased sympathetic activity in order to maintain an adequate cardiac output . Initially , this helps compensate for heart failure by maintaining blood pressure and perfusion , but places further strain on the myocardium , increasing coronary perfusion requirements , which can lead to worsening of ischemic heart disease . Sympathetic activity may also cause potentially fatal abnormal heart rhythms . An increase in the physical size of the heart 's muscular layer may occur . This is caused by the terminally differentiated heart muscle fibers increasing in size in an attempt to improve contractility . This may contribute to the increased stiffness and thus decrease the ability to relax during diastole . Enlargement of the ventricles can also occur and contributes to the enlargement and spherical shape of the failing heart . The increase in ventricular volume also causes a reduction in stroke volume due to mechanical and inefficient contraction of the heart . The general effect is one of reduced cardiac output and increased strain on the heart . This increases the risk of cardiac arrest ( specifically due to abnormal ventricular heart rhythms ) and reduces blood supply to the rest of the body . In chronic disease the reduced cardiac output causes a number of changes in the rest of the body , some of which are physiological compensations , some of which are part of the disease process : Arterial blood pressure falls . This destimulates baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch which link to the nucleus tractus solitarii . This center in the brain increases sympathetic activity , releasing catecholamines into the blood stream . Binding to alpha - 1 receptors results in systemic arterial vasoconstriction . This helps restore blood pressure but also increases the total peripheral resistance , increasing the workload of the heart . Binding to beta - 1 receptors in the myocardium increases the heart rate and makes contractions more forceful in an attempt to increase cardiac output . This also , however , increases the amount of work the heart has to perform . Increased sympathetic stimulation also causes the posterior pituitary to secrete vasopressin ( also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH ) , which causes fluid retention at the kidneys . This increases the blood volume and blood pressure . Heart failure also limits the kidneys ' ability to dispose of sodium and water , which further increases edema .",
"9": "Reduced blood flow to the kidneys stimulates the release of renin -- an enzyme which catalyses the production of the potent vasopressor angiotensin . Angiotensin and its metabolites cause further vasoconstriction , and stimulate increased secretion of the steroid aldosterone from the adrenal glands . This promotes salt and fluid retention at the kidneys . The chronically high levels of circulating neuroendocrine hormones such as catecholamines , renin , angiotensin , and aldosterone affect the myocardium directly , causing structural remodelling of the heart over the long term . Many of these remodelling effects seem to be mediated by transforming growth factor beta ( TGF - beta ) , which is a common downstream target of the signal transduction cascade initiated by catecholamines and angiotensin II , and also by epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) , which is a target of the signaling pathway activated by aldosterone Reduced perfusion of skeletal muscle causes atrophy of the muscle fibers . This can result in weakness , increased fatiguability and decreased peak strength -- all contributing to exercise intolerance . The increased peripheral resistance and greater blood volume place further strain on the heart and accelerates the process of damage to the myocardium . Vasoconstriction and fluid retention produce an increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries . This shifts the balance of forces in favor of interstitial fluid formation as the increased pressure forces additional fluid out of the blood , into the tissue . This results in edema ( fluid build - up ) in the tissues . In right - sided heart failure , this commonly starts in the ankles where venous pressure is high due to the effects of gravity ( although if the patient is bed - ridden , fluid accumulation may begin in the sacral region . ) It may also occur in the abdominal cavity , where the fluid buildup is called ascites . In left - sided heart failure edema can occur in the lungs -- this is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema . This reduces spare capacity for ventilation , causes stiffening of the lungs and reduces the efficiency of gas exchange by increasing the distance between the air and the blood . The consequences of this are dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) , orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea . The symptoms of heart failure are largely determined by which side of the heart fails .",
"10": "The left side pumps blood into the systemic circulation , whilst the right side pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation . Whilst left - sided heart failure will reduce cardiac output to the systemic circulation , the initial symptoms often manifest due to effects on the pulmonary circulation . In systolic dysfunction , the ejection fraction is decreased , leaving an abnormally elevated volume of blood in the left ventricle . In diastolic dysfunction , the end - diastolic ventricular pressure will be high . This increase in volume or pressure backs up to the left atrium and then to the pulmonary veins . Increased volume or pressure in the pulmonary veins impairs the normal drainage of the alveoli and favors the flow of fluid from the capillaries to the lung parenchyma , causing pulmonary edema . This impairs gas exchange . Thus , left - sided heart failure often presents with respiratory symptoms : shortness of breath , orthopnea , and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea . In severe cardiomyopathy , the effects of decreased cardiac output and poor perfusion become more apparent , and patients will manifest with cold and clammy extremities , cyanosis , claudication , generalized weakness , dizziness , and fainting . The resultant low blood oxygen caused by pulmonary edema causes vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation , which results in pulmonary hypertension . Since the right ventricle generates far lower pressures than the left ventricle ( approximately 20 mmHg versus around 120 mmHg , respectively , in the healthy individual ) but nonetheless generates cardiac output exactly equal to the left ventricle , this means that a small increase in pulmonary vascular resistance causes a large increase in amount of work the right ventricle must perform . However , the main mechanism by which left - sided heart failure causes right - sided heart failure is actually not well understood . Some theories invoke mechanisms that are mediated by neurohormonal activation . Mechanical effects may also contribute . As the left ventricle distends , the intraventricular septum bows into the right ventricle , decreasing the capacity of the right ventricle . Systolic dysfunction ( edit ) Heart failure caused by systolic dysfunction is more readily recognized . It can be simplistically described as a failure of the pump function of the heart . It is characterized by a decreased ejection fraction ( less than 45 % ) .",
"11": "The strength of ventricular contraction is attenuated and inadequate for creating an adequate stroke volume , resulting in inadequate cardiac output . In general , this is caused by dysfunction or destruction of cardiac myocytes or their molecular components . In congenital diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy , the molecular structure of individual myocytes is affected . Myocytes and their components can be damaged by inflammation ( such as in myocarditis ) or by infiltration ( such as in amyloidosis ) . Toxins and pharmacological agents ( such as ethanol , cocaine , doxorubicin , and amphetamines ) cause intracellular damage and oxidative stress . The most common mechanism of damage is ischemia causing infarction and scar formation . After myocardial infarction , dead myocytes are replaced by scar tissue , deleteriously affecting the function of the myocardium . On echocardiogram , this is manifest by abnormal wall motion ( hypokinesia ) or absent wall motion ( akinesia ) . Because the ventricle is inadequately emptied , ventricular end - diastolic pressure and volumes increase . This is transmitted to the atrium . On the left side of the heart , the increased pressure is transmitted to the pulmonary vasculature , and the resultant hydrostatic pressure favors extravasation of fluid into the lung parenchyma , causing pulmonary edema . On the right side of the heart , the increased pressure is transmitted to the systemic venous circulation and systemic capillary beds , favoring extravasation of fluid into the tissues of target organs and extremities , resulting in dependent peripheral edema . Diastolic dysfunction ( edit ) Main article : Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction Heart failure caused by diastolic dysfunction is generally described as the backward failure of the ventricle to adequately relax and typically denotes a stiffer ventricular wall . The `` stiffness '' and contractility of the ventricular walls in diastole was first described by Pierre - Simon Laplace . This causes inadequate filling of the ventricle and therefore results in an inadequate stroke volume ( SV ) . SV is a mathematical term amenable to manipulation of many variables .",
"12": "The failure of ventricular relaxation also results in elevated end - diastolic pressures , and the end result is identical to the case of systolic dysfunction ( pulmonary edema in left heart failure , peripheral edema in right heart failure ) . Diastolic dysfunction can be caused by processes similar to those that cause systolic dysfunction , particularly causes that affect cardiac remodeling . Diastolic dysfunction may not manifest itself except in physiologic extremes if systolic function is preserved . The patient may be completely asymptomatic at rest . However , they are exquisitely sensitive to increases in heart rate , and sudden bouts of tachycardia ( which can be caused simply by physiological responses to exertion , fever , or dehydration , or by pathological tachyarrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response ) may result in flash pulmonary edema . Adequate rate control ( usually with a pharmacological agent that slows down AV conduction such as a calcium channel blocker or a beta - blocker ) is , therefore , of key importance to preventing acute decompensation . Left ventricular diastolic function can be determined through echocardiography by measurement of various parameters such as the E / A ratio ( early - to - atrial left ventricular filling ratio ) , the E ( early left ventricular filling ) deceleration time , and the isovolumic relaxation time . Diagnosis ( edit ) No system of diagnostic criteria has been agreed on as the gold standard for heart failure . The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends measuring brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) followed by ultrasound of the heart if positive . This is recommended in those with shortness of breath . In those with heart failure who worsen both a BNP and a troponin are recommended to help determine likely outcomes . Ultrasound ( edit ) Echocardiography is commonly used to support a clinical diagnosis of heart failure . This modality uses ultrasound to determine the stroke volume ( SV , the amount of blood in the heart that exits the ventricles with each beat ) , the end - diastolic volume ( EDV , the total amount of blood at the end of diastole ) , and the SV in proportion to the EDV , a value known as the ejection fraction ( EF ) .",
"13": "In pediatrics , the shortening fraction is the preferred measure of systolic function . Normally , the EF should be between 50 % and 70 % ; in systolic heart failure , it drops below 40 % . Echocardiography can also identify valvular heart disease and assess the state of the pericardium ( the connective tissue sac surrounding the heart ) . Echocardiography may also aid in deciding what treatments will help the patient , such as medication , insertion of an implantable cardioverter - defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy . Echocardiography can also help determine if acute myocardial ischemia is the precipitating cause , and may manifest as regional wall motion abnormalities on echo . Play media Ultrasound showing severe systolic heart failure Play media Ultrasound showing severe systolic heart failure Play media Ultrasound showing severe systolic heart failure Play media Ultrasound showing severe systolic heart failure Ultrasound showing severe systolic heart failure Chest X-ray ( edit ) Chest radiograph of an lung with distinct Kerley B lines , as well as an enlarged heart ( as shown by an increased cardiothoracic ratio , cephalization of pulmonary veins , and minor pleural effusion as seen for example in the right horizontal fissure . Yet , there is no obvious lung edema . Overall , this indicates intermediate severity ( stage II ) heart failure . Chest X-rays are frequently used to aid in the diagnosis of CHF . In a person who is compensated , this may show cardiomegaly ( visible enlargement of the heart ) , quantified as the cardiothoracic ratio ( proportion of the heart size to the chest ) . In left ventricular failure , there may be evidence of vascular redistribution ( `` upper lobe blood diversion '' or `` cephalization '' ) , Kerley lines , cuffing of the areas around the bronchi , and interstitial edema . Ultrasound of the lung may also be able to detect Kerley lines . Electrophysiology ( edit ) An electrocardiogram ( ECG / EKG ) may be used to identify arrhythmias , ischemic heart disease , right and left ventricular hypertrophy , and presence of conduction delay or abnormalities ( e.g. left bundle branch block ) .",
"14": "Although these findings are not specific to the diagnosis of heart failure a normal ECG virtually excludes left ventricular systolic dysfunction . Blood tests ( edit ) Blood tests routinely performed include electrolytes ( sodium , potassium ) , measures of kidney function , liver function tests , thyroid function tests , a complete blood count , and often C - reactive protein if infection is suspected . An elevated B - type natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) is a specific test indicative of heart failure . Additionally , BNP can be used to differentiate between causes of dyspnea due to heart failure from other causes of dyspnea . If myocardial infarction is suspected , various cardiac markers may be used . According to a meta - analysis comparing BNP and N - terminal pro-BNP ( NTproBNP ) in the diagnosis of heart failure , BNP is a better indicator for heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction . In groups of symptomatic patients , a diagnostic odds ratio of 27 for BNP compares with a sensitivity of 85 % and specificity of 84 % in detecting heart failure . Angiography ( edit ) Angiography is the X-ray imaging of blood vessels which is done by injecting contrast agents into the bloodstream through a thin plastic tube ( catheter ) which is placed directly in the blood vessel . X-ray images are called angiograms . Heart failure may be the result of coronary artery disease , and its prognosis depends in part on the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium ( heart muscle ) . As a result , coronary catheterization may be used to identify possibilities for revascularisation through percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass surgery . Monitoring ( edit ) Various measures are often used to assess the progress of patients being treated for heart failure . These include fluid balance ( calculation of fluid intake and excretion ) , monitoring body weight ( which in the shorter term reflects fluid shifts ) . Remote monitoring can be effective to reduce complications for people with heart failure . Classification ( edit ) There are many different ways to categorize heart failure , including : the side of the heart involved ( left heart failure versus right heart failure ) . Right heart failure compromises pulmonary flow to the lungs . Left heart failure compromises aortic flow to the body and brain . Mixed presentations are common ; left heart failure often leads to right heart failure in the longer term .",
"15": "whether the abnormality is due to insufficient contraction ( systolic dysfunction ) , or due to insufficient relaxation of the heart ( diastolic dysfunction ) , or to both . whether the problem is primarily increased venous back pressure ( preload ) , or failure to supply adequate arterial perfusion ( afterload ) . whether the abnormality is due to low cardiac output with high systemic vascular resistance or high cardiac output with low vascular resistance ( low - output heart failure vs. high - output heart failure ) . the degree of functional impairment conferred by the abnormality ( as reflected in the New York Heart Association Functional Classification ) the degree of coexisting illness : i.e. heart failure / systemic hypertension , heart failure / pulmonary hypertension , heart failure / diabetes , heart failure / kidney failure , etc . Functional classification generally relies on the New York Heart Association functional classification . The classes ( I - IV ) are : Class I : no limitation is experienced in any activities ; there are no symptoms from ordinary activities . Class II : slight , mild limitation of activity ; the patient is comfortable at rest or with mild exertion . Class III : marked limitation of any activity ; the patient is comfortable only at rest . Class IV : any physical activity brings on discomfort and symptoms occur at rest . This score documents the severity of symptoms and can be used to assess response to treatment . While its use is widespread , the NYHA score is not very reproducible and does not reliably predict the walking distance or exercise tolerance on formal testing . In its 2001 guidelines the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association working group introduced four stages of heart failure : Stage A : Patients at high risk for developing HF in the future but no functional or structural heart disorder . Stage B : a structural heart disorder but no symptoms at any stage . Stage C : previous or current symptoms of heart failure in the context of an underlying structural heart problem , but managed with medical treatment . Stage D: advanced disease requiring hospital - based support , a heart transplant or palliative care . The ACC staging system is useful in that Stage A encompasses `` pre-heart failure '' -- a stage where intervention with treatment can presumably prevent progression to overt symptoms . ACC Stage A does not have a corresponding NYHA class .",
"16": "ACC Stage B would correspond to NYHA Class I. ACC Stage C corresponds to NYHA Class II and III , while ACC Stage D overlaps with NYHA Class IV . Algorithms ( edit ) There are various algorithms for the diagnosis of heart failure . For example , the algorithm used by the Framingham Heart Study adds together criteria mainly from physical examination . In contrast , the more extensive algorithm by the European Society of Cardiology ( ESC ) weights the difference between supporting and opposing parameters from the medical history , physical examination , further medical tests as well as response to therapy . Framingham criteria ( edit ) By the Framingham criteria , diagnosis of congestive heart failure ( heart failure with impaired pumping capability ) requires the simultaneous presence of at least 2 of the following major criteria or 1 major criterion in conjunction with 2 of the following minor criteria . Major criteria include an enlarged heart on a chest x-ray , an S3 gallop ( a third heart sound ) , acute pulmonary edema , episodes of waking up from sleep gasping for air , crackles on lung auscultation , central venous pressure of more than 16 cm H 2O at the right atrium , jugular vein distension , positive abdominojugular test , and weight loss of more than 4.5 kg in 5 days in response to treatment ( sometimes classified as a minor criterion ) . Minor criteria include an abnormally fast heart rate of more than 120 beats per minute , nocturnal cough , difficulty breathing with physical activity , pleural effusion , a decrease in the vital capacity by one third from maximum recorded , liver enlargement , and bilateral ankle swelling . Minor criteria are acceptable only if they can not be attributed to another medical condition such as pulmonary hypertension , chronic lung disease , cirrhosis , ascites , or the nephrotic syndrome . The Framingham Heart Study criteria are 100 % sensitive and 78 % specific for identifying persons with definite congestive heart failure .",
"17": "ESC algorithm ( edit ) The ESC algorithm weights the following parameters in establishing the diagnosis of heart failure : Diagnostic assessments supporting the presence of heart failure Assessment Diagnosis of heart failure Supports if present Opposes if normal or absent Compatible symptoms + + + + Compatible signs + + + Cardiac dysfunction on echocardiography + + + + + + Response of symptoms or signs to therapy + + + + + ECG Normal + + Abnormal + + + Dysrhythmia + + + + Laboratory Elevated BNP / NT - proBNP + + + + Low / normal BNP / NT - proBNP + + + + Low blood sodium + + Kidney dysfunction + + Mild elevations of troponin + + Chest X-ray Pulmonary congestion + + + + Reduced exercise capacity + + + + + Abnormal pulmonary function tests + + Abnormal hemodynamics at rest + + + + + + = some importance ; + + = intermediate importance ; + + + = great importance . Differential diagnosis ( edit ) There are several terms which are closely related to heart failure and may be the cause of heart failure , but should not be confused with it . Cardiac arrest and asystole refer to situations in which there is no cardiac output at all . Without urgent treatment , these result in sudden death . Myocardial infarction ( `` Heart attack '' ) refers to heart muscle damage due to insufficient blood supply , usually as a result of a blocked coronary artery . Cardiomyopathy refers specifically to problems within the heart muscle , and these problems can result in heart failure . Ischemic cardiomyopathy implies that the cause of muscle damage is coronary artery disease . Dilated cardiomyopathy implies that the muscle damage has resulted in enlargement of the heart . Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves enlargement and thickening of the heart muscle . Prevention ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) A person 's risk of developing heart failure is inversely related to their level of physical activity .",
"18": "Those who achieved at least 500 MET - minutes / week ( the recommended minimum by U.S. guidelines ) had lower heart failure risk than individuals who did not report exercising during their free time ; the reduction in heart failure risk was even greater in those who engaged in higher levels of physical activity than the recommended minimum . Management ( edit ) Main article : Management of heart failure Treatment focuses on improving the symptoms and preventing the progression of the disease . Reversible causes of the heart failure also need to be addressed ( e.g. infection , alcohol ingestion , anemia , thyrotoxicosis , arrhythmia , hypertension ) . Treatments include lifestyle and pharmacological modalities , and occasionally various forms of device therapy and rarely cardiac transplantation . Acute decompensation ( edit ) Main article : Acute decompensated heart failure In acute decompensated heart failure ( ADHF ) , the immediate goal is to re-establish adequate perfusion and oxygen delivery to end organs . This entails ensuring that airway , breathing , and circulation are adequate . Immediate treatments usually involve some combination of vasodilators such as nitroglycerin , diuretics such as furosemide , and possibly noninvasive positive pressure ventilation ( NIPPV ) . Chronic Management ( edit ) The goals of treatment for people with chronic heart failure are the prolongation of life , the prevention of acute decompensation and the reduction of symptoms , allowing for greater activity . Heart failure can result from a variety of conditions . In considering therapeutic options , it is important to first exclude reversible causes , including thyroid disease , anemia , chronic tachycardia , alcohol abuse , hypertension and dysfunction of one or more heart valves . Treatment of the underlying cause is usually the first approach to treating heart failure . However , in the majority of cases , either no primary cause is found or treatment of the primary cause does not restore normal heart function . In these cases , behavioral , medical and device treatment strategies exist which can provide a significant improvement in outcomes , including the relief of symptoms , exercise tolerance , and a decrease in the likelihood of hospitalization or death . Breathlessness rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) and heart failure has been proposed with exercise training as a core component .",
"19": "Rehabilitation should also include other interventions to address shortness of breath including psychological and education needs of patients and needs of carers . Lifestyle ( edit ) Behavioral modification is a primary consideration in any chronic heart failure management program , with dietary guidelines regarding fluid and salt intake being of particular importance . Exercise should be encouraged and tailored to suit individual capabilities . The inclusion of regular physical conditioning as part of a cardiac rehabilitation program can significantly improve quality of life and reduce the risk of hospital admission for worsening symptoms ; however , there is no evidence for a reduction in mortality rates as a result of exercise . Furthermore , it is not clear whether this evidence can be extended to people with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HFpEF ) or to those whose exercise regimen takes place entirely at home . Home visits and regular monitoring at heart failure clinics reduce the need for hospitalization and improve life expectancy . Medication ( edit ) First - line therapy for people with heart failure due to reduced systolic function should include angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors ( ACE - I ) or angiotensin receptor blockers ( ARBs ) if the person develops a long term cough as a side effect of the ACE - I. Use of medicines from this class is associated with improved survival and quality of life in people with heart failure . Beta - adrenergic blocking agents ( beta blockers ) also form part of the first line of treatment , adding to the improvement in symptoms and mortality provided by ACE - I / ARB . The mortality benefits of beta blockers in people with systolic dysfunction who also have atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is more limited than in those who do not have AF . If the ejection fraction is not diminished ( HFpEF ) , the benefits of beta blockers are more modest ; a decrease in mortality has been observed but reduction in hospital admission for uncontrolled symptoms has not been observed . In people who are intolerant of ACE - I and ARBs or who have significant kidney dysfunction , the use of combined hydralazine and a long - acting nitrate , such as isosorbide dinitrate , is an effective alternate strategy . This regimen has been shown to reduce mortality in people with moderate heart failure . It is especially beneficial in African - Americans ( AA ) .",
"20": "In AAs who are symptomatic , hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate ( H + I ) can be added to ACE - I or ARBs . In people with markedly reduced ejection fraction , the use of an aldosterone antagonist , in addition to beta blockers and ACE - I , can improve symptoms and reduce mortality . Second - line medications for CHF do not confer a mortality benefit . Digoxin is one such medication . Its narrow therapeutic window , a high degree of toxicity , and the failure of multiple trials to show a mortality benefit have reduced its role in clinical practice . It is now used in only a small number of people with refractory symptoms , who are in atrial fibrillation and / or who have chronic low blood pressure . Diuretics have been a mainstay of treatment for treatment of fluid accumulation , and include diuretics classes such as loop diuretics , thiazide - like diuretic , and potassium - sparing diuretic . Although widely used , evidence on their efficacy and safety is limited , with the exception of mineralocorticoid antagonists such as spironolactone . Mineralocorticoid antagonists in those under 75 years old appear to decrease the risk of death . A recent Cochrane review found that in small studies , the use of diuretics appeared to have improved mortality in individuals with heart failure . However , the extent to which these results can be extrapolated to a general population is unclear due to the small number of participants in the cited studies . Anemia is an independent factor in mortality in people with chronic heart failure . The treatment of anemia significantly improves quality of life for those with heart failure , often with a reduction in severity of the NYHA classification , and also improves mortality rates . The latest European guidelines ( 2012 ) recommend screening for iron - deficient anemia and treating with parenteral iron if anemia is found . The decision to anticoagulate people with HF , typically with left ventricular ejection fractions < 35 % is debated , but generally , people with coexisting atrial fibrillation , a prior embolic event , or conditions which increase the risk of an embolic event such as amyloidosis , left ventricular noncompaction , familial dilated cardiomyopathy , or a thromboembolic event in a first - degree relative .",
"21": "Minimally invasive therapies ( edit ) In people with severe cardiomyopathy ( left ventricular ejection fraction below 35 % ) , or in those with recurrent VT or malignant arrhythmias , treatment with an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( AICD ) is indicated to reduce the risk of severe life - threatening arrhythmias . The AICD does not improve symptoms or reduce the incidence of malignant arrhythmias but does reduce mortality from those arrhythmias , often in conjunction with antiarrhythmic medications . In people with left ventricular ejection ( LVEF ) below 35 % , the incidence of ventricular tachycardia ( VT ) or sudden cardiac death is high enough to warrant AICD placement . Its use is therefore recommended in AHA / ACC guidelines . Cardiac contractility modulation ( CCM ) is a treatment for people with moderate to severe left ventricular systolic heart failure ( NYHA class II -- IV ) which enhances both the strength of ventricular contraction and the heart 's pumping capacity . The CCM mechanism is based on stimulation of the cardiac muscle by non-excitatory electrical signals ( NES ) , which are delivered by a pacemaker - like device . CCM is particularly suitable for the treatment of heart failure with normal QRS complex duration ( 120 ms or less ) and has been demonstrated to improve the symptoms , quality of life and exercise tolerance . CCM is approved for use in Europe , but not currently in North America . About one third of people with LVEF below 35 % have markedly altered conduction to the ventricles , resulting in dyssynchronous depolarization of the right and left ventricles . This is especially problematic in people with left bundle branch block ( blockage of one of the two primary conducting fiber bundles that originate at the base of the heart and carries depolarizing impulses to the left ventricle ) . Using a special pacing algorithm , biventricular cardiac resynchronization therapy ( CRT ) can initiate a normal sequence of ventricular depolarization . In people with LVEF below 35 % and prolonged QRS duration on ECG ( LBBB or QRS of 150 ms or more ) there is an improvement in symptoms and mortality when CRT is added to standard medical therapy .",
"22": "However , in the two - thirds of people without prolonged QRS duration , CRT may actually be harmful . Surgical therapies ( edit ) People with the most severe heart failure may be candidates for ventricular assist devices ( VAD ) . VADs have commonly been used as a bridge to heart transplantation , but have been used more recently as a destination treatment for advanced heart failure . In select cases , heart transplantation can be considered . While this may resolve the problems associated with heart failure , the person must generally remain on an immunosuppressive regimen to prevent rejection , which has its own significant downsides . A major limitation of this treatment option is the scarcity of hearts available for transplantation . Palliative care ( edit ) People with CHF often have significant symptoms , such as shortness of breath and chest pain . Palliative care should be initiated early in the HF trajectory , and should not be an option of last resort . Palliative care can not only provide symptom management , but also assist with advanced care planning , goals of care in the case of a significant decline , and making sure the patient has a medical power of attorney and discussed his or her wishes with this individual . A 2016 and 2017 review found that palliative care is associated with improved outcomes , such as quality of life , symptom burden , and satisfaction with care . Without transplantation , heart failure may not be reversible and cardiac function typically deteriorates with time . The growing number of patients with Stage IV heart failure ( intractable symptoms of fatigue , shortness of breath or chest pain at rest despite optimal medical therapy ) should be considered for palliative care or hospice , according to American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association guidelines . Prognosis ( edit ) Prognosis in heart failure can be assessed in multiple ways including clinical prediction rules and cardiopulmonary exercise testing . Clinical prediction rules use a composite of clinical factors such as lab tests and blood pressure to estimate prognosis . Among several clinical prediction rules for prognosticating acute heart failure , the ' EFFECT rule ' slightly outperformed other rules in stratifying patients and identifying those at low risk of death during hospitalization or within 30 days .",
"23": "Easy methods for identifying low - risk patients are : ADHERE Tree rule indicates that patients with blood urea nitrogen < 43 mg / dl and systolic blood pressure at least 115 mm Hg have less than 10 % chance of inpatient death or complications . BWH rule indicates that patients with systolic blood pressure over 90 mm Hg , respiratory rate of 30 or fewer breaths per minute , serum sodium over 135 mmol / L , no new ST - T wave changes have less than 10 % chance of inpatient death or complications . A very important method for assessing prognosis in advanced heart failure patients is cardiopulmonary exercise testing ( CPX testing ) . CPX testing is usually required prior to heart transplantation as an indicator of prognosis . Cardiopulmonary exercise testing involves measurement of exhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide during exercise . The peak oxygen consumption ( VO2 max ) is used as an indicator of prognosis . As a general rule , a VO2 max less than 12 -- 14 cc / kg / min indicates a poor survival and suggests that the patient may be a candidate for a heart transplant . Patients with a VO2 max < 10 cc / kg / min have a clearly poorer prognosis . The most recent International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation ( ISHLT ) guidelines also suggest two other parameters that can be used for evaluation of prognosis in advanced heart failure , the heart failure survival score and the use of a criterion of VE / VCO2 slope > 35 from the CPX test . The heart failure survival score is a score calculated using a combination of clinical predictors and the VO2 max from the cardiopulmonary exercise test . Heart failure is associated with significantly reduced physical and mental health , resulting in a markedly decreased quality of life . With the exception of heart failure caused by reversible conditions , the condition usually worsens with time . Although some people survive many years , progressive disease is associated with an overall annual mortality rate of 10 % . Approximately 18 of every 1000 persons will experience an ischemic stroke during the first year after diagnosis of HF . As the duration of follow - up increases , the stroke rate rises to nearly 50 strokes per 1000 cases of HF by 5 years . Epidemiology ( edit ) In 2015 heart failure affected about 40 million people globally .",
"24": "Overall around 2 % of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65 , this increases to 6 -- 10 % . Above 75 years old rates are greater than 10 % . Rates are predicted to increase . Increasing rates are mostly because of increasing life span , but also because of increased risk factors ( hypertension , diabetes , dyslipidemia , and obesity ) and improved survival rates from other types of cardiovascular disease ( myocardial infarction , valvular disease , and arrhythmias ) . Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65 . United States ( edit ) In the United States , heart failure affects 5.8 million people , and each year 550,000 new cases are diagnosed . In 2011 , congestive heart failure was the most common reason for hospitalization for adults aged 85 years and older , and the second most common for adults aged 65 -- 84 years . It is estimated that one in five adults at age 40 will develop heart failure during their remaining lifetime and about half of people who develop heart failure die within 5 years of diagnosis . Heart failure is much higher in African Americans , Hispanics , Native Americans and recent immigrants from the eastern bloc countries like Russia . This high prevalence in these ethnic minority populations has been linked to high incidence of diabetes and hypertension . In many new immigrants to the U.S. , the high prevalence of heart failure has largely been attributed to lack of preventive health care or substandard treatment . Nearly one out of every four patients ( 24.7 % ) hospitalized in the U.S. with congestive heart failure are readmitted within 30 days . Additionally , more than 50 % of people seek re-admission within 6 months after treatment and the average duration of hospital stay is 6 days . Congestive heart failure is a leading cause of hospital readmissions in the U.S. People aged 65 and older were readmitted at a rate of 24.5 per 100 admissions in 2011 . In the same year , Medicaid patients were readmitted at a rate of 30.4 per 100 admissions , and uninsured patients were readmitted at a rate of 16.8 per 100 admissions . These are the highest readmission rates for both patient categories .",
"25": "Notably , congestive heart failure was not among the top ten conditions with the most 30 - day readmissions among the privately insured . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the UK has despite moderate improvements in prevention , heart failure rates have increased due to population growth and ageing . Overall heart failure rates are similar to the four most common causes of cancer ( breast , lung , prostate and colon ) combined . People from deprived backgrounds are more likely to be diagnosed with heart failure and at a younger age . Developing world ( edit ) In tropical countries , the most common cause of HF is valvular heart disease or some type of cardiomyopathy . As underdeveloped countries have become more affluent , there has also been an increase in the incidence of diabetes , hypertension and obesity , which have in turn raised the incidence of heart failure . Sex ( edit ) Men have a higher incidence of heart failure , but the overall prevalence rate is similar in both sexes since women survive longer after the onset of heart failure . Women tend to be older when diagnosed with heart failure ( after menopause ) , they are more likely than men to have diastolic dysfunction , and seem to experience a lower overall quality of life than men after diagnosis . Economics ( edit ) In 2011 , non-hypertensive congestive heart failure was one of the ten most expensive conditions seen during inpatient hospitalizations in the U.S. , with aggregate inpatient hospital costs of more than $10.5 billion . Heart failure is associated with a high health expenditure , mostly because of the cost of hospitalizations ; costs have been estimated to amount to 2 % of the total budget of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom , and more than $35 billion in the United States . Research ( edit ) There is low - quality evidence that stem cell therapy may help . Although this evidence positively indicated benefit , the evidence was of lower quality than other evidence that does not indicate benefit . A previous claim , which came from a 2012 article published by the British Journal Heart , stated that a low salt diet increased the risk of death in those with congestive heart failure . This claim has since been withdrawn . The paper was retracted by the journal in 2013 because two of the cited studies contained duplicate data that could not be verified , and the data have since been lost .",
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"40": "Jump up ^ McMurray JJ , Adamopoulos S , Anker SD , Auricchio A , Böhm M , Dickstein K , Falk V , Filippatos G , Fonseca C , Gomez - Sanchez MA , Jaarsma T , Køber L , Lip GY , Maggioni AP , Parkhomenko A , Pieske BM , Popescu BA , Rønnevik PK , Rutten FH , Schwitter J , Seferovic P , Stepinska J , Trindade PT , Voors AA , Zannad F , Zeiher A ( 2012 ) . `` ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 '' . European Heart Journal . 33 : 1787 -- 847 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehs104 . PMID 22611136 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hunt , S.A. ( 20 September 2005 ) . `` ACC / AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult : A Report of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines ( Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure ) : Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation : Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society '' . Circulation. 112 ( 12 ) : e154 -- e235 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 105.167586 . PMID 16160202 . Jump up ^ Abraham , W.T. ; S.A. Smith ( Feb 2013 ) . `` Devices in the management of advanced , chronic heart failure '' ( PDF ) . Nat Rev Cardiol. 10 ( 2 ) : 98 -- 110 . doi : 10.1038 / nrcardio. 2012.178 . PMC 3753073 . PMID 23229137 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 .",
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"48": "117 ( 4 ) : e25 -- 146 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 107.187998 . PMID 18086926 . Jump up ^ Fisher , SA ; Brunskill , SJ ; Doree , C ; Mathur , A ; Taggart , DP ; Martin - Rendon , E ( Apr 29 , 2014 ) . `` Stem cell therapy for chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 4 : CD007888 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD007888. pub2 . PMID 24777540 . Jump up ^ Nowbar , AN ; Mielewczik , M ; Karavassilis , M ; Dehbi , HM ; Shun - Shin , MJ ; Jones , S ; Howard , JP ; Cole , GD ; Francis , DP ; DAMASCENE writing , group ( Apr 28 , 2014 ) . `` Discrepancies in autologous bone marrow stem cell trials and enhancement of ejection fraction ( DAMASCENE ) : weighted regression and meta - analysis '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) . 348 : g2688 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. g2688 . PMC 4002982 . PMID 24778175 . Jump up ^ Dinicolantonio , JJ ; Pasquale , PD ; Taylor , RS ; Hackam , DG ( Jan 24 , 2013 ) . `` Low sodium versus normal sodium diets in systolic heart failure : systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Heart ( British Cardiac Society ) . doi : 10.1136 / heartjnl - 2012 - 302337 . PMID 22914535 . Jump up ^ no author given ( June 2013 ) . `` Retraction . Low sodium versus normal sodium diets in systolic heart failure : systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Heart . 99 ( 11 ) : 820 . doi : 10.1136 / heartjnl - 2011 - 301156.29 ret . PMID 23640983 .",
"49": "Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ amarcus41 . `` Heart pulls sodium meta - analysis over duplicated , and now missing , data '' . Retraction Watch . Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Sheila A. ; Doree , Carolyn ; Mathur , Anthony ; Taggart , David P. ; Martin - Rendon , Enca ( 12 24 , 2016 ) . `` Stem cell therapy for chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 12 : CD007888 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD007888. pub3 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 28012165 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heart failure . Heart failure , American Heart Association -- information and resources for treating and living with heart failure Heart Failure Matters -- patient information website of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Heart failure in children by Great Ormond Street Hospital , London , UK Classification V T D ICD - 10 : I50 ICD - 9 - CM : 428.0 MeSH : D006333 DiseasesDB : 16209 External resources MedlinePlus : 000158 Patient UK : Heart failure Cardiovascular disease ( heart ) ( I00 -- I52 , 390 -- 429 ) Ischaemic Coronary disease Coronary artery disease ( CAD ) Coronary artery aneurysm Spontaneous coronary artery dissection ( SCAD ) Coronary thrombosis Coronary vasospasm Myocardial bridge Active ischemia Angina pectoris Prinzmetal 's angina Stable angina Acute coronary syndrome Myocardial infarction Unstable angina Sequelae",
"50": "hours Hibernating myocardium Myocardial stunning days Myocardial rupture weeks Aneurysm of heart / Ventricular aneurysm Dressler syndrome Layers Pericardium Pericarditis Acute Chronic / Constrictive Pericardial effusion Cardiac tamponade Hemopericardium Myocardium Myocarditis Chagas disease Cardiomyopathy Dilated Alcoholic Hypertrophic Restrictive Loeffler endocarditis Cardiac amyloidosis Endocardial fibroelastosis Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium / valves Endocarditis infective endocarditis Subacute bacterial endocarditis non-infective endocarditis Libman -- Sacks endocarditis Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis Valves mitral regurgitation prolapse stenosis aortic stenosis insufficiency tricuspid stenosis insufficiency pulmonary stenosis insufficiency Conduction / arrhythmia Bradycardia Sinus bradycardia Sick sinus syndrome Heart block : Sinoatrial AV 1 ° 2 ° 3 ° Intraventricular Bundle branch block Right Left Left anterior fascicle Left posterior fascicle Bifascicular Trifascicular Adams -- Stokes syndrome Tachycardia ( paroxysmal and sinus )",
"51": "Supraventricular Atrial Multifocal Junctional AV nodal reentrant Junctional ectopic Ventricular Accelerated idioventricular rhythm Catecholaminergic polymorphic Torsades de pointes Premature contraction Atrial Junctional Ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome Lown -- Ganong -- Levine Wolff -- Parkinson -- White Flutter / fibrillation Atrial flutter Ventricular flutter Atrial fibrillation Familial Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Ectopic pacemaker / Ectopic beat Multifocal atrial tachycardia Pacemaker syndrome Parasystole Wandering pacemaker Long QT syndrome Andersen -- Tawil Jervell and Lange - Nielsen Romano -- Ward Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death Asystole Pulseless electrical activity Sinoatrial arrest Other / ungrouped hexaxial reference system Right axis deviation Left axis deviation QT Short QT syndrome T wave alternans ST Osborn wave ST elevation ST depression Strain pattern Cardiomegaly Ventricular hypertrophy Left Right / Cor pulmonale Atrial enlargement Left Right Other Cardiac fibrosis Heart failure Diastolic heart failure Cardiac asthma Rheumatic fever Organ failure General Heart failure Respiratory failure Liver failure Acute Chronic Renal failure",
"52": "Acute Chronic Encephalopathy Multiple Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome GND : 4024655 - 3 NDL : 00571034 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"53": "php?title=Heart_failure&oldid=818999815 '' Categories : Aging - associated diseases Heart diseases Organ failure Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Infobox medical condition ( new ) Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT RTTEM Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kapampangan Қазақша Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 20 : 50 .",
"54": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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what are the four requirements to establish criminal liability for gross negligence manslaughter
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[
"the defendant owed a duty to the deceased to take care",
"the defendant breached this duty",
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"the defendant's negligence was gross, that is, it showed such a disregard for the life and safety of others as to amount to a crime and deserve punishment"
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{
"0": "Manslaughter in English law - wikipedia Manslaughter in English law Jump to : navigation , search In the English law of homicide , manslaughter is a less serious offence than murder , the differential being between levels of fault based on the mens rea ( Latin for `` guilty mind '' ) or by reason of a partial defence . In England and Wales , the usual practice is to prefer a charge of murder , with the judge or defence able to introduce manslaughter as an option ( see lesser included offence ) . The jury then decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty of either murder or manslaughter . On conviction for manslaughter , sentencing is at the judge 's discretion , whereas a sentence of life imprisonment is mandatory on conviction for murder . Manslaughter may be either voluntary or involuntary , depending on whether the accused has the required mens rea for murder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Voluntary manslaughter 1.1 Diminished responsibility 1.1. 1 Abnormality of mind 1.1. 2 Specified causes 1.1. 3 Substantial impairment of mental responsibility 1.2 Loss of control 1.3 Suicide pacts 2 Involuntary manslaughter 2.1 Manslaughter by gross negligence 2.2 Death by dangerous driving 2.3 Manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act 2.4 Unlawful ( constructive ) act manslaughter and the liability imposed on drug suppliers 3 Defence 4 Mode of trial and sentence 5 Attempt 6 History 6.1 Voluntary manslaughter - former partial defence of provocation 6.1. 1 Acts constituting provocation 6.1. 2 Subjective limb : provocation in fact 6.1. 3 Objective limb : the reasonable man test 7 See also 8 References Voluntary manslaughter ( edit ) Voluntary manslaughter occurs when the defendant kills with mens rea ( an intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm ) , but one of those partial defences which reduce murder to manslaughter applies ( these consist of mitigating circumstances which reduce the defendant 's culpability ) .",
"1": "The original mitigating factors were provocation and chance medley which existed at common law , but the former has been abolished by statute , the latter has been held no longer to exist and new defences have been created by statute . The Homicide Act 1957 now provides two defences which may be raised to allow the court to find the accused guilty of voluntary manslaughter : diminished responsibility and suicide pact . The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 creates the defence of `` loss of control '' . Diminished responsibility ( edit ) Main article : Diminished responsibility in English law See also : Diminished responsibility Under section 2 of the Homicide Act 1957 there are three requirements for the defendant to raise the defence of diminished responsibility . The defendant must have suffered from an abnormality of mind at the time of the killing caused by one of the causes specified by the Act which substantially impaired the defendant 's mental responsibility for the killing . Under section 2 ( 2 ) of the Act it is for the defendant to prove he suffered from such a condition on the balance of probabilities . Abnormality of mind ( edit ) An abnormality of mind has been defined by Lord Parker CJ `` as state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal '' . In deciding whether this state of mind exists the jury should consider medical evidence , but also all other evidence including acts and statements of the accused and his demeanour . The jury does not have to accept the medical evidence if other material conflicts with and outweighs it . Specified causes ( edit ) The Homicide Act specifies three causes one of which must cause the abnormality ; they are a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind , any inherent cause or a disease or injury . Whether the abnormality is caused by one of the specified causes is a matter for medical evidence alone . Alcoholism is capable of being an abnormality of mind even if there is no physical damage to the brain . Substantial impairment of mental responsibility ( edit ) Whether the abnormality substantially impaired the defendant 's mental responsibility for the killing is a question of degree for the jury . In R v Lloyd the Court of Appeal held that the lack of control must simply be ' more than trivial ' .",
"2": "Loss of control ( edit ) See sections 54 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 . Suicide pacts ( edit ) Section 4 ( 1 ) of the Homicide Act 1957 introduced the defence of suicide pact . Parliament 's intention was to show some compassion for those who had been involved in a suicide pact but failed to die . Section 4 ( 3 ) defines a suicide pact as `` a common agreement between two or more persons having for its object the death of all of them , whether or not each is to take his own life '' . Further the accused must have had a `` settled intention of dying in pursuance of the pact '' to avoid the accused entering into a supposed pact with the real intention of committing murder . The Law Commission has proposed abolishing the defence with deserving cases falling within diminished responsibility , but feels it should be retained pending a review of a new partial defence of mercy killings . Involuntary manslaughter ( edit ) Involuntary manslaughter arises where the accused did not intend to cause death or serious injury but caused the death of another through recklessness or criminal negligence . For these purposes , recklessness is defined as a blatant disregard for the dangers of a particular situation . An example of this would be dropping a brick off a bridge , landing on a person 's head , killing him . Since the intent is not to kill the victim , but simply to drop the brick , the mens rea required for murder does not exist because the act is not aimed at any one person . But if in dropping the brick , there is a good chance of injuring someone , the person who drops it will be reckless . This form of manslaughter is also termed `` unlawful act '' or `` constructive '' manslaughter . Manslaughter by gross negligence ( edit ) Under English law , where a person owes a duty of care ( either by statute or by the neighbour principle ) and is negligent to such a degree that consequently the law regards it as a crime ( namely the person has been grossly negligent ) and that person causes the victim to die , he may be liable for gross negligence manslaughter .",
"3": "The defendants in such cases are often people carrying out jobs that require special skills or care , such as doctors , teachers , police or prison officers , or electricians , who fail to meet the standard which could be expected from a reasonable person of the same profession . In R v Bateman the Court of Criminal Appeal held that gross negligence manslaughter involved the following elements : the defendant owed a duty to the deceased to take care ; the defendant breached this duty ; the breach caused the death of the deceased ; and the defendant 's negligence was gross , that is , it showed such a disregard for the life and safety of others as to amount to a crime and deserve punishment . The House of Lords in Seymour sought to identify the mens rea for `` motor manslaughter '' ( negligently causing death when driving a motor vehicle ) . Reference was made to R v Caldwell and R v Lawrence which held that a person was reckless if : he did an act which in fact created an obvious and serious risk of injury to the person or substantial damage to property ; and when he did the act he either had not given any thought to the possibility of there being any such risk or had recognised that there was some risk involved and had nonetheless gone on to do it . The conclusion was that for motor manslaughter ( and , by implication , for all cases of gross negligence ) , it was more appropriate to adopt this definition of recklessness . Consequently , if the defendant created an obvious and serious risk of causing physical injury to someone , there could be liability whether there was simple inadvertence or conscious risk - taking . It was no longer a defence to argue that the negligence had not been gross . In Adomako an anaesthetist failed to notice that a tube had become disconnected from the ventilator and the patient died . Lord Mackay disapproved Seymour and held that the Bateman test of gross negligence was the appropriate test in manslaughter cases involving a breach of duty , allowing the jury to consider the accused 's conduct in all the surrounding circumstances , and to convict only if the negligence was very serious . Individuals have a duty to act in the following situations : to care for certain defined classes of helpless relatives , e.g. spouses must take care of each other , and parents must look after their dependent children .",
"4": "In R v Stone and Dobinson an elderly woman with anorexia nervosa , came to stay with her brother and his cohabitee , who were both of low intelligence , and subsequently starved herself to death . The Court of Appeal held that the question whether the couple owed a duty to care for the deceased was a question of fact for the jury , which was entitled to take into account the facts that she was a relative of one of the appellants , that she was occupying a room in his house , and that the other appellant had undertaken the duty to care for her by trying to wash her and taking food to her . where there is a contract ( even if the person injured was outside the contractual relationship and , in the civil law would be barred by privity from enforcing the contract ) . In R v Pittwood 1902 TLR 37 , a railway crossing gatekeeper had opened the gate to let a cart pass and forgot to shut it again . Later a hay cart was struck by a train while crossing . He was convicted of manslaughter . It was argued on his behalf that he owed a duty only to his employers , the railway company , with whom he had contracted . Wright J , held , however , that the man was paid to keep the gate shut and protect the public so had a duty to act . In contracts relating both to employment and to the provision of services , R v Yaqoob considered a partner in a taxi firm who was responsible for making all necessary arrangements for the inspection and maintenance of a minibus which had overturned after its tyre burst , killing one of its passengers . He was convicted of manslaughter because the failure properly to maintain the minibus was the direct cause of the accident and there was an implied duty owed both to other members of the partnership and to those renting the vehicle , to inspect and maintain beyond the standard required for an MOT test , council inspections , and other duties imposed by regulation . The jury was competent to assess whether the failure to discharge that implied duty was gross negligence without hearing any expert evidence ; these were not technical issues and they did not need expert help . The sentence of four years imprisonment was within the sentencing band and not excessive .",
"5": "In Attorney - General 's Reference ( No 2 of 1999 ) , a case on corporate manslaughter that arose out of the Southall rail crash , the Court of Appeal decided the defendant 's subjective state of mind ( i.e. whether there was conscious risk - taking ) is irrelevant and , therefore , so is the question of recklessness , leaving the objective test as the only test for liability . Rose LJ , said : Although there may be cases where the defendant 's state of mind is relevant to the jury 's consideration when assessing the grossness and criminality of his conduct , evidence of his state of mind is not a pre-requisite to a conviction for manslaughter by gross negligence . The Adomako test is objective , but a defendant who is reckless as defined in Stone may well be the more readily found to be grossly negligent to a criminal degree . In our judgment unless an identified individual 's conduct , characterisable as gross criminal negligence , can be attributed to the company , the company is not , in the present state of the common law , liable for manslaughter . Civil negligence rules are not apt to confer criminal liability ... the identification principle remains the only basis in common law for corporate liability for gross negligence manslaughter . ( see imputation ) . This was only persuasive authority for the law of manslaughter at large , but R v DPP , ex p Jones which said that the test of negligent manslaughter is objective , confirmed Attorney General 's Reference ( No 2 of 1999 ) as a correct general statement of law . Death by dangerous driving ( edit ) Because of a reluctance by juries to convict when the charge was manslaughter , a statutory offence of `` causing death by dangerous driving '' was introduced . Following the Road Traffic Law Review Committee ( 1988 ) , the Road Traffic Act 1991 abandoned recklessness in favour of the pre-statutory objective test of `` dangerousness '' , i.e. did the driving fall far below the standard of the competent and careful driver . The Committee also recommended that manslaughter should be an optional charge for the more serious driving cases . There is the possibility of charging an aggravated taking without consent for less seriously dangerous driving where death results . An equivalent , in many American states , to motor manslaughter , is vehicular homicide . An equivalent to causing death by dangerous driving in Canada under the Criminal Code is Causing death by criminal negligence .",
"6": "Manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act ( edit ) Under English law , according to R v Creamer , a person is guilty of involuntary manslaughter when he or she intends an unlawful act that is likely to do harm to the person , and death results which was neither foreseen nor intended . The name for this crime is ' manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act ' ( MUDA ) . The term ' constructive manslaughter ' is commonly and correctly used as a synonym . Although the accused did not intend to cause serious harm or foresee the risk of doing so , and although an objective observer would not necessarily have predicted that serious harm would result , the accused 's responsibility for causing death is constructed from the fault in committing what might have been a minor criminal act . The case of R v Goodfellow laid out a four - part requirement which if satisfied could lead to liability for MUDA . The person 's action must : Be intentional Be unlawful Lead the reasonable person to realise that some other person is at risk of physical harm Be the cause of death A number of authorities clarify the test from R v Goodfellow : As to ( 1 ) : either did the person intend to bring about the commission of the offence , or was the outcome a virtual certainty that the person knew was a virtual certainty ? . If the answer to either of these questions is yes then the person 's action was intentional . As to ( 2 ) : a full ' base offence ' must be established , or else there can be no liability for MUDA . As to ( 3 ) : the test is one of objective reasonableness and is a question for the jury to determine ( i.e. to answer the question : `` Would a reasonable person realise that the defendant 's act was bound to subject some other person to the risk of physical harm ? '' ) As to ( 4 ) : was the act a cause in fact and in law ? ( see Causation ( law ) for details ) In R v Dawson , a petrol station attendant with a weak heart died of heart failure when the appellant attempted a robbery of the station .",
"7": "In judging whether this act was sufficiently dangerous , the Court of Appeal applied a test based on the `` sober and reasonable '' bystander who could be assumed to know that the use of a replica gun was likely to terrify people and so be a danger to those with a weak heart . Note the aggravated form of criminal damage with intent to endanger life under section 1 ( 2 ) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971 which could provide the unlawful act if the damage actually causes death . But R v Carey , C and F limits the scope of unlawful act manslaughter . An argument became violent and the first defendant punched and kicked one victim . The second defendant assaulted the deceased by pulling her hair back and punching her in the face . The third defendant assaulted another . The deceased was one of the first to run away , after which she felt faint , and later died of a heart condition ( ventricular fibrillation or dysrhythmia ) which was congenital but which had not been diagnosed before her death . The unlawful act was said to be the affray and the judge held that it was legitimate to aggregate the violence by the other defendants in order to decide whether the affray had subjected the deceased to the threat of at least some physical harm , and so had been a cause of death . On appeal , it was inappropriate to hold the defendants liable for the death . There must be an unlawful act that was dangerous in the sense that sober and reasonable persons would recognise that the act was such as to subject Y to the risk of physical harm . In turn , that act must cause the death . When deciding whether an act is dangerous , knowledge of the victim 's characteristics may be relevant . In this case , no reasonable person would have been aware of the victim 's heart condition which distinguishes this case from Dawson , and from R v Watson in which the victim 's approximate age ( he was 87 years old ) and frail state would have been obvious to a reasonable person . A sober and reasonable person would not have foreseen that an apparently healthy person of 15 years would suffer shock as a result of it . The court held that the deceased 's death was not caused by injuries that were a foreseeable result of the affray . The assault by the second defendant was an unlawful act causing death .",
"8": "The other two defendants could have been convicted by virtue of common purpose given that the death was an accidental departure from the general plan of the affray . But the Crown did not elect to present the case in this way , but pleaded the case as a public order group activity . The result would be that if anyone died in a general disturbance amounting to an affray , all those who participated could be convicted of manslaughter which would be against public policy . Deaths in a general disturbance are too remote to be caused by all participants . Thus , a punch which causes a person to fall will almost inevitably satisfy the test of dangerousness , and where the victim falls and suffers a fatal head injury the accused is guilty of manslaughter . It is foreseeable that the victim is at risk of suffering some physical harm ( albeit not serious harm ) from such a punch and that is sufficient . Physical harm includes shock . The reason why the death resulting from the attempted robbery of the 60 - year - old petrol station attendant was not manslaughter was that the attempted robbery was not dangerous in the relevant sense . It was not foreseeable that an apparently healthy 60 - year - old man would suffer shock and a heart attack as a result of such an attempted robbery . But the jury properly found that it was foreseeable that an obviously frail and very old man was at risk of suffering shock leading to a heart attack as a result of a burglary committed at his home late at night . In R v Charles James Brown , following the break - up of his relationship with his girlfriend , at about 3 pm. , the defendant sent a text message to his mother saying that he did not want to live any more . He then drove his car against the flow of traffic along the hard shoulder of the A1 ( M ) at high speed , before moving into the carriageway , still accelerating and straddling the centre line . He then crashed , head on , into an oncoming car , killing the passenger and injuring many others in the resulting consequential crashes . A sentence of 10 years ' detention in a young offender institution was upheld because although the intentional focus might have been only on suicide , the defendant must have known from the way he was driving that he would kill or injure at least one other person ( thus enforcing an objective standard on the defendant ) .",
"9": "Unlawful ( constructive ) act manslaughter and the liability imposed on drug suppliers ( edit ) The law on those who supply the ( post ) deceased with drugs had been uncertain until the case of R v Kennedy . The defendant supplied heroin to a drug user that asked for something to help them sleep . An hour after administering the drug the victim died . Kennedy was found guilty of manslaughter and appealed on the grounds that there must be an unlawful act which caused the victim 's death . In this case the defendant set up the drug and supplied it but did not administer it , therefore it was an act of the victim himself that caused his own death . Kennedy was acquitted of manslaughter . Prior to this House of Lords ruling , the lower courts ( in particular the Court of Appeal ) struggled to strike a balance between those suppliers considered to have administered the drug ( in the subsequent cases , heroin ) to the victim themselves , and those suppliers who simply `` supply '' the drug for the victim to then voluntarily administer themselves . Defence ( edit ) Infanticide is a partial defence to manslaughter under the Infanticide Act 1938 ( as amended by section 57 the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 to confirm the decision in R v Gore ) and reduces the manslaughter to the crime of infanticide . Mode of trial and sentence ( edit ) Manslaughter is an indictable - only offence . A person guilty of manslaughter is liable to imprisonment for life or for any shorter term . For case law on sentencing see the Crown Prosecution Service sentencing manual : Involuntary manslaughter Manslaughter - diminished responsibility Manslaughter - provocation Manslaughter - suicide pact Attempt ( edit ) Main article : Attempt In R v Creamer , the court said obiter that attempted manslaughter is not an offence known to law . History ( edit ) Voluntary manslaughter - former partial defence of provocation ( edit ) Main article : Provocation in English law See also : Provocation ( legal ) Provocation in English law was abolished on 4 October 2010 by section 56 ( 1 ) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 , but replaced by the similar partial defence of `` loss of control '' . Acts constituting provocation ( edit ) At common law , acts of provocation had to be actual violence towards the defendant ; words could not amount to provocation .",
"10": "The two exceptions to this rule were a husband discovering his wife committing adultery and a father finding someone buggering his son . There were two limbs to the defence , first the defendant had to have actually been provoked , and second the provocation had to be such as would have made the reasonable man act as the defendant did . The Homicide Act 1957 removed all limits on what could amount to provocation and allowed it to include provocation from someone other than the victim , and aimed at someone other than the accused . Further the defence was not defeated by the fact that the defendant induced the provocation . Section 56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 states that the common law defence of provocation is abolished and replaced by sections 54 and 55 ; and that section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957 is also abolished and replaced with sections 54 and 55 . Subjective limb : provocation in fact ( edit ) This was a question of fact for the jury . The loss of control had to be sudden and temporary , however it could be the result of slow burn ; the final straw needed not be very bad as long as it led to an actual sudden and temporary loss of control . A delay between the act of provocation and the killing did not always defeat the defence , but often would . Objective limb : the reasonable man test ( edit ) Under section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957 the second question to be answered by the jury in order for the defence to succeed was ' whether the provocation was enough to make a reasonable man act as ( the defendant ) did ? ' . The reasonable man for the purposes of this test had the same sex and age as the defendant and shared such characteristics as affect the gravity of the provocation to the defendant , but characteristics irrelevant to the provocation such as unrelated mental disorders were not given to the reasonable man . Finally , the reasonable man always had reasonable powers of self - control and was never intoxicated . See also ( edit ) Infanticide Suicide Act 1961 References ( edit ) Gardner , Simon . ( 1995 ) .",
"11": "`` Manslaughter by Gross Negligence '' 111 Law Quarterly Review 22 Jump up ^ R v Semini ( 1949 ) 1 KB 405 , 33 Cr App R 51 , CCA ^ Jump up to : R v Byrne ( 1960 ) 2 QB 396 Jump up ^ R v Wood ( 2009 ) 1 W.L.R. 496 Jump up ^ ( 1967 ) 1 Q.B. 175 at 177 Jump up ^ Law Commission Consultation Paper No. 177 , A New Homicide Act for England and Wales Jump up ^ Law Commission Report No. 304 , Murder , Manslaughter and Infanticide Jump up ^ Donoghue v Stevenson ( 1932 ) AC 562 Jump up ^ R v Evans ( 2009 ) EWCA Crim 650 Jump up ^ R v Adomako ( 1995 ) 1 AC 171 Jump up ^ AG 's Reference ( No. 2 of 1999 ) ( 2000 ) QB 796 ( Court of Appeal ) Jump up ^ R v Bateman ( 1925 ) 19 Cr App R 8 , ( 1925 ) ? Cox 33 , ( 1925 ) All ER Rep 45 , CCA . For an explanation of these abbreviations see Case citation .",
"12": "Jump up ^ R v Seymour ( 1983 ) 2 AC 493 , ( 1983 ) 3 WLR 349 , ( 1983 ) 2 All ER 1058 , 77 Cr App R 215 , ( 1983 ) RTR 455 , ( 1983 ) Crim LR 742 , HL , affirming 76 Cr App R 211 , CA Jump up ^ R v Caldwell ( 1982 ) AC 341 , HL Jump up ^ R v Lawrence ( 1982 ) AC 510 , ( 1981 ) 2 WLR 524 , 73 Cr App R 1 , ( 1981 ) 1 All ER 974 , ( 1981 ) RTR 217 , ( 1981 ) Crim LR 409 , HL , reversing 71 Cr App R 291 Jump up ^ R v Adamoko ( 1995 ) 1 AC 171 , ( 1994 ) 3 WLR 288 , ( 1994 ) 3 All ER 79 , 99 Cr App R 362 , HL Jump up ^ R v Stone and Dobinson ( 1977 ) QB 354 , 64 Cr App R 186 , ( 1977 ) 2 WLR 169 , ( 1977 ) 2 All ER 341 , ( 1977 ) Crim LR 166 , CA Jump up ^ R v Yaqoob 2005 EWCA Crim 1269 Jump up ^ Attorney - General 's Reference ( No 2 of 1999 ) 2000 3 AER 182 Jump up ^ R v DPP , ex p Jones 2000 ( QBD ) IRLR 373 ^ Jump up to : R v Creamer ( 1966 ) 1 QB 72 , 49 Cr App R 368 , ( 1965 ) 3 WLR 583 , ( 1965 ) 3 All ER 257 , CCA Jump up ^ ( 1986 ) 83 Cr App R 23 , per Lord Lane CJ at p.",
"13": "27 Jump up ^ R v Mohan ( 1976 ) QB 1 Jump up ^ R v Woollin ( 1999 ) 1 AC 82 Jump up ^ R v Lamb ( 1967 ) 2 QB 981 Jump up ^ R v Dawson ( 1985 ) 81 Cr App R 150 , CA Jump up ^ R v Carey , C and F 2006 EWCA Crim 17 Jump up ^ R v Watson ( 1989 ) 1 WLR 684 Jump up ^ R v Charles James Brown 2005 EWCA Crim 2868 Jump up ^ R v Kennedy 2007 UKHL 38 Jump up ^ R v Kennedy ( 2007 ) UKHL 38 Jump up ^ R v Gore ( 2007 ) EWCA Crim 2789 Jump up ^ Offences against the Person Act 1861 ( 24 & 25 Vict . c. 100 ) , section 5 ; Criminal Justice Act 1948 ( 11 & 12 Geo. 6 c. 58 ) , section 1 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Involuntary Manslaughter : Sentencing Manual : Legal Guidance : The Crown Prosecution Service '' . 2015 - 08 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Manslaughter Diminished Responsibility : Sentencing Manual : Legal Guidance : The Crown Prosecution Service '' . 2016 - 03 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Manslaughter Provocation : Sentencing Manual : Legal Guidance : The Crown Prosecution Service '' . 2016 - 03 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 .",
"14": "CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Manslaughter Suicide Pact : Sentencing Manual : Legal Guidance : The Crown Prosecution Service '' . 2016 - 03 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ R v Creamer ( 1966 ) 1 QB 72 at 81 , 49 Cr App R 368 at 378 , CCA Jump up ^ The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 ( Commencement No. 4 , Transitional and Saving Provisions ) Order 2010 ( S.I. 2010 / 816 ( C. 56 ) ) , article 6 ( b ) ; and see here Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS UK UK Politics Queen 's Speech : Bill - by - bill '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ R v Davies ( 1975 ) QB 691 Jump up ^ R v Pearson ( 1992 ) Crim LR 193 Jump up ^ Edwards v R ( 1973 ) AC 648 Jump up ^ `` Coroners and Justice Act 2009 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk/ . Jump up ^ R v Duffy ( 1946 ) 1 All ER 932n Jump up ^ R v Ahluwalia ( 1992 ) 4 All ER 889 Jump up ^ A-G for Jersey v Holley ( 2005 ) UKPC 23 ,",
"15": "as affirmed in R v James and Karimi ( 2006 ) EWCA Crim 14 Jump up ^ R v Lesbini ( 1914 ) 3 KB 1116 Jump up ^ R v Newell ( 1980 ) 71 Cr App R 331 ( hide ) English criminal law Classes of crimes Common law Indictable Either way Summary Regulatory Lesser included Elements of crimes Actus reus Causation Mens rea Intention ( criminal law ) Intention in English law Recklessness Criminal negligence Corporate / Vicarious / Strict liability Omissions Concurrence Ignorantia juris non excusat Inchoate offences Encouraging or assisting crime Conspiracy Accessory Attempt Common purpose Defences Self - defence Duress Necessity Marital coercion Consent Medical procedure Prevention of crime Participation in a sporting event Lawful excuse Insanity Diminished responsibility Intoxication Category : Criminal defences Offences against the person Homicide ( Murder / Manslaughter / Corporate manslaughter / Infanticide ) Manslaughter in English law Unlawful killing Mayhem Concealing birth Child destruction Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm Assault occasioning actual bodily harm Common assault Attempting to choke , &c. in order to commit any indictable offence Assault with intent to rob Robbery Assault with intent to rape Assault with intent to commit felony , or on peace officers Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Buggery Battery Kidnapping Child abduction False imprisonment Harassment Offences against the Person Act 1861 Sexual offences Rape Sexual assault Sexual Offences Act 2003 Public order offences Riot Violent disorder Affray Unlawful assembly Fear or provocation of violence Intentional harassment , alarm or distress Harassment ,",
"16": "alarm or distress Public Order Act 1986 Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred Challenging to a fight Nuisance Causing Public nuisance Outraging public decency Effecting a public mischief Keeping a Disorderly house Preventing the lawful burial of a body Breach of the Peace Treason High treason Common scold Nightwalker statute Rout Forcible entry Accessory ( legal term ) Misconduct in a public office Malfeasance in public office Abuse of authority Perjury of oath Dereliction of duty Offences against property Arson Dishonesty Cheating ( law ) Burglary Robbery Theft Larceny Criminal damage Squatting Trespass Taken Without Owner 's Consent ( TWOC ) Deception Handling stolen goods Misappropriation of funds Blackmail Extortion Cybercrime Theft Act 1968 Theft Act 1978 Fraud Act 2006 Fraud by abuse of position Conspiracy to defraud Fare evasion Webcam blackmail Forgery , personation and cheating Forgery Cheating the public revenue Uttering Offences against justice Bribery Perjury Offences Akin to Perjury Perverting the course of justice Misrepresentation as to identity Embracery Witness intimidation Witness tampering Harming People who have Assisted the Police / Given Evidence / Been a Juror Misprison of treason Misprision of felony Compounding a felony Jury tampering Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Assisting an offender Harboring a fugitive Encouraging or assisting a crime Escape from lawful custody Obstructing justice Obstruction of a police officer Wasting police time Refusing to assist a constable Sedition Espionage Contempt of the sovereign Contempt of court Fabrication of false evidence Breach of prison / breaking prison Rescuing a prisoner Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Wills Trusts and estates Evidence Criminal procedure History Law of England and Wales portal Criminal Justice portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"17": "php?title=Manslaughter_in_English_law&oldid=819187568 '' Categories : English criminal law Homicide Manslaughter in the United Kingdom Common law offences in England and Wales Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 23 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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7397542791834822732
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why dry ether is used in woods reaction
|
[
"to form a higher alkane",
"to form a higher alkane"
] |
{
"0": "Wurtz reaction - wikipedia Wurtz reaction Jump to : navigation , search Wurtz reaction Named after Charles - Adolphe Wurtz Reaction type Coupling reaction Identifiers Organic Chemistry Portal wurtz - reaction RSC ontology ID RXNO : 0000074 The Wurtz reaction , named after Charles - Adolphe Wurtz , is a coupling reaction in organic chemistry , organometallic chemistry and recently inorganic main group polymers , whereby two alkyl halides are reacted with sodium metal in dry ether solution to form a higher alkane : 2R -- X + 2Na → R -- R + 2Na X Other metals have also been used to effect the Wurtz coupling , among them silver , zinc , iron , activated copper , indium and a mixture of manganese and copper chloride . The related reaction dealing with aryl halides is called the Wurtz - Fittig reaction. This can be explained by the formation of free radical intermediate and its subsequent disproportionation to give alkene . The Wurtz reaction occurs through a free radical mechanism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanism 2 Examples and reaction conditions 3 Limitations 4 See also 5 References Mechanism ( edit ) The reaction consists of a halogen - metal exchange involving the radical species R ( in a similar fashion to the formation of a Grignard reagent ) with carbon -- carbon bond formation occurring in a nucleophilic substitution reaction . One electron from the metal is transferred to the halogen to produce a metal halide and an alkyl radical . R -- X + M → R + M X The alkyl radical then accepts an electron from another metal atom to form an alkyl anion . This intermediate has been isolated in several cases . R + M → R M The nucleophilic carbon of the alkyl anion then displaces the halide in an S 2 reaction , forming a new carbon - carbon covalent bond . R M + R -- X → R -- R + M X Examples and reaction conditions ( edit ) Due to several limitations this reaction is seldom used . For example , it is intolerant of a range of functional groups .",
"1": "Wurtz coupling is , however , useful in closing small , especially three - membered , rings . Bicyclobutane was prepared this way from 1 - bromo - 3 - chlorocyclobutane in 95 % yield . The reaction is conducted in refluxing dioxane , at which temperature , the sodium is liquid . This reaction has poor yield which is a consequence of multiple product formation . In the case of ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) , ( 1 , 6 ) dihalides , it leads to formation of cyclic products . In vicinal dihalides , it forms alkenes whereas in geminal dihalides , it forms alkynes . Limitations ( edit ) The Wurtz reaction is limited to the synthesis of symmetric alkanes . If two dissimilar alkyl halides are taken as reactants , then the product is a mixture of alkanes that is often difficult to separate by fractional distillation as the differences between the boiling points of the products is typically very low . Also , since the reaction involves free radical species , a side reaction occurs to produce an alkene . This side - reaction becomes more significant when the alkyl halides are bulky at the halogen - attached carbon . Methane can not be obtained by this method . The reaction fails in case of tertiary halides . See also ( edit ) Wurtz -- Fittig reaction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ March Advanced Organic Chemistry 5th edition p. 535 Jump up ^ Gary M. Lampman and James C. Aumiller `` Bicyclo ( 1.1. 0 ) butane '' Organic Syntheses , 1971 , volume 51 , pp 55 - 9 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 051.0055 Aditya Krishna `` Dihalides Quartz '' Adolphe Wurtz ( 1855 ) . `` Sur une nouvelle classe de radicaux organiques '' . Annales de chimie et de physique. 44 : 275 -- 312 . Adolphe Wurtz ( 1855 ) . `` Ueber eine neue Klasse organischer Radicale '' .",
"2": "Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 96 ( 3 ) : 364 -- 375 . doi : 10.1002 / jlac. 18550960310 . Organic-chemistry.org Organic Chemistry , by Morrison and Boyd Organic Chemistry , by Graham Solomons and Craig Fryhle , Wiley Publications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wurtz_reaction&oldid=830434063 '' Categories : Coupling reactions Condensation reactions Carbon - carbon bond forming reactions Name reactions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where was the new pete's dragon filmed
|
[
"New Zealand",
"New Zealand"
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{
"0": "Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 film ) - Wikipedia Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Pete 's Dragon Theatrical release poster Directed by David Lowery Produced by James Whitaker Screenplay by David Lowery Toby Halbrooks Based on Pete 's Dragon by Malcolm Marmorstein `` Pete 's Dragon '' by Seton I. Miller S.S. Field Starring Bryce Dallas Howard Oakes Fegley Wes Bentley Karl Urban Oona Laurence Robert Redford Music by Daniel Hart Cinematography Bojan Bazelli Edited by Lisa Zeno Churgin Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Whitaker Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $65 million Box office $143.7 million Pete 's Dragon is a 2016 American fantasy comedy - drama adventure film directed by David Lowery , written by Lowery and Toby Halbrooks , and produced by James Whitaker . The film is a reworking of the 1977 musical film of the same name written by Malcolm Marmorstein . The film stars Bryce Dallas Howard , Oakes Fegley , Wes Bentley , Karl Urban , Oona Laurence , and Robert Redford . The film tells the story of an orphaned feral boy who befriends a dragon in the Pacific Northwest , and the ensuing repercussions of their discovery by the town 's local residents . Pete 's Dragon premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on August 8 , 2016 and was theatrically distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States in 2D , Disney Digital 3 - D , and RealD 3D formats on August 12 , 2016 . The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed $143 million worldwide against a $65 million production budget .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1977 , Pete Healy , a five - year - old boy , is on a road trip with his parents when their car flips off the road following a near - collision with a deer . Pete 's mom and dad are killed , but Pete survives the accident and is chased into the forest by a pack of wolves . He is rescued by a huge dragon with green fur , yellow eyes , and wings . The dragon quickly bonds with Pete and becomes protective of the boy . Pete names the dragon `` Elliot '' after the character of a lost puppy from his favorite book . Six years later , Pete , now 11 , spots a lumberjack crew chopping down trees near his home . Natalie , the daughter of the ethical site foreman Jack , spots and chases him . When Natalie accidentally falls from a tree , her screams attract her father Jack and his girlfriend , park ranger Grace Meacham . Pete tries to run away , but Gavin , Jack 's pragmatic brother , accidentally knocks him unconscious . After realizing that Pete has vanished , Elliot stumbles around looking for him and ends up knocking over a tree near the lumber camp , leading Gavin to organize a hunting party to find him . Meanwhile , Pete wakes up in a local hospital , which he escapes in an effort to return to the forest . Before the police can catch the boy , Grace finds Pete and asks him to come to her home and promises to take him to the forest the next day . Gavin and his men locate Pete and Elliot 's treehouse , but when they try to search it , Elliot reveals himself and scares them away . He follows them to town trying to find Pete . After seeing Pete settling in with Grace 's family , he leaves . After Pete gives Grace a drawing of Elliot , she shows her father , Mr. Meacham . He says that he discovered the same dragon as a young man . He advises her to trust Pete , and to find Elliot .",
"2": "The next day , Pete , Grace , Natalie , and Mr. Meacham travel to the forest to meet Elliot . A group of hunters led by Gavin surprise Elliot and shoot him with tranquilizer darts , then lock him up in Jack 's warehouse . Before the authorities can inspect the dragon , Pete and Natalie free him from his chains and escape on a lumber truck with Mr. Meacham . Angered , Gavin sets up a roadblock at the bridge to stop them . When Elliot tries to fly , he crashes into the truck , damaging its brakes and it goes through the barricade . Confused and frightened , Elliot perches on top of the bridge and starts breathing fire at the police . The bridge begins to collapse under the intense heat , causing Grace and Jack 's truck to fall through . Gavin tries to save the pair from falling to their deaths . Elliot emerges from the ravine with Grace and Jack riding safely on his back . With a firefighting helicopter approaching , Pete decides to flee with Elliot back to the woods . Pete pleads with Elliot to let him stay so he can protect him from his attackers , just as Elliot protected him . However , Elliot concludes that as long as they stay close together , Pete will always be in danger . He points out Pete 's book to encourage him to return to stay with Grace and Jack . Pete is reluctant & worried for Elliott 's safety , but ultimately trusts the dragon 's judgment . After a very tearful hug , Elliot returns to the mountains and Pete returns to live with Grace and Jack as his new family . In the years that follow , Grace and Jack marry and adopt Pete as their son . Not only has Elliot slowly faded from the town 's memory , but Gavin has learned to be more scrupulous and has moved on from the experience . Pete and his family eventually go on vacation , and see that Elliot is finally reunited with his fellow dragons . Cast ( edit ) Bryce Dallas Howard as Grace Meacham , a forest ranger . Oakes Fegley as Pete Healy , a young orphan who lives in the forest with Elliot the Dragon . Levi Alexander as 5 - year - old Pete Wes Bentley as Jack Magary , a widowed lumber mill owner who is Natalie 's father and Grace 's boyfriend .",
"3": "He has a moral compass and tries to restrain his brother Gavin 's more unethical tendencies . Karl Urban as Gavin Magary , a hunter and lumberjack who is Jack 's brother and Natalie 's uncle . He is a pragmatic man who chafes under his brother 's scruples . Oona Laurence as Natalie Magary , Jack 's daughter and Gavin 's niece . Robert Redford as Mr. Meacham , Grace 's father Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Sheriff Gene Dentler Marcus Henderson as Woodrow , a lumberjack Aaron Jackson as Abner , a lumberjack Phil Grieve as Bobby , a lumberjack Jim McLarty as Ranger Wentworth Ian Harcourt as Deputy West Steve Barr as Deputy Smalls John Kassir as the voice of Elliot the Dragon Production ( edit ) In March 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures announced it would remake Pete 's Dragon , as non-musical , dramatic film to be written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks , and directed by Lowery . Disney intended to rework the core story as a dramatic story , rather than a musical . It set the new work in the Pacific Northwest of the early 1980s , rather than the Northern New England of the early 1900s in the 1977 film . The film was shot in live - action using Panavision Panaflex cameras . The dragon , Elliot , was entirely animated by Weta Digital in CGI , instead of the original hand - drawn animation . On September 19 , 2014 , Disney cast Oakes Fegley and Oona Laurence to star as Pete and Natalie . On October 2 , Barrie M. Osborne was set to be the executive producer for the film . On October 16 , Robert Redford was in early talks to play a local storyteller who remembers seeing a dragon in the woods . On November 20 , Bryce Dallas Howard was in talks for the female lead role , a forest ranger who finds the boy and does not believe his stories about a dragon . On January 7 , 2015 , Wes Bentley joined the cast of the film . On January 9 , Michael C. Hall was also added to the cast . On January 29 , Karl Urban replaced Hall .",
"4": "Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand , with Lowery directing . Rehearsals began early January 2015 , while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26 , 2015 , set to last through April . Live - action filming locations included Bay of Plenty , Taupo and Wellington , while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios . On February 10 , 2015 , a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced . Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua , before transferring to Tapanui , where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film , and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks . Production concluded on April 30 , 2015 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Pete 's Dragon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album / Film score by Daniel Hart Released August 12 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Studio Air Studios British Grove Studios Genre Soundtrack , Film score Length 75 : 29 Label Walt Disney Producer Daniel Hart Jake Jackson David Lowery ( exec . ) Jim Whitaker ( exec . ) Adam Borba ( exec . ) Daniel Hart film scores chronology Lost in the Sun ( 2015 ) Lost in the Sun 2015 Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) Half the Perfect World ( 2016 ) Half the Perfect World2016 Academy Award - winning composer Howard Shore was originally chosen to write the music for the film . He was replaced during post-production by Daniel Hart , who had previously worked with director Lowery on other films , most notably Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ( 2013 ) . The soundtrack was released on August 12 , 2016 by Walt Disney Records . Candle on the Water was the only original song to be featured on the 2016 soundtrack from the 1977 soundtrack . Though the song was not used in the film , it was re-recorded by Okkervil River for the 2016 soundtrack . The original version , performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy ( who played Nora in the original film ) , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1977 . Track listing ( edit ) No .",
"5": "Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Dragon Song '' Bonnie `` Prince '' Billy 2 : 28 2 . `` Something Wild '' Lindsey Stirling and Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness 3 : 43 3 . `` Nobody Knows '' The Lumineers 3 : 08 4 . `` Something on Your Mind '' St. Vincent 2 : 59 5 . `` So Long , Marianne '' Leonard Cohen 5 : 38 6 . `` Gina Anne '' Bosque Brown 2 : 40 7 . `` An Adventure '' 3 : 04 8 . `` Are You Gonna Eat Me ? '' 2 : 31 9 . `` Brown Bunny '' 1 : 01 10 . `` Reverie '' 2 : 52 11 . `` Tree Fort '' 1 : 03 12 . `` North Star '' 1 : 25 13 . `` Bedtime Compass '' 2 : 15 14 . `` Timber '' 1 : 19 15 . `` Breathe '' 2 : 27 16 . `` Gavin Knows What He 's Doing '' 3 : 42 17 . `` You Are Not Alone '' 1 : 58 18 . `` Elliot Gets Lost '' 4 : 26 19 . `` Takedown '' 1 : 44 20 . `` It 'll Be Just Like It Used to Be '' 2 : 03 21 . `` Follow That Dragon '' 3 : 01 22 . `` Elliot at the Bridge '' 2 : 19 23 . `` Abyss '' 1 : 35 24 . `` Go North '' 1 : 44 25 . `` Saying Goodbye '' 5 : 03 26 . `` The Bravest Boy I 've Ever Met '' 2 : 46 27 .",
"6": "`` The Dragon Song Revisited '' Bonnie `` Prince '' Billy 2 : 34 28 . `` Candle on the Water '' Okkervil River 4 : 01 Total length : 75 : 29 Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Pete 's Dragon grossed $76.2 million in North America and $67.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $143.7 million , against a budget of $65 million . In the United States and Canada , Pete 's Dragon opened on August 12 , 2016 , across 3,702 theaters , of which 2,884 were in 3D , and 150 were premium large - format screens , as well as in 57 D - Box and 16 Dolby Cinema sites . It was projected to gross $20 -- 25 million in its opening weekend . The film did not have Thursday night previews , and made $7 million on its first day , Friday . In its opening weekend , it earned $21.5 million , finishing third at the box office , behind Suicide Squad and Sausage Party . The opening was reminiscent of Disney 's July release The BFG , which also carried strong reviews into the weekend only to deliver $18.7 million in its first three days , and far from the $67 -- 116 million debuts of other Disney live action - adaptations , such as Cinderella , Maleficent , Oz : The Great and Powerful , The Jungle Book and Alice in Wonderland . However , many box office critics did not worry about the opening figure , given the film 's modest budget , and the fact that the film is not anywhere near as well known as those films ' respective source material . Disney 's distribution chief Dave Hollis was optimistic that film would become profitable by saying , `` People who are coming out of the theater are just loving it and their advocacy is going to help us put together a nice , solid run . '' Forbes noted that the film did not have any box office draws other than the stellar reviews and the notion of another Disney `` live - action fairy tale . '' Although the film witnessed a steep decline on its second Friday ( - 55 % ) , it fell just by 47.2 % on its second weekend , grossing $11.3 million .",
"7": "On its third weekend , it fell just by 35 % , grossing $7.3 million . The following weekend , Pete 's Dragon declined only 14.7 % , grossing $6.5 million and moved up to fourth place . Outside North America , Pete 's Dragon received a scattered release pattern . The film was released day - and - date in conjucture with its U.S. premiere in 12 markets ( roughly 30 % of the overseas market ) , including the United Kingdom , Italy , and Russia . It earned a total of $5.3 million , with Russia ( $1.5 million ) , Italy ( $1.4 million ) and the U.K. ( $1.1 million ) representing its largest takings . Moreover , it also opened in France ( $1.8 million ) . It had just a 1 % drop in attendance in the U.K. in its second weekend . It expanded to Germany the following weekend and continued its roll out in Australia , Mexico , Brazil and Korea throughout September , and finally Japan on December 23 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 88 % , based on 216 reviews , with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Pete 's Dragon continues Disney 's current live - action winning streak with an update that gives the original a visual overhaul without overwhelming its sweet , soulful charm . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 71 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' . The movie was given three - and - a-half out of four stars in The New York Post by Kyle Smith who called it , `` A cinematic enchantment '' as well as , `` one of the year 's best movies . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Thanks to director David Lowery 's humanizing magic , this tale of an orphan boy and a dragon is that rare family film you really can take to heart . ''",
"8": "Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News gave the film a `` B + '' and said that while the remake , `` may owe more to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , along with a dash of The Jungle Book than it does to the original Pete 's Dragon , '' she overall concluded that `` this story of two vulnerable souls who help each other find their way works , too . '' Barry Hertz of The Globe and Mail praised the film for its sincerity as well as its `` honest effort to entertain and enthrall '' audiences rather than simply being a cash grab . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times felt mixed about the film in his review saying , `` It is slightly unfair to say that this reboot of Pete 's Dragon is middling on a larger scale , but it 's not entirely inaccurate either . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote , `` While Pete 's Dragon does a fine job of evoking the delight one might feel at flying over hill and dale on the back of a mythological creature , it is less successful in rendering real human emotion . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of Ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Golden Tomato Awards January 12 , 2017 Best Kids / Family Movie 2016 Pete 's Dragon 4th Place Heartland Film Festival October 30 , 2016 Truly Moving Picture Award David Lowery , Walt Disney Pictures and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Movie Pete 's Dragon Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Fantasy Film Pete 's Dragon Nominated Home Media ( edit ) Pete 's Dragon was released on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download on November 29 , 2016 . The film topped the home video sales charts for the week ending on December 4 , 2016 . The movie is available on Netflix `` watch instantly '' as of March 15 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon ( R ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 28 , 2016 .",
"9": "Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bulbeck , Pip ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` New Zealand Merges Film Agencies '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Pete 's Dragon for Set for 2016 , Ghost in the Shell for 2017 '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Karl Urban replaces Michael C. Hall '' . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How this director went from making small indie movies to Disney 's $65 million new blockbuster '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After Gritty Sundance Debut On ' Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ' , David Lowery To Reinvent ' Pete 's Dragon ' For Disney . '' Deadline.com ( March 19 , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Robert Redford in Talks for Disney 's ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Begins on PETE 'S DRAGON Remake ; Karl Urban and Wes Bentley Join Cast '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Finds Its Pete For ' Pete 's Dragon ' Remake '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Below the Line Bookings '' . variety.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .",
"10": "Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Bryce Dallas Howard in Talks to Join ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ; Sneider , Jeff ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wes Bentley Joins Robert Redford in Disney Remake ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Michael C. Hall Joins Disney 's ' Pete 's Dragon ' Remake '' . variety.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Karl Urban to Replace Michael C. Hall in Disney 's ' Pete 's Dragon ' Remake '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting call for Disney feature film Pete 's Dragon lead role . '' Archived August 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` David Patrick Lowery - Instagram '' . instagram.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 1 / 26 / 15 : Michael Fassbender Begins Steve Jobs Biopic , Ryan Coogler Starts Rocky Spinoff & More '' . ssninsider.com . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bulbeck , Pip ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Confirms New Zealand Shoot for ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Production on Disney 's Pete 'S Dragon Underway in New Zealand '' . broadwayworld.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Pete 's Dragon Filming Locations '' . newzealand.com .",
"11": "Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Paula . `` David Lowery 's Production Diary for ' Pete 's Dragon ' : Transitioning from Indie to Hollywood '' . Indiewire . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Hart Scoring Disney 's ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . Film Music Reporter . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Secures Record Monday Haul For August , Eyes $51 M - $54 M In 2nd Weekend -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNarry ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' to Easily Keep Top Spot Over ' Pete 's Dragon , ' ' Sausage Party ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Sausage Party ' Cooks ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Pete 's Dragon ' Opens Just Okay '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Sausage Party ' Sizzles With $33 M , ' Pete 's Dragon ' Fails To Soar '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Drops Big , But Remains # 1 as ' Sausage Party ' Eats Up the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Loud In 2nd With $32 M+ As ' Suicide Squad ' Drops Its Guns : Saturday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 .",
"12": "Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Sausage Party ' Scores With $33.6 Million , ' Suicide Squad ' Plunges in Second Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Sausage Party ' And ' Pete 's Dragon ' Drop Off , ' Bad Moms ' Hangs Tough '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' Tops $600 M Worldwide , ' Jason Bourne ' Nets $50 M In China '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` September 2 - 4 , 2016 '' . Box Office Mojo . September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` How Much Oxygen Is Left For ' Do n't Breathe ' At Box Office ? -- Final Tuesday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Tops $243 M Offshore & Rises To $466 M Global ; Will It Hang Onto # 1 In 3rd Frame ? - Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Pictures ' Pets ' Collars $674 M WW ; ' Suicide Squad ' Necks $575 M Through Sunday -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pete 's Dragon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive .",
"13": "Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Kyle Smith ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pete 's Dragon ' is surprisingly one of the year 's best movies '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pete 's Dragon ' Review : Finally , a Summer - Movie Remake That Works '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Churnin ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Realistic ' Pete 's Dragon ' reboot owes more to ' E.T. ' than the original , but that 's OK ( B+ ) '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry Hertz ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Pete 's Dragon asks its audience to side with magic over cynicism '' . Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Review : In ' Pete 's Dragon , ' a Magical Bond in Peril Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Sullivan ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pete 's Dragon ' gets a technological upgrade , but is a storytelling throwback '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Pete 's Dragon Honored with the Truly Moving Picture Award '' . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Levy , Dani ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 .",
"14": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` November 29 , 2016 : This Week on Blu - ray , DVD & Digital HD '' . Comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pete 's Dragon ' Tops Disney Trio of Best - Selling Discs '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Sam Axmaker ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` New on Netflix in March : ' Iron Fist , ' ' The Discovery , ' ' Pete 's Dragon ' '' . The Seattle Times . External links ( edit ) Official website Pete 's Dragon on IMDb Pete 's Dragon at Box Office Mojo Disney 's Pete 's Dragon film locations and information from `` The Home of Disney 's Pete 's Dragon '' - New Zealand .",
"15": "( hide ) David Lowery Films Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ( 2013 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) A Ghost Story ( 2017 ) The Old Man and the Gun ( 2018 ) Television series Strange Angel ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete%27s_Dragon_(2016_film)&oldid=837925152 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films Disney film remakes Films about dragons Films about orphans Films using computer - generated imagery Films directed by David Lowery Films shot in New Zealand Films set in 1977 Films set in 1983 Films set in forests Films set in Oregon Walt Disney Pictures films Films scored by Daniel Hart Films with live action and animation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .",
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is it marley and me or marley and i
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"0": "Marley & Me ( film ) - wikipedia Marley & Me ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Marley & Me Theatrical release poster Directed by David Frankel Produced by Karen Rosenfelt Gil Netter Screenplay by Scott Frank Don Roos Based on Marley & Me by John Grogan Starring Owen Wilson Jennifer Aniston Music by Theodore Shapiro Cinematography Florian Ballhaus Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Regency Enterprises Sunswept Entertainment Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million Box office $247.8 million Marley & Me is a 2008 American comedy - drama film about the titular dog , Marley . It was directed by David Frankel and the screenplay by Scott Frank and Don Roos is based on the memoir of the same name by John Grogan . The film stars Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston as Marley 's owners . Marley & Me was released in the United States and Canada on December 25 , 2008 , and set a record for the largest Christmas Day box office ever with $14.75 million in ticket sales . The film was followed by a 2011 direct - to - video prequel , Marley & Me : The Puppy Years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Plot Soon after their wedding , John and Jenny Grogan ( Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston ) escape the brutal Michigan winters and relocate to a cottage in South Florida , where they are hired as reporters for competing newspapers . At The Palm Beach Post , Jenny immediately receives prominent front - page assignments , while at the South Florida Sun - Sentinel , John finds himself writing obituaries and two - paragraph articles about mundane news like a fire at the local garbage dump .",
"1": "When John senses Jenny is contemplating motherhood , his friend and co-worker Sebastian Tunney ( Eric Dane ) suggests the couple adopt a dog to see if they 're ready to raise a family . From a litter of newborn yellow Labrador retrievers they select Marley ( named after reggae singer Bob Marley ) , who immediately proves to be incorrigible . They take him to Ms. Kornblut ( Kathleen Turner ) , who firmly believes any dog can be trained , but when Marley refuses to obey commands , she blows her whistle and Marley runs towards her and tackles her , pinning her to the ground and humping her on her leg . That gets Marley too far and Ms. Kornblut expels him from her class . Editor Arnie Klein ( Alan Arkin ) offers John a twice - weekly column in which he can discuss the fun and foibles of everyday living . At first stumped for material , John realizes the misadventures of Marley might be the perfect topic for his first piece . Arnie agrees , and John settles into his new position . Marley continues to wreak havoc on the household , providing John with a wealth of material for his column , which becomes a hit with readers and helps increase the newspaper 's circulation . Jenny becomes pregnant , but loses the baby early in her first trimester . She and John travel to Ireland for a belated honeymoon , leaving the rambunctious dog in the care of a young woman who finds him impossible to control , especially during the frequent thunderstorms that plague the area . Soon after returning from their vacation , Jenny discovers she is pregnant again , and this time she delivers a healthy boy , Patrick . When she has a second son , Connor , she opts to give up her job and become a stay - at - home mom , prompting John to take on a daily column for a pay increase . Due to the crime rate , the couple decides to move to a larger house in the safer neighborhood of Boca Raton , where Marley delights in swimming in the backyard pool . Although she denies she is experiencing postpartum depression , Jenny exhibits all the symptoms , including a growing impatience with Marley and John , who asks Sebastian to care for the dog when Jenny insists they give him away . She quickly comes to realize he has become an indispensable part of the family and agrees he can stay .",
"2": "Sebastian accepts a job for The New York Times and moves away . Some time later , John and Jenny welcome a daughter , Colleen , into their family . John celebrates his 40th birthday and later goes skinny dipping with Jenny in their swimming pool . Increasingly disenchanted with his job , he decides to accept a position as a reporter with The Philadelphia Inquirer with Jenny 's blessing , and the family moves to a farm in rural Pennsylvania . John soon realizes that he is a better columnist than reporter and pitches the column idea to his editor . Life is idyllic until the aging Marley begins to show signs of arthritis and deafness . An attack of gastric dilatation volvulus almost kills him , but he recovers . When a second attack occurs , it becomes clear surgery will not help him , and Marley is euthanized with John at his side . The family pay their last respects to their beloved pet as they bury him beneath a tree in their front yard . Cast Owen Wilson as John Grogan Jennifer Aniston as Jennifer Grogan Eric Dane as Sebastian Tunney Alan Arkin as Arnie Klein Haley Hudson as Debbie Haley Bennett as Lisa Kathleen Turner as Ms. Kornblut Ann Dowd as Dr. Platt Nathan Gamble as Patrick Grogan ( Age 10 ) Bryce Robinson as Patrick Grogan ( Age 7 ) Dylan Henry as Patrick Grogan ( Age 3 ) Finley Jacobsen as Connor Grogan ( Age 8 ) Ben Hyland as Connor Grogan ( Age 5 ) Lucy Merriam as Colleen Grogan ( Age 5 ) Production Because the film covers 14 years in the life of the dog , 22 different yellow labradors played the part of Marley ( as revealed in the special feature Finding Marley on the DVD ) . The film was shot on location in Florida 's West Palm Beach , Fort Lauderdale , Hollywood , Miami , and Dolphin Stadium , in addition to Philadelphia and West Chester in Pennsylvania . The Irish honeymoon scenes were shot in and around Ballynahinch Castle , Connemara , County Galway , Ireland . The film 's score was composed by Theodore Shapiro , who previously had worked with director Frankel on The Devil Wears Prada .",
"3": "He recorded it with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox . Dave Barry , Grogan 's fellow South Florida humor columnist , makes an uncredited cameo as a guest at the surprise party celebrating Grogan 's 40th birthday . Release Critical reception Marley & Me received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a rating of 63 % , based on 137 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pet owners should love it , but Marley and Me is only sporadically successful in wringing drama and laughs from its scenario . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 53 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety said the film is `` as broad and obvious as it could be , but delivers on its own terms thanks to sparky chemistry between its sunny blond stars , Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston , and the unabashed emotion - milking of the final reel . Fox has a winner here , likely to be irresistible to almost everyone but cats ... Animated and emotionally accessible , Aniston comes off better here than in most of her feature films , and Wilson spars well with her , even if , in the film 's weaker moments , he shows he 's on less certain ground with earnest material than he is with straight - faced impertinence . '' Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter observed that `` seldom does a studio release feature so little drama - and not much comedy either , other than when the dog clowns around ... ( W ) hatever Marley wants to be about - the challenges of marriage or the balancing act between career and family - gets subsumed by pet tricks . Dog lovers wo n't care , and that basically is the audience for the film . From Fox 's standpoint , it may be enough ... Marley & Me is a warm and fuzzy family movie , but you do wish that at least once someone would upstage the dog . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times called the film `` a cheerful family movie '' and added , `` Wilson and Aniston demonstrate why they are gifted comic actors .",
"4": "They have a relationship that 's not too sitcomish , not too sentimental , mostly smart and realistic '' , whilst Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film A - , calling it `` the single most endearing and authentic movie about the human -- canine connection in decades . As directed by David Frankel , though , it 's also something more : a disarmingly enjoyable , wholehearted comic vision of the happy messiness of family life . '' Steve Persall of the St. Petersburg Times was also very positive , graded the film B and commenting , `` Marley & Me practically leaps at viewers like a pound puppy seeking affection , and darn if it does n't deserve some ... Things could get mushier or sillier , but Frankel and screenwriters Scott Frank and Don Roos -- who usually handle grittier material -- decline to play the easy , crowd - pleasing game . Their faith in Grogan 's simple tale of loyalty among people and pets is unique , and it pays off ... ( It ) is n't extraordinary cinema , but it relates to everyday people in the audience in a way that few movies do without being dull . '' Walter Addiego of the San Francisco Chronicle said , `` this love letter to man 's best friend will make dog fanciers roll over and do tricks . It 's so warmhearted , you 'll want to run out and hug the nearest big , sloppy mutt . '' The praise continued with Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer awarding the film three out of four stars and saying , `` Marley and Me operates on the assumption that happiness is a warm tongue bath . And those who endorse this belief will enjoy this shaggy dog story ... The anecdotal structure does not make for a gripping movie . For one thing , there 's no conflict , unless you count the tension between a guy and his untrainable pooch . Yet Marley boasts animal magnetism ... Mawkish ? Sometimes . But often very funny and occasionally very moving . '' The film also had bad reviews though , with Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times calling it `` an imperfect , messy and sometimes trying film that has moments of genuine sweetness and humor sprinkled in between the saccharine and the sadness . ''",
"5": "Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was unimpressed , awarding the film one out of five stars and commenting , `` the relentless gooey yuckiness and fatuous stereotyping in this weepy feelbad comedy gave me the film critic 's equivalent of a boiling hot nose , '' while Philip French of The Observer said , `` the one redeeming feature is the presence as Wilson 's editor of that great deadpan , put - on artist Alan Arkin , a comedian who can do a double - take without moving his head . '' Further criticism came from Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent who said that `` Marley himself is surprisingly one - dimensional '' and the ending was over-emotional , going `` for the heart - wrenching kind which will always provoke a response , but does so with absolutely no grace '' . On Metro , Marley & Me was placed # 5 in a poll of `` 20 movies that make men cry '' . Box office The film opened on 3,480 screens in the US and Canada on December 25 , 2008 . It grossed $14.75 million on its first day of release , setting the record for the best Christmas Day box office take ever by surpassing the previous high of $10.2 million achieved by Ali in 2001 ( the record was broken the following year by Sherlock Holmes ) . It earned a total of $51.7 million over the four - day weekend and placed # 1 at the box office , a position it maintained for two weeks . The film ended its run having grossed $143,153,751 in the US and $99,563,362 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $242,717,113 . Accolades Year Award Recipients & Nominees Result 2009 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI Film Music Award Theodore Shapiro Won Kids ' Choice Awards Blimp Award Jennifer Aniston Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Bromantic Comedy Won Choice Movie Actress : Comedy Jennifer Aniston Nominated Choice Movie Liplock Owen Wilson & Clyde Nominated Home media This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .",
"6": "( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on March 31 , 2009 . Viewers have the option of a single disc or a two - disc set called the Bad Dog Edition . The film is in anamorphic widescreen format with audio tracks in English , French , and Spanish and subtitles in English and Spanish . Bonus features on the two - disc set include Finding Marley , Breaking the Golden Rule , On Set with Marley : Dog of All Trades , Animal Adoption , When Not to Pee , How Many Takes , a gag reel , and the Purina Dog Chow Video Hall of Fame and Marley & Me video contest finalists . The DVD has sold a total of 3,514,154 copies generating $61.41 million in sales revenue . A prequel to the film , Marley & Me : The Puppy Years , was released direct - to - video on June 1 , 2011 . Soundtrack Song Artist Written by Shiny Happy People R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills and Michael Stipe One Love Bob Marley & The Wailers Bob Marley Decepcion Tech - i-L. A Danny Osuna and Sara Traina Rockin ' the Suburbs ( Over the Hedge Version ) Ben Folds Ben Folds Only Wanna Be With You Hootie & the Blowfish Mark Bryan , Darius Rucker , Jim ' Soni ' Sonefeld and Dean Felber Cantaloop ( Flip Fantasia ) Us3 featuring Rahsaan and Gerard Presencer Herbie Hancock , Rahsaan Hakeem Kelly , Melvyn Simpson and Geoffrey Wilkinson Lithium Bruce Lash Kurt Cobain Can We Fix It ? Paul K. Joyce Rather Be The Verve Richard Ashcroft Lucky Man The Verve Richard Ashcroft Happy Birthday Mildred J. Hill and Patty S. Hill River Song Dennis Wilson Carl Wilson and Dennis Wilson References Jump up ^ `` Marley & Me ( 2008 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 .",
"7": "^ Jump up to : `` ' Marley & Me ' sets Christmas Day record '' . Today.com . Associated Press . 25 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Theodore Shapiro scores ' Marley & Me ' '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grogan , John ( 21 April 2008 ) . `` Dave Barry Does Marley ( or should I rephrase that ? ) '' . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Marley & Me at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Marley & Me at Metacritic Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Film Reviews : Marley & Me '' . Variety . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Film Review : Marley & Me '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Marley & Me : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 24 , 2008 ) . `` Marley & Me Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Persall , Steve ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` ' Marley & Me ' charms by avoiding the easy emotions '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Addiego , Walter ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Movie review : ' Marley & Me ' a sweet tearjerker '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( December 23 , 2008 ) . `` Animal magnetism in ' Marley & Me ' '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer .",
"8": "Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Slurpy , sweet and sad '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` Film review : Marley & Me '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( March 15 , 2009 ) . `` Film review : Marley & Me '' . The Observer . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FILM : Marley & Me '' . IOMToday.co.im . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGuinness , Ross ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Lord Of The Rings tops poll of films that make men cry '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marley & Me ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marley & Me '' . 25 December 2008 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ http://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/176/Marley-and-Me Jump up ^ `` MARLEY & ME Soundtrack - List Of Songs '' .",
"9": "External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Marley & Me ( film ) Official website Marley & Me on IMDb Marley & Me at AllMovie Marley & Me at Rotten Tomatoes Marley & Me at Metacritic Marley & Me at Box Office Mojo Films directed by David Frankel Miami Rhapsody ( 1995 ) Dear Diary ( 1996 ) The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) Marley & Me ( 2008 ) The Big Year ( 2011 ) Hope Springs ( 2012 ) One Chance ( 2013 ) Collateral Beauty ( 2016 ) Films by Don Roos Directed The Opposite of Sex ( 1998 ) Bounce ( 2000 ) Happy Endings ( 2005 ) The Other Woman ( 2009 ) Written Single White Female ( 1992 ) Love Field ( 1992 ) Boys on the Side ( 1995 ) Diabolique ( 1996 ) The Opposite of Sex ( 1998 ) Bounce ( 2000 ) Happy Endings ( 2005 ) Marley & Me ( 2008 ) The Other Woman ( 2009 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Romance The Notebook ( 2005 ) Just like Heaven ( 2006 ) The Holiday ( 2007 ) 27 Dresses and What Happens in Vegas ( 2008 ) Marley & Me and Twilight ( 2009 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) Easy A ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.",
"10": "php?title=Marley_%26_Me_(film)&oldid=833739415 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films American films 2000s comedy - drama films 20th Century Fox films American children 's comedy films American comedy - drama films Children 's comedy - drama films Dune Entertainment films Films about dogs Films about writers Films directed by David Frankel Films based on actual events Films based on non-fiction books Films set in the 1980s Films set in the 1990s Films set in the 2000s Films set in Miami Films set in Pennsylvania Films shot in Miami Films shot in Pennsylvania Regency Enterprises films Screenplays by Don Roos Films produced by Karen Rosenfelt Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 05 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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where was a hologram for the king filmed
|
[
"Morocco",
"Hurghada in Egypt",
"Berlin and Düsseldorf in Germany",
"Morocco",
"Hurghada in Egypt",
"Berlin",
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{
"0": "A Hologram for the King ( film ) - wikipedia A Hologram for the King ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Hologram for the King Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Tykwer Produced by Stefan Arndt Gary Goetzman Arcadiy Golubovich Tom Hanks Uwe Schott Tim O'Hair Screenplay by Tom Tykwer Based on A Hologram for the King by Dave Eggers Starring Tom Hanks Alexander Black Sarita Choudhury Sidse Babett Knudsen Ben Whishaw Tom Skerritt Music by Johnny Klimek Tom Tykwer Cinematography Frank Griebe Edited by Alexander Berner Production company Playtone Primeridian Entertainment X-Filme Creative Pool ( de ) Fábrica de Cine Distributed by Lionsgate Roadside Attractions Saban Films Release date April 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) ( Tribeca Film Festival ) April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country France Germany Cayman Islands Mexico United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $7.8 million A Hologram for the King is a 2016 comedy - drama film directed , written and co-scored by Tom Tykwer , based on the 2012 novel of the same name written by Dave Eggers , and starring Tom Hanks as a washed - up corporate salesman , who goes to Saudi Arabia to propose a business deal . Sidse Babett Knudsen , Tom Skerritt and Sarita Choudhury also star in this international co-production between France , Germany , the Cayman Islands , Mexico , and the United States . The film was released on April 22 , 2016 , by Lionsgate , Roadside Attractions and Saban Films . It received positive reviews but was a box - office flop , becoming the lowest - grossing film to feature Tom Hanks in top billing since Every Time We Say Goodbye in 1986 .",
"1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The film tells the story of a washed - up , desperate American salesman who travels to Saudi Arabia to sell a holographic teleconferencing system to the Saudi government . Set in 2010 , before the Arab Spring , American consultant Alan Clay is depressed after losing his house and being divorced by his wife during the Great Recession ; he arrives in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia to make a sale in an upcoming development called the King 's Metropolis of Economy and Trade ( a fictionalized version of King Abdullah Economic City ) . Cast ( edit ) Tom Hanks as Alan Clay Alexander Black as Yousef , Alan 's driver Sarita Choudhury as Zahra Sidse Babett Knudsen as Hanne Ben Whishaw as Dave Tom Skerritt as Ron , Alan 's father Tracey Fairaway as Kit , Alan 's daughter David Menkin as Brad Khalid Laith as Karim Al - Ahmed Rolf Saxon as Joe Trivoli Jay Abdo as Dr. Hadad Dhaffer L'Abidine as Hassan Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On June 12 , 2013 , Tom Tykwer was reported to be developing an adaptation of 2012 novel A Hologram for the King , written by Dave Eggers . Tykwer wrote and directed the film , which stars Tom Hanks as the lead . The film was made by Playtone , Primeridian Entertainment , and X-Filme Creative Pool . On September 5 , 2013 , Lotus Entertainment began licensing international rights to the film . On March 6 , 2014 it was announced that Sarita Choudhury , Alexander Black , Tracey Fairaway , David Menkin , and Tom Skerritt had joined the cast of the film . Tom Hanks on set , March 13 , 2014 . Filming ( edit ) Production was set to begin in first quarter of 2014 . Principal photography commenced on March 6 , 2014 in Morocco .",
"2": "Filming also took place in Hurghada in Egypt , as well as in Berlin and Düsseldorf in Germany . Shooting wrapped in June 2014 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Writing for the New York Times , Stephen Holden called the movie `` a story of confusion , perplexity , frustration and panic , '' praising Tom Hanks 's ability to turn it into `` an agreeably uncomfortable comedy , '' meriting a `` Critic 's Pick '' designation . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 73 % based on 139 reviews and an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Hologram for the King amiably ambles through a narrative desert , saved by an oasis of a performance from the ever - dependable Tom Hanks . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 59 out of 100 based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Box office ( edit ) The film grossed $1.1 million in its opening weekend , finishing 11th at the box office . With a total worldwide gross of $8,244,651 ( U.S. domestic gross of $4,212,494 ) , it is the lowest - grossing film to feature Tom Hanks in top billing since Every Time We Say Goodbye in 1986 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A HOLOGRAM FOR THE KING ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) '' . BFI . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's comedy crisis with the Middle East '' . NewsTalk . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hologram For The King '' . BoxOfficeFlops.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 .",
"3": "^ Jump up to : Billington , Alex ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Tom Hanks & Tom Tykwer Reteaming to Adapt a Dave Eggers Novel '' . FirstShowing . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` First Look at Tom Hanks in ' A Hologram for the King ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Hanks '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Holden , Review : ' A Hologram for the King ' Is Elevated by Tom Hanks 's Portrayal of an American Everyman , The New York Times , April 21 , 2016 , accessed April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Lotus Stakes ' A Hologram For The King ' With Tom Hanks And Tom Tykwer '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Tykwer 's Tom Hanks - Starrer ' A Hologram For The King ' Finalizes Cast '' . Deadline.com. 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Hologram shoot underway in Morocco '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Sarita Choudhury , Omar Elba Join Tom Hanks in ' Hologram for the King ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hanks : Ballett Lessons in Berlin ( in German ) '' . TV Today . 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' A Hologram for the King ' Is Elevated by Tom Hanks 's Portrayal of an American Everyman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 .",
"4": "Jump up ^ `` A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hologram for the King reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Hologram for the King on IMDb A Hologram for the King at Box Office Mojo A Hologram for the King at Rotten Tomatoes A Hologram for the King at Metacritic Works by Tom Tykwer Feature films Deadly Maria ( 1993 ) Winter Sleepers ( 1997 ) Run Lola Run ( 1998 ) The Princess and the Warrior ( 2000 ) Heaven ( 2002 ) Perfume : The Story of a Murderer ( 2006 ) The International ( 2009 ) Three ( 2010 ) Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) Short films Paris , je t'aime ( 2006 ; segment `` Faubourg Saint - Denis '' ) 60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero ( 2011 ; segment ) Writer only Life is All You Get ( 1997 ) Producer only Absolute Giganten ( 1999 ) A Friend of Mine ( 2006 ) Soul Boy ( 2010 ) Nairobi Half Life ( 2012 ) Veve ( 2014 ) Kati Kati ( 2016 ) Dave Eggers Novels You Shall Know Our Velocity What Is the What The Wild Things A Hologram for the King The Circle Your Fathers , Where Are They ? And the Prophets , Do They Live Forever ?",
"5": "Heroes of the Frontier Short story collections How We Are Hungry Non-fiction A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius Teachers Have It Easy Zeitoun The Monk of Mokah Projects 1,000 Days , 1,000 Songs 826 Valencia The Best American Nonrequired Reading McSweeney 's Timothy McSweeney 's Quarterly Concern The Believer Wholphin Might ScholarMatch Adaptations Where the Wild Things Are ( 2009 ) A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) The Circle ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Hologram_for_the_King_(film)&oldid=831688946 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films Mexican films Mexican comedy films Mexican drama films French films French comedy - drama films German films German comedy - drama films Films set in Saudi Arabia Films based on American novels Films shot in Germany Films shot in Morocco Holography in films Playtone films Saban Films films Lions Gate Entertainment films Icon Productions films Films based on works by Dave Eggers Films directed by Tom Tykwer Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films about telepresence Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Русский کوردی Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 19 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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-1212091124373260265
|
who inaugurated 'world teachers' day'
|
[
"UNESCO",
"ILO"
] |
{
"0": "World Teachers ' Day - Wikipedia World Teachers ' Day Jump to : navigation , search See also : Teachers ' Day This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . When placing this tag , consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( May 2016 ) World Teachers ' Day Mesrop Mashtots teaching Yeghishe the Armenian alphabet , a statue in Yerevan . Observed by Тeachers ' organizations worldwide Date October 5 Next time 5 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) Frequency annual Related to Teachers ' Day World Teachers ' Day , also known as International Teachers Day , is held annually on October 5 . Established in 1994 , it commemorates the signing of the 1966 `` Teaching in Freedom '' . `` Empowering Teachers '' is the theme of this year 's ( 2017 ) World Teachers ' Day , celebrated around the world since 1994 after the UNESCO / ILO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers . Its aim is to focus on `` appreciating , assessing and improving the educators of the world '' and to provide an opportunity to consider issues related to teachers and teaching . In 2017 , World Teachers ' Day commemorated the 20th anniversary of the 1997 UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher - Education Teaching Personnel , bringing the sometimes - neglected area of teaching personnel at Higher Education institutions into the conversation about the status of teachers . Contents ( hide ) 1 See also 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links See also ( edit ) List of Teachers ' Days References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Teachers ' Day - 5 October 2017 '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked and Questions Education United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Teaching in Freedom , Empowering Teachers '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Bibliography ( edit ) This section is empty .",
"1": "You can help by adding to it . ( May 2016 ) External links ( edit ) World Teachers ' Day : why 5 October ? Queensland ( Australia ) World Teachers ' Day web site This holiday - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Teachers%27_Day&oldid=812108070 '' Categories : United Nations days October observances Teaching Schoolteachers Holiday stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from May 2016 All articles needing expert attention Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday fixed day Articles to be expanded from May 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from May 2016 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Latina Lietuvių मराठी 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Русский Shqip සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 02 : 03 . About Wikipedia",
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6402415816213721626
|
what kind of animals live in the great victoria desert
|
[
"great desert skink",
"sandhill dunnart",
"crest-tailed mulgara",
"southern marsupial mole",
"water-holding frog",
"chestnut-breasted whiteface",
"malleefowl",
"dingo",
"perentie",
"sand goanna"
] |
{
"0": "Great Victoria desert - Wikipedia Great Victoria desert Jump to : navigation , search Great Victoria Desert The IBRA regions , with Great Victoria Desert in red Country Australia States Western Australia , South Australia Width 700 km ( 435 mi ) , E / W Area 348,750 km ( 134,653 sq mi ) Biome Desert The Great Victoria Desert , an interim Australian bioregion , is a sparsely populated desert area in Western Australia and South Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location and description 2 Habitation 3 History 4 Environment 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Location and description ( edit ) NASA - Visible Earth , the Great Victoria Desert is in the center of the image , north of the Nullarbor Plain . The Great Victoria is the largest desert in Australia and consists of many small sandhills , grassland plains , areas with a closely packed surface of pebbles ( called desert pavement or gibber plains ) and salt lakes . It is over 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) wide ( from west to east ) and covers an area of 348,750 square kilometres ( 134,650 sq mi ) from the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia to the Gawler Ranges in South Australia . The Western Australia Mallee shrub ecoregion lies to the west , the Little Sandy Desert to the northwest , the Gibson Desert and the Central Ranges xeric shrublands to the north , the Tirari and Sturt Stony deserts to the east , while the Nullarbor Plain to the south separates it from the Southern Ocean . Average annual rainfall is low and irregular , ranging from 200 to 250 mm ( 7.9 to 9.8 in ) per year . Thunderstorms are relatively common in the Great Victoria Desert , with an average of 15 -- 20 thunderstorms per annum . Summer daytime temperatures range from 32 to 40 ° C ( 90 to 104 ° F ) while in winter , this falls to 18 to 23 ° C ( 64 to 73 ° F ) .",
"1": "Habitation ( edit ) The majority of people living in the region are Indigenous Australians from different groups including the Kogara , the Mirning and the Pitjantjatjara . It is the part of Australia with the most populous and most healthy indigenous population . Aboriginal populations have been increasing in this region . Young Indigenous adults from the Great Victoria Desert region work in the Wilurarra Creative programs to maintain and develop their culture . Despite its isolated location the Great Victoria is bisected by very rough tracks including the Connie Sue Highway and the Anne Beadell Highway . Human activity has included some mining and nuclear weapons testing . History ( edit ) In 1875 , British explorer Ernest Giles became the first European to cross the desert . He named the desert after the then - reigning British monarch , Queen Victoria . In 1891 , David Lindsey 's expedition traveled across this area from north to south . Frank Hann was looking for gold in this area between 1903 and 1908 . Len Beadell explored the area in the 1960s . Environment ( edit ) Serpentine Lakes , South Australia , 2011 The Great Victoria desert is a World Wildlife Fund ecoregion and an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia ( IBRA ) region of the same name . As this area has had very limited use for agriculture , habitats remain largely undisturbed while parts of the desert are protected areas including Mamungari Conservation Park ( formerly known as Unnamed Conservation Park ) in South Australia , a large area of pristine arid zone wilderness which possesses cultural significance and is one of the fourteen World Biosphere Reserves in Australia . Habitat is also preserved in the large Aboriginal local government area of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara in South Australia and in the Great Victoria Desert Nature Reserve of Western Australia . The nuclear weapons trials carried out by the United Kingdom at Maralinga and Emu Field in the 1950s and early 1960s have left areas contaminated with plutonium - 239 and other radioactive material . Flora ( edit ) Only the hardiest of plants can survive in much of this environment .",
"2": "Between the sand ridges there are areas of wooded steppe consisting of Eucalyptus gongylocarpa , Eucalyptus youngiana and mulga ( Acacia aneura ) shrubs scattered over areas of resilient spinifex grasses particularly Triodia basedowii . Fauna ( edit ) Wildlife adapted to these harsh conditions includes few large birds or mammals . However , the desert does sustain many types of lizard including the vulnerable great desert skink ( Egernia kintorei ) and a number of small marsupials including the endangered sandhill dunnart ( Sminthopsis psammophila ) and the crest - tailed mulgara ( Dasycercus cristicauda ) . One way to survive here is to burrow into the sands , as a number of the desert 's animals , including the southern marsupial mole ( Notoryctes typhlops ) , and the water - holding frog do . Birds include the chestnut - breasted whiteface ( Aphelocephala pectoralis ) found on the eastern edge of the desert and the malleefowl of Mamungari Conservation Park . Predators of the desert include the dingo ( as the desert is north of the Dingo Fence ) and two large monitor lizards , the perentie ( Varanus giganteus ) and the sand goanna ( Varanus gouldii ) . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Geography portal Deserts of Australia List of deserts by area Nullarbor Plain Tallaringa Conservation Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Great Victoria Desert -- The Largest Desert in Australia . Birgit Bradtke . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilurarra Creative 2011 ; Jump up ^ `` Southern Australia '' . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Great Victoria desert '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Jump up ^ IBRA Version 7 data Jump up ^ Australia 's Biosphere Reserves . Department of Sustainability , Environment , Water , Populations and Communities . Retrieved 3 May 2015 .",
"3": "Shephard , Mark ( 1995 ) , The Great Victoria Desert : north of the Nullarbor , south of the centre , Reed Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7301 - 0485 - 8 Joseph , Leo ; Greenslade , Penelope ; Barley , R.H. ( Rachel ) ; Nature Conservation Society of South Australia ; Barley , Rachel ( 1986 ) , The Great Victoria Desert , Nature Conservation Society of South Australia Inc , ISBN 978 - 0 - 949751 - 08 - 9 Peppas , Lynn ( 2013 ) , The Great Victoria Desert , St. Catharines , Ontario Crabtree Publishing Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4271 - 9100 - 7 Friebe , Marlene ; Matheson , W. E ; South Australia . Department for Environment and Heritage ; Friends of the Great Victoria Desert Parks ( 2006 ) , Shrubs and trees of the Great Victoria Desert , Friends of the Great Victoria Desert Parks with the assistance of the Dept . for Environment and Heritage , ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 45948 - 6 Friends of the Great Victoria Desert Parks ( S.A. ) ( 2007 ) , Friends of the Great Victoria Desert , The Friends of the Great Victoria Desert Parks , retrieved 25 June 2017 External links ( edit ) Online natural history of Great Victoria Desert Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia ( IBRA ) Arnhem Coast Arnhem Plateau Australian Alps Avon Wheatbelt Ben Lomond Brigalow Belt North Brigalow Belt South Broken Hill Complex Burt Plain Cape York Peninsula Carnarvon Central Arnhem Central Kimberley Central Mackay Coast Central Ranges Channel Country Cobar Peneplain Coolgardie Coral Sea Daly Basin Dampierland Darling Riverine Plains Darwin Coastal Davenport Murchison Ranges Desert Uplands Einasleigh Uplands Esperance Plains Eyre Yorke",
"4": "Block Finke Flinders Lofty Block Furneaux Gascoyne Gawler Geraldton Sandplains Gibson Desert Great Sandy Desert Great Victoria Desert Gulf Coastal Gulf Fall and Uplands Gulf Plains Hampton Indian Tropical Islands Jarrah Forest Kanmantoo King Little Sandy Desert MacDonnell Ranges Mallee Mitchell Grass Downs Mount Isa Inlier Mulga Lands Murchison Murray Darling Depression Nandewar Naracoorte Coastal Plain New England Tablelands Northern Kimberley New South Wales North Coast New South Wales South Western Slopes Nullarbor Ord Victoria Plain Pacific Subtropical Islands Pine Creek Pilbara Riverina Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields South East Coastal Plain South East Corner South Eastern Highlands South East Queensland Southern Volcanic Plain Stony Plains Sturt Plateau Subantarctic Islands Swan Coastal Plain Sydney Basin Tanami Tasmanian Central Highlands Tasmanian Northern Midlands Tasmanian Northern Slopes Tasmanian South East Tasmanian Southern Ranges Tasmanian West Tiwi Cobourg Victoria Bonaparte Victorian Midlands Warren Wet Tropics Yalgoo Bioregions of the National Reserve System World deserts Desert Desertification List of deserts List of deserts by area Africa Algerian Bayuda Blue Chalbi Danakil Djurab Eastern Ferlo Farafra ( White ) Kalahari Libyan Moçâmedes Namib Nubian Nyiri Owami Richtersveld Sahara Tanezrouft Ténéré Western",
"5": "Asia Ad - Dahna Akshi Arabian Aral Karakum Aralkum Badain Jaran Betpak - Dala Cholistan Dasht - e Kavir Dasht - e Khash Dasht - e Leili Dasht - e Loot Dasht - e Margo Dasht - e Naomid Gurbantünggüt Gobi Hami Indus Valley Judaean Karakum Katpana Kharan Kumtag Kyzylkum Lop Maranjab Muyunkum Nefud Negev Polond Ordos Qaidam Ramlat al - Sab'atayn Rub ' al Khali Russian Arctic Registan Saryesik - Atyrau Syrian Taklamakan Tengger Thal Thar Ustyurt Plateau Wahiba Sands Australia Gibson Great Sandy Great Victoria Little Sandy Nullarbor Plain Painted Pedirka Simpson Strzelecki Sturt 's Stony Tanami Tirari Europe Accona Bardenas Reales Błędów Cabo de Gata Deliblatska Peščara Hálendi Monegros Oleshky Oltenian Sahara Ryn Stranja Tabernas North America Alvord Amargosa Baja California Black Rock Carcross Carson Channeled scablands Chihuahuan Colorado Escalante Forty Mile Gran Desierto de Altar Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Sandy Jornada del Muerto Kaʻū",
"6": "Lechuguilla Mojave North American Arctic Owyhee Painted Desert Red Desert Sevier Smoke Creek Sonoran Tonopah Desert Tule ( Arizona ) Tule ( Nevada ) Yp Yuha Yuma South America Atacama La Guajira Los Médanos de Coro Monte Patagonian Sechura Tatacoa Zealandia Rangipo Desert Polar Regions Antarctica Arctic Greenland North American Arctic Russian Arctic Project Commons Coordinates : 29 ° 09 ′ 08 '' S 129 ° 15 ′ 35 '' E / 29.1521612833 ° S 129.259643555 ° E / - 29.1521612833 ; 129.259643555 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Victoria_Desert&oldid=806809590 '' Categories : Deserts of Western Australia Deserts of South Australia Ecoregions of Australia IBRA regions Biogeography of South Australia Biogeography of Western Australia Ergs Goldfields - Esperance Protected areas of Western Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use Australian English from September 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Geobox usage tracking for other type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia",
"7": "Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 08 : 31 .",
"8": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia",
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|
[
2,
4,
3,
5,
6,
1,
0,
7,
8
] |
[
2,
4,
3,
5,
6,
1
] |
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