Split (1)

validation · 4.29k rows

id stringlengths 16 20	question stringlengths 25 100	short_answers listlengths 1 50	index:sentence dict	ordered_index listlengths 1 186	n_chunks listlengths 1 14
7410490453997997451	when was fingerprinting first used by the police	[ "the early 20th century", "In 1840" ]	{ "0": "Fingerprint - wikipedia Fingerprint Jump to : navigation , search This article is about human fingerprints . For other uses , see Fingerprint ( disambiguation ) . `` Thumbprint '' redirects here . For other uses , see Thumbprint ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Forensic science Physiological ( show ) Anthropology Biology Bloodstain pattern analysis Botany Dentistry DNA phenotyping DNA profiling Entomology Epidemiology Medicine Palynology Pathology Podiatry Toxicology Social ( show ) Psychiatry Psychology Psychotherapy Social work Criminalistics ( hide ) Accounting Body identification Chemistry Facial reconstruction Fingerprint analysis Firearm examination Footwear evidence Forensic arts Profiling Gloveprint analysis Palmprint analysis Questioned document examination Vein matching Digital forensics ( show ) Computer exams Data analysis Database study Mobile devices Network analysis Photography Video analysis Audio analysis Related disciplines ( show ) Electrical engineering Engineering Fire investigation Fire accelerant detection Fractography Linguistics Materials engineering Polymer engineering Statistics Traffic collision reconstruction Related articles ( show ) Crime scene CSI effect Perry Mason syndrome Pollen calendar Skid mark Trace evidence Use of DNA in forensic entomology Outline A fingerprint in its narrow sense is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger . The recovery of fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science . Fingerprints are easily deposited on suitable surfaces ( such as glass or metal or polished stone ) by the natural secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands that are present in epidermal ridges . These are sometimes referred to as `` Chanced Impressions '' . In a wider use of the term , fingerprints are the traces of an impression from the friction ridges of any part of a human or other primate hand . A print from the sole of the foot can also leave an impression of friction ridges . Deliberate impressions of fingerprints may be formed by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges on the skin to a relatively smooth surface such as a fingerprint card .", "1": "Fingerprint records normally contain impressions from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs , although fingerprint cards also typically record portions of lower joint areas of the fingers . Human fingerprints are detailed , nearly unique , difficult to alter , and durable over the life of an individual , making them suitable as long - term markers of human identity . They may be employed by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity , or to identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves , as in the aftermath of a natural disaster . Fingerprint analysis , in use since the early 20th century , has led to many crimes being solved . This means that many criminals consider gloves essential . In 2015 , the identification of sex by use of a fingerprint test has been reported . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biology 2 Types 3 Dactyloscopy 4 Types 4.1 Exemplar 4.2 Latent 4.3 Patent 4.4 Plastic 4.5 Electronic recording 4.6 Footprints 5 Capture and detection 5.1 Live scan devices 5.2 Scanning dead or unconscious people 5.3 Latent detection 5.4 Laboratory techniques 6 Research 7 Disappearance of children 's latent prints 8 Detection of drug use 9 United States databases and compression 10 Validity 10.1 Criticism 10.1.", "2": "1 Defense 10.2 Track record 11 Professional certification 12 Errors 12.1 Brandon Mayfield and the Madrid bombing 12.2 René Ramón Sánchez 12.3 Shirley McKie 12.4 Stephan Cowans 12.5 Craig D. Harvey 13 History 13.1 Antiquity and the medieval period 13.2 Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries 13.3 Modern era 14 Privacy 14.1 Fingerprinting of children 15 Other uses 15.1 Welfare claimants 15.2 Log - in authentication and other locks 15.3 Electronic registration and library access 16 Absence or mutilation of fingerprints 17 Fingerprint recognition 17.1 Patterns 17.2 Fingerprint processing 17.3 Minutiae features 17.4 Defeats 18 Fingerprint recognition in electronic devices 19 Fingerprint sensors 19.1 Optical 19.2 Ultrasonic 19.3 Capacitance 19.3. 1 Passive capacitance 19.3. 2 Active capacitance 20 Algorithms 20.1 Pre-processing 20.2 Pattern - based ( or image - based ) algorithms 21 In other species 22 In fiction 22.1 Mark Twain 22.2 Crime fiction 22.3 Film and television 23 Other reliable identifiers 24 See also 25 References 26 Further reading 27 External links Biology A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the digits ( fingers and toes ) , the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot , consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin . These are sometimes known as `` epidermal ridges '' which are caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary ( rete ) pegs of the epidermis . These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered , for example , when fingertips brush across an uneven surface , better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture perception . These ridges may also assist in gripping rough surfaces and may improve surface contact in wet conditions .", "3": "Types Before computerization , manual filing systems were used in large fingerprint repositories . Manual classification systems were based on the general ridge patterns of several or all fingers ( such as the presence or absence of circular patterns ) . This allowed the filing and retrieval of paper records in large collections based on friction ridge patterns alone . The most popular systems used the pattern class of each finger to form a key ( a number ) to assist lookup in a filing system . Classification systems include the Roscher system , the Juan Vucetich system , and the Henry Classification System . The Roscher system was developed in Germany and implemented in both Germany and Japan , the Vucetich system ( developed by a Croatian - born Buenos Aires Police Officer ) was developed in Argentina and implemented throughout South America , and the Henry system was developed in India and implemented in most English - speaking countries . In the Henry system of classification , there are three basic fingerprint patterns : loop , whorl , and arch , which constitute 60 -- 65 % , 30 -- 35 % , and 5 % of all fingerprints respectively . There are also more complex classification systems that break down patterns even further , into plain arches or tented arches , and into loops that may be radial or ulnar , depending on the side of the hand toward which the tail points . Ulnar loops start on the pinky - side of the finger , the side closer to the ulna , the lower arm bone . Radial loops start on the thumb - side of the finger , the side closer to the radius . Whorls may also have sub-group classifications including plain whorls , accidental whorls , double loop whorls , peacock 's eye , composite , and central pocket loop whorls . Other common fingerprint patterns include the tented arch , the plain arch , and the central pocket loop . The system used by most experts , although complex , is similar to the Henry System of Classification . It consists of five fractions , in which R stands for right , L for left , i for index finger , m for middle finger , t for thumb , r for ring finger and p ( pinky ) for little finger . The fractions are as follows : Ri / Rt + Rr / Rm + Lt / Rp + Lm / Li + Lp / Lr .", "4": "The numbers assigned to each print are based on whether or not they are whorls . A whorl in the first fraction is given a 16 , the second an 8 , the third a 4 , the fourth a 2 , and 0 to the last fraction . Arches and loops are assigned values of 0 . Lastly , the numbers in the numerator and denominator are added up , using the scheme : ( Ri + Rr + Lt + Lm + Lp ) / ( Rt + Rm + Rp + Li + Lr ) and a 1 is added to both top and bottom , to exclude any possibility of division by zero . For example , if the right ring finger and the left index finger have whorls , the fractions would look like this : 0 / 0 + 8 / 0 + 0 / 0 + 0 / 2 + 0 / 0 + 1 / 1 , and the calculation : ( 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 ) / ( 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 1 ) = 9 / 3 = 3 . Using this system reduces the number of prints that the print in question needs to be compared to . For example , the above set of prints would only need to be compared to other sets of fingerprints with a value of 3 . Arch Loop ( Right Loop ) Whorl Arch ( Tented Arch ) Dactyloscopy The friction ridges on a finger Fingerprint identification , known as dactyloscopy , or hand print identification , is the process of comparing two instances of friction ridge skin impressions ( see Minutiae ) , from human fingers or toes , or even the palm of the hand or sole of the foot , to determine whether these impressions could have come from the same individual . The flexibility of friction ridge skin means that no two finger or palm prints are ever exactly alike in every detail ; even two impressions recorded immediately after each other from the same hand may be slightly different . Fingerprint identification , also referred to as individualization , involves an expert , or an expert computer system operating under threshold scoring rules , determining whether two friction ridge impressions are likely to have originated from the same finger or palm ( or toe or sole ) .", "5": "An image of a fingerprint created by the friction ridge structure An intentional recording of friction ridges is usually made with black printer 's ink rolled across a contrasting white background , typically a white card . Friction ridges can also be recorded digitally , usually on a glass plate , using a technique called Live Scan . A `` latent print '' is the chance recording of friction ridges deposited on the surface of an object or a wall . Latent prints are invisible to the naked eye , whereas `` patent prints '' or `` plastic prints '' are viewable with the unaided eye . Latent prints are often fragmentary and require the use of chemical methods , powder , or alternative light sources in order to be made clear . Sometimes an ordinary bright flashlight will make a latent print visible . When friction ridges come into contact with a surface that will take a print , material that is on the friction ridges such as perspiration , oil , grease , ink or blood , will be transferred to the surface . Factors which affect the quality of friction ridge impressions are numerous . Pliability of the skin , deposition pressure , slippage , the material from which the surface is made , the roughness of the surface and the substance deposited are just some of the various factors which can cause a latent print to appear differently from any known recording of the same friction ridges . Indeed , the conditions surrounding every instance of friction ridge deposition are unique and never duplicated . For these reasons , fingerprint examiners are required to undergo extensive training . The scientific study of fingerprints is called dermatoglyphics . Types Exemplar Exemplar prints on paper using ink Exemplar prints , or known prints , is the name given to fingerprints deliberately collected from a subject , whether for purposes of enrollment in a system or when under arrest for a suspected criminal offense . During criminal arrests , a set of exemplar prints will normally include one print taken from each finger that has been rolled from one edge of the nail to the other , plain ( or slap ) impressions of each of the four fingers of each hand , and plain impressions of each thumb . Exemplar prints can be collected using live scan or by using ink on paper cards .", "6": "Latent Barely visible latent prints on a knife Although the word latent means hidden or invisible , in modern usage for forensic science the term latent prints means any chance or accidental impression left by friction ridge skin on a surface , regardless of whether it is visible or invisible at the time of deposition . Electronic , chemical and physical processing techniques permit visualization of invisible latent print residues whether they are from natural sweat on the skin or from a contaminant such as motor oil , blood , ink , paint or some other form of dirt . The different types of fingerprint patterns , such as arch , loop and whorl , will be described below . Latent prints may exhibit only a small portion of the surface of a finger and this may be smudged , distorted , overlapped by other prints from the same or from different individuals , or any or all of these in combination . For this reason , latent prints usually present an `` inevitable source of error in making comparisons '' , as they generally `` contain less clarity , less content , and less undistorted information than a fingerprint taken under controlled conditions , and much , much less detail compared to the actual patterns of ridges and grooves of a finger . '' Patent Patent prints are chance friction ridge impressions which are obvious to the human eye and which have been caused by the transfer of foreign material from a finger onto a surface . Some obvious examples would be impressions from flour and wet clay . Because they are already visible and have no need of enhancement they are generally photographed rather than being lifted in the way that latent prints are . An attempt to preserve the actual print is always made for later presentation in court , and there are many techniques used to do this . Patent prints can be left on a surface by materials such as ink , dirt , or blood . Plastic A plastic print is a friction ridge impression left in a material that retains the shape of the ridge detail . Although very few criminals would be careless enough to leave their prints in a lump of wet clay , this would make a perfect plastic print . Commonly encountered examples are melted candle wax , putty removed from the perimeter of window panes and thick grease deposits on car parts . Such prints are already visible and need no enhancement , but investigators must not overlook the potential that invisible latent prints deposited by accomplices may also be on such surfaces .", "7": "After photographically recording such prints , attempts should be made to develop other non-plastic impressions deposited from sweat or other contaminants . Electronic recording There has been a newspaper report of a man selling stolen watches sending images of them on a mobile phone , and those images included parts of his hands in enough detail for police to be able to identify fingerprint patterns . Recent studies found that the improving cameras with increasing resolution of smartphones might have a high impact on users ' security : The back - facing camera of a device can be used to capture an image of the user 's index finger , which on smartphones using biometric means of authentication is often used to authenticate a user against the smartphone . At the 31st Chaos Communication Congress , hardware hacker starbug presented how DSLRs with high resolution and equipped with a long focus lens can be used to capture images of hands , or more specifically , fingers in order to use them for spoofing . Footprints Main article : Footprint Friction ridge skin present on the soles of the feet and toes ( plantar surfaces ) is as unique in its ridge detail as are the fingers and palms ( palmar surfaces ) . When recovered at crime scenes or on items of evidence , sole and toe impressions can be used in the same manner as finger and palm prints to effect identifications . The footprints of infants , along with the thumb or index finger prints of mothers , are still commonly recorded in hospitals to assist in verifying the identity of infants . It is not uncommon for military records of flight personnel to include barefoot inked impressions . Friction ridge skin protected inside flight boots tends to survive the trauma of a plane crash ( and accompanying fire ) better than fingers . Capture and detection Live scan devices Fingerprint being scanned 3D fingerprint Fingerprint image acquisition is considered to be the most critical step in an automated fingerprint authentication system , as it determines the final fingerprint image quality , which has a drastic effect on the overall system performance . There are different types of fingerprint readers on the market , but the basic idea behind each is to measure the physical difference between ridges and valleys . All the proposed methods can be grouped into two major families : solid - state fingerprint readers and optical fingerprint readers .", "8": "The procedure for capturing a fingerprint using a sensor consists of rolling or touching with the finger onto a sensing area , which according to the physical principle in use ( optical , ultrasonic , capacitive or thermal ) captures the difference between valleys and ridges . When a finger touches or rolls onto a surface , the elastic skin deforms . The quantity and direction of the pressure applied by the user , the skin conditions and the projection of an irregular 3D object ( the finger ) onto a 2D flat plane introduce distortions , noise and inconsistencies in the captured fingerprint image . These problems result in inconsistent and non-uniform irregularities in the image . During each acquisition , therefore , the results of the imaging are different and uncontrollable . The representation of the same fingerprint changes every time the finger is placed on the sensor plate , increasing the complexity of any attempt to match fingerprints , impairing the system performance and consequently , limiting the widespread use of this biometric technology . In order to overcome these problems , as of 2010 , non-contact or touchless 3D fingerprint scanners have been developed . Acquiring detailed 3D information , 3D fingerprint scanners take a digital approach to the analog process of pressing or rolling the finger . By modelling the distance between neighboring points , the fingerprint can be imaged at a resolution high enough to record all the necessary detail . Scanning dead or unconscious people Placing the hand of a dead or unconscious person on a scanner to gain unauthorized access has become a common plot device . However , a MythBusters episode revealed that this does n't work ( at least with the scanners available to the program ) . But Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman found a way to convert fingerprints lifted from the hand to a photographic form that the sensor would accept . For obvious reasons , they refuse to reveal the technique . Latent detection Use of fine powder and brush to reveal latent fingerprints Fingerprints dusting of a burglary scene In the 1930s criminal investigators in the United States first discovered the existence of latent fingerprints on the surfaces of fabrics , most notably on the insides of gloves discarded by perpetrators . Since the late nineteenth century , fingerprint identification methods have been used by police agencies around the world to identify suspected criminals as well as the victims of crime . The basis of the traditional fingerprinting technique is simple .", "9": "The skin on the palmar surface of the hands and feet forms ridges , so - called papillary ridges , in patterns that are unique to each individual and which do not change over time . Even identical twins ( who share their DNA ) do not have identical fingerprints . The best way to render latent fingerprints visible , so that they can be photographed , can be complex and may depend , for example , on the type of surfaces on which they have been left . It is generally necessary to use a ' developer ' , usually a powder or chemical reagent , to produce a high degree of visual contrast between the ridge patterns and the surface on which a fingerprint has been deposited . Developing agents depend on the presence of organic materials or inorganic salts for their effectiveness , although the water deposited may also take a key role . Fingerprints are typically formed from the aqueous - based secretions of the eccrine glands of the fingers and palms with additional material from sebaceous glands primarily from the forehead . This latter contamination results from the common human behaviors of touching the face and hair . The resulting latent fingerprints consist usually of a substantial proportion of water with small traces of amino acids and chlorides mixed with a fatty , sebaceous component which contains a number of fatty acids and triglycerides . Detection of a small proportion of reactive organic substances such as urea and amino acids is far from easy . Fingerprints at a crime scene may be detected by simple powders , or by chemicals applied in situ . More complex techniques , usually involving chemicals , can be applied in specialist laboratories to appropriate articles removed from a crime scene . With advances in these more sophisticated techniques , some of the more advanced crime scene investigation services from around the world were , as of 2010 , reporting that 50 % or more of the fingerprints recovered from a crime scene had been identified as a result of laboratory - based techniques . A city fingerprint identification room . Laboratory techniques Although there are hundreds of reported techniques for fingerprint detection , many of these are only of academic interest and there are only around 20 really effective methods which are currently in use in the more advanced fingerprint laboratories around the world . Some of these techniques , such as ninhydrin , diazafluorenone and vacuum metal deposition , show great sensitivity and are used operationally .", "10": "Some fingerprint reagents are specific , for example ninhydrin or diazafluorenone reacting with amino acids . Others such as ethyl cyanoacrylate polymerisation , work apparently by water - based catalysis and polymer growth . Vacuum metal deposition using gold and zinc has been shown to be non-specific , but can detect fat layers as thin as one molecule . More mundane methods , such as the application of fine powders , work by adhesion to sebaceous deposits and possibly aqueous deposits in the case of fresh fingerprints . The aqueous component of a fingerprint , whilst initially sometimes making up over 90 % of the weight of the fingerprint , can evaporate quite quickly and may have mostly gone after 24 hours . Following work on the use of argon ion lasers for fingerprint detection , a wide range of fluorescence techniques have been introduced , primarily for the enhancement of chemically developed fingerprints ; the inherent fluorescence of some latent fingerprints may also be detected . Fingerprints can for example be visualized in 3D and without chemicals by the use of infrared lasers . A comprehensive manual of the operational methods of fingerprint enhancement was last published by the UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch in 2013 and is used widely around the world . A technique proposed in 2007 aims to identify an individual 's ethnicity , gender , and dietary patterns . Research The International Fingerprint Research Group ( IFRG ) which meets biennially , consists of members of the leading fingerprint research groups from Europe , the US , Canada , Australia and Israel and leads the way in the development , assessment and implementation of new techniques for operational fingerprint detection . One problem for the early twenty - first century is the fact that the organic component of any deposited material is readily destroyed by heat , such as occurs when a gun is fired or a bomb is detonated , when the temperature may reach as high as 500 ° C. Encouragingly , however , the non-volatile inorganic component of eccrine secretion has been shown to remain intact even when exposed to temperatures as high as 600 ° C . A technique has been developed that enables fingerprints to be visualised on metallic and electrically conductive surfaces without the need to develop the prints first .", "11": "This technique involves the use of an instrument called a scanning Kelvin probe ( SKP ) , which measures the voltage , or electrical potential , at pre-set intervals over the surface of an object on which a fingerprint may have been deposited . These measurements can then be mapped to produce an image of the fingerprint . A higher resolution image can be obtained by increasing the number of points sampled , but at the expense of the time taken for the process . A sampling frequency of 20 points per mm is high enough to visualise a fingerprint in sufficient detail for identification purposes and produces a voltage map in 2 -- 3 hours . As of 2010 , this technique had been shown to work effectively on a wide range of forensically important metal surfaces including iron , steel and aluminium . While initial experiments were performed on flat surfaces , the technique has been further developed to cope with irregular or curved surfaces , such as the warped cylindrical surface of fired cartridge cases . Research during 2010 at Swansea University has found that physically removing a fingerprint from a metal surface , for example by rubbing with a tissue , does not necessarily result in the loss of all fingerprint information from that surface . The reason for this is that the differences in potential that are the basis of the visualisation are caused by the interaction of inorganic salts in the fingerprint deposit and the metal surface and begin to occur as soon as the finger comes into contact with the metal , resulting in the formation of metal - ion complexes that can not easily be removed . Cartridge case with an applied fingerprint Scanning Kelvin probe scan of the same cartridge case with the fingerprint detected . The Kelvin probe can easily cope with the 3D curvature of the cartridge case , increasing the versatility of the technique . Another problem for the early twenty - first century is that during crime scene investigations , a decision has to be made at an early stage whether to attempt to retrieve fingerprints through the use of developers or whether to swab surfaces in an attempt to salvage material for DNA profiling . The two processes are mutually incompatible , as fingerprint developers destroy material that could potentially be used for DNA analysis , and swabbing is likely to make fingerprint identification impossible . The application of the new scanning Kelvin probe ( SKP ) fingerprinting technique , which makes no physical contact with the fingerprint and does not require the use of developers , has the potential to allow fingerprints to be recorded whilst still leaving intact material that could subsequently be subjected to DNA analysis .", "12": "A forensically usable prototype was under development at Swansea University during 2010 , in research that was generating significant interest from the British Home Office and a number of different police forces across the UK , as well as internationally . The hope is that this instrument could eventually be manufactured in sufficiently large numbers to be widely used by forensic teams worldwide . Disappearance of children 's latent prints In 1995 , researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory , at the instigation of Detective Art Bohanan of the Knoxville Police Department , discovered that children 's fingerprints are considerably more short - lived than adult fingerprints . The rapid disappearance of children 's fingerprints was attributed to a lack of the more waxy oils that become present at the onset of puberty . The lighter fatty acids of children 's fingerprints evaporate within a few hours . As of 2010 , researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are investigating techniques to capture these lost fingerprints . Detection of drug use The secretions , skin oils and dead cells in a human fingerprint contain residues of various chemicals and their metabolites present in the body . These can be detected and used for forensic purposes . For example , the fingerprints of tobacco smokers contain traces of cotinine , a nicotine metabolite ; they also contain traces of nicotine itself . Caution should be used , as its presence may be caused by mere contact of the finger with a tobacco product . By treating the fingerprint with gold nanoparticles with attached cotinine antibodies , and then subsequently with a fluorescent agent attached to cotinine antibodies , the fingerprint of a smoker becomes fluorescent ; non-smokers ' fingerprints stay dark . The same approach , as of 2010 , is being tested for use in identifying heavy coffee drinkers , cannabis smokers , and users of various other drugs . In 2008 , British researchers developed methods of identifying users of marijuana , cocaine and methadone from their fingerprint residues . United States databases and compression In the United States , the FBI manages a fingerprint identification system and database called the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System ( IAFIS ) , which currently holds the fingerprints and criminal records of over 51 million criminal record subjects and over 1.5 million civil ( non-criminal ) fingerprint records . US Visit currently holds a repository of the fingerprints of over 50 million people , primarily in the form of two - finger records .", "13": "In 2008 , US Visit hoped to have changed over to a system recording FBI - standard ten - print records . Most American law enforcement agencies use Wavelet Scalar Quantization ( WSQ ) , a wavelet - based system for efficient storage of compressed fingerprint images at 500 pixels per inch ( ppi ) . WSQ was developed by the FBI , the Los Alamos National Lab , and the National Institute for Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . For fingerprints recorded at 1000 ppi spatial resolution , law enforcement ( including the FBI ) uses JPEG 2000 instead of WSQ . A city fingerprint identification office Validity The validity of forensic fingerprint evidence has been challenged by academics , judges and the media . While fingerprint identification was an improvement on earlier anthropometric systems , the subjective nature of matching , despite a very low error rate , has made this forensic practice controversial . Certain specific criticisms are now being accepted by some leaders of the forensic fingerprint community , providing an incentive to improve training and procedures . Criticism The words `` reliability '' and `` validity '' have specific meanings to the scientific community . Reliability means that successive tests bring the same results . Validity means that these results are judged to accurately reflect the external criteria being measured . Although experts are often more comfortable relying on their instincts , this reliance does not always translate into superior predictive ability . For example , in the popular Analysis , Comparison , Evaluation , and Verification ( ACE - V ) paradigm for fingerprint identification , the verification stage , in which a second examiner confirms the assessment of the original examiner , may increase the consistency of the assessments . But while the verification stage has implications for the reliability of latent print comparisons , it does not assure their validity . -- Sandy L Zabell , The few tests that have been made of the validity of forensic fingerprinting have not been supportive of the method . `` Despite the absence of objective standards , scientific validation , and adequate statistical studies , a natural question to ask is how well fingerprint examiners actually perform . Proficiency tests do not validate a procedure per se , but they can provide some insight into error rates . In 1995 , the Collaborative Testing Service ( CTS ) administered a proficiency test that , for the first time , was `` designed , assembled , and reviewed '' by the International Association for Identification ( IAI ) . The results were disappointing .", "14": "Four suspect cards with prints of all ten fingers were provided together with seven latents . Of 156 people taking the test , only 68 ( 44 % ) correctly classified all seven latents . Overall , the tests contained a total of 48 incorrect identifications . David Grieve , the editor of the Journal of Forensic Identification , describes the reaction of the forensic community to the results of the CTS test as ranging from `` shock to disbelief '' , and added : ' Errors of this magnitude within a discipline singularly admired and respected for its touted absolute certainty as an identification process have produced chilling and mind - numbing realities . Thirty - four participants , an incredible 22 % of those involved , substituted presumed but false certainty for truth . By any measure , this represents a profile of practice that is unacceptable and thus demands positive action by the entire community . ' What is striking about these comments is that they do not come from a critic of the fingerprint community , but from the editor of one of its premier publications . '' -- Sandy L Zabell , Investigations have been conducted into whether experts can objectively focus on feature information in fingerprints without being misled by extraneous information , such as context . Fingerprints that have previously been examined and assessed by latent print experts to make a positive identification of suspects have then been re-presented to those same experts in a new context which makes it likely that there will be no match . Within this new context , most of the fingerprint experts made different judgments , thus contradicting their own previous identification decisions . Complaints have been made that there have been no published , peer - reviewed studies directly examining the extent to which people can correctly match fingerprints to one another . Experiments have been carried out using naïve undergraduates to match images of fingerprints . The results of these experiments demonstrate that people can identify fingerprints quite well , and that matching accuracy can vary as a function of both source finger type and image similarity . Defense Fingerprints collected at a crime scene , or on items of evidence from a crime , have been used in forensic science to identify suspects , victims and other persons who touched a surface . Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies in the late 19th century , when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable method for identifying persons having a prior record , often under a false name , in a criminal record repository .", "15": "In modern times , researchers can find traces of addictive drugs on just a fingerprint . Track record Fingerprinting has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years or so to provide identification of criminals . Fingerprints are the fundamental tool in every police agency for the identification of people with a criminal history . They remain the most commonly gathered forensic evidence worldwide , and in most jurisdictions fingerprint examination is more common than all other forensic examination casework combined . Moreover , it continues to expand , with tens of thousands of people added to fingerprint repositories daily in America alone -- far more than other forensic databases . Professional certification Fingerprinting was the basis upon which the first forensic professional organization was formed , the International Association for Identification ( IAI ) , in 1915 . The first professional certification program for forensic scientists was established in 1977 , the IAI 's Certified Latent Print Examiner program , which issued certificates to those meeting stringent criteria and had the power to revoke certification where an individual 's performance warranted it . Other forensic disciplines have followed suit and established their own certification programs . Errors Brandon Mayfield and the Madrid bombing Brandon Mayfield is an Oregon lawyer who was identified as a participant in the 2004 Madrid train bombings based on a fingerprint match by the FBI . The FBI Latent Print Unit processed a fingerprint collected in Madrid and reported a `` 100 percent positive '' match against one of the 20 fingerprint candidates returned in a search response from their Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System . The FBI initially called it an `` absolutely incontrovertible match '' . Subsequently , however , Spanish National Police examiners suggested that the print did not match Mayfield and after two weeks , identified another man whom they claimed the fingerprint did belong to . The FBI acknowledged their error , and a judge released Mayfield , who had spent two weeks in police custody , in May 2004 . In January 2006 , a U.S. Justice Department report was released which criticized the FBI for sloppy work but exonerated them of some more serious allegations . The report found that the misidentification had been due to a misapplication of methodology by the examiners involved : Mayfield is an American - born convert to Islam and his wife is an Egyptian immigrant , but these are not factors that should have affected fingerprint search technology .", "16": "On November 29 , 2006 , the FBI agreed to pay Brandon Mayfield US $2 million in compensation . The judicial settlement allowed Mayfield to continue a suit regarding certain other government practices surrounding his arrest and detention . The formal apology stated that the FBI , which erroneously linked him to the 2004 Madrid bombing through a fingerprinting mistake , had taken steps to `` ensure that what happened to Mr. Mayfield and the Mayfield family does not happen again . '' René Ramón Sánchez René Ramón Sánchez , a legal Dominican Republic immigrant to the US , was arrested on July 15 , 1995 , on a charge of driving while intoxicated . His fingerprints were mistakenly placed on a card containing the name , Social Security number and other data for one Leo Rosario , who was being processed at the same time . Leo Rosario had been arrested for selling cocaine to an undercover police officer . On October 11 , 2000 , while returning from a visit to relatives in the Dominican Republic , René was misidentified as Leo Rosario at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York and arrested . Even though he did not match the physical description of Rosario , the erroneously cataloged fingerprints were considered to be more reliable . Shirley McKie Shirley McKie was a police detective in 1997 when she was accused of leaving her thumb print inside a house in Kilmarnock , Scotland , where Marion Ross had been murdered . Although McKie denied having been inside the house , she was arrested in a dawn raid the following year and charged with perjury . The only evidence the prosecution had was this thumb print allegedly found at the murder scene . Two American experts testified on her behalf at her trial in May 1999 and she was found not guilty . The Scottish Criminal Record Office ( SCRO ) would not admit any error , although Scottish first minister Jack McConnell later said it had been an `` honest mistake '' . On February 7 , 2006 , McKie was awarded £ 750,000 in compensation from the Scottish Executive and the Scottish Criminal Record Office . Controversy continued to surround the McKie case and the Fingerprint Inquiry into the affair finished taking evidence in November 2009 . The Inquiry Report was published on 11 December 2011 .", "17": "Stephan Cowans Stephan Cowans was convicted of attempted murder in 1997 after he was accused of shooting a police officer whilst fleeing a robbery in Roxbury , Massachusetts . He was implicated in the crime by the testimony of two witnesses , one of whom was the victim . There was also a fingerprint on a glass mug from which the assailant had drunk some water and experts testified that the fingerprint belonged to Cowans . He was found guilty and sent to prison for 35 years . Whilst in prison , Cowans earned money cleaning up biohazards until he could afford to have the evidence against him tested for DNA . The DNA did not match his and he was released . He had already served six years in prison when he was released on January 23 , 2004 . Cowans died on October 25 , 2007 . Craig D. Harvey In April 1993 , in the New York State Police Troop C scandal , Craig D. Harvey , a New York State Police trooper , was charged with fabricating evidence . Harvey admitted he and another trooper lifted fingerprints from items the suspect , John Spencer , touched while in Troop C headquarters during booking . He attached the fingerprints to evidence cards and later claimed that he had pulled the fingerprints from the scene of the murder . The forged evidence was presented during John Spencer 's trial and his subsequent conviction resulted in a term of 50 years to life in prison at his sentencing . Three state troopers were found guilty of fabricating fingerprint evidence and served prison sentences . History Antiquity and the medieval period Fingerprints have been found on ancient Babylonian clay tablets , seals , and pottery . They have also been found on the walls of Egyptian tombs and on Minoan , Greek , and Chinese pottery , as well as on bricks and tiles from ancient Babylon and Rome . Some of these fingerprints were deposited unintentionally by the potters and masons as a natural consequence of their work , and others were made in the process of adding decoration . However , on some pottery , fingerprints have been impressed so deeply into the clay that they were possibly intended to serve as an identifying mark by the maker . Fingerprints were used as signatures in ancient Babylon in the second millennium BCE .", "18": "In order to protect against forgery , parties to a legal contract would impress their fingerprints into a clay tablet on which the contract had been written.In Ancient India some texts called Naadi were written by a Rishi called Agastya who had a highly developed consciousness , this text is said to predict the past , present and the future lives of all humans from thumb print. the Naadi palm leaves are located based on the thumb impressions ( right for men , left for women ) . This ancient Indian system of astrology was called Nadi astrology . By 246 BCE , Chinese officials were impressing their fingerprints into the clay seals used to seal documents . With the advent of silk and paper in China , parties to a legal contract impressed their handprints on the document . Sometime before 851 CE , an Arab merchant in China , Abu Zayd Hasan , witnessed Chinese merchants using fingerprints to authenticate loans . By 702 , Japan allowed illiterate petitioners seeking a divorce to `` sign '' their petitions with a fingerprint . Although ancient peoples probably did not realize that fingerprints could uniquely identify individuals , references from the age of the Babylonian king Hammurabi ( reigned 1792 - 1750 BCE ) indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested . During China 's Qin Dynasty , records have shown that officials took hand prints , foot prints as well as finger prints as evidence from a crime scene . In China , around 300 CE , handprints were used as evidence in a trial for theft . By 650 , the Chinese historian Kia Kung - Yen remarked that fingerprints could be used as a means of authentication . In his Jami al - Tawarikh ( Universal History ) , the Persian physician Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( also known as `` Rashideddin '' , 1247 -- 1318 ) refers to the Chinese practice of identifying people via their fingerprints , commenting : `` Experience shows that no two individuals have fingers exactly alike . '' In Persia at this time , government documents may have been authenticated with thumbprints . Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries In 1665 , the Italian physician Marcello Malpighi ( 1628 -- 1694 ) briefly mentioned , in his De externo tactus organo anatomica observatio , the existence of patterns of ridges and sweat glands on the fingertips .", "19": "In 1684 , the English physician , botanist , and microscopist Nehemiah Grew ( 1641 -- 1712 ) published the first scientific paper to describe the ridge structure of the skin covering the fingers and palms . In 1685 , the Dutch physician Govard Bidloo ( 1649 -- 1713 ) published a book on anatomy which also illustrated the ridge structure of the fingers . A century later , in 1788 , the German anatomist Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer ( 1747 -- 1801 ) recognized that fingerprints are unique to each individual . Modern era Fingerprints taken by William Herschel 1859 / 60 Fingerprints used instead of signatures on an Indian legal document of 1952 . Jan Evangelista Purkyně or Purkinje ( 1787 -- 1869 ) , a Czech physiologist and professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau , published a thesis in 1823 discussing 9 fingerprint patterns , but he did not mention any possibility of using fingerprints to identify people . In 1840 , following the murder of Lord William Russell , a provincial doctor , Robert Blake Overton , wrote to Scotland Yard suggesting checking for fingerprints but the suggestion , though followed up , did not lead to their routine use by the police for another 50 years . Some years later , the German anatomist Georg von Meissner ( 1829 -- 1905 ) studied friction ridges , and five years after this , in 1858 , Sir William James Herschel initiated fingerprinting in India . In 1877 at Hooghly ( near Calcutta ) he instituted the use of fingerprints on contracts and deeds to prevent the then - rampant repudiation of signatures and he registered government pensioners ' fingerprints to prevent the collection of money by relatives after a pensioner 's death . Herschel also fingerprinted prisoners upon sentencing to prevent various frauds that were attempted in order to avoid serving a prison sentence . In 1863 , Paul - Jean Coulier ( 1824 -- 1890 ) , professor for chemistry and hygiene at the medical and pharmaceutical school of the Val - de-Grâce military hospital in Paris , discovered that iodine fumes can reveal fingerprints on paper . In 1880 , Dr.", "20": "Henry Faulds , a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital , published his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal Nature , discussing the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposing a method to record them with printing ink . He also established their first classification and was also the first to identify fingerprints left on a vial . Returning to the UK in 1886 , he offered the concept to the Metropolitan Police in London but it was dismissed at that time . Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin with a description of his method but , too old and ill to work on it , Darwin gave the information to his cousin , Francis Galton , who was interested in anthropology . Having been thus inspired to study fingerprints for ten years , Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his book Finger Prints . He had calculated that the chance of a `` false positive '' ( two different individuals having the same fingerprints ) was about 1 in 64 billion . Juan Vucetich , an Argentine chief police officer , created the first method of recording the fingerprints of individuals on file , associating these fingerprints to the anthropometric system of Alphonse Bertillon , who had created , in 1879 , a system to identify individuals by anthropometric photographs and associated quantitative descriptions . In 1892 , after studying Galton 's pattern types , Vucetich set up the world 's first fingerprint bureau . In that same year , Francisca Rojas of Necochea , was found in a house with neck injuries , whilst her two sons were found dead with their throats cut . Rojas accused a neighbour , but despite brutal interrogation , this neighbour would not confess to the crimes . Inspector Alvarez , a colleague of Vucetich , went to the scene and found a bloody thumb mark on a door . When it was compared with Rojas ' prints , it was found to be identical with her right thumb . She then confessed to the murder of her sons . Women clerical employees of the Los Angeles Police Department being fingerprinted and photographed in 1928 . A Fingerprint Bureau was established in Calcutta ( Kolkata ) , India , in 1897 , after the Council of the Governor General approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records .", "21": "Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau , before it became the first Fingerprint Bureau in the world , were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose . Haque and Bose were Indian fingerprint experts who have been credited with the primary development of a fingerprint classification system eventually named after their supervisor , Sir Edward Richard Henry . The Henry Classification System , co-devised by Haque and Bose , was accepted in England and Wales when the first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland Yard , the Metropolitan Police headquarters , London , in 1901 . Sir Edward Richard Henry subsequently achieved improvements in dactyloscopy . In the United States , Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902 , and by 1906 , New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot , an expert in the Bertillon system and a finger print advocate at Police Headquarters , introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States . The Scheffer case of 1902 is the first case of the identification , arrest and conviction of a murderer based upon fingerprint evidence . Alphonse Bertillon identified the thief and murderer Scheffer , who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before , from the fingerprints found on a fractured glass showcase , after a theft in a dentist 's apartment where the dentist 's employee was found dead . It was able to be proved in court that the fingerprints had been made after the showcase was broken . A year later , Alphonse Bertillon created a method of getting fingerprints off smooth surfaces and took a further step in the advance of dactyloscopy . Many criminals wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints . However , the gloves themselves can leave prints that are as unique as human fingerprints . After collecting glove prints , law enforcement can match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence or to prints collected at other crime scenes . In many jurisdictions the act of wearing gloves itself while committing a crime can be prosecuted as an inchoate offense . As many offenses are crimes of opportunity , assailants do not always possess gloves when they commit their illegal activities . Thus , assailants have been observed using pulled - down sleeves , pieces of clothing , and other fabrics to handle objects and touch surfaces while committing crimes .", "22": "Privacy Fingerprinting of children Further information : Biometrics in schools Various schools have implemented fingerprint locks or made a record of children 's fingerprints . In the United Kingdom there have been fingerprint locks in Holland Park School in London , and children 's fingerprints are stored on databases . There have also been instances in Belgium , at the école Marie - José in Liège , in France and in Italy . The non-governmental organization ( NGO ) Privacy International in 2002 made the cautionary announcement that tens of thousands of UK school children were being fingerprinted by schools , often without the knowledge or consent of their parents . That same year , the supplier Micro Librarian Systems , which uses a technology similar to that used in US prisons and the German military , estimated that 350 schools throughout Britain were using such systems to replace library cards . By 2007 , it was estimated that 3,500 schools were using such systems . Under the United Kingdom Data Protection Act , schools in the UK do not have to ask parental consent to allow such practices to take place . Parents opposed to fingerprinting may only bring individual complaints against schools . In response to a complaint which they are continuing to pursue , in 2010 the European Commission expressed ' significant concerns ' over the proportionality and necessity of the practice and the lack of judicial redress , indicating that the practice may break the European Union data protection directive . In Belgium , the practice of taking fingerprints from children gave rise to a question in Parliament on February 6 , 2007 , by Michel de La Motte ( Humanist Democratic Centre ) to the Education Minister Marie Arena , who replied that it was legal provided that the school did not use them for external purposes , or to survey the private life of children . At Angers in France , Carqueiranne College in the Var won the Big Brother Award for 2005 and the Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés ( CNIL ) , the official organisation in charge of the protection of privacy in France , declared the measures it had introduced `` disproportionate . '' In March 2007 , the British government was considering fingerprinting all children aged 11 to 15 and adding the prints to a government database as part of a new passport and ID card scheme and disallowing opposition for privacy concerns . All fingerprints taken would be cross-checked against prints from 900,000 unsolved crimes .", "23": "Shadow Home secretary David Davis called the plan `` sinister '' . An Early Day Motion which called on the UK Government to conduct a full and open consultation with stakeholders about the use of biometrics in schools , secured the support of 85 Members of Parliament ( Early Day Motion 686 ) . Following the establishment in the United Kingdom of a Conservative and Liberal Democratic coalition government in May 2010 , the ID card scheme was scrapped . Serious concerns about the security implications of using conventional biometric templates in schools have been raised by a number of leading IT security experts , one of whom has voiced the opinion that `` it is absolutely premature to begin using ' conventional biometrics ' in schools '' . The vendors of biometric systems claim that their products bring benefits to schools such as improved reading skills , decreased wait times in lunch lines and increased revenues . They do not cite independent research to support this view . One education specialist wrote in 2007 : `` I have not been able to find a single piece of published research which suggests that the use of biometrics in schools promotes healthy eating or improves reading skills amongst children ... There is absolutely no evidence for such claims '' . The Ottawa Police in Canada have advised parents who fear their children may be kidnapped , to fingerprint their children . Other uses Welfare claimants It has been alleged that taking the fingerprints of welfare recipients as identification serves as a social stigma that evokes cultural images associated with the processing of criminals . Log - in authentication and other locks Since 2000 , electronic fingerprint readers have been introduced for security applications such as log - in authentication for the identification of computer users . However , some less sophisticated devices have been discovered to be vulnerable to quite simple methods of deception , such as fake fingerprints cast in gels . In 2006 , fingerprint sensors gained popularity in the notebook PC market . Built - in sensors in laptops , such as ThinkPads , VAIO , HP Pavilion and EliteBook laptops , and others also double as motion detectors for document scrolling , like the scroll wheel . Following the release of the iPhone 5S model , a group of German hackers announced on September 21 , 2013 , that they had bypassed Apple 's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image as verification .", "24": "The spokesman for the group stated : `` We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics . It is plain stupid to use something that you ca n't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token . '' Electronic registration and library access Fingerprints and , to a lesser extent , iris scans can be used to validate electronic registration , cashless catering , and library access . By 2007 , this practice was particularly widespread in UK schools , and it was also starting to be adopted in some states in the US . Absence or mutilation of fingerprints A very rare medical condition , adermatoglyphia , is characterized by the absence of fingerprints . Affected persons have completely smooth fingertips , palms , toes and soles , but no other medical signs or symptoms . A 2011 study indicated that adermatoglyphia is caused by the improper expression of the protein SMARCAD1 . The condition has been called immigration delay disease by the researchers describing it , because the congenital lack of fingerprints causes delays when affected persons attempt to prove their identity while traveling . Only five families with this condition have been described as of 2011 . People with Naegeli -- Franceschetti -- Jadassohn syndrome and dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis , which are both forms of ectodermal dysplasia , also have no fingerprints . Both of these rare genetic syndromes produce other signs and symptoms as well , such as thin , brittle hair . The anti-cancer medication capecitabine may cause the loss of fingerprints . Swelling of the fingers , such as that caused by bee stings , will in some cases cause the temporary disappearance of fingerprints , though they will return when the swelling recedes . Since the elasticity of skin decreases with age , many senior citizens have fingerprints that are difficult to capture . The ridges get thicker ; the height between the top of the ridge and the bottom of the furrow gets narrow , so there is less prominence . Fingerprints can be erased permanently and this can potentially be used by criminals to reduce their chance of conviction . Erasure can be achieved in a variety of ways including simply burning the fingertips , using acids and advanced techniques such as plastic surgery .", "25": "John Dillinger burned his fingers with acid , but prints taken during a previous arrest and upon death still exhibited almost complete relation to one another . Fingerprint recognition Fingerprint authentication refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints . Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify individuals and verify their identity . The analysis of fingerprints for matching purposes generally requires the comparison of several features of the print pattern . These include patterns , which are aggregate characteristics of ridges , and minutia points , which are unique features found within the patterns . It is also necessary to know the structure and properties of human skin in order to successfully employ some of the imaging technologies . Patterns The three basic patterns of fingerprint ridges are the arch , loop , and whorl : arch : The ridges enter from one side of the finger , rise in the center forming an arc , and then exit the other side of the finger . loop : The ridges enter from one side of a finger , form a curve , and then exit on that same side . whorl : Ridges form circularly around a central point on the finger . Scientists have found that family members often share the same general fingerprint patterns , leading to the belief that these patterns are inherited . Fingerprint processing Fingerprint processing has three primary functions : enrollment , searching and verification . Among these functions , enrollment which captures fingerprint image from the sensor plays an important role . A reason is that the way people put their fingerprints on a mirror to scan can affect to the result in the searching and verifying process . Regarding to verification function , there are several techniques to match fingerprints such as correlation - based matching , minutiae - based matching , ridge feature - based matching and minutiae - based algorithm . However , the most popular algorithm was minutiae based matching algorithm due to its efficiency and accuracy . Minutiae features The major minutia features of fingerprint ridges are ridge ending , bifurcation , and short ridge ( or dot ) . The ridge ending is the point at which a ridge terminates . Bifurcations are points at which a single ridge splits into two ridges . Short ridges ( or dots ) are ridges which are significantly shorter than the average ridge length on the fingerprint .", "26": "Minutiae and patterns are very important in the analysis of fingerprints since no two fingers have been shown to be identical . Ridge ending . Bifurcation . Short ridge ( dot ) . Defeats In 2002 , a Japanese cryptographer demonstrated how fingerprint recognition devices can be fooled 4 out of 5 times using a combination of low cunning , cheap kitchen supplies and a digital camera . Latent fingerprints from a glass were enhanced with super-glue fumes in the form of cyanoacrylate adhesive and photographed . An image editor was then used to improve the contrast and the result printed onto a transparency sheet . The sheet was used to expose a UV sensitive printed - circuit board and etched . The copper imprint were then used for a plastic finger mold . A gelatin found in Gummy bears was molded into a fake finger . Eleven commercially available fingerprint biometric systems took the fake finger as the real thing . Noted cryptographer Bruce Schneier said `` The results are enough to scrap the systems completely , and to send the various fingerprint biometric companies packing . '' Fingerprint recognition in electronic devices Two of the first smartphone manufacturers to integrate fingerprint recognition into their phones were Motorola with the Atrix 4G in 2011 , and Apple with the iPhone 5S on 10 September 2013 . One month after , HTC launched the One Max , which also included fingerprint recognition . In April 2014 , Samsung released the Galaxy S5 , which integrated a fingerprint sensor on the home button . Since December 2015 , cheaper smartphones with fingerprint recognition have been released , such as the $100 UMI Fair . Samsung also recently introduced fingerprint sensors to its mid-range A-series smartphones . On 25 September 2015 with iPhone 6s , two years after introduction of its first fingerprint scanner in the iPhone 5S , Apple introduced a new generation fingerprint scanner claiming faster response times . In August 2016 , OPPO claimed 0 , 22s response time in its Oppo F1 's model . Hewlett Packard , Asus , Huawei , Lenovo and Apple are using fingerprint reader in their laptops . Synaptics says the SecurePad sensor is now available for OEMs to start building into their laptops .", "27": "Fingerprint sensors A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern . The captured image is called a live scan . This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template ( a collection of extracted features ) which is stored and used for matching . Many technologies have been used including optical , capacitive , RF , thermal , piezoresistive , ultrasonic , piezoelectric , MEMS . This is an overview of some of the more commonly used fingerprint sensor technologies . Optical Optical fingerprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print using visible light . This type of sensor is , in essence , a specialized type of digital camera . The top layer of the sensor , where the finger is placed , is known as the touch surface . Beneath this layer is a light - emitting phosphor layer which illuminates the surface of the finger . The light reflected from the finger passes through the phosphor layer to an array of solid state pixels ( a charge - coupled device ) which captures a visual image of the fingerprint . A scratched or dirty touch surface can cause a bad image of the fingerprint . A disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fact that the imaging capabilities are affected by the quality of skin on the finger . For instance , a dirty or marked finger is difficult to image properly . Also , it is possible for an individual to erode the outer layer of skin on the fingertips to the point where the fingerprint is no longer visible . It can also be easily fooled by an image of a fingerprint if not coupled with a `` live finger '' detector . However , unlike capacitive sensors , this sensor technology is not susceptible to electrostatic discharge damage . Fingerprints can be read from a distance . Ultrasonic Ultrasonic sensors make use of the principles of medical ultrasonography in order to create visual images of the fingerprint . Unlike optical imaging , ultrasonic sensors use very high frequency sound waves to penetrate the epidermal layer of skin . The sound waves are generated using piezoelectric transducers and reflected energy is also measured using piezoelectric materials . Since the dermal skin layer exhibits the same characteristic pattern of the fingerprint , the reflected wave measurements can be used to form an image of the fingerprint . This eliminates the need for clean , undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface .", "28": "LeEco became the first company to introduce this in Smartphone . Capacitance Capacitance sensors use principles associated with capacitance in order to form fingerprint images . In this method of imaging , the sensor array pixels each act as one plate of a parallel - plate capacitor , the dermal layer ( which is electrically conductive ) acts as the other plate , and the non-conductive epidermal layer acts as a dielectric . Apple 's Touch ID uses a capacitance fingerprint sensor . Passive capacitance A passive capacitance sensor use the principle outlined above to form an image of the fingerprint patterns on the dermal layer of skin . Each sensor pixel is used to measure the capacitance at that point of the array . The capacitance varies between the ridges and valleys of the fingerprint due to the fact that the volume between the dermal layer and sensing element in valleys contains an air gap . The dielectric constant of the epidermis and the area of the sensing element are known values . The measured capacitance values are then used to distinguish between fingerprint ridges and valleys . Active capacitance Active capacitance sensors use a charging cycle to apply a voltage to the skin before measurement takes place . The application of voltage charges the effective capacitor . The electric field between the finger and sensor follows the pattern of the ridges in the dermal skin layer . On the discharge cycle , the voltage across the dermal layer and sensing element is compared against a reference voltage in order to calculate the capacitance . The distance values are then calculated mathematically , and used to form an image of the fingerprint . Active capacitance sensors measure the ridge patterns of the dermal layer like the ultrasonic method . Again , this eliminates the need for clean , undamaged epidermal skin and a clean sensing surface . Algorithms Matching algorithms are used to compare previously stored templates of fingerprints against candidate fingerprints for authentication purposes . In order to do this either the original image must be directly compared with the candidate image or certain features must be compared . Pre-processing Pre-processing helped enhancing the quality of an image by filtering and removing unnecessary noises . The minutiae based algorithm only worked effectively in 8 - bit gray scale fingerprint image .", "29": "A reason was that an 8 - bit gray fingerprint image was a fundamental base to convert the image to 1 - bit image with value 0 for ridges and value 1 for furrows . As a result , the ridges were highlighted with black color while the furrows were highlighted with white color . This process partly removed some noises in an image and helped enhance the edge detection . Furthermore , there are two more steps to improve the best quality for the input image : minutiae extraction and false minutiae removal . The minutiae extraction was carried out by applying ridge thinning algorithm which was to remove redundant pixels of ridges . As a result , the thinned ridges of the fingerprint image are marked with a unique ID so that further operation can be conducted . After the minutiae extraction step , the false minutiae removal was also necessary . The lack of the amount of ink and the cross link among the ridges could cause false minutiae that led to inaccuracy in fingerprint recognition process . Pattern - based ( or image - based ) algorithms Pattern based algorithms compare the basic fingerprint patterns ( arch , whorl , and loop ) between a previously stored template and a candidate fingerprint . This requires that the images can be aligned in the same orientation . To do this , the algorithm finds a central point in the fingerprint image and centers on that . In a pattern - based algorithm , the template contains the type , size , and orientation of patterns within the aligned fingerprint image . The candidate fingerprint image is graphically compared with the template to determine the degree to which they match . In other species Some other animals have evolved their own unique prints , especially those whose lifestyle involves climbing or grasping wet objects ; these include many primates , such as gorillas and chimpanzees , Australian koalas and aquatic mammal species such as the North American fisher . According to one study , even with an electron microscope , it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human . Koalas ' independent development of fingerprints is an example of convergent evolution . In fiction Mark Twain Mark Twain 's memoir Life on the Mississippi ( 1883 ) , notable mainly for its account of the author 's time on the river , also recounts parts of his later life , and includes tall tales and stories allegedly told to him .", "30": "Among them is an involved , melodramatic account of a murder in which the killer is identified by a thumbprint . Twain 's novel Pudd'nhead Wilson , published in 1893 , includes a courtroom drama that turns on fingerprint identification . Crime fiction The use of fingerprints in crime fiction has , of course , kept pace with its use in real - life detection . Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a short story about his celebrated sleuth Sherlock Holmes which features a fingerprint : `` The Norwood Builder '' is a 1903 short story set in 1894 and involves the discovery of a bloody fingerprint which helps Holmes to expose the real criminal and free his client . The British detective writer R. Austin Freeman 's first Thorndyke novel The Red Thumb - Mark was published in 1907 and features a bloody fingerprint left on a piece of paper together with a parcel of diamonds inside a safe - box . These become the center of a medico - legal investigation led by Dr. Thorndyke , who defends the accused whose fingerprint matches that on the paper , after the diamonds are stolen . Film and television On the television series Bonanza ( 1959 -- 1973 ) , the first episode with the ethnic Chinese character , Hop Sing , # 316 The Mark of Guilt was about fingerprinting and its relationship to Chinese culture . Hop Sing uses his Oriental knowledge of `` chops '' ( unique prints from fingers ) to free Little Joe from a murder charge . The movie Men in Black , a popular 1997 science fiction thriller , required Agent J , played by Will Smith , to remove his ten fingerprints by putting his hands on a metal ball , an action deemed necessary by the MIB agency to remove the identity of its agents . In a 2009 science fiction movie starring Paul Giamatti , Cold Souls , a mule who is paid to smuggle souls across borders , wears latex fingerprints to frustrate airport security terminals . She can change her identity by changing her wig , and switching latex fingerprints from the privacy of a restroom , storing extra fingerprints in a ziploc bag , so she can assume an alias that is suitable to her undertaking . Other reliable identifiers Other forms of biometric identification utilizing a physical attribute that is nearly unique to humans include iris recognition , the tongue and DNA profiling , also known as genetic fingerprinting .", "31": "Forensic dentistry has also been used as an identifier , but bite mark analysis is notable for being unreliable . See also Authentication Biometrics Biometric technology in access control Eye vein verification Feature extraction Fingerprint Verification Competition Finger Vein recognition Heredity Iris recognition Medical ultrasonography Minutiae Piezoelectricity Touch ID Shirley McKie , misidentified fingerprint References ^ Jump up to : `` Peer Reviewed Glossary of the Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis , Study and Technology ( SWGFAST ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Robert D. Sr ( 1972 ) . `` The Chemical Composition of Palmar Sweat '' . Fingerprint and Identification Magazine . 53 ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Hueske , Edward . Firearms and Fingerprints . Facts on File / Infobase Publishing , New York . 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5512 - 8 Jump up ^ Horace Cox , ed. ( 1905 ) . The Law Times : The Journal and Record : The Law and The Lawyers . vol . CXIX . London : The Law Times . p. 563 . Jump up ^ Hall , Angus . The Crime Busters . Book Sales , United Kingdom / United States . 1989 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55521 - 434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bhanoo , Sindya N. ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` Science -- New Technique Can Identify Gender From a Fingerprint '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Huynh , Crystal ; Brunelle , Erica ; Halámková , Lenka ; Agudelo , Juliana ; Halámek , Jan ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` Forensic Identification of Gender from Fingerprints '' . Analytical Chemistry . 87 ( 22 ) : 11531 -- 36 .", "32": "doi : 10.1021 / acs. analchem. 5b03323 . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fake finger reveals the secrets of touch '' Archived 2009 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Nature , 29 January 2009 , doi : 10.1038 / news. 2009.68 Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint grip theory rejected '' . BBC . June 2009 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Engert , Gerald J. ( 1964 ) . `` International Corner '' . Identification News . 14 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Henry , Edward R. , Sir ( 1900 ) . `` Classification and Uses of Finger Prints '' ( PDF ) . London : George Rutledge & Sons , Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Conklin , Barbara Gardner , Robert Gardner , and Dennis Shortelle . Encyclopedia of Forensic Science : a Compendium of Detective Fact and Fiction . Westport , Conn. : Oryx , 2002 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Ashbaugh , David R. `` Ridgeology '' ( PDF ) . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zabell , Sandy . `` Fingerprint Evidence '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Law and Policy . Jump up ^ Johnson , P. Lee ( 1973 ) . `` Life of Latents '' . Identification News . 23 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Manchester Evening News , June 17 , 2010 , front page Jump up ^ Fiebig , Tobias ; Krissler , Jan ; Hänsch , Ronny ( August 2014 ) . Security Impact of High Resolution Smartphone Cameras . Usenix Association . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 .", "33": "Jump up ^ Krissler , Jan . `` '' Ich sehe , also bin ich du '' ( Talk at 31C3 conference ) '' ( in German ) . ccc - tv . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kremen , Rachel ( September 2009 ) . `` Touchless 3 - D Fingerprinting : A new system offers better speed and accuracy '' . Technology Review . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , A. ; Jain , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Estimating fingerprint deformation '' . Proceedings of the International Conference on Biometric Authentication ( ICBA ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wang , Yongchang ; Q. Hao ; A. Fatehpuria ; D.L. Lau ; L.G. Hassebrook ( 2009 ) . `` Data Acquisition and Quality Analysis of 3 - Dimensional Fingerprints '' ( PDF ) . Florida : IEEE conference on Biometrics , Identity and Security . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wang , Yongchang ; D.L. Lau ; L.G. Hassebrook ( 2010 ) . `` Fit - sphere unwrapping and performance analysis of 3D Fingerprints '' ( PDF ) . Applied Optics. 49 ( 4 ) : 592 -- 600 . Bibcode : 2010ApOpt ... 49 ... 592W . doi : 10.1364 / ao. 49.000592 . PMID 20119006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wang , Yongchang ; Q. Hao ; A. Fatehpuria ; L.G. Hassebrook ; D.L. Lau ( July 2010 ) . `` Quality and Matching Performance Analysis of 3D Unraveled Fingerprints '' ( PDF ) . 49 ( 7 ) . Optical Engineering : 077202 ( 1 -- 10 ) .", "34": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` O'Dougherty Urges All Be Fingerprinted : U.S. Attorney Describes Sciences of Crime Detection to Democrats '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . March 8 , 1938 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , BE ; Duff , JM ; Menzel , ER. ( 1977 ) . `` Inherent fingerprint luminescence -- detection by laser '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 22 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 15 . Bibcode : 1977SPIE ... 108 ... 118D . doi : 10.1117 / 12.955491 . Jump up ^ Google Patent for Patent DE102014203918B4 Archived 2017 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . concerning Methods and apparatus for detecting the surface structure and texture of a sample , `` Fingerabdruck - Scanner '' in pvt . Polizei Verkehr Technik . Fachzeitschrift für Polizei - und Verkehrsmanagement , Technik und Ausstattung 2017 , 43 , `` Digitaler Pinsel macht Forensik schneller '' in Rhein - Zeitung vom 20 . Dezember 2016 Archived 2017 - 01 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fingerprint Source Book : manual of development techniques , published 26 March 2013 Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved on 9 February 2017 ; see also Max M. Houck ( Ed . ) : Forensic Fingerprints , London 2016 , p. 21 , 50 er seq . Archived 2017 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Fleming , Nic . `` Fingerprints can reveal race and sex '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Swansea University Archived 2007 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine.", "35": ", Materials Research Centre , Professor Neil McMurray and Dr. Geraint Williams . Jump up ^ Ward , Mark ( April 2006 ) . `` Fingerprints hide lifestyle clues '' . BBC . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bombers Tracked By New Technique '' . SkyNews. April 2006 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oak Ridge National Laboratory : The Case of the Vanishing Fingerprint '' . Ornl.gov. 1995 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Paul Marks ( May 18 , 2007 ) `` New fingerprint analysis identifies smokers '' Archived 2015 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , New Scientist ( on - line version ) . Jump up ^ Tom Simonite ( April 3 , 2006 ) `` Fingerprints reveal clues to suspects ' habits '' Archived 2015 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , New Scientist ( on - line version ) . Jump up ^ Everts , Sarah ( December 2008 ) . `` Fingerprints Reveal Drug Use '' . Chemical & Engineering News . 86 ( 51 ) : 34 . Jump up ^ `` Specter , Michael `` Do Fingerprints Lie '' The New Yorker `` . Michaelspecter.com. 2002 - 05 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Zabell , Sandy L. , Fingerprint Evidence , Journal of Law and Policy ( Brooklyn College Law School ) 143 -- 77 ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Dror , I.E. , Charlton , D. and Péron , A.E. ( 2006 ) `` Contextual information renders experts vulnerable to making erroneous identifications '' , Forensic Science International , Vol. 156 , Iss. 1 , pp.", "36": "74 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Vokey , J.R. , Tangen , J.M. and Cole , S.A , ( 2009 ) , `` On the preliminary psychophysics of fingerprint identification '' , The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , Vol 62 , Iss 5 , pp 1023 -- 1040 . Jump up ^ Muramoto , S ; Forbes , TP ; van Asten , AC ; Gillen , G ( 2015 ) . `` Test Sample for the Spatially Resolved Quantification of Illicit Drugs on Fingerprints Using Imaging Mass Spectrometry '' . Analytical Chemistry . 87 ( 10 ) : 5444 -- 50 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. analchem. 5b01060 . PMID 25915085 . Jump up ^ `` International Association for Identification History , retrieved August 2006 '' . Theiai.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Bonebrake , George J ( 1978 ) . `` Report on the Latent Print Certification Program '' . Identification News . 28 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Will Pay $2 Million to Lawyer Wrongly Jailed -- New York Times '' ( article ) , by Eric Lichtbau , New York Times , 2006 - 11 - 30 , webpage : NYT - 061130 - settle Archived 2017 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. : on Brandon Mayfield mistaken arrest . Jump up ^ New York Times ; May 31 , 2004 ; Can Prints Lie ? Yes , Man Finds To His Dismay . In front of the immigration judge , the tall , muscular man began to weep . No , he had patiently tried to explain , he was not Leo Rosario , a drug dealer and a prime candidate for deportation . He was telling the truth . He was René Ramón Sánchez , an auto - body worker and merengue singer ... Jump up ^ `` ' Relief ' over fingerprint verdict '' . BBC News . February 7 , 2006 .", "37": "Archived from the original on February 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived websites '' . thefingerprintinquiryscotland.org.uk. April 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Abel , David ( 2007 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Man wrongly convicted in Boston police shooting found dead '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` An Officer 's Guilt Casts Shadow on Trials '' . New York Times . March 4 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Police Investigation Supervisor Admits Faking Fingerprints '' . New York Times . July 30 , 1993 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Laufer , Berthold ( 1912 ) . `` History of the finger - print system '' . Smithsonian Institution Annual Report . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Reprinted in `` The Print ( newsletter of South California Association of Fingerprint Officers ) '' ( PDF ) . 16 ( 2 ) . March -- April 2000 : 1 -- 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ashbaugh , David ( 1999 ) . Quantitative - Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis : An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Ridgeology . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . pp. 11 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 7007 - 8 . Jump up ^ Åström , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` The study of ancient fingerprints '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Ancient Fingerprints ( 1 ) : 2 -- 3 .", "38": "Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Åström , Paul ; Eriksson , Sven A. ( 1980 ) . `` Fingerprints and Archaeology '' . Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology series . Göteborg , Sweden : Paul Åströms Förlag. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Finger prints found on pottery '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 网站地图 _ 广东强富裕投资股份有限公司 www.articesbase.com '' . Articesbase.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kris Dhingra ( 12 October 2007 ) . `` Nadi Astrology -- Opening The Leaf To Your Future '' . Delhi Planet , India . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Reinaud , Joseph Toussaint ( 1845 ) . `` Relation des voyages faits par les Arabes et les Persans dans l'Inde et a la Chine dans le IX Siecle '' . I. Paris : Imprimerie royale : 42 . quoted in : Laufer ( 1912 ) Jump up ^ David R. Ashbaugh , Quantitative - Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis : An introduction to basic and advanced ridgeology ( Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press LLC , 1999 ) , p. 19 Archived 2016 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Cyril John Polson ( 1951 ) `` Finger prints and finger printing : an historical study '' , Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 41 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 517 ; see p. 499 . Available on - line at : Northwestern University Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Conclusion : Cyril John Polson ( 1951 ) `` Finger prints and finger printing : an historical study '' , Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 41 ( 5 ) : 690 - 704 .", "39": "Available on - line at : Northwestern University Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Cummins , Harold ( 1941 ) . `` Ancient finger prints in clay '' . The Scientific Monthly . 52 : 389 -- 402 . Bibcode : 1941SciMo ... 52 ... 389C . Reprinted in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , volume 34 , 4 , pp. 468 -- 81 , November -- December 1941 Jump up ^ Ashbaugh ( 1999 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` 千余學者摸清我國民族膚紋 `` 家底 '' 南北是一家 '' ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ See : Ashbaugh ( 1999 ) , page 17 . Laufer ( 1912 ) , pp. 642 - 643 . Archived 2016 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . E. Chavannes ( 1905 ) `` Les livres chinois avant l'invention du papier '' ( Chinese books before the invention of paper ) , Journal asiatique , 10th series , 5 : 5 - 75 ; see especially p. 56 . Archived 2015 - 10 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . From p. 56 : `` Kia Kong - yen ... ( vers 650 ) ajoute ici la glose : `` Les entailles faites sur le côté des ces fiches , c'est comme aujourd'hui les emprientes du doigt '' ... `` ( Kia Kong - yen ... ( about 650 ) adds here the gloss : `` The notches made on the sides of these sheets are like fingerprints today '' ... ) Jump up ^ Cole , Simon ( 2001 ) . Suspect Identities : A history of fingerprinting and criminal identification . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 60 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00455 - 8 . Jump up ^ Malpighi , Marcello ( 1665 ) .", "40": "De Externo Tactus Organo Anatomica Observatio ( Anatomical Observations of the External Organs of Touch ) . Naples , Italy : Aegidius Longus . p. 7 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 17 . Malpighi examined a fingertip ( `` extremum digiti '' ) with a microscope , `` ... & dum attentius inaequales illas rugas quasi in gyrum , vel in spiras ductas contemplor , ... '' ( ... and while I carefully observed those irregular wrinkles as if formed in a circle or in a spiral ... ) Jump up ^ Grew , Nehemiah ( 1684 ) . `` The description and use of the pores in the skin of the hands and feet '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 14 ( 155 -- 166 ) : 566 -- 67 . Bibcode : 1684RSPT ... 14 ... 566G . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1684.0028 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bidloo , Govard ( 1685 ) . Anatomia Humani Corporis ( Anatomy of the Human Body ) . Amsterdam , Netherlands . The illustrations of the structure of the skin appear in Plate 4 ( T. 4 ) Archived 2017 - 09 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . and the illustrations are explained on the following page , Quartæ Tabulæ , in Latin . Jump up ^ Mayer , Johann Christoph Andreas ( 1788 ) . Anatomische Kupfertafeln nebst dazu gehörigen Erklärungen ( Anatomical Illustrations ( etchings ) with Accompanying Explanations , volume 4 ) . Berlin , Prussia : Georg Jacob Decker und Sohn . p. 5 . From p. 5 : `` Zweite Figur. ... Obwohl niemals bey zween Menschen die Lagen der Hautwärzgen übereinkommen , ... '' ( Second figure. ... Although the positions of the skin papillae never agree between two people , ... ) Available on - line at : University of Heidelberg .", "41": "See also : illustrations of friction ridges . Archived 2017 - 12 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The History of Fingerprints '' . Onin . February 2010 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Purkyně , Jan Evangelista ( 1823 ) . Commentatio de examine physiologico organi visus et systematis cutanei ( Commentary on the physiological examination of the visual organ and the skin system ) . Breslau , Prussia : University of Breslau Press . p. 43 . From p. 43 : `` Ego hucusque post observationes innumeras novem potissimum varietates flexurarum inveneram ad quas valleculae tactui inservientes in interna parte extremae digitorum phalangis disponuntur . '' ( So far , after innumerable observations , I have found nine main varieties of bends in which are arranged the grooves serving touch in the inward part of the fingertip . ) Purkyně then lists and characterizes each fingerprint pattern . See also : Cummins , Harold ; Wright Kennedy , Rebecca ( September -- October 1940 ) . `` Purkinje 's observations ( 1823 ) on finger prints and other skin features '' . The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 31 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 356 . doi : 10.2307 / 1137436 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 9 December 2012 ) . `` Vital clue ignored for 50 years '' . London : Independent . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ von Meissner , Georg ( 1853 ) . Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Haut ( Contributions to the Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin ) . Leipzig , Saxony : Leopold Voss . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Herschel , William J ( 1916 ) .", "42": "The Origin of Finger - Printing ( PDF ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 104 - 66225 - 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Herschel , William James ( November 25 , 1880 ) . `` Skin furrows of the hand '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 23 ( 578 ) : 76 . Bibcode : 1880Natur ... 23 ... 76H . doi : 10.1038 / 023076b0 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coulier , Paul - Jean ( 1863 ) `` Les vapeurs d'iode employées comme moyen de reconnaitre l'altération des écritures '' Archived 2016 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . ( Iodine vapors used as a means of recognizing the alteration of writing ) , L'Année scientifique et industrielle , vol. 8 , pp. 157 -- 60 . Coulier was trying to develop means of detecting forgeries . He would expose a suspect document to iodine vapor , and the iodine would deposit on the paper , revealing otherwise invisible pen indentations . However , ... It has happened several times to Mr. Coulier that stains form in places where his fingers had touched the paper . When a finger is applied to the paper without rubbing , iodine stains reproduce with wonderful fidelity the papillae ( friction ridges ) of the skin , and as they have patterns of infinite variety , just like the lines of the hand , the result is that it is not impossible to recognize , in these traces , the individual who touched the paper . It would suffice to put the fingers of the person in question on a sheet of white paper and then , after exposing the page to iodine vapor , one could obtain in this way prints that could be compared , by means of a loupe ( lens ) or compass , to the prints that are being identified . ( Coulier ( 1863 ) , p. 159 . )", "43": "See also : Margot , Pierre and Quinche , Nicolas ( March -- April 2010 ) `` Coulier , Paul - Jean ( 1824 -- 1890 ) : A precursor in the history of fingermark detection and their potential use for identifying their source ( 1863 ) '' , Journal of Forensic Identification , vol. 60 , no . 2 , pp. 129 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Faulds , Henry ( October 28 , 1880 ) . `` On the skin - furrows of the hand '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 22 ( 574 ) : 605 . Bibcode : 1880Natur ... 22 ... 605F . doi : 10.1038 / 022605a0 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reid , Donald L. ( 2003 ) . `` Dr. Henry Faulds -- Beith Commemorative Society '' . Journal of Forensic Identification. 53 ( 2 ) . See also this on - line article on Henry Faulds : Tredoux , Gavan ( December 2003 ) . `` Henry Faulds : the Invention of a Fingerprinter '' . galton.org . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Galton , Francis ( 1892 ) . `` Finger Prints '' ( PDF ) . London : MacMillan and Co . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 12 . From p. 110 : `` The result is , that the chance of lineations , constructed by the imagination according to strictly natural forms , which shall be found to resemble those of a single finger print in all of their minutiæ , is less than 1 to 2 × 2 × 2 , or 1 to 2 , or 1 to about sixty - four thousand millions . '' Jump up ^ Tewari , RK ; Ravikumar , KV ( 2000 ) . `` History and development of forensic science in India '' . J. Postgrad Med ( 46 ) : 303 -- 08 . Jump up ^ Sodhi , J.S.", "44": "; Kaur , asjeed ( 2005 ) . `` The forgotten Indian pioneers of finger print science '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 1 ) : 185 -- 91 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2005 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Berlière , Jean - Marc ( October 16 , 1902 ) . `` Arrestation du premier assassin confondu par ses empreintes digitales '' . Célébrations Nationales . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 2008 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Police use glove prints to catch criminals '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ James W.H. McCord and Sandra L. McCord , Criminal Law and Procedure for the paralegal : a systems approach , supra , p. 127 . Jump up ^ I Hope This Is n't Another Bait Car , Man ! on YouTube Jump up ^ Caught on cam : Bait Car Thieves on YouTube Jump up ^ Empreintes digitales pour les enfants d'une école de Londres Archived 2007 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( in French ) Jump up ^ Leave Them Kids Alone Archived 2007 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . ( in English ) Jump up ^ Empreintes digitales pour sécuriser l'école ? Archived 2007 - 07 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Le lecteur d'empreintes dans les écoles crée la polémique '' ( in French ) . 7sur7.be . February 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fingerprinting of UK school kids causes outcry Archived 2017 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine.", "45": ", The Register , July 22 , 2002 ( in English ) ^ Jump up to : Child fingerprint plan considered Archived 2007 - 03 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC , March 4 , 2007 ( in English ) Jump up ^ Schools can fingerprint children without parental consent Archived 2017 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , The Register , September 7 , 2006 ( in English ) Jump up ^ Europe tells Britain to justify itself over fingerprinting children in schools Archived 2011 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Telegraph , published 2010 - 12 - 14 , accessed 2011 - 01 - 13 Jump up ^ Prises d'empreintes digitales dans un établissement scolaire Archived 2007 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine. , Question d'actualité à la Ministre - Présidente en charge de l'Enseignement obligatoire et de Promotion sociale ( in French ) Jump up ^ Quand la biométrie s'installe dans les cantines au nez et à la barbe de la Cnil Archived 2007 - 03 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Zdnet , September 9 , 2003 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` EDM 686 -- Biometric Data Collection In Schools '' . UK Parliament . 2007 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ BBC News Channel , May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cavoukian , A and Stoianov , A. 2007 . Biometric Encrypton : A Positive - Sum Technology that Achieves Strong Authentication , Security and Privacy Archived 2007 - 06 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Kim Cameron , architect of identity and access in the Connected Systems Division at Microsoft . blog Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint Software Eliminates Privacy Concerns and Establishes Success '' . FindBiometrics .", "46": "Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ 2007 . Dr. Sandra Leaton Gray of Homerton College , Cambridge : professional opinion Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Child Print Archived 2007 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( Ottawa Police Service ) ( in English ) / ( in French ) Jump up ^ Murray , Harry ( March 2000 ) . `` Deniable Degradation : The Finger - Imaging of Welfare Recipients '' . Sociological Forum. 15 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 63 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1007594003722 . ISSN 0884 - 8971 . Jump up ^ Stephen Musil ( 22 September 2013 ) . `` Hackers claim to have defeated Apple 's Touch ID print sensor '' . Cnet . CBS Interactive Inc . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Peers slam school fingerprinting '' . BBC News . March 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burger , B. ; Fuchs , D. ; Sprecher , E. ; Itin , P. ( May 2011 ) . `` The immigration delay disease : adermatoglyphia - inherited absence of epidermal ridges '' . J Am Acad Dermatol. 64 ( 5 ) : 974 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jaad. 2009.11. 013 . PMID 20619487 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of the Missing Fingerprints '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nousbeck , J ; Burger , B ; Fuchs - Telem , D ; et al. ( August 2011 ) .", "47": "`` A Mutation in a Skin - Specific Isoform of SMARCAD1 Causes Autosomal - Dominant Adermatoglyphia '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 89 ( 2 ) : 302 -- 07 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2011.07. 004 . PMC 3155166 . PMID 21820097 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Wong M , Choo SP , Tan EH ( July 2009 ) . `` Travel warning with capecitabine '' . Annals of Oncology. 20 ( 7 ) : 1281 . doi : 10.1093 / annonc / mdp278 . PMID 19470576 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Katherine ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Can You Lose Your Fingerprints ? '' . Scientific American . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fingerprint Alteration Archived 2012 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Biometrics research group , Michigan State University . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint alteration '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprint alteration '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Changing of fingerprints '' . Scafo.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fingerprints , detailed information '' . Forensic-medecine.info . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Abel , David ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` To avoid ID , more ( Americans ) are mutilating fingerprints '' . Boston Globe .", "48": "Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gummi bears defeat fingerprint sensors '' . 16 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of All Fingerprint Scanner Enabled Smartphones '' . 27 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oppo F1s '' . www.oppo.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` HP Spectre x360 ( 2017 ) review : The best just keeps getting better '' . PCWorld . Archived from the original on 2017 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Asus Transformer Pro T304 is a Surface Pro clone that kills it on price '' . Digital Trends . 2017 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Lenovo ThinkPad T570 Review '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Coming soon : laptops with fingerprint sensors built into the touchpad '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wasserman , Philip ( 26 December 2005 ) . `` Solid - State Fingerprint Scanners - A Survey of Technologies '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ A Fingerprint Scanner That Can Capture Prints From 20 Feet Away Archived 2012 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . 25 June 2012 Popular Science Jump up ^ Rajawat , Deepak ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` What 's So Especial about Ultrasonic fingerprint sensors ? '' .", "49": "Archived from the original on 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rajawat , Deepak ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` LeEco Le Max2 and Le 2 with USB Type '' . Archived from the original on 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Touch ID security on iPhone and iPad '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Animal fingerprints '' . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henneberg , Maciej ; Lambert , Kosette M. ; Leigh , Chris M. ( 1997 ) . `` Fingerprint homoplasy : koalas and humans '' . NaturalSCIENCE.com. 1 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mark Twain ( Samuel Clemens ) . `` The Project Gutenberg EBook of Life On The Mississippi '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Evidence From Bite Marks , It Turns Out , Is Not So Elementary Archived 2011 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... New York Times ; January 28 , 2007 Further reading Ashbaugh , David R. 1999 . Quantitative - Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis : An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Ridgeology . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . Beavan , Colin. 2001 . Fingerprints : The Origins of Crime Detection and the Murder Case that Launched Forensic Science . New York : Hyperion . Cowger , James C. 1992 . Friction Ridge Skin : Comparison and Identification of Fingerprints . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . Quinche , Nicolas , and Margot , Pierre . 2010 . Coulier , Paul - Jean ( 1824 -- 1890 ) : A precursor in the history of fingermark detection and their potential use for identifying their source ( 1863 ) .", "50": "In Journal of Forensic Identification ( California ) , 60 ( 2 ) , March -- April 2010 , pp. 129 -- 134 . Scheibert , J , Leurent , S , Provost , A and Debregeas , G. 2009 . The role of fingerprints in the coding of tactile information probed with a biomimetic sensor . Science 323 : 1503 -- 1506 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fingerprinting . General Fingerprint Terminology Fingerprint Sourcebook Multi-organization compendium on Fingerprints The Fingerprint Society -- Society for Fingerprint Experts International Association for Identification Scientific Working Group on Friction Ridge Analysis , Study and Technology International Working Group on Fingerprints Interpol Fingerprint Research The Science of Fingerprints FBI Publication FBI Fingerprint Guide FBI Fingerprinting Video Lesson ( 4 - sec QuickTime video of rolling a single inked finger ) The History of Fingerprints Fingerprinting.com Fingerprints and Human Identification Fingerprint Processing Guide Fingerprint Articles at Crime & Clues Galton 's Finger Prints Henry , Faulds , and Herschel 's works on fingerprints Extensive bibliography So . Calif . Assn. of Fingerprint Officers . Errors and concerns Publications Critical of Fingerprint Identification Will West as fable Do Fingerprints Lie ? The New Yorker ( 2002 ) Why Experts Make Errors , Itiel E. Dror , David Charlton , Journal of Forensic Identification Surgeon jailed for removing fingerprints -- Sydney Morning Herald ( news article ) Science and statistics Fingerprint research and evaluation at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology .", "51": "Fingerprint pattern distribution statistics GND : 4257613 - 1 NDL : 00570995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fingerprint&oldid=836763674 '' Categories : Biometrics Fingerprints Fingers Human anatomy Identification Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al .", "52": "Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 18 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 19, 21, 20, 43, 52, 30, 42, 44, 49, 40, 34, 11, 39, 3, 15, 10, 18, 37, 38, 14, 51, 4, 41, 50, 17, 9, 8, 29, 33, 26, 13, 12, 45, 1, 16, 7, 24, 32, 22, 46, 23, 25, 0, 5, 2, 36, 28, 31, 47, 6, 27, 35, 48 ]	[ 19, 21, 20, 43, 52 ]
-4629795612020380002	love yourself by justin bieber is about who	[ "had Rihanna in mind for the song at first", "Rihanna" ]	{ "0": "Love Yourself - wikipedia Love Yourself Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Love Yourself ( disambiguation ) . `` Love Yourself '' Single by Justin Bieber from the album Purpose Released November 8 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Studio Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Acoustic pop Length 3 : 53 Label Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Ed Sheeran Benny Blanco Justin Bieber Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 ) `` Sorry '' ( 2015 ) `` Love Yourself '' ( 2015 ) `` Company '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Love Yourself '' on YouTube `` Love Yourself '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . The song was released first as a promotional single on November 8 , 2015 , and later was released as the album 's third single . It was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Bieber , and produced by Blanco . An acoustic pop song , `` Love Yourself '' features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation . During the song , Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers . Lyrically , the song is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong . On the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , the song became Bieber 's third consecutive number - one , where in the United States it spent 24 non-consecutive weeks in the top ten ( later named the best - performing single of 2016 ) and was also Bieber 's first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart , while in the United Kingdom it spent six weeks at the top . `` Love Yourself '' topped the charts in fifteen countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and Sweden . `` Love Yourself '' was nominated for two Grammy Awards : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . It was the seventh - best - selling song of 2016 in the US .", "1": "The music video for the song was released along with the Purpose : The Movement project on November 14 , 2015 . It features a couple doing an interpretive dance on their house . Bieber promoted the song with performances on TV shows , as well as awards shows throughout 2015 -- 16 , while adding it on the set list of his Purpose World Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 4.1 United States 4.2 United Kingdom 4.3 Australia 5 Music video 5.1 Purpose : The Movement 6 Live performances and covers 7 Credits and personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References Background and release ( edit ) Ed Sheeran ( pictured ) initially wrote `` Love Yourself '' for his album ÷ before giving it to Bieber . On September 29 , 2015 , Justin Bieber announced in an interview with Australia 's Sunrise morning show that British singer and songwriter Ed Sheeran had written a song for his then - upcoming album . Later , during an interview for Capital FM , Bieber revealed details about the song , saying : `` It 's just me and a guitar . Basically that 's how I started , playing on the street with a guitar . '' About Sheeran , he said : `` I think he 's one of the most talented writers in the game right now , so just to have his input and his stories and our stories and match them up together and say ' What have you been through ? , ' and telling the same story . '' In another interview for the same radio network , he commented about the collaboration , stating : `` It was a process . Just getting us together , you know , in the same room cause we did a lot of it separate . He is a good guy , super talented . Really good songwriter so just to be able to work with that calibre of songwriter was really , really awesome . '' In 2017 , Sheeran revealed that `` Love Yourself '' was written for his album ÷ . He said in an interview that the track would have been scrapped before Bieber took the song .", "2": "On November 9 , 2015 `` Love Yourself '' premiered on Beats 1 along with `` The Feeling '' . The song was also made available on iTunes in the same day as a promotional single of Purpose , and later it was announced as the album 's official third radio single . When talking to Ryan Seacrest , Bieber said `` Love Yourself '' is `` definitely about someone in my past , someone who I do n't want to put on blast , '' he described the song as `` cool because so many people can resonate with that because how many women do we bring back that mom does n't really necessarily like ? . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Love Yourself '' A 23 - second sample of `` Love Yourself '' 's chorus , which Bieber described as relatable and `` cool '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Love Yourself '' was written by Ed Sheeran , Benny Blanco and Justin Bieber , with production being done by Benny Blanco , who was also responsible for the song 's instrumentation and programming . It features background vocals by Sheeran . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song is composed in the key of E major with a moderately tempo of 100 beats per minute and a time signature of 4 4 . Bieber 's vocals range from the note of B to B. It is an acoustic pop song , featuring just vocals , an electric guitar , and a brief flurry of trumpets , which was considered `` the most subdued and least electronic of Bieber 's new tracks . '' Lyrically , `` Love Yourself '' is a kiss - off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong , with Bieber singing in a snappy and spiteful tone while `` hating on a girl for loving herself too much . '' In the pre-chorus , he sings with a husky tone in the lower registers : `` My mama do n't like you , and she likes everyone , '' `` in a style that molds well to Sheeran 's , '' according to Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos . `` And I ( never ) like to admit that I was wrong .", "3": "And I 've been so caught up in my job , did n't see what 's going on , and now I know , I 'm better sleeping on my own , '' he continues . In the chorus , Bieber sings , `` Cause if you like the way you look that much , oh baby you should go and love yourself , '' which according to Digital Spy 's Amy Davidson , `` ' love yourself ' means ' go f * * k yourself ' in this context . '' On March 7 , 2017 , composer Ed Sheeran stated on the Howard Stern Show that he had Rihanna in mind for the song at first , and the original lyric was indeed `` fuck yourself . '' In the song 's bridge , Bieber uses a `` brass - and - vocalese '' style . Critical reception ( edit ) Andrew Unterberger of Spin called it `` an earth - salting , cruelly chuckling kiss - off track , it features an unprecedented - for - Bieber caliber of lyrical detail , and its minimal arrangement allows every lyrical barb to pop like one of the song 's palm - mutes . For such sour grapes , though , ' Love Yourself ' still sounds exultant ; one of many reminders this year that for all his insistence on being a good person , Bieber may ultimately be best served as a Top 40 heel . '' Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly complimented the track as one of her favourites from the album , naming it `` the world 's first campfire - folk diss track . '' Amy Davidson of Digital Spy agreed , calling it a ' deliciously evil poison - pen ballad ' . Sheldon Pearce of Complex praised `` Sorry '' and `` Love Yourself '' for `` display ( ing ) the best of Bieber in tandem : the full scope of his pop stylings -- blue - eyed soul fleshing out both electronic and acoustic spaces . '' Kenneth Partridge of Billboard wrote that Bieber `` overplay ( s ) his renewed spirituality ( ... ) mak ( ing ) like John Mayer doing Sam Smith , '' citing the track as an example . Josh Gonzalez of Music Times thought the song was `` a cool change of pace and nod musically to his 2014 duet with Cody Simpson ' Home to Mama ' , '' adding : `` Bieber is a great vocalist and does well on acoustic tracks . ''", "4": "For Consequence of Sound editor Janine Schaults , `` all the credit goes to Sheeran 's cherubic magic powers . Refreshingly , just a guitar and a lonely trumpet interlude accompany Bieber 's coy delivery . '' Michelles Geslani of the same publication opined that the track `` sounds exactly what you 'd expect from a meeting of these two minds , '' considering it `` ' Thinking Out Loud ' crossed with low - key , lovelorn Bieber . '' Kitty Empire , writing for The Observer , aprecciated the song for `` strip ( ping ) everything back very effectively to a guitar line and a vocal . '' Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club was mixed , noting that `` despite being a nicely deadpan kiss - off to a snobby ex , is generic acoustic - pop . '' In a less favorable review , Pitchfork 's Brad Nelson wrote that , lyrically , `` it 's needlessly mean , neither funny nor clever , and it does n't do much to justify the severity of its perspective . '' Al Horner of NME noted that the song is `` more traditionally Bieber , and ( its ) big pop hook ( is ) out of place amidst the forward - thinking electronic scuttle . '' Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine called the lyrics `` unintentionally hilarious . '' Alex Macpherson of The National called it `` a cloying Ed Sheeran collaboration . '' Billboard ranked `` Love Yourself '' at number 34 on their `` 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 '' list . Chart performance ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Bieber became the first male artist since Justin Timberlake ( pictured ) in 2006 to achieve three number - ones in the US from an album . In the United States , the song debuted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , giving Bieber his ninth top ten song and his third consecutive top ten debut from Purpose . It also debuted at number two and four on the Digital Songs and Streaming Songs charts , respectively , with 141,000 downloads and 17.4 million streams . The following week , it descended to number seven on the Hot 100 . Two weeks later , it ascended from seven to five on the Hot 100 , meanwhile Bieber 's `` Sorry '' and `` What Do You Mean ? ''", "5": "were at number two and four , respectively . Thus , as he did three weeks prior when `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number four , Bieber had three concurrent songs in the Hot 100 's top five , becoming the third act to achieve it since 50 Cent in 2005 . Bieber and The Beatles are the only acts to earn the honor as a lead artist on all three songs . On the chart dated February 6 , 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' ascended from three to two on the Hot 100 , meanwhile Bieber 's `` Sorry '' was at number one . With the feat , Bieber became the 17th act in the Hot 100 's history to rank at numbers one and 2 simultaneously . He was also the 11th act to hold the Hot 100 's top two as a lead artist on both songs . The following week , `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' at number one , becoming his third consecutive number - one single . Thus , Bieber was the 12th artist to succeed himself in the Hot 100 's 57 - year history ; the last artist before Bieber was The Weeknd , who is also from Canada . Additionally , Bieber 's Purpose became the first album by a male artist to produce three number - one songs since Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex / LoveSounds did so in 2006 -- 07 . After being replaced at the top of the Hot 100 by Zayn 's debut single as a solo artist , `` Pillowtalk '' , for one week , it returned to the number one position the following date . Also , `` Love Yourself '' replaced `` Sorry '' at the top of the Radio Songs chart with 144 million weekly audience , becoming Bieber 's second number - one song on the chart . However , the next week , `` Love Yourself '' was replaced at the top by Rihanna 's `` Work '' and descended to number two . By the middle of 2016 , the song had sold 1.6 million copies in the U.S.", "6": "On the chart dated 7 May 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' spent its 23rd consecutive week in the Hot 100 's top ten , breaking the record for the most consecutive weeks logged in the top 10 from a song 's debut , previously set by Nicki Minaj 's `` Starships '' , Maroon 5 's `` Sugar '' and Bieber 's both `` What Do You Mean ? '' and `` Sorry '' . It has since been passed by The Chainsmokers 's `` Closer '' ( 2016 -- 2017 ) , which spent 32 weeks in the top 10 . Additionally , the song spent an eleventh week at the top of the Radio Songs chart . Additionally , on the chart dated 14 May 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' became Bieber 's first chart - topper on the Adult Contemporary chart . The song was the most - played song in the United States in 2016 , with nearly 4 billion audience impressions . During 2016 , `` Love Yourself '' sold 1.8 million copies in the US , thus being listed seventh on the best - selling songs of the year list . Overall , it has sold 2.7 million copies in the country . `` Love Yourself '' finished at # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Year - End of 2016 released in December 2016 , becoming Bieber 's highest charting song on Hot 100 Year - End to date , surpassing `` Boyfriend '' on the Hot 100 Year - End of 2012 . This made him the youngest artist to date to receive a # 1 single on a Hot 100 Year - End chart in Billboard 's history . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart on 19 November 2015 , after the release of Purpose . The following week , it rose to number two before replacing `` Sorry '' at the top of the chart on 4 December 2015 . Bieber is the first artist to replace themselves at the chart 's summit since Elvis Presley in 2005 . `` Love Yourself '' marked Bieber 's third consecutive chart - topping song in Britain .", "7": "The following week , the song stayed at the top of the chart with 114,000 combined sales and `` Sorry '' stayed at number two , which made Bieber the first artist ever to knock himself off the top spot with both songs holding at one and 2 for two consecutive weeks . `` Love Yourself '' and `` Sorry '' remained at the same place the next week , which made Bieber the first artist ever to log four weeks at numbers one and 2 consecutively , breaking the record previously held by The Beatles , who logged three consecutive weeks at numbers one and 2 in 1967 -- 68 . `` Love Yourself '' was beaten to the top by NHS Choir 's `` A Bridge Over You '' charity single by nearly 31,000 chart sales . However , the single rose to the number - one spot the next week , logging a fourth week at the summit and claiming the first number - one song of 2016 . The following week , it remained at number one , making Bieber the first artist on the UK Singles Chart to occupy the top three spots on the chart at the same time with `` Sorry '' at number two and `` What Do You Mean ? '' climbing one place to three . `` Love Yourself '' spent six non-consecutive weeks at number one . On 4 January 2016 , the Official Charts Company announced that ' Love Yourself ' has earned 719,000 combined sales . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , `` Love Yourself '' debuted at number three on the ARIA Singles Chart , after the release of Purpose , giving Bieber his fifth top - three single in the country . That week the singer had three songs inside the top ten : `` Sorry '' ( 2 ) , `` Love Yourself '' ( 3 ) and `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( 7 ) . Two weeks later , `` Love Yourself '' was the most streamed track in the country and rose to number two , also it earned a gold certification for sales of over 35,000 copies . In its fourth week , the song ascended from two to one , dethroning Adele 's `` Hello '' and earning a platinum certification for sales of over 70,000 copies . With that , Bieber became the only act to have two number - one songs in 2015 following previous single `` What Do You Mean ? ''", "8": ", which topped the chart during four consecutive weeks in September . The song stayed at the top of the chart the following two weeks . On its third week at number one , Bieber 's ' Sorry ' and `` What Do You Mean ? '' were at number two and eight , respectively . With that , Bieber became the first act to dominate the top two positions since Macklemore & Ryan Lewis did in 2013 with `` Same Love '' and `` Thrift Shop '' . He also was the first act to have three singles inside the chart 's top ten since 2012 . The song was the first number - one song of 2016 and has spent seven consecutive weeks at number one , which places Bieber at number 8 on the list for the most accumulated weeks ( 11 ) at number one in the 2010s . Also , it is his longest - running number - one single in Australia . `` Love Yourself '' also topped the charts in Sweden , Ireland , New Zealand , Netherlands and Denmark . Music video ( edit ) Purpose : the Movement ( edit ) The song 's music video was released on YouTube on November 14 , 2015 along with the other videos from `` Purpose : The Movement '' . The video starts with Bieber saying : `` Love is n't ' do this for me and I 'm going to do this for you . ' That 's not what love is . Love is just ' I 'm gon na do this for you because I wan na do this for you . ' '' Later , the video features husband and wife dancers Keone and Mari Madrid dancing their way through their house . They are later seen dancing on their phone screens . The video ends when the wife wakes up and finds a note on her husband 's pillow saying , `` Love Yourself . '' As of July 2017 , the music video has received over 1.2 billion views on YouTube . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Bieber during his show at 2016 Brit Awards Bieber first performed `` Love Yourself '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show during ' Purpose ' week release . On November 18 , 2015 , the song was also performed on The Today Show along with other tracks from the album . Bieber also added the song to the set list of his show on Capital FM 's Jingle Bell Ball 2015 .", "9": "He performed the song at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards . The singer performed an acoustic version of the track with James Bay on the guitar before performing `` Sorry '' during the 2016 Brit Awards . He also performed an acoustic version of the song during the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards before proceeding to a full performance of `` Company '' . `` Love Yourself '' is also part of the set list of his Purpose World Tour . The performance has Bieber on acoustic guitar while seated on a red velvet couch down center stage . He performed the song at Radio Disney Music Awards during a special pocket show for fans , previously recorded . On June 4 , 2017 , Bieber performed `` Love Yourself '' at the One Love Manchester benefit concert for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . Canadian singer Alessia Cara posted a video covering of the song on her YouTube channel on November 14 , 2015 . English singer Conor Maynard also posted a video covering the song on his YouTube channel on November 17 , 2015 . American singer Halsey also performed a cover version for Triple J 's Like a Version studio in Australia on February 4 , 2016 . Her version garnered attention since she replaced `` love yourself '' by `` fuck yourself . '' British singers Yo Preston and Kelly Kiara teamed up to write a reply to the song , with the version being called `` Love Yourself vs F * ck Yourself . '' In their version , Kiara responds to Bieber 's lyrics taking about the boy 's cheating habits and overwhelming jealousy . Their version charted on the ARIA Charts , reaching the top - twenty , peaking at number 16 . The song was also covered by American pop punk band Grayscale for Punk Goes Pop Vol. 7 , a compilation album of covers , which was released by Fearless Records on July 14 , 2017 . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Record Plant , Los Angeles Mixed at Henson Recording Studios Personnel Ed Sheeran -- writing , background vocals . Benny Blanco -- writing , production , instrumentation , programming . Justin Bieber -- writing , vocals . Philip Beaudreau -- trumpet . Chris `` Anger Management '' Sclafani -- engineering . Simon Cohen -- engineering . Josh Gudwin -- engineering , mixing .", "10": "Chris `` Tek '' O'Ryan -- additional engineering . Henrique Andrade -- additional engineering . Derrick Stockwell -- mixing assistant . Andrew `` McMuffin '' Luftman -- production coordinator . Seif `` Mageef '' Hussain -- production coordinator . Credits adapted from the liner notes of Purpose , Def Jam Recordings . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 10 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 75 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 )", "11": "Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) South Korea Chart ( Gaon ) 57 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 25 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 98 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 24 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 39 Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 21 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) France 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 18 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) 23 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 10 Spain (", "12": "PROMUSICAE ) 12 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 7 × Platinum 560,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 4 × Platinum 240,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 600,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 4 × Platinum + Gold 270,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5 × Platinum 75,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 9 × Platinum 360,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 2,845,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref .", "13": "Various November 9 , 2015 Digital download Def Jam Italy April 15 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2016 List of number - one singles of 2015 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2016 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2016 List of number - one singles of 2016 ( South Africa ) List of number - one international songs of 2016 ( South Korea ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Hear Justin Bieber 's Ed Sheeran - Penned Song , ' Love Yourself ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adelle Platon ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Shares Ed Sheeran - penned Tune ' Love Yourself , ' Announces L.A. Gig '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best - Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Yahoo ! Music . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Wrote Song for Justin Bieber 's New Album , but Not One Direction 's '' . ABC News Radio . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Justin Bieber Tells Us ALL About His Ed Sheeran Song . We 've Got ACTUAL Chills ! '' . Capital FM . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garibaldi , Christina ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Song With Ed Sheeran Is One Of His ' Favorites ' Off Purpose -- MTV '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` WATCH : Justin Bieber Reveals He Wants To Perform ' Love Yourself ' Live With Ed Sheeran '' . Capital FM . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals ' Love Yourself ' Was Originally Written For His New Album ' Divide ' '' . Billboard . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Eliza ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Listen to Justin Bieber 's New Song , Cowritten by Ed Sheeran '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week , Selena Gomez Goes Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Inocencio , Marc ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber on Finally Releasing ' Purpose , ' Explains Story Behind ' Love Yourself ' '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- `` Love Yourself '' -- Digital Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . MN0157475 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose ' Album Review , Track - by - Track '' . Universal Music Canada . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Andrew ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Sorry Seems to Be the Easiest Word for Justin Bieber on ' Purpose ' '' . Spin . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Amy ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber has premiered his Ed Sheeran collaboration ' Love Yourself ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 .", "15": "^ Jump up to : Pearce , Sheldon ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Justin Bieber 's New Album Will Almost Make You Forgive Him for His Troubled Past '' . Complex . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Casey ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Purpose Is the Comeback Album Justin Bieber Needed '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Amy ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Purpose review : Track - by - track with his best album yet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Reveals Original NSFW ' Love Yourself ' Lyric He Wrote for Rihanna , Not Justin Bieber '' . Howard Stern . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. Mac , Sam ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose Album Review Slant Magazine '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` From Boys to Men : EW reviews Justin Bieber and One Direction 's new albums '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Partridge , Kenneth ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Proves His Growth on ' Purpose ' Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Music Times Staff ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber ' Purpose ' Album Review : Junk Mail '' . Musc Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schaults , Janine ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber -- Purpose '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geslani , Michelle ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber premieres two new songs `` The Feeling '' and `` Love Yourself '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound .", "16": "Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose review -- a grown - up sorry . Sort of '' . The Observer . The Guardian . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's comeback narrative has a few plot holes '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Brad ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Purpose Album Reviews Pitchfork '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horner , Al ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` NME Reviews -- Justin Bieber -- ' Purpose ' NME.COM '' . NME . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Alex ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Album review : Does ' Purpose ' establish Justin Bieber as now cool ? '' . The National . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week ; Justin Bieber , Alessia Cara Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Adele 's ' Hello ' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Adele Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for ' Hello ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Nos.", "17": "1 & 2 on Hot 100 , The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Retakes No. 1 Spot From Zayn on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With ' Work '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Nielsen Music Mid-Year Report '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen 2016 Mid Year Report . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Desiigner 's ' Panda ' Claws to No. 1 on Hot 100 , Bringing Americans Back to the Top '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` JJustin Bieber Earns First Adult Contemporary No. 1 With ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hugh McIntyre ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' Owned Radio In 2016 , Ends The Year At No.", "18": "1 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Year - End -- 2016 '' . Billboard . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber replaces himself at the top of the Official Singles Chart with Love Yourself '' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber extends his record breaking reign over the Official Singles Chart '' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 18 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber sets a new Official Singles Chart record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` NHS Choir defeat Justin Bieber to secure the UK 's Official Christmas Number 1 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 1 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Love Yourself is the first Number 1 single of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber sets UK singles chart record '' . BBC News . 8 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` JJustin Bieber 's Love Yourself scores sixth week at Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 19 November 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber tops the ARIA Albums chart with ' Purpose ' '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 .", "19": "Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Adele reigns supreme for sixth week in a row '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gavin , Ryan ( 12 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber snatches back # 1 spot '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 26 December 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber hits three weeks at # 1 with ' Love Yourself ' '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber holds the first # 1 for 2016 '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Ryan ( 23 January 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber holds onto # 1 with ' Love Yourself ' '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 13 February 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Ranking of Justin Bieber 's New Music Videos '' . Beautycon . November 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodulfo , Kristina ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Who Is the Incredible Dancing Couple In Justin Bieber 's `` Love Yourself '' Music Video ? `` . Elle . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . JustinBieberVEVO . YouTube . November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : A Full Recap of # BieberWeek So Far on Ellen '' . Universal Music Canada . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Norwin , Alyssa ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Bieber Rocks The Plaza With Hits From ' Purpose ' : Epic ' Today ' Show Concert '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We 're ALL Beliebers Now ! Justin Bieber Closes Our # CapitalJBB With An INCREDIBLE Live Show ! '' . Capital FM . December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bayber ! How James Bay ended up playing with Justin Bieber '' . BBC . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billboard Staff ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs ' Love Yourself ' & ' Company ' at the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` The 10 wildest moments from Justin Bieber 's Purpose tour kick - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Surprised the Radio Disney Music Awards With an Acoustic Performance of `` Love Yourself '' `` . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` One Love Manchester : Ariana Grande Opens Benefit Concert With ' Be Alright , ' Joins Black Eyed Peas for ' Where Is the Love ? ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polanco , Luis ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Alessia Cara Cover Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself ( Conor Maynard version ) '' . YouTube . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fitz - Gerald , Sean ( February 5 , 2016 ) .", "21": "`` Halsey Tweaked Justin Bieber 's ' Love Yourself , ' and Then Covered the Hell Out of It '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Alyssa ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Halsey Sings Bieber 's `` Love Yourself '' Even Better Than Bieber `` . Elle . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wood , Kendall ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` This Cover Of Bieber 's ' Love Yourself ' Tells The Other Side Of The Story '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-chart.com -- Yo Preston feat . Kelly Kiara -- Love Yourself vs. Fuck Yourself '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purpose ( inlay cover ) . Justin Bieber . Def Jam Recordings. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino > Top 20 Oficial Del 25 al 31 de Julio , 2016 ( Argentina ) '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 ... MonitorLatino.com Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) .", "22": "Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201610 into search . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20161 into search . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : Love Yourself '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 10 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Justin Bieber '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Bieber '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( SEMANA 6 ) Top nacional da semana -- Section `` Top Nacional de Singles '' `` . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20169 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20168 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2016 - 02 - 23 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa .", "24": "Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 21 , 2016 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 21 , 2016 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' .", "25": "Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top singles 2016 '' . Pure Charts ( in French ) . chartinfrance.net . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli airplay yearly chart 2016 '' . Media Forest . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 .", "26": "Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 100 Canciones Anual 2016 '' . promusicae.es . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2016 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association .", "27": "Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Justin Bieber in the field Interpret . Enter Love Yourself in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` Love Yourself '' `` . IFPI Denmark . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Justin Bieber ; ' Love Yourself ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Justin Bieber '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Justin Bieber in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Love Yourself and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 .", "28": "Enter Love Yourself in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Justin Bieber -- Love Yourself '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Love Yourself -- Justin Bieber '' . JustinBieberMusic.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber `` Love Yourself '' ( Radio Date : 15 / 04 / 2015 ) `` . Radio Date . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! )", "29": "'' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Ed Sheeran Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums + x ÷ Extended plays Loose Change Songs I Wrote with Amy No. 5 Collaborations Project The Slumdon Bridge Box sets 5 Videography Jumpers for Goalposts : Live at Wembley Stadium Tours x Tour ÷ Tour Related articles Nizlopi `` A Different Way '' `` Cold Water '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Yours '' `` Little Things '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Moments '' `` Strip That Down '' `` Your Song '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! ''", "30": "-- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Yourself&oldid=822002212 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles 2010s ballads Justin Bieber songs Songs written by Ed Sheeran Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Benny Blanco Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco Pop ballads Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden South African Airplay Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Diss tracks Def Jam Recordings singles Hidden categories :", "31": "CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry", "32": "usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Scots Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 15, 10, 29, 28, 14, 3, 30, 5, 20, 16, 4, 21, 17, 18, 19, 13, 22, 7, 2, 6, 8, 9, 0, 1, 23, 24, 26, 27, 11, 25, 31, 12, 32 ]	[ 15, 10, 29, 28, 14 ]
-1377431887732785331	where does the electron transport chain get its electrons from	[ "donor molecule", "electron donors" ]	{ "0": "Electron transport chain - wikipedia Electron transport chain Jump to : navigation , search The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes . The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized , providing energy to power ATP synthase . Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane . An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration . Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the action of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In mitochondria 2.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 2.1. 1 Complex I 2.1. 2 Complex II 2.1.", "1": "3 Complex III 2.1. 4 Complex IV 2.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 2.3 Summary 3 In bacteria 3.1 Electron donors 3.2 Dehydrogenases 3.3 Quinone carriers 3.4 Proton pumps 3.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 3.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 3.7 Electron acceptors 3.8 Summary 4 Photosynthetic 5 Summary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain .", "2": "Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers .", "3": "The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . This complex is inhibited by Alkylguanides ( Example : Guanethidine ) , Rotenone , Barbiturates , Chlorpromazine , Piericidin . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3.", "4": "5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . This complex is inhibited by Carboxin . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2 H 2 + e − ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( 2H + 2e - ) ) ) ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2 H 2 + e − ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( 2H + 2e - ) ) ) ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) .", "5": "QH 2 + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe III ) + 2 H + ( in ) ⟶ Q + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe II ) + 4 H + ( out ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe ^ ( III ) ) + 2 H+ ( in ) - > Q + 2 cytochrome c ( Fe ^ ( II ) ) + 4 H+ ( out ) ) ) ) When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . This complex is inhibited by British Antilewisite ( BAL ) , Napthoquinone and Antimycin . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide , carbon monoxide , azide , hydrogen sulphide ( H S ) . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel .", "6": "Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . Thyroxine is also a natural uncoupler . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol , 2 , 4 - dinitrocresol , CCCP ) also exist , and can be lethal at high doses . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains .", "7": "In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs .", "8": "Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane .", "9": "Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase .", "10": "In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm .", "11": "The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 .", "12": "ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) .", "14": "`` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 3 - Complexes with cytochrome b - like domains UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins Metabolism , catabolism ,", "15": "anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 ,", "16": "E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=837323998 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 03 : 12 .", "17": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 7, 1, 8, 2, 11, 0, 10, 3, 4, 9, 14, 6, 5, 13, 16, 15, 12, 17 ]	[ 7, 1, 8, 2, 11 ]
4606135189354740425	when did the ottoman empire surrender in ww1	[ "1918", "1918", "30 October 1918" ]	{ "0": "History of the Ottoman Empire during World war I - wikipedia History of the Ottoman Empire during World war I Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of the Ottoman Empire Rise ( 1299 -- 1453 ) ( show ) Gaza Thesis Interregnum ( 1402 -- 1413 ) Fall of Constantinople Classical Age ( 1453 -- 1566 ) ( show ) Sultanate of Women Transformation ( 1566 -- 1703 ) ( show ) Köprülü Era ( 1656 -- 1703 ) Old Regime ( 1703 -- 1789 ) ( show ) Tulip Era ( 1718 -- 1730 ) Decline and modernization ( 1789 -- 1908 ) ( show ) Nizam - i Djedid Tanzimat Era ( 1839 -- 1876 ) 1st Constitutional Era ( 1876 -- 1878 ) Defeat and dissolution ( 1908 -- 1922 ) ( show ) 2nd Constitutional Era ( 1908 -- 1920 ) World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Partitioning Historiography The Ottoman Empire participated in World War I as one of the Central Powers . The Ottoman Empire entered the war by carrying out a surprise attack on Russia 's Black Sea coast on 29 October 1914 , with Russia responding by declaring war on it on November 5th , 1914 . Ottoman forces fought the Entente in the Balkans and the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I . The Ottoman Empire 's defeat in the war in 1918 was crucial in the eventual dissolution of the empire in 1921 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Military activities 1.1 War with Russia 1.2 War with Britain 1.3 Empire in home front 1.4 War in Eastern Europe 2 Political activities 2.1 1915 2.1.", "1": "1 Capitulations and public debt , 1915 2.2 1916 2.3 1917 2.3. 1 Diplomacy with new Russia , 1917 2.4 1918 2.4. 1 Diplomacy with new states , 1918 2.4. 2 Winding down toward the armistice , 1918 3 Genocide 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography Military activities ( edit ) Main articles : Ottoman entry into World War I and Middle Eastern theatre of World War I The Ottoman entry into World War I began on 29 October 1914 when it launched the Black Sea Raid against Russian ports . Following the attack , Russia and its allies ( Britain and France ) declared war on the Ottomans in November 1914 . The Ottoman Empire started military action came after three months of formal neutrality , but it had signed a secret alliance with the Central Powers in August 1914 . The political reasons for the Ottoman Sultan 's entry into the war are disputed . and the Ottoman Empire was an agricultural state in an age of industrialized warfare , Also , the economic resources of the empire were depleted by the cost of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 . The great land mass of Anatolia was between the Ottoman army 's headquarters in Istanbul and many of the theatres of war . During Abdulhamit II 's reign civilian communications had improved , but the road and rail network was not ready for war . It took more than a month to reach Syria and nearly two months to reach Mesopotamia . To reach the border with Russia , the railway ran only 60 km east of Ankara , and from there , it was 35 days to Erzurum . The Army used Trabzon port as logistical shortcut to east . It took less time to arrive at any of those fronts from London than from the Ottoman War Department because of the poor condition of Ottoman supply ships . The empire fell into disorder with the declaration of war along with Germany . On 11 November a conspiracy was discovered in Constantinople against Germans and the Committee of Union and Progress ( CUP ) in which some of the CUP leaders were shot .", "2": "That followed the 12 November revolt in Adrianople against the German military mission . On 13 November , a bomb exploded in Enver Pasha 's palace , which killed five German officers but missed the Enver Pasha . On 18 November were more anti-German plots . Committees formed around the country to rid the country of those who sided with Germany . Army and navy officers protested against the assumption of authority by Germans . On 4 December , widespread riots took place throughout the country . On 13 December was an anti-war demonstration by women in Konak ( Izmir ) and Erzurum . Throughout December , the CUP dealt with mutiny among soldiers in barracks and among naval crews . The head of the German Military Mission , Field Marshal von der Goltz , survived a conspiracy against his life . The military power remained firmly in the hands of War Minister Enver Pasha , domestic issues ( civil matters ) on Interior Minister Talat Pasha , and , an interesting point , Cemal Pasha had sole control over Ottoman Syria . Rest of the governance , provincial governors , ran their regions with differing degrees of autonomy . An interesting case is Izmir ; Rahmi Bey behaved almost as if his region was a neutral zone between the warring states . War with Russia ( edit ) See also : Caucasus Campaign and Persian Campaign Top : Destruction in the city of Erzurum ; Left Upper : Russian forces ; Left Lower : Wounded Muslim refugees ; Right Upper : Ottoman forces ; Right Lower : Armenian refuges Ottoman 's entrance into the war greatly increased the Triple Entente 's military burdens . Russia had to fight on the Caucasus Campaign alone and in the Persian Campaign along with the United Kingdom . İsmail Enver Pasha set off for the Battle of Sarikamish with the intention of recapturing Batum and Kars , overrunning Georgia and occupying north - western Persia and the oil fields . Fighting the Russians in the Caucasus , however , the Ottomans lost ground , and over 100,000 soldiers , in a series of battles . 60,000 Ottoman soldiers died in the winter of 1916 -- 17 on the Mus -- Bitlis section of the front .", "3": "Ottomans preferred to keep the Caucasus militarily silent as they had to regroup reserves to retake Baghdad and Palestine from the British . 1917 and first half of 1918 was the time for negotiations . On 5 December 1917 , the armistice of Erzincan ( Erzincan Cease - fire Agreement ) signed between the Russians and Ottomans in Erzincan that ended the armed conflicts between Russia and Ottoman Empire . On 3 March , the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with the Russian SFSR . It stipulated that Bolshevik Russia cede Batum , Kars , and Ardahan . In addition to these provisions , a secret clause was inserted which obligated the Russians to demobilize Armenian national forces . Between 14 March -- April 1918 the Trabzon peace conference held among the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Transcaucasian Diet . Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest - Litovsk at the end of the negotiations . On 5 April , the head of the Transcaucasian delegation Akaki Chkhenkeli accepted the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept this position . The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different . Tiflis acknowledge the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire . In April 1918 , the Ottoman 3rd Army finally went on the offensive in Armenia . Opposition from Armenian forces led to the Battle of Sardarapat , the Battle of Kara Killisse ( 1918 ) , and the Battle of Bash Abaran . On 28 May 1918 , the Armenian National Council based in Tiflis declared the Democratic Republic of Armenia . The new Republic of Armenia was forced to sign the Treaty of Batum . In July 1918 , Ottomans faced with the Centrocaspian Dictatorship at the Battle of Baku , with the goal of taking Britain Baku on the Caspian Sea . War in the Caucasus and Persia 1st battalion of the Armenian volunteer unit .", "4": "It was under the command of the Andranik during Persian Campaign . Terek Cossacks under Nikolai Baratov , Russian Caucasus Army 5th Infantry Regiment officers of the Battle of Sardarabad War with Britain ( edit ) See also : Mesopotamian campaign , Sinai and Palestine Campaign , and Battle of Gallipoli February -- April 1915 , The Battle of Gallipoli The British captured Basra in November 1914 , and marched north into Iraq . Initially Ahmed Djemal Pasha was ordered to gather an army in Palestine to threaten the Suez Canal . In response , the Allies -- including the newly formed Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( `` ANZACs '' ) -- opened another front with the Battle of Gallipoli . The army led by Ahmed Djemal Pasha ( Fourth Army ) to eject the British from Egypt was stopped at the Suez canal in February 1915 , and again the next summer . The canal was vital to the British war effort . The 1915 locust plague breaks out in the Palestine region , to be exact the Ottoman military hospitals record the period as March -- October 1915 : The expected , and feared , British invasion came not through Cilicia or northern Syria , but through the straits . The aim of the Dardanelles campaign was to support Russia . Most military observers recognized that the uneducated Ottoman soldier was lost without good leadership , and at Gallipoli Mustafa Kemal realized the capabilities of his man if their officers led from the front . The war was something from a different era , as the agrarian Ottoman Empire faced two industrialized forces , at silent predawn attacks in which officers with drawn swords vent ahead of troops and only the troops to shout their battlecry of `` Allahu Akbar ! '' when they reached the enemy 's trenches . The United Kingdom was obliged to defend India and the southern Persian oil territory by undertaking the Mesopotamian campaign . Britain also had to protect Egypt in the Sinai - Palestine - Syria Campaign . These campaigns strained Allied resources and relieved Germany . The repulse of British forces in Palestine in the spring of 1917 was followed by the loss of Jerusalem in December of the same year .", "5": "The Ottoman authorities deport the entire civilian population of Jaffa and Tel Aviv , The Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation , pursuant to the order from Ahmed Jamal Pasha on 6 April 1917 . The Muslim evacuees allowed to return before long , At the same period the Balfour Declaration was being negotiated ( published on 2 November 1917 ) in which the British Government declares its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine . Ahmed Jamal Pasha effectively separates these groups . The Jewish evacuees returned after the British conquest of Palestine . The Ottomans were eventually defeated due to key attacks by the British general Edmund Allenby . War in Mesopotamia , Sinai and Palestine and Gallipoli British troops entering Baghdad March 1917 6th Army field HQ In 1917 , Ottoman forces at the shores of the Dead Sea Empire in home front ( edit ) See also : Arab Revolt and Armenian resistance The war tested to the limit the empire 's relations with its Arab population . In February 1915 in Syria , Cemal Pasha exercised absolute power in both military and civil affairs . Cemal Pasha was convinced that an uprising among local Arabs was imminent . Leading Arabs were executed , and notable families deported to Anatolia . Cemal 's policies did nothing to alleviate the famine that was gripping Syria ; it was exacerbated by a British and French blockade of the coastal ports , the requisitioning of transports , profiteering and -- strikingly -- Cemal 's preference for spending scarce funds on public works and the restoration of historic monuments During the war , Britain had been a major sponsor of Arab nationalist thought and ideology , primarily as a weapon to use against the power of the Empire . Sharif Hussein ibn Ali rebelled against the Ottoman rule during the Arab Revolt of 1916 . In August he was replaced by Sharif Haydar , but in October he proclaimed himself king of Arabia and in December was recognized by the British as an independent ruler . There was little the Empire could do to influence the course of events , other than try to prevent news of the uprising spreading , prevent it to demoralize the army or act as a propaganda for anti-Ottoman Arab factions .", "6": "On 3 October 1918 forces of the Arab Revolt enter Damascus accompanied by British troops , ending 400 years of Ottoman rule . Home front Lt. Col. Gerard Leachman disguised as a Bedouin . Soldiers of the Sharif of Mecca carrying the Arab Flag during the Arab Revolt of 1916 -- 1918 Resistance members from the Adapazari committee , 1915 . Murad of Sebastia and his comrades fought at Sivas during 1915 War in Eastern Europe ( edit ) In order to support the other Central Powers , Enver Pasha sent 3 Army Corps or around 100.000 men to fight in Eastern Europe . VI Corps under command of Mustafa Hilmi Pasha participated in the Romanian Campaign between September 1916 and April 1918 . XV Corps under command of Yakup Şevki Subaşı and later Cevat Pasha fought in Galicia against the Russians between August 1916 and August 1917 . XX Corps under command of Abdul Kerim Pasha participated in the Salonika Campaign between December 1916 and May 1917 . The Rumeli Field Detachment ( reinforced 177th Infantry Regiment ) remained in Macedonia until May 1918 . Political activities ( edit ) 1915 ( edit ) The Constantinople Agreement on 18 March 1915 was a set of secret assurances , which Great Britain promised to give the Capital , and the Dardanelles to the Russians in the event of victory . The city of Constantinople was intended to be a free port . During 1915 , British forces invalidated the Anglo - Ottoman Convention , declaring Kuwait to be an `` independent sheikdom under British protectorate . '' Capitulations and public debt , 1915 ( edit ) On 10 September 1915 , Interior Minister Talat Pasha abolished the `` Capitulations '' . On 10 September 1915 Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha annulled ( Vizer had the authority on annuls ) the Capitulations , which ended the special privileges they granted to foreign nationals . The capitulation holders refused to recognize his action ( unilateral action ) .", "7": "The American ambassador expressed the Great Power view : The capitulary regime , as it exists in the Empire , is not an autonomous institution of the Empire , but the result of international treaties , of diplomatic agreements and of contractual acts of various sorts . The regime , consequently , can not be modified in any of its parts and still less suppressed in its entirety by the Ottoman Government except in consequence of an understanding with the contracting Powers . -- Henry Morgenthau , Sr . Beside the capitulations , there was another issue which evolved under the shadow of capitulations . The dept and financial control ( revenue generation ) of the empire was intertwined under single institution , which its board was constituted from Great Powers rather than Ottomans . There is no sovereignty in this design . The public debt could and did interfere in state affairs because it controlled ( collected ) one - quarter of state revenues . The debt was administered by the Ottoman Public Debt Administration and its power extended to the Imperial Ottoman Bank ( equates to modern central banks ) . Debt Administration controlled many of the important revenues of the empire . The council had power over every financial affairs . Its control extended to determine the tax on livestock in districts . Ottoman public debt was part of a larger scheme of political control , through which the commercial interests of the world had sought to gain advantages that may not be to Empire 's interest . The immediate purpose of the abolition of capitulations and the cancellation of foreign debt repayments was to reduce the foreign stranglehold on the Ottoman economy ; a second purpose -- and one to which great political weight was attached -- was to extirpate non -- Muslims from the economy by transferring assets to Muslim Turks and encouraging their participation with government contracts and subsidies . 1916 ( edit ) The French - Armenian Agreement of 27 October 1916 , was reported to the interior minister , Talat Pasha , which agreement negotiations were performed with the leadership of Boghos Nubar the chairman of the Armenian National Assembly and one of the founder of the AGBU . 1917 ( edit ) In 1917 the Ottoman Cabinet considered maintaining relations with Washington after the United States had declared war on Germany on 6 April . But the views of the war party prevailed and they insisted on maintaining a common front with their allies . Thus , relations with America were broken on 20 April 1917 .", "8": "Diplomacy with new Russia , 1917 ( edit ) The 1917 Russian revolution changed the realities . The war devastated not only Russian soldiers , also the Russian economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand by the end of 1915 . The tsarist regime 's advances for the security on its southern borders proved ruinous . The tsarist regime 's desire to control the Eastern Anatolia and the straits ( perceived as an underbelly ) , in the end created the conditions that brought about Russia 's own downfall . Unable to use Straits disrupted the Russian supply chain . Russia might survived without the Straits , but the strain was the tipping point for its war economy . This question was left to Soviet historians : `` whether a less aggressive policy toward the Ottoman Empire before the war would have caused Istanbul to maintain neutrality or whether Russia later might have induced Istanbul to leave the war , the outcome of tsarist future would be different . Nicholas 's inept handling of his country and the war destroyed the Tsar and ended up costing him both his reign and his life . Enver immediately instructed the Vehib Pasha , Third Army , to propose a ceasefire to Russia 's Caucasus Army . Vehib cautioned withdrawing forces , as due to the politics in Russia -- neither Russia 's Caucasus Army nor Caucasian civil authorities give assurance that an armistice would hold . On 7 November 1917 the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin over threw the Provisional Government in a violent coup plunged Russia into multitude of civil wars between ethnic groups . The slow dissolution of Russia 's Caucasus Army relieved one form of military threat from the east but brought another one . Russia was a long time threat , but at the same time kept the civil unrest in his land at bay without spreading to Ottomans in a violent . On 3 December the Ottoman foreign minister Ahmed Nesimi Bey informed the `` Chamber of Deputies '' about the prospects . Chamber discussed the possible outcomes and priorities . On 15 December Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers signed . On 18 December Armistice of Erzincan signed . The Bolsheviks ' anti-imperialist formula of peace with no annexations and no indemnities was close to Ottoman position .", "9": "The Bolsheviks ' position brought a conflict with the Germany 's aim to preserve control over the East European lands it occupied and with Bulgaria 's claims on Dobruja and parts of Serbia . In December Enver informed the Quadruple Alliance that they would like to see the 1877 border ( Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ) ) , pointing out that the only Ottomans lost territory and 1877 boarder was Ottoman territories inhabited by Muslims . Ottomans did not pushed 1877 position too hard , scared to fall back to bilateral agreements . On the other hand , Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Bulgaria clearly stood behind on the pulling back the Ottoman and Russian forces from Iran . Ottomans wanted Muslim Iran be under its own control . The ambassador to Berlin , Ibrahim Hakki Pasha , wrote : `` Although Russia may be in a weakened state today , it is always an awesome enemy and it is probable that in a short time it will recover its former might and power . On 22 December 1917 , the first meeting between Ottomans and the Bolsheviks , the temporary head Zeki Pasha , until Talat Pasha 's arrival , requested of Lev Kamenev to put an end to atrocities being committed on Russian - occupied territory by Armenian partisans . Kamenev agreed and added `` an international commission should be established to oversee the return of refugees ( by own consent ) and deportees ( by forced relocation ) to Eastern Anatolia . The battle of ideals , rhetoric , and material for the fate of Eastern Anatolia opened with this dialog . The Treaty of Brest - Litovsk represented an enormous success for the empire . Minister of Foreign Affairs Halil Bey announced the achievement of peace to the Chamber of Deputies . He cheered the deputies further with his prediction of the imminent signing of a third peace treaty ( the first Ukraine , second Russia , and with Romania ) . Halil Bey thought the Entente to cease hostilities and bring a rapid end to the war . The creation of an independent Ukraine promised to cripple Russia , and the recovery of Kars , Ardahan and Batum gave the CUP a tangible prize . Nationalism emerged at the center of the diplomatic struggle between the Central Powers and the Bolsheviks .", "10": "Empire recognized that Russia 's Muslims , their co-religionists , are disorganized and dispersed to come out as an entity in the future battles of ideals , rhetoric , and material . Thus , the Ottomans mobilized the Caucasus Committee to make claims on behalf of the Muslims . The Caucasus Committee had declined Ottoman earnest requests to break from Russia and embrace independence . The Caucasian Christians was far ahead in this new world concept . Helping the Caucasian Muslims to be free , like their neighbors , would be the Ottomans ' challenge . 1918 ( edit ) In the overall war effort , the CUP was convinced that empire 's contribution was essential . Ottoman armies had tied down large numbers of Allied troops on various fronts , keeping them away from theatres in Europe where they would have been used against German and Austrian forces . Moreover , they claimed that their success at Gallipoli had been an important factor in bringing about the collapse of Russia , resulting in the revolution of April 1917 . They had turned the war in favor of Germany and her allies . Hopes were initially high for the Ottomans that their losses in the Middle East might be compensated for by successes in the Caucasus Campaign . Enver Pasha maintained an optimistic stance , hid information that made the Ottoman position appear weak , and let most of the Ottoman elite believe that the war was still winnable . Diplomacy with new states , 1918 ( edit ) Ottoman policy toward the Caucasus evolved according to the changing demands of the diplomatic and geopolitical environment . What was the Ottoman premise in involving with the Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus ? The Empire 's leaders , in the parliament discussions throughout 1917 , understood that Russia 's collapse presented a historic window of opportunity to redraw the map of the Caucasus . They were convinced , however , that soon enough Russia would recover and reemerge as the dominant power in the region and shut that window . The principle of `` self - determination '' became the criterion , or at least in part , to give them a chance to stand on their feet . The Bolsheviks did not regard national separatism in this region as a lasting force . Their expectation was whole region come under a `` voluntary and honest union '' and this union bearing no resemblance to Lenin 's famous description of Russia as a `` prison house of peoples . ''", "11": "Lenin 's arrival to Russia was formally welcomed by Nikolay Chkheidze , the Menshevik Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet . Ottoman 's did not see a chance of these new states to stand against new Russia . These new Muslim states needed support to be emerged as viable independent states . In order to consolidate a buffer zone with Russia ( both for the Empire and these new states ) , however , Ottomans needed to expel the Bolsheviks from Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus before the end of war . Based on 1917 negotiations , Enver concluded that Empire should not to expect much military assistance from the Muslims of the Caucasus as they were the one in need . Enver also knew the importance of Kars -- Julfa railroad and the adjacent areas for this support . Goal was set forward beginning from 1918 to end of the war . The Empire duly recognized the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in February 1918 . This preference to remain part of Russia led Caucasusian politics to the Trebizond Peace Conference to base their diplomacy on the incoherent assertion that they were an integral part of Russia but yet not bound The representatives were Rauf Bey for the Empire , and Akaki Chkhenkeli from the Transcaucasian delegation . On 11 May , a new peace conference opened at Batum . The Treaty of Batum was signed on 4 June 1918 , in Batum between the Ottoman Empire and three Trans - Caucasus states : First Republic of Armenia , Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Democratic Republic of Georgia . The goal was to assist Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at Battle of Baku , then turn north to assist the embattled Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus and then sweep southward to encircle the British in Mesopotamia and retake Baghdad . The British in Mesopotamia already moving north , with forty vans ( claimed to loaded with gold and silver for buying mercenary ) accompanied with only a brigade , to establish a foothold . At the time Baku was under the control of the 26 Baku Commissars which were Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary ( SR ) members of the Baku Soviet Commune . The commune was established in the city of Baku .", "12": "In this plan , they expected resistance from Bolshevik Russia and Britain , but also Germany , which opposed the extension of their influence into the Caucasus . Ottoman 's goal to side with Muslims of Azerbaijan and MRNC managed to get Bolsheviks of Russia , Britain and Germany on the same side of a conflict box at this brief point in the history . Diplomacy with new states Nikolay Chkheidze Hovhannes Katchaznouni Mammad Amin Rasulzade Leaders of the MRNC . Azerbaijani National Council , 28 May 1918 Winding down toward the Armistice , 1918 ( edit ) İkdam on 4 November 1918 announcing Enver , Talat , Cevdet left the country . Developments in Southeast Europe squashed the Ottoman government 's hopes . In September 1918 , the Allied forces under the command of Louis Franchet d'Espèrey mounted a sudden offensive at the Macedonian Front , which proved quite successful . Bulgaria was forced to sue for peace in the Armistice of Salonica . This development undermined both the German and Ottoman cause simultaneously - the Germans had no troops to spare to defend Austria - Hungary from the newly formed vulnerability in Southeast Europe after the losses it had suffered in France , and the Ottomans suddenly faced having to defend Istanbul against an overland European siege without help from the Bulgarians . Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha visited both Berlin , and Sofia , in September 1918 , and came away with the understanding that the war was no longer winnable . With Germany likely seeking a separate peace , the Ottomans would be forced to as well . Grand Vizier Talaat convinced the other members of the ruling party that they must resign , as the Allies would impose far harsher terms if they thought the people who started the war were still in power . He also sought out the United States to see if he could surrender to them and gain the benefits of the Fourteen Points despite the Ottoman Empire and the United States not being at war ; however , the Americans never responded , as they were waiting on British advice as to how to respond which never came . On 13 October , Talaat and the rest of his ministry resigned . Ahmed Izzet Pasha replaced Talaat as Grand Vizier .", "13": "Two days after taking office , Ahmed Izzet Pasha sent the captured British General Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend to the Allies to seek terms on an armistice . The British Cabinet were eager to negotiate a deal . British government interpreted that not only should Britain conduct the negotiations , but should conduct them alone . There may be a desire to cut the French out of territorial `` spoils '' promised to them in the Sykes - Picot agreement . Talaat ( before resigning ) had sent an emissary to the French as well , but that emissary had been slower to respond back . The British cabinet empowered Admiral Calthorpe to conduct the negotiations , and to explicitly exclude the French from them . The negotiations began on Sunday , 27 October on the HMS Agamemnon , a British battleship . The British refused to admit French Vice-Admiral Jean Amet , the senior French naval officer in the area , despite his desire to join ; the Ottoman delegation , headed by Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey . Unknown to both sides , both sides were actually quite eager to sign a deal and willing to give up their objectives to do so . The British delegation had been given a list of 24 demands , but were told to concede on any of them except allowing the occupation of the forts on the Dardanelles as well as free passage through the Bosphorus ; the British desired access to the Black Sea for the Rumanian front . Prime Minister David Lloyd George also desired to make a deal quickly before the United States could step in ; according to the diary of Maurice Hankey : ( Lloyd George ) was also very contemptuous of President Wilson and anxious to arrange the division of Empire between France , Italy , and G.B. before speaking to America . He also thought it would attract less attention to our enormous gains during the war if we swallowed our share of Empire now , and the German colonies later . The Ottomans , for their part , believed the war to be lost and would have accepted almost any demands placed on them . As a result , the initial draft prepared by the British was accepted largely unchanged ; the Ottomans did not know they could have pushed back on most of the clauses , and the British did not know they could have demanded even more .", "14": "The Ottomans ceded the rights to the Allies to occupy `` in case of disorder '' any Ottoman territory , a vague and broad clause . The French were displeased with the precedent ; French Premier Clemenceau disliked the British making unilateral decisions in so important a matter . Lloyd George countered that the French had concluded a similar armistice on short notice in the Armistice of Salonica which had been negotiated by French General d'Esperey , and that Great Britain ( and Czarist Russia ) had committed the vast majority of troops to the campaign against the Ottomans . The French agreed to accept the matter as closed . On 30 October 1918 , the Armistice of Mudros was signed , ending Ottoman involvement in World War 1 . The Ottoman public , however , was given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the Armistice . They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were , a source of discontent later that the Allies had betrayed the offered terms . Genocide ( edit ) Main articles : Armenian Genocide , Assyrian genocide , and Greek genocide During WWI the Ottoman Empire engaged in a genocide against local ethnicities in its territory . The Armenian Genocide , also known as the Armenian Holocaust , was the Ottoman government 's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Christian Armenians , mostly Ottoman citizens within the Ottoman Empire and its successor state , the Republic of Turkey . The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915 , the day that Ottoman authorities rounded up , arrested , and deported 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders from Constantinople to Ankara , the majority of whom were eventually murdered . The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able - bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour , followed by the deportation of women , children , the elderly , and the infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert . Driven forward by military escorts , the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery , rape , and massacre .", "15": "Other indigenous and Christian ethnic groups such as the Assyrians and the Ottoman Greeks were similarly targeted for extermination by the Ottoman government in the Assyrian genocide and the Greek genocide , and their treatment is considered by some historians to be part of the same genocidal policy . Most Armenian diaspora communities around the world came into being as a direct result of the genocide . Raphael Lemkin was explicitly moved by the Armenian annihilation to define systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters and to coin the word genocide in 1943 . The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides , because scholars point to the organized manner in which the killings were carried out in order to eliminate the Armenians , and it is the second most - studied case of genocide after the Holocaust . Turkey , the successor state of the Ottoman Empire , denies the word genocide as an accurate term for the mass killings of Armenians that began under Ottoman rule in 1915 . It has in recent years been faced with repeated calls to recognize them as genocide . To date , 29 countries have officially recognized the mass killings as genocide , as have most genocide scholars and historians . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sazonov 's commitment to a two - front war and disregard for Yudenich 's warnings to seek peace with the Ottomans had overstretched Russia . Jump up ^ The reference `` voluntary and honest union '' realized with the Soviet Union , as the 11th Red Army had its virtually unopposed advance to the region on 29 November 1920 . Jump up ^ Hovhannes Katchaznouni was in city of Van until 1914 . He was on the Armenian delegation that conducted peace talks at Trabzon and Batoum negotiations with the Empire . Includes most of to daysader nation of Europe References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicolle 2008 , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : Finkel 2007 , p. 529 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle 2008 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Nicolle 2008 , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Finkel 2007 , p. 530 Jump up ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski , Russian Azerbaijan 1905 -- 1920 , page 119 .", "16": "Jump up ^ Hovannisian . `` Armenia 's Road to Independence '' , pp. 288 -- 289 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6422 - X . Jump up ^ ( Shaw 1977 , p. 326 ) ^ Jump up to : Richard Hovannisian `` The Armenian people from ancient to modern times '' Pages 292 -- 293 Jump up ^ Aram , `` Why Armenia Should be Free '' , page 22 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle 2008 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Friedman , Isaiah ( 1971 ) . German Intervention on Behalf of the `` Yishuv '' , 1917 , Jewish Social Studies , Vol. 33 , pp. 23 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Finkel 2007 , p. 537 Jump up ^ Finkel 2007 , p. 531 Jump up ^ Melanie S. Tanielian . The Charity of War : Famine , Humanitarian Aid , and World War I in the Middle East ( Stanford , CA. : Stanford University Press , 2017 ) http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=28143 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) turkeyswar , Campaigns , Eastern Europe . Jump up ^ The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations : A-E , Ed . Cathal J. Nolan , ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2002 ) , 350 . ^ Jump up to : Kent 1996 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Finkel 2007 , pp. 536 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 2011 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011 , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 2011 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 2011 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Kent 1996 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : ( Fromkin 2009 , pp. 360 -- 373 ) ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 2011 , p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds 2011 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011 , p.", "17": "192 Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011 , p. 218 Jump up ^ Armenian Genocide ( affirmation ) , The International Association of Genocide Scholars , That this assembly of the Association of Genocide Scholars in its conference held in Montreal , June 11 -- 3 , 1997 , reaffirms that the mass murder of Armenians in Turkey in 1915 is a case of genocide which conforms to the statutes of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide . It further condemns the denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government and its official and unofficial agents and supporters . Jump up ^ Fisk , Robert ( 14 October 2006 ) . `` Let me denounce genocide from the dock '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 24 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 8 facts about the Armenian genocide 100 years ago - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years Ago , 1.5 Million Armenians Were Systematically Killed . Today , It 's Still Not A ' Genocide . ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kieser , Hans - Lukas ; Schaller , Dominik J. ( 2002 ) , Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah ( The Armenian genocide and the Shoah ) ( in German ) , Chronos , p. 114 , ISBN 3 - 0340 - 0561 - X Jump up ^ Walker , Christopher J. ( 1980 ) , Armenia : The Survival of A Nation , London : Croom Helm , pp. 200 -- 3 Jump up ^ Bryce , Viscount James ; Toynbee , Arnold ( 2000 ) , Sarafian , Ara , ed. , The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire , 1915 -- 1916 : Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden ( uncensored ed . ) , Princeton , NJ : Gomidas Institute , pp.", "18": "635 -- 49 , ISBN 0 - 9535191 - 5 - 5 Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ Jones , Adam ( 2010 ) . Genocide : A Comprehensive Introduction . Taylor & Francis . pp. 171 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 84696 - 4 . A resolution was placed before the IAGS membership to recognize the Greek and Assyrian / Chaldean components of the Ottoman genocide against Christians , alongside the Armenian strand of the genocide ( which the IAGS has already formally acknowledged ) . The result , passed emphatically in December 2007 despite not inconsiderable opposition , was a resolution which I co-drafted , reading as follows : ... Jump up ^ `` The Many Armenian Diasporas , Then and Now '' . GeoCurrents . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Totally Unofficial : The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . 2013 . pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution '' . Armenian genocide . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2006 ) . The War of the World : Twentieth - Century Conflict and the Descent of the West . New York : Penguin Press . p. 177 . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 100 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars '' ( PDF ) . Genocide Watch . 13 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Rummel , RJ ( 1 April 1998 ) , `` The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective '' , The Journal of Social Issues , 3 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` For Turkey , denying an Armenian genocide is a question of identity '' .", "19": "america.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia - Official Web Site - parliament.am '' . parliament.am . Archived from the original on 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Renwick Monroe , Kristen ( 2012 ) . Ethics in an Age of Terror and Genocide : Identity and Moral Choice . Princeton University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 15143 - 1 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Loytomaki , Stiina ( 2014 ) . Law and the Politics of Memory : Confronting the Past . Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 00736 - 1 . To date , more than 20 countries in the world have officially recognized the events as genocide and most historians and genocide scholars accept this view . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and International Justice . Infobase Publishing . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7310 - 8 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . Westport , CT : Greenwood . Fromkin , David ( 2009 ) . A Peace to End All Peace : The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8809 - 0 . Finkel , Caroline ( 2007 ) . Osman 's Dream : The History of the Ottoman Empire . Basic Books . Kent , Marian ( 1996 ) . The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire . Routledge . ISBN 0714641545 . Nicolle , David ( 2008 ) . The Ottomans : Empire of Faith . Thalamus Publishing . ISBN 1902886119 .", "20": "Francesco Pongiluppi ( 2015 ) . The Energetic Issue as a Key Factor of the Fall of the Ottoman Empire . in `` The First World War : Analysis and Interpretation '' ( ed. by Biagini and Motta ) , Vol. 2. , Newcastle , Cambridge Scholars Publishing , pp. 453 -- 464 . Reynolds , Michael A. ( 2011 ) . Shattering Empires : The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908 -- 1918 . Cambridge University Press . p. 324 . ISBN 0521149169 . Shaw , Ezel Kural ( 1977 ) . History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21280 - 4 . ( hide ) Ottoman Empire articles History Osman 's Dream Rise Gaza Thesis Interregnum Constantinople Classical Age Sultanate of Women Transformation Decline Thesis Köprülü Stagnation and reform Tulip Decline and modernization Tanzimat 1st Constitutional Defeat and dissolution 2nd Constitutional Partitioning Abolition Politics Foreign relations Law Constitution Armenian Constitution Electoral Civil codes Mecelle Halakha Government House of Osman Ottoman dynasty List of Ottoman sultans Ottoman Caliphate Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Imperial Harem Valide sultan Haseki sultan Kadınefendi Hanımefendi List of Ottoman sultans ' mothers List of Ottoman sultans ' consorts Kizlar Agha Inner Palace Service Kapi Agha Palace Schools Central ( Porte )", "21": "Imperial Council ( Classic period ) Grand Vizier Viziers Kazaskers Defterdars / Ministers of Finance Nişancı Reis ül - Küttab Imperial Government ( constitutional period ) Assembly Senate Chamber of Deputies Millets Islam Shaykh al - Islām Christianity Rum Millet Bulgarian Millet Orthodox Armenian Syriac Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Judaism Hakham Bashi Provincial Eyalets Beylerbeys Vilayets Sanjaks Sanjakbeys Mutasarrifates Kazas / Kadiluks Vassal and tributary states Military Army Classic period army Reform period Nizam - i Djedid Sekban - i Djedid Mansure Army Hamidiye Modernized army Navy Kapudan Pasha List Imperial Arsenal Admirals Naval battles Ships Other Aviation Conscription Weapons Economy By era Enlargement Reformation Agriculture Central bank Currency Akçe Para Sultani Kuruş Lira Taxation Transport Society Social structure Devshirme Ottomanism Ottoman court Court Positions Languages Ottoman Turkish Slavery Culture Architecture Mosques Art Miniature Music Clothing", "22": "Cuisine Literature Prose Poetry Science and technology Demographics Armenians Greeks Jews Religion Islam Christianity and Judaism Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Tughra Outline Index Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I&oldid=821344729 '' Categories : 1910s in the Ottoman Empire 20th century in international relations Politics of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire in World War I Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) NPOV disputes from May 2015 All NPOV disputes Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with unsourced quotes All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Español Français Հայերեն Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 22 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 14, 13, 2, 6, 12, 9, 1, 8, 11, 3, 18, 22, 19, 7, 10, 0, 5, 16, 4, 15, 17, 20, 21 ]	[ 14, 13, 2, 6, 12 ]
3157326644448626515	what is the transfer speed for sata 1	[ "1.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 16 Gbit/s", "1.5 Gbit/s", "an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit/s (150 MB/s)", "1.5 Gbit/s" ]	{ "0": "Serial ATA - wikipedia Serial ATA Jump to : navigation , search `` SATA '' redirects here . For other uses , see SATA ( disambiguation ) . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Serial ATA ( SATA ) Year created 2000 Supersedes Parallel ATA ( PATA ) Speed 1.5 , 3.0 , 6.0 and 16 Gbit / s Style Serial Hotplugging interface Yes External interface Optional ( eSATA ) Serial ATA ( SATA , abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment ) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives , optical drives , and solid - state drives . Serial ATA succeeded the older Parallel ATA ( PATA ) standard , offering several advantages over the older interface : reduced cable size and cost ( seven conductors instead of 40 or 80 ) , native hot swapping , faster data transfer through higher signaling rates , and more efficient transfer through an ( optional ) I / O queuing protocol . Although , a number of hot plug PATA offering were first invented and marketed by Core International beginning in the late 1980s for the Micro Channel architecture bus controllers . Before SATA 's introduction in 2000 , PATA was simply known as ATA . The `` AT Attachment '' ( ATA ) name originated after the 1984 release of the IBM Personal Computer AT , more commonly known as the IBM AT . The IBM AT 's controller interface became a de facto industry interface for the inclusion of hard disks . `` AT '' was IBM 's abbreviation for `` Advanced Technology '' ; thus , many companies and organizations indicate SATA is an abbreviation of `` Serial Advanced Technology Attachment '' ; however , the ATA specifications simply use the name `` AT Attachment '' , to avoid possible trademark issues with IBM . SATA host adapters and devices communicate via a high - speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors . In contrast , parallel ATA ( the redesignation for the legacy ATA specifications ) uses a 16 - bit wide data bus with many additional support and control signals , all operating at much lower frequency .", "1": "To ensure backward compatibility with legacy ATA software and applications , SATA uses the same basic ATA and ATAPI command sets as legacy ATA devices . SATA has replaced parallel ATA in consumer desktop and laptop computers ; SATA 's market share in the desktop PC market was 99 % in 2008 . PATA has mostly been replaced by SATA for any use ; with PATA in declining use in industrial and embedded applications that use CompactFlash ( CF ) storage , which was designed around the legacy PATA standard . A 2008 standard , CFast to replace CompactFlash is based on SATA . Serial ATA industry compatibility specifications originate from the Serial ATA International Organization ( SATA - IO ) . The SATA - IO group collaboratively creates , reviews , ratifies , and publishes the interoperability specifications , the test cases and plugfests . As with many other industry compatibility standards , the SATA content ownership is transferred to other industry bodies : primarily the INCITS T13 subcommittee ATA , the INCITS T10 subcommittee ( SCSI ) , a subgroup of T10 responsible for Serial Attached SCSI ( SAS ) . The remainder of this article strives to use the SATA - IO terminology and specifications . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 1.1 Hotplug 1.2 Advanced Host Controller Interface 2 Revisions 2.1 SATA revision 1.0 ( 1.5 Gbit / s , 150 MB / s , Serial ATA - 150 ) 2.2 SATA revision 2.0 ( 3 Gbit / s , 300 MB / s , Serial ATA - 300 ) 2.2. 1 SATA revision 2.5 2.2. 2 SATA revision 2.6 2.3 SATA revision 3.0 ( 6 Gbit / s , 600 MB / s , Serial ATA - 600 ) 2.3. 1 SATA revision 3.1 2.3. 2 SATA revision 3.2 ( 16 Gbit / s , 1969 MB / s ) 2.3. 3 SATA revision 3.3 3 Cables , connectors , and ports 3.1 Data connector 3.2 Power connectors 3.2. 1 Standard connector 3.2.", "2": "2 Slimline connector 3.2. 3 Micro connector 3.3 eSATA 3.3. 1 eSATAp 3.3. 2 Pre-standard implementations 3.4 Mini-SATA ( mSATA ) 3.5 SFF - 8784 connector 3.6 SATA Express 3.7 M. 2 ( NGFF ) 3.8 U. 2 ( SFF - 8639 ) 4 Protocol 4.1 Physical layer 4.2 Link layer 4.3 Transport layer 5 Topology 6 Backward and forward compatibility 6.1 SATA and PATA 6.2 SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 3 Gbit / s 6.3 SATA 3 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s 6.4 SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s 7 Comparison to other interfaces 7.1 SATA and SCSI 7.2 Comparison with other buses 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Features ( edit ) SATA 6 Gbit / s controller , a PCI Express × 1 card with Marvell chipset Hotplug ( edit ) The Serial ATA Spec requirements for SATA device hot plugging , that is , devices and motherboards that meet the specification are capable of insertion / removal of a device into / from a backplane connector ( combined signal and power ) that has power on . After insertion , both the Device and Host initialize and then operate normally . The powered Host or Device is not necessarily in a quiescent state . Unlike PATA , both SATA and eSATA support hotplugging by design . However , this feature requires proper support at the host , device ( drive ) , and operating - system levels . In general , all SATA devices ( drives ) support hotplugging ( due to the requirements on the device - side ) , also most SATA host adapters support this function . Advanced host controller interface ( edit ) Advanced Host Controller Interface ( AHCI ) is an open host controller interface published and used by Intel , which has become a de facto standard .", "3": "It allows the use of advanced features of SATA such as hotplug and native command queuing ( NCQ ) . If AHCI is not enabled by the motherboard and chipset , SATA controllers typically operate in `` IDE emulation '' mode , which does not allow access to device features not supported by the ATA ( also called IDE ) standard . Windows device drivers that are labeled as SATA are often running in IDE emulation mode unless they explicitly state that they are AHCI mode , in RAID mode , or a mode provided by a proprietary driver and command set that allowed access to SATA 's advanced features before AHCI became popular . Modern versions of Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , FreeBSD , Linux with version 2.6. 19 onward , as well as Solaris and OpenSolaris , include support for AHCI , but older operating systems such as Windows XP do not . Even in those instances , a proprietary driver may have been created for a specific chipset , such as Intel 's . Revisions ( edit ) SATA revisions are often designated with a dash followed by roman numerals , e.g. `` SATA - III '' , to avoid confusion with the speed , which is always displayed in Arabic numerals , e.g. `` SATA 6 Gbit / s '' . SATA revision 10 ( 1.5 Gbit / s , 150 MB / s , Serial ATA - 150 ) ( edit ) Revision 1.0 a was released on January 7 , 2003 . First - generation SATA interfaces , now known as SATA 1.5 Gbit / s , communicate at a rate of 1.5 Gbit / s , and do not support Native Command Queuing ( NCQ ) . Taking 8b / 10b encoding overhead into account , they have an actual uncoded transfer rate of 1.2 Gbit / s ( 150 MB / s ) . The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 1.5 Gbit / s is similar to that of PATA / 133 , but newer SATA devices offer enhancements such as NCQ , which improve performance in a multitasking environment . During the initial period after SATA 1.5 Gbit / s finalization , adapter and drive manufacturers used a `` bridge chip '' to convert existing PATA designs for use with the SATA interface .", "4": "Bridged drives have a SATA connector , may include either or both kinds of power connectors , and , in general , perform identically to their native - SATA equivalents . However , most bridged drives lack support for some SATA - specific features such as NCQ . Native SATA products quickly took over the bridged products with the introduction of the second generation of SATA drives . As of April 2010 , the fastest 10,000 rpm SATA hard disk drives could transfer data at maximum ( not average ) rates of up to 157 MB / s , which is beyond the capabilities of the older PATA / 133 specification and also exceeds the capabilities of SATA 1.5 Gbit / s . SATA revision 2.0 ( 3 Gbit / s , 300 MB / s , Serial ATA - 300 ) ( edit ) SATA revision 2.0 was released in April 2004 , introducing Native Command Queuing ( NCQ ) . It is backward compatible with SATA 1.5 Gbit / s . Second - generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 3.0 Gbit / s that , when accounted for the 8b / 10b encoding scheme , equals to the maximum uncoded transfer rate of 2.4 Gbit / s ( 300 MB / s ) . The theoretical burst throughput of the SATA revision 2.0 , which is also known as the SATA 3 Gbit / s , doubles the throughput of SATA revision 1.0 . All SATA data cables meeting the SATA spec are rated for 3.0 Gbit / s and handle modern mechanical drives without any loss of sustained and burst data transfer performance . However , high - performance flash - based drives can exceed the SATA 3 Gbit / s transfer rate ; this is addressed with the SATA 6 Gbit / s interoperability standard . SATA revision 2.5 ( edit ) Announced in August 2005 , SATA revision 2.5 consolidated the specification to a single document . SATA revision 26 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 ) Announced in February 2007 , SATA revision 2.6 introduced the following features : Slimline connector .", "5": "SATA revision 3.0 ( 6 Gbit / s , 600 MB / s , Serial ATA - 600 ) ( edit ) Serial ATA International Organization ( SATA - IO ) presented the draft specification of SATA 6 Gbit / s physical layer in July 2008 , and ratified its physical layer specification on August 18 , 2008 . The full 3.0 standard was released on May 27 , 2009 . Third - generation SATA interfaces run with a native transfer rate of 6.0 Gbit / s ; taking 8b / 10b encoding into account , the maximum uncoded transfer rate is 4.8 Gbit / s ( 600 MB / s ) . The theoretical burst throughput of SATA 6.0 Gbit / s is double that of SATA revision 2.0 . It is backward compatible with SATA 3 Gbit / s . The SATA 3.0 specification contains the following changes : 6 Gbit / s for scalable performance . Continued compatibility with SAS , including SAS 6 Gbit / s , as per `` a SAS domain may support attachment to and control of unmodified SATA devices connected directly into the SAS domain using the Serial ATA Tunneled Protocol ( STP ) '' from the SATA Revision 3.0 Gold specification . Isochronous Native Command Queuing ( NCQ ) streaming command to enable isochronous quality of service data transfers for streaming digital content applications . An NCQ management feature that helps optimize performance by enabling host processing and management of outstanding NCQ commands . Improved power management capabilities . A small low insertion force ( LIF ) connector for more compact 1.8 - inch storage devices . A 7 mm optical disk drive profile for the slimline SATA connector ( in addition to the existing 12.7 mm and 9.5 mm profiles ) . Alignment with the INCITS ATA8 - ACS standard . In general , the enhancements are aimed at improving quality of service for video streaming and high - priority interrupts . In addition , the standard continues to support distances up to one meter . The newer speeds may require higher power consumption for supporting chips , though improved process technologies and power management techniques may mitigate this .", "6": "The later specification can use existing SATA cables and connectors , though it was reported in 2008 that some OEMs were expected to upgrade host connectors for the higher speeds . SATA revision 3.1 ( edit ) Released in July 2011 , SATA revision 3.1 introduced or changed the following features : mSATA , SATA for solid - state drives in mobile computing devices , a PCI Express Mini Card - like connector that is electrically SATA . Zero - power optical disk drive , idle SATA optical drive draws no power . Queued TRIM Command , improves solid - state drive performance . Required Link Power Management , reduces overall system power demand of several SATA devices . Hardware Control Features , enable host identification of device capabilities . Universal Storage Module ( USM ) , a new standard for cableless plug - in ( slot ) powered storage for consumer electronics devices . SATA revision 3.2 ( 16 Gbit / s , 1969 MB / s ) ( edit ) Released in August 2013 , SATA revision 3.2 introduced the following features : The SATA Express specification defines an interface that combines both SATA and PCI Express buses , making it possible for legacy SATA and PCI Express storage devices to coexist ; see the SATA Express section below for a more detailed summary . The SATA M. 2 standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface , with the addition of an internal USB 3.0 port ; see the M. 2 ( NGFF ) section below for a more detailed summary . microSSD introduces a ball grid array electrical interface for miniaturized , embedded SATA storage . USM Slim reduces thickness of Universal Storage Module ( USM ) from 14.5 millimetres ( 0.57 inches ) to 9 millimetres ( 0.35 inches ) . DevSleep enables lower power consumption for always - on devices while they are in low - power modes such as InstantGo ( which used to be known as Connected Standby ) . Hybrid Information provides higher performance for solid - state hybrid drives . SATA revision 3.3 ( edit ) Released in February 2016 , SATA revision 3.3 introduced the following features : Shingled Magnetic Recording ( SMR ) support that provides a 25 percent or greater increase in hard disk drive capacity by overlapping tracks on the media .", "7": "Power Disable feature allows for remote power cycling of SATA drives and a Rebuild Assist function that speeds up the rebuild process to help ease maintenance in the data center . Transmitter Emphasis Specification increases interoperability and reliability between host and devices in electrically demanding environments . An activity indicator and staggered spin - up can be controlled by the same pin , adding flexibility and providing users with more choices . The new Power Disable feature ( similar to the SAS Power Disable feature ) uses Pin 3 of the SATA power connector . Some legacy power supplies that provide 3.3 V power on Pin 3 would force drives with Power Disable feature to get stuck in a hard reset condition preventing them from spinning up . The problem can usually be eliminated by using a simple `` Molex to SATA '' power adaptor to supply power to these drives . Cables , connectors , and ports ( edit ) 2.5 - inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5 - inch SATA drive , close - up of data and power connectors Connectors and cables present the most visible differences between SATA and parallel ATA drives . Unlike PATA , the same connectors are used on 3.5 - inch ( 89 mm ) SATA hard disks ( for desktop and server computers ) and 2.5 - inch ( 64 mm ) disks ( for portable or small computers ) . Standard SATA connectors for both data and power have a conductor pitch of 1.27 mm ( 0.050 inches ) . Low insertion force is required to mate a SATA connector . A smaller mini-SATA or mSATA connector is used by smaller devices such as 1.8 - inch SATA drives , some DVD and Blu - ray drives , and mini SSDs . A special eSATA connector is specified for external devices , and an optionally implemented provision for clips to hold internal connectors firmly in place . SATA drives may be plugged into SAS controllers and communicate on the same physical cable as native SAS disks , but SATA controllers can not handle SAS disks . Female SATA ports ( on motherboards for example ) are for use with SATA data cables that have locks or clips to prevent accidental unplugging . Some SATA cables have right - or left - angled connectors to ease connection to circuit boards .", "8": "Data connector ( edit ) See also : SATA Express connectors Standard connector , data segment Pin # Mating Function 1st Ground 2nd A+ ( transmit ) 2nd A − ( transmit ) 1st Ground 5 2nd B − ( receive ) 6 2nd B+ ( receive ) 7 1st Ground -- Coding notch The SATA standard defines a data cable with seven conductors ( three grounds and four active data lines in two pairs ) and 8 mm wide wafer connectors on each end . SATA cables can have lengths up to 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) , and connect one motherboard socket to one hard drive . PATA ribbon cables , in comparison , connect one motherboard socket to one or two hard drives , carry either 40 or 80 wires , and are limited to 45 centimetres ( 18 in ) in length by the PATA specification ; however , cables up to 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) are readily available . Thus , SATA connectors and cables are easier to fit in closed spaces and reduce obstructions to air cooling . Although they are more susceptible to accidental unplugging and breakage than PATA , users can purchase cables that have a locking feature , whereby a small ( usually metal ) spring holds the plug in the socket . SATA connectors may be straight , right - angled , or left angled . Angled connectors allow lower - profile connections . Right - angled ( also called 90 - degree ) connectors lead the cable immediately away from the drive , on the circuit - board side . Left - angled ( also called 270 - degree ) connectors lead the cable across the drive towards its top . One of the problems associated with the transmission of data at high speed over electrical connections is described as noise , which is due to electrical coupling between data circuits and other circuits . As a result , the data circuits can both affect other circuits and be affected by them . Designers use a number of techniques to reduce the undesirable effects of such unintentional coupling . One such technique used in SATA links is differential signaling . This is an enhancement over PATA , which uses single - ended signaling .", "9": "The use of fully shielded twin - ax conductors , with multiple ground connections , for each differential pair improves isolation between the channels and reduces the chances of lost data in difficult electrical environments . A seven - pin SATA data cable ( left - angled version of the connector ) SATA connector on a 3.5 - inch hard drive , with data pins on the left and power pins on the right . The two different pin lengths ensure a specific mating order ; the longer lengths are ground pins and make contact first . SATA 3.0 ( 6 Gbit / s ) cable showing fully shielded twin - ax pairs Power connectors ( edit ) Standard connector ( edit ) Standard connector , power segment Pin # Mating Function -- Coding notch 3rd 3.3 V Power 3rd 2nd Enter / exit Power Disable ( PWDIS ) mode ( 3.3 V Power , Pre-charge prior to SATA 3.3 ) 1st Ground 5 2nd 6 2nd 7 2nd 5 V Power , Pre-charge 8 3rd 5 V Power 9 3rd 10 2nd Ground 11 3rd Staggered spinup / activity ( in supporting drives ) 12 1st Ground 13 2nd 12 V Power , Pre-charge 14 3rd 12 V Power 15 3rd A fifteen - pin SATA power connector ( this particular connector is missing the orange 3.3 V wire ) SATA specifies a different power connector than the four - pin Molex connector used on Parallel ATA ( PATA ) devices ( and earlier small storage devices , going back to ST - 506 hard disk drives and even to floppy disk drives that predated the IBM PC ) . It is a wafer - type connector , like the SATA data connector , but much wider ( fifteen pins versus seven ) to avoid confusion between the two . Some early SATA drives included the four - pin Molex power connector together with the new fifteen - pin connector , but most SATA drives now have only the latter .", "10": "The new SATA power connector contains many more pins for several reasons : 3.3 V is supplied along with the traditional 5 V and 12 V supplies . However , very few drives actually use it , so they may be powered from a four - pin Molex connector with an adapter . Pin 3 in SATA revision 3.3 has been redefined as PWDIS and is used to enter and exit the POWER DISABLE mode for compatibility with SAS specification . If Pin 3 is driven HIGH ( 2.1 -- 3.6 V max ) , power to the drive circuitry is disabled . Drives with this feature do not power up in systems designed to SATA revision 3.1 or earlier . This is because Pin 3 driven HIGH prevents the drive from powering up . To reduce impedance and increase current capability , each voltage is supplied by three pins in parallel , though one pin in each group is intended for precharging ( see below ) . Each pin should be able to carry 1.5 A . Five parallel pins provide a low - impedance ground connection . Two ground pins and one pin for each supplied voltage support hot - plug precharging . Ground pins 4 and 12 in a hot - swap cable are the longest , so they make contact first when the connectors are mated . Drive power connector pins 3 , 7 , and 13 are longer than the others , so they make contact next . The drive uses them to charge its internal bypass capacitors through current - limiting resistances . Finally , the remaining power pins make contact , bypassing the resistances and providing a low - impedance source of each voltage . This two - step mating process avoids glitches to other loads and possible arcing or erosion of the SATA power - connector contacts . Pin 11 can function for staggered spinup , activity indication , both , or nothing . It is an open - collector signal , which may be pulled down by the connector or the drive . If pulled down at the connector ( as it is on most cable - style SATA power connectors ) , the drive spins up as soon as power is applied . If left floating , the drive waits until it is spoken to . This prevents many drives from spinning up simultaneously , which might draw too much power . The pin is also pulled low by the drive to indicate drive activity .", "11": "This may be used to give feedback to the user through an LED . Passive adapters are available that convert a four - pin Molex connector to a SATA power connector , providing the 5 V and 12 V lines available on the Molex connector , but not 3.3 V. There are also four - pin Molex - to - SATA power adapters that include electronics to additionally provide the 3.3 V power supply . However , most drives do not require the 3.3 V power line . Slimline connector ( edit ) Slimline connector , power segment Pin # Mating Function -- Coding notch 3rd Device presence 2nd 5 V Power 2nd 2nd Manufacturing diagnostic 5 1st Ground 6 1st SATA 2.6 is the first revision that defined the slimline connector , intended for smaller form - factors such as notebook optical drives . Pin 1 of the slimline signal connector , denoting device presence , is shorter than the others to allow hot - swapping . The slimline signal connector is identical and compatible with the standard version , while the power connector is reduced to six pins so it supplies only + 5 V , and not + 12 V or + 3.3 V . Low - cost adapters exist to convert from standard SATA to slimline SATA . A six - pin slimline SATA power connector The back of a SATA - based slimline optical drive Micro connector ( edit ) Micro connector , power segment Pin # Mating Function 3rd 3.3 V Power 2nd 1st Ground 1st 5 2nd 5 V Power 6 3rd 7 3rd Reserved -- Coding notch 8 3rd Vendor specific 9 2nd A 1.8 - inch ( 46 mm ) micro SATA hard drive with numbered data and power pins on the connector . The micro SATA connector ( sometimes called uSATA or μSATA ) originated with SATA 2.6 , and is intended for 1.8 - inch ( 46 mm ) hard disk drives .", "12": "There is also a micro data connector , similar in appearance but slightly thinner than the standard data connector . ESATA ( edit ) Not to be confused with SATAe . The official eSATA logo SATA ( left ) and eSATA ( right ) connectors eSATA ports Standardized in 2004 , eSATA ( e standing for external ) provides a variant of SATA meant for external connectivity . It uses a more robust connector , longer shielded cables , and stricter ( but backward - compatible ) electrical standards . The protocol and logical signaling ( link / transport layers and above ) are identical to internal SATA . The differences are : Minimum transmit amplitude increased : Range is 500 -- 600 mV instead of 400 -- 600 mV . Minimum receive amplitude decreased : Range is 240 -- 600 mV instead of 325 -- 600 mV . Maximum cable length increased to 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) from 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) . The eSATA cable and connector is similar to the SATA 1.0 a cable and connector , with these exceptions : The eSATA connector is mechanically different to prevent unshielded internal cables from being used externally . The eSATA connector discards the `` L '' - shaped key and changes the position and size of the guides . The eSATA insertion depth is deeper : 6.6 mm instead of 5 mm . The contact positions are also changed . The eSATA cable has an extra shield to reduce EMI to FCC and CE requirements . Internal cables do not need the extra shield to satisfy EMI requirements because they are inside a shielded case . The eSATA connector uses metal springs for shield contact and mechanical retention . The eSATA connector has a design - life of 5,000 matings ; the ordinary SATA connector is only specified for 50 . Aimed at the consumer market , eSATA enters an external storage market served also by the USB and FireWire interfaces . The SATA interface has certain advantages . Most external hard - disk - drive cases with FireWire or USB interfaces use either PATA or SATA drives and `` bridges '' to translate between the drives ' interfaces and the enclosures ' external ports ; this bridging incurs some inefficiency .", "13": "Some single disks can transfer 157 MB / s during real use , about four times the maximum transfer rate of USB 2.0 or FireWire 400 ( IEEE 1394a ) and almost twice as fast as the maximum transfer rate of FireWire 800 . The S3200 FireWire 1394b specification reaches around 400 MB / s ( 3.2 Gbit / s ) , and USB 3.0 has a nominal speed of 5 Gbit / s . Some low - level drive features , such as S.M.A.R.T. , may not operate through some USB or FireWire or USB + FireWire bridges ; eSATA does not suffer from these issues provided that the controller manufacturer ( and its drivers ) presents eSATA drives as ATA devices , rather than as SCSI devices , as has been common with Silicon Image , JMicron , and NVIDIA nForce drivers for Windows Vista . In those cases SATA drives do not have low - level features accessible . The eSATA version of SATA 6G operates at 6.0 Gbit / s ( the term `` SATA III '' is avoided by the SATA - IO organization to prevent confusion with SATA II 3.0 Gbit / s , which was colloquially referred to as `` SATA 3G '' ( bit / s ) or `` SATA 300 '' ( MB / s ) since the 1.5 Gbit / s SATA I and 1.5 Gbit / s SATA II were referred to as both `` SATA 1.5 G '' ( bit / s ) or `` SATA 150 '' ( MB / s ) ) . Therefore , eSATA connections operate with negligible differences between them . Once an interface can transfer data as fast as a drive can handle them , increasing the interface speed does not improve data transfer . There are some disadvantages , however , to the eSATA interface : Devices built before the eSATA interface became popular lack external SATA connectors . For small form - factor devices ( such as external 2.5 - inch ( 64 mm ) disks ) , a PC - hosted USB or FireWire link can usually supply sufficient power to operate the device . However , eSATA connectors can not supply power , and require a power supply for the external device .", "14": "The related eSATAp ( but mechanically incompatible , sometimes called eSATA / USB ) connector adds power to an external SATA connection , so that an additional power supply is not needed . As of mid 2017 few new computers have dedicated external SATA ( eSATA ) connectors , with USB3 dominating and USB3 Type C , often with the Thunderbolt replacement for the Lightning standard , starting to replace the earlier USB connectors . Still sometimes present are single ports supporting both USB3 and eSATA . Desktop computers without a built - in eSATA interface can install an eSATA host bus adapter ( HBA ) ; if the motherboard supports SATA , an externally available eSATA connector can be added . Notebook computers with the now rare Cardbus or ExpressCard could add an eSATA HBA . With passive adapters , the maximum cable length is reduced to 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) due to the absence of compliant eSATA signal - levels . ESATAp ( edit ) Main article : eSATAp eSATAp stands for powered eSATA . It is also known as Power over eSATA , Power eSATA , eSATA / USB Combo , or eSATA USB Hybrid Port ( EUHP ) . An eSATAp port combines the four pins of the USB 2.0 ( or earlier ) port , the seven pins of the eSATA port , and optionally two 12 V power pins . Both SATA traffic and device power are integrated in a single cable , as is the case with USB but not eSATA . The 5 V power is provided through two USB pins , while the 12 V power may optionally be provided . Typically desktop , but not notebook , computers provide 12 V power , so can power devices requiring this voltage , typically 3.5 - inch disk and CD / DVD drives , in addition to 5 V devices such as 2.5 - inch drives . Both USB and eSATA devices can be used with an eSATAp port , when plugged in with a USB or eSATA cable , respectively . An eSATA device can not be powered via an eSATAp cable , but a special cable can make both SATA or eSATA and power connectors available from an eSATAp port .", "15": "An eSATAp connector can be built into a computer with internal SATA and USB , by fitting a bracket with connections for internal SATA , USB , and power connectors and an externally accessible eSATAp port . Though eSATAp connectors have been built into several devices , manufacturers do not refer to an official standard . Pre-standard implementations ( edit ) Prior to the final eSATA 3 Gbit / s specification , a number of products were designed for external connection of SATA drives . Some of these use the internal SATA connector , or even connectors designed for other interface specifications , such as FireWire . These products are not eSATA compliant . The final eSATA specification features a specific connector designed for rough handling , similar to the regular SATA connector , but with reinforcements in both the male and female sides , inspired by the USB connector . eSATA resists inadvertent unplugging , and can withstand yanking or wiggling , which could break a male SATA connector ( the hard - drive or host adapter , usually fitted inside the computer ) . With an eSATA connector , considerably more force is needed to damage the connector -- and if it does break , it is likely to be the female side , on the cable itself , which is relatively easy to replace . Prior to the final eSATA 6 Gbit / s specification many add - on cards and some motherboards advertised eSATA 6 Gbit / s support because they had 6 Gbit / s SATA 3.0 controllers for internal - only solutions . Those implementations are non-standard , and eSATA 6 Gbit / s requirements were ratified in the July 18 , 2011 SATA 3.1 specification . Some products might not be fully eSATA 6 Gbit / s compliant . Mini-SATA ( mSATA ) ( edit ) See also : PCI Express § Mini-SATA ( mSATA ) variant An mSATA SSD on top of a 2.5 - inch SATA drive Mini-SATA ( abbreviated as mSATA ) , which is distinct from the micro connector , was announced by the Serial ATA International Organization on September 21 , 2009 . Applications include netbooks , laptops and other devices that require a solid - state drive in a small footprint .", "16": "The connector is similar in appearance to a PCI Express Mini Card interface , but is not electrically compatible ; the data signals ( TX ± / RX ± SATA , PETn0 PETp0 PERn0 PERp0 PCI Express ) need a connection to the SATA host controller instead of the PCI Express host controller . SFF - 8784 connector ( edit ) SFF - 8784 connector Bottom Top Pin Function Pin Function Pin Function Pin Function Ground 6 Unused 11 Ground 16 + 5 V Ground 7 + 5 V 12 B+ ( transmit ) 17 Ground Ground 8 Unused 13 B − ( transmit ) 18 A − ( receive ) Ground 9 Unused 14 Ground 19 A+ ( receive ) 5 LED 10 Ground 15 + 5 V 20 Ground Slim 2.5 - inch SATA devices , 5 mm ( 0.20 inches ) in height , use the twenty - pin SFF - 8784 edge connector to save space . By combining the data signals and power lines into a slim connector that effectively enables direct connection to the device 's printed circuit board ( PCB ) without additional space - consuming connectors , SFF - 8784 allows further internal layout compaction for portable devices such as ultrabooks . Pins 1 to 10 are on the connector 's bottom side , while pins 11 to 20 are on the top side . SATA Express ( edit ) Two SATA Express connectors ( light gray ) on a computer motherboard ; to the right of them are common SATA connectors ( dark gray ) Main article : SATA Express SATA Express , initially standardized in the SATA 3.2 specification , is an interface that supports either SATA or PCI Express storage devices . The host connector is backward compatible with the standard 3.5 - inch SATA data connector , allowing up to two legacy SATA devices to connect . At the same time , the host connector provides up to two PCI Express 3.0 lanes as a pure PCI Express connection to the storage device , allowing bandwidths of up to 2 GB / s .", "17": "Instead of the otherwise usual approach of doubling the native speed of the SATA interface , PCI Express was selected for achieving data transfer speeds greater than 6 Gbit / s . It was concluded that doubling the native SATA speed would take too much time , too many changes would be required to the SATA standard , and would result in a much greater power consumption when compared to the existing PCI Express bus . In addition to supporting legacy Advanced Host Controller Interface ( AHCI ) , SATA Express also makes it possible for NVM Express ( NVMe ) to be used as the logical device interface for connected PCI Express storage devices . M. 2 ( NGFF ) ( edit ) Size comparison of mSATA ( left ) and M. 2 ( size 2242 , right ) SSDs Main article : M. 2 M. 2 , formerly known as the Next Generation Form Factor ( NGFF ) , is a specification for computer expansion cards and associated connectors . It replaces the mSATA standard , which uses the PCI Express Mini Card physical layout . Having a smaller and more flexible physical specification , together with more advanced features , the M. 2 is more suitable for solid - state storage applications in general , especially when used in small devices like ultrabooks or tablets . The M. 2 standard is designed as a revision and improvement to the mSATA standard , so that larger printed circuit boards ( PCBs ) can be manufactured . While mSATA took advantage of the existing PCI Express Mini Card form factor and connector , M. 2 has been designed to maximize usage of the card space , while minimizing the footprint . Supported host controller interfaces and internally provided ports are a superset to those defined by the SATA Express interface . Essentially , the M. 2 standard is a small form factor implementation of the SATA Express interface , with the addition of an internal USB 3.0 port . U. 2 ( SFF - 8639 ) ( edit ) U. 2 , formerly known as SFF - 8639 . Like its predecessor it carries a PCI Express electrical signal , however U. 2 uses a PCIe 3.0 × 4 link providing a higher bandwidth of 32 Gbit / s in each direction . Protocol ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources .", "18": "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The SATA specification defines three distinct protocol layers : physical , link , and transport . Physical layer ( edit ) The physical layer defines SATA 's electrical and physical characteristics ( such as cable dimensions and parasitics , driver voltage level and receiver operating range ) , as well as the physical coding subsystem ( bit - level encoding , device detection on the wire , and link initialization ) . Physical transmission uses differential signaling . The SATA PHY contains a transmit pair and receive pair . When the SATA - link is not in use ( example : no device attached ) , the transmitter allows the transmit pins to float to their common - mode voltage level . When the SATA - link is either active or in the link - initialization phase , the transmitter drives the transmit pins at the specified differential voltage ( 1.5 V in SATA / I ) . SATA physical coding uses a line encoding system known as 8b / 10b encoding . This scheme serves multiple functions required to sustain a differential serial link . First , the stream contains necessary synchronization information that allows the SATA host / drive to extract clocking . The 8b / 10b encoded sequence embeds periodic edge transitions to allow the receiver to achieve bit - alignment without the use of a separately transmitted reference clock waveform . The sequence also maintains a neutral ( DC - balanced ) bitstream , which lets transmit drivers and receiver inputs be AC - coupled . Generally , the actual SATA signalling is half - duplex , meaning that it can only read or write data at any one time . Also , SATA uses some of the special characters defined in 8b / 10b . In particular , the PHY layer uses the comma ( K28. 5 ) character to maintain symbol - alignment . A specific four - symbol sequence , the ALIGN primitive , is used for clock rate - matching between the two devices on the link . Other special symbols communicate flow control information produced and consumed in the higher layers ( link and transport ) . Separate point - to - point AC - coupled low - voltage differential signaling ( LVDS ) links are used for physical transmission between host and drive . The PHY layer is responsible for detecting the other SATA / device on a cable , and link initialization .", "19": "During the link - initialization process , the PHY is responsible for locally generating special out - of - band signals by switching the transmitter between electrical - idle and specific 10b - characters in a defined pattern , negotiating a mutually supported signalling rate ( 1.5 , 3.0 , or 6.0 Gbit / s ) , and finally synchronizing to the far - end device 's PHY - layer data stream . During this time , no data is sent from the link - layer . Once link - initialization has completed , the link - layer takes over data - transmission , with the PHY providing only the 8b / 10b conversion before bit transmission . Link layer ( edit ) After the PHY - layer has established a link , the link layer is responsible for transmission and reception of Frame Information Structures ( FISs ) over the SATA link . FISs are packets containing control information or payload data . Each packet contains a header ( identifying its type ) , and payload whose contents are dependent on the type . The link layer also manages flow control over the link . Transport layer ( edit ) Layer number three in the serial ATA specification is the transport layer . This layer has the responsibility of acting on the frames and transmitting / receiving the frames in an appropriate sequence . The transport layer handles the assembly and disassembly of FIS structures , which includes , for example , extracting content from register FISs into the task - file and informing the command layer . In an abstract fashion , the transport layer is responsible for creating and encoding FIS structures requested by the command layer , and removing those structures when the frames are received . When DMA data is to be transmitted and is received from the higher command layer , the transport layer appends the FIS control header to the payload , and informs the link layer to prepare for transmission . The same procedure is performed when data is received , but in reverse order . The link layer signals to the transport layer that there is incoming data available . Once the data is processed by the link layer , the transport layer inspects the FIS header and removes it before forwarding the data to the command layer . Topology ( edit ) See also : Port multiplier SATA topology : host ( H ) , multiplier ( M ) , and device ( D ) SATA uses a point - to - point architecture .", "20": "The physical connection between a controller and a storage device is not shared among other controllers and storage devices . SATA defines multipliers , which allows a single SATA controller port to drive up to fifteen storage devices . The multiplier performs the function of a hub ; the controller and each storage device is connected to the hub . This is conceptually similar to SAS expanders . Modern PC systems have SATA controllers built into the motherboard , typically featuring two to eight ports . Additional ports can be installed through add - in SATA host adapters ( available in variety of bus - interfaces : USB , PCI , PCIe ) . Backward and forward compatibility ( edit ) SATA and PATA ( edit ) PATA hard disk with SATA converter attached . At the device level , SATA and PATA ( Parallel AT Attachment ) devices remain completely incompatible -- they can not be interconnected . At the application level , SATA devices can be specified to look and act like PATA devices . Many motherboards offer a `` legacy mode '' option , which makes SATA drives appear to the OS like PATA drives on a standard controller . This eases OS installation by not requiring that a specific driver be loaded during setup , but sacrifices support for some features of SATA and , in general , disables some of the boards ' PATA or SATA ports , since the standard PATA controller interface supports only four drives . ( Often , which ports are disabled is configurable . ) The common heritage of the ATA command set has enabled the proliferation of low - cost PATA to SATA bridge chips . Bridge chips were widely used on PATA drives ( before the completion of native SATA drives ) as well in standalone converters . When attached to a PATA drive , a device - side converter allows the PATA drive to function as a SATA drive . Host - side converters allow a motherboard PATA port to connect to a SATA drive . The market has produced powered enclosures for both PATA and SATA drives that interface to the PC through USB , Firewire or eSATA , with the restrictions noted above . PCI cards with a SATA connector exist that allow SATA drives to connect to legacy systems without SATA connectors . SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 3 Gbit / s ( edit ) The designers of SATA aimed for backward and forward compatibility with future revisions of the SATA standard .", "21": "To prevent interoperability problems that could occur when next generation SATA drives are installed on motherboards with standard legacy SATA 1.5 Gbit / s host controllers , many manufacturers have made it easy to switch those newer drives to the previous standard 's mode . For example , Seagate / Maxtor has added a user - accessible jumper - switch , known as the force 150 , to enable the drive switch between forced 1.5 Gbit / s and 1.5 / 3 Gbit / s negotiated operation . Western Digital uses a jumper setting called OPT1 enabled to force 1.5 Gbit / s data transfer speed ( OPT1 is enabled by putting the jumper on pins 5 and 6 ) . Samsung drives can be forced to 1.5 Gbit / s mode using software that may be downloaded from the manufacturer 's website . Configuring some Samsung drives in this manner requires the temporary use of a SATA - 2 ( SATA 3.0 Gbit / s ) controller while programming the drive . The force 150 switch ( or equivalent ) is also useful for attaching SATA 3 Gbit / s hard drives to SATA controllers on PCI cards , since many of these controllers ( such as the Silicon Image chips ) run at 3 Gbit / s , even though the PCI bus can not reach 1.5 Gbit / s speeds . This can cause data corruption in operating systems that do not specifically test for this condition and limit the disk transfer speed . SATA 3 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2011 ) SATA 3 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s are compatible with each other . Most devices that are only SATA 3 Gbit / s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit / s , and vice versa , though SATA 3 Gbit / s devices only connect with SATA 6 Gbit / s devices at the slower 3 Gbit / s speed . SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it .", "22": "( July 2013 ) SATA 1.5 Gbit / s and SATA 6 Gbit / s are compatible with each other . Most devices that are only SATA 1.5 Gbit / s can connect with devices that are SATA 6 Gbit / s , and vice versa , though SATA 1.5 Gbit / s devices only connect with SATA 6 Gbit / s devices at the slower 1.5 Gbit / s speed . Comparison to other interfaces ( edit ) SATA and SCSI ( edit ) Parallel SCSI uses a more complex bus than SATA , usually resulting in higher manufacturing costs . SCSI buses also allow connection of several drives on one shared channel , whereas SATA allows one drive per channel , unless using a port multiplier . Serial Attached SCSI uses the same physical interconnects as SATA , and most SAS HBAs also support 3 and 6 Gbit / s SATA devices ( an HBA requires support for Serial ATA Tunneling Protocol ) . SATA 3 Gbit / s theoretically offers a maximum bandwidth of 300 MB / s per device , which is only slightly lower than the rated speed for SCSI Ultra 320 with a maximum of 320 MB / s total for all devices on a bus . SCSI drives provide greater sustained throughput than multiple SATA drives connected via a simple ( i.e. , command - based ) port multiplier because of disconnect - reconnect and aggregating performance . In general , SATA devices link compatibly to SAS enclosures and adapters , whereas SCSI devices can not be directly connected to a SATA bus . SCSI , SAS , and fibre - channel ( FC ) drives are more expensive than SATA , so they are used in servers and disk arrays where the better performance justifies the additional cost . Inexpensive ATA and SATA drives evolved in the home - computer market , hence there is a view that they are less reliable . As those two worlds overlapped , the subject of reliability became somewhat controversial . Note that , in general , the failure rate of a disk drive is related to the quality of its heads , platters and supporting manufacturing processes , not to its interface . Use of serial ATA in the business market increased from 22 % in 2006 to 28 % in 2008 .", "23": "Comparison with other buses ( edit ) See also : List of device bit rates SCSI - 3 devices with SCA - 2 connectors are designed for hot swapping . Many server and RAID systems provide hardware support for transparent hot swapping . The designers of the SCSI standard prior to SCA - 2 connectors did not target hot swapping , but in practice , most RAID implementations support hot swapping of hard disks . Name Raw data rate Data rate Max . cable length Power provided Devices per channel eSATA 6 Gbit / s 600 MB / s 2 m 1 m with passive SATA adapter No 1 ( 15 with a port multiplier ) eSATAp 6 Gbit / s 600 MB / s 5 V , and , optionally , 12 V SATA revision 3.2 16 Gbit / s 1.97 GB / s 1 m No SATA revision 3.0 6 Gbit / s 600 MB / s SATA revision 2.0 3 Gbit / s 300 MB / s SATA revision 1.0 1.5 Gbit / s 150 MB / s PATA ( IDE ) 133 1.064 Gbit / s 133.3 MB / s 0.46 m ( 18 in ) 5 V ( only 2.5 - inch drive 44 - pin connector ) SAS - 3 12 Gbit / s 1.2 GB / s 10 m Backplane connectors only 1 ( > 65k with expanders ) SAS - 2 6 Gbit / s 600 MB / s SAS - 1 3 Gbit / s 300 MB / s IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) 3200 3.144 Gbit / s 393 MB / s 100 m ( more with special cables ) 15 W , 12 -- 25 V 63 ( with a hub ) IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) 800 786 Mbit / s 98.", "24": "25 MB / s 100 m IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) 400 393 Mbit / s 49.13 MB / s 4.5 m USB 3.1 ( Generation 2 ) 10 Gbit / s 1.21 GB / s 3 m 100 W , 5 , 12 or 20 V 127 ( with a hub ) USB 3.0 ( USB 3.1 , Generation 1 ) 5 Gbit / s 400 MB / s or more ( excl . protocol overhead , flow control , and framing ) 4.5 W , 5 V USB 2.0 480 Mbit / s 35 MB / s 5 m 2.5 W , 5 V USB 1.1 12 Mbit / s 1.5 MB / s 3 m Yes SCSI Ultra-320 2.56 Gbit / s 320 MB / s 12 m Backplane connector only 15 excl .", "25": "host bus adapter / host 10GFC Fibre Channel 10.52 Gbit / s 1.195 GB / s 2 m -- 50 km No 126 ( 16,777,216 with switches ) 4GFC Fibre Channel 4.25 Gbit / s 398 MB / s 12 m InfiniBand Quad Rate 10 Gbit / s 0.98 GB / s 5 m ( copper ) < 10 km ( fiber ) 1 with point - to - point , many with switched fabric Thunderbolt 1.22 GB / s 3 m ( copper ) 100 m ( fiber ) 10 W ( only copper ) 7 Thunderbolt 2 20 Gbit / s 2.44 GB / s Thunderbolt 3 40 Gbit / s 4.88 GB / s 100 W ( only copper ) See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Information technology portal FATA ( hard disk drive ) libATA List of device bit rates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ AT Attachment ( ATA ) interface was initially developed as Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) for use in early PC AT equipment . With the introduction of SATA , the AT Attachment interface was renamed to Parallel ATA ( PATA ) . Jump up ^ Integrated Drive Electronics Jump up ^ Disk - based memory ( hard drives ) , solid state disk devices such as USB drives , DVD - based storage , bit rates , bus speeds , and network speeds , are specified using decimal meanings for K ( 1000 ) , M ( 1000 ) , G ( 1000 ) , ... Jump up ^ Drive present Jump up ^ 16 Gbit / s raw bit rate , with 128b / 130b encoding Jump up ^ 15 ns cycles , 16 - bit transfers Jump up ^ 10 Gbit / s raw bit rate , with 128b / 132b encoding Jump up ^ USB 3.0 specification was released to hardware vendors on 17 November 2008 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Software status - ata Wiki '' . ata.wiki.kernel.org. 2008 - 08 - 17 .", "26": "Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Serial ATA : High Speed Serialized AT Attachment '' ( PDF ) . www.serialata.org . Serial ATA Working Group . January 7 , 2003 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 IAS Total Data Management '' ( PDF ) . www.coreinternational.info . Core International . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate , APT and Vitesse Unveil the First Serial ATA Disc Drive at Intel Developer Forum '' , Seagate Technology , Aug. 22 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Lamars , Lawrence J. , Information technology - AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives , Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association , 1994 , xi ( introduction ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Govindarajalu , B. , IBM PC And Clones : Hardware , Troubleshooting And Maintenance , Tata McGraw - Hill publishing Company , 2002 , pg . xxxi '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA : Meeting Storage Needs Today and Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Donald Melanson ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` CFast CompactFlash cards now said to be coming in `` 18 to 24 months '' `` . Engadget . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Pretec release CFast card with SATA interface '' . DPReview. 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA ( SATA ) Linux hardware / driver status report '' . linux-ata.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Intel ® Matrix Storage Technology - Unattended Installation Instructions Under Windows * XP '' . Intel . 2 March 2007 .", "27": "Jump up ^ http://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/8142/~/difference-between-sata-i,-sata-ii-and-sata-iii www.sandisk.com . Sandisk . Retrieved April 2016 . Jump up ^ Geoff Gasior ( 2004 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Western Digital 's Raptor WD740GD SATA hard drive : Single - user performance , multi-user potential '' . techreport.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos ( 2010 - 04 - 06 ) . `` VelociRaptor Returns : 6Gbit / s , 600GB , And 10,000 RPM '' . tomshardware.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` SATA - IO Specifications and Naming Conventions '' . sata-io.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOCompletesSATARevision2.5IntegratedSpec.pdf Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Completes SATA Revision 2.5 Integrated Spec ; Slimline Connector Spec and Interoperability Program Plans Also Released '' . www.businesswire.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Serial ATA Revision 2.6 '' ( PDF ) . Serial ATA International Organization . p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` New SATA Spec Will Double Data Transfer Rates to 6 Gbit / s '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . SATA - IO. 2008 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` SATA Revision 3.0 '' . SATA - IO. 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Releases SATA Revision 3.0 Specification '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Serial ATA International Organization . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Rick Merritt ( 2008 - 08 - 18 ) .", "28": "`` Serial ATA doubles data rate to 6 Gbit / s ( EETimes news report ) '' . eetimes.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Releases Revision 3.1 Specification '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hilbert Hagedoorn ( 2011 - 07 - 20 ) . `` SATA 3.1 specifications have been published '' . guru3d.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Msata Faq '' . forum.notebookreview.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA International Organization : SATA Universal Storage Module ( USM ) '' . sata-io.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Perenson , Melissa J. `` New Universal Storage Module Promises to Evolve Portable Data '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` SATA - IO Unveils Revision 3.2 Specification '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 2013 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express , Serial ATA International Organization . Jump up ^ SATA - IO announces 16Gb / s SATA 3.2 specification . Jump up ^ `` SATA M. 2 Card '' . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ SATA μSSD , Serial ATA International Organization . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Rolls Out USM Slim Specification for Thinner , Lighter External Storage '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` SATA Enables Life Unplugged '' . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO FAQ '' ( PDF ) . What else is new in SATA specification v3. 2 ? . SATA - IO . p. 2 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ First specifications leaked from SATA - IO , Serial ATA International Organization , GuruHT.com Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Expands Supported Features in Revision 3.3 Specification '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 2016 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` SATA - IO Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 2016 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power Disable Feature Tech Brief '' ( PDF ) . HGST. 2016 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Can I install a laptop 2.5 '' SATA drive on a desktop without any adapters ? `` . superuser.com. 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for mini-SATA '' . The Tech Report . 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA ( SATA ) pinout diagram '' . pinoutsguide.com. 2013 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA ( SATA , Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ) '' . allpinouts.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Example of active power adapter . Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA ( SATA ) power connector pinout and connections @ '' . pinouts.ru. 2013 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 .", "30": "Jump up ^ https://sata-io.org/system/files/member-downloads/SATA-IOAdvancesTechnologyWithTheSATARevision2.6Spec.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Understand the difference : micro-SATA vs. mSATA '' . amazon.com. 2013 - 02 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` USB -- smartmontools '' . sourceforge.net . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Questions about the indicators of health / performance ( in percent ) '' . hddlife.com . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` External Serial ATA '' ( PDF ) . Silicon Image , Inc . Retrieved 8 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CardBus SATA adapter '' . addonics.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ExpressCard SATA adapter '' . addonics.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Addonics Technology : Hybrid eSATA ( eSATA USB hybrid ) interface '' . addonics.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About SATA 6 Gbit / s and the SATA Revision 3.0 Specification '' ( PDF ) . May -- June 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` mSATA Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Intel 310 SSD '' ( PDF ) . Intel . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SFF - 8784 Edge Connector Pin Definitions : Information Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Western Digital . 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SATA Revision 3.2 '' . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 .", "31": "Jump up ^ `` Connector Mating Matrix '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Enabling Higher Speed Storage Applications with SATA Express '' . SATA - IO. 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Paul Wassenberg ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) . `` SATA Express : PCIe Client Storage '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dave Landsman . `` AHCI and NVMe as Interfaces for SATA Express Devices -- Overview '' ( PDF ) . SanDisk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` SATA M. 2 Card '' . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Intel SSD 530 Series Arriving Next Week -- Feature NGFF M. 2 Interface '' . WCCF Tech . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` M. 2 ( NGFF ) Quick Reference Guide '' ( PDF ) . Tyco Electronics . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Port Multipliers '' . SATA - IO . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A comparison with Ultra ATA Technology '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ultra-640 is specified , but devices do not exist Jump up ^ FIS - based switching is comparable to SCSI 's tagged command queueing Jump up ^ `` Serial ATA : Meeting Storage Needs Today and Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` eSATAp Application '' . delock.de . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 26 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` Fast Just Got Faster : SATA 6Gbit / s '' ( PDF ) . sata-io.org . May 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Designing Serial ATA For Today 's Applications and Tomorrow 's Storage Needs '' ( PDF ) . sata-io.org . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` FireWire Developer Note : FireWire Concepts '' . Apple Developer Connection . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ 16 cables can be daisy chained up to 72 m ^ Jump up to : Frenzel , Louis E. ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` USB 3.0 Protocol Analyzer Jumpstarts 4.8 - Gbit / s I / O Projects '' . Electronic Design . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Howse , Brett ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` USB Power Delivery v2. 0 Specification Finalized - USB Gains Alternate Modes '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Universal Serial Bus Specification Revision 3.0. 20 December 2012 . p. 75 ( 4 -- 4.11 ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ USB hubs can be daisy chained up to 25 m Jump up ^ Minich , Makia ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` Infiniband Based Cable Comparison '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Michael ( 17 July 2007 ) . `` Optical Cables Light Up InfiniBand '' . HPCwire . Tabor Publications & Events .", "33": "p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Serial ATA ( category ) Serial ATA International Organization ( SATA - IO ) EETimes Serial ATA and the evolution in data storage technology , Mohamed A. Salem `` SATA - 1 '' specification , as a zipped pdf ; Serial ATA : High Speed Serialized AT Attachment , Revision 1.0 a , 7 - January - 2003 . Errata and Engineering Change Notices to above `` SATA - 1 '' specification , as a zip of pdfs Dispelling the Confusion : SATA II does not mean 3 Gbit / s `` External Serial ATA -- White Paper '' ( PDF ) . SATA - IO. 515 kB -- on eSATA SATA motherboard connector pinout `` Serial ATA ( SATA , Serial Advanced Technology Attachment ) Connector Pinout '' . allpinouts.org . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 18 . Serial ATA server and storage use cases How to Install and Troubleshoot SATA Hard Drives Serial ATA and the 7 Deadly Sins of Parallel ATA Everything You Need to Know About Serial ATA USB 3.0 vs. eSATA : Is faster better ? Universal ATA driver for Windows NT3.", "34": "51 / NT4 / 2000 / XP / 2003 / Vista / 7 / ReactOS : With PATA / SATA / AHCI support -- a universal , free and open - source ATA driver with PATA / SATA support Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses General System bus Front - side bus Back - side bus Daisy chain Control bus Address bus Bus contention Network on a chip Plug and play List of bus bandwidths Standards SS - 50 bus S - 100 bus Multibus Unibus VAXBI MBus STD Bus SMBus Q - Bus Europe Card Bus ISA STEbus Zorro II Zorro III CAMAC FASTBUS LPC HP Precision Bus EISA VME VXI VXS NuBus TURBOchannel MCA SBus VLB PCI PXI HP GSC bus InfiniBand UPA PCI Extended ( PCI - X ) AGP PCI Express ( PCIe ) Direct Media Interface ( DMI ) RapidIO Intel QuickPath Interconnect NVLink HyperTransport Infinity Fabric Intel UltraPath Interconnect Storage ST - 506 ESDI IPI SMD Parallel ATA ( PATA ) SSA DSSI HIPPI Serial ATA ( SATA ) SCSI Parallel SAS Fibre Channel SATAe PCI Express ( via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface ) Peripheral Apple Desktop Bus DCB HP - IL HIL MIDI RS - 232 RS - 422 RS - 423 RS - 485 DMX512 - A IEEE - 488 ( GPIB ) IEEE - 1284 ( parallel port ) UNI / O ACCESS.", "35": "bus 1 - Wire D2B I2C SPI Parallel SCSI Profibus IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) USB Camera Link External PCIe Thunderbolt Audio ADAT Lightpipe AES3 Intel HD Audio I2S MADI McASP S / PDIF TOSLINK Portable PC Card ExpressCard Embedded Multidrop bus CoreConnect AMBA Wishbone SLIMbus Interfaces are listed by their speed in the ( roughly ) ascending order , so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest . Category Solid - state drives Key terminology Encryption ECC Flash file system Flash memory SLC / MLC Flash memory controller Garbage collection IOPS MB / s Memory wear Open - channel SSD Over-provisioning Read disturb Secure erase Solid - state storage Trim command Wear leveling Write amplification Flash manufacturers IM Flash Technologies Micron Samsung SK hynix Partnership between SanDisk and Toshiba Controllers Independent Greenliant Systems Indilinx ( bankrupt , assets sold to Toshiba ) JMicron Marvell Phison PMC - Sierra SandForce ( now part of Seagate ) SMI Captive Fusion - io HGST sTec Intel Micron Samsung Seagate Toshiba OCZ SSD manufacturers List of solid - state drive manufacturers Intel Interfaces Advanced Host Controller Interface ( AHCI ) Fibre Channel ( FC ) NVM Express ( NVMe ) PCI Express ( PCIe ) SATA Express Serial ATA ( SATA ) Serial attached SCSI ( SAS ) Universal Serial Bus ( USB ) Configurations HDD form factors mSATA M. 2 PCI Express expansion card Thunderbolt Mini DisplayPort USB Type - C U. 2 Related organizations INCITS JEDEC / JC - 42 , JC - 64.8 ONFI NVMHCI Work Group USB - IF SATA - IO SFF Committee SNIA SSSI T10 / SCSI T11 / FC T13 / ATA Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "36": "php?title=Serial_ATA&oldid=818675817 '' Categories : Serial ATA Computer - related introductions in 2003 Computer connectors Serial buses Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2014 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles to be expanded from November 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles to be expanded from October 2011 Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "37": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 24, 25, 21, 5, 4, 27, 28, 22, 13, 23, 33, 32, 18, 26, 19, 15, 17, 8, 30, 31, 6, 35, 12, 9, 20, 3, 11, 2, 0, 16, 34, 29, 1, 7, 36, 14, 10, 37 ]	[ 24, 25, 21, 5, 4 ]
9050098303086371705	where do the blood vessels that supply the retinal cells lie	[ "the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks: the choroidal network, which supplies the choroid and the outer retina, and the retinal network, which supplies the retina's inner layer", "optic nerve", "The optic nerve" ]	{ "0": "Retina - Wikipedia Retina Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Retina ( disambiguation ) . This article needs attention from an expert in medicine . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert . Retina Right human eye cross-sectional view ; eyes vary significantly among animals . Details Pronunciation UK : / ˈrɛtɪnə / RET - i - nə , US : / ˈrɛt ( ɪ ) nə / RET - ( i - ) nə , pl . retinae , / - ni / - nee Part of Eye System Visual system Artery Central retinal artery Identifiers Latin Rēte MeSH D012160 TA A15. 2.04. 002 FMA 58301 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The retina is the innermost , light - sensitive `` coat '' , or layer , of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . The optics of the eye create a focused two - dimentional image of the visual world on the retina , which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception , the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera . The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses . The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells ( photo receptor cells , bipolar cells , and ganglion cells ) within the retina , which in its entirety comprises ten distinct layers , including an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells . The only neural cells that are directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells , which are of two types : rods and cones . Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black - and - white vision while cones are responsible for the perception of colour . A third type of photoreceptor , the photosensitive ganglion cells , is important for entrainment and reflexive responses to the brightness of light . Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve .", "1": "Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons , whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve . Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light . In vertebrate embryonic development , the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain , specifically the embryonic diencephalon ; thus , the retina is considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) and is actually brain tissue . It is the only part of the CNS that can be visualized non-invasively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Inverted versus non-inverted retina 1.2 Retinal layers 1.2. 1 Layers imagable with Optical Coherence Tomography ( OCT ) 1.3 Development 1.4 Blood supply 1.4. 1 Circulatory mechanisms 1.4. 1.1 In birds 1.5 Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease 2 Function 2.1 Spatial encoding 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Diagnosis 3.2 Treatment 3.2. 1 Common treatment modalities 3.2. 2 Uncommon treatment modalities 4 Notable researchers and discoveries 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Inverted versus non-inverted retina ( edit ) The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light sensing cells are in back of the retina , so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the rods and cones . In contrast , in the cephalopod retina the photoreceptors are in front , with processing neurons and capillaries behind them . Because of this , cephalopods do not have a blind spot . The overlying neural fibre layer does not degrade vision in the inverted retina . The neurons are transparent and the accompanying glial cells have been shown to act as fibre - optic channels to transport photons directly to the photoreceptors .", "2": "In any case , the fovea centralis , the part of the retina with the highest resolution , does not have a layer of blood vessels and nerve cells over it , so there is no possibility of image degradation here . The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates . Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) . Although their photoreceptors contain a protein , retinochrome , that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE , one could argue that cephalopod photoreceptors are not maintained as well as in vertebrates and that , as a result , the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates . Having easily replaced stalk - eyes ( some lobsters ) or retinae ( some spiders , such as Deinopis ) rarely occurs . The cephalopod retina does not originate as an outgrowth of the brain , as the vertebrate one does . It is arguable that this difference shows that vertebrate and cephalopod eyes are not homologous but have evolved separately . From an evolutionary perspective , a more complex structure such as the inverted retina can generally come about as a consequence of two alternate processes : ( a ) an advantageous `` good '' compromise between competing functional limitations , or ( b ) as a historical maladaptive relic of the convoluted path of organ evolution and transformation . Vision is an important adaptation in higher vertebrates . Retinal layers ( edit ) Section of retina Rods , cones and nerve layers in the retina . The front ( anterior ) of the eye is on the left . Light ( from the left ) passes through several transparent nerve layers to reach the rods and cones ( far right ) . A chemical change in the rods and cones send a signal back to the nerves . The signal goes first to the bipolar and horizontal cells ( yellow layer ) , then to the amacrine cells and ganglion cells ( purple layer ) , then to the optic nerve fibres . The signals are processed in these layers . First , the signals start as raw outputs of points in the rod and cone cells . Then the nerve layers identify simple shapes , such as bright points surrounded by dark points , edges , and movement .", "3": "( Based on a drawing by Ramón y Cajal , 1911 . ) Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision ( left ) , and a color blind ( protanopic ) retina . Note that the center of the fovea holds very few blue - sensitive cones . Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers . From closest to farthest from the vitreous body : Inner limiting membrane -- basement membrane elaborated by Müller cells . Nerve fibre layer -- axons of the ganglion cell nuclei ( note that a thin layer of Müller cell footplates exists between this layer and the inner limiting membrane ) . Ganglion cell layer -- contains nuclei of ganglion cells , the axons of which become the optic nerve fibres for messages and some displaced amacrine cells . Inner plexiform layer -- contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells . Inner nuclear layer -- contains the nuclei and surrounding cell bodies ( perikarya ) of the amacrine cells , bipolar cells , and horizontal cells . Outer plexiform layer -- projections of rods and cones ending in the rod spherule and cone pedicle , respectively . These make synapses with dendrites of bipolar cells . In the macular region , this is known as the Fiber layer of Henle . Outer nuclear layer -- cell bodies of rods and cones . External limiting membrane -- layer that separates the inner segment portions of the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus . Layer of rods and cones -- layer of rod cells and cone cells . Retinal pigment epithelium -- single layer of cuboidal cells ( with extrusions not shown in diagram ) . This is closest to the choroid . These layers can be grouped into 4 main processing stages : photoreception ; transmission to bipolar cells ; transmission to ganglion cells , which also contain photoreceptors , the photosensitive ganglion cells ; and transmission along the optic nerve . At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and amacrine cells .", "4": "The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting primarily to the lateral geniculate body , a visual relay station in the diencephalon ( the rear of the forebrain ) . It also projects to the superior colliculus , the suprachiasmatic nucleus , and the nucleus of the optic tract . It passes through the other layers , creating the optic disc in primates . Additional structures , not directly associated with vision , are found as outgrowths of the retina in some vertebrate groups . In birds , the pecten is a vascular structure of complex shape that projects from the retina into the vitreous humour ; it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the eye , and may also aid in vision . Reptiles have a similar , but much simpler , structure . In adult humans , the entire retina is approximately 72 % of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter . The entire retina contains about 7 million cones and 75 to 150 million rods . The optic disc , a part of the retina sometimes called `` the blind spot '' because it lacks photoreceptors , is located at the optic papilla , where the optic - nerve fibres leave the eye . It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm2 . Temporal ( in the direction of the temples ) to this disc is the macula , at whose centre is the fovea , a pit that is responsible for our sharp central vision but is actually less sensitive to light because of its lack of rods . Human and non-human primates possess one fovea , as opposed to certain bird species , such as hawks , who are bifoviate , and dogs and cats , who possess no fovea but a central band known as the visual streak . Around the fovea extends the central retina for about 6 mm and then the peripheral retina . The farthest edge of the retina is defined by the ora serrata . The distance from one ora to the other ( or macula ) , the most sensitive area along the horizontal meridian is about 32 mm . In section , the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick . It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses , including the unique ribbon synapse .", "5": "The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain , and the blood vessels that supply the retina . The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond . Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement , light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina , ( including its capillary vessels , not shown ) before reaching the rods and cones . Light is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium or the choroid ( both of which are opaque ) . The white blood cells in the capillaries in front of the photoreceptors can be perceived as tiny bright moving dots when looking into blue light . This is known as the blue field entoptic phenomenon ( or Scheerer 's phenomenon ) . Between the ganglion cell layer and the rods and cones there are two layers of neuropils where synaptic contacts are made . The neuropil layers are the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer . In the outer neuropil layer , the rods and cones connect to the vertically running bipolar cells , and the horizontally oriented horizontal cells connect to ganglion cells . The central retina predominantly contains cones , while the peripheral retina predominantly contains rods . In total , there are about seven million cones and a hundred million rods . At the centre of the macula is the foveal pit where the cones are narrow and long , and , arranged in a hexagonal mosaic , the most dense . At the foveal pit the other retinal layers are displaced , before building up along the foveal slope until the rim of the fovea , or parafovea , is reached , which is the thickest portion of the retina . The macula has a yellow pigmentation , from screening pigments , and is known as the macula lutea . The area directly surrounding the fovea has the highest density of rods converging on single bipolar cells . Since its cones have a much lesser convergence of signals , the fovea allows for the sharpest vision the eye can attain . Though the rod and cones are a mosaic of sorts , transmission from receptors , to bipolars , to ganglion cells is not direct . Since there are about 150 million receptors and only 1 million optic nerve fibres , there must be convergence and thus mixing of signals .", "6": "Moreover , the horizontal action of the horizontal and amacrine cells can allow one area of the retina to control another ( e.g. one stimulus inhibiting another ) . This inhibition is key to lessening the sum of messages sent to the higher regions of the brain . In some lower vertebrates ( e.g. the pigeon ) , there is a `` centrifugal '' control of messages -- that is , one layer can control another , or higher regions of the brain can drive the retinal nerve cells , but in primates this does not occur . Layers imagable with optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) ( edit ) On OCT there are 18 layers that can be identified in the retina . The layers and anatomical correlation are as follows : OCT scan of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm , axial resolution 3 μm From innermost to outermost , the layers identifiable by OCT are as follows : # OCT Layer / Conventional Label Anatomical Correlate Reflectivity on OCT Specific anatomical boundaries ? Additional references Posterior cortical vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Hyper - reflective Yes Preretinal space In eyes where the vitreous has fully or partially detached from the retina , this is the space created between the posterior cortical vitreous face and the internal limiting membrane of the retina .", "7": "Hypo - reflective Internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) Formed by Müller cell endfeet ( unclear if it can be observed on OCT ) Hyper - reflective No Nerve fiber layer ( NFL ) Ganglion cell axons travelling towards the optic nerve Ganglion cell layer ( GCL ) Ganglion cell bodies ( and some displaced amacrine cells ) Hypo - reflective 5 Inner plexiform layer ( IPL ) Synapses between bipolar , amacrine and ganglion cells Hyper - reflective 6 Inner nuclear layer ( INL ) a ) Horizontal , bipolar and amacrine cell bodies b ) Müller cell nuclei Hypo - reflective 7 Outer plexiform layer ( OPL ) Synapses between photoreceptor , bipolar and horizontal cells Hyper - reflective 8 ( Inner half ) Henle 's nerve fiber layer ( HL ) Photoreceptor axons ( obliquely orientated fibres ; not present in mid-peripheral or peripheral retina ) Hypo - reflective No ( Outer half ) Outer nuclear layer ( ONL ) The photoreceptor cell bodies 9 External limiting membrane ( ELM ) Made of zonulae adherens between Müller cells and photoreceptor inner segments Hyper - reflective 10 Myoid zone ( MZ ) The innermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) containing : Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi bodies Microtubules ( rarely : mitochondria ) Hypo - reflective No 11 Ellipsoid zone ( EZ ) The outermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) packed with mitochondria Very Hyper - reflective No IS / OS junction or Photoreceptor integrity line ( PIL ) The photoreceptor connecting cilia which bridge the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells . 12 Photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) The photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) which contain disks filled with opsin , the molecule that absorbs photons . Hypo - reflective 13 Interdigitation zone ( IZ ) Apices of the RPE cells which encase part of the cone OSs . Poorly distinguishable from RPE .", "8": "Previously : `` cone outer segment tips line '' ( COST ) Hyper - reflective No 14 RPE / Bruch 's complex RPE phagosome zone Very Hyper - reflective No RPE melanosome zone Hypo - reflective RPE mitochondria zone + Junction between the RPE & Bruch 's membrane Very Hyper - reflective 15 Choriocapillaris Thin layer of moderate reflectivity in inner choroid No 16 Sattler 's layer Thick layer of round or ovalshaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in mid-choroid 17 Haller 's layer Thick layer of oval - shaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in outer choroid 18 Choroidal - scleral juncture Zone at the outer choroid with a marked change in texture , in which large circular or ovoid profiles abut a homogenous region of variable reflectivity Development ( edit ) Retinal development begins with the establishment of the eye fields mediated by the SHH and SIX3 proteins , with subsequent development of the optic vesicles regulated by the PAX6 and LHX2 proteins . The role of Pax6 in eye development was elegantly demonstrated by Walter Gehring and colleagues , who showed that ectopic expression of Pax6 can lead to eye formation on Drosophila antennae , wings , and legs . The optic vesicle gives rise to three structures : the neural retina , the retinal pigmented epithelium , and the optic stalk . The neural retina contains the retinal progenitor cells ( RPCs ) that give rise to the seven cell types of the retina . Differentiation begins with the retinal ganglion cells and concludes with production of the Muller glia . Although each cell type differentiates from the RPCs in a sequential order , there is considerable overlap in the timing of when individual cell types differentiate . The cues that determine a RPC daughter cell fate are coded by multiple transcription factor families including the bHLH and homeodomain factors . In addition to guiding cell fate determination , cues exist in the retina to determine the dorsal - ventral ( D-V ) and nasal - temporal ( N-T ) axes .", "9": "The D-V axis is established by a ventral to dorsal gradient of VAX2 , whereas the N-T axis is coordinated by expression of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1 . Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map . Blood supply ( edit ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2016 ) This section may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fundus photograph showing the blood vessels in a normal human retina . Veins are darker and slightly wider than corresponding arteries . The optic disc is at right , and the macula lutea is near the centre . The retina is stratified into distinct layers , each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements . To satisfy these requirements , the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks : the choroidal network , which supplies the choroid and the outer retina , and the retinal network , which supplies the retina 's inner layer . Circulatory mechanisms ( edit ) At first glance , one may think that the vertebrate retina is `` wired wrongly '' or `` badly designed '' ; but in fact , the retina could not function if it were not inverted . The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , which performs at least seven vital functions , one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function . These nutrients include glucose , fatty acids , and retinal . The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions ( requiring less under scotopic conditions ) and , thus , requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid , which lies beyond the RPE .", "10": "The choroid supplies about 75 % of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25 % . When light strikes 11 - cis - retinal ( in the disks in the rods and cones ) , 11 - cis - retinal changes to all - trans - retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins . Now , the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis - form once it has been changed by light . Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors . This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo - oxidative damage and allows the photoreceptor cells to have decades - long useful lives . In birds ( edit ) The bird retina is devoid of blood vessels , perhaps to give unobscured passage of light for forming images , thus giving better resolution . It is , therefore , a considered view that the bird retina depends for nutrition and oxygen supply on a specialized organ , called the `` pecten '' or pecten oculi , located on the blind spot or optic disk . This organ is extremely rich in blood vessels and is thought to supply nutrition and oxygen to the bird retina by diffusion through the vitreous body . The pecten is highly rich in alkaline phosphatase activity and polarized cells in its bridge portion -- both befitting its secretory role . Pecten cells are packed with dark melanin granules , which have been theorized to keep this organ warm with the absorption of stray light falling on the pecten . This is considered to enhance metabolic rate of the pecten , thereby exporting more nutritive molecules to meet the stringent energy requirements of the retina during long periods of exposure to light . Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease ( edit ) See also : Retinal scan and Biometrics The bifurcations and other physical characteristics of the inner retinal vascular network are known to vary among individuals , and these individual variances have been used for biometric identification and for early detection of the onset of disease . The mapping of vascular bifurcations is one of the basic steps in biometric identification .", "11": "Results of such analyses of retinal blood vessel structure can be evaluated against the ground truth data of vascular bifurcations of retinal fundus images that are obtained from the DRIVE dataset . In addition , the classes of vessels of the DRIVE dataset have also been identified , and an automated method for accurate extraction of these bifurcations is also available . Changes in retinal blood circulation are seen with aging and exposure to air pollution , and may indicate cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis . Determining the equivalent width of arterioles and venules near the optic disc is also a widely used technique to identify cardiovascular risks . Function ( edit ) See also : Adaptation ( eye ) and Visual acuity The retina translates an optical image into neural impulses by the patterned excitation of the colour - sensitive pigments of its rods and cones , the retina 's photoreceptor cells . The excitation is processed by the neural system and various parts of the brain working in parallel to form a representation of the external environment in the brain . The cones respond to bright light and mediate high - resolution colour vision during daylight illumination ( also called photopic vision ) . The rods are saturated at daylight levels and do n't contribute to pattern vision . However , rods do respond to dim light and mediate lower - resolution , monochromatic vision under very low levels of illumination ( called scotopic vision ) . The illumination in most office settings falls between these two levels and is called mesopic vision . At mesopic light levels , both the rods and cones are actively contributing pattern information . What contribution the rod information makes to pattern vision under these circumstances is unclear . The response of cones to various wavelengths of light is called their spectral sensitivity . In normal human vision , the spectral sensitivity of a cone falls into one of three subtypes , often called blue , green , or red but more accurately known as short , medium , or long wavelength - sensitive cone subtypes . It is a lack of one or more of the cone subtypes that causes individuals to have deficiencies in colour vision or various kinds of colour blindness . These individuals are not blind to objects of a particular colour but are unable to distinguish between colours that can be distinguished by people with normal vision . Humans have this trichromatic vision , while most other mammals lack cones with red sensitive pigment and therefore have poorer dichromatic colour vision .", "12": "However , some animals have four spectral subtypes , e.g. the trout adds an ultraviolet subgroup to short , medium , and long subtypes that are similar to humans . Some fish are sensitive to the polarization of light as well . In the photoreceptors , exposure to light hyperpolarizes the membrane in a series of graded shifts . The outer cell segment contains a photopigment . Inside the cell the normal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP ) keep the Na+ channel open , and thus in the resting state the cell is depolarised . The photon causes the retinal bound to the receptor protein to isomerise to trans - retinal . This causes the receptor to activate multiple G - proteins . This in turn causes the Ga - subunit of the protein to activate a phosphodiesterase ( PDE6 ) , which degrades cGMP , resulting in the closing of Na+ cyclic nucleotide - gated ion channels ( CNGs ) . Thus the cell is hyperpolarised . The amount of neurotransmitter released is reduced in bright light and increases as light levels fall . The actual photopigment is bleached away in bright light and only replaced as a chemical process , so in a transition from bright light to darkness the eye can take up to thirty minutes to reach full sensitivity . When thus excited by light , the photoceptor sends a proportional response synaptically to bipolar cells which in turn signal the retinal ganglion cells . The photoreceptors are also cross-linked by horizontal cells and amacrine cells , which modify the synaptic signal before it reaches the ganglion cells , the neural signals being intermixed and combined . Of the retina 's nerve cells , only the retinal ganglion cells and few amacrine cells create action potentials . In the retinal ganglion cells there are two types of response , depending on the receptive field of the cell . The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells comprise a central , approximately circular area , where light has one effect on the firing of the cell , and an annular surround , where light has the opposite effect . In ON cells , an increment in light intensity in the centre of the receptive field causes the firing rate to increase . In OFF cells , it makes it decrease .", "13": "In a linear model , this response profile is well described by a difference of Gaussians and is the basis for edge detection algorithms . Beyond this simple difference , ganglion cells are also differentiated by chromatic sensitivity and the type of spatial summation . Cells showing linear spatial summation are termed X cells ( also called parvocellular , P , or midget ganglion cells ) , and those showing non-linear summation are Y cells ( also called magnocellular , M , or parasol retinal ganglion cells ) , although the correspondence between X and Y cells ( in the cat retina ) and P and M cells ( in the primate retina ) is not as simple as it once seemed . In the transfer of visual signals to the brain , the visual pathway , the retina is vertically divided in two , a temporal ( nearer to the temple ) half and a nasal ( nearer to the nose ) half . The axons from the nasal half cross the brain at the optic chiasma to join with axons from the temporal half of the other eye before passing into the lateral geniculate body . Although there are more than 130 million retinal receptors , there are only approximately 1.2 million fibres ( axons ) in the optic nerve . So , a large amount of pre-processing is performed within the retina . The fovea produces the most accurate information . Despite occupying about 0.01 % of the visual field ( less than 2 ° of visual angle ) , about 10 % of axons in the optic nerve are devoted to the fovea . The resolution limit of the fovea has been determined to be around 10,000 points . The information capacity is estimated at 500,000 bits per second ( for more information on bits , see information theory ) without colour or around 600,000 bits per second including colour . Spatial encoding ( edit ) Further information : Receptive field , for figures and more information on centre -- surround structures On - centres and off - centres of the retina When the retina sends neural impulses representing an image to the brain , it spatially encodes ( compresses ) those impulses to fit the limited capacity of the optic nerve . Compression is necessary because there are 100 times more photoreceptor cells than ganglion cells .", "14": "This is done by `` decorrelation '' , which is carried out by the `` centre -- surround structures '' , which are implemented by the bipolar and ganglion cells . There are two types of centre -- surround structures in the retina -- on - centres and off - centres . On - centres have a positively weighted centre and a negatively weighted surround . Off - centres are just the opposite . Positive weighting is more commonly known as excitatory , and negative weighting as inhibitory . These centre -- surround structures are not physical apparent , in the sense that one can not see them by staining samples of tissue and examining the retina 's anatomy . The centre -- surround structures are logical ( i.e. , mathematically abstract ) in the sense that they depend on the connection strengths between bipolar and ganglion cells . It is believed that the connection strengths between cells is caused by the number and types of ion channels embedded in the synapses between the bipolar and ganglion cells . The centre -- surround structures are mathematically equivalent to the edge detection algorithms used by computer programmers to extract or enhance the edges in a digital photograph . Thus , the retina performs operations on the image - representing impulses to enhance the edges of objects within its visual field . For example , in a picture of a dog , a cat and a car , it is the edges of these objects that contain the most information . In order for higher functions in the brain ( or in a computer for that matter ) to extract and classify objects such as a dog and a cat , the retina is the first step to separating out the various objects within the scene . As an example , the following matrix is at the heart of the computer algorithm that implements edge detection . This matrix is the computer equivalent to the centre -- surround structure . In this example , each box ( element ) within this matrix would be connected to one photoreceptor . The photoreceptor in the centre is the current receptor being processed . The centre photoreceptor is multiplied by the + 1 weight factor . The surrounding photoreceptors are the `` nearest neighbors '' to the centre and are multiplied by the - 1 / 8 value . The sum of all nine of these elements is finally calculated . This summation is repeated for every photoreceptor in the image by shifting left to the end of a row and then down to the next line .", "15": "- 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 + 1 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 The total sum of this matrix is zero , if all the inputs from the nine photoreceptors are of the same value . The zero result indicates the image was uniform ( non-changing ) within this small patch . Negative or positive sums mean the image was varying ( changing ) within this small patch of nine photoreceptors . The above matrix is only an approximation to what really happens inside the retina . The differences are : The above example is called `` balanced '' . The term balanced means that the sum of the negative weights is equal to the sum of the positive weights so that they cancel out perfectly . Retinal ganglion cells are almost never perfectly balanced . The table is square while the centre -- surround structures in the retina are circular . Neurons operate on spike trains traveling down nerve cell axons . Computers operate on a single floating point number that is essentially constant from each input pixel . ( The computer pixel is basically the equivalent of a biological photoreceptor . ) The retina performs all these calculations in parallel while the computer operates on each pixel one at a time . The retina performs no repeated summations and shifting as would a computer . Finally , the horizontal and amacrine cells play a significant role in this process , but that is not represented here . Here is an example of an input image and how edge detection would modify it . Once the image is spatially encoded by the centre -- surround structures , the signal is sent out along the optic nerve ( via the axons of the ganglion cells ) through the optic chiasm to the LGN ( lateral geniculate nucleus ) . The exact function of the LGN is unknown at this time . The output of the LGN is then sent to the back of the brain . Specifically , the output of the LGN `` radiates '' out to the V1 primary visual cortex .", "16": "Simplified signal flow : Photoreceptors → Bipolar → Ganglion → Chiasm → LGN → V1 cortex Clinical significance ( edit ) Further information : List of eye diseases and disorders There are many inherited and acquired diseases or disorders that may affect the retina . Some of them include : Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of genetic diseases that affect the retina and cause the loss of night vision and peripheral vision . Macular degeneration describes a group of diseases characterized by loss of central vision because of death or impairment of the cells in the macula . Cone - rod dystrophy ( CORD ) describes a number of diseases where vision loss is caused by deterioration of the cones and / or rods in the retina . In retinal separation , the retina detaches from the back of the eyeball . Ignipuncture is an outdated treatment method . The term retinal detachment is used to describe a separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium . There are several modern treatment methods for fixing a retinal detachment : pneumatic retinopexy , scleral buckle , cryotherapy , laser photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy . Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus can cause damage to the tiny blood vessels that supply the retina , leading to hypertensive retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy . Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina . Retinal diseases in dogs include retinal dysplasia , progressive retinal atrophy , and sudden acquired retinal degeneration . Lipemia retinalis is a white appearance of the retina , and can occur by lipid deposition in lipoprotein lipase deficiency . Diagnosis ( edit ) A number of different instruments are available for the diagnosis of diseases and disorders affecting the retina . Ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography have long been used to examine the retina . Recently , adaptive optics has been used to image individual rods and cones in the living human retina , and a company based in Scotland has engineered technology that allows physicians to observe the complete retina without any discomfort to patients . The electroretinogram is used to non-invasively measure the retina 's electrical activity , which is affected by certain diseases . A relatively new technology , now becoming widely available , is optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) .", "17": "This non-invasive technique allows one to obtain a 3D volumetric or high resolution cross-sectional tomogram of the fine structures of the retina , with histologic quality . Treatment ( edit ) Treatment depends upon the nature of the disease or disorder . Common treatment modalities ( edit ) The following are commonly modalities of management for retinal disease : Intravitreal medication , such as anti-VEGF or corticosteroid agents Vitreoretinal surgery Use of nutritional supplements Modification of systemic risk factors for retinal disease Uncommon treatment modalities ( edit ) show Rare or uncommon methods of treatment for retinal disease Retinal gene therapy Main article : Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina Gene therapy holds promise as a potential avenue to cure a wide range of retinal diseases . This involves using a non-infectious virus to shuttle a gene into a part of the retina . Recombinant adeno - associated virus ( rAAV ) vectors possess a number of features that render them ideally suited for retinal gene therapy , including a lack of pathogenicity , minimal immunogenicity , and the ability to transduce postmitotic cells in a stable and efficient manner . rAAV vectors are increasingly utilized for their ability to mediate efficient transduction of retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptor cells and retinal ganglion cells . Each cell type can be specifically targeted by choosing the appropriate combination of AAV serotype , promoter , and intraocular injection site . Several clinical trials have already reported positive results using rAAV to treat Leber 's congenital amaurosis , showing that the therapy was both safe and effective . There were no serious adverse events , and patients in all three studies showed improvement in their visual function as measured by a number of methods . The methods used varied among the three trials , but included both functional methods such as visual acuity and functional mobility as well as objective measures that are less susceptible to bias , such as the pupil 's ability to respond to light and improvements on functional MRI . Improvements were sustained over the long - term , with patients continuing to do well after more than 1.5 years . The unique architecture of the retina and its relatively immune - privileged environment help this process .", "18": "Tight junctions that form the blood retinal barrier separate the subretinal space from the blood supply , thus protecting it from microbes and most immune - mediated damage , and enhancing its potential to respond to vector - mediated therapies . The highly compartmentalized anatomy of the eye facilitates accurate delivery of therapeutic vector suspensions to specific tissues under direct visualization using microsurgical techniques . In the sheltered environment of the retina , AAV vectors are able to maintain high levels of transgene expression in the retinal pigmented epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptors , or ganglion cells for long periods of time after a single treatment . In addition , the eye and the visual system can be routinely and easily monitored for visual function and retinal structural changes after injections with noninvasive advanced technology , such as visual acuities , contrast sensitivity , fundus auto - fluorescence ( FAF ) , dark - adapted visual thresholds , vascular diameters , pupillometry , electroretinography ( ERG ) , multifocal ERG and optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . This strategy is effective against a number of retinal diseases that have been studied , including neovascular diseases that are features of age - related macular degeneration , diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity . Since the regulation of vascularization in the mature retina involves a balance between endogenous positive growth factors , such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and inhibitors of angiogenesis , such as pigment epithelium - derived factor ( PEDF ) , rAAV - mediated expression of PEDF , angiostatin , and the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt - 1 , which are all antiangiogenic proteins , have been shown to reduce aberrant vessel formation in animal models . Since specific gene therapies can not readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy , there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy . Neurotrophic factors have the ability to modulate neuronal growth during development to maintain existing cells and to allow recovery of injured neuronal populations in the eye . AAV encoding neurotrophic factors such as fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) family members and GDNF either protected photoreceptors from apoptosis or slowed down cell death . Organ transplantation Transplantation of retinas has been attempted , but without much success .", "19": "At MIT , The University of Southern California , RWTH Aachen University , and the University of New South Wales , an `` artificial retina '' is under development : an implant which will bypass the photoreceptors of the retina and stimulate the attached nerve cells directly , with signals from a digital camera . Notable researchers and discoveries ( edit ) In 1894 , Santiago Ramón y Cajal published the first major characterization of retinal neurons in Retina der Wirbelthiere ( The Retina of Vertebrates ) . George Wald , Haldan Keffer Hartline , and Ragnar Granit won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their scientific research on the retina . A recent University of Pennsylvania study calculated that the approximate bandwidth of human retinas is 8.75 megabits per second , whereas a guinea pig 's retinal transfer rate is 875 kilobits per second . MacLaren & Pearson and colleagues at University College London and Moorfields Eye Hospital in London , in 2006 , showed that photoreceptor cells could be transplanted successfully in the mouse retina if donor cells were at a critical developmental stage . Recently Ader and colleagues in Dublin showed , using the electron microscope , that transplanted photoreceptors formed synaptic connections . In 2012 , Sebastian Seung and his laboratory at MIT have launched EyeWire , an online Citizen science game where players trace neurons in the retina . The goals of the EyeWire project are to identify specific cell types within the known broad classes of retinal cells , and to map the connections between neurons in the retina , which will help to determine how vision works . Additional images ( edit ) The structures of the eye labeled Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled Illustration of image as ' seen ' by the retina independent of optic nerve and striate cortex processing . See also ( edit ) Medicine portal This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology .", "20": "Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina Charles Schepens -- `` the father of modern retinal surgery '' Evolution of the eye Duplex retina Retinal scan List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes Rhodopsin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J , Krause William ( 1 July 2005 ) . Krause 's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students . Boca Raton : Universal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58112 - 468 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sensory Reception : Human Vision : Structure and function of the Human Eye '' vol. 27 , Encyclopædia Britannica , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Franze K , Grosche J , Skatchkov SN , Schinkinger S , Foja C , Schild D , Uckermann O , Travis K , Reichenbach A , Guck J ( 2007 ) . `` Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 20 ) : 8287 -- 92 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0611180104 . PMC 1895942 . PMID 17485670 . Jump up ^ Baker , Oliver ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Focus : Eye Cells as Light Pipes '' . Phys. Rev. Focus. 25 ( 15 ) . doi : 10.1103 / physrevfocus. 25.15 . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Sperling , L. ; Hubbard , R. ( 1 February 1975 ) . `` Squid retinochrome '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 65 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 251 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 65.2. 235 . ISSN 0022 - 1295 . PMC 2214869 .", "21": "PMID 235007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How spiders see the world -- Australian Museum '' . www.australianmuseum.net.au . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Foundations of Vision Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Brian A. Wandell Jump up ^ The Retinal Tunic . Archived 18 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Jump up ^ Shepherd , Gordon ( 2004 ) . The Synaptic Organization of the Brain . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . pp. 217 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515956 - 1 . Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 465 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Cuenca , Nicolás ; Ortuño - Lizarán , Isabel ; Pinilla , Isabel ( March 2018 ) . `` Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications '' . Ophthalmology. 125 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2017.09. 016 . ^ Jump up to : Staurenghi , Giovanni ; Sadda , Srinivas ; Chakravarthy , Usha ; Spaide , Richard F. `` Proposed Lexicon for Anatomic Landmarks in Normal Posterior Segment Spectral - Domain Optical Coherence Tomography '' . Ophthalmology. 121 ( 8 ) : 1572 -- 1578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2014.02. 023 . Jump up ^ Spectral domain optical coherence tomography in macular diseases . Meyer , Carsten H. , , Saxena , Sandeep , , Sadda , SriniVas R. , .", "22": "New Delhi , India : Springer . 2017 . ISBN 9788132236108 . OCLC 964379175 . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , Göran Darius ; Fielder , Alistair R. ( 2011 ) . Pediatric Retina . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 39 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 12041 - 1_2 . ISBN 9783642120404 . Jump up ^ Turgut , Burak ; University , Fırat ; Medicine , School of ; Ophthalmology , Department of ; Elazig ; Turkey . `` Past and Present Terminology for the Retinal and Choroidal Structures in Optical Coherence Tomography '' . European Ophthalmic Review . 11 ( 01 ) . doi : 10.17925 / eor. 2017.11. 01.59 . Jump up ^ Cuenca , Nicolás ; Ortuño - Lizarán , Isabel ; Pinilla , Isabel ( March 2018 ) . `` Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications '' . Ophthalmology. 125 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2017.09. 016 . Jump up ^ `` Outer Retinal Layers as Predictors of Vision Loss '' . Review of Ophthalmology . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , Göran Darius ; Fielder , Alistair R. ( 2011 ) . Pediatric Retina . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 39 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 12041 - 1_2 . ISBN 9783642120404 . Jump up ^ Staurenghi , Giovanni ; Sadda , Srinivas ; Chakravarthy , Usha ; Spaide , Richard F. `` Proposed Lexicon for Anatomic Landmarks in Normal Posterior Segment Spectral - Domain Optical Coherence Tomography '' . Ophthalmology.", "23": "121 ( 8 ) : 1572 -- 1578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2014.02. 023 . Jump up ^ `` The ABCs of OCT '' . Review of Optometry . Jump up ^ Sherman , J ( June 2009 ) . `` Photoreceptor integrity line joins the nerve fiber layer as key to clinical diagnosis '' . Optometry. 80 ( 6 ) : 277 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. optm. 2008.12. 006 . PMID 19465337 . Jump up ^ Boston , Marco A. Bonini Filho , MD , and Andre J. Witkin , MD , . `` Outer Retinal Layers as Predictors of Vision Loss '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cuenca , Nicolás ; Ortuño - Lizarán , Isabel ; Pinilla , Isabel ( March 2018 ) . `` Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications '' . Ophthalmology. 125 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2017.09. 016 . ^ Jump up to : Heavner , W ; Pevny , L ( 1 December 2012 ) . `` Eye development and retinogenesis '' . Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology . 4 ( 12 ) : a008391 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a008391 . PMC 3504437 . PMID 23071378 . Jump up ^ Halder , G ; Callaerts , P ; Gehring , WJ ( 24 March 1995 ) . `` Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila '' . Science . 267 ( 5205 ) : 1788 -- 92 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1788 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7892602 . PMID 7892602 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Hatakeyama , J ; Kageyama , R ( February 2004 ) . `` Retinal cell fate determination and bHLH factors '' . Seminars in cell & developmental biology . 15 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2003.09. 005 . PMID 15036211 . Jump up ^ Ann. , Remington , Lee ( 2012 ) . Clinical anatomy and physiology of the visual system ( 3rd ed . ) . St. Louis : Elsevier / Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 1926 - 0 . OCLC 745905738 . Jump up ^ Yu , DY ; Yu , PK ; Cringle , SJ ; Kang , MH ; Su , EN ( May 2014 ) . `` Functional and morphological characteristics of the retinal and choroidal vasculature '' . Progress in retinal and eye research . 40 : 53 -- 93 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2014.02. 001 . PMID 24583621 . Jump up ^ Kiel , Jeffrey W. Anatomy . Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Olaf . `` The retinal pigment epithelium '' . Webvision . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolb , Helga . `` Simple Anatomy of the Retina '' . Webvision . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ Photobiology of the retina `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Diagrammatic representation of disc shedding and phagosome retrieval into the pigment epithelial cell `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bawa S.R. ; YashRoy R.C. ( 1972 ) .", "25": "`` Effect of dark and light adaptation on the retina and pecten of chicken '' . Experimental Eye Research . 13 : 92 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4835 ( 72 ) 90129 - 7 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bawa , S.R. ; YashRoy , R.C. ( 1974 ) . `` Structure and function of vulture pecten '' . Cells Tissues Organs. 89 ( 3 ) : 473 -- 480 . doi : 10.1159 / 000144308 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherman , T ( 1981 ) . `` On connecting large vessels to small -- the meaning of murray law '' . Journal of General Physiology. 78 ( 4 ) : 431 -- 453 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 78.4. 431 . PMC 2228620 . PMID 7288393 . Jump up ^ Azzopardi G. ; Petkov N. ( 2011 ) . `` Detection of retinal vascular bifurcations by trainable V4 - like filters , in Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns ( CAIP ) , Seville '' ( PDF ) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . 6854 : 451 -- 459 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 23672 - 3_55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 23671 - 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Retinal fundus images -- Ground truth of vascular bifurcations and crossovers '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DRIVE : Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction '' . Image Sciences Institute , Utrecht University . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Qureshi , T.A.", "26": "; Habib , M. ; Hunter , A. ; Al - Diri , B. ( June 2013 ) . `` A manually - labeled , artery / vein classified benchmark for the DRIVE dataset '' . Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer - Based Medical Systems : 485 -- 488 . doi : 10.1109 / cbms. 2013.6627847 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4799 - 1053 - 3 . Jump up ^ Qureshi , T.A. ; Hunter , A. ; Al - Diri , B. ( June 2014 ) . `` A Bayesian Framework for the Local Configuration of Retinal Junctions '' . 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition : 3105 -- 3110 . doi : 10.1109 / cvpr. 2014.397 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4799 - 5118 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adar SD , Klein R , Klein BE , Szpiro AA , Cotch MF , Wong TY , et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Air Pollution and the microvasculature : a crosssectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population based multiethnic study of atherosclerosis ( MESA ) '' . PLoS Med. 7 ( 11 ) : e1000372 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1000372 . Jump up ^ Louwies , Tijs ; Panis , Luc Int ; Kicinski , Michal ; Boever , Patrick De ; Nawrot , Tim S. ( 2013 ) . `` Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short - Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 ( 9 ) : 1011 -- 6 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1205721 . PMC 3764070 . PMID 23777785 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Tso , Mark O.M. ; Jampol , Lee M. ( 1982 ) . `` Pathophysiology of Hypertensive Retinopathy '' .", "27": "Ophthalmology. 89 ( 10 ) : 1132 -- 1145 . doi : 10.1016 / s0161 - 6420 ( 82 ) 34663 - 1 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , N. ; Dell'omo , G. ; Sartini , M.S. ; Witt , N. ; Hughes , A. ; Thom , S. ; Pedrinelli , R. ( 1 August 2002 ) . `` Peripheral vascular disease is associated with abnormal arteriolar diameter relationships at bifurcations in the human retina '' . Clinical Science . 103 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 116 . doi : 10.1042 / cs1030111 . ISSN 0143 - 5221 . PMID 12149100 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Patton , N. ; Aslam , T. ; MacGillivray , T. ; Deary , I. ; Dhillon , B. ; Eikelboom , R. ; Yogesan , K. ; Constable , I. ( 2006 ) . `` Retinal image analysis : Concepts , applications and potential '' . Progress in Retinal and Eye Research . 25 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 127 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2005.07. 001 . PMID 16154379 . Jump up ^ Wong TY , Knudtson MD , Klein R , Klein BE , Meuer SM , Hubbard LD ( 2004 ) . `` Computer assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study : methodology , correlation between eyes , and effect of refractive errors '' . Ophthalmology. 111 ( 6 ) : 1183 -- 1190 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2003.09. 039 . PMID 15177969 . Jump up ^ Retina ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Mosby. 2006 . pp. 2013 -- 2015 .", "28": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 02598 - 0 . OCLC 62034580 . Jump up ^ Seeing into the Future Ingenia , March 2007 Jump up ^ Dinculescu Astra ; Glushakova Lyudmyla ; Seok - Hong Min ; Hauswirth William W ( 2005 ) . `` Adeno - associated virus - vectored gene therapy for retinal disease '' . Human Gene Therapy . 16 ( 6 ) : 649 -- 663 . doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2005.16. 649 . PMID 15960597 . ^ Jump up to : Cideciyan A.V. ; Hauswirth W.W. ; Aleman T.S. ; Kaushal S. ; Schwartz S.B. ; Boye S.L. ; Windsor E.A.M. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Human RPE65 gene therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis : persistence of early visual improvements and safety at 1 year '' . Human gene therapy . 20 ( 9 ) : 999 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2009.086 . PMC 2829287 . PMID 19583479 . ^ Jump up to : Simonelli F. ; Maguire A.M. ; Testa F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Mingozzi F. ; Bennicelli J.L. ; Rossi S. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Gene therapy for Leber 's congenital amaurosis is safe and effective through 1.5 years after vector administration '' . Molecular Therapy . 18 ( 3 ) : 643 -- 650 . doi : 10.1038 / mt. 2009.277 . PMC 2839440 . PMID 19953081 . ^ Jump up to : Maguire A.M. ; Simonelli F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Pugh E.N. ; Mingozzi F. ; Bennicelli J. ; Banfi S. ; et al. ( 2008 ) .", "29": "`` Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber 's congenital amaurosis '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 21 ) : 2240 -- 2248 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0802315 . PMC 2829748 . PMID 18441370 . ^ Jump up to : Maguire A.M. ; High K.A. ; Auricchio A. ; Wright J.F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Testa F. ; Mingozzi F. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Age - dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber 's congenital amaurosis : a phase 1 dose - escalation trial '' . Lancet . 374 ( 9701 ) : 1597 -- 1605 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 09 ) 61836 - 5 . PMC 4492302 . PMID 19854499 . Jump up ^ Bainbridge J.W.B. ; Smith A.J. ; Barker S.S. ; Robbie S. ; Henderson R. ; Balaggan K. ; Viswanathan A. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber 's congenital amaurosis '' ( PDF ) . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 21 ) : 2231 -- 2239 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0802268 . PMID 18441371 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hauswirth W.W. ; Aleman T.S. ; Kaushal S. ; Cideciyan A.V. ; Schwartz S.B. ; Wang L. ; Conlon T.J. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Treatment of Leber Congenital Amaurosis Due to RPE65Mutations by Ocular Subretinal Injection of Adeno - Associated Virus Gene Vector : Short - Term Results of a Phase I Trial '' . Human gene therapy . 19 ( 10 ) : 979 -- 990 .", "30": "doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2008.107 . PMC 2940541 . PMID 18774912 . Jump up ^ Ashtari M. ; Cyckowski L.L. ; Monroe J.F. ; Marshall K.A. ; Chung D.C. ; Auricchio A. ; Simonelli F. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The human visual cortex responds to gene therapy - mediated recovery of retinal function '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 121 ( 6 ) : 2160 -- 2168 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI57377 . PMC 3104779 . PMID 21606598 . Jump up ^ Bennett J ( 2003 ) . `` Immune response following intraocular delivery of recombinant viral vectors '' . Gene therapy . 10 ( 11 ) : 977 -- 982 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. gt. 3302030 . PMID 12756418 . Jump up ^ Curace Enrico M. ; Auricchio Alberto ( 2008 ) . `` Versatility of AAV vectors for retinal gene transfer '' . Vision Research . 48 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 359 . doi : 10.1016 / j. visres. 2007.07. 027 . Jump up ^ den Hollander , Anneke I. ; Roepman , Ronald ; Koenekoop , Robert K. ; Cremers , Frans P.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Leber congenital amaurosis : Genes , proteins and disease mechanisms '' . Progress in Retinal and Eye Research . 27 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 419 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2008.05. 003 . PMID 18632300 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rolling , F. ( 2004 ) . `` Recombinant AAV - mediated gene transfer to the retina : gene therapy perspectives '' . Gene Therapy . 11 ( S1 ) : S26 -- S32 .", "31": "doi : 10.1038 / sj. gt. 3302366 . ISSN 0969 - 7128 . PMID 15454954 . Jump up ^ `` Santiago Ramón y Cajal -- Biographical '' . www.nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nobelprize.org '' . nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calculating the speed of sight '' . newscientist.com . Archived from the original on 31 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ MacLaren , RE ; Pearson , RA ; MacNeil , A ; et al. ( November 2006 ) . `` Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 444 ( 7116 ) : 203 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 444 ... 203M . doi : 10.1038 / nature05161 . PMID 17093405 . Jump up ^ Bartsch , U. ; Oriyakhel , W. ; Kenna , P.F. ; Linke , S. ; Richard , G. ; Petrowitz , B. ; Humphries , P. ; Farrar , G.J. ; Ader , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Retinal cells integrate into the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into mature photoreceptors after subretinal transplantation into adult mice '' . Experimental Eye Research . 86 ( 4 ) : 691 -- 700 . doi : 10.1016 / j. exer. 2008.01. 018 . PMID 18329018 . Jump up ^ `` About : EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Retina < < EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) S. Ramón y Cajal , Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés , Maloine , Paris , 1911 . Rodieck RW ( 1965 ) . `` Quantitative analysis of cat retinal ganglion cell response to visual stimuli '' . Vision Res. 5 ( 11 ) : 583 -- 601 . doi : 10.1016 / 0042 - 6989 ( 65 ) 90033 - 7 . PMID 5862581 . Wandell , Brian A. ( 1995 ) . Foundations of vision . Sunderland , Mass : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 853 - 2 . Wässle H , Boycott BB ( 1991 ) . `` Functional architecture of the mammalian retina '' . Physiol. Rev. 71 ( 2 ) : 447 -- 480 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 1991.71. 2.447 . PMID 2006220 . Schulz HL , Goetz T , Kaschkoetoe J , Weber BH ( 2004 ) . `` The Retinome -- Defining a reference transcriptome of the adult mammalian retina / retinal pigment epithelium '' . BMC Genomics ( about a transcriptome for eye color ) . 5 ( 1 ) : 50 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 5 - 50 . PMC 512282 . PMID 15283859 . Dowling , John ( 2007 ) . `` Retina '' . Scholarpedia. 2 ( 12 ) : 3487 . Bibcode : 2007SchpJ ... 2.3487 D . doi : 10.4249 / scholarpedia. 3487 . Khoshbin - e-Khoshnazar , M.R. ( 2014 ) .", "33": "`` Quantum Superposition in the Retina : Evidences and Proposals '' . NeuroQuantology. 12 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 101 . doi : 10.14704 / nq. 2014.12. 1.685 . External links ( edit ) Histology of the Eye , edited by William Krause , Dept . Pathology and Anatomical science , University of Missouri School of Medicine Eye , Brain , and Vision -- online book -- by David Hubel Kolb , H. , Fernandez , E. , & Nelson , R. ( 2003 ) . Webvision : The neural organization of the vertebrate retina . Salt Lake City , Utah : John Moran Eye Center , University of Utah . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Demo : Artificial Retina , MIT Technology Review , September 2004 . Reports on implant research at Technology Review Successful photoreceptor transplantation , MIT Technology Review , November 2006 . How stem cells might restore sight Technology Review Australian Vision Prosthesis Group , Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering , University of New South Wales RetinaCentral , Genetics and Diseases of the Human Retina at University of Würzburg Retinal layers image . NeuroScience 2nd Ed at United States National Library of Medicine Jeremy Nathans 's seminars : `` The Vertebrate Retina : Structure , Function ,", "34": "and Evolution '' Retina -- Cell Centered Database Histology image : 07901loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002291 ( hide ) Anatomy of the globe of the human eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell ,", "35": "Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Optical coherence tomography Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Optical illusions List of optical illusions Afterimage Barberpole Bezold Blivet Café wall Cornsweet Delboeuf Ebbinghaus Ehrenstein Flash lag Fraser spiral Grid Hering Jastrow Mach McCollough Müller - Lyer Necker Orbison Penrose stairs triangle Peripheral drift Poggendorff Ponzo Rubin Sander Schroeder Ternus Vertical -- horizontal White 's Wundt Zöllner Related Auditory Tactile Temporal Op art Ascending and Descending Waterfall LCCN : sh85113322 GND : 4171512 - 3 BNF : cb11964958v ( data ) NDL : 00567817 BNE : XX532269 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retina&oldid=838474306 '' Categories : Visual system Human eye anatomy Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use American English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention All articles needing expert attention Medicine articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April", "36": "2018 Articles to be expanded from October 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with self - published sources from October 2016 All articles with self - published sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots", "37": "Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 07 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 9, 4, 10, 5, 11, 34, 0, 25, 18, 16, 6, 27, 1, 8, 3, 13, 32, 14, 19, 26, 20, 33, 7, 15, 35, 23, 24, 22, 2, 31, 17, 12, 30, 21, 29, 28, 36, 37 ]	[ 4, 9, 10, 5, 11 ]
-7065622940174219045	what is the meaning of 4wd in cars	[ "refers a two-axled vehicle with a drivetrain capable of providing torque to all its wheels simultaneously", "refers a two-axled vehicle with a drivetrain capable of providing torque to all its wheels simultaneously", "a two-axled vehicle with a drivetrain capable of providing torque to all its wheels simultaneously", "a two-axled vehicle with a drivetrain capable of providing torque to all its wheels simultaneously" ]	{ "0": "Four - wheel drive - wikipedia Four - wheel drive Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Four - wheel drive ( disambiguation ) . `` Four by four '' redirects here . For other uses , see Four by four ( disambiguation ) . The Jeep Wrangler is a 4WD vehicle with a transfer case to select low range or high range four - wheel drive Four - wheel drive , also called 4 × 4 ( `` four by four '' ) or 4WD , refers a two - axled vehicle with a drivetrain capable of providing torque to all its wheels simultaneously . It may be full - time or on - demand , and is typically linked via a transfer case providing an additional output drive - shaft and , in many instances , additional gear ranges . A four - wheeled vehicle with torque supplied to both axles is described as `` all - wheel drive '' ( AWD ) . However , `` four - wheel drive '' typically refers to a set of specific components and functions , and / or intended offroad application , which generally complies with modern use of the terminology .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 1.1 4 × 4 1.2 4WD 1.3 AWD 1.4 IWD 1.5 SAE Recommended Practices 2 Design 2.1 Differentials 2.2 Limiting slippage 2.3 Operating Modes 3 History 3.1 Late 1800s 3.2 1900s - 1920s 3.3 1930s -- 1944 3.4 1945 - 1960s 3.5 1970s - 1990s 3.6 2000 - present 4 Uses 4.1 Road racing 4.2 In heavy trucks 4.3 In construction equipment 5 Terminology 6 Unusual systems 7 Introduction to off - roaders 8 Introduction to passenger cars 9 Systems by design type 9.1 Center differential with mechanical lock 9.2 Torsen center differential 9.3 Non-locking center differential 9.4 Multiple - clutch systems 9.5 Multi-plate clutch coupling 9.6 Part - time 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Definitions ( edit ) 4 × 4 / 4WD / AWD systems were developed in many different markets and used in many different vehicle platforms . There is no universally accepted set of terminology to describe the various architectures and functions . The terms used by various manufacturers often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems . SAE International 's standard J1952 recommends only the term All - Wheel - Drive with additional sub classifications which cover all types of AWD / 4WD / 4x4 systems found on production vehicles . 4 × 4 ( edit ) Four - by - four ( 4 × 4 ) refers to the general class of vehicles . The first figure represents the total wheels ( more precisely , axle ends ) , and the second , the number that are powered .", "2": "Syntactically , 4 × 2 means a four - wheel vehicle that transmits engine torque to only two axle - ends : the front two in front - wheel drive or the rear two in rear - wheel drive . Alternatively , a 6 × 4 vehicle has three axles , two of which provide torque to two wheel ends each . 4WD ( edit ) Four wheel drive ( 4WD ) refers to vehicles with two axles providing torque to four wheel ends . In the North American market the term generally refers to a system that is optimized for off - road driving conditions . The term `` 4WD '' is typically designated for vehicles equipped with a transfercase which switches between 2WD and 4WD operating modes , either manually or automatically . AWD ( edit ) Main article : AWD ( vehicle ) All wheel drive ( AWD ) historically was synonymous with `` four - wheel drive '' on four - wheeled vehicles , and six - wheel drive on 6 × 6s , and so on , being used in that fashion at least as early as the 1920s . Today in North America the term is applied to both heavy vehicles as well as light passenger vehicles . When referring to heavy vehicles the term is increasingly applied to mean `` permanent multiple - wheel drive '' on 2 × 2 , 4 × 4 , 6 × 6 or 8 × 8 drive train systems that include a differential between the front and rear drive shafts . This is often coupled with some sort of anti-slip technology , increasingly hydraulic - based , that allows differentials to spin at different speeds but still be capable of transferring torque from a wheel with poor traction to one with better . Typical AWD systems work well on all surfaces , but are not intended for more extreme off - road use . When used to describe AWD systems in light passenger vehicles , it refers to a system that applies torque to all four wheels ( permanently or on demand ) and / or is targeted at improving on - road traction and performance ( particularly in inclement conditions ) , rather than for off - road applications . Some all wheel drive electric vehicles solve this challenge using one motor for each axle , thereby eliminating a mechanical differential between the front and rear axles .", "3": "An example of this is the dual motor variant of the Tesla Model S , which on a millisecond scale can control the torque distribution electronically between its two motors . IWD ( edit ) Individual - wheel drive ( IWD ) was coined to identify those electric vehicles whereby each wheel is driven by its own individual electric motor . This system essentially has inherent characteristics that would be generally attributed to four - wheel drive systems like the distribution of the available torque to the wheels . However , because of the inherent characteristics of electric motors , torque can be negative , as seen in the Rimac Concept One and SLS AMG Electric . This can have drastic effects , as in better handling in tight corners . The term IWD can refer to a vehicle with any number of wheels . For example , the Mars rovers are 6 - wheel IWD . SAE recommended practices ( edit ) Per the SAE International standard J1952 AWD is the preferred term for all the systems described above . The standard subdivides AWD systems into three categories . Part - Time AWD systems require driver intervention to couple and decouple the secondary axle from the primarily driven axle and these systems do not have a center differential ( or similar device ) . The definition notes that part - time systems may have a low range . Full - Time AWD systems drive both front and rear axles at all times via a center ( inter-axle ) differential . The torque split of that differential may be fix or variable depending on the type of center differential . This system can be used on any surface at any speed . The definition does not address inclusion or exclusion of a low range gear . On - Demand AWD systems drive the secondary axle via an active or passive coupling device or `` by an independently powered drive system '' . The standard notes that in some cases the secondary drive system may also provide the primary vehicle propulsion . On - demand systems function primarily with only one powered axle until torque is required by the second axle . At that point either a passive or active coupling sends torque to the secondary axle .", "4": "In addition to the above primary classifications the J1952 standard notes secondary classifications resulting in a total of eight system designations : Part - Time Non Synchro System Part - Time Synchro System Full - Time Fixed Torque System Full - Time Variable Torque Passive System Full - Time Variable Torque Active System On - Demand Synchro Variable Torque Passive System On - Demand Synchro Variable Torque Active System On - Demand Independently Powered Variable Torque Active System Design ( edit ) Differentials ( edit ) Main article : Differential The Lamborghini Murciélago is an AWD that powers the front via a viscous coupling unit if the rear slips . The HMMWV is a 4WD / AWD that powers all wheels evenly ( continuously ) via a manually lockable center differential , with Torsen differentials for both front and rear . Two wheels fixed to the same axle turn at the same speed as a vehicle goes around curves . This either forces one to slip , if possible , to balance the apparent distance covered , or creates uncomfortable and mechanically stressful wheel hop . To prevent this the wheels are allowed to turn at different speeds using a mechanical or hydraulic differential . This allows one driveshaft to independently drive two output shafts , axles that go from the differential to the wheel , at different speeds . The differential does this by distributing angular force ( in the form of torque ) evenly , while distributing angular velocity ( turning speed ) such that the average for the two output shafts is equal to that of the differential ring gear . When powered each axle requires a differential to distribute power between the left and right sides . When power is distributed to all four wheels a third or ' center ' differential can be used to distribute power between the front and rear axles . The described system handles extremely well , as it is able to accommodate various forces of movement and distribute power evenly and smoothly , making slippage unlikely . Once it does slip , however , recovery is difficult . If the left front wheel of a 4WD vehicle slips on an icy patch of road , for instance , the slipping wheel will spin faster than the other wheels due to the lower traction at that wheel . Since a differential applies equal torque to each half - shaft , power is reduced at the other wheels , even if they have good traction .", "5": "This problem can happen in both 2WD and 4WD vehicles , whenever a driven wheel is placed on a surface with little traction or raised off the ground . The simplistic design works acceptably well for 2WD vehicles . It is much less acceptable for 4WD vehicles , because 4WD vehicles have twice as many wheels with which to lose traction , increasing the likelihood that it may happen . 4WD vehicles may also be more likely to drive on surfaces with reduced traction . However , since torque is divided amongst four wheels rather than two , each wheel receives approximately half the torque of a 2WD vehicle , reducing the potential for wheel slip . To prevent slippage from happening some vehicles have controls for independently locking center , front , and rear differentials Limiting slippage ( edit ) Main article : Limited - slip differential ( LSD ) Many differentials have no way of limiting the amount of engine power that gets sent to its attached output shafts . As a result , if a tire loses traction on acceleration , either because of a low - traction situation ( e.g. , - driving on gravel or ice ) or the engine power overcomes available traction , the tire that is not slipping receives little or no power from the engine . In very low traction situations , this can prevent the vehicle from moving at all . To overcome this , there are several designs of differentials that can either limit the amount of slip ( these are called ' limited - slip ' differentials ) or temporarily lock the two output shafts together to ensure that engine power reaches all driven wheels equally . Locking differentials work by temporarily locking together a differential 's output shafts , causing all wheels to turn at the same rate , providing torque in case of slippage . This is generally used for the center differential , which distributes power between the front and the rear axles . While a drivetrain that turns all wheels equally would normally fight the driver and cause handling problems , this is not a concern when wheels are slipping . The two most common factory - installed locking differentials use either a computer - controlled multi-plate clutch or viscous coupling unit to join the shafts , while other differentials more commonly used on off - road vehicles generally use manually operated locking devices .", "6": "In the multi-plate clutch the vehicle 's computer senses slippage and locks the shafts , causing a small jolt when it activates , which can disturb the driver or cause additional traction loss . In the viscous coupling differentials the shear stress of high shaft speed differences causes a dilatant fluid in the differential to become solid , linking the two shafts . This design suffers from fluid degradation with age and from exponential locking behavior . Some designs use gearing to create a small rotational difference that hastens torque transfer . A third approach to limiting slippage is taken by a Torsen differential . A Torsen differential allows the output shafts to receive different amounts of torque . This design does not provide for traction when one wheel is spinning freely , where there is no torque , but provides excellent handling in less extreme situations . A typical Torsen II differential can deliver up to twice as much torque to the high traction side before traction is exceeded at the lower traction side . A fairly recent innovation in automobiles is electronic traction control . Traction control typically uses a vehicle 's braking system to slow a spinning wheel . This forced slowing emulates the function of a limited - slip differential , and , by using the brakes more aggressively to ensure wheels are being driven at the same speed , can also emulate a locking differential . It should be noted that this technique normally requires wheel sensors to detect when a wheel is slipping , and only activates when wheel slip is detected . Therefore , there is typically no mechanism to actively prevent wheel slip ( i.e. , you ca n't `` lock the differential '' in advance of wheel slip ) , rather the system is designed to expressly permit wheel slip to occur , and then attempt to send torque to the wheels with the best traction . If preventing all - wheel slip is a requirement , this is a limiting design . Operating modes ( edit ) The architecture of an AWD / 4WD system can be described by describing its possible operating modes . A single vehicle may have the ability to operate in multiple modes depending on driver selection . Mohan describes the modes as follows : Two Wheel Drive ( 2WD ) Mode - In this mode only one axle ( typically the rear axle ) is driven . The drive to the other axle is disconnected . The operating torque split ratio is 0 : 100 .", "7": "Four Wheel Drive ( 4WD ) Mode - Here , depending on the nature of torque transfer to the axles , we can define three sub-modes ( below ) . Part - time Mode - The front and rear axle drives are rigidly coupled in the transfer case . Since the driveline does not permit any speed differentiation between the axles and would cause driveline wind - up , this mode is recommended only for ' part - time ' use in off - road or loose surface conditions where driveline wind - up is unlikely . Up to full torque could go to either axle depending on the road condition and the weight over the axles . Full - time Mode - Both axles are driven at all times but an inter-axle differential permits the axles to turn at different speeds as needed . This allows the vehicle to be driven ' full - time ' in this mode , regardless of the road surface , without fear of driveline wind - up . With standard bevel gear differentials the torque split is 50 : 50 . Planetary differentials can provide asymmetric torque splits as needed . A system that operates permanently in the full - time mode is sometimes called ' All - the - Time 4WD ' , ' All - Wheel - Drive ' or ' AWD ' . If the inter-axle differential is locked out then the mode reverts to a ' part - time mode ' . On - Demand Mode - In this mode the transfer case operates primarily in the 2WD mode . Torque is transferred to the secondary axle as needed by modulating the transfer clutch from ' open ' to a rigidly coupled state while avoiding any driveline wind - up . The torque modulation may be achieved by active electronic / hydraulic control systems , or by passive devices , based on wheel slip or wheel torque , as described in the section on traction control systems . In addition to these basic modes there could be implementations that combine these modes .", "8": "The system could have a clutch across the center differential , for example , capable of modulating the front axle torque from a Full - time mode with the 30 : 70 torque split of the center differential to the 0 : 100 torque split of the 2WD mode History ( edit ) The Lohner - Porsche Mixte Hybrid was both the world 's first hybrid vehicle , and the first four - wheel drive without a steam - engine The 1903 Spyker 60 - HP was the world 's first 4WD , that was directly powered by an internal combustion engine , and the first 4WD race - car . Center transfer case sending power from the transmission to the rear axle ( right ) and front axle ( left ) Selection lever : 2H for two - wheel drive , 4H for high - range 4WD , 4L for low - range 4WD , and N for Neutral Late 1800s ( edit ) In 1893 , before the establishment of a modern automotive industry in Britain , English engineer Bramah Joseph Diplock patented a four - wheel - drive system for a steam - powered traction engine , including four - wheel steering and three differentials , which was subsequently built . The development also incorporated Bramah 's Pedrail wheel system in what was one of the first four - wheel - drive automobiles to display an intentional ability to travel on challenging road surfaces . It stemmed from Bramagh 's previous idea of developing an engine that would reduce the amount of damage to public roads . Ferdinand Porsche designed and built a four - wheel - driven electric vehicle for the k.u.k. Hofwagenfabrik Ludwig Lohner & Co. in Vienna in 1899 , presented to the public during the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris . The vehicle was a series hybrid car , that used an electric hub motor at each wheel , powered by batteries , which were in turn charged by a gasoline - engine generator . It was clumsily heavy and due to its unusual status the so - called Lohner - Porsche is not frequently given its credit as the first four - wheel - driven automobile .", "9": "1900s - 1920s ( edit ) The world 's first four - wheel - drive car directly powered by an internal combustion engine , commissioned for the Paris to Madrid race of 1903 , the Spyker 60 H.P. , was presented that year by Dutch brothers Jacobus and Hendrik - Jan Spijker of Amsterdam . The two - seat sports car featured permanent four - wheel drive and was also the first car ever equipped with a six - cylinder engine , as well as four - wheel braking . Later used as a hill - climb racer , it is now an exhibit in the Louwman Museum ( the former Nationaal Automobiel Museum ) in the Hague , the Netherlands . Designs for four - wheel drive in America came from the Twyford Company of Brookville , Pennsylvania in 1905 , six were made there around 1906 ; one still exists and is displayed annually . The second American four - wheel - drive vehicle was built in 1908 by ( what became ) the Four Wheel Drive Auto Company ( FWD ) of Wisconsin ( not to be confused with the term `` FWD '' as an acronym for front - wheel drive ) . FWD would later produce around 15,000 of its four - wheel - drive Model B trucks for the British and American armies during World War I . Approximately 11,500 of the Jeffery / Nash Quad trucks were built for similar use between 1913 and 1919 . The Quad not only came with four - wheel drive and four - wheel brakes , but also featured four - wheel steering . The Quad was one of the first successful four - wheel drive vehicles ever to be made , and its production continued for 15 years with a total of 41,674 units made by 1928 . The Reynolds - Alberta Museum has a four - wheel - drive vehicle , named `` Michigan '' , from 1905 in an unrestored storage . The American Marmon - Herrington Company was founded in 1931 to serve a growing market for moderately priced four - wheel - drive vehicles .", "10": "Marmon - Herrington specialized in converting Ford trucks to four - wheel drive and got off to a successful start by procuring contracts for military aircraft refueling trucks , 4 × 4 chassis for towing light weaponry , commercial aircraft refueling trucks , and an order from the Iraqi Pipeline Company for what were the largest trucks ever built at the time . Daimler - Benz also has a history in four - wheel drive . In 1907 the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft had built a four - wheel - driven vehicle called Dernburg - Wagen , also equipped with four - wheel steering , that was used by German colonial civil servant , Bernhard Dernburg , in Namibia . Mercedes and BMW , in 1926 , introduced a rather sophisticated four - wheel drive , the G1 , the G4 and G4 following . The 1937 Mercedes - Benz G5 and BMW 325 4 × 4 featured full - time four - wheel drive , four - wheel steering , three locking differentials , and fully independent suspension . They were produced because of a government demand for a four - wheel - drive passenger vehicle . The modern G - series / Wolf such as the G500 and G55 AMG still feature some of the attributes , with the exception of fully independent suspension since it can compromise ground clearance . The Unimog is another Mercedes truck . 1930s -- 1944 ( edit ) Starting in 1936 , Japanese company Tokyu Kurogane Kogyo built approximately 4,700 four - wheel - drive roadsters , called the Kurogane Type 95 reconnaissance car , used by the Imperial Japanese Army from 1937 until 1944 , during the Second Sino - Japanese War . Three different bodystyles were manufactured ; a 2 - door roadster , a 2 - door pickup truck and a 4 - door phaeton , all equipped with a transfer case that engaged the front wheels , powered by a 1.3 litre , 2 - cylinder , air - cooled OHV V - twin engine . The first Russian produced four - wheel - drive vehicle , also in part for civilian use , was the GAZ - 61 , developed in the Soviet Union in 1938 .", "11": "`` Civilian use '' may be a bit of a misnomer , as most if not all were used by the Soviet government and military ( as command cars ) , but the GAZ - 61 - 73 version is the first four - wheel drive vehicle with a normal closed sedan body . Elements of the chassis were used in subsequent military vehicles such as the 1940 GAZ - 64 and the 1943 GAZ - 67 , as well as the post-war GAZ - 69 , and the properly civilian GAZ - M - 72 , based on the rear - wheel drive GAZ - 20 `` Victory '' and built from 1955 - 1958 . Soviet civilian life did not allow the proliferation of civilian products such as the Jeep in North America , but through the 1960s the technology of Soviet 4 × 4 vehicles stayed on par with British , German , and American models , even exceeding it in some aspects , and for military purposes just as actively developed , produced and used . It was not until `` go - anywhere '' vehicles were needed for the military on a large scale , that four - wheel drive found its place . The World War II Jeep , originally developed by American Bantam but mass - produced by Willys and Ford , became the best - known four - wheel - drive vehicle in the world during the war . 1945 - 1960s ( edit ) Willys introduced the model CJ - 2A in 1945 , the first full - production four - wheel - drive vehicle for sale in the general marketplace . Thanks to the ubiquitous World War II jeep 's success , its rugged utilitarianism set the pattern for many four - wheel drive vehicles to come . The similarly boxy , also inline - 4 powered Land Rover appeared at the Amsterdam Motor Show in 1948 . Originally conceived as a stop - gap product for the struggling Rover car company , despite chronic under - investment it succeeded far better than the passenger cars . Inspired by a Willys MB that was frequently run off - road on the farm belonging to chief engineer Maurice Wilks , Land Rover developed the more refined yet still off - road capable luxury 4WD Range Rover in the 1970s . With the acquisition of the `` Jeep '' name in 1950 Willys had cornered the brand .", "12": "Its successor , Kaiser Jeep , introduced a revolutionary 4WD wagon called the Wagoneer in 1963 . Not only was it technically innovative , with independent front suspension and the first automatic transmission coupled to 4WD , it was equipped and finished as a regular passenger automobile . In effect , it was the ancestor of the modern SUV . The luxury Rambler or Buick V8s powered Super Wagoneer produced from 1966 to 1969 raised the bar even higher . Jensen applied the Formula Ferguson ( FF ) full - time all - wheel - drive system to 318 units of their Jensen FF built from 1966 to 1971 , marking the first time 4WD was used in a production GT sports car . While most 4WD systems split torque evenly , the Jensen split torque roughly 40 % front , 60 % rear by gearing the front and rear at different ratios . 1970s - 1990s ( edit ) American Motors ( AMC ) acquired Kaiser 's Jeep Division in 1970 and quickly upgraded and expanded the entire line of off - road 4WD vehicles . With its added roadworthiness , the top range full - size Grand Wagoneer continued to compete with traditional luxury cars . Partially hand - built , it was relatively unchanged during its production through 1991 , even after Chrysler 's buyout of AMC . Subaru introduced the category - expanding Leone in 1972 , an inexpensive compact station wagon with a light - duty , part - time four - wheel drive system that could not be engaged on dry pavement . In September AMC introduced Quadra Trac full - time AWD for the 1973 model year Jeep Cherokee and Wagoneer . Thanks to full - time AWD , which relieved the driver of getting out to lock hubs and having to manually select between 2WD and 4WD modes , it dominated all other makes in FIA rally competition . Gene Henderson and Ken Pogue won the Press - on - Regardless Rally FIA championship with a Quadra Trac equipped Jeep in 1972 . 1969 Jensen FF , world 's first 4WD in a production GT sports car 1987 AWD AMC Eagle wagon , the most popular model in the line 1981 AMC Eagle AWD convertible American Motors introduced the innovative Eagle for the 1980 model year .", "13": "These were the first American mass production cars to use the complete front - engine , four - wheel drive system . The AMC Eagle was offered as a sedan , coupe , and station wagon with permanent automatic all - wheel - drive passenger models . The new Eagles combined Jeep technology with an existing and proven AMC passenger automobile platform . They ushered a whole new product category of `` sport - utility '' or crossover SUV . AMC 's Eagles came with the comfort and high - level appointments expected of regular passenger models and used the off - road technology for an extra margin of safety and traction . The Eagle 's thick viscous fluid center differential provided quiet and smooth transfer of power that was directed proportionally to the axle with the greatest traction . This was a true full - time system operating only in four - wheel drive without undue wear on suspension or driveline components . There was no low range in the transfer case . This became the forerunner of the designs that followed from other manufacturers . The automobile press at the time tested the traction of the Eagles and described it as far superior to the Subaru 's and that it could beat many so - called off - road vehicles . Four Wheeler magazine concluded that the AMC Eagle was `` The beginning of a new generation of cars . '' The Eagles were popular ( particularly in the snowbelt ) , had towing capacity , and came in several equipment levels including sport and luxury trims . Two additional models were added in 1981 , the sub-compact SX / 4 and Kammback . A manual transmission and a front axle - disconnect feature were also made available for greater fuel economy . During 1981 and 1982 a unique convertible was added to the line . The Eagle 's monocoque body was reinforced for the conversion and had a steel targa bar with a removable fiberglass roof section . The Eagle station wagon remained in production for one model year after Chrysler acquired AMC in 1987 . Audi also introduced a permanently all - wheel - driven road - going car , the Audi Quattro , in 1980 . Audi 's chassis engineer , Jörg Bensinger , had noticed in winter tests in Scandinavia that a vehicle used by the German Army , the Volkswagen Iltis , could beat any high - performance Audi .", "14": "He proposed developing a four - wheel - drive car , that would also be used for rallying to improve Audi 's conservative image . The Audi Quattro system became a feature on production cars . In 1987 , Toyota also developed a car built for competition in rally campaigns . A limited number of road - going FIA Homologation Special Vehicle Celica GT - Four ( known as Toyota Celica All - Trac Turbo in North America ) were produced . The All - Trac system was later available on serial production Toyota Camry , Toyota Corolla , and Toyota Previa models . Some of the earliest mid-engined four - wheel - drive cars were the various road - legal rally cars made for Group B homologation , such as the Ford RS200 made from 1984 to 1986 . In 1989 , niche maker Panther Westwinds created a mid-engined four - wheel - drive , the Panther Solo 2 . 2000 - present ( edit ) In the United States , as of late 2013 , AWD vehicles comprised 32 per cent of new light vehicle sales , up five per cent since 2008 . This is in large part due to the popularity of the crossover . Most crossovers offer the popular technology , in spite of it increasing vehicle price and fuel consumption . Car manufacturers have inundated consumers with marketing proclaiming AWD as a safety feature , although the advantage of AWD over FWD is in accelerating , not braking or steering . Tests have shown that though AWD gives improved acceleration in wintery conditions , it does not help with braking . In 2008 , Nissan introduced the GT - R featuring a rear - mounted transaxle . The AWD system requires two drive shafts , one main shaft from the engine to the transaxle and differential and a second drive shaft from the transaxle to the front wheels . Uses ( edit ) Road racing ( edit ) Spyker is credited with building and racing the first ever four - wheel drive racing car , the Spyker 60 HP in 1903 . Bugatti created a total of three four - wheel - drive racers , the Type 53 , in 1932 , but the cars were notorious for having poor handling . Miller produced the first 4WD car to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 , the 1938 Miller Gulf Special .", "15": "Ferguson Research Ltd. built the front - engine P99 Formula One car that actually won a non-World Championship race with Stirling Moss in 1961 . In 1968 , Team Lotus raced cars in the Indy 500 and three years later in Formula 1 with the Lotus 56 , that had both turbine engines and 4WD , as well as the 1969 4WD - Lotus 63 that had the standard 3 - litre V8 Ford Cosworth engine . Matra also raced a similar MS84 , and McLaren entered their M9A in the British Grand Prix , while engine manufacturers Ford - Cosworth produced their own version which was tested but never raced . All these F1 cars were considered inferior to their RWD counterparts , as the advent of aerodynamic downforce meant that adequate traction could be obtained in a lighter and more mechanically efficient manner , and the idea was discontinued , even though Lotus tried repeatedly . Nissan and Audi had success with all - wheel drive in road racing with the former 's advent of the Nissan Skyline GT - R in 1989 . So successful was the car that it dominated the Japanese circuit for the first years of production , going on to bigger and more impressive wins in Australia before weight penalties eventually levied a de facto ban on the car . Most controversially was the win pulled off at the 1990 Macau Grand Prix where the car led from start to finish . Audi 's dominance in the Trans - Am Series in 1988 was equally controversial as it led to a weight penalty mid season and to a rule revision banning all - AWD cars , its dominance in Super Touring eventually led to a FIA ban on AWD system in 1998 . New 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans regulations may revive AWD / 4WD in road racing , though such systems are only allowed in new hybrid - powered Le Mans Prototypes . One example is the Audi R18 e-tron quattro ( winner of 2012 race , the first ever hybrid / 4WD to win Le Mans ) , utilizing an electric motor in the front axle while combining the engine motor in the rear . In heavy trucks ( edit ) Medium - duty trucks and Heavy - duty trucks have recently adopted 4 × 4 drive - trains .", "16": "4 × 4 medium - duty trucks became common after Ford Motor Company began selling Ford Super Duty trucks . The Super Duty trucks shared many parts between the light duty and medium duty , reducing production costs . The Dana 60 front axle is used on both medium - and light - duty Super Duty trucks . Furthermore , the Big Three share / shared parts between the companies reducing costs . The Dana S 110 is currently being used for the rear drive , under Ford and Ram 's medium - duty trucks . The Dana 110 was also used on the General Motors 4 × 4s as well . Ram Trucks began selling medium - duty trucks , 4 × 4 and 4 × 2 , in 2008 . General Motors sold a 4 × 4 for model years 2005 - 2009 . GM 4 × 4 medium - duty trucks Heavy duty International Workstar Ford medium - duty 4 × 4 drive train In construction equipment ( edit ) A Case backhoe loader with 4WD Volvo introduced the Model 646 four - wheel drive backhoe loader in 1977 . Case Corporation followed suit in the U.S. in 1987 . Terminology ( edit ) In engineering terms , `` four - wheel drive '' designates a vehicle with power delivered to four wheel ends spread over at least two axles . The term 4 × 4 ( pronounced four by four ) was in use to describe North American military four - wheel - drive vehicles as early as the 1940s , with the first number indicating the number of wheel ends on a vehicle and the second indicating the number of driven wheels . Trucks with dual tires on the rear axle and two driven axles are designated as 4 × 4s despite having six wheels because the paired rear wheels behave as a single wheel for traction and classification purposes . True 6 × 6 vehicles which have three powered axles , and are classified as 6 × 6s regardless of how many wheels they have . Examples of these with two rear , one front axle are the 6 - wheeled Pinzgauer , which is popular with defense forces around the globe , and 10 - wheeled GMC CCKW made famous by the U.S. Army in World War II .", "17": "4 - wheeler ( or four - wheeler ) is a related term applying to all - terrain vehicles , and not to be confused with four - wheel drive . The `` four '' in the instance referring to the vehicle having four wheels , not necessarily all driven . Unusual systems ( edit ) Prompted by a perceived need for a simple , inexpensive all - terrain vehicle for oil exploration in North Africa , the French motor manufacturer Citroën developed the 2CV Sahara in 1958 . Unlike other 4 × 4 vehicles which use a conventional transfer case to drive the front and rear axle , the Sahara had two engines , each independently driving a separate axle , with the rear engine facing backwards . The two throttles , clutches and gear change mechanisms could be linked , so the two 12 hp ( 9 kW ) 425 cc ( 26 cu in ) engines could run together , or they could be split and the car driven solely by either engine . Combined with twin fuel tanks and twin batteries ( which could be set up to run either or both engines ) , the redundancy of two separate drive trains meant that they could make it back to civilization even after major mechanical failures . Only around 700 of these cars were built , and only 27 are known to exist today . BMC experimented with a twin - engine Mini Moke ( dubbed the `` Twini Moke '' ) in the mid-1960s , but never put it into production . This made advantage of the Mini 's ' power pack ' layout , with a transverse engine and the gearbox in the engine sump . Simply by fitting a second engine / gearbox unit across the rear , a rudimentary 4 × 4 system could be produced . Early prototypes had separate gear levers and clutch systems for each engine . Later versions sent for evaluation by the British Army had more user - friendly linked systems . In 1965 , A.J.M. Chadwick patented a 4WD system , GB 1113068 , that used hemispherical wheels for an all - terrain vehicle . Twenty years later , B.T.E. Warne , patented , GB 2172558 , an improvement on Chadwick 's design that did not use differential gear assemblies . By using near - spherical wheels with provision to tilt and turn each wheel co-ordinatively , the driven wheels maintain constant traction .", "18": "Furthermore , all driven wheels steer and , as pairing of wheels is not necessary , vehicles with an odd number of wheels are possible without affecting the system 's integrity . Progressive deceleration is made possible by dynamically changing the front - to - rear effective wheel diameter ratios . Suzuki Motors introduced the Suzuki Escudo Pikes Peak Edition in 1996 . Earlier Suzuki versions were twin engined , from 1996 on the engine is a twin - turbocharged 2.0 L V6 , mated to a sequential 6 - speed manual transmission . Nissan Motors has developed a system called E-4WD . It is designed for cars that are normally front - wheel drive , however the rear wheels are powered by electric motors . This system was introduced in some variants of the Nissan Cube and Tiida . ( This is similar to the system used on the Ford Escape Hybrid AWD . ) Chrysler 's Jeep Division debuted the twin engine , 670 hp ( 500 kW ) Jeep Hurricane concept at the 2005 North American International Auto Show in Detroit . This vehicle has a unique `` crab crawl '' capability , which allows it to rotate 360 ° in place . This is accomplished by driving the left wheels as a pair and right wheels as a pair , as opposed to driving the front and rear pairs . A central gearbox allows one side to drive in the opposite direction to the other . It also has dual Hemi V8s . Some hybrid vehicles such as the Lexus RX400h provide power to an AWD system through a pair of electric motors , one to the front wheels and one to the rear . In the case of the AWD model version of the Lexus RX400h ( and its Toyota - branded counterpart , the Harrier hybrid ) , the front wheels can also receive drive power directly from the vehicle 's gasoline engine as well as via the electric motors , whereas the rear wheels derive power only from the second electric motor . Transfer of power is managed automatically by internal electronics based on traction conditions and need , making this an all - wheel - drive system . The 4RM system used in the Ferrari FF in 2011 is unique in that it has a rear transaxle with secondary front transaxle connected directly to the engine . The car operates primarily as a rear wheel drive vehicle .", "19": "Clutches in the front transaxle engage when the rear wheels slip . Drive to the front wheels is transmitted through two infinitely - variable clutch packs which are allowed to ' slip ' to give the required road wheel speeds . The front transaxle has three gears , two forward , and reverse . The two forward gears of the front transmission match the lower four forward gears of the rear transmission . It is not used in higher gears . The connection between this gearbox and each front wheel is via independent haldex - type clutches , without a differential . Due to the difference in ratios the clutches continually slip and only transmit , at most , 20 % of the engine 's torque . Introduction to off - roaders ( edit ) Year Manufacturer Model / Series Mass Military 1941 GAZ GAZ - 64 x 1941 Willys - Overland Willys MA / MB x 1941 Volkswagen Typ 128 Schwimmwagen x 1945 Willys CJ - 2A x 1946 Dodge Power Wagon x 1947 Jeep Willys truck x 1948 Ford F - series x 1948 Rover Land Rover Series x 1951 Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo Matta x 1951 Austin Motor Company Austin Champ x 1951 Fiat Fiat Campagnola x 1951 Nissan Nissan Patrol x 1954 Toyota Land Cruiser x 1956 Auto Union DKW Munga x 1963 Kaiser Jeep Wagoneer ( SJ ) x", "20": "1968 Suzuki Lj10 x 1970 British Leyland Range Rover x 1972 UAZ UAZ - 469 x 1976 Lada Lada Niva x 1979 Mercedes - Benz G - Class x 1982 Mitsubishi Pajero x Introduction to passenger cars ( edit ) Year Manufacturer Model / Series Mass Small series 1938 GAZ GAZ - 61 x ( 238 ) 1955 GAZ GAZ M - 72 x ( 4677 units ) 1966 Jensen Jensen FF x ( 320 units ) 1972 Subaru Subaru Leone x 1980 American Motors AMC Eagle x 1980 Audi Audi Quattro x 1982 Renault Renault 18 Combi 4 × 4 x Fiat Fiat Panda 4 × 4 x 1984 Alfa Romeo Alfa 33 4 × 4 x 1984 Mitsubishi Mitsubishi Cordia 4WD Turbo x 1984 Volkswagen Volkswagen Passat Syncro x 1984 Peugeot Peugeot 205 T16 x ( 200 units ) 1985 BMW BMW 325iX x 1985 Lancia Lancia Delta HF 4WD x", "21": "1985 Mazda Mazda 323 4WD x 1985 Suzuki Suzuki Samurai x 1986 Toyota Toyota Celica GT - Four All - Trac Turbo x 1986 Ford Ford RS200 x ( 220 units ) Mercedes - Benz Mercedes W124 4MATIC x Porsche Porsche 959 x ( 292 units ) 1988 Opel Opel Vectra 4 × 4 x 1988 Pontiac Pontiac 6000 STE AWD x Citroën Citroën BX x Chevrolet Chevrolet Astro Full - time AWD x 1991 Lamborghini Lamborghini Diablo VT x 1991 Bugatti Bugatti EB110 x ( ca . 300 units ) Fiat Tempra 4 × 4 x Volvo 850 AWD x Jaguar Jaguar X-Type x 2008 Saab Saab 9 - 3 Turbo X x Dacia Dacia Duster x 2011 Ferrari Ferrari FF x ( ca .", "22": "800 units ) Systems by design type ( edit ) Center differential with mechanical lock ( edit ) Alfa Romeo 164 Q4 ( central viscous coupling , epicyclic unit and Torsen rear differential ) Alfa Romeo 155 Q4 ( central epicyclic unit , Ferguson viscous coupling and Torsen rear differential ) AMC Eagle ( central viscous coupling ) Audi - Quattro Coupé , 80 , 90 , 100 & 200 ( locking center and rear differentials ) - up to 1987 Audi Q7 - double pinion 50 / 50 with lockup clutch pack BMW 3 series and 5 series in the 1980s - planetary center differential with a 37 - 63 ( front - back ) torque split and viscous lock ( also in rear differential but not front differential ) Chevrolet Rounded - Line K Fleetside , K Stepside , K Blazer , and K Suburban - permanent four - wheel drive ( 1973 - 1979 ) two - speed New Process 203 transfer case , center differential with 50 : 50 torque split and lock . An Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was optional for the rear hypoid differential . Ford - Escort ( RS 2000 16v 4 × 4 models and RS Cosworth ) , Sierra Cosworth , Sierra and Granada 4 × 4 models , Dodge Power Wagon - permanent four - wheel drive ( 1974 - 1979 ) two - speed New Process 203 transfer case , center differential with 50 : 50 torque split and lock . Ford Expedition ( 1997 -- present ) and Expedition EL / Max ( 2007 -- present ) - automatic ControlTrac four - wheel drive with two - speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case and intelligent locking center multi-disc differential Ford Explorer ( 1995 -- 2010 ) - automatic ControlTrac four - wheel drive with two - speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case and intelligent locking center multi-disc differential Ford F - Series - permanent four - wheel drive ( 1974 - 1979 ) two - speed New Process 203 transfer case , center differential with 50 : 50 torque split and lock .", "23": "GMC Rounded - Line K Wideside , K Fenderside , K Jimmy , and K Suburban - permanent four - wheel drive ( 1973 - 1979 ) two - speed New Process 203 transfer case , center planetary differential with 50 : 50 torque split and lock . An Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was optional for the rear hypoid differential . H1 & Humvee NVG 242HD AMG open center differential , locked center differential , Neutral , low range locked . Also Torsen1 differential at the front and rear axle , The H1 moved to Torsen2 when ABS was added . The H1 Alpha had optional locking differentials in place of torsens Hummer H2 , H3 40 / 60 planetary with lock Jeep Grand Cherokee , Commander ( except models equipped with Quadra - Trac I ) Jeep Liberty , Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) , Dodge Durango ( Select - Trac ) - NV 242 transfer case - rear drive , open center differential , locked center differential , Neutral , low range Full size Jeeps with Borg Warner QuadraTrac : limited slip center differential , 50 / 50 locked center differential . Low range could be used in locked or unlocked mode , allowing for use of low range on pavement . Land Rover Defender ( and Series III V8 models ) Land Rover Discovery / LR3 Land Rover Freelander Lada Niva ( VAZ - 2121 ) - full - time 4WD using open center differential . Transfer case with high / low range and manual central diff lock . Low range selectable in locked or unlocked mode , allowing use on pavement . Lexus RX300 - viscous coupling across the otherwise open center differential . Lincoln Navigator ( 1998 -- 2006 ) - automatic ControlTrac four - wheel drive with two - speed dual range BorgWarner transfer case and intelligent locking center multi-disc differential Navigator and Navigator L ( 2007 -- present ) use one - speed single range transfer case , no reduction gearing Mercedes - Benz Unimog ( locking center and rear with up to 10 low range gears ) .", "24": "Mercedes - Benz G - Class ( locking center and lockers on both front - and rear axle ) Mercedes - Benz GL - Class - 4Matic all - wheel - drive system Mitsubishi Pajero ( also known as Montero or Shogun ) Porsche Cayenne - 38 / 62 planetary with lockup clutch pack Range Rover Classic 1970 -- 1995 all full - time 4WD either plate LSD , manual lock or Ferguson viscous centre differential . Range Rover 2nd Gen. 1994 -- 2002 full - time 4WD Ferguson viscous centre differential Suzuki Grand Vitara / Escudo ( 2005 and later models , excepting the XL - 7 ) - full - time 4WD using limited - slip center differential , off - road 4WD with selectable center differential lock and low range transfer case 4 mode ( 4h , 4h lock , 4l n ) , traction control and electronic stability control Subaru - manual transmissions come with 50 / 50 viscous - type center differential ; performance models include a planetary differential with computer regulated lockup ; automatic transmission models have an electronically controlled variable transfer clutch . Toyota Land Cruiser Toyota Sequoia ( Multi-mode ) Volkswagen Touareg - double pinion 50 / 50 with lockup clutch pack Torsen center differential ( edit ) Alfa Romeo Q4s - with ( Torsen T - 3 ) : 156 Crosswagon and Sportwagon 159 Brera , Spider Audis with quattro - various iterations of Torsen , the T - 3 starting from the 2007 B7 RS4 80 , 90 & Coupé ( Typ 89 ) 100 & 200 A4 , S4 , RS4 A5 & S5 A6 , S6 , RS6 A8 , S8 Q5 , Q7 Bentley Continental GT , Bentley Continental Flying Spur ( 2005 ) initially Torsen T - 2 , current have T - 3 Chevrolet Trailblazer SS Torsen T - 3 Lexus GX 470 , Toyota Land Cruiser Prado 120 Torsen T - 3 Range Rover 3rd Gen.", "25": "2002 -- 2009 Toyota 4Runner ( only Limited V8 model & 2010 Limited V6 model ) Torsen T - 3 with lock Toyota FJ Cruiser ( only manual models ) Torsen T - 3 with lock Toyota Hilux Surf Torsen T - 3 with lock Toyota Land Cruiser 200 / 2008 / V8 Torsen T - 3 with lock Toyota Sequoia ( North America ) ( only 2005 - 07 Models ) Volkswagen Passenger Cars with 4motion : Volkswagen Passat Torsen T - 2 ( B5. 5 model , not latest B6 model with transverse engine ) Volkswagen Phaeton Torsen T - 2 Non-locking center differential ( edit ) BMW 3 - series and X5 between 2001 and xDrive - planetary center differential with permanent 38 - 62 ( front - back ) torque split # Cadillac Escalade , STS AWD , SRX AWD ( The first two generations had a viscous clutch on the center differential ) # Chrysler 300C AWD # Dodge Ramcharger 1974 -- 1981 - NP203 FullTime 4WD Transfer Case Dodge Magnum , Charger AWD # GMC Yukon Denali , XL Denali , Sierra Denali # Mercedes 4MATIC cars , R class , and ML class ( note some MLs had low range ) # Plymouth Trailduster 1974 -- 1981 - NP203 FullTime 4WD Transfer Case Toyota Highlander # Toyota Sienna AWD ( - 2010 only ) # The above systems ending with `` # '' function by selectively using the traction control system ( via ABS ) to brake a slipping wheel . Multiple - clutch systems ( edit ) Acura RL , RDX ( SH - AWD ) Right and left axle shaft Acura MDX SH - AWD & VTM4 Ford Explorer - Ford 's full - time shift - on - the - fly Intelligent 4WD System ( I - 4WD ) on the 2011 Explorer with Terrain Management System and RSC ( Roll Stability Control ) , Curve Control functionality , HDC ( Hill Descent Control ) and HAA ( Hill Ascent Assist ) .", "26": "Honda Ridgeline Honda Pilot Infiniti FX ( ATTESA E-TS ) Mercedes - Benz 1st generation 4MATIC ( normally rear - drive , automatic clutch in transfer case engages 4WD on demand ) Mitsubishi GTO MR / 3000GT VR - 4 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Series S - AWC 2010 Mitsubishi Outlander GT S - AWC Mitsubishi Outlander ( 2003 -- 2006 ) independent front and rear axle coupling , and Active Center Differential . Nissan GT - R ( ATTESA E-TS ) Nissan Skyline GT - R ( ATTESA E-TS and ATTESA E-TS - PRO ) front axle coupling , rear differential locking Nissan Skyline GTS4 ( ATTESA E-TS ) Nissan A31 Cefiro SE4 ( ATTESA E-TS ) Porsche 959 PSK front axle coupling , rear differential locking Saab 9 - 3 , Saab 9 - 5 , Saab 9 - 4X ( Saab XWD ) .", "27": "Multi-plate clutch coupling ( edit ) Audi A3 quattro , Audi S3 , Audi TT quattro , Audi R8 ( with Haldex Traction ) BMW xDrive : latest 3 Series , latest 5 series , X3 , latest X5 series Chevrolet Equinox ( GMPCA ) Chrysler Pacifica ( BorgWarner ITM3e ) ( on 2007 model ) Dodge Nitro ( Quadra - Trac 1 ) Dodge Caliber Ford : Escape , Freestyle , Edge , Fusion , Five Hundred ( Freestyle , FiveHundred Haldex Traction based ) ( Escape Control Trac II , based ) Honda CR - V , HR - V , Element Hyundai Santa Fe , Hyundai Tucson Borg - Warner ITM 3e magnetic multi-plate clutch coupling Hyundai Veracruz IMJ magnetic multi-plate clutch coupling Infiniti : G35x , M35x Jeep Compass ( Freedom Drive ) Jeep Grand Cherokee and SRT8 NVG 249 , 247 Land Rover Freelander 2 / LR2 ( also Haldex Traction ) Lamborghini : AWD variants VT series ( viscous traction ) Lincoln : MKS , MKZ Mazdaspeed6 ( a power takeoff unit linked to clutch pack with torque sensitive rear differential ) Mazda : Tribute , CX - 7 , CX - 9 ( tribute Control Trac II , based ) Mercury : Milan , Montego , Mariner ( Montego Haldex Traction - based ) Mitsubishi Outlander ( current generation ) Nissan Murano automatic with manual lockup switch Porsche 911 AWD variants ( a version of BorgWarner ITM3e ) -- excluding the 964 - series Porsche 911 Carrera 4 31 / 69 planetary center differential Pontiac Torrent ( GMPCA ) Subaru low powered automatic transmission models Subaru Legacy , Outback , Impreza , Forester , Tribeca automatic transmission models : mechanical front drive , clutch coupled rear axle . Suzuki : SX4 , XL7 , Aerio , Swift / Cultus based Subaru Justy .", "28": "( viscous clutch ) Toyota RAV4 - from 2005 ( third generation only ) Toyota Sienna AWD ( 2011 and newer only ) Volkswagen Golf 4motion , Volkswagen Jetta 4motion , Volkswagen Tiguan 4motion , Volkswagen Passat ( B6 ) 4motion ( initially viscous coupling , later with Haldex Traction ) Volvo : S40 , S60 , S80 , V50 , V70 , XC70 , XC90 ( Visco system until 2003 ; then all Haldex Traction - based ) Note : the above all function like 2WD when multi-plate clutch coupling is not engaged ( with exception of Subaru models ) , and like 4WD highrange in a part - time 4WD system when the clutch is engaged ( usually by computer although some allow manual control ) . Some in this category have varying degrees of control in the torque distribution between front and rear by allowing some of the clutches in a multi-plate clutch coupling to engage and slip varying amounts . An example of a system like this is the BorgWarner i - Trac ( TM ) system . Note : the Haldex Traction - based car list was created from the list on Haldex Traction corporate web site : Haldex Cars . A version of the BorgWarner ITM3e system is used on 2006 and up Porsche 911TT 's . The Borg - Warner ITM 3e is also used in the 2006 - now Hyundai Santa Fe and the Hyundai Tucson . In the Hyundais , the ITM 3e acts like a full - time AWD with 95 : 5 normal torque split . In extreme conditions , the system can be locked in a 50 : 50 split via the 4WD LOCK button . Part - time ( edit ) These are vehicles that have no center differential . Since there is no center differential to allow for speed differences between the front and rear wheels when turning , a small amount of tire slippage must occur during turns . When used on slick surfaces , this is not a problem , but when turning on dry pavement , the tires grip , then are forced to slip , then grip again , and so on , until the turn is completed . This causes the vehicle to exhibit a ' hopping ' sensation .", "29": "Using an engaged part - time 4WD system on a hard surface is not recommended , as damage to the drive - line eventually occurs . Chevrolet Rounded - Line K Fleetside , K Stepside , K Blazer , and K Suburban - conventional four - wheel drive ( 1973 - 1987 ) or shift - on - the - move four - wheel drive ( 1981 - 1987 ) two - speed New Process 205 or 208 transfer case . 0 : 100 torque split in Two High . 50 : 50 torque split lock in Four High and Four Low . An Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was optional for the rear hypoid differential . Note Rounded - Line `` K '' Pickups and Utilities were temporarily renamed to `` V '' for 1987 Chevrolet Tahoe , Trailblazer ( LT1 and LT3 models only ) , Tracker , Suburban , Silverado , Avalanche , Colorado , S - 10 series , K5 Blazer Dodge Power Wagon ( a Ram version with front and rear differential locks ) Dodge Ram , Dakota Dodge Nitro ( Quadra - Trac 2 ) Ford F series Ford Explorer ( 1991 - 1994 ) & Sport Trac Ford Ranger Geo Tracker GMC Rounded - Line K Wideside , K Fenderside , K Jimmy , and K Suburban - conventional four - wheel drive ( 1973 - 1987 ) or shift - on - the - move four - wheel drive ( 1981 - 1987 ) two - speed New Process 205 or 208 transfer case . 0 : 100 torque split in Two High . 50 : 50 torque split lock in Four High and Four Low . An Eaton Automatic Differential Lock was optional for the rear hypoid differential .", "30": "Note Rounded - Line `` K '' Pickups and Utilities were temporarily renamed to `` V '' for 1987 GMC Envoy , Yukon , Sierra , Jimmy , Sonoma Infiniti QX56 ( All - mode 4WD ) Auto - engages 4WD with slip Isuzu i - series , Isuzu Wizard Jeep Cherokee ( Quadra - Trac 2 ) Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) , Jeep Comanche , Jeep Grand Cherokee ( ZJ ) , Jeep Liberty ( Command - Trac ) Jeep Wrangler ( Rubicon model has locking front and rear differentials ) Kia Sorento ( some 2002 - 2009 models with 2WD / 4HI / 4LO - mostly LX ) Land Rover Series I , II & III ( except V8 models ) Lincoln Mark LT Mazda B - series Mercedes - Benz G - Class Mitsubishi Raider Nissan Patrol Nissan Terrano II Nissan Armada , Pathfinder ( All - mode 4WD ) Auto - engages 4WD with slip Nissan Titan , Xterra , Frontier ( rear locker an option ) Subaru Loyale , GL / DL , BRAT Front / 4wd / 4wd lo , Justy 4WD Suzuki Sidekick ( pre-2005 models , and XL - 7 ) , Jimny , Vitara Toyota Hilux Toyota Tacoma ( rear locking differential optional ) Toyota Tundra TRD Toyota FJ Cruiser ( automatic transmission models ) ( also locking rear differential ) Toyota 4Runner ( only SR5 and pre 2010 Limited V6 models , 2010 Trail edition V6 models ) ( also locking rear differential on 2010 V6 ) See also ( edit ) Category : All - wheel - drive vehicles Four - wheel drive in Formula One Limited slip differential Off - road vehicle Sport utility vehicle Dune bashing Rock crawling 4WS Transfer case References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mohan , Sankar ( 12 June 2000 ) . `` All - Wheel Drive / Four - Wheel Drive Systems and Strategies '' ( PDF ) . Seoul 2000 FISITA World Automotive Congres .", "31": "Jump up ^ Andreev , Alexandr F. ; Kabanau , Viachaslau ; Vantsevich , Vladimir ( 2010 ) . Driveline Systems of Ground Vehicles : Theory and Design . CRC Press . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Dykes , Alex . `` Alphabet Soup : 4 × 4 vs 4WD vs AWD Where 's the Differential ? '' . thetruthaboutcars.com . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice - J1952 - All - Wheel Drive System Classification '' . SAE International . October 2013 . Jump up ^ Walczak , Jim . `` 4WD vs 2WD : The Differences Between 4 × 4 And 4 × 2 '' . about com . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Collard , Chris . `` 2WD vs AWD vs 4WD '' . ConsumerReports.com . Consumer Reports Magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mark . `` 4WD vs AWD : What 's the Diff '' . MotorTrend.com . Motor Trend Magazine . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Allisons.org Automotive History ( 1 ) `` 1929 : AEC started to build AWD trucks in conjunction with FWD ( UK ) '' Jump up ^ MEYER , DONALD E. THE FIRST CENTURY OF GMC TRUCK HISTORY ( 2 ) `` By December ( 1939 ) , GMC had orders for more than 4,400 all - wheel - drive military trucks . '' ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Tom ( 1 September 2005 ) . `` Jeep Grand Cherokee 4WD System Breakthrough - 4x ... For ? '' . Four Wheeler Network . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Davies , Alex ( 10 October 2014 ) . `` The Model D Is Tesla 's Most Powerful Car Ever , Plus Autopilot '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 11 October 2014 .", "32": "Musk said the added efficiency is thanks to the electronic system that will shift power between the front and rear motors from one millisecond to the next , so each is always operating at its most efficient point Jump up ^ http://www.carscoops.com/2013/04/harris-helps-us-understand-negative.html Jump up ^ The History of 4 Wheel Drive -- Haley Dodge Jump up ^ `` History of Hybrid Vehicles '' . HybridCars.com. 2006 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . See year 1898 . Jump up ^ `` Lohner - Porsche Mixte Voiturette '' . Ultimate Car Page . 2007 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ History of 4WD Sport -- OF4WD ^ Jump up to : `` 1903 Spyker 60 HP '' . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Spyker 60 - hp Four - wheel Drive Racing Car -- Louwman Museum Jump up ^ `` The Novak Guide to the Dana Spicer Model 18 Transfer Case '' . Novak Conversions . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eckermann , Erik ( 2001 ) . World history of the automobile . Society of Automotive Engineers . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7680 - 0800 - 5 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Redgap , Curtis ; Watson , Bill ( 2010 ) . `` The Jefferys Quad and Nash Quad -- 4x4 Ancestor to the Willys Jeep '' . Allpar . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Nylund , Jimmy ( February 2009 ) . `` 27 Trailer Towing Tips '' . Four Wheeler . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ The world 's first mass - produced compact 4WD car , restored -- Japanese Nostalgic Car Jump up ^ Editors of Air Force Journal of Logistics ( 2000 ) .", "33": "The Logistics of War - a historical perspective . The Air Force Logistics Management Agency . p. 282 . ISBN 9781428993785 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . It became a famous vehicle around the world and is mentioned in a majority of the histories . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Nunney , MJJ ( 2012 ) . Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology ( Fourth ed . ) . Routledge . p. 431 . ISBN 9780750680370 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( January 2008 ) . `` 1963 Jeep Wagoneer - Landmark Vehicle '' . 4 Wheel Drive & Sport Utility Magazine . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 25 July 2007 ) . `` 1966 -- 1971 Jensen FF '' . howstuffworks com . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 29 August 2007 ) . `` 1978 - 1979 Jeep Wagoneer Limited '' . HowStuffWorks.com . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 29 August 2007 ) . `` 1967 -- 1977 Jeep Wagoneer '' . howstuffworks com . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Jean ( 1974 ) . Rallying to win : a complete guide to North American rallying . W.W. Norton . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87880 - 017 - 9 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Don ( February 2001 ) . `` All - Wheel - Drive Revisited : AMC 's 1980 Eagle pioneered the cross-over SUV '' . Automotive Industries . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rettie , John ( August 1987 ) . `` Four - Wheeling Into Your Future '' . Popular Mechanics. 164 ( 8 ) : 58 . Retrieved 5 January 2011 .", "34": "Jump up ^ Sass , Rob ( 9 March 2008 ) . `` A Breed of 4 - by - 4 Hatched on the Fly '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Padgett , Martin ( 2004 ) . Hummer . Zenith . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1863 - 8 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick R. `` 1980 - 88 AMC Eagle 4wd '' . Autoweek ( archived at amxfiles ) . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Consumer 's Guide , ed. ( 2005 ) . History of the American Auto . Publications International . p. 532 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7853 - 9874 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Celica All Trac and Gt - Four FAQ '' . Alltrac.net . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kranz , Rick . `` All - Wheel - Drive Vehicles Grow in Popularity With Car Shoppers '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shunk , Chris . `` Thirty - percent of new car sales will be AWD by 2015 '' . autoblog . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Really Need AWD in the Snow ? '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter , Cheney . `` The myth of all - wheel - drive and why it can be a deadly trap '' . The Gobe and Mail . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Loh , Edward ( December 2007 ) . `` First Look : 2008 Nissan GT - R '' . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry , Allan ( 1975 ) . The 4 - Wheel Drives : Racing 's Formula for Failure ? . Macmillan .", "35": "Jump up ^ `` The 2011 Le Mans 24 Hours Regulations '' . lemans.org. 6 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hybrid Tech Dominates The 24 Hours Of Le Mans Endurance Race ( VIDEO ) '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Volvo BM 646 Backhoe / Loader '' ( PDF ) . Volvo AB . Jump up ^ `` Instruction Book : Driving , Maintenance , Repair . Department of National Defence , Canada '' . bcoy1cpb.pacdat.net. 1940 . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Melissen , Wouter ( 1 December 2004 ) . `` Citroën 2CV Sahara '' . Ultimatecarpage.com . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Ford Escape Hybrid Review and Specs '' . Edmunds.com . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Horrell , Paul ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Ferrari FF The inside scoop on Ferrari 's new FF '' . Topgear.com . Retrieved 6 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` 2011 Ford Explorer puts four - cylinder EcoBoost engine above V6 in pecking order '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ford - Cars , SUVs , Trucks & Crossovers '' ( in Spanish ) . FordVehicles.com . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ according to Car and Driver Vol52No8 Feb 07 page 110 External links ( edit ) Car design Car classification By size Microcar City car Kei Subcompact Supermini Family car Compact Mid-size Full - size", "36": "Custom Hot rod Lead sled Lowrider Street rod T - bucket Luxury Compact executive Executive Personal luxury car Minivan / Multi-purpose vehicle ( MPV ) Compact MPV Mini MPV Sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) Compact SUV Crossover SUV Mini SUV Sports car Grand tourer Hot hatch Muscle Pony Sport compact Supercar Antique Classic Economy Leisure activity vehicle Ute Van Voiturette Body styles 2 + 2 Baquet Barchetta Berlinetta Brougham Cabrio coach Cabriolet / Convertible Coupé Coupé de Ville Coupé utility Drophead coupe ( Convertible ) Fastback Hardtop Hatchback Landaulet Liftback Limousine Multi-stop truck Notchback Panel van Phaeton Pickup truck Quad coupé Retractable hardtop Roadster Runabout Saloon / Sedan Sedan delivery Sedanca de Ville ( Coupé de Ville ) Shooting - brake Spider / Spyder ( Roadster ) Station wagon Targa top Torpedo Touring car Town car ( Coupé de Ville ) T - top Vis - à - vis Specialized vehicles Amphibious Driverless ( autonomous ) Hearse Gyrocar Roadable aircraft Taxicab Tow truck Propulsion Alternative fuel Autogas Biodiesel Diesel Electric ( battery NEV ) Ethanol ( E85 ) Fuel cell Gasoline / petrol ( direct injection ) Homogeneous charge compression ignition Hybrid ( plug - in )", "37": "Hydrogen Internal combustion Liquid nitrogen Steam Drive wheels Front - wheel Rear - wheel Two - wheel Four - wheel Six - wheel Eight - wheel Twelve - wheel Engine position Front Mid Rear Layout ( engine / drive ) Front / front Front mid / front Rear / front Front / rear Rear mid / rear Rear / rear Front / four - wheel Mid / four - wheel Rear / four - wheel Engine configuration ( internal combustion ) Boxer Flat Four - stroke H - block Reciprocating Single - cylinder Straight Two - stroke V ( Vee ) W engine Wankel Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four-wheel_drive&oldid=822182990 '' Categories : Off - road vehicles Automobile layouts Automotive technologies Four - wheel drive layout Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 21 : 49 .", "38": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 2, 0, 18, 3, 17, 7, 4, 5, 6, 1, 19, 8, 16, 26, 28, 30, 32, 27, 37, 25, 24, 22, 9, 31, 29, 14, 10, 23, 34, 11, 36, 12, 15, 13, 21, 33, 35, 20, 38 ]	[ 2, 0, 18, 3, 17, 7 ]
1360782626100733336	when does elijah first appear in vampire diaries	[ "\"Rose\"", "Season two", "Rose" ]	{ "0": "The vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia The vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) Season 2 DVD Cover Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Sara Canning Katerina Graham Candice Accola Zach Roerig Michael Trevino Matt Davis Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 9 , 2010 -- May 12 , 2011 Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , a 40 minute American supernatural drama , was officially renewed by The CW for a full 22 - episode season on February 16 , 2010 . The first episode premiered on September 9 , 2010 , at 8 p.m. ET . The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale . All the series regulars returned . Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert 's ( Nina Dobrev ) doppelgänger , Katherine Pierce , the introduction of werewolves , the sun and moon curse , and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood 's ( Michael Trevino ) uncle , Mason Lockwood ( Taylor Kinney ) , arrives in town searching for the moonstone , a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family 's werewolf curse . Meanwhile , Caroline Forbes ( Candice Accola ) is killed by Katherine while having Damon Salvatore 's ( Ian Somerhalder ) blood in her system , turning her into a vampire . The arrival of the original vampires , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) and Klaus Mikaelson ( Joseph Morgan ) , also bring about complications . Klaus is a vampire - werewolf hybrid , but his werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches , as nature would not stand for such an imbalance in power . Therefore , Klaus arrives in town with plans to break the curse and unleash his werewolf side by channelling the power of the full moon into the moonstone , sacrificing a vampire and a werewolf , and drinking the blood of the doppelgänger .", "1": "The season is currently on air in Urdu on filmax channel in Pakistan . It became available on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Cast 4 Storylines 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 DVR viewers 5.3 Accolades 6 Home media 7 References Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert ( 22 episodes ) / Katherine Pierce ( 18 episodes ) Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore ( 22 episodes ) Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore ( 22 episodes ) Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert ( 17 episodes ) Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers ( 15 episodes ) Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett ( 17 episodes ) Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes ( 20 episodes ) Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan ( 15 episodes ) Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( 15 episodes ) Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman ( 17 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Susan Walters as Carol Lockwood ( 13 episodes ) Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson ( alias Smith ) ( 12 episodes ) Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes ( 8 episodes ) Taylor Kinney as Mason Lockwood ( 8 episodes ) David Anders as John Gilbert ( 7 episodes ) Bryton James as Luka Martin ( 7 episodes ) Randy J. Goodwin as Dr.", "2": "Jonas Martin ( 6 episodes ) Michaela McManus as Jules ( 6 episodes ) Lauren Cohan as Rosemary `` Rose '' ( 5 episodes ) Dawn Olivieri as Andie Starr ( 4 episodes ) Joseph Morgan as Klaus Mikaelson ( 4 episodes ) Gino Anthony Pesi as Maddox ( 4 episodes ) Guest ( edit ) Tiya Sircar as Aimee Bradley ( 3 episodes ) Lisa Tucker as Greta Martin ( 3 episodes ) Maiara Walsh as Sarah ( 2 episodes ) Trevor Peterson as Slater ( 1 episodes ) Stephen Amell as Brady ( 2 episodes ) B.J. Britt as Carter ( 1 episodes ) Mia Kirshner as Isobel Flemming ( 2 episodes ) Courtney Ford as Vanessa Monroe ( 1 episodes ) Simon Miller as George Lockwood ( 1 episodes ) Natashia Williams as Lucy Bennett ( 1 episodes ) Trent Ford as Trevor ( 3 episodes ) Bree Condon as Alice ( 1 episodes ) James Harvey Ward as Cody Webber ( 1 episodes ) Ahna O'Reilly as Jessica Cohen ( 1 episodes ) Arielle Kebbel as Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson ( 1 episodes ) Bianca Lawson as Emily Bennett ( voice only ) ( 1 episodes ) Malese Jow as Annabelle `` Anna '' ( 1 episodes ) Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan ( uncredited ) ( 1 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` The Return '' J. Miller Tobin Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) 2J5251 3.28 Picking up where the first season left off , Elena arrives home to discover the fates of Uncle John and Jeremy . Jeremy has not transitioned into a vampire , because he did not take enough drugs to die and Anna 's blood overcame the overdose .", "3": "Damon , Bonnie , and Elena agree that Caroline needs Damon 's blood to survive . Damon realizes that Katherine has returned and is impersonating Elena. Tyler is surprised when his uncle , Mason Lockwood , arrives in town to console him . Katherine and Damon nearly sleep together , but Katherine tells Damon , `` it will always be Stefan '' . Distraught , Damon goes to see Elena , who resists his attempt to kiss her . Angry that Elena also loves Stefan , Damon snaps Jeremy 's neck . Jeremy survives because he is wearing a Gilbert ring , which protects the wearer from death from supernatural causes . Katherine goes to the hospital and smothers Caroline with a pillow . Before Caroline dies , Katherine gives her a message for the Salvatore brothers : `` Game on . '' 24 `` Brave New World '' John Dahl Brian Young September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) 2J5252 3.05 Caroline has become a vampire and awakens in the hospital craving blood . Tyler catches Mason searching for a moonstone , which is a family heirloom . At the carnival , Damon compels a boy named Carter to pick a fight with Tyler to provoke one of Tyler 's bursts of anger . Mason breaks up the fight using his supernatural abilities , proving that he is a werewolf . Caroline confronts Damon about his abusive treatment , and he realizes that she is a vampire . He alerts Elena and Stefan , while a ravenous Caroline drains Carter . Stefan promises Caroline he will guide her journey as a vampire. Tyler retrieves the moonstone Mason has been seeking . Matt notices Caroline 's erratic behavior but admits that he loves her . 25 `` Bad Moon Rising '' Patrick Norris Andrew Chambliss September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 2J5253 3.57 Elena , Damon , and Alaric head to Isobel 's old office at Duke University , where it is revealed that vampires and werewolves used to roam freely until a shaman uttered a curse to limit their powers , after which the werewolves were servants of the moon and vampires became the slaves of the sun . Stefan teaches Caroline how to control herself and hunt animals .", "4": "Bonnie makes Caroline a daylight ring so that she will not be burned by the sun . In werewolf form , Mason encounters Stefan and Caroline. Tyler saves them by shouting at the werewolf ; he later finds Mason in the woods and realises what has happened . Unable to control herself , Caroline feeds on Matt . She compels him to forget it , but ends their relationship to keep him safe from her . Damon tells Elena Katherine 's real name , Katerina Petrova , to aid Elena with her research . Alaric reaffirms his romantic interest in Jenna , and Caroline finds Katherine in her bedroom . 26 `` Memory Lane '' Rob Hardy Caroline Dries September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) 2J5254 3.18 Katherine tells Stefan that she will kill Elena unless he ends his relationship with her , and as a result , Elena realizes that Caroline is working for Katherine . Elena and Katherine finally meet , but Katherine ignores Elena 's questions . Damon stabs Mason with a silver knife , but Mason says it is only a myth that silver hurts werewolves . They are now enemies . Katherine remembers how in 1864 , after Stefan and Damon were shot in an attempt to save her , she had kissed Stefan , declaring her love and saying they would be together again one day . Stefan and Elena stage a fake break - up to prevent Katherine from hurting anybody . 27 5 `` Kill or Be Killed '' Jeff Woolnough Mike Daniels October 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) 2J5255 3.47 At the Mystic Falls picnic , Mason Lockwood tells Sheriff Liz Forbes that Stefan and Damon are vampires . Liz and her fellow police officers shoot Stefan and Damon . Caroline and Elena reach the Salvatore 's before Liz can kill them , but Caroline 's identity as a vampire is exposed to her mother . Liz rejects Caroline as her daughter , and Stefan drinks Elena 's blood to gain strength . Caroline confesses to Elena that Katherine had threatened to kill Matt if Caroline did n't spy on Elena and Stefan for her ; Elena forgives Caroline . Jeremy and Tyler start to bond when Tyler learns that Jeremy knows about the curse .", "5": "Tyler almost kills a girl , feeling for a second that he wants her to die . He then tells Mason that he wants nothing to do with the curse , and gives him the moonstone . It is revealed that Mason is working for Katherine , who wants the moonstone , and that they are lovers . 28 6 `` Plan B '' John Behring Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) 2J5256 3.62 Liz accepts Caroline , and Caroline compels her mother to forget that she is a vampire . Bonnie incapacitates Mason by giving him an aneurysm . Damon then questions and tortures Mason who , believing that Katherine loves him , refuses to talk . Telling Mason that Katherine is using him , Damon eventually kills him . Bonnie has a vision of the moonstone 's location in a well . Stefan discovers that the well is full of vervain , which burns him . Caroline and Bonnie help Elena rescue Stefan and retrieve the moonstone . Katherine compels Jenna to stab herself . Fearful of what else Katherine might do , Elena breaks up with Stefan for good . Needing another werewolf , Katherine compels Matt to attack Tyler , so that Tyler will kill Matt and become a werewolf . 29 7 `` Masquerade '' Charles Beeson Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) 2J5257 3.55 Stefan , Damon , Bonnie , Jeremy , Alaric , and Caroline plan to kill Katherine at the Lockwoods ' masquerade ball . Katherine is visited by Lucy , a witch who is to help her retrieve the moonstone . Under Katherine 's compulsion , Matt fights Tyler . Caroline breaks up the fight , but Sarah , who is also compelled , stabs Tyler , and he accidentally breaks her neck . Tyler 's eyes turn yellow , showing that the curse has been triggered . Stefan and Damon try to kill Katherine , but they stop when Jeremy tells them that every time they stake her , Elena is wounded . Katherine reveals that she had Lucy put a spell on Elena and herself , which linked them .", "6": "Lucy , who is Bonnie 's cousin , lifts the spell and incapacitates Katherine , who collapses . Damon traps Katherine in the underground tomb . As Elena heads home she is intercepted by a masked stranger . 30 8 `` Rose '' Liz Friedlander Brian Young November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) 2J5258 3.63 A vampire named Trevor takes Elena to an abandoned house , where she meets Rose , another vampire . When Tyler witnesses Caroline 's abilities , she reveals that she is a vampire . Elena overhears Rose and Trevor arguing about a vampire named Elijah . Using a spell , Bonnie locates Elena . Elena tries to extract information from Rose , who tells her that Elijah is one of the `` original '' vampires . Rose and Trevor are using Elena , the Petrova doppelgänger who is the key to breaking the curse , as a bargaining chip . Elijah arrives , and Rose offers him Elena in exchange for their pardon . Elijah agrees but kills Trevor . Elena tries to stall Elijah by saying that she knows where the moonstone is , but he compels her to tell him its location . Stefan and Damon arrive to fight with Elijah and stake him . Elena 's vervain necklace remains at the house . Later that night , Damon is in Elena 's bedroom with her vervain necklace in his hand . He tells her that he loves her but does n't deserve her , and that Stefan does . Then he compels her to forget what he said . In the abandoned house , Elijah pulls the wooden stake out of his chest . 31 9 `` Katerina '' J. Miller Tobin Andrew Chambliss November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) 2J5259 3.50 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The episode begins in Bulgaria in 1490 and shows Katherine giving birth to a baby girl . Her father says that she has shamed their family and takes the baby away .", "7": "In the present , Elena goes to the tomb , where she offers Katherine blood in exchange for the truth - that a doppelgänger from the Petrova line can be used to break the curse . As Katherine 's descendant , Elena is the current Petrova doppelgänger . Katherine reveals that she was expelled from Bulgaria and fled to England , where Elijah and Trevor found her . They recognized her as the Petrova doppelgänger and Elijah tried to kill her , but Trevor helped her to escape . She became a vampire so that she could not be used to break the curse . Katherine came to Mystic Falls to offer Klaus what he needed to lift the curse : the current doppelgänger , a witch , a werewolf , a vampire , and the moonstone . She hoped that Klaus would spare her life in exchange for this . Bonnie meets a warlock named Luka and his father . Jeremy is jealous of Bonnie 's attraction to Luka . Damon and Rose seek information about Klaus from Rose 's vampire friend , Slater , but a healed Elijah overhears them . Damon and Rose sleep together , and Elijah compels Slater to stake himself . It is revealed that Luka and his father are working for Elijah . 32 10 `` The Sacrifice '' Ralph Hemecker Caroline Dries December 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) 2J5260 3.46 Elena and Rose go to ask Slater about Klaus , but they find his staked corpse . Elena uses information from Slater 's computer to get Klaus 's attention , saying she wants to surrender . Caroline and Tyler discover Mason 's journal and the video diary that he used to document his transformations . Bonnie plans to lift the spell from the tomb and incapacitate Katherine so that Stefan can grab the moonstone , but Jeremy goes ahead with the plan alone and is captured by Katherine , who feeds on him . Stefan saves Jeremy but is trapped himself . Three vampires confront Damon , Rose , and Elena . Elijah kills the three vampires and then departs . Back home , a trapped Stefan makes Damon promise to protect Elena . Elijah informs Luka 's father that Damon and Stefan will protect Elena , which is Elijah 's goal .", "8": "33 11 `` By the Light of the Moon '' Elizabeth Allen Mike Daniels December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) 2J5261 3.16 As the full moon approaches , Caroline helps Tyler prepare for his transformation . Stefan asks Katherine to prove that there is good in her , and she advises him to ask Isobel for help in finding Klaus . Bonnie seeks Luka 's help to destroy the moonstone ; they cast a spell , but Luka gives the moonstone to his father . Jules , a friend of Mason , arrives in Mystic Falls looking for him . Damon and Alaric try to trick her into having a drink mixed with wolfsbane . She reveals that she is a werewolf and tells Damon that he has been marked . Elijah makes a deal with Elena : she has to keep herself safe from Klaus ( so that Elijah can use her as bait to kill Klaus ) and in return , Elijah will protect her friends and family and free Stefan from the tomb . Caroline reunites with Tyler . At the Salvatore mansion , Jules , in wolf form , tries to attack Damon but instead bites Rose 's shoulder , which becomes infected . 34 12 `` The Descent '' Marcos Siega Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain January 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) 2J5262 3.55 Stefan tries to contact Isobel and gets in touch with John Gilbert , who comes home . While Damon tries to get Jules to tell him how to cure the werewolf bite , he asks Elena to keep an eye on Rose , who becomes delirious and mistakes her for Katherine . Caroline and Matt confess their love for each other . Tyler 's reaction to Caroline 's generosity surprises her . Rose escapes from the Salvatore house and goes on a killing spree . Damon finds her and brought her back to the Salvatore 's house , he then stakes her , while giving her a peaceful death by giving her a dream about her old home . He confesses to a stranger that he misses being human . He lets her go , but bites her soon after . Jules informs Tyler that she knows that he and Mason are werewolves .", "9": "She tells him that more werewolves are coming . 35 13 `` Daddy Issues '' Joshua Butler Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec February 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 03 ) 2J5263 3.22 Tyler is furious that Caroline has kept Mason 's death secret from him . Jenna becomes upset over the revelation that John is Elena 's biological father . Jules meets her wolf - lover Brady and tells him she wants to leave town and take Tyler with them . Caroline asks Stefan to reason with Tyler , while Jules takes Caroline hostage . Jules tells Stefan to bring Tyler to her in exchange for Caroline . Stefan tries to make peace , but he fails , and Damon offers his `` bloodier '' method . Jules then calls on her wolf friends , and although Damon and Stefan are outnumbered , they kill most of the wolves. Tyler releases Caroline from the cage , but watches as Jules has Caroline at gunpoint . As Stefan and Damon are about to get staked , Jonas , on Elijah 's behalf , incapacitates the remaining wolves. Tyler tries to apologize to Caroline , but she tells him they are no longer friends . Tyler tells Jules and Brady that Mason was probably killed because he found the moonstone . John says that he returned to protect Elena , and that the only way to kill an Original is with a dagger dipped in ash from a white oak as old as the Originals . John is shown to be still working with Katherine and trying to get her out of the tomb . 36 14 `` Crying Wolf '' David Von Ancken Brian Young February 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) 2J5264 2.78 Stefan and Elena spend a weekend at the Gilbert lakehouse , unaware that they 've been followed by Tyler and Brady . Jenna worries that Alaric is n't being honest about his past . Jules and Brady explain the sun and moon curse to Tyler and lure him into helping them . Bonnie performs a hypnosis spell on Luka in order to get information . Luka reveals that Elijah plans to kill Klaus by making him vulnerable after he sacrifices Elena .", "10": "He also reveals that Klaus has his sister , so he and his father are working for Elijah to help him kill Klaus . Jules and her friends torture Damon for information about the moonstone , but Elijah intervenes , kills most of the wolves , and saves Damon . Brady finds Stefan and shoots him with a wooden bullet , leaving Tyler to guard him . When Tyler learns that Elena has to die for the curse to be broken , he lets Stefan go . Stefan kills Brady to save Elena . Meanwhile , Jeremy and Bonnie confess their feelings for each other and kiss . Realising that Elena knew about Elijah 's real plan for her , Stefan tells her that she is behaving like a martyr. Tyler tells Matt that he has feelings for Caroline but knows that Caroline loves Matt . The episode ends with Jules and Tyler leaving town . 37 15 `` The Dinner Party '' Marcos Siega Andrew Chambliss February 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 17 ) 2J5265 3.07 Elena reads one of Jonathan Gilbert 's journals about a night when Stefan attacked him and killed two of the Fells . Stefan admits that he had been brutal and inhuman until Lexi showed him the path of love and humanity . Damon invites Elijah to the boarding house for a dinner party , intending to kill him . Jonathan Gilbert 's journal reveals that if a vampire uses the dagger to kill an Original , both will die . After Stefan sends a warning , Alaric stabs and kills Elijah , but the body later disappears . Elena reads in the journal that if the dagger is removed , the Original will come back to life . John blackmails Alaric into returning his ring . Elijah shows up at the lake house telling Elena that the deal is off , but Elena threatens to kill herself and become a vampire so that she will no longer be useful to him . Elijah calls her out on a bluff , but Elena stabs herself . Elijah begs Elena to let him heal her , and she agrees , but then stabs him with the dagger , killing him again . Damon returns home to find Katherine there . Elijah 's compulsion on her has worn off with his death , and she says she intends to help them .", "11": "38 16 `` The House Guest '' Michael Katleman Caroline Dries February 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) 2J5266 2.98 Discovering that Katherine is free , Elena is upset . Stefan and Bonnie try to persuade Jonas and Luka to work with them , but Jonas wants Elijah alive again . He performs a ritual that puts Luka in the boarding house in invisible form . Luka tries to remove the dagger from Elijah 's body , but Katherine stops him . Luka then stakes Katherine , but Damon uses a flamethrower to prevent the removal of the dagger . Luka is fatally burned , and Jonas vows to avenge him by killing Elena . Bonnie tells Elena about her relationship with Jeremy and is surprised by Elena 's positive response . Jonas appears at the Grill , looking for Elena . Bonnie tries to stop him , but he disables her ; Matt intervenes , but Jonas stabs him . Caroline sees Matt dying and forces him to drink her blood to save his life . Jonas attacks Elena , but she proves to be Katherine , and she bites him . Alaric tells Jenna that he loves her . Bonnie reveals that Jonas has restored her powers and told her how to kill Klaus . Caroline tells Matt that she is a vampire , but he takes the news badly . Isobel shows up at Elena 's house and tells Jenna that she is Elena 's mother . 39 17 `` Know Thy Enemy '' Wendey Stanzler Mike Daniels April 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) 2J5267 2.73 Elena and Alaric become angry with John when Isobel 's arrival devastates Jenna . Alaric is abducted by Maddox , a warlock from Klaus 's inner circle . Meanwhile , Bonnie works with Jeremy and Damon to find the spell they need to gather the power of the witches killed in the massacre . Damon takes them to the site where the witches were burned . Matt demands to know what happened to Vicki . After Caroline tells him and then compels him to forget , it is revealed that Matt 's involvement was a setup by Sheriff Forbes to find out everything about the vampires .", "12": "Matt has drunk vervain , so the compulsion does not work . Isobel kidnaps Elena and then receives a phone call from Maddox , who tells her that she has finished what Klaus compelled her to do and is free to let Elena go . Isobel apologizes to Elena for being a disappointment as a mother , removes her necklace , and burns to death in the sun . Stefan and Damon realize that Bonnie is their new secret weapon since she now has tremendous power . Jeremy is upset because , if Bonnie uses too much power , she will die . Katherine , who had been set up by Isobel and taken by Maddox , wakes up to see Klaus take control of Alaric 's body . 40 18 `` The Last Dance '' John Behring Michael Narducci April 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) 2J5268 2.81 Klaus ( in Alaric 's body ) compels Katherine to tell him how the others plan to kill him . He then finds out that Bonnie has obtained power that could threaten his life . At the school dance , Jeremy confronts Bonnie about why she wants to kill herself for Elena , and Damon overhears . Jeremy goes to Stefan for help , and Stefan tells Elena about Bonnie 's plans . Elena finally guesses who `` Alaric '' really is . Bonnie fights Klaus with her powers and appears to die . As Elena grieves , Damon tells her that Klaus must believe Bonnie is dead , but her death was faked . Realizing that Bonnie intends to endanger herself to defeat Klaus , Elena pulls the dagger out of Elijah 's heart . 41 19 `` Klaus '' Joshua Butler Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec April 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 21 ) 2J5269 2.70 After Elena removed the dagger , Elijah wakes , and Elena makes another deal with him . In a flashback to 1492 England , Katherine meets Elijah and Klaus for the first time . Elijah and Klaus were raised as brothers , but Klaus was the result of their mother 's affair with a man from a werewolf bloodline .", "13": "Elijah 's father hunted down the man and had him and his family killed , beginning the schism between werewolves and vampires . As a vampire / werewolf hybrid , Klaus can only be killed by a witch . The sun and moon curse was fake -- the real curse is that Klaus 's werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches . Jenna finally finds out about the vampires from Stefan and Klaus / Alaric . Elsewhere , Katherine is being held captive by Klaus . Damon finds her and gives her a vial of vervain to protect her from further compulsion . At the end of the episode , Maddox and Greta ( Luka 's sister ) perform a ritual to release Klaus 's spirit from Alaric 's body and put it back into his own . 42 20 `` The Last Day '' J. Miller Tobin Andrew Chambliss & Brian Young April 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) 2J5270 2.68 Elijah tells Elena that the way to break the curse involves sacrifice a vampire and a werewolf . Maddox injures Carol Lockwood to make Tyler return to town , after which he and Greta kidnap Caroline and Tyler . Damon forces Elana to drink his blood so she will `` survive '' the sacrifice . Alaric returns as himself and gives the message from Klaus that the ritual will happen that night . Jenna forgives him . Damon realizes that if Klaus does n't have a werewolf , he will be unable to complete the ritual , and Elena will have another month . He rescues Caroline and Tyler from the tomb and kills Maddox . Klaus takes Elena from the boarding house to begin the ritual . Damon informs Klaus that he has rescued the vampire and werewolf he needs for the ritual , but Klaus says he has backups . At the site of the ritual , Elena realizes that Klaus has turned Jenna and is using her as the vampire . Katherine makes Damon aware of a wolf bite he got from Tyler during his transformation .", "14": "43 21 `` The Sun Also Rises '' Paul M. Sommers Caroline Dries & Mike Daniels May 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ) 2J5271 2.84 Matt and Caroline are in the Lockwood cellar while Tyler , in wolf form , attacks them , and they hide . Meanwhile , Greta the witch feeds Jenna her blood , completing Jenna 's transformation into a vampire . Elijah is revealed to be seeking revenge on Klaus for killing his family and burying their bodies at sea . Klaus begins the ritual and kills Jules , the werewolf . Stefan offers to switch places with Jenna , but Klaus refuses and kills her . Bonnie performs a spell that can bring someone back to life by joining two people 's souls , binding John and Elena . At the ritual grounds , Klaus drains Elena 's blood and begins to transform . However , Bonnie uses her powers to weaken him while Damon kills Greta . Before Elijah can rip out his heart , Klaus says he did n't bury the bodies at sea and if he is killed , Elijah will never find them . Elijah listens to him and flees with Klaus . When Elena comes back to life , John dies . At Jenna 's and John 's funeral , Damon reveals to Stefan that he was bitten by Tyler and asks him to not tell Elena . 44 22 `` As I Lay Dying '' John Behring Turi Meyer & Al Septien & Michael Narducci May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 2J5272 2.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Damon apologizes to Elena for feeding her his blood . At home , he tries to kill himself by taking off his ring and walking into sunlight but is stopped by Stefan and locked in a cell . Klaus has completed the transformation into a wolf and awakens to find Elijah waiting for him . He makes Klaus remember his deal : he must reunite Elijah with their family , and Klaus does so by staking Elijah .", "15": "Stefan seeks Klaus for a cure for Damon . Klaus then bites Katherine and feeds her his blood , revealing the cure for a werewolf bite . In exchange for a vial of his blood , Klaus wants Stefan to become a ripper again and leave Mystic Falls with him . Stefan drinks human blood to prove himself . Klaus gives Katherine the cure for Damon and allows her to leave . Sheriff Forbes , who wants to kill Damon , accidentally frees him from his cell . She later tracks him down and shoots at him but strikes and kills Jeremy instead . Bonnie begs the witches to bring Jeremy back to life saying that she loves him , and they do , warning of `` consequences . '' Elena finds a delirious Damon , brings him home , and kisses him after he confesses his love . Katherine interrupts with Klaus 's cure for the werewolf bite . Klaus tests Stefan , asking him to kill someone . Once Stefan does , Klaus says that they can leave Mystic Falls . At the Gilbert house , Jeremy finds his deceased vampire ex-girlfriends Anna and Vicki . Production ( edit ) On February 16 , 2010 , The CW officially renewed The Vampire Diaries for a full 22 - episode second season . It premiered on Thursday September 9 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . The season finale aired on May 12 , 2011 . Cast ( edit ) On July 9 , 2010 , Entertainment Weekly announced Taylor Kinney would join the cast in a recurring role as Tyler 's uncle Mason , a werewolf who comes to town after his brother dies . Katherine sends Mason to Mystic Falls to get the moonstone for her . He succeeds , but Damon and Stefan find out that he works with Katherine , and Damon kills him . Mason has been described as a `` cool '' uncle , sexy and athletic . Lauren Cohan joined the cast as Rose , a 500 - year - old vampire and possible love interest for Damon . She kidnaps Elena to hand her over to Elijah , but Elena is saved by Stefan and Damon . She then becomes their ally and even starts a small romantic relationship with Damon . She dies after being bitten by werewolf Jules .", "16": "Michaela McManus joined the cast in a guest role as a werewolf who comes to town looking for answers about Mason 's death . She helps Tyler deal with the discovery that he is a werewolf , but is later killed during the sacrifice . Bryton James portrays warlock Luka Martin in season two . He befriends Bonnie , but it is later revealed that he and his father work for Elijah . When he tries to save Elijah invisibly , Damon burns him to death . His father Jonas Martin , played by Randy J. Goodwin in season two , is introduced as a friend of Elijah . He is a warlock who , in order to save his daughter Greta , is willing and able to help defeat Klaus . He is later killed by Katherine , who is protecting the Salvatore brothers . Gino Anthony Pesi portrays Maddox at the end of season two , a warlock who works for Klaus . Matt shoots him to death when he tries to overcome Damon . On February 18 , 2011 , it was announced that British actor Joseph Morgan had signed on to play original vampire Klaus . Storylines ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The second season focuses mainly on the arrival of Elena 's doppelgänger Katherine Pierce and on her reasons for returning to Mystic Falls . It also introduces werewolves. Tyler 's werewolf uncle , Mason Lockwood , arrives after the death of Tyler 's father and tells Tyler about the so - called `` Lockwood curse '' in their family . To activate the werewolf gene , the person must kill someone . Katherine turns Caroline into a vampire , so as to have a spy against Stefan and Elena . Katherine 's main reason for returning to Mystic Falls is to find the moonstone , with the help of Mason , who is killed by Damon . Katherine calls in a favor from a witch named Lucy to get the stone . Lucy casts a spell so that when Katherine is hurt , it also affects Elena . When Lucy finds out that another Bennett is at the party and that Katherine had deceived her , she puts a spell on the moonstone , injuring Katherine .", "17": "Damon then leaves her in the original tomb where she is trapped until the spell has been removed from the tomb . She tells him that her reason for not killing Elena is that she is in danger . Elena is later kidnapped by a masked individual and held hostage by vampires Rose and Trevor , who have been on the run from the Originals ( the first generation of vampires ) . Rose reveals to Elena that she is the Petrova doppelgänger and needs to be sacrificed to break the sun and moon curse . Katherine was also a Petrova doppelgänger , who used Trevor to help her escape from the Originals and Rose to turn her into a vampire to save herself . Elena is rescued by Stefan and Damon by stabbing Elijah with a sharp wooden pole and they escape . Klaus , one of the original vampires , arrives and is now hunting Elena . His brother Elijah has made a deal with Elena to protect her loved ones , because he wants to use her as bait to lure Klaus and kill him . Jules , a friend of Mason , tells the Lockwoods that Mason never came back to Florida and is missing . Alaric is suspicious of Jules and calls Damon to the Grill ( local town hangout ) . Jules reveals that she is a werewolf . Damon tells Jules she wo n't find Mason and to leave town . Jules breaks into the Salvatore mansion in wolf form and attacks Damon , but Rose pushes him out of the way , getting bitten on the shoulder instead ( werewolf bites are lethal to vampires ) . As Rose succumbs to the effects of the bite , Damon stakes her in a glorious dream they share , giving her a peaceful death . Uncle John returns to Mystic Falls and comes as an unpleasant surprise to Elena , Damon , Jenna , and Alaric . John reveals to Damon that the only way to kill an Original is with a dagger dipped in white ash wood . A boy named Luka settle in the town with his father ( they are both warlocks ) and reveals that they are working for Elijah because Klaus has his sister Greta and they want him ( Luka ) dead as well . Luka becomes friends with Bonnie and tells her that Klaus will be weakened by the sacrificial ritual , meaning that Elena has to die so that Elijah can kill him and free his sister . John gives Damon the special dagger to kill Elijah .", "18": "Elena finds out that if a vampire uses the dagger , that vampire will die . Stefan warns Damon and Alaric stabs Elijah , but he pulls the dagger out and tells Elena their deal is off . Elena stabs herself in the stomach , and Elijah begs her to let him heal her . She stabs him with the dagger and leaves it in him . Elijah 's death means that Katherine is no longer compelled to stay in the tomb . She helps kill the Martin witches . When Isobel returns to town , Katherine double - crosses the Salvatores by kidnapping Elena and stealing the moonstone for Klaus in exchange for her freedom . But it is revealed that Klaus wanted Katherine and compelled Isobel to get her and the moonstone . Klaus enters Alaric 's body and compels Katherine to stay in Alaric 's house . Bonnie and Jeremy find the site of the a witch massacre and Bonnie channels all the power . Alaric / Klaus blends with Stefan , Damon , and Elena and finds out that Bonnie has her powers . Damon tells Bonnie to put on a protection spell and make Alaric / Klaus believe that she is dead . Elena does not want Bonnie to die , so she pulls the dagger out of Elijah 's heart . After Elijah comes to life , Elena learns the full history of Klaus . The Aztec curse is fake and there is a curse on Klaus , as he is a vampire born in a werewolf bloodline . There is a ritual that involves killing a vampire and a werewolf and a Petrova doppelganger , that will unearth the werewolf side of Klaus making him a hybrid . Elena realizes that the real curse is on Klaus , who therefore wants to kill her . But Elijah says he has an elixir that can save Elena from dying . Elena believes Elijah , but Damon says that there is another way to save her life and feeds her his blood . Stefan tries to stop him , but he stabs in the chest with the wooden dagger . Elena then cries that she will be a vampire against her will . Maddox kidnaps Tyler and Caroline . Damon frees them and is bitten . Then he goes to Klaus to tell him that he does not have a werewolf and witch , as he killed Maddox .", "19": "Klaus says that he has backups . Klaus takes Elena from Stefan . Elena sees Jenna , who thinks she is dead , but Greta tells her she is transitioning . Damon asks Katherine about the vampire , and she says that Jenna is the backup vampire . He then checks his arm and sees that Tyler has bitten him . In the season 's finale , Klaus is working on the ritual out in the woods and is near completion when he is about to kill Elena , but Stefan tries to work a deal with him . Klaus agrees to have Stefan work for him in exchange for Damon 's protection . Elena is `` killed '' in the ritual but is shown to have survived . Regardless , Klaus 's werewolf side is unleashed and he becomes the first hybrid , half vampire half werewolf . Bonnie arrives and subdues Klaus with her powers , giving Elijah the opportunity to strike , but Klaus talks him down offering to help find their siblings . Elena 's survival is revealed as John had Bonnie cast a spell that had him die in Elena 's place . The next morning John succumbs and dies . At his funeral , Elena reads a note from John saying he will always love her and she will always be his daughter , even if she becomes a vampire . Damon also shows where he was bitten and walks away . Reception ( edit ) Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` The throbbing red heart of The Vampire Diaries remains the tension between Damon and Paul Wesley 's Stefan , and their mutual attraction to whomever Dobrev is embodying at the time . '' Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald said , `` The triangle -- quadrangle ? -- becomes more twisted by episode 's end . It leads to shocking violence against outsiders that deepens the tragedy and the mythology at the core of the show . `` Game on '' just might be the two most chilling words uttered this season . '' Matt Roush of TV Guide commented , `` The Vampire Diaries is the sort of show where ' never say die ' is written into the mythology -- a good thing for several of the opening hour 's apparent victims . I do n't know how much longer The Vampire Diaries can keep churning stories at this feverish rate , but if this is your sort of guilty pleasure , you 'd be crazy not to bite . ''", "20": "Ratings ( edit ) DVR viewers ( edit ) No . Title Air date 18 -- 49 rating ( Live + SD ) Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 increase Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 02 `` Brave New World '' September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) 1.4 0.91 1.9 3.96 03 `` Bad Moon Rising '' September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 1.4 0.92 1.9 4.49 04 `` Memory Lane '' September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) 1.2 0.95 1.8 4.13 06 `` Plan B '' October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) 1.7 1.04 2.2 4.66 07 `` Masquerade '' October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) 1.7 0.85 2.2 4.40 08 `` Rose '' November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) 1.6 1.12 2.1 4.75 09 `` Katerina '' November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) 1.6 1.01 2.0 4.51 10 `` The Sacrifice '' December 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) 1.6 1.07 2.1 4.53 11 `` By the Light of the Moon '' December 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 09 ) 1.3 0.97 1.7 4.13 12 `` The Descent '' January 27 ,", "21": "2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) 1.6 1.10 2.1 4.65 16 `` The House Guest '' February 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) 1.3 1.13 1.8 4.11 17 `` Know Thy Enemy '' April 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 07 ) 1.2 1.14 1.7 3.87 18 `` The Last Dance '' April 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 14 ) 1.3 1.06 1.8 3.87 19 `` Klaus '' April 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 21 ) 1.2 1.35 1.8 4.05 20 `` The Last Day '' April 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 28 ) 1.2 1.34 1.8 4.02 21 `` The Sun Also Rises '' May 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 05 ) 1.3 1.07 1.8 3.91 22 `` As I Lay Dying '' May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 1.4 1.02 1.9 3.88 Accolades ( edit ) For its second season The Vampire Diaries won five Teen Choice Awards , one People 's Choice Award , and a nomination in Saturn Awards . Home Media ( edit ) The Vampire Diaries Season 2 was made available on DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . In region B , it was released on August 22 , 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The CW renews Top Model , Vampire Diaries , Supernatural , Gossip Girl , 90210 Retrieved : August 21 , 2010 .", "22": "^ Jump up to : The C Retrieved : August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The CW Announces 2010 - 11 Schedule - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings TVbytheNumbers.com Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Television Media To Go -- Beta - Warner Bros. Television '' . Warner Bros. Television Media To Go - Beta . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings : ' NFL Kickoff ' Soars ; ' Vampire Diaries ' Falls ; ' Nikita ' Equals ' Supernatural ' '' . TV By Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ TV Ratings Thursday , September 23 , 2010 TV By The Numbers . Retrieved : April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TV ratings Thursday September 30 , 2010 TV By the Numbers . Retrieved : April 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says , CSI Adjusted Up ; Vampire Diaries , Private Practice , Apprentice Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Bones , Community , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , $ # * ! My Dad Says , The Office Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Finals : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang , CSI , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up ; Private Practice Down ; Plus NLCS Game 5 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Big Bang Theory , Shrekless , Office Adjusted Up ; Nikita Down ; Plus World Series Game 2 '' . TV by the Numbers .", "23": "Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Big Bang Theory , The Mentalist , Office , Vampire Diaries Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Fringe , Community , 30 Rock , Outsourced , The Office Adjusted Down ; Bones , $ # * ! My Dad Says Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Private Practice , Bones , Nikita Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones , ' ' Fringe , ' ' Community , ' ' 30 Rock , ' ' Office , ' ' Apprentice ' Adjusted Down ; ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Walters : Oprah ' Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibbard , James ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Nikita ' return Strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Private Practice , ' ' Bones , ' ' Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Recreation , ' ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Office , ' ' Outsourced , ' and ' Private Practice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Rules Of Engagement , ' ' CSI , ' ' Outsourced ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community ' Down + ' The Office , ' ' Parks & Rec ' Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2011 ) .", "25": "`` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' CSI , ' ' The Mentalist , ' ' Community , ' ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Community , ' ' Rules , ' ' Mentalist , ' ' Office , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bones ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WHEN 'S THE SEASON FINALE OF YOUR FAVORITE SHOW ? '' . The CW ( official website ) . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' scoop : Former ' Trauma ' hottie Taylor Kinney cast as ( spoiler alert ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( October 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' newest vamp : ' Supernatural 's ' Lauren Cohan to play Rose '' . Zap 2 It . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Scoop : Meet the Newest Vampire Diaries Hottie ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ J. Miller Tobin ( director ) Andrew Chambliss ( writer ) ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Katerina '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 09 . The CW . Jump up ^ Michael Katleman ( director ) Caroline Dries ( writer ) ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) . `` The House Guest '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 16 .", "26": "The CW . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Finds New Villain Klaus '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.metacritic.com/tv/the-vampire-diaries/season-2 Jump up ^ `` cw leads pre season week '' . TV by the Numbers . October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` hawii - five - 0 tops premiere week rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` hawaii - five - 0 - top - premiere - week - rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , Parenthood Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , The Event , Parenthood , Modern Family Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Modern Family , Grey 's Anatomy , Outlaw , Fringe , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy , The Event , Fringe , Hawaii Five - 0 Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Good Guys ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' Fringe , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' Top Week 's Rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Fringe largest dvd increase '' . TV by the Numbers . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : big bang theory '' . TV by the Numbers . March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : big bang theory '' . TV by the Numbers. April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LLive + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Yet Again , ' Modern Family ' Tops Absolute Gains , ' Fringe ' Tops % Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` dvr ratings fringe final nearly doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` dvr ratings modern family tops '' . TV by the Numbers . May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Con 2011 Announcement '' . TheWB.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 .", "28": "( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come ,", "29": "All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J.", "30": "Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_2)&oldid=817168302 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 16 : 57 . About Wikipedia", "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 25, 2, 15, 30, 0, 28, 26, 8, 21, 19, 23, 9, 20, 16, 11, 22, 6, 24, 1, 27, 14, 17, 12, 18, 29, 5, 7, 3, 10, 13, 4 ]	[ 25, 2, 15, 30, 0, 28 ]
5596752231317655524	who does the voice of nala in the lion king	[ "Moira Kelly", "Niketa Calame", "Laura Williams", "Sally Dworsky" ]	{ "0": "Nala ( the Lion King ) - wikipedia Nala ( the Lion King ) Jump to : navigation , search Nala The Lion King character Adult Nala as she appears in the first film First appearance The Lion King ( 1994 ) Created by Irene Mecchi Jonathan Roberts Linda Woolverton Voiced by Moira Kelly ( adult , speaking ) Niketa Calame ( cub , speaking ) Sally Dworsky ( adult , singing ) Laura Williams ( cub , singing ) Gabrielle Union ( The Lion Guard ) Beyoncé ( adult in the 2019 remake ) Shahadi Wright Joseph ( cub in the 2019 remake ) Information Species Lion Gender Female Family Sarafina ( mother ) Mufasa ( father - in - law , deceased ) Sarabi ( mother - in - law ) Kovu ( son - in - law ) Scar ( uncle - in - law , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Simba ( husband ) Children Kopa ( son ) Kiara ( daughter ) Kion ( son ) Nala is a fictional lioness , a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise . Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994 , Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film 's sequels The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) and The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) . In the original film , the adult Nala was voiced by American actress Moira Kelly . Young Nala 's speaking voice is provided by actress Niketa Calame , while singers Laura Williams and Sally Dworsky provide the singing voices of young and adult Nala respectively . Nala is introduced as the childhood best friend of Simba , and ultimately becomes his wife by the end of The Lion King . Several years after Simba 's uncle Scar has killed Simba 's father Mufasa and usurped the throne , Nala desperately ventures into the jungle to find help . Upon unexpectedly reuniting with a grown Simba , who she had long been tricked by Scar into presuming dead , Nala encourages him to return to Pride Rock , overthrow his uncle and ultimately become king .", "1": "As Simba 's queen , Nala has a daughter , Kiara , whose story is explored in The Lion King : Simba 's Pride . Nala is the most significant female character in The Lion King . As the film was inspired by William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet , Nala is considered to be The Lion King 's equivalent of Hamlet 's love interest Ophelia , although differences remain between the two characters . Many early concepts first developed for Nala were eventually abandoned , including a brother and father for the character , as well as her being romantically pursued by Scar . While critical reception towards Nala has been generally mixed -- both film and feminist critics complained about the character 's lack of involvement in the story and supposedly submissive demeanor during the song `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' -- Kelly 's vocal performance has been praised . Nala appears in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , first played by singer Heather Headley . The character also appears in the television series The Lion Guard , with Gabrielle Union replacing Kelly as the voice of Nala . Beyoncé is set to voice the character in the upcoming 2019 remake of the original film directed by Jon Favreau . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Conception and writing 1.2 Voice and music 2 Characterization and themes 3 Appearances 3.1 Film and television 3.2 Musical 4 Reception 5 References Development ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) Film critic James Berardinelli identified Nala as The Lion King 's `` sole significant female character . '' Screenwriter Linda Woolverton conceived Nala `` as part of a gradual progression ... which have driven recent public conversation about what young girls should be able to expect from their cinematic role models . '' In early versions of the screenplay , Nala has a younger brother named Mheetu , who enjoys accompanying his sister and her best friend Simba on their adventures . Pronounced `` me too '' , the character 's name alludes to this personality trait . At one point , Simba was supposed to save the cub from a wildebeest stampede , and Nala would eventually become responsible for protecting Mheetu from Simba 's tyrannical uncle Scar .", "2": "Nala also had a fox friend named Bhati . According to Woolverton , Mheetu and Bhati were eventually written out of the film because their stories were beginning to distract from Simba 's , in addition to the Mheetu - Scar subplot making the film too dark when combined with the death of Simba 's father Mufasa . At one point , Nala also had a father ; the character was similarly abandoned . Because The Lion King was originally conceived as a much more mature and adult - oriented film , Nala was supposed to have been banished from the Pride Lands as punishment for rejecting Scar 's romantic advances . This idea was to have been further explored in Scar 's song `` Be Prepared ( Reprise ) '' , during which Scar demands that Nala become his queen , but the musical number was ultimately cut from the final film because the scene was considered too `` creepy . '' Matthew Roulette of TheFW believes that the scene was abandoned because of the characters ' significant age difference . This scene however appears in the musical during the song `` The Madness of King Scar '' , minus Scar banishing Nala . Nala means `` gift '' in Swahili . The character has a mother , whose name is never mentioned in the film ; however , she is credited as Sarafina during the film 's end credits . Candice Russel of the Sun - Sentinel believes that Nala contributes to the film 's love story -- `` an indispensable factor in Disney cartoon features '' -- in addition to convincing Simba to return to Pride Rock . It has been observed that , unlike Disney 's three previous animated efforts ( The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) and Aladdin ( 1992 ) , the romantic relationship between Nala and Simba is not main plot of the film . Ella Ceron of Thought Catalog observed that `` At ( Simba 's ) return , she 's not exactly the friendliest little kitten , either ... but is willing to overlook her own hurt ego in the spirit of their friendship . She believes in Simba , and does n't understand why he would n't want to fight for his right to rule . '' Voice and music ( edit ) The speaking voice of adult Nala is provided by American actress Moira Kelly .", "3": "Kelly was first informed that Disney was scheduling auditions for the role of Nala by her agent . Despite not having been the directors ' first choice for the role initially , Kelly was allowed to audition nonetheless because the filmmakers had been longing to hear different voices . Kelly believes that the directors were searching for a specific `` quality of voice ... a sort of authoritative voice but with a lot of warmth '' to compliment Nala 's sensible yet nurturing personality . After a series of callbacks , during which Kelly returned to Disney several times to read the character 's lines , the final decision eventually came down to be between Kelly and one other actress . It was not until several months after her audition that Kelly would finally be contacted and offered the part ; Disney 's initial first choice for the role remains undisclosed . Actor Matthew Broderick , voice of Simba , had already begun recording alongside another actress who had been cast as Nala before that actress was eventually replaced with Kelly . Broderick was not informed about his original co-star being recast , and only learned that Nala was actually voiced by Kelly at the film 's premiere . The film 's entire recording process took approximately three years to complete , during which Kelly 's sessions were held in both the United States and Canada , while her co-stars Broderick and Jeremy Irons , voice of Scar , were recording in the United States and England , respectively . Each main cast member recorded their dialogue separately , which took Kelly some time to get used to because she had grown accustomed to working with several other actors at a time on the sets of live - action films . For The Lion King , a director would often take the place of another actor for Kelly to act opposite of . Vocally , Kelly decided to approach the role as though she were reading to a child , explaining , `` it 's kind of fun to play with different voices and try to color the lines for the child so they can imagine it more fully '' , which she admitted is different than how the actress would approach a live - action role . Because Nala is a `` very straight character '' , determining what kind of voice she would use for her was not a particularly challenging task . Additionally , the filmmakers would also film Kelly 's performances in order to incorporate her own facial expressions into her character 's design , the process of which impressed the actress .", "4": "In her film debut , actress Niketa Calame voices young Nala . According to Calame 's official website , Nala remains the actress ' `` biggest role to date '' . A classically trained pianist and chorister , Laura Williams provides the singing voice of young Nala , which can be heard in the song `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' ; the singer was 15 years old at the time . Meanwhile , singer - songwriter Sally Dworsky provides the singing voice of adult Nala , which is heard during the song `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' . The film 's love theme , `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' 's lyrics were re-written approximately 15 times , according to lyricist Tim Rice , who wrote the song alongside composer Elton John . At one point , the producers wanted the song to be a comical duet performed by supporting characters Timon and Pumbaa , despite the fact that John had originally composed the song with Nala and Simba in mind . However , John lobbied in favor of `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' being a love song performed as a duet by Nala and Simba , with which the filmmakers ultimately agreed . When asked by Disney if she was interested in reprising her role as Nala in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , Kelly immediately accepted , joking , `` Sure , you wan na do a third , fourth , fifth ? I 'm right there '' . In the case of The Lion King 11⁄2 , it took the actress only a few days to record her character 's dialogue due to Nala 's comparatively smaller role in the film ; much of Nala 's footage from the first film was simply reused accordingly . Elton John 's official website cites Kelly among the film 's cast of actors who `` would grace any red carpet . '' Kelly 's performance as Nala is responsible for introducing the actress to a younger audience . Previously , she had been better known for appearing in more adult - oriented live - action films at that time .", "5": "In 2011 , Kelly revealed that fans of the film rarely recognize her speaking voice as the voice of Nala , although Robert DeSalvo of NextMovie.com claims that the actress `` has a ... distinctive voice that The Lion King fans will instantly recognize as the voice of adult Nala . '' Characterization and themes ( edit ) A straight woman character , Kelly described Nala as a sensible and nurturing yet authoritative character , while Amber Leab of Bitch Flicks described her as strong , independent and intelligent . According to Oh My Disney , Nala serves as `` the proverbial glue that keeps The Lion King together '' , from whose perspective the audience watches the film because she `` says EXACTLY what we 're thinking '' . Occupying the role of the film 's female lead , Nala is The Lion King 's most important female character , who contributes to the film 's `` small romance element '' . Often identified as the film 's deuteragonist , Taylor Orci of The Atlantic felt that `` Nala is really the agent of change in The Lion King '' , dismissing Simba as a `` rich , lazy boyfriend . '' Leab observed that The Lion King 's male characters tend to `` take the center stage '' while `` female characters take a backseat to the action . '' Lenka Křivánková of Masaryk University wrote in her thesis `` 1990s Hollywood Break - Away Hits : A Feminist Perspective '' that she was not particularly surprised by the film 's lack of strong roles for women because of its Shakespearean source material , dubbing the film `` an old traditional fairy tale with all its traditional features '' , including patriarchy and monarchism . Writing for the University of Waterloo 's Kinema , Vicky Wong believes that Nala reinforces the film 's `` take your place '' motif , reminding main character Simba of his responsibilities . In his book Retelling Stories , Framing Culture : Traditional Story and Metanarratives in Children 's Literature , author John Stephens credits Nala with teaching Simba about responsibility -- `` the lesson the hero must learn before he can become an adult '' . Including Nala , The Lion King has only three major female characters in comparison to the film 's total of nine male ones .", "6": "Shepherd University 's Emmylou Allen observed that Nala is introduced `` as a dominating young girl '' who ultimately matures into `` a strong woman '' by the film 's conclusion . Mouse Morality : The Rhetoric of Disney Animated Film author Annalee R. Ward wrote that Nala 's role in The Lion King reflected `` a 1990s feminist reversal '' . In her book Biblical Allusions , author Lindsay Bacher acknowledged that Nala is often depicted as a stronger and more responsible character than Simba , despite observations that The Lion King 's female characters lack agency . Leab identified Nala as Simba 's `` equal '' who is `` a more naturally sound leader throughout the film , while Simba tends to be comparatively a bit more immature and in need of multiple characters propelling him into responsible / rightful action . '' Physically , Nala is also a stronger and more skilled fighter than Simba , proven by the character 's ability to overwhelm him in battle , which is reminiscent `` of the physical power of lionesses in the real nature . '' However , as strong as she is , Nala has little impact elsewhere ; author Brian K. Pennington wrote in his book Teaching Religion and Violence that `` Nala 's assertions of gender equality are clearly groundless , since only a male lion can stop Scar . '' New York 's David Denbey dismissed Nala 's athleticism as nothing more than Disney 's attempt to `` disguise ( the film 's ) essential boss - daddy ethos . '' Bacher believes that had The Lion King featured Nala as the Pride Lands ' hero as opposed to Simba , the film could have avoided having a `` patriarchal structure . '' Leab concluded that `` the main and most problematic aspects of the film '' remain that The Lion King `` boils down to the fact that an entire group of strong female characters are unable to confront a single male oppressor ; to do so , they need to be led by a dominant male . '' Leab continued , `` It almost sucks more that Nala is such a strong ... female character and still ends up constrained by this plot device '' , accusing the film of depicting women as weak .", "7": "Alongside Faline from Bambi ( 1942 ) and Maid Marian from Robin Hood ( 1973 ) added , Nala belongs to a trio of Disney heroines who , after having been separated from their love interests for several years , eventually reunite with them . Stephens believes that Nala and Simba 's separation allows the characters to fall in love `` properly '' upon reuniting as young adults . Because The Lion King is loosely based on William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet , Nala is considered to be the film 's `` representative '' of the Hamlet character Ophelia , Hamlet 's love interest . Both characters ' relationships with and opinions of their love interests are similar , however , there are several differences between the two women . The Daily Californian 's Miyako Singer argued that `` Nala is no poor , tragic Ophelia '' , instead resembling a `` fierce princess warrior '' similar to the strong heroines Disney introduced during the 1990s . While identifying Nala as `` the closest character in The Lion King to Ophelia , '' Shepherd University 's Emmylou Allen acknowledged in her article `` Shakespeare in the Pride Lands '' that `` their similarities are not as great as their contrasts . '' Unlike Ophelia , Nala does not succumb to insanity , nor does she eventually die . Instead , Nala establishes herself as `` a physically powerful ally '' by encouraging Simba to return to Pride Rock , and helping the character overthrow Scar . Additionally , Nala is a more stubborn character than Ophelia , the latter of whom is quite passive and obedient . While Ophelia is raised by a single father , Nala is raised solely by her mother , which inspired Allen to believe that Nala is a manifestation of how Ophelia would have turned out had she been raised by a woman instead of a man , concluding , `` Nala is able to show the potential that Ophelia could have had . '' . Appearances ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) A young Nala debuted in The Lion King ( 1994 ) as the daughter of Sarafina and the best friend of Simba , who she often accompanies on his adventures throughout the Pride Lands . Simba invites Nala to visit the forbidden Elephant Graveyard with him , despite his father Mufasa 's orders .", "8": "The cubs are soon ambushed by Shenzi , Banzai and Ed , a trio of hyenas chosen by Simba 's treacherous uncle Scar to kill Simba in order to improve his own chances of becoming king , but are ultimately rescued by Mufasa . The following day , however , Nala is devastated to learn from Scar that both Simba and Mufasa have perished during a wildebeest stampede . With both Simba and Mufasa dead , Scar usurps the throne and becomes king . Several years into Scar 's tyrannical rule , which has left the kingdom barren and starving , a desperate Nala ventures into the jungle in search of help , where she attempts to eat a warthog named Pumbaa ; little does she know that the warthog is actually a friend of Simba 's , who is in fact alive and well . While defending Pumbaa from Nala , Simba recognizes Nala , and the two finally reunite only to argue over why Simba is refusing to face his responsibilities and return to Pride Rock . Upon learning that Simba has eventually decided to return to Pride Rock and face Scar , Nala travels back to the Pride Lands to assist him . Surprised to find Simba alive , Scar forces his guilt - ridden nephew to `` admit '' to the pride that he is responsible for Mufasa 's death , which was in fact caused by Scar himself by throwing Mufasa off a cliff into the stampede . Upon learning the truth , Simba forces his uncle to admit his crime to the pride , and a battle ensues between the pride and Scar 's army of hyenas . Simba eventually defeats Scar and becomes king , with Nala ultimately becoming his queen . In the film 's first direct - to - video sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) , Nala appears in a less prominent role as Queen of the Pride Lands and mother of Kiara , the spirited daughter of her and Simba . Nala observes that Kiara , of whom Simba is very protective , has inherited her father 's rebellious personality and love of adventure .", "9": "When Kiara befriends Zira 's son Kovu , a young lion from an exiled pride of Scar 's followers known as the Outsiders , Nala is much more tolerant of their relationship than Simba , and convinces him to offer Kovu a chance to prove himself trustworthy.At the end of the film , Nala gains Kovu as her son - in - law after he marries Kiara . In The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) , which focuses instead on Timon and Pumbaa 's friendship , Nala 's role is virtually identical to that of her appearance in The Lion King because filmmakers reused most of the character 's footage from the first film . Voiced by actress Gabrielle Union , Nala reprises her role as Queen of the Pride Lands in the television series The Lion Guard , the 2016 premiere of which was preceded by the made - for - television film The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar ( 2015 ) . Set within the time gap in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , the show revolves around Nala and Simba 's son Kion who , being their second - born cub after Kiara , has been tasked with forming the next Lion Guard , a group responsible for protecting the Pride Lands . Although a fan of the Lion King franchise , Union avoided watching previous Lion King films in preparation for the role because she wanted to `` put ( her ) own stamp '' on the character . On November 1 , 2017 , it was confirmed that Beyoncé would voice adult Nala in Jon Favreau 's The Lion King , which is expected to be released in July 19 , 2019 . The same day Shahadi Wright Joseph was cast as young Nala in the film . Musical ( edit ) In the Broadway musical adaptation of The Lion King , the role of Nala was originated by Trinidadian - American singer Heather Headley . Her Broadway debut , at first auditioning for the role proved a challenge for the singer due to her Ragtime contract , which her agent was eventually successful in getting her released from . Director Julie Taymor felt that Nala 's journey in the film was underdeveloped and among the story 's weaker elements , and thus decided to `` strengthen '' the character 's narrative for Broadway .", "10": "Reception ( edit ) Critical reception towards Nala has been generally mixed ; both film and feminist critics have accused the film of lacking empowering roles for female characters , including Nala . James Berardinelli of ReelViews appreciated the fact that `` after three animated motion pictures centered upon the love of two people from different worlds '' , the love story between Nala and Simba has been relegated to that of `` a subplot . '' Desson Howe of The Washington Post advised parents to remind their daughters that despite the fact that Nala `` pads in the supportive shadows , awaiting her inevitable marriage to Simba , it does n't mean human girls ca n't grow up to be monarchs too . '' Nala 's role and demeanor during the film 's romantic `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' sequence has drawn criticism in regards to her `` submissive behaviour '' . The New York Times ' Janet Maslin cited the film 's lack of a strong heroine among its weaknesses , dismissing Nala and Simba 's interaction throughout `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' as `` obligatory '' and `` gratuitous '' . Joel W. Martin wrote in the Journal of Religion and Film , `` One song later , ( Nala and Simba ) have fallen in love . Playing one day , they literally tumble down a hillside in the jungle , and he ends up on top of her . This time , she does not bear her teeth , but instead , shows ' bedroom eyes ' '' . Martin ultimately accused the scene 's `` reversal of positions '' of `` establish ( ing ) male dominance . '' Criticizing the film for `` being merely distracting when it could have been both meaningful and instructive '' , Robert Humanick of Slant Magazine wrote , `` Small potatoes , then , when Simba 's former childhood friend and betrothed queen Nala ... unexpectedly reappears in his duty - free , protein - rich life , demanding he return to his kingly responsibilities and coaxing the lion to sleep tonight with arguably the most blatant ' fuck me now ' face to ever appear in a PG - rated film . '' However , the character has garnered positive reviews as well .", "11": "Sara Franks - Allen of ScreenCrush wrote that `` If being a Disney princess is about being a good role model for little girls , then Nala has a lot in her favor '' , elaborating , `` She 's strong enough to take down Simba , ventures out on her own to find help for her pride and calls Simba out for ignoring his responsibilities . '' Meanwhile , Ella Ceron of Thought Catalog ranked Nala 14th on her list of `` The 16 Most Awesome Female Characters From Disney Movies '' . Responsible for introducing the seasoned actress to a younger audience , Kelly 's vocal performance as Nala has garnered critical acclaim . Writing for The Washington Post , Desson Howe hailed Kelly 's voice acting as `` terrific . '' Jeremy Gerard of Variety commended Kelly for voicing the character `` beautifully '' . PopSugar ranked Kelly among the website 's `` Favorite Animated Voices '' , writing , `` there are a lot of great voices in Disney 's The Lion King ... but Moira Kelly has a unique quality to her voice , and I remember reveling in it as a youngster anytime the adult Nala was on the screen . '' Official Disney Blogs published an article entitled `` We All Thought it ... But Nala Actually Said It '' , which cites the character 's most revered quotes . The blog also ranked Nala eighth on the website 's `` Definitive Ranking of Disney Cats '' list . In a 2014 interview , actor Eddie Redmayne admitted that Nala was his first `` celebrity crush '' , having been specifically attracted to the character 's `` sweet '' face and singing voice , referring to the experience as his `` sexual awakening '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Same Woman Wrote Maleficent and Beauty and the Beast -- Here 's How They 're Linked '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Franks - Allen , Sara . `` Mheetu , ' The Lion King ' -- Lost Disney Characters '' . TheFW . SCREENCRUSH NETWORK . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Craig S ( June 24 , 2014 ) .", "12": "`` 30 Facts About ' The Lion King ' '' . Mental Floss . Mental Floss , Inc . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' Turns 20 : Every Crazy , Weird Fact About the Disney Classic '' . The Daily Beast . The Daily Beast Company LLC . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the first drafts of The Lion King , Scar wanted Nala to be his queen ! '' . OMG Facts . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roulette , Matthew . `` ' Be Prepared ( Reprise ) , ' ' The Lion King ' -- Disney Songs You 've Never Heard '' . TheFW . ScreenCrush Network . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeBaise , Chelsea ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` 14 Unknown Facts About The Lion King That Will Change Everything You Ever Knew As A Kid '' . OMG Facts . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knolle , Sharon ( June 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' : 20 Things You Did n't Know About the Disney Classic '' . Moviefone . Aol Inc . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Russel , Candice ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` ` Lion ' Is King Of Jungle For All Ages '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ceron , Ella ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` The 16 Most Awesome Female Characters From Disney Movies '' . Thought Catalog . The Thought & Expression Co . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King -- CAST & CREW '' .", "13": "TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ciafardini , Marc ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Interview ... ' The Lion King ' Star Moira Kelly '' . GoSeeTalk.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Aaron ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` Moira Kelly Interview : The Lion Queen '' . DVDizzy.com . DVDizzy.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kehr , Dave ( December 27 , 2002 ) . `` AT THE MOVIES '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Lion King '' -- Production Information `` . The Lion King WWW Archive . May 25 , 1994 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Niketa Calame '' . Hollywood.com . HOLLYWOOD.COM LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bio -- Niketa Calame '' . Niketa Calame . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Galindo , Brian ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` 20 Things You Did n't Know About `` The Lion King '' `` . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Unknown Facts About The Lion King '' . Dope & Famous . Dope and Famous . May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King '' . Elton John . EltonJohn.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moira Kelly Biography '' . Starpulse.com . Starpulse.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NextMovie : Q&A : ' The Lion King ' Lioness Moira Kelly '' . One Tree Hill Blog . One Tree Hill Blog .", "14": "September 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeSalvo , Robert ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Q&A : ' The Lion King ' Lioness Moira Kelly '' . NextMovie.com . MTV Networks . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leab , Amber ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Animated Children 's Films : The Lion King : Just Good , or Feminist Good ? '' . Bitch Flicks . Bitch Flicks . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` We All Thought it ... But Nala Actually Said It '' . Oh My Disney . Disney . 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Křivánková , Lenka ( 2010 ) . `` 1990s Hollywood Break - Away Hits : A Feminist Perspective '' ( PDF ) . Masaryk University . Masaryk University . p. 22 - . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stephens , John ; McCallum , Robyn ( 2013 ) . Retelling Stories , Framing Culture : Traditional Story and Metanarratives in Children 's Literature . United Kingdom : Routledge . pp. 105 -- 107 . ISBN 9781136601491 . ^ Jump up to : Orci , Taylor ; Agosti , Alison ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Nala From The Lion King Should Be a Disney Princess '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Coley ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` FSU 's James Wilder Jr. to run with infant daughter as his purpose this year '' . Orlando Sentinel . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Dillon ( June 19 , 2014 ) .", "15": "`` Comedian Ralphie May talks return to Muskegon , road life and societal issues '' . MLive.com . MLive Media Group . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Vicky . `` Deconstructing Walt Disney 's The Lion King '' . Kinema . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Emmylou . `` Shakespeare in the Pride Lands '' ( PDF ) . Shepherd University . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Annalee R ( 2010 ) . Mouse Morality : The Rhetoric of Disney Animated Film . United States : University of Texas Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9780292773936 . ^ Jump up to : Bacher , Lindsay ( 2015 ) . Biblical Allusions . United States : ABDO . pp. 91 -- 94 . ISBN 9781629697871 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Joel W ( April 1 , 2000 ) . `` Anti-Feminism in Recent Apocalyptic Film '' . The Journal of Religion and Film . Journal of Religion and Film . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Brian K. ( 2012 ) . Teaching Religion and Violence . January 17 , 2016 : OUP USA . p. 196 . ISBN 9780195372427 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( June 20 , 1994 ) . `` Movies '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Handy , Michelle . `` 7 Fun Facts about Disney 's `` the Lion King '' You Did n't Know ... '' allwomenstalk . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Allers & Rob Minkoff Interview -- The directors of The Lion King talk 3D and re-releases ( Part 1 ) '' . Movie Muser . The Handpicked Media . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 .", "16": "Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh ( October 8 , 2011 ) . `` Allers & Minkoff : The Legacy of The Lion King '' . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noyer , Jérémie . `` Lion King D - rectors Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff : 2D 's for a 3D hit ! '' . Animated Views . Animated Views . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sairam , Narendran ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Hamlet vs. The Lion King '' . Scribd . Scribd Inc . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lion King and Hamlet - Compare and Contrast '' . TermPaperWarehouse.com . TermPaperWarehouse.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Miyako ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' star Nia Holloway talks making history , getting high school diploma on tour '' . The Daily Californian . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trice , Ashton D ( 2001 ) . Heroes , Antiheroes and Dolts : Portrayals of Masculinity in American Popular Films , 1921 - 1999 . United States : McFarland . p. 190 . ISBN 9780786410972 . Jump up ^ Allers , Roger ( director ) ; Minkoff , Rob ( director ) ( June 24 , 1994 ) . The Lion King ( Motion picture ) . Buena Vista Pictures . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rooney , Darrell ( director ) ( October 27 , 1998 ) . The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( Motion picture ) . Walt Disney Home Video . Jump up ^ Raymond , Bradley ( director ) ( February 10 , 2004 ) . The Lion King 11⁄2 ( Motion picture ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment .", "17": "Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Sequel Series ' The Lion Guard ' To Debut On Disney With Several Original Characters Recast '' . International Business Times . IBT Media Inc . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brett , Susan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Disney 's The Lion Guard creator Ford Riley talks new Lion King sequel '' . TVdaily.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shamsian , Jacob ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Disney to launch animated ' Lion King ' spinoff ' The Lion Guard ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jaleesa M. ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Gabrielle Union : ' The Lion Guard ' is ' my dream come true ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice . `` Beyonce Will Voice Nala in Live - Action Adaptation of ' The Lion King ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shahadi Wright Joseph as Young Nala '' . New York Daily News . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinnon , Joy Bennett ( July 1998 ) . `` The Lion King '' . Ebony . pp. 121 -- 124 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheesman , Neil ( June 28 , 2014 ) . `` Interview with Heather Headley '' . LondonTheatre1 . London Theatre One . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Julie Taymor , queen of The Lion King '' . The Toronto Star . Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .", "18": "^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( June 15 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) Review / Film ; The Hero Within The Child Within '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James . `` ' The Lion King ' '' . ReelViews.net . ReelViews . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Desson ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Humanick , Rob ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` The Lion King '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Franks - Allen , Sara ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Forgotten Disney Princesses '' . ScreenCrush . Townsquare Media , Inc . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( June 13 , 1994 ) . `` Review : ' The Lion King ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Animated Voices '' . PopSugar . POPSUGAR Inc . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Definitive Ranking of Disney Cats '' . Official Disney Blogs . Disney . 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Tina ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne admits first crush was Nala from Disney 's The Lion King '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Limited . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` So Anna Kendrick and Eddie Redmayne Used to Have a Thing for Animated Animals -- and Liam Neeson Had the Hots for a Cartoon Too ! '' . E !. Entertainment Television , LLC .", "19": "Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marquina , Sierra ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne Admits to `` Sexual Awakening '' During The Lion King , Says Nala Was `` So Sweet '' -- Watch `` . Us Weekly . Us Weekly . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 .", "20": "( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nala_(The_Lion_King)&oldid=837875959 '' Categories : The Lion King characters Fictional lions Fictional queens Female characters in animation Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 15 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "21": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 4, 0, 13, 14, 11, 3, 17, 5, 9, 1, 19, 7, 12, 15, 18, 21, 6, 20, 16, 2, 10, 8 ]	[ 4, 0, 13, 14, 11 ]
7087578791099746645	who sings god gave rock and roll to you	[ "Petra", "Kiss", "the British band Argent" ]	{ "0": "God Gave Rock and Roll to You - wikipedia God Gave Rock and Roll to You Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` God Gave Rock and Roll to You '' Single by Argent from the album In Deep B - side `` Christmas for the Free '' Released 1973 ( 1973 ) Recorded 1971 Genre Rock , progressive rock Length 6 : 45 Songwriter ( s ) Russ Ballard Producer ( s ) Rod Argent , Chris White `` God Gave Rock and Roll to You '' is a 1973 song by the British band Argent and covered by both Petra , in 1977 and 1984 , and Kiss in 1991 , both with modified lyrics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 1.1 Kiss version 1.1. 1 Line - up 1.1. 2 Video 1.1. 3 Chart performance 1.1. 4 Versions 1.1. 5 Personnel 2 References Versions Argent recorded the song in 1971 during the sessions for their album All Together Now , but it originally did not appear as an album track until 1973 's In Deep , and was released as a successful single at that time . The 1997 CD re-release of All Together Now has the track included as a bonus . The original lyrics include a reference to British pop singer Cliff Richard , known for his Christianity . `` God Gave Rock and Roll to You '' The song , as recorded by Petra on their 1977 album Come and Join Us . '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Christian rock band Petra first released a cover version of the song in their 1977 album Come and Join Us . This version had modified lyrics in the verses from the Argent original , while the chorus remained largely unchanged . Petra then re-recorded and released a somewhat updated version for their 1984 album Beat the System .", "1": "In 1989 , the British band the Truth released a version . In 1991 , the song was notably covered by Kiss under the title `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' . This version 's lyrics and arrangement more closely followed the Petra version of the song . It was released for the film Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey . The song has also been covered by Bride featuring rap group DOC and by Midtown . Unrest remade the song as `` God Gave Rock & Roll To You III '' for their 1992 Bavarian Mods EP . Kiss version `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' Single by Kiss from the album Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture and Revenge Released 22 August 1991 ( 1991 - 08 - 22 ) Format CD single Recorded 1991 Genre Hard rock , heavy metal Length 5 : 18 Label Interscope 7567 96275 - 2 ( Europe ) Songwriter ( s ) Russ Ballard , Paul Stanley , Gene Simmons , Bob Ezrin Producer ( s ) Bob Ezrin Kiss singles chronology `` Rise to It '' / `` Silver Spoon '' ( 1990 ) `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' / `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1991 ) `` Unholy '' / `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' ( 1992 ) `` Rise to It '' / `` Silver Spoon '' ( 1990 ) `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' / `` Junior 's Gone Wild '' ( performed by King 's X ) ( 1991 ) `` Unholy '' / `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' ( 1992 ) `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' ( 1991 ) Harmonizing with Paul Stanley during the bridge of `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' would be Eric Carr 's final recording with Kiss before his death in 1991 . Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "2": "`` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' is a cover of the song by the American hard rock band Kiss . Kiss first released it as a single in 1991 , featured on the soundtrack to the movie Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey , and was later included on Kiss ' 1992 album Revenge . Though the song covered the Argent 1973 song `` God Gave Rock and Roll to You '' it had substantially modified lyrics in the verses , thus the reason behind the slight change in the name of the song . It is one of the few songs from Kiss 's non-makeup era to be played live since the band returned to makeup . Line - up This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It was the last Kiss song to feature longtime drummer Eric Carr before his death in 1991 . Although he was too ill to play drums on the track , he is featured on backing vocals during the a cappella break , singing the repeated line `` ... to everyone , he gave a song to be sung '' , as well as performing drums during the video for the song . The drum tracks were recorded by Eric Singer , who would become Kiss ' full - time drummer , following Carr 's death . The single was also the first to feature Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley sharing lead vocals since `` I '' from 1981 's Music from `` The Elder '' . Video This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The video was filmed in Los Angeles , California in July 1991 and was directed by Mark Rezyka . It features the band playing in a hangar at Van Nuys Airport with flashbacks of Simmons and Stanley and their old bandmates Peter Criss and Ace Frehley during the make - up era of Kiss 's heyday . There were no prominent clips of Carr during the make - up years featured in the video , even though he was a part of that era for three - and - a-half - years .", "3": "During the Kissology Volume Two : 1978 - 1991 special aired on VH1 classic , Gene Simmons has stated that , `` It 's not just a cover song for a soundtrack , but a testament to Eric Carr , and I think a lot of people do n't realize that . '' Chart performance The song proved to be a big hit for the band in many parts of the world , including making the Top Ten in the United Kingdom and Germany . It reached number 21 on Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in the US , as well as its video receiving heavy rotation on music television channels . Versions The version released as a single and on the soundtrack to Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey differs slightly from that played in the film . In the film , a 40 - second guitar solo is played by Steve Vai . It was later included on Steve Vai 's album The Elusive Light and Sound , Vol. 1 under the title `` Final Solo '' . `` God Gave Rock and Roll to You II '' would also be included on the Kiss album Alive III , which was released in 1993 . Personnel This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paul Stanley -- rhythm and lead guitar , lead vocals Gene Simmons -- bass , lead vocals Bruce Kulick -- lead guitar , background vocals Eric Singer -- drums , background vocals Eric Carr -- background vocals References ^ Jump up to : Powell , Mark Allan ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music . Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson Publishers . p. 693 . ISBN 1 - 56563 - 679 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bride -- God Gave Rock And Roll To You '' . Discogs . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bride Discography '' . www.bridepub.com . Retrieved 25 September 2016 .", "4": "Videos : 1993 God Gave Rock - n - Roll to You Jump up ^ y2daddy ( 28 October 2012 ) , Bride with DOC God Gave Rock & Roll To You , retrieved 25 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Unrest ( 2 ) -- Bavarian Mods And Other Hits at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Retrochart for January 1992 '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard singles chart history - Kiss '' . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ MusicFan5152 ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` Kiss -- God Gave Rock And Roll To You '' . YouTube . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ridfaderz ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` God Gave Rock N Roll To You '' . YouTube . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Argent Rod Argent Bob Henrit Russ Ballard Jim Rodford John Verity John Grimaldi Studio albums Argent ( 1970 ) Ring of Hands ( 1971 ) All Together Now ( 1972 ) In Deep ( 1973 ) Nexus ( 1974 ) Circus ( 1975 ) Counterpoints ( 1975 ) Live albums Encore : Live in Concert ( 1974 ) Compilations The Argent Anthology - A Collection of Greatest Hits ( 1976 ) Singles `` Hold Your Head Up '' ( 1972 ) `` God Gave Rock and Roll to You '' ( 1973 ) Related articles Chris White Kiss Paul Stanley Gene Simmons Tommy Thayer Eric Singer Ace Frehley Peter Criss Eric Carr Vinnie Vincent Mark St.", "5": "John Bruce Kulick Studio albums Kiss Hotter Than Hell Dressed to Kill Destroyer Rock and Roll Over Love Gun Dynasty Unmasked Music from `` The Elder '' Creatures of the Night Lick It Up Animalize Asylum Crazy Nights Hot in the Shade Revenge Carnival of Souls : The Final Sessions Psycho Circus Sonic Boom Monster ' 78 solo albums Ace Frehley Gene Simmons Paul Stanley Peter Criss Live albums Alive ! Alive II Alive III Kiss Unplugged You Wanted the Best , You Got the Best ! ! Kiss Symphony : Alive IV Kiss Instant Live Alive ! The Millennium Concert Kiss Alive 35 Kiss Sonic Boom Over Europe Kiss Rocks Vegas Compilations Double Platinum Killers Chikara Smashes , Thrashes & Hits Greatest Kiss The Very Best of Kiss 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Kiss The Best of Kiss , Volume 2 : The Millennium Collection Gold The Best of Kiss , Volume 3 : The Millennium Collection Jigoku - Retsuden Kiss 40 Kissworld Box sets The Originals The Box Set Kiss Chronicles : 3 Classic Albums Kiss Alive ! 1975 -- 2000 Ikons Video albums Animalize Live Uncensored Exposed Crazy Nights X-treme Close - Up Kiss Konfidential Kiss My Ass : The Video Kiss Unplugged Psycho Circus 3 - D Video The Second Coming Kiss Symphony : The DVD Rock the Nation Live !", "6": "Kissology Volume One : 1974 -- 1977 Kissology Volume Two : 1978 -- 1991 Kissology Volume Three : 1992 -- 2000 Kiss Rocks Vegas Tribute albums Hard to Believe : A Kiss Covers Compilation Kiss My Ass : Classic Kiss Regrooved A Tribute to the Creatures of the Night Kiss My Grass : A Hillbilly Tribute to Kiss Spin the Bottle : An All - Star Tribute to Kiss Gods of Thunder : A Norwegian Tribute to Kiss Lick It Up -- A Millennium Tribute to Kiss Kiss My Ankh Sheep in KISS Make Up Concert tours The Early Days of Kiss Kiss Tour Hotter than Hell Tour Dressed to Kill Tour Alive ! Tour Destroyer Tour Rock & Roll Over Tour Love Gun Tour Alive II Tour Dynasty Tour Unmasked Tour Creatures of the Night Tour Lick It Up World Tour Animalize World Tour Asylum Tour Crazy Nights World Tour Hot in the Shade Tour Revenge Tour Kiss My Ass Tour Alive / Worldwide Tour Psycho Circus World Tour Kiss Farewell Tour World Domination Tour Rock the Nation World Tour Rising Sun Tour Hit ' n Run Tour Alive 35 World Tour Sonic Boom Over Europe Tour The Hottest Show on Earth Tour The Tour Monster World Tour The KISS 40th Anniversary World Tour Freedom to Rock Tour Kissworld Tour Films Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park Detroit Rock City Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery Why Him ? Merchandising Action figures Comics Kiss : Psycho Circus Pinball Pinball video game Kiss : Psycho Circus : The Nightmare Child Kiss Kasket Los Angeles Kiss Bibliography Related Articles Discography Videography Band members Songs Awards Kiss Army Rock School Gene Simmons Family Jewels Operation Payback The Elder Bands Black ' n Blue Black Sabbath Chelsea Eric Singer Project Frehley 's Comet Grand Funk Railroad Mini Kiss Union Vinnie Vincent Invasion White Tiger Wicked Lester Albums Asshole Live to Win One Live Kiss Origins , Vol.", "7": "1 Rockology Unfinished Business People Bill Aucoin Neil Bogart Stephen Coronel Bob Ezrin Anton Fig Eddie Kramer Bob Kulick Doc McGhee Vini Poncia Nick Simmons Shannon Tweed Kevin Valentine Book : Kiss Category : Kiss Kiss singles Kiss `` Nothin ' to Lose '' `` Kissin ' Time '' `` Strutter '' Hotter Than Hell `` Let Me Go , Rock ' n ' Roll '' Dressed to Kill `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' `` C'mon and Love Me '' Alive ! `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' ( Live ) Destroyer `` Shout It Out Loud '' `` Flaming Youth '' / `` God of Thunder '' `` Detroit Rock City '' / `` Beth '' Rock and Roll Over `` Hard Luck Woman '' `` Calling Dr. Love '' Love Gun `` Christine Sixteen '' `` Love Gun '' Alive II `` Shout It Out Loud '' ( Live ) `` Rocket Ride '' Double Platinum `` Strutter ' 78 '' Solo albums Gene Simmons `` Radioactive '' Ace Frehley `` New York Groove '' Peter Criss `` Do n't You Let Me Down '' `` You Matter to Me '' Paul Stanley `` Hold Me , Touch Me ( Think of Me When We 're Apart ) '' Dynasty `` I Was Made for Lovin ' You '' `` Sure Know Something '' Unmasked `` Shandi '' `` Talk to Me '' ( except US ) `` Tomorrow '' Music from `` The Elder '' `` A World Without Heroes '' `` I '' `` The Oath '' ( Japan only ) Creatures of the Night `` I Love It Loud '' ( US ) `` Killer '' ( UK ) `` Creatures of the Night '' ( UK ) Lick It Up `` Lick It Up '' `` All Hell 's Breakin ' Loose '' Animalize `` Heaven 's on Fire '' `` Thrills in the Night '' Asylum `` Tears Are Falling '' Crazy Nights `` Crazy Crazy Nights '' `` Reason to Live '' `` Turn On the Night '' Smashes ,", "8": "Thrashes & Hits `` Let 's Put the X in Sex '' `` ( You Make Me ) Rock Hard '' Hot in the Shade `` Hide Your Heart '' `` Forever '' `` Rise to It '' Revenge `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' `` Unholy '' `` Domino '' `` I Just Wanna '' `` Every Time I Look at You '' Alive III `` I Love It Loud '' ( Live ) Kiss Unplugged `` Rock and Roll All Nite '' ( Unplugged ) Carnival of Souls `` Jungle '' Psycho Circus `` Psycho Circus '' `` We Are One '' `` I Finally Found My Way '' `` You Wanted the Best '' Sonic Boom `` Modern Day Delilah '' `` Say Yeah '' `` Never Enough '' Monster `` Hell or Hallelujah '' `` Long Way Down '' Best of Kiss 40 `` Yume no Ukiyo ni Saite Mi na '' ( with Momoiro Clover Z , Japan only ) Bill & Ted Films Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey Television Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( animated series ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventures ( live action series ) Music Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Music from the Motion Picture Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` God Gave Rock ' N ' Roll to You II '' `` Go to Hell '' `` Tommy the Cat '' The Elusive Light and Sound , Vol. 1 Computer games Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure Bill & Ted 's Excellent Game Boy Adventure : A Bogus Journey !", "9": "Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( Atari Lynx ) Bill & Ted 's Excellent Video Game Adventure Related topics Bill & Ted 's Excellent Comic Book Bill & Ted 's Excellent Cereal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_Gave_Rock_and_Roll_to_You&oldid=835574854 '' Categories : 1973 singles Songs written by Russ Ballard Argent ( band ) songs 1971 songs 1991 singles Kiss ( band ) songs Rock ballads Song recordings produced by Bob Ezrin Songs written by Bob Ezrin Songs written by Gene Simmons Songs written by Paul Stanley Interscope Records singles Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 14 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1, 4, 7, 6, 5, 3, 9, 2, 8 ]	[ 0, 1, 4, 7, 6 ]
9112189304196974835	who was in charge of the revolutionary war	[ "the king", "General George Washington" ]	{ "0": "American Revolution - wikipedia American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about political and social developments , and the origin and aftermath of the war . For military actions , see American Revolutionary War . For other uses , see American Revolution ( disambiguation ) . In this article , inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as `` Americans '' or `` Patriots , '' and sometimes as `` Whigs , '' `` Rebels , '' or `` Revolutionaries . '' Colonists who supported the British side are called `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . In accordance with the policy of this encyclopedia , this article uses American English terminology .", "1": "John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the Committee of Five presenting its plan for independence to Congress on June 28 , 1776 Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others .", "2": "Members of American colonial society argued the position of `` no taxation without representation '' , starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they lacked members in that governing body . Protests steadily escalated to the Boston Massacre in 1770 and the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 , followed by the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 , during which Patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea . The British responded by closing Boston Harbor , then followed with a series of legislative acts which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self - government and caused the other colonies to rally behind Massachusetts . In late 1774 , the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain ; other colonists preferred to remain aligned to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories . Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the king 's army attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 . The conflict then developed into a global war , during which the Patriots ( and later their French , Spanish , and Dutch allies ) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) . Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism , and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington . The Continental Congress determined King George 's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists ' rights as Englishmen , and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2 , 1776 . The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy , and they proclaimed that all men are created equal . The Continental Army forced the redcoats out of Boston in March 1776 , but that summer the British captured and held New York City and its strategic harbor for the duration of the war . The Royal Navy blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods , but they failed to defeat Washington 's forces . The Patriots unsuccessfully attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775 -- 76 , but successfully captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 .", "3": "France now entered the war as an ally of the United States with a large army and navy that threatened Britain itself . The war turned to the American South where the British under the leadership of Charles Cornwallis captured an army at Charleston , South Carolina in early 1780 but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory . A combined American -- French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in the fall of 1781 , effectively ending the war . The Treaty of Paris was signed September 3 , 1783 , formally ending the conflict and confirming the new nation 's complete separation from the British Empire . The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes , with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida . Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of the United States Constitution , establishing a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive , a national judiciary , and a bicameral Congress that represented states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives . The Revolution also resulted in the migration of around 60,000 Loyalists to other British territories , especially British North America ( Canada ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 1651 -- 1748 : Early seeds 1.2 1764 -- 1766 : Taxes imposed and withdrawn 1.3 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the Tea Act 1.4 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act 2 Military hostilities begin 3 Creating new state constitutions 4 Independence and Union 5 Defending the Revolution 5.1 British return : 1776 -- 1777 5.2 Prisoners 5.3 American alliances after 1778 5.4 The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 5.4.", "4": "1 Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) 5.5 The end of the war 6 Peace treaty 6.1 Impact on Britain 7 Finance 8 Concluding the Revolution 8.1 Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights 8.2 National debt 9 Ideology and factions 9.1 Ideology behind the Revolution 9.1. 1 Liberalism 9.1. 2 Republicanism 9.1. 2.1 Fusing republicanism and liberalism 9.1. 3 Impact of Great Awakening 9.2 Class and psychology of the factions 9.3 King George III 9.4 Patriots 9.5 Loyalists 9.6 Neutrals 9.7 Role of women 10 Other participants 10.1 France 10.2 Spain 10.3 American Indians 10.4 Black Americans 11 Effects of the Revolution 11.1 Loyalist expatriation 11.2 Interpretations 11.3 Inspiring all colonies 11.4 Status of American women 11.5 Status of African Americans 11.6 Commemorations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Reference works 15.2 Surveys of the era 15.3 Specialized studies 15.4 Historiography 15.5 Primary sources 15.6 Contemporaneous sources : Annual Register 16 External links Origin See also : Thirteen Colonies Eastern North America in 1775 . The British Province of Quebec , the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic coast , and the Indian Reserve as defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The 1763 `` Proclamation line '' comprises the border between the red and the pink areas , while the orange area represents the Spanish claim . Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British coalition victory in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 .", "5": "The North American theater of the Seven Years ' War , commonly known as the French and Indian War in the United States , removed France as a major player in North American affairs and led to the cession of the territory of New France to Great Britain . Lawrence Henry Gipson , the historian of the British Empire , states : It may be said as truly that the American Revolution was an aftermath of the Anglo - French conflict in the New World carried on between 1754 and 1763 . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may have played a role in the separation of the United States from Great Britain , as colonists at the time wanted to continue in the economically beneficial cultural practice of taking land for one 's own livelihood as part of the drive west . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory , temporarily barred to settlement . 1651 -- 1748 : early seeds Main articles : Navigation Acts , Dominion of New England , King Philip 's War , and War of the Austrian Succession As early as 1651 , the English government had sought to regulate trade in the American colonies . On October 9 , the Navigation Acts were passed pursuant to a mercantilist policy intended to ensure that trade enriched only Great Britain , and barring trade with foreign nations . Some argue that the economic impact was minimal on the colonists , but the political friction which the acts triggered was more serious , as the merchants most directly affected were most politically active . King Philip 's War ended in 1678 , and much of it was fought without significant assistance from England . This contributed to the development of a unique identity , separate from that of the British people . In the 1680s , King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively . His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists , resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown . Charles ' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686 , establishing the Dominion of New England . Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England ; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists .", "6": "New Englanders were encouraged , however , by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate , and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18 , 1689 . Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt , and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion . Subsequent English governments continued in their efforts to tax certain goods , passing acts regulating the trade of wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 in particular was egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the New England economy , and the taxes were rarely paid , resulting in a surge of smuggling , bribery , and intimidation of customs officials . Colonial wars fought in America were often the source of considerable tension . The British captured the fortress of Louisbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession , but then ceded it back to France in 1748 . New England colonists resented their losses of lives , as well as the effort and expenditure involved in subduing the fortress , only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . 1764 -- 1766 : taxes imposed and withdrawn Main articles : Sugar Act , Currency Act , Quartering Acts , Stamp Act 1765 , and Declaratory Act Further information : No taxation without representation and Virtual representation Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper In 1764 , Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money , fearing that otherwise the colonists might evade debt payments . Parliament also passed the Sugar Act , imposing customs duties on a number of articles . That same year , Prime Minister George Grenville proposed direct taxes on the colonies to raise revenue , but he delayed action to see whether the colonies would propose some way to raise the revenue themselves . Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time . All official documents , newspapers , almanacs , and pamphlets were required to have the stamps -- even decks of playing cards . The colonists did not object that the taxes were high ; they were actually low . They objected to the fact that they had no representation in the Parliament , and thus no voice concerning legislation that affected them .", "7": "Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire . He said that local governments had raised , outfitted , and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France -- as many as Britain itself sent -- and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone . London had to deal with 1,500 politically well - connected British Army soldiers . The decision was to keep them on active duty with full pay , but they had to be stationed somewhere . Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable , so the decision was made to station them in America and have the Americans pay them . The soldiers had no military mission ; they were not there to defend the colonies because there was no threat to the colonies . The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765 . They used public demonstrations , boycott , violence , and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable . In Boston , the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson . Several legislatures called for united action , and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 . Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval . They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past . They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades . Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a `` virtual representation '' as most British people did , as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament . Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented . In London , the Rockingham government came to power ( July 1765 ) and Parliament debated whether to repeal the stamp tax or to send an army to enforce it .", "8": "Benjamin Franklin made the case for repeal , explaining that the colonies had spent heavily in manpower , money , and blood in defense of the empire in a series of wars against the French and Indians , and that further taxes to pay for those wars were unjust and might bring about a rebellion . Parliament agreed and repealed the tax ( February 21 , 1766 ) , but insisted in the Declaratory Act of March 1766 that they retained full power to make laws for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . The repeal nonetheless caused widespread celebrations in the colonies . 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the tea Act Main articles : Townshend Acts and Tea Act Further information : Massachusetts Circular Letter , Boston Massacre , and Boston Tea Party Burning of the Gaspee In 1767 , the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which placed duties on a number of essential goods , including paper , glass , and tea , and established a Board of Customs in Boston to more rigorously execute trade regulations . The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties . The Americans , however , argued against the constitutionality of the act because its purpose was to raise revenue and not regulate trade . Colonists responded by organizing new boycotts of British goods . These boycotts were less effective , however , as the Townshend goods were widely used . In February 1768 , the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay issued a circular letter to the other colonies urging them to coordinate resistance . The governor dissolved the assembly when it refused to rescind the letter . Meanwhile , a riot broke out in Boston in June 1768 over the seizure of the sloop Liberty , owned by John Hancock , for alleged smuggling . Customs officials were forced to flee , prompting the British to deploy troops to Boston . A Boston town meeting declared that no obedience was due to parliamentary laws and called for the convening of a convention . A convention assembled but only issued a mild protest before dissolving itself . In January 1769 , Parliament responded to the unrest by reactivating the Treason Act 1543 which called for subjects outside the realm to face trials for treason in England . The governor of Massachusetts was instructed to collect evidence of said treason , and the threat caused widespread outrage , though it was not carried out .", "9": "On March 5 , 1770 , a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers . The crowd grew threatening , throwing snowballs , rocks , and debris at them . One soldier was clubbed and fell . There was no order to fire , but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway . They hit 11 people ; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting , and two died after the incident . The event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre . The soldiers were tried and acquitted ( defended by John Adams ) , but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British . This , in turn , began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts . A new ministry under Lord North came to power in 1770 , and Parliament withdrew all taxes except the tax on tea , giving up its efforts to raise revenue while maintaining the right to tax . This temporarily resolved the crisis , and the boycott of British goods largely ceased , with only the more radical patriots such as Samuel Adams continuing to agitate . This 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . In June 1772 , American patriots , including John Brown , burned a British warship that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations in what became known as the Gaspee Affair . The affair was investigated for possible treason , but no action was taken . In 1772 , it became known that the Crown intended to pay fixed salaries to the governors and judges in Massachusetts . Samuel Adams in Boston set about creating new Committees of Correspondence , which linked Patriots in all 13 colonies and eventually provided the framework for a rebel government . Virginia , the largest colony , set up its Committee of Correspondence in early 1773 , on which Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served . A total of about 7000 to 8000 Patriots served on `` Committees of Correspondence '' at the colonial and local levels , comprising most of the leadership in their communities . Loyalists were excluded . The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions , and largely determined the war effort at the state and local level .", "10": "When the First Continental Congress decided to boycott British products , the colonial and local Committees took charge , examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods . In 1773 , private letters were published in which Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson claimed that the colonists could not enjoy all English liberties , and Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver called for the direct payment of colonial officials . The letters ' contents were used as evidence of a systematic plot against American rights , and discredited Hutchinson in the eyes of the people ; the Assembly petitioned for his recall . Benjamin Franklin , postmaster general for the colonies , acknowledged that he leaked the letters , which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job . Meanwhile , Parliament passed the Tea Act to lower the price of taxed tea exported to the colonies in order to help the East India Company undersell smuggled Dutch tea . Special consignees were appointed to sell the tea in order to bypass colonial merchants . The act was opposed by those who resisted the taxes and also by smugglers who stood to lose business . In most instances , the consignees were forced to resign and the tea was turned back , but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure . A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed , and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse . On December 16 , 1773 , a group of men , led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke the appearance of American Indians , boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £ 10,000 worth of tea from their holds ( approximately £ 636,000 in 2008 ) into Boston Harbor . Decades later , this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part of American patriotic lore . 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act A 1774 etching from The London Magazine , copied by Paul Revere of Boston . Prime Minister Lord North , author of the Boston Port Act , forces the Intolerable Acts down the throat of America , whose arms are restrained by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield , while Lord Sandwich pins down her feet and peers up her robes . Behind them , Mother Britannia weeps helplessly .", "11": "Main articles : Quebec Act and Intolerable Acts The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts , which further darkened colonial opinion towards the British . They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament . The first was the Massachusetts Government Act which altered the Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings . The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain , not in the colonies . The third Act was the Boston Port Act , which closed the port of Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party . The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774 , which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner . In response , Massachusetts patriots issued the Suffolk Resolves and formed an alternative shadow government known as the `` Provincial Congress '' which began training militia outside British - occupied Boston . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened , consisting of representatives from each of the colonies , to serve as a vehicle for deliberation and collective action . During secret debates , conservative Joseph Galloway proposed the creation of a colonial Parliament that would be able to approve or disapprove of acts of the British Parliament , but his idea was not accepted . The Congress instead endorsed the proposal of John Adams that Americans would obey Parliament voluntarily but would resist all taxes in disguise . Congress called for a boycott beginning on 1 December 1774 of all British goods ; it was enforced by new committees authorized by the Congress . Military hostilities begin Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Further information : Shot heard ' round the world , Boston campaign , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , and American Revolutionary War Massachusetts was declared in a state of rebellion in February 1775 and the British garrison received orders to disarm the rebels and arrest their leaders , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 . The Patriots laid siege to Boston , expelled royal officials from all the colonies , and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses . The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17 , 1775 .", "12": "It was a British victory -- but at a great cost : about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000 , as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force . The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action , but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition , in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George . The king , however , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion which stated that the states were `` in rebellion '' and the members of Congress were traitors . In the winter of 1775 , the Americans invaded Canada under generals Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery . The attack was a complete failure ; many Americans who were n't killed were either captured or died of smallpox . In March 1776 , the Continental Army forced the British to evacuate Boston , with George Washington as the commander of the new army . The revolutionaries were now in full control of all 13 colonies and were ready to declare independence . There still were many Loyalists , but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776 , and all of the Royal officials had fled . Creating New state constitutions Following the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 , the Patriots had control of Massachusetts outside the Boston city limits , and the Loyalists suddenly found themselves on the defensive with no protection from the British army . In all 13 colonies , Patriots had overthrown their existing governments , closing courts and driving away British officials . They had elected conventions and `` legislatures '' that existed outside any legal framework ; new constitutions were drawn up in each state to supersede royal charters . They declared that they were states now , not colonies . On January 5 , 1776 , New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution . In May 1776 , Congress voted to suppress all forms of crown authority , to be replaced by locally created authority . Virginia , South Carolina , and New Jersey created their constitutions before July 4 . Rhode Island and Connecticut simply took their existing royal charters and deleted all references to the crown . The new states were all committed to republicanism , with no inherited offices . They decided what form of government to create , and also how to select those who would craft the constitutions and how the resulting document would be ratified .", "13": "On 26 May 1776 , John Adams wrote James Sullivan from Philadelphia : `` Depend upon it , sir , it is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of controversy and altercation , as would be opened by attempting to alter the qualifications of voters . There will be no end of it . New claims will arise . Women will demand a vote . Lads from twelve to twenty one will think their rights not enough attended to , and every man , who has not a farthing , will demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state . It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions , and prostrate all ranks , to one common level '' . The resulting constitutions in states such as Maryland , Virginia , Delaware , New York , and Massachusetts featured : Property qualifications for voting and even more substantial requirements for elected positions ( though New York and Maryland lowered property qualifications ) Bicameral legislatures , with the upper house as a check on the lower Strong governors with veto power over the legislature and substantial appointment authority Few or no restraints on individuals holding multiple positions in government The continuation of state - established religion Benjamin Rush , 1783 In Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New Hampshire , the resulting constitutions embodied : universal manhood suffrage , or minimal property requirements for voting or holding office ( New Jersey enfranchised some property - owning widows , a step that it retracted 25 years later ) strong , unicameral legislatures relatively weak governors without veto powers , and with little appointing authority prohibition against individuals holding multiple government posts The radical provisions of Pennsylvania 's constitution lasted only 14 years . In 1790 , conservatives gained power in the state legislature , called a new constitutional convention , and rewrote the constitution . The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage , gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority , and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature . Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America . Independence and union Johannes Adam Simon Oertel . Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 .", "14": "The painting is a romanticized version of the Sons of Liberty destroying the symbol of monarchy following the reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to the Continental Army and residents on the New York City commons by George Washington , July 9th , 1776 . Further information : Lee Resolution , Articles of Confederation , Committee of Five , and United States Declaration of Independence In April 1776 , the North Carolina Provincial Congress issued the Halifax Resolves explicitly authorizing its delegates to vote for independence . In May , Congress called on all the states to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule . By June , nine colonies were ready for independence ; one by one , the last four fell into line : Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , and New York . Richard Henry Lee was instructed by the Virginia legislature to propose independence , and he did so on June 7 , 1776 . On June 11 , a committee was created to draft a document explaining the justifications for separation from Britain . After securing enough votes for passage , independence was voted for on July 2 . The Declaration of Independence was drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson and presented by the committee ; it was unanimously adopted by the entire Congress on July 4 , and each of the colonies became independent and sovereign . The next step was to form a union to facilitate international relations and alliances . The Second Continental Congress approved the `` Articles of Confederation '' for ratification by the states on November 15 , 1777 ; the Congress immediately began operating under the Articles ' terms , providing a structure of shared sovereignty during prosecution of the war and facilitating international relations and alliances with France and Spain . The articles were ratified on March 1 , 1781 . At that point , the Continental Congress was dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled took its place on the following day , with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer . Defending the Revolution Main article : American Revolutionary War British return : 1776 -- 1777 Further information : New York and New Jersey campaign , Staten Island Peace Conference , Saratoga campaign , and Philadelphia campaign According to British historian Jeremy Black , the British had significant advantages , including a highly trained army , the world 's largest navy , and a highly efficient system of public finance that could easily fund the war .", "15": "However , the British were seriously handicapped by their misunderstanding of the depth of support for the Patriot position . Ignoring the advice of General Gage , they misinterpreted the situation as merely a large - scale riot . London decided that they could overawe the Americans by sending a large military and naval force , forcing them to be loyal again : Convinced that the Revolution was the work of a full few miscreants who had rallied an armed rabble to their cause , they expected that the revolutionaries would be intimidated ... . Then the vast majority of Americans , who were loyal but cowed by the terroristic tactics ... would rise up , kick out the rebels , and restore loyal government in each colony . Washington forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776 , and neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas . The British , however , were massing forces at their naval base at Halifax , Nova Scotia . They returned in force in July 1776 , landing in New York and defeating Washington 's Continental Army in August at the Battle of Brooklyn . Following that victory , the British requested a meeting with representatives from Congress to negotiate an end to hostilities . A delegation including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Howe on Staten Island in New York Harbor on September 11 , in what became known as the Staten Island Peace Conference . Howe demanded a retraction of the Declaration of Independence , which was refused , and negotiations ended . The British then quickly seized New York City and nearly captured Washington 's army . They made New York their main political and military base of operations in North America , holding it until November 1783 . The city became the destination for Loyalist refugees and a focal point of Washington 's intelligence network . The British also took New Jersey , pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania . Washington crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey in a surprise attack in late December 1776 and defeated Hessian and British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining control of most of New Jersey . The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging , and have become iconic events of the war . In 1777 , the British sent Burgoyne 's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England .", "16": "Their aim was to neutralize the Yankees , whom the British perceived as the primary source of agitators . The British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis - coordination , capturing it from Washington . The invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state . It surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 . From early October 1777 until November 15 , a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge . Prisoners Main article : Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War In August 1775 , George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown . Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands . Although Lord Germain took a hard line , the British generals on the scene never held treason trials ; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war . The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy . The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists , and therefore , no Americans were put on trial for treason . The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held , resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations . At the end of the war , both sides released their surviving prisoners . American alliances after 1778 Further information : France in the American Revolutionary War and Spain in the American Revolutionary War The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress . Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778 , significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence . On February 6 , 1778 , a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France . William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France , while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain 's international rival and enemy .", "17": "Later , Spain ( in 1779 ) and the Dutch ( 1780 ) became allies of the French , leaving the British Empire to fight a global war alone without major allies , and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic . The American theater thus became only one front in Britain 's war . The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar - producing Caribbean colonies , which were more lucrative to British investors . British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City . General Washington intercepted Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Court House , the last major battle fought in the north . After an inconclusive engagement , the British successfully retreated to New York City . The northern war subsequently became a stalemate , as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater . Hessian troops hired out to the British by their German sovereigns The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 Further information : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War and Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War The British strategy in America now concentrated on a campaign in the southern states . With fewer regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders saw the `` southern strategy '' as a more viable plan , as the south was perceived as being more strongly Loyalist , with a large population of recent immigrants as well as large numbers of slaves who might be captured or run away to join the British . Beginning in late December 1778 , the British captured Savannah and controlled the Georgia coastline . In 1780 , they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston , as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag . Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory that they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and American militia , which negated many of the gains that the British had previously made . Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) Main article : Siege of Yorktown The siege of Yorktown ended with the surrender of a second British army , marking effective British defeat .", "18": "The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . The fleet showed up , but so did a larger French fleet , so the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements after the Battle of the Chesapeake , leaving Cornwallis trapped . In October 1781 , the British surrendered their second invading army of the war , under a siege by the combined French and Continental armies commanded by Washington . The end of the war Historians continue to debate whether the odds for American victory were long or short . John E. Ferling says that the odds were so long that the American victory was `` almost a miracle '' . On the other hand , Joseph Ellis says that the odds favored the Americans , and asks whether there ever was any realistic chance for the British to win . He argues that this opportunity came only once , in the summer of 1776 , and the British failed that test . Admiral Howe and his brother General Howe `` missed several opportunities to destroy the Continental Army ... Chance , luck , and even the vagaries of the weather played crucial roles . '' Ellis 's point is that the strategic and tactical decisions of the Howes were fatally flawed because they underestimated the challenges posed by the Patriots . Ellis concludes that , once the Howe brothers failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again . '' Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain , where many sympathized with the Americans , but now it reached a new low . King George III personally wanted to fight on , but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater . It would be three decades until war resumed again with the War of 1812 , which firmly established the permanence of the United States . Washington could not know that the British would not reopen hostilities after Yorktown . They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City , Charleston , and Savannah , together with a powerful fleet . The French army and navy departed , so the Americans were on their own in 1782 -- 83 . The treasury was empty , and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive , almost to the point of mutiny or possible coup d'état .", "19": "The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783 , and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers . Peace Treaty Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) During negotiations in Paris , the American delegation discovered that France would support independence , but no territorial gains . The new nation would be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . The American delegation opened direct secret negotiations with London , cutting the French out . British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was in full charge of the British negotiations . He now saw a chance to make the United States a valuable economic partner . The US obtained all the land east of the Mississippi River , south of Canada , and north of Florida . It gained fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone , American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world , and their businesses flourished . The British largely abandoned the Indian allies living in the new nation . They were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States . However , the British did promise to support the Indians . They sold them munitions and maintained forts in American territory until the Jay Treaty of 1795 . Impact on Britain Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain . The war revealed the limitations of Britain 's fiscal - military state when they discovered that they suddenly faced powerful enemies with no allies , and they were dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication . The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King 's ministers . Inside parliament , the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation , parliamentary reform , and government retrenchment . Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption . The result was a powerful crisis from 1776 to 1783 .", "20": "The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate , while the British economy boomed thanks to the return of American business . The crisis ended after 1784 thanks to the King 's shrewdness in outwitting Charles James Fox ( the leader of the Fox - North Coalition ) , and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of the new Prime Minister William Pitt . Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case . Britain turned towards Asia , the Pacific and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire . Finance Britain 's war against the Americans , French , and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money that it needed . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution , while the British had relatively little difficulty financing their war , keeping their suppliers and soldiers paid , and hiring tens of thousands of German soldiers . Britain had a sophisticated financial system based on the wealth of thousands of landowners , who supported the government , together with banks and financiers in London . The British tax system collected about 12 percent of the GDP in taxes during the 1770s . In sharp contrast , Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 , there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover current transactions , let alone finance a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise that it would be made good after the war . Indeed , the soldiers and officers were given land grants in 1783 to cover the wages that they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war .", "21": "Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the national government 's full share of money and supplies from the confederated states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money -- in 1775 -- 1780 and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages were usually in arrears and declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships of their families . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 , Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork , and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder , and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam , lent large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s .", "22": "Concluding the Revolution Main articles : Philadelphia Convention and United States Bill of Rights See also : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) and The Federalist Papers Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights See also : Federalist Party , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) , and United States Bill of Rights The war finally ended in 1783 and was followed by a period of prosperity . The national government was still operating under the Articles of Confederation and was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress . American settlers moved rapidly into those areas , with Vermont , Kentucky , and Tennessee becoming states in the 1790s . However , the national government had no money to pay either the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks , or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war . Nationalists led by Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Calling themselves `` Federalists , '' the nationalists convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . It adopted a new Constitution that provided for a much stronger federal government , including an effective executive in a check - and - balance system with the judiciary and legislature . The Constitution was ratified in 1788 , after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government . The new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789 . Amendments to the Constitution were spearheaded in Congress by James Madison as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power , guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution . The amendments were ratified by the states in 1791 . National debt Further information : United States public debt and Alexander Hamilton The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution . The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners , mostly money borrowed from France . There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value . The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food , horses , and supplies to the revolutionary forces .", "23": "There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers , merchants , and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually . The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million compared to $37 million by the central government . In 1790 , Congress combined the remaining state debts with the foreign and domestic debts into one national debt totaling $80 million at the recommendation of first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Everyone received face value for wartime certificates , so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established . Ideology and factions The population of the 13 Colonies was not homogeneous in their political views and attitudes . Loyalties and allegiances varied widely within regions and communities and even within families , and sometimes shifted during the course of the Revolution . Ideology behind the Revolution Main articles : Age of Enlightenment , American Enlightenment , Liberalism in the United States , and Republicanism in the United States The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution . Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law , Natural Rights , Consent of the Governed , Individualism , Property Rights , Self - Ownership , Self - Determination , liberalism , republicanism and fear of corruption . Collectively , the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity .", "24": "Liberalism Main article : Liberalism in the United States Part of a series on Liberalism Schools ( show ) History of liberalism Contributions to liberal theory Ideas ( show ) Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Liberal democracy Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez - faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative / positive liberty Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Variants ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism Civic nationalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Geolibertarianism Green liberalism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal socialism Libertarianism Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Radicalism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Jewish Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism People ( show ) Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Juan Bautista Alberdi Chu Anping Matthew Arnold Raymond Aron Frédéric Bastiat Simone de Beauvoir Jeremy Bentham Isaiah Berlin Eduard Bernstein William Beveridge Norberto Bobbio Ludwig Joseph Brentano John Bright Edmund Burke Thomas Carlyle Anders Chydenius Richard Cobden Marquis de Condorcet Benjamin Constant Benedetto Croce Jean le Rond d'Alembert Ralf Dahrendorf John Dewey Charles Dickens Denis Diderot Zhang Dongsun Ronald Dworkin Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed Ralph Waldo Emerson Karl - Hermann Flach Milton Friedman John Kenneth Galbraith William Lloyd Garrison José Ortega y Gasset David Lloyd George William Gladstone Friedrich Hayek Auberon Herbert Thomas Hobbes Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse John A.", "25": "Hobson Qin Hui Wilhelm von Humboldt Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Zef Jubani Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Baruch Spinoza Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H.", "26": "Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) European Party for Individual Liberty ( EPIL ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties ( IALP ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal In this c. 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley , Samuel Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter , which he viewed as a constitution that protected the people 's rights .", "27": "John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries . Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' due to his work in the Social Contract and Natural Rights theories that underpinned the Revolution 's political ideology . Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' . The theory of the `` social contract '' influenced the belief among many of the Founders that among the `` natural rights '' of man was the right of the people to overthrow their leaders , should those leaders betray the historic rights of Englishmen . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans heavily used Montesquieu 's analysis of the wisdom of the `` balanced '' British Constitution ( mixed government ) .", "28": "Republicanism Main article : Republicanism in the United States Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal A central motivating force behind the overthrow of monarchy and aristocracy was the American embrace of a political ideology called `` republicanism '' , which was dominant in the colonies by 1775 but of minor importance back in Great Britain . The republicanism was inspired by the `` country party '' in Great Britain , whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was a terrible reality in Great Britain . Americans feared that the corruption was crossing the Atlantic ; the commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights energized the revolution , as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests . Britain seemed to threaten the established liberties that Americans enjoyed .", "29": "The greatest threat to liberty was depicted as corruption -- not just in London but at home , as well . The colonists associated it with luxury , and especially with inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values , particularly Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Paine , George Washington , James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton , which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires . Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen . John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' He continued : There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honour , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . For women , `` republican motherhood '' became the ideal , exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren ; the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Fusing republicanism and liberalism Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense , published in 1776 Some republics had emerged throughout history , such as the Roman Republic of the ancient world , but none ever existed that was based on liberal principles . Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 , after the Revolution had started . It was widely distributed and loaned , and often read aloud in taverns , contributing significantly to spreading the ideas of republicanism and liberalism together , bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Great Britain , and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army . Paine provided a new and widely accepted argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history . Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice .", "30": "It offered a solution for Americans disgusted and alarmed at the threat of tyranny . Impact of Great Awakening Main article : First Great Awakening Dissenting churches of the day ( i.e. , Protestant , non-Church of England ) were , in the words of Patricia Bonomi , the `` school of democracy . '' President John Witherspoon of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) wrote widely circulated sermons linking the American Revolution to the teachings of the Bible . Throughout the colonies , dissenting Protestant ministers ( Congregationalist , Baptist , and Presbyterian ) preached Revolutionary themes in their sermons , while most Church of England clergymen preached loyalty to the king , the titular head of the English state church . Religious motivation for fighting tyranny transcended socioeconomic lines to encompass rich and poor , men and women , frontiersmen and townsmen , farmers and merchants . The Declaration also referred to the `` Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God '' as justification for the Americans ' separation from the British monarchy . Most eighteenth - century Americans believed that nature , the entire universe , was God 's creation . Therefore , he was `` Nature 's God . '' Everything , including man , was part of the `` universal order of things '' , which began with God and was pervaded and directed by his providence . Accordingly , the signers of the Declaration professed their `` firm reliance on the Protection of divine Providence . '' And they appealed to `` the Supreme Judge ( God ) for the rectitude of ( their ) intentions . '' Like most of his countrymen , George Washington was firmly convinced that he was an instrument of providence , to the benefit of the American people and of all humanity . Historian Bernard Bailyn argues that the evangelicalism of the era challenged traditional notions of natural hierarchy by preaching that the Bible teaches that all men are equal , so that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior , not in his class . Kidd argues that religious disestablishment , belief in a God as the source of human rights , and shared convictions about sin , virtue , and divine providence worked together to unite rationalists and evangelicals and thus encouraged American defiance of the Empire . Bailyn , on the other hand , denies that religion played such a critical role .", "31": "Alan Heimert argues that New Light antiauthoritarianism was essential to furthering democracy in colonial American society and set the stage for a confrontation with British monarchical and aristocratic rule . See also : List of clergy in the American Revolution Class and Psychology of the factions Looking back , John Adams concluded in 1818 : The Revolution was effected before the war commenced . The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people ... This radical change in the principles , opinions , sentiments , and affections of the people was the real American Revolution . In terms of class , Loyalists tended to have longstanding social and economic connections to British merchants and government ; for instance , prominent merchants in major port cities such as New York , Boston and Charleston tended to be Loyalists , as did men involved with the fur trade along the northern frontier . In addition , officials of colonial government and their staffs , those who had established positions and status to maintain , favored maintaining relations with Great Britain . They often were linked to British families in England by marriage as well . By contrast , Patriots by number tended to be yeomen farmers , especially in the frontier areas of New York and the backcountry of Pennsylvania , Virginia and down the Appalachian mountains . They were craftsmen and small merchants . Leaders of both the Patriots and the Loyalists were men of educated , propertied classes . The Patriots included many prominent men of the planter class from Virginia and South Carolina , for instance , who became leaders during the Revolution , and formed the new government at the national and state levels . To understand the opposing groups , historians have assessed evidence of their hearts and minds . In the mid-20th century , historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative ; opposite traits to those characteristic of the Patriots . Older and better established men , Loyalists tended to resist innovation . They thought resistance to the Crown -- which they insisted was the only legitimate government -- was morally wrong , while the Patriots thought morality was on their side . Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots ' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown .", "32": "Many Loyalists , especially merchants in the port cities , had maintained strong and long - standing relations with Britain ( often with business and family links to other parts of the British Empire ) . Many Loyalists realized that independence was bound to come eventually , but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy , tyranny or mob rule . In contrast , the prevailing attitude among Patriots , who made systematic efforts to use mob violence in a controlled manner , was a desire to seize the initiative . Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots . Historians in the early 20th century , such as J. Franklin Jameson , examined the class composition of the Patriot cause , looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution . In the last 50 years , historians have largely abandoned that interpretation , emphasizing instead the high level of ideological unity . Just as there were rich and poor Loyalists , the Patriots were a ' mixed lot ' , with the richer and better educated more likely to become officers in the Army . Ideological demands always came first : the Patriots viewed independence as a means to gain freedom from British oppression and taxation and , above all , to reassert what they considered to be their rights as English subjects . Most yeomen farmers , craftsmen , and small merchants joined the Patriot cause to demand more political equality . They were especially successful in Pennsylvania but less so in New England , where John Adams attacked Thomas Paine 's Common Sense for the `` absurd democratical notions '' it proposed . King George III Main article : George III of Great Britain The war became a personal issue for the king , fueled by his growing belief that British leniency would be taken as weakness by the Americans . The king also sincerely believed he was defending Britain 's constitution against usurpers , rather than opposing patriots fighting for their natural rights . Patriots Main article : Patriot ( American Revolution ) Further information : Sons of Liberty At the time , revolutionaries were called `` Patriots '' , `` Whigs '' , `` Congress - men '' , or `` Americans '' . They included a full range of social and economic classes , but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy , while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens .", "33": "Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism ( although there were a few Loyalist papers ) , and printed many pamphlets , announcements , patriotic letters and pronouncements . According to historian Robert Calhoon , the consensus of historians is that 40 -- 45 % of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , 15 -- 20 % supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party . The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . Loyalists Main article : Loyalist ( American Revolution ) Mobbing of a Loyalist by American Patriots in 1775 -- 76 The consensus of scholars is that about 15 -- 20 % of the white population remained loyal to the British Crown . Those who actively supported the king were known at the time as `` Loyalists '' , `` Tories '' , or `` King 's men '' . The Loyalists never controlled territory unless the British Army occupied it . Loyalists were typically older , less willing to break with old loyalties , often connected to the Church of England , and included many established merchants with strong business connections across the Empire , as well as royal officials such as Thomas Hutchinson of Boston . There were 500 to 1000 black loyalists who were held as slaves by patriots , escaped to British lines and joined the British army . Most died of disease but Britain took the survivors to Canada as free men . The revolution could divide families . The most dramatic example was when William Franklin , son of Benjamin Franklin and royal governor of the Province of New Jersey , remained loyal to the Crown throughout the war ; they never spoke again .", "34": "Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King , such as recent Scottish settlers in the back country ; among the more striking examples of this , see Flora MacDonald . After the war , the great majority of the 450,000 -- 500,000 Loyalists remained in America and resumed normal lives . Some , such as Samuel Seabury , became prominent American leaders . Estimates vary , but about 62,000 Loyalists relocated to Canada , and others to Britain ( 7,000 ) or to Florida or the West Indies ( 9,000 ) . The exiles represented approximately 2 % of the total population of the colonies . Nearly all black loyalists left for Nova Scotia , Florida , or England , where they could remain free . When Loyalists left the South in 1783 , they took thousands of their slaves with them to be slaves in the British West Indies . Neutrals A minority of uncertain size tried to stay neutral in the war . Most kept a low profile , but the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania , were the most important group to speak out for neutrality . As Patriots declared independence , the Quakers , who continued to do business with the British , were attacked as supporters of British rule , `` contrivers and authors of seditious publications '' critical of the revolutionary cause . Though the majority of Quakers attempted to remain neutral , a sizable number of Quakers in the American Revolution nevertheless participated to some degree . Role of women Abigail Adams Main article : Women in the American Revolution Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways , and were involved on both sides . While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women , ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political , civil , and domestic life . They participated by boycotting British goods , spying on the British , following armies as they marched , washing , cooking , and tending for soldiers , delivering secret messages , and in a few cases like Deborah Samson , fighting disguised as men . Also , Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories . Above all , they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies . They maintained their families during their husbands ' absences and sometimes after their deaths .", "35": "American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods , as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth . Women had to return to knitting goods , and to spinning and weaving their own cloth -- skills that had fallen into disuse . In 1769 , the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn , and 180 women in Middletown , Massachusetts wove 20,522 yards ( 18,765 m ) of cloth . A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women 's social worlds : whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class , family , and friendship , isolating women from former connections . A woman 's loyalty to her husband , once a private commitment , could become a political act , especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King . Legal divorce , usually rare , was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King . Other participants Further information : Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War France Main article : France in the American Revolutionary War In early 1776 , France set up a major program of aid to the Americans , and the Spanish secretly added funds . Each country spent one million `` livres tournaises '' to buy munitions . A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities . American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies . Spain Main article : Spain in the American Revolutionary War Spain did not officially recognize the U.S. but became an informal ally when it declared war on Britain on June 21 , 1779 . Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , general of the Spanish forces in New Spain , also served as governor of Louisiana . He led an expedition of colonial troops to force the British out of Florida and keep open a vital conduit for supplies . American Indians Main article : Native Americans in the United States Further information : Western theater of the American Revolutionary War Most American Indians rejected pleas that they remain neutral and supported the British Crown , both because of trading relationships and Britain 's effort to establish an Indian reserve and prohibit Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains .", "36": "The great majority of the 200,000 Indians east of the Mississippi distrusted the Colonists and supported the British cause , hoping to forestall continued colonial encroachment on their territories . Those tribes that were more closely involved in Colonial trade tended to side with the Colonists , although political factors were important , as well . Most Indians did not participate directly in the war , except for warriors and bands associated with four of the Iroquois nations in New York and Pennsylvania which allied with the British . The British did have other allies , especially in the upper Midwest . They provided Indians with funding and weapons to attack American outposts . Some Indians tried to remain neutral , seeing little value in joining what they perceived to be a European conflict , and fearing reprisals from whichever side they opposed . The Oneida and Tuscarora among the Iroquois of central and western New York supported the American cause . The British provided arms to Indians who were led by Loyalists in war parties to raid frontier settlements from the Carolinas to New York . They killed many settlers on the frontier , especially in Pennsylvania and New York 's Mohawk Valley . In 1776 , Cherokee war parties attacked American Colonists all along the southern frontier of the uplands throughout the Washington District , North Carolina ( now Tennessee ) and the Kentucky wilderness area . They would launch raids with roughly 200 warriors , as seen in the Cherokee -- American wars ; they could not mobilize enough forces to invade Colonial areas without the help of allies , most often the Creek . The Chickamauga Cherokee under Dragging Canoe allied themselves closely with the British , and fought on for an additional decade after the signing of the Treaty of Paris . Joseph Brant of the powerful Mohawk nation , part of the Iroquois Confederacy based in New York , was the most prominent Indian leader against the Colonial forces . In 1778 and 1780 , he led 300 Iroquois warriors and 100 white Loyalists in multiple attacks on small frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania , killing many settlers and destroying villages , crops , and stores . The Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga of the Iroquois Confederacy also allied with the British against the Americans .", "37": "In 1779 , the Colonists retaliated with an American army under John Sullivan which raided and destroyed 40 empty Iroquois villages in central and western New York . Sullivan 's forces systematically burned the villages and destroyed about 160,000 bushels of corn that composed the winter food supply . Facing starvation and homeless for the winter , the Iroquois fled to the Niagara Falls area and to Canada , mostly to what became Ontario . The British resettled them there after the war , providing land grants as compensation for some of their losses . At the peace conference following the war , the British ceded lands which they did not really control , and did not consult their Indian allies . They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida . Calloway concludes : Burned villages and crops , murdered chiefs , divided councils and civil wars , migrations , towns and forts choked with refugees , economic disruption , breaking of ancient traditions , losses in battle and to disease and hunger , betrayal to their enemies , all made the American Revolution one of the darkest periods in American Indian history . The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest , stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin ; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there , which they called a Neutral Indian Zone . That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812 . Black Americans Main article : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution , but most fought for the Patriots . Gary Nash reports that there were about 9,000 black Patriots , counting the Continental Army and Navy , state militia units , privateers , wagoneers in the Army , servants to officers , and spies . Ray Raphael notes that thousands did join the Loyalist cause , but `` a far larger number , free as well as slave , tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots . '' Crispus Attucks was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and is an iconic martyr to Patriots . Both sides offered freedom and re-settlement to slaves who were willing to fight for them , recruiting slaves whose owners supported the opposing cause . Many black slaves sided with the Loyalists .", "38": "Tens of thousands in the South used the turmoil of war to escape , and the southern plantation economies of South Carolina and Georgia especially were disrupted . During the Revolution , the British tried to turn slavery against the Americans . Historian David Brion Davis explains the difficulties with a policy of wholesale arming of the slaves : But England greatly feared the effects of any such move on its own West Indies , where Americans had already aroused alarm over a possible threat to incite slave insurrections . The British elites also understood that an all - out attack on one form of property could easily lead to an assault on all boundaries of privilege and social order , as envisioned by radical religious sects in Britain 's seventeenth - century civil wars . Davis underscored the British dilemma : `` Britain , when confronted by the rebellious American colonists , hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave - holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure '' . The Colonists , however , accused the British of encouraging slave revolts . American advocates of independence were commonly lampooned in Britain for what was termed their hypocritical calls for freedom , at the same time that many of their leaders were planters who held hundreds of slaves . Samuel Johnson snapped , `` how is it we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the ( slave ) drivers of the Negroes ? '' Benjamin Franklin countered by criticizing the British self - congratulation about `` the freeing of one Negro '' ( Somersett ) while they continued to permit the Slave Trade . Phyllis Wheatley was a black poet who popularized the image of Columbia to represent America . She came to public attention when her Poems on Various Subjects , Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 . During the war , slaves escaped from New England and the mid-Atlantic area to British - occupied cities such as New York . The effects of the war were more dramatic in the South . In Virginia , royal governor Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom , protection for their families , and land grants . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South , causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops .", "39": "For instance , South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight , migration , or death -- amounting to one third of its slave population . From 1770 to 1790 , the black proportion of the population ( mostly slaves ) in South Carolina dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent , and from 45.2 percent to 36.1 percent in Georgia . British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston , carrying through on their promise . They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia , Upper Canada , and Lower Canada . Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean . But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 . More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government . Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone , as well as other African countries . Effects of the Revolution Loyalist expatriation Tens of thousands of Loyalists left the United States -- the current high estimate is 70,000 by Maya Jasanoff . Some migrated to Britain . The great majority , known as United Empire Loyalists , received land and subsidies for resettlement in British colonies in North America , especially Quebec ( concentrating in the Eastern Townships ) , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The new colonies of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) and New Brunswick were expressly created by Britain for their benefit , where the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States . Britain wanted to develop the frontier of Upper Canada on a British colonial model . But about 80 % of the Loyalists stayed in the United States and became full , loyal citizens ; some of the exiles later returned to the U.S. Interpretations Interpretations vary concerning the effect of the Revolution .", "40": "Veterans who fought in the war referred to it as `` the revolution '' , although the war is sometimes known as the `` American War of Independence '' outside the United States , particularly in the United Kingdom . Historians such as Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood , and Edmund Morgan view the American Revolution as a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs , such as an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment . These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights , and a system of laws chosen by the people . John Murrin , by contrast , argues that the definition of `` the people '' at that time was mostly restricted to free men who were able to pass a property - qualification . This view argues that any significant gain of the revolution was irrelevant in the short term to women , black Americans and slaves , poor white men , youth , and American Indians . Morgan has argued that , in terms of long - term impact on American society and values : The Revolution did revolutionize social relations . It did displace the deference , the patronage , the social divisions that had determined the way people viewed one another for centuries and still view one another in much of the world . It did give to ordinary people a pride and power , not to say an arrogance , that have continued to shock visitors from less favored lands . It may have left standing a host of inequalities that have troubled us ever since . But it generated the egalitarian view of human society that makes them troubling and makes our world so different from the own in which the revolutionists had grown up . Inspiring all colonies Further information : Atlantic Revolutions After the Revolution , genuinely democratic politics became possible in the former colonies . The rights of the people were incorporated into state constitutions . Concepts of liberty , individual rights , equality among men and hostility toward corruption became incorporated as core values of liberal republicanism . The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed . The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire , and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government , provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self - governing nations with directly elected representative government .", "41": "The Dutch Republic , also at war with Britain , was the next country to sign a treaty with the United States , on October 8 , 1782 . On April 3 , 1783 , Ambassador Extraordinary Gustaf Philip Creutz , representing King Gustav III of Sweden , and Benjamin Franklin , signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the U.S. The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions : the French Revolution , the Haitian Revolution , and the Latin American wars of independence . Aftershocks reached Ireland in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and in the Netherlands . The Revolution had a strong , immediate influence in Great Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , and France . Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause . In Ireland , there was a profound impact ; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self - rule . Under the leadership of Henry Grattan , the so - called `` Patriots '' forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies . The King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model , and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin . Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France . As in America , so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force . The Revolution , along with the Dutch Revolt ( end of the 16th century ) and the 17th century English Civil War , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution , such as Marquis de Lafayette . The American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 . The spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory , with New Jersey the last in 1804 . States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation , which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer . Status of American women The democratic ideals of the Revolution inspired changes in the roles of women . The concept of republican motherhood was inspired by this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology .", "42": "It assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens . Women were considered to have the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic . During this period , the wife 's relationship with her husband also became more liberal , as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship . In addition , many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands . The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women . Patriarchy faded as an ideal ; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families . Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing , especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems . There was more permissiveness in child - rearing . Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property . Whatever gains they had made , however , women still found themselves subordinated , legally and socially , to their husbands , disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them . But , some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community , which were not originally recognized as significant by men . Abigail Adams expressed to her husband , the president , the desire of women to have a place in the new republic : I desire you would remember the Ladies , and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors . Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands . The Revolution sparked a discussion on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women 's participation in politics . Briefly the possibilities for women 's rights were highly favorable , but a backlash led to a greater rigidity that excluded women from politics . For more than thirty years , however , the 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to `` all inhabitants '' who had a certain level of wealth , including unmarried women and blacks ( not married women because they could not own property separately from their husbands ) , until in 1807 , when that state legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage , excluding paupers .", "43": "Status of African Americans In the first two decades after the American Revolution , state legislatures and individuals took actions to free numerous slaves , in part based on revolutionary ideals . Northern states passed new constitutions that contained language about equal rights or specifically abolished slavery ; some states , such as New York and New Jersey , where slavery was more widespread , passed laws by the end of the 18th century to abolish slavery by a gradual method ; in New York , the last slaves were freed in 1827 . While no southern state abolished slavery , for a period individual owners could free their slaves by personal decision , often providing for manumission in wills but sometimes filing deeds or court papers to free individuals . Numerous slaveholders who freed their slaves cited revolutionary ideals in their documents ; others freed slaves as a reward for service . Records also suggest that some slaveholders were freeing their own mixed - race children , born into slavery to slave mothers . Commemorations Main articles : Commemoration of the American Revolution and United States Bicentennial United States Bicentennial , 1976 Governor 's Palace , Colonial Williamsburg , a restored colonial city , Williamburg , Virginia The American Revolution has a central place in the American memory as the story of the nation 's founding . It is covered in the schools , memorialized by a national holiday , and commemorated in innumerable monuments . Thus , Independence Day ( July 4 ) is an annual national holiday . George Washington 's estate at Mount Vernon was one of the first national pilgrimages for tourists which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s . The Revolution became a matter of contention in the 1850s in the debates leading to the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) as spokesmen of both the Northern United States and the Southern United States claimed that their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776 . The United States Bicentennial in 1976 came a year after the American withdrawal from the Vietnam War . Speakers stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values . Today , more than 100 battlefields and historic sites of the American Revolution are protected and maintained by governments . The National Park Service alone owns and maintains more than 50 battlefield parks and sites related to the Revolution .", "44": "See also Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Founding Fathers of the United States Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty List of plays and films about the American Revolution Notes ^ Jump up to : Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 70 Jump up ^ Lawrence Henry Gipson , `` The American revolution as an aftermath of the Great War for the Empire , 1754 - 1763 . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1950 ) : 86-104.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 - 1661 . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 099 - 9 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 638 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review .", "45": "24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 542 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp. 148 -- 56 , 155 - 57 , 169 - 70 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8044 - 1065 - 6 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0558 - 4 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3936 - 8 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) .", "46": "The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07098 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 - 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 . The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . pg. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 - 99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5724 - 9 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Allen , Larry ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Money . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 9781598842517 . Jump up ^ Englishmen paid an average 25 shillings annually in taxes , whereas Americans paid only sixpence . Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta , ed. ( 2011 ) . Documents for America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson ( 2004 ) . Benjamin Franklin : An American Life . Simon and Schuster . pp. 229 -- 30 .", "47": "Jump up ^ Shy , Toward Lexington 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp 81 - 82 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 62 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 297 - 298 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 315 - 316 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Bryan - Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga ( 2003 ) . History of American Political Thought . Lexington Books . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . pp. 181 -- . ^ Jump up to : Hiller B. Zobel , The Boston Massacre ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Alfred F. Young , The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 5 ) , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation ( 6th ed. 2001 ) vol 1 pp 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) pp. 353 -- 76 Jump up ^ Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ John K. Alexander ( 2011 ) . Samuel Adams : The Life of an American Revolutionary . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 187 -- 94 .", "48": "Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2010 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Cengage Learning . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Harvey . `` A few bloody noses '' ( 2002 ) pp. 208 -- 210 Jump up ^ Urban p. 74 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1948 ) p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Nevins ( 1927 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 29 Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Founding the Republic : A Documentary History ; edited by John J. Patrick Jump up ^ Reason , Religion , and Democracy : Dennis C. Muelle . Page 206 Jump up ^ Massachusetts ' constitution is still in force in the 21st century , continuously since its ratification on June 15 , 1780 Jump up ^ Jensen , The Founding of a Nation ( 1968 ) pp. 678 -- 9 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture ( 1997 ) pp. 41 -- 46 Jump up ^ Armitage , David . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Harvard University Press , London . 2007 . `` The Articles of Confederation safeguarded it for each of the thirteen states in Article II ( `` Each State retains its sovereignty , freedom and independence '' ) , but confined its international expression to Congress alone . '' Jump up ^ Tesesis , Alexander . Self - Government and the Declaration of Independence . Cornell Law Review , Volume 97 Issue 4 . May 2012 . ( applying the Declaration in the context of state sovereignty while dealing with personal liberty laws , noting that `` after the declaration of independence in 1776 , each state , at least before the confederation , was a sovereign , independent body '' ) . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 30 Jump up ^ Klos , President Who ? Forgotten Founders ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , Crisis of Empire : Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century ( 2008 ) p 140 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , Barnet . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution .", "49": "( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Alan Valentine , Lord George Germain ( 1962 ) pp 309 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Larry G. Bowman , Captive Americans : Prisoners During the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , The Papers of Alexander Hamilton ( 1974 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 151 Jump up ^ Mackesy , The War for America ( 1993 ) p. 568 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , The War of American Independence ( 1983 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ Crow and Tise , The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) p. 157 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Henry Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Morrissey , Yorktown 1781 : The World Turned Upside Down ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Harvey pp 493 -- 515 Jump up ^ John Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey p. 528 Jump up ^ A final naval battle was fought on March 10 , 1783 by Captain John Barry and the crew of the USS Alliance , who defeated three British warships led by HMS Sybille . Martin I.J. Griffin , The Story of Commodore John Barry ( 2010 ) pp 218 -- 23 Jump up ^ Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : the Americans who fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster .", "50": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence ( 1975 ) p. 248 Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword : The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) pp 17 -- 39 Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 - 345 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale up . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ William Deverell , ed. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American West . p. 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William Hague , William Pitt the Younger ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Black , George III : America 's Last King ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Canny , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) pp. 81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 85 - 106 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp 586 -- 589 Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2005 ) .", "51": "Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America . Scarecrow Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 , '' American Historical Review ( 1929 ) 35 # 1 pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , pp. 557 -- 624 Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 ( 1987 ) pp 245 -- 266 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 22 Jump up ^ Jensen , The New Nation ( 1950 ) p. 379 Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis , His Excellency : George Washington ( 2004 ) p 204 Jump up ^ Robert A. Ferguson , The American Enlightenment , 1750 - 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 103 , 136 ; Maier , Old Revolutionaries , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 136 - 138 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics . Greenwood . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Waldron ( 2002 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd ( 2010 ) : God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution , New York , N.Y. , pp.", "52": "6 - 7 Jump up ^ Charles W. Toth , Liberte , Egalite , Fraternite : The American Revolution and the European Response. ( 1989 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ page 101 , Philosophical Tales , by Martin Cohen , ( Blackwell 2008 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) chapter 1 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 125 -- 37 Jump up ^ Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 35 , 174 -- 5 Jump up ^ Shalhope , Toward a Republican Synthesis ( 1972 ) pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) P. 23 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , The Commonalities of Common Sense ( 2000 ) pp. 465 -- 504 ^ Jump up to : Bonomi , p. 186 , Chapter 7 `` Religion and the American Revolution Jump up ^ William H. Nelson , The American Tory ( 1961 ) p. 186 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 - 6 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Kidd ( 2010 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Alan Heimert , Religion and the American Mind : From the Great Awakening to the Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1967 .", "53": "Jump up ^ John Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution ( 2002 ) p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Labaree , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Hull et al. , Choosing Sides ( 1978 ) pp. 344 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Burrows and Wallace , The American Revolution ( 1972 ) pp. 167 -- 305 Jump up ^ J. Franklin Jameson , The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement ( 1926 ) ; other historians pursuing the same line of thought included Charles A. Beard , Carl Becker and Arthur Schlesinger , Sr ... Jump up ^ Wood , Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution ( 1966 ) pp. 3 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Resch ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , `` ' If Others Will Not Be Active , I must Drive ' : George III and the American Revolution . '' Early American Studies 2004 2 ( 1 ) : pp 1 -- 46 . P.D.G. Thomas , `` George III and the American Revolution . '' History 1985 70 ( 228 ) : 16 -- 31 , says the king played a minor role before 1775 . Jump up ^ Carol Sue Humphrey , The American Revolution and the Press : The Promise of Independence ( Northwestern University Press ; 2013 ) Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 -- 4 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds .", "54": "A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) at page 235 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) pp 235 - 47 , Jump up ^ Sheila L. Skemp , Benjamin and William Franklin : Father and Son , Patriot and Loyalist ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Joan Magee ( 1984 ) . Loyalist Mosaic : A Multi-Ethnic Heritage . Dundurn . p. 137ff . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Chaos in New York '' . Black Loyalists : Our People , Our History . Canada 's Digital Collections . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eileen K. Cheng ( 2008 ) . The Plain and Noble Garb of Truth : Nationalism & Impartiality in American Historical Writing , 1784 -- 1860 . University of Georgia Press . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Berkin , Revolutionary Mothers ( 2006 ) p. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 41 Jump up ^ Kerber , Women of the Republic ( 1997 ) chapters 4 and 6 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1985 ) pp. 57 -- 65 Jump up ^ Thompson , Buchanan Parker , Spain : Forgotten Ally of the American Revolution North Quincy , Mass. : Christopher Publishing House , 1976 .", "55": "Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) chapters 19 , 46 and 51 ; Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar and James Kirby Martin , Forgotten Allies : The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tom Hatley , The Dividing Paths : Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution ( 1993 ) ; James H. O'Donnell , III , Southern Indians in the American Revolution ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ see Barbara Graymont , `` Thayendanegea '' , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fischer , A Well - Executed Failure : The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois , July -- September 1779 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Calloway ( 1995 ) p. 290 Jump up ^ Smith , Dwight L. ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 ( 2001 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , `` The African Americans Revolution , '' in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250 - 70 , at p 254 Jump up ^ Ray Raphael , A People 's History of the American Revolution ( 2001 ) p 281 Jump up ^ Revolutionary War : The Home Front , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Davis p. 148 Jump up ^ Davis p. 149 Jump up ^ Schama pp. 28 -- 30 p.", "56": "78 -- 90 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Schama , p. 75 Jump up ^ Hochschild p. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , American Slavery , p. 73 Jump up ^ Hill ( 2007 ) , see also blackloyalist.com Jump up ^ Maya Jasanoff , Liberty 's Exiles : American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World ( 2011 ) . However Philip Ranlet estimates that only 20,000 adult white Loyalists went to Canada . `` How Many American Loyalists Left the United States ? . '' Historian 76.2 ( 2014 ) : 278 - 307 . Jump up ^ W. Stewart Wallace , The United Empire Loyalists : A Chronicle of the Great Migration ( Toronto , 1914 ) online edition Archived 2012 - 03 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Van Tine , American Loyalists ( 1902 ) p 307 Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ One modern writer argues that the events were not revolutionary because , according to his opinion , the relationships and property rights of colonial society were not significantly transformed . He posits that a distant government was simply replaced with a local one . ( Greene , The American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp. 93 -- 102 ) Jump up ^ Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 9780495904991 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Voting Rights '' .", "57": "Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` Voting in Early America '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McCool , Daniel , Susan M. Olson , and Jennifer L. Robinson . Native Vote , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Genuine Article : A Historian Looks at Early America . W.W. Norton . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 278 -- 79 Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) ch 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Wim Klooster , Revolutions in the Atlantic World : A Comparative History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ R.B. McDowell , Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution , 1760 -- 1801 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 49 -- 52 Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , Liberty , equality , fraternity ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole p. 409 , 453 -- 54 Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , et al. `` Beyond Roles , Beyond Spheres : Thinking about Gender in the Early Republic , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 1989 ) , 46 # 3 565 -- 85 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 3rd ed. 1996 ) Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( 2010 ) . Abigail Adams . Simon and Schuster . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Rosemarie Zagarri , Revolutionary Backlash : Women and Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2007 ) , p 8 Jump up ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis ( `` The Petticoat Electors : W omen 's Suffrage in New Jersey , 1776 -- 1807 '' , Journal of the Early Republic 12 , no .", "58": "2 ( 1992 ) : 159 -- 193 . ) Jump up ^ Michael Kammen , A Season of Youth : The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination ( 1978 ) ; Kammen , Mystic Chords of Memory : The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Jean B. Lee , `` Historical Memory , Sectional Strife , and the American Mecca : Mount Vernon , 1783 - 1853 , '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2001 ) 109 # 3 pp. 255 - 300 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jonathan B. Crider , `` De Bow 's Revolution : The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis , 1850 - 1861 , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 3 pp 317 -- 332 Jump up ^ David Ryan , `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia - The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War , '' Forum for Inter-American Research ( 2012 ) 5 # 3 pp 26 -- 48 . Jump up ^ American Revolutionary War Sites Accessed Jan. 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Revolutionary War Sites . Accessed Jan. 4 , 2018 . References Bailyn , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Becker , Carl ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : a Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . Berkin , Carol ( 2006 ) . Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7532 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Boorstin , Daniel J. ( 1953 ) . The Genius of American Politics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .", "59": "ISBN 0 - 226 - 06491 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Brinkley , Douglas ( 2010 ) . `` The Sparck of Rebellion '' . American Heritage Magazine . 59 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Burrows , Edwin G. ; Wallace , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The American Revolution : The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation '' . Perspectives in American History . 6 : 167 -- 305 . Calhoon , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . `` Loyalism and Neutrality '' . In Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . OCLC 94003190 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Center for History and New Media ( 2010 ) . `` Liberty , equality , fraternity : exploring the French Revolution . Chapter 3 : Enlightenment and human rights '' . Fairfax , Virginia : George Mason University . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Chisick , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment . pp. 313 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5097 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Crow , Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press .", "60": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1313 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Ferguson , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Commonalities of Common Sense '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 504 . doi : 10.2307 / 2674263 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2674263 . Fifth Virginia Convention ( 1776 ) . `` Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention , May 15 , 1776 '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ( 2000 ) . `` The American Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2652437 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 2652437 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Griffin , Martin Ignatius Joseph ( 1903 ) . Commodore John Barry : `` the father of the American navy '' . Philadelphia : self - published .", "61": "Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Hamilton , Alexander ( 1974 ) . Syrett , Harold C. , ed . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . XX . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08919 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1983 ) . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 551460 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Hull , N.E.H. ; Hoffer , Peter C. ; Allen , Steven L. ( 1978 ) . `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York '' . Journal of American History . 65 ( 2 ) : 344 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 1894084 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 . JSTOR 1894084 . Jensen , Merrill ( 2004 ) . The Founding of a Nation : a History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 706 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : a History of the United States during the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . New York : Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70527 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Kerber , Linda K. ( 1997 ) . Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4632 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Klos , Stanley L.", "62": "( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Labaree , Leonard Woods ( 1948 ) . Conservatism in Early American History ( Anson G. Phelps lectureship on early American history ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Lee , Richard Henry ( 1776 ) . `` Lee 's Resolutions '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Mackesy , Piers ( 1993 ) . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 45492 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1991 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . New York : W.W. Norton and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30825 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shalhope , Robert E. ( 1972 ) . `` Toward a Republican Synthesis '' ( PDF ) . The William and Mary Quarterly . 29 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921327 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shy , John ( 2008 ) .", "63": "Toward Lexington : The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 414 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Stephens , Otis H. ; Glenn , Richard A. ( 2006 ) . Unreasonable Searches and Seizures : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 503 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Warren , Charles ( 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 2 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 272 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921451 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 1921451 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1966 ) . `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 23 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936154 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2936154 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73688 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2003 ) . The American Revolution : A History . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Wraight , Christopher D. ( 2008 ) . Rousseau 's The Social Contract : A Reader 's Guide . London : Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9860 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 .", "64": "Bibliography Further information : Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War and Bibliography of George Washington Reference works Barnes , Ian , and Charles Royster . The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution ( 2000 ) , maps and commentary excerpt and text search Blanco , Richard L. ; Sanborn , Paul J. ( 1993 ) . The American Revolution , 1775 -- 1783 : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5623 - 0 . Boatner , Mark Mayo III ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribners and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31513 - 3 . Cappon , Lester J. Atlas of Early American History : The Revolutionary Era , 1760 -- 1790 ( 1976 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard A. Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Gray , Edward G. , and Jane Kamensky , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2013 ) 672 pp ; 33 essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , 777pp an expanded edition of Greene and Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1994 ) ; comprehensive coverage of political and social themes and international dimension ; thin on military Kennedy , Frances H. The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook ( 2014 ) A guide to 150 famous historical sites . Purcell , L. Edward . Who Was Who in the American Revolution ( 1993 ) ; 1500 short biographies Resch , John P. , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture and the Homefront vol 1 ( 2005 ) , articles by scholars Symonds , Craig L. and William J. Clipson .", "65": "A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1986 ) new diagrams of each battle Surveys of the era Allison , Robert . The American Revolution : A Concise History ( 2011 ) 128pp excerpt and text search Axelrod , Alan . The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past ( 2009 ) , well - illustrated popular history Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 -- 10 online edition , classic 19th century narrative ; highly detailed Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 -- 1783 ( 2001 ) 266pp ; by leading British scholar Brown , Richard D. , and Thomas Paterson , eds . Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1791 : Documents and Essays ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence : 1760 - 1776 ( 1976 ) Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) , British textbook Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1983 ) Online in ACLS Humanities E-book Project ; comprehensive coverage of military and domestic aspects of the war . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution : 1766 -- 1775 ( 2003 ) Lecky , William Edward Hartpole . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 ( 1898 ) , older British perspective online edition Mackesy , Piers .", "66": "The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 ( 1992 ) , British military study online edition Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2005 ) . online edition Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) online edition Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition , to 1775 Rakove , Jack N. Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) interpretation by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : Rebellion in America 1775 -- 83 ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search , popular Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( 2007 ) Wrong , George M. Washington and His Comrades in Arms : A Chronicle of the War of Independence ( 1921 ) online short survey by Canadian scholar online Specialized Studies Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( Harvard University Press , 1967 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44301 - 2 Bangs , Jeremy D . `` The Travels of Elkanah Watson '' . ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study on the History of Political Ideas ( 1922 ) Becker , Frank : The American Revolution as a European Media Event , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : October 25 , 2011 . Berkin , Carol. Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence ( 2006 ) Bonomi , Patricia U. , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence ( 2005 ) Breen , T.H.", "67": "American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) 337 pages ; examines rebellions in 1774 -- 76 including loosely organized militants took control before elected safety committees emerged . Brunsman , Denver , and David J Silverman , eds . The American Revolution Reader ( Routledge Readers in History , 2013 ) 472pp ; essays by leading scholars Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) detailed biography ; Pulitzer Prize Crow , Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise , eds . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) Fischer , David Hackett . Paul Revere 's Ride ( 1995 ) , Minutemen in 1775 Fischer , David Hackett . Washington 's Crossing ( 2004 ) . 1776 campaigns ; Pulitzer prize . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 Freeman , Douglas Southall . Washington ( 1968 ) Pulitzer Prize ; abridged version of 7 vol biography Horne , Gerald . The Counter-Revolution of 1776 : Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America . ( New York University Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 1479893404 Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1979 ) Kidd , Thomas S. God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) McCullough , David . 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 2 ; popular narrative of the year 1776 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Nevins , Allan ; The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 1927 . online edition Norton , Mary Beth .", "68": "Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) O'Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale University Press ; 2013 ) 466 pages ; on top British leaders Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . vol 1 ( 1959 ) online edition Resch , John Phillips and Walter Sargent , eds . War and Society in the American Revolution : Mobilization and Home Fronts ( 2006 ) Rothbard , Murray , Conceived in Liberty ( 2000 ) , Volume III : Advance to Revolution , 1760 -- 1775 and Volume IV : The Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1784 . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 26 - 9 , libertarian perspective Van Tyne , Claude Halstead . American Loyalists : The Loyalists in the American Revolution ( 1902 ) online edition Volo , James M. and Dorothy Denneen Volo . Daily Life during the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Wahlke , John C. ed . The Causes of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) readings Wood , Gordon S. American Revolution ( 2005 ) ( excerpt and text search ) 208pp excerpt and text search Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) , by a leading scholar Historiography Breen , Timothy H. `` Ideology and nationalism on the eve of the American Revolution : Revisions once more in need of revising . '' Journal of American History ( 1997 ) : 13 - 39 . in JSTOR Schocket , Andrew M. Fighting over the Founders : How We Remember the American Revolution ( 2014 ) , how politicians , screenwriters , activists , biographers , museum professionals , and reenactors portray the American Revolution . excerpt Sehat , David .", "69": "The Jefferson Rule : How the Founding Fathers Became Infallible and Our Politics Inflexibl ( 2015 ) excerpt Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a republican synthesis : the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1972 ) : 49 - 80 . in JSTOR Waldstreicher , David . `` The Revolutions of Revolution Historiography : Cold War Contradance , Neo-Imperial Waltz , or Jazz Standard ? . '' Reviews in American History 42.1 ( 2014 ) : 23 - 35 . online Wood , Gordon S. `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1966 ) : 4 - 32 . in JSTOR Primary sources The American Revolution : Writings from the War of Independence ( 2001 ) , Library of America , 880pp Commager , Henry Steele and Morris , Richard B. , eds . The Spirit of ' Seventy - Six : The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants ( 1975 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 010834 - 7 ) short excerpts from hundreds of official and unofficial primary sources Dann , John C. , ed . The Revolution Remembered : Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search , recollections by ordinary soldiers Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Humphrey , Carol Sue ed . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 ( 2003 ) , 384pp ; newspaper accounts excerpt and text search Jensen , Merill , ed . Tracts of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 1967 ) . American pamphlets Jensen , Merill , ed .", "70": "English Historical Documents : American Colonial Documents to 1776 : Volume 9 ( 1955 ) , 890pp ; major collection of important documents Morison , Samuel E. ed . Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764 -- 1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution ( 1923 ) . 370 pp online version Tansill , Charles C. ed. ; Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States . Government Printing Office . ( 1927 ) . 1124 pages online version Martin Kallich and Andrew MacLeish , eds . The American Revolution through British eyes ( 1962 ) primary documents Contemporaneous sources : Annual Register Murdoch , David H. ed . Rebellion in America : A Contemporary British Viewpoint , 1769 - 1783 ( 1979 ) , 900 + pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Register Annual Register 1773 , British compendium of speeches and reports 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 External links Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution 132 historic photographs dealing with the personalities , monuments , weapons and locations of the American Revolution ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . Pictures of the Revolutionary War : Select Audiovisual Records , National Archives and Records Administration selection of images , including a number of non-military events and portraits Revolution ! The Atlantic World Reborn , Revolution ! explores the enormous transformations in the world 's politics that took place from 1763 - 1815 , with particular attention to three globally influential revolutions in America , France , and Haiti . Linking the attack on monarchism and aristocracy to the struggle against slavery , Revolution ! shows how freedom , equality , and the sovereignty of the people became universal goals. New - York Historical Society PBS Television Series Chickasaws Conflicted by the American Revolution - Chickasaw.TV Smithsonian study unit on Revolutionary Money The American Revolution : Lighting Freedom 's Flame , US National Park Service website Honored Places : The National Park Service Teacher 's Guide to the American Revolution Haldimand Collection Letters regarding the war to important generals .", "71": "Fully indexed `` Military History of Revolution '' with links to documents , maps , URLs American Independence Museum Black Loyalist Heritage Society Spanish and Latin American contribution to the American Revolution American Archives : Documents of the American Revolution at Northern Illinois University Libraries American Revolution study guide and teacher resources AmericanRevolution.Org Resource for pre collegiate historical educational institutions The American Revolution , the History Channel ( US cable television ) website Gayle Olson - Ramer , `` Half a Revolution '' , 16 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools `` Counter-Revolution of 1776 '' : Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery ? Democracy Now ! June 27 , 2014 . Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 ,", "72": "1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 )", "73": "Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of", "74": "Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing", "75": "Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St.", "76": "Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr .", "77": "Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr .", "78": "Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America , Charlie Brown Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S.", "79": "history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive", "80": "Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street", "81": "Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal GND : 4187276 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Revolution&oldid=837206379 '' Categories : 1770s conflicts 1780s conflicts 18th century in the United States 18th - century rebellions", "82": "18th - century revolutions American Revolution History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Legal history of the United States Age of Enlightenment 1760s conflicts Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Interlingua עברית ಕನ್ನಡ", "83": "ქართული Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Ligure Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots سنڌي کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 51, 75, 53, 62, 77, 63, 18, 50, 45, 61, 22, 12, 60, 67, 76, 5, 64, 59, 15, 54, 20, 25, 14, 49, 2, 33, 46, 16, 17, 55, 47, 23, 30, 4, 66, 78, 65, 74, 32, 40, 13, 68, 56, 37, 9, 69, 58, 31, 80, 70, 35, 7, 36, 19, 34, 44, 29, 43, 52, 73, 48, 72, 8, 21, 3, 81, 41, 6, 28, 10, 57, 79, 0, 27, 42, 83, 24, 39, 26, 71, 38, 82, 11, 1 ]	[ 53, 51, 75, 62, 77, 63 ]
-9218071870296104401	when does the new mlp movie come out	[ "October 6, 2017", "October 6, 2017", "October 6, 2017", "October 6, 2017", "September 24, 2017" ]	{ "0": "My Little Pony : the Movie ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia My Little Pony : the Movie ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search My Little Pony : The Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Jayson Thiessen Produced by Brian Goldner Stephen Davis Marcia Gwendolyn Jones Haven Alexander Screenplay by Meghan McCarthy Rita Hsiao Michael Vogel Story by Meghan McCarthy Joe Ballarini Based on My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic by Lauren Faust Starring Uzo Aduba Ashleigh Ball Emily Blunt Kristin Chenoweth Taye Diggs Andrea Libman Michael Peña Zoe Saldana Liev Schreiber Sia Tabitha St. Germain Tara Strong Cathy Weseluck Music by Daniel Ingram Cinematography Anthony Di Ninno Edited by Braden Oberson Production company Allspark Pictures DHX Media Distributed by Lionsgate Release date September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) ( New York City ) October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) ( United States and Canada ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Canada Language English Box office $52.3 million My Little Pony : The Movie is a 2017 animated musical fantasy film based on the television series My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , which was developed as part of the 2010 re-launch of the My Little Pony franchise by Hasbro . The film was directed by Jayson Thiessen and based on a story and screenplay co-written by Meghan McCarthy , both Friendship Is Magic veterans . In addition to the series ' regular voice cast of Tara Strong , Ashleigh Ball , Andrea Libman , Tabitha St. Germain and Cathy Weseluck , the film also features the voices of Emily Blunt , Kristin Chenoweth , Liev Schreiber , Michael Peña , Sia , Taye Diggs , Uzo Aduba and Zoe Saldana as new characters . The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media , using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony .", "1": "It premiered in New York City on September 24 , 2017 , and was released on October 6 , 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Animation 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The ponies of Equestria prepare for their first Friendship Festival , which is overseen by Princess Twilight Sparkle in Canterlot . The festivities are interrupted by an invasion of monstrous storm creatures commanded by the broken - horned unicorn Tempest Shadow , who uses magical obsidian orbs to petrify Twilight 's fellow princesses ; Princess Celestia unsuccessfully urges Princess Luna to seek help south of Equestria , uttering `` the queen of the hippo '' before being interrupted . Twilight flees the city alongside her five pony friends -- Pinkie Pie , Rainbow Dash , Rarity , Applejack , and Fluttershy -- and her assistant dragon , Spike . Tempest is contacted by her superior , the Storm King , who reminds her to gather all of Equestria 's princesses in order to activate his mystical staff with their magic , promising to repair her horn in exchange . Twilight 's group travel to the desert city of Klugetown in search of the aforementioned `` hippos '' . Feline con artist Capper falsely offers to escort the group , secretly intending to sell them to settle a debt to a local criminal . However , he develops a genuine friendship with them after Rarity generously mends his coat . Twilight discovers an atlas that reveals the `` hippos '' to be hippogriffs , exposing Capper 's treachery before Tempest arrives in pursuit of Twilight . After the group evade Tempest aboard a delivery airship , Tempest brings Capper to guide her to them , but he deliberately misdirects her to atone for deceiving the group .", "2": "The airship 's birdlike crew reluctantly allow the group passage during a lunch break , revealing themselves to be former pirates that have been forced into the Storm King 's service . Rainbow Dash persuades the pirates to defy orders and take her group to the hippogriffs ' kingdom on Mount Aris . In celebration , she performs a Sonic Rainboom that inadvertently gives their location away to Tempest , forcing the group to escape in a makeshift hot air balloon before Tempest destroys the ship with the pirates and Capper on board . The group reach Mount Aris to find it seemingly deserted . They explore the ruins and become trapped in an underwater cavern , where they are saved from drowning by the seapony Princess Skystar and led to her undersea home of Seaquestria . Skystar identifies her kind as the hippogriffs , transformed by a magic pearl used by her mother , Queen Novo , to hide from the Storm King ; Novo demonstrates by turning the ponies into seaponies and Spike into a pufferfish . When Novo denies them the pearl to use against the Storm King , Twilight desperately attempts to steal it while letting her oblivious friends befriend the seaponies as a distraction . Pinkie Pie nearly changes Novo 's mind until Twilight is caught , prompting the outraged queen to banish the entire group to the surface . Abandoned by her friends over her actions , Twilight is abducted by Tempest and brought before the Storm King in Canterlot to have her magic absorbed ; Tempest gains Twilight 's sympathy after divulging how her own friends shunned her for her dangerously unstable magic after she lost her horn in a monster attack as a filly . Meanwhile , after Spike alerts Twilight 's friends to her capture , Capper , the pirates , and the hippogriff Skystar return to help them infiltrate Canterlot and mount a rescue . The Storm King retaliates by conjuring a tornado in the city with his newly empowered staff , betraying Tempest as well . Twilight saves Tempest from the tornado and reconciles with her friends , successfully working together with them to take the staff and disperse the storm . The Storm King hurls an obsidian orb at the group to reclaim the staff , but Tempest jumps in his way , petrifying them both .", "3": "The Storm King 's body falls and shatters , while the group use the staff 's magic to revive Tempest , who opts to return the stolen magic to restore the princesses and the damaged city instead of her horn . The Friendship Festival resumes , and the ponies celebrate with all of the allies Twilight 's group have made on their adventure . Tempest is convinced by Twilight to join them by producing a fireworks display with her magic , happily accepting the group 's friendship . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic characters Tara Strong as Twilight Sparkle , a highly magical and intelligent alicorn who is Equestria 's Princess of Friendship , responsible for spreading friendship and harmony across the kingdom . She is also the leader of the `` Mane 6 '' ponies . Rebecca Shoichet performs Twilight Sparkle 's singing voice . Ashleigh Ball as Rainbow Dash and Applejack , two of the `` Mane 6 '' ; Rainbow Dash is a loyal pegasus with an adventurous spirit , and Applejack is an honest apple farmer pony . Andrea Libman as Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy , two of the `` Mane 6 '' ; Pinkie Pie is a party - obsessed pony filled with joy and laughter , and Fluttershy is a kind yet timid pegasus who cares for animals . Shannon Chan - Kent performs Pinkie Pie 's singing voice . Tabitha St. Germain as Rarity , a generous fashion designer unicorn and one of the `` Mane 6 '' . Kazumi Evans performs Rarity 's singing voice . Cathy Weseluck as Spike , a baby dragon who is Twilight Sparkle 's faithful assistant . Emily Blunt as Tempest Shadow , an embittered unicorn once known as Fizzlepop Berrytwist who serves as the Storm King 's second - in - command in order to repair her broken horn . On the development of the character , screenwriter Meghan McCarthy said , `` We just arrived at this idea of a character who had come from Equestria , and had not had the positive experience that Twilight ( Sparkle ) and her friends had . It felt like a good counterpart to our heroes was to have a villain who did n't just not get friendship , but had a reason that she did n't understand it . ''", "4": "McCarthy also called Blunt 's performance `` a big influence '' on how the character was animated in the film . Michael Peña as Grubber , a wisecracking hedgehog creature and Tempest Shadow 's cohort . McCarthy said that Grubber `` needed to be goofy '' to counterpoint the `` very straight - laced , hardcore '' Tempest . Peña ad - libbed much of the character 's dialogue , with McCarthy saying , `` You get Michael Peña in a recording booth , and you just are like , ' Please just go and say funny things . ' He will be there for hours , just giving you all kinds of really great material that was not something that we had originally scripted ! '' Liev Schreiber as the Storm King , the despotic , satyr - like leader of the storm creatures who conquers lands in search of powerful magic to control the weather . On his acceptance of the role , Schreiber said that he wanted something child - friendly for his kids to watch , noting his repertoire of violent , adult - oriented films . Comparing his character to Basil Rathbone , Schreiber said the Storm King `` is prone to temper tantrums , and he 's a little crazy . He has a wide range of behaviors . '' He considers the character to be `` one of the more intense roles ( he 's ) played '' . Taye Diggs as Capper , a humanoid alley cat who is a cunning yet good - hearted con artist . Diggs , who was excited to appear in an animated film , says , `` I 'm very movement - oriented , so just looking at the way Capper is positioned , the expressions on his face , all enhances my performance . It 's really cool . '' Zoe Saldana as Captain Celaeno , a humanoid parrot and jaded pirate captain who is relegated to the Storm King 's delivery service . Saldana says Celaeno `` cares for her crew '' , adding , `` She 's a responsible , thoughtful , and empathetic leader . That 's a terrific , very poignant message to give to children about leadership -- that it 's okay for you to want to be a leader as long as you know that the responsibilities that come along with it . ''", "5": "Kristin Chenoweth as Princess Skystar , an excitable seapony and magically transformed hippogriff princess . Chenoweth said of her character , `` Let 's just say she 's been locked up for a while and is longing for friends . '' She joked that she dabbled in method acting for the role , making sure her hair was `` on point for every recording session '' . Uzo Aduba as Queen Novo , the benevolent ruler of the hippogriffs - turned - seaponies , and Princess Skystar 's mother . The character is described by Chenoweth as `` loving but also a little too strict and stern '' . Detailing her role , Aduba says , `` She ( wants ) to protect her group to the best of her ability , and ( wants ) to create a life of peace and stability . She does n't take any nonsense , and will do everything in her power to protect her family . '' Sia as Songbird Serenade , a pegasus and famous pop star in Equestria . The character 's design is modeled after Sia 's likeness . Nicole Oliver , St. Germain , and Britt McKillip reprise their respective roles from Friendship Is Magic as alicorns Princess Celestia , Princess Luna , and Princess Cadance . St. Germain also voices Granny Smith , Applejack 's grandmother , and Muffins , a cross-eyed pegasus alternatively known as `` Derpy '' in the series . Michelle Creber and Peter New voice Apple Bloom and Big McIntosh , Applejack 's younger sister and older brother , respectively . Michael Dobson voices Bulk Biceps , a muscular pegasus . Samuel Vincent voices Party Favor , a balloonist unicorn . Adam Bengis voices Code Red , one of the Canterlot ponies . Brian Dobson voices Verko , a mole - rat crime boss in Klugetown . Max Martini , Mark Oliver , and Nicole Oliver respectively perform as three of Captain Celaeno 's parrot - like crew : Boyle , first mate Mullet , and Lix Spittle . Michael Dobson , Andrew McNee , Tegan Moss , Sabrina Pitre , Rhona Rees , and Vincent all feature as assorted citizens of Canterlot .", "6": "Richard Ian Cox , Michael Dobson , McNee , New , and Nicole Oliver also perform as denizens of Klugetown . Additional voices are provided by Alistair Abell , Caitlyn Bairstow , Julia Benson , Christine Chatelain , Brian Dobson , Paul Dobson , Rondel Reynoldson , Jason Simpson , Sarah Troyer , and Siobhan Williams . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) At San Diego Comic - Con International in 2012 , Friendship Is Magic head writer Meghan McCarthy commented on the possibility of a feature film based on the series , saying that it was not in her control whether or not the film would be made . The film was announced on October 20 , 2014 , with Joe Ballarini attached as screenwriter and McCarthy as co-executive producer . Hasbro Studios president Stephan Davis said of the film that `` I think it gives us an opportunity to tell a bigger story , that maybe we ( ca n't ) tell on television '' and that `` ( it 's ) also an opportunity to broaden the franchise '' . The film is one of the first being produced through Hasbro Studios ' self - financing film label Allspark Pictures , which also produced the live - action adaptation of Jem and the Holograms . During PonyCon AU on February 22 , 2015 , McCarthy said that the movie would be unrelated to the Equestria Girls spin - off franchise , and that the crew was `` going all out on it , to make sure it does n't just feel like an extended episode '' . Series director Jayson Thiessen and McCarthy were both confirmed as the film 's director and screenwriter , respectively ; Michael Vogel was also signed on as co-executive producer alongside McCarthy , with Hasbro executives Brian Goldner and Stephen Davis as producers . Rita Hsiao and Vogel were later announced as co-writers alongside McCarthy . On April 30 , 2016 , concept artwork and other information was officially revealed at PonyRadioCon in Moscow ; the panel included additional plot details such as the main characters ' transformation into `` sea ponies '' for a portion of the film .", "7": "While Hasbro has not released any production costs to date , Cartoon Brew 's Amid Amidi estimated that the film had a budget between $5 to $8 million , based on budgets for films with similar styles as well as accounting for the work being done primarily in - house at Hasbro to reduce costs . Casting ( edit ) The initial Lionsgate announcement listed the principal voice cast of Friendship Is Magic -- Tara Strong , Ashleigh Ball , Andrea Libman , Tabitha St. Germain , and Cathy Weseluck -- reprising their roles alongside actress Kristin Chenoweth as a new character . On February 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Emily Blunt joined the voice cast . By April 27 , 2016 , actors Michael Peña and Uzo Aduba were in negotiations to join the cast . On May 16 , Liev Schreiber and Taye Diggs were confirmed additions to the cast . On June 20 , Ashleigh Ball stated through Twitter that she had begun recording for the film 's songs . At San Diego Comic - Con in July 2016 , singer Sia was announced to be portraying a new `` pop star pony '' character called Songbird Serenade . On January 11 , 2017 , it was reported by Variety that Zoe Saldana had joined the cast . Friendship Is Magic voice actress Nicole Oliver confirmed via Twitter on January 23 that she would also be a part of the film 's cast , reprising her role as Princess Celestia . Animation ( edit ) Michel Gagné joined the film as an effects animator on April 2 , 2016 , taking an eight - month hiatus from Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse made by Sony Pictures Animation . In early October 2016 , Gagné reported that Nik Gipe was hired onto the film 's staff as his assistant . He also mentioned that the film was being animated using Toon Boom Harmony instead of the usual animation software Adobe Flash that is used in the television series .", "8": "According to art director Rebecca Dart , they wanted to keep to the look and feel of the television show , and the use of Toon Boom Harmony enabled them to add `` simple yet impactful changes '' to the designs for the big screen , such as depth and shadows for their eyes and ears , and the impression of heart - shaped indentations on the bottom of their hooves . The production of the film ended by July 29 , 2017 . The production crew used simple 3D modeling in Autodesk Maya as to determine camera locations , lens , and angles , rough lighting , character and prop placement , and which way the characters would be looking and expressing . The pre-visualization crew were able to use the 3D backdrops that became more detailed throughout the film 's development to integrate the simple 3D character models , and then were able to test the Toon Boom animations on top of these scenes using the placement established by Maya , helping to speed up the production . Music ( edit ) Main articles : List of songs in My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic § My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) , and My Little Pony : The Movie ( soundtrack ) The film 's official soundtrack was released on September 22 , 2017 by RCA Records . The film 's songs and score were composed by Friendship Is Magic songwriter Daniel Ingram , who first announced at GalaCon 2015 that he would be collaborating with a live studio orchestra for the film . On his songwriting for the film , Ingram said , `` I had to challenge myself to push beyond what had been done in the TV show ; to write bigger , more epic . '' It was stated through the PonyRadioCon panel that the film would have a total of eight original songs . At Hasbro 's Toy Fair investor presentation on February 17 , 2017 , it was announced that there would be seven songs . Around 5,800 pages of sheet music were created for all orchestral parts of the score . Recording for the score began on June 5 , 2017 , and finished on June 11 . Sia contributed an original song to the film , `` Rainbow '' , which was released as a single on September 15 , 2017 . A music video for the song later released by Entertainment Weekly on September 19 .", "9": "The video was directed by Daniel Askill and features a dance performance by Maddie Ziegler , a previous collaborator with Sia , intercut to scenes from the film . Danish band Lukas Graham also contributed an original song for the film titled `` Off to See the World '' , which was used in the film 's first trailer . Other artists included in the album are DNCE and CL . Release ( edit ) On August 7 , 2015 , Lionsgate announced that they would distribute and market the film worldwide except in China . The film was showcased at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on May 10 along with eight other Lionsgate features to help sell the film to international distributors . My Little Pony : The Movie was originally scheduled for release in the United States on November 3 , 2017 , but it was subsequently moved up to October 6 , 2017 . Theatrically , the film was accompanied by a 5 - minute animated short from Hasbro Studios ' web series Hanazuki : Full of Treasures . A private premiere screening was held at the AMC Loews Lincoln Square 13 theater in New York City on September 24 , 2017 , twelve days prior to the nationwide release date . Marketing ( edit ) Main article : My Little Pony ( 2010 toyline ) Numerous toys based on characters , sets , and props from the film were made by Hasbro , and a vast majority of the products was released on August 1 , 2017 . The 2016 PonyRadioCon panel included a brief preview for some of the planned merchandise being developed for the film , including T - shirts and graphics . On July 27 , 2016 , the My Little Pony Collectible Card Game hinted on Twitter about a new set of cards based on the film . Hasbro 's toyline for the film was shown and promoted at Toy Fair 2017 and various other toy conventions . Several books and comics related to the film have been announced : My Little Pony : Annual 2018 , which contains `` exclusive content from the My Little Pony movie '' was released on August 10 , 2017 ; and a `` prequel '' story released on August 1 .", "10": "On January 23 , 2017 , Hachette Book Group listed five different books for the film , all released on August 29 , 2017 . Books based on the film have been showcased at BookCon 2017 on June 4 , with guest appearances by Andrea Libman and Ashleigh Ball . IDW Publishing released a four - issue comic book miniseries titled My Little Pony : The Movie Prequel , with the first issue released on June 28 , 2017 . Viz Media released an art book for the film on August 29 , 2017 . A comic adaptation based on the film by IDW was released on September 27 , 2017 . A teaser trailer for the film was released online on April 6 , 2017 , and in theaters alongside Smurfs : The Lost Village the following day . The first full trailer debuted online on June 28 , 2017 , and was released with Despicable Me 3 two days later . Another trailer was released by USA Today online on September 12 , 2017 . The same day , the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with two of the movie 's characters , Pinkie Pie ( voiced by Andrea Libman ) and Twilight Sparkle ( voiced by Tara Strong ) . Another trailer was played during the season 12 finale of America 's Got Talent on September 20 , 2017 . On September 27 , 2017 , the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with art director Rebecca Dart , who drew a custom artwork of Rainbow Dash ( voiced by Ashleigh Ball ) . Discovery Family -- a joint venture between Discovery Communications and Hasbro -- aired a The Making of My Little Pony : The Movie special on September 30 . It was watched by 18,000 viewers . Home Media ( edit ) My Little Pony : The Movie was released on December 19 , 2017 for digital downloads and was later released on January 9 , 2018 for DVD , Blu - ray , and On Demand . Its special features includes a deleted scene , a music video for the song `` I 'm the Friend You Need '' , three featurettes starring the Mane Six , an exclusive Equestria Girls animated short , and the Hanazuki : Full of Treasures short bundled with the film 's theatrical release .", "11": "Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) My Little Pony : The Movie has grossed $21.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $30.4 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $52.3 million . In the United States and Canada , the film was expected to gross between $10 million and $17 million from 2,528 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $3 million on its first day , including $290,000 from Thursday night previews . It ended up opening to $8.9 million finishing 4th at the box office behind Blade Runner 2049 , The Mountain Between Us and It . Amid Amidi of Cartoon Brew stated that , despite the opening being considered a disappointment , any reasonable return from the film would be seen as a positive by Hasbro because it is tied to the toy line . The film dropped 54 % in its second weekend , making $4.1 million and falling to 9th . Its biggest markets outside North America are the UK with $4.7 million , Russia with $2.3 million , and Germany with $2.3 million . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 48 % based on 56 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Charming and sweet , My Little Pony : The Movie will please its dedicated fanbase , even if it 's unlikely to encourage non-devotees to gallop along for the ride . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100 , based on 13 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Katie Walsh of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` Truthfully , this film feels like four episodes of a cartoon strung together , and there are times , especially during some of the latter musical numbers , where it truly drags . '' She also remarked on the film 's animation , saying that it `` embraces the flat , colorful , Saturday - morning cartoon look and feel '' .", "12": "Christy Lenore of RogerEbert.com gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 , criticizing the narrative as being `` all over the place '' and having `` a multitude of underdeveloped , crammed - in characters '' , while commending the film for retaining the Friendship Is Magic television series cast and staff . Josh Terry of Deseret News criticized the film , saying that parents should `` put their money into some new My Little Pony toys '' rather than go see the movie . Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the film a `` C '' grade , favoring the improved animation over that of the television series , but adding that `` you have to wonder to what use it 's being put '' . Elizabeth Weitzman of TheWrap wrote positively of the film , saying , `` Like its television predecessor , is all dressed up in bubbles and cupcakes and rainbows . But it 's so jam - packed with rousing girl power , it passes the Bechdel Test with ( literally ) flying colors . '' Amy Nicholson of Variety called the film `` at once clichéd and exceptional '' , praising its female characters and calling the story `` emotionally wise '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` MY LITTLE PONY THE MOVIE Production Notes FINAL '' ( PDF ) . Lionsgate Press . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' My Little Pony ' Movie Debuts Logo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devan ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Liev Schreiber , Taye Diggs join My Little Pony Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greaser , Marc ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' My Little Pony ' Movie in the Works at Hasbro Studios ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety .", "13": "Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Animation movies to watch out for in 2017 '' . The Daily Star . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . My Little Pony : The Movie is a Canadian -- American animated musical fantasy film produced and financed by Hasbro Studios ' film label Allspark Pictures and animated through DHX Media . ^ Jump up to : Michel Gagné ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Bellingham 's Nik Gipe Joins Me on MLP Movie '' . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The KS1075 Morning Show Wants To Send You To The Premiere of MY LITTLE PONY in NYC ! ! '' . KS1075 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' My Little Pony ' Trots Up To October 2017 ; ' Cafe Society ' Changes To Platform Release '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ My Little Pony Movie Official Twitter ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Tempest Shadow ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` 5 brony - tastic moments from ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Illustrious Q ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` HASCON Interview : Meghan McCarthy on Writing for My Little Pony : The Movie '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ My Little Pony Movie Official Twitter ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Grubber ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreiber , Liev ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Storm King ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Liev Schreiber 's not a bad guy , he just plays one in ' My Little Pony ' '' . Take Two . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liev Schreiber talks about playing a real - life Rocky in new film ' Chuck ' '' . Today . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Diggs , Taye ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Capper ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saldana , Zoe ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Captain Celaeno ) '' . Facebook . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , Kristin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Princess Skystar ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Meghan ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Meghan McCarthy confirming sea ponies ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russian , Ale ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dive Into My Little Pony : The Movie 's Colorful Underwater World in This Exclusive First Look '' . People . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aduba , Uzo ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ( Announcement of Queen Novo ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sia Joins the Voice Cast of ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ginsberg , Gabriella ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sia Recorded A Song For The ' My Little Pony ' Movie Soundtrack & It 's Actually Amazing '' .", "15": "Hollywood Life . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sims , Chris ( July 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' We Love The Bronies ' : The Cast And Writer Of ' My Little Pony ' On MLP And Its Fans '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Kevin ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hasbro Studios President Talks the ' My Little Pony ' Movie , Expanding the Brands '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PonyCon Au 2015 Writers Panel ( Meghan McCarthy and G.M. Berrow ) Panel '' . YouTube . February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The magic of friendship comes to the big screen in a new My Little Pony movie from Hasbro 's Allspark Pictures and Lionsgate '' . PR Newswire . August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony : The Movie Trailer Has Arrived '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The_acz ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` New Concept Slides & Info For The 2017 ' My Little Pony ' Movie ! '' . Geekscape . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' Opens In 4th ; ' Despicable Me ' Passes ' Zootopia ' In Global Box Office '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , David ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Plans ' My Little Pony ' With Kristin Chenoweth , VR For ' John Wick ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 .", "16": "Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Emily Blunt Joins ' My Little Pony ' Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Galuppo , Mia ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Pena , Uzo Aduba in Talks to Join ' My Little Pony ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ball , Ashleigh ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ashleigh Ball on recording film songs '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNarry , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Zoe Saldana Joins the Voice Cast of ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Nicole ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ( Nicole Oliver confirming her casting in the film ) '' . Twitter . Self - published . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Nicole ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ( Oliver confirming her reprisal role as Princess Celestia in the film ) '' . Twitter . Self - published . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michel Gagné ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Had Fun at TAAFI , Now Back to Work '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Gagné ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Working with Jayson Again '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Gagné ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Spider - Man VFX Phase One '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Gagné ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` A Time for Change '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Elizabeth Kawasaki and Joel Enos , eds. ( 2017 ) . The Art of My Little Pony : The Movie . Viz Media . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1421596488 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Thiessen , Jayson ( 2017 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Guys , I think we might have a finished movie on our hooves ! # MLPMovie '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Lights , Camera , Action : The Cinematography of ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GalaCon 2015 - Daniel Ingram & Monique Creber Panel '' . YouTube . October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Furminger , Sabrina ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Daniel Ingram is the maestro of ' toon tunes '' . Westender . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corvoda , Chevistian ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ( Toy Fair 2017 confirmation of songs and global theatrical release ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Daniel ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ( 5,800 Pages for the Orchestra ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Daniel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ( 2nd Day of Scoring ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Daniel ( June 11 , 2017 ) .", "18": "`` ( Scoring Finishing ) '' . Twitter . ( Self - published ) . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony : The Movie Teaser & Poster Spotlight The All - Star Cast '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . iTunes Store . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Sia 's latest video with Maddie Ziegler ... for My Little Pony : The Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harper , Blake ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Danish Anarchist Behind the Awesome Song In The ' My Little Pony ' Trailer '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herman , Tamar ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` K - Pop Star CL Bringing No Better Feelin ' to My Little Pony ' Movie Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cannes : Lionsgate Selling ' Now You See Me 3 , ' ' My Little Pony ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' My Little Pony ' Movie Gets Release Date '' . Variety . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McAleer , Joseph ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Movie Review : My Little Pony : The Movie '' . Catholic News Service . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro First Quarter 2017 '' ( PDF ) . p. 5 .", "19": "Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MLP : CCG ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` MLP : CCG hinting on future card set '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony the Movie Toys Unveiled at Toy Fair '' . ComicBook . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NEW 2017 My Little Pony Toys ! MLP Movie , Sea Ponies , Magical Princess Twilight Sparkle ! '' . YouTube . Bins Toy Bin . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Pony at TTPM ) '' . Twitter . Hasbro . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sethisto ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` 2018 MLP Annual Listed on Amazon With Movie Tie - In '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little , Brown and Company Books for Young Readers : Spring Summer 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Hatchette Book Group . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( 8x8 ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( Jacketed Picture Book ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( Sticker Book ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( Reader ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 .", "20": "Jump up ^ `` Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings ( The Deluxe Junior Novel ) '' . Hachette Book Group . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ponies on the Page : My Little Pony The Movie Prequel Stories '' . BookCon . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie Prequel # 1 '' . IDW Publishing . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` VIZ Expands Library with Studio Ghibli , ' MLP ' Movie Art Books '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie Adaptation -- IDW Publishing '' . Amazon.com . September 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Becky ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony : The Movie Teaser & Poster Spotlight The All - Star Cast '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Discover a Different Breed of Hero in the Exclusive My Little Pony Poster ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volkov , Anton ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` CONFIRMED : New ' My Little Pony ' Trailer This Week '' . Trailer - Track . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Emily Blunt breaks bad as villainous unicorn in exclusive new ' My Little Pony ' trailer '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie -- Live Q&A Stream with Pinkie Pie and Twilight Sparkle '' . Facebook . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calpain ( September 20 , 2017 ) .", "21": "`` America 's Got Talent Special MLP Movie Sneak Peak '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie -- Live Q&A Stream with Rebecca Dart '' . Facebook . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Family : September 2017 Programming Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Discovery Family Press . September 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.30. 2017 '' . ShowBuzz Daily . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony the Movie_FS_Final '' . Lionsgate . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Kicks Off October Box Office as Clear Favorite '' . TheWrap . October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Poised To Fly Around The World With Estimated $100 M Bow '' . Deadline.com . October 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flying Car Fizzles : Why ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Is Hitting Turbulence With $32 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner 2049 ' Dulls - 11 % On Saturday ; Weekend Opening Now At $31 M+ : Sunday Postmortem '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com .", "22": "Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` My Little Pony : The Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Katie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' is a pastel treat for those who like that sort of thing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenore , Christy ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony : The Movie Movie Review '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Terry , Josh ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Movie review : ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' pales next to superior animated fare '' . Deseret News . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony 's big movie release needs more sparkle '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Elizabeth ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' Review : Friendship Is Magic , and So Is This Equestrian Adventure '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Amy ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 .", "23": "External links ( edit ) Official website My Little Pony : The Movie on IMDb My Little Pony : The Movie at Rotten Tomatoes My Little Pony : The Movie at Box Office Mojo My Little Pony : The Movie at AllMovie My Little Pony : The Movie at Metacritic Film portal Cartoon portal My Little Pony ( 2010 -- present ; including Friendship Is Magic television series ) Media Animation Friendship Is Magic characters episodes songs setting My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) soundtrack `` Rainbow '' `` Off to See the World '' Software Twilight Sparkle , Teacher for a Day Gameloft video game Other IDW comics Issues Collectible card game TV episodes Season 1 ( 2010 -- 2011 ) `` The Cutie Mark Chronicles '' Season 2 ( 2011 -- 2012 ) `` The Return of Harmony '' `` Hearts and Hooves Day '' `` A Canterlot Wedding '' Season 3 ( 2012 -- 2013 ) `` The Crystal Empire '' `` Magical Mystery Cure '' Season 4 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) `` Pinkie Pride '' `` Twilight 's Kingdom '' Season 5 ( 2015 ) `` The Cutie Map '' `` Slice of Life '' Season 6 ( 2016 ) `` A Hearth 's Warming Tail '' Season 7 ( 2017 ) Fandom BronyCon Bronies ( documentary film ) A Brony Tale Them 's Fightin ' Herds See also Discography Overall history of the franchise My Little Pony : Equestria Girls ( a spin - off franchise ) Films Equestria Girls ( 2013 ) Rainbow Rocks ( 2014 ) Friendship Games ( 2015 ) Legend of Everfree ( 2016 ) Other Miniseries ( 2017 ) Summertime Shorts ( 2017 ) Web series ( 2017 ) Book Project Works by Hasbro Studios Animated Television series The Adventures of Chuck and Friends Blazing Team G.I.", "24": "Joe : Renegades Kaijudo Littlest Pet Shop My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic Pound Puppies Transformers : Prime Transformers : Rescue Bots Transformers : Robots in Disguise Transformers : Cyberverse Television films Equestria Girls Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising Equestria Girls -- Rainbow Rocks Equestria Girls -- Friendship Games Equestria Girls -- Legend of Everfree Equestria Girls -- Magical Movie Night Web series Transformers : Combiner Wars Hanazuki : Full of Treasures Transformers : Titans Return Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters Live - action Game shows Family Game Night The Game of Life Scrabble Showdown Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Films Ouija Other Hubworld Clue Taylor Swift : Journey to Fearless Allspark Pictures films Animated My Little Pony : The Movie Live action Jem and the Holograms Ouija : Origin of Evil Bumblebee : The Movie See also Hasbro Boulder Media Limited Claster Television Films Television programs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "25": "php?title=My_Little_Pony:_The_Movie_(2017_film)&oldid=819539527 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 animated films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s American animated films American animated films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American films American musical fantasy films Animated films about friendship Animated films based on animated series Animated musical films Canadian adventure films Canadian animated fantasy films Canadian animated films Canadian fantasy films Canadian films Canadian musical films DHX Media films Films directed by Jayson Thiessen Hasbro brands Hasbro Studios films Lions Gate Entertainment animated films Lions Gate Entertainment films My Little Pony films My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 19, 18, 23, 20, 17, 2, 25, 21, 10, 13, 22, 24, 9, 16, 15, 3, 14, 0, 1, 8, 4, 6, 11, 7, 5, 12 ]	[ 19, 18, 23, 20, 17 ]
-1294267222332926580	who made the first spanish landing on the mainland of north america	[ "1535", "Christopher Columbus" ]	{ "0": "Spanish colonization of the Americas - wikipedia Spanish colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search `` Conquista '' redirects here . For other uses , see Conquista ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal Main article : Spanish Empire Flag of Spanish conquistadors with crown of Castile on a red flag , used by Hernán Cortés , Francisco Pizarro and others The overseas expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated under the royal authority and first accomplished by the Spanish conquistadores . The Americas were incorporated into the Spanish Empire , with the exception of Brazil and Canada , and the crown created civil and religious structures to administer the region . The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions . Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries , the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands , half of South America , most of Central America and much of North America ( including present day Mexico , Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States ) . It is estimated that during the colonial period ( 1492 -- 1832 ) , a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era ( 1850 -- 1950 ) ; the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century , and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty . Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when silver and gold from American mines increasingly financed a long series of European and North African wars . Spanish wars of conquest included laying waste much of the Netherlands and a disastrous attempt to invade England .", "1": "In the early 19th century , the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the emancipation of most Spanish colonies in the Americas , except for Cuba and Puerto Rico , which were finally given up in 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific . Spain 's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conquests 1.1 West Indies 1.2 Mexico 1.3 Peru 1.4 Río de la Plata and Paraguay 1.5 New Granada 2 Governance 2.1 Dominions 2.1. 1 North America , Central America 2.1. 2 South America 3 19th century 3.1 Demographic impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 6.1 Historiography 7 External links Conquests ( edit ) Iberian territory of Crown of Castile ... Overseas north territory of Crown of Castile ( New Spain and Philippines ) Overseas south territory of Crown of Castile ( Perú , New Granada and Río de la Plata ) The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile , Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand , King of Aragon , pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy . Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs , they remained separate kingdoms . The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West . The funding came from the queen of Castile , so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile . In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories , authority for expeditions of discovery , conquest , and settlement resided in the monarchy . West Indies ( edit ) Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories , and financed more of his trans - Atlantic journeys . He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola ( now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) , in what is the present - day Haiti on his first voyage .", "2": "After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people , the town of Isabella was begun in 1493 , on his second voyage . In 1496 his brother , Bartholomew , founded Santo Domingo . By 1500 , despite a high death rate , there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area . The local Taíno people continued to resist , refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish - occupied villages . The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest . In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua , Venezuela , followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present - day Guajira peninsula . Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas , in 1501 by Franciscan friars , but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people , it had to be refounded several times , until Diego Hernández de Serpa 's foundation in 1569 . The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year . There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of Mexico Further information : Spanish conquest of Yucatán and Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish Conquest of Mexico , meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma II Map depicting Cortes ' invasion route The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire ( 1519 -- 21 ) which was the base for later conquests of other regions . Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than the conquest of the Aztecs . The Spanish conquest of Yucatán , the Spanish conquest of Guatemala , the war of Mexico 's west , and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations . But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532 . The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés .", "3": "The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick , from 1519 to 1521 , and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city - states or altepetl . These polities allied against the Aztec empire , to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest , leaving the city - states ' political hierarchy and social structure in place . The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign , from 1551 to 1697 , against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present - day Mexico and northern Central America . Hernán Cortés ' landing ashore at present day Veracruz and founding the Spanish city there on April 22 , 1519 marked the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region . The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade , with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Established by Charles V in 1535 , the first viceroy was Don Antonio de Mendoza . Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea ( Pacific Ocean ) Map depicting the route of Pizarro from Panama to Cuzco In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire . It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas . In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization . The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar , and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated , such as the Huancas , Chachapoyas , and Cañaris . In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region .", "4": "The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542 . The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 . Río de la Plata and Paraguay ( edit ) European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516 . Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River . Buenos Aires , a permanent colony , was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay . Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away , and in 1541 the site was abandoned . A second ( and permanent ) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay , who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción ( now the capital of Paraguay ) . He dubbed the settlement `` Santísima Trinidad '' and its port became `` Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires . '' The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . New Granada ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Muisca See also : Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations Between 1537 and 1543 , six Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia , conquered the Muisca Confederation , and set up the New Kingdom of Granada ( Spanish : Nuevo Reino de Granada ) . Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command . It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá , and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern - day Colombia and parts of Venezuela . The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru . The crown established the audiencia in 1549 . Ultimately , the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739 .", "5": "After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s , the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia . Governance ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish Empire , Viceroyalty of New Spain , Viceroyalty of Peru , and Intendant § The Spanish Monarchy Argentine Cabildo council Spain 's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 ( capital , Mexico City ) , and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 ( capital , Lima ) . In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 ( capital , Bogotá ) , and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 ( capital , Buenos Aires ) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru . The change diminished the political and economic power of the viceroyalty and opened formal connections between the mining district of Upper Peru and the port of Buenos Aires . The system of crown rule evolved from the era of the Catholic Monarchs , which established the Council of the Indies , to the establishment of viceroyalties in Mexico and Peru following their conquests in the Hapsburg era , and then into an Intendant system in the eighteenth century as part of the Bourbon Reforms . The reform was aimed at increasing crown control over its colonies , raising more revenue , and promoting greater efficiency . Dominions ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) led the first European expedition to Florida , which he named . North America , Central America ( edit ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Las Californias Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Santa Fe de Nuevo México Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Captaincy General of Guatemala Captaincy General of the Philippines ( administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821 , then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( until 1898 ) -- Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was Florida .", "6": "Captaincy General of Puerto Rico ( until 1898 ) Santo Domingo ( last Spanish rule 1861 -- 1865 ) South America ( edit ) Viceroyalty of Perú ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile ( 1541 -- 1818 ) Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) 19th century ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence Spanish colonialization in the Americas . During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain , assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain . The Libertadores ( Spanish and Portuguese for `` Liberators '' ) were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence . They were predominantly criollos ( Americas - born people of European ancestry , mostly Spanish or Portuguese ) , bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country . In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada . The first two were in present - day Bolivia at Sucre ( May 25 ) , and La Paz ( July 16 ) ; and the third in present - day Ecuador at Quito ( August 10 ) . In 1810 Mexico declared independence , with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade . In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War . The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico . These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain 's other colonies in the Americas . The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts . All of the colonies , except Cuba and Puerto Rico , attained independence by the 1820s . The British Empire offered support , wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas . In 1898 , the United States achieved victory in the Spanish -- American War with Spain , ending the Spanish colonial era . Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States .", "7": "The United States took occupation of Cuba , the Philippines , and Puerto Rico . Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States , now officially continues as a self - governing unincorporated territory . Demographic impact ( edit ) It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824 , with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence . In Hispaniola , the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509 . Although population estimates vary , Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas , the `` Defender of the Indians '' estimated there were 6 million ( 6,000,000 ) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus 's arrival in 1492 . The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90 % ( reduced to 1 -- 2.5 million people ) by the early 17th century . In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century . The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases , although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline . Of the history of the indigenous population of California , Sherburne F. Cook ( 1896 -- 1974 ) was the most painstakingly careful researcher . From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods . According to Cook , the indigenous Californian population at first contact , in 1769 , was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910 . The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period , during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history ( 1821 -- 1910 ) , with the most dramatic collapse ( 200,000 to 25,000 ) occurring in the US period ( 1846 -- 1910 ) .", "8": "See also ( edit ) New Spain portal Colombia portal Argentina portal Ecuador portal Venezuela portal Atlantic World Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Black Legend Habsburg Spain Inter caetera List of largest empires New Spain Old Spanish Trail ( trade route ) Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Smallpox Epidemics in the New World Spanish conquest of Chiapas Spanish conquest of El Salvador Spanish conquest of Guatemala Spanish conquest of Honduras Spanish conquest of Petén Spanish conquest of the Maya Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Valladolid debate Viceroyalty of Peru References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ida Altman , S.L. Cline , and Javier Pescador , The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson , 2003 pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Sucre State Government : Cumaná in History ( Spanish ) Jump up ^ Tibesar , A.S. ( 1957 ) . `` The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Espanañola , 1505 -- 1559 '' . The Americas . 13 ( 4 ) : 377 -- 389 . doi : 10.2307 / 979442 . JSTOR 979442 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain , The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan . Washington DC : Carnegie Institution . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , The War for Mexico 's West . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press 2010 . Jump up ^ Philip W. Powell , Soldiers , Indians , and Silver : North America 's Last Frontier War . Tempe : Center for Latin America Studies , Arizona State University 1975 . First published by University of California Press 1952 . Jump up ^ Clements Markham , The Conquest of New Granada ( 1912 ) online Jump up ^ Avellaneda Navas , José Ignacio .", "9": "The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada ( Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1995 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1612 - 7 Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras&source=bl&ots=WIWVcSlOdq&sig=4XmK7Gkv36L6qQ4jItqp7a553dI&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinzqqfsrLPAhWKAsAKHXbSBf0Q6AEINzAE#v=onepage&q=emigraci%C3%B3n%20espa%C3%B1ola%20a%20las%20indias%20cifras&f=false Jump up ^ Baumhoff , Martin A. 1963 . Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations . University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49 : 155 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Powers , Stephen . 1875 . `` California Indian Characteristics '' . Overland Monthly 14 : 297 -- 309 . on - line Jump up ^ Cook 's judgement on the effects of U.S rule upon the native Californians is harsh : `` The first ( factor ) was the food supply ... The second factor was disease ... A third factor , which strongly intensified the effect of the other two , was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian . He was driven from his home by the thousands , starved , beaten , raped , and murdered with impunity . He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases , but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food , clothing , and shelter . The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible , and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident . '' Cook , Sherburne F. 1976b . The Population of the California Indians , 1769 -- 1970 . University of California Press , Berkeley p.", "10": "200 Bibliography ( edit ) Brading , D.A. , The First America : the Spanish Monarchy , Creole Patriots , and the Liberal State , 1492 -- 1867 ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 ) . Clark , Larry R. Spanish Attempts to Colonize Southeast North America : 1513 -- 1587 ( McFarland & Company , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5909 - 4 Elliott , J.H. Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America , 1492 -- 1830 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2007 ) Hanke , Lewis . The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America ( Boston : Little , Brown , and Co. , 1965 ) . Haring , Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America ( London : Oxford University Press , 1947 ) Kamen , Henry . Empire : How Spain Became a World Power , 1492 -- 1763 ( HarperCollins , 2004 ) Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 Vol . London : Macmillan , 1918 ) online free Portuondo , María M. Secret Science : Spanish Cosmography and the New World ( Chicago : Chicago UP , 2009 ) . Restall , Matthew and Felipe Fernández - Armesto . The Conquistadors : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Thomas , Hugh . Rivers of Gold : the rise of the Spanish Empire , from Columbus to Magellan ( 2005 ) Weber , David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America ( Yale University Press , 1992 ) Historiography ( edit ) Alejandro Cañeque . `` The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America '' History Compass ( April 2013 ) 114 pp 280 -- 291 , DOI : 10.1111 / hic3. 12043 Weber , David J. `` John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands : Retrospect and Prospect . '' Journal of the Southwest ( 1987 ) : 331 -- 363 .", "11": "See John Francis Bannon External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America Spain in America ( Edward Gaylord Bourne , 1904 ) ' Spain in America ' The Spanish Borderlands ( Herbert E. Bolton , 1921 ) ' The Spanish Borderlands ' Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history The short film Spanish Empire in the New World ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . Spanish colonization of the Americas History Inter caetera Pacific Northwest California Inca Empire Chile Colombia Chibcha Muisca Florida Texas Aztec Empire Maya Chiapas Guatemala Petén Yucatán El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua People Christopher Columbus Alonso de Ojeda Diego de Almagro Pedro de Alvarado Bernal Díaz del Castillo Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Sebastián de Belalcázar Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Hernán Cortés Luis de Carabajal y Cueva Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Bartolomé de las Casas Hernán Pérez de Quesada Juan Ponce de León Francisco de Montejo Pánfilo de Narváez Juan de Oñate Francisco de Orellana Pedro de Portocarrero Francisco Pizarro Hernando de Soto Pedro de Valdivia Inés de Suárez Pedro de Candia Juan Pardo Tristán de Luna y Arellano Vasco Núñez de Balboa Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Related Encomienda Indian auxiliaries Spanish missions in the Americas", "12": "History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Oldest churches Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Spanish Empire Timeline Catholic Monarchs Habsburgs Golden Age Encomiendas New Laws in favour of the indigenous Expulsion of the Moriscos Ottoman -- Habsburg wars French Wars of Religion Eighty Years ' War Portuguese Restoration War Piracy in the Caribbean Bourbons Napoleonic invasion Independence of Spanish continental Americas Liberal constitution Carlist Wars Spanish -- American War German -- Spanish Treaty ( 1899 ) Spanish Civil War Independence of Morocco ( Western Sahara conflict )", "13": "Territories Kingdoms of Naples , Sicily and Sardinia Milan Union with Holy Roman Empire Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , northernmost France Franche - Comté Union with Portugal Philippines East Pacific ( Guam , Mariana , Caroline , Palau , Marshall , Micronesia , Moluccas ) Northern Taiwan Tidore Florida New Spain ( Western United States , Mexico , Central America , Spanish Caribbean ) Spanish Louisiana ( Central United States ) Coastal Alaska Haiti Belize Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela , Western Guyana New Granada ( Panama , Colombia , Ecuador , a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon ) Peru ( Peru , Acre ) Río de la Plata ( Argentina , Paraguay , Charcas ( Bolivia ) , Banda Oriental ( Uruguay ) , Falkland Islands ) Chile Equatorial Guinea North Africa ( Oran , Tunis , Béjaïa , Peñón of Algiers , Western Sahara , Spanish Morocco , Ifni and Cape Juby ) Administration Archivo de Indias Council of the Indies Cabildo Trial of residence Laws of the Indies Royal Decree of Graces School of Salamanca Exequatur Papal bull Administrative subdivisions Viceroyalties New Spain New Granada Perú Río de la Plata Audiencias Bogotá Buenos Aires Caracas Charcas Concepción Cusco Guadalajara Guatemala Lima Manila Mexico Panamá Quito Santiago Santo Domingo Captaincies General Chile Cuba Guatemala Philippines Puerto Rico Santo Domingo Venezuela Yucatán Provincias Internas Governorates Castilla de Oro Cuba Luisiana New Andalusia ( 1501 -- 1513", "14": ") New Andalusia New Castile New Navarre New Toledo Paraguay Río de la Plata Economy Currencies Dollar Real Maravedí Escudo Columnario Trade Manila galleon Spanish treasure fleet Casa de Contratación Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas Barcelona Trading Company Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Military Armies Tercio Army of Flanders Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia Indian auxiliaries Spanish Armada Legión Strategists Duke of Alba Antonio de Leyva Martín de Goiti Alfonso d'Avalos García de Toledo Osorio Duke of Savoy Álvaro de Bazán the Elder John of Austria Charles Bonaventure de Longueval Pedro de Zubiaur Ambrosio Spinola Bernardo de Gálvez Sailors Christopher Columbus Pinzón brothers Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastián Elcano Juan de la Cosa Juan Ponce de León Miguel López de Legazpi Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Sebastián de Ocampo Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Alonso de Ojeda Vasco Núñez de Balboa Alonso de Salazar Andrés de Urdaneta Antonio de Ulloa Ruy López de Villalobos Diego Columbus Alonso de Ercilla Nicolás de Ovando Juan de Ayala Sebastián Vizcaíno Juan Fernández Felipe González de Ahedo Conquistadors Hernán Cortés", "15": "Francisco Pizarro Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Hernán Pérez de Quesada Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar Pedro de Valdivia Gaspar de Portolà Pere Fages i Beleta Joan Orpí Pedro de Alvarado Martín de Ursúa Diego de Almagro Pánfilo de Narváez Diego de Mazariegos Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor Battles Old World Won Bicocca Landriano Pavia Tunis Mühlberg St.", "16": "Quentin Gravelines Malta Lepanto Antwerp Azores Mons Gembloux Ostend English Armada Cape Celidonia White Mountain Breda Nördlingen Valenciennes Ceuta Bitonto Bailén Vitoria Tetouan Alhucemas Lost Capo d'Orso Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Algiers Ceresole Djerba Tunis Spanish Armada Leiden Rocroi Downs Montes Claros Passaro Trafalgar Somosierra Annual New World Won Tenochtitlan Cajamarca Cusco Bogotá savanna Reynogüelén Penco Guadalupe Island San Juan Cartagena de Indias Cuerno Verde Pensacola Lost La Noche Triste Tucapel Chacabuco Carabobo Ayacucho Guam Santiago de Cuba Manila Bay Asomante Spanish colonizations Canary Islands Aztec Maya Chiapas Yucatán Guatemala Petén El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Chibchan Nations Colombia Peru Chile Other civil topics Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire British and American slaves granted their freedom by Spain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "17": "php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=838139828 '' Categories : Spanish colonization of the Americas Spain in the Age of Discovery 16th century in North America 16th century in Central America 16th century in South America 16th century in the Spanish Empire History of indigenous peoples of the Americas Spanish conquests in the Americas Colony of Santo Domingo Colonial Mexico Colonial Peru Colonial United States ( Spanish ) History of New Spain Spanish colonial period of Cuba Spanish West Indies Former empires Former Spanish colonies History of the Americas Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 吴语粵語中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 05 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 2, 0, 14, 3, 7, 1, 17, 10, 9, 12, 16, 8, 15, 13, 5, 4, 11, 6 ]	[ 0, 2, 14, 3, 7 ]
1469150137425764076	what is the ethnic background of the shib sibs	[ "Japanese", "Japanese", "Japanese" ]	{ "0": "Maia Shibutani - wikipedia Maia Shibutani Jump to : navigation , search Maia Shibutani The Shibutanis in 2011 Full name Maia Harumi Shibutani Country represented United States ( 1994 - 07 - 20 ) July 20 , 1994 ( age 23 ) New York City Residence Ann Arbor , Michigan Height 1.60 m ( 5 ft 3 in ) Partner Alex Shibutani Coach Marina Zueva , Massimo Scali , Oleg Epstein , Johnny Johns Former coach Igor Shpilband , Patti Gottwein , Rich Griffin , Damon Allen , Erik Schulz Choreographer Marina Zueva , Massimo Scali , Renée Roca , Stéphane Lambiel Former choreographer Hokuto `` Hok '' Konishi , Peter Tchernyshev , Alex Wong , Igor Shpilband Skating club SC of New York Training locations Canton , Michigan Former training locations Colorado Springs , Colorado Began skating 1998 ISU personal best scores Combined total 194.25 2017 Skate America Short dance 79.18 2017 Skate America Free dance 115.", "1": "26 2017 Four Continents Medal record ( hide ) Ice dancing Representing the United States International competitions Event 1st 2nd 3rd Winter Olympics 0 0 World Championships 0 Four Continents Championships Grand Prix Final 0 0 World Junior Championships 0 0 Junior Grand Prix Final 0 0 Total 8 Olympic Games 2018 Pyeongchang Team 2018 Pyeongchang Ice dancing World Championships 2016 Boston Ice dancing 2011 Moscow Ice dancing 2017 Helsinki Ice dancing Four Continents Championships 2016 Taipei Ice dancing 2011 Taipei Ice dancing 2017 Gangneung Ice dancing 2015 Seoul Ice dancing Grand Prix Final 2016 -- 17 Marseille Ice dancing 2017 -- 18 Nagoya Ice dancing World Junior Championships 2009 Sofia Ice dancing Junior Grand Prix Final 2009 -- 10 Tokyo Ice dancing Maia Harumi Shibutani ( born July 20 , 1994 ) is an American ice dancer . Partnered with her brother Alex Shibutani , she is the 2018 Olympic bronze medalist , a three - time World medalist ( silver in 2016 , bronze in 2011 and 2017 ) , the 2016 Four Continents champion , and a two - time U.S. national champion ( 2016 , 2017 ) . The siblings have won six titles on the Grand Prix series and stood on the podium at 14 consecutive U.S. Championships , at five levels including eight as seniors . They are two - time members of the US Olympic team , competing at the 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics . In 2018 , the siblings became the first ice dancers who are both of Asian descent to medal at the Olympics ( winning bronze in both team figure skating and the individual ice dancing event ) . They are the second sibling duo to ever share an ice dancing Olympic medal , and the first from the United States .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 2004 -- 2005 season 2.3 2005 -- 2006 season 2.4 2006 -- 2007 season 2.5 2007 -- 2008 season 2.6 2008 -- 2009 season : Silver at World Junior Championships 2.7 2009 -- 2010 season 2.8 2010 -- 2011 season : World bronze medal 2.9 2011 -- 2012 season 2.10 2012 -- 2013 season 2.11 2013 -- 2014 season 2.12 2014 -- 2015 season 2.13 2015 -- 2016 season : Unprecedented Return to the World podium 2.14 2016 -- 2017 season 2.15 2017 -- 2018 season : Olympic Bronze medals 3 Programs 4 Competitive highlights 4.1 Senior results 4.2 Junior results 5 Detailed results 5.1 Senior results 6 Social media presence and television appearances 7 Philanthropy and diplomacy 8 Awards and honors 9 Brand partnerships and sponsors 10 References 11 External links Personal Life ( edit ) Maia Harumi Shibutani was born on July 20 , 1994 , in New York City . She is the daughter of Chris Shibutani and Naomi Uyemura , both of Japanese descent , who met as Harvard musicians . She has an older brother , Alex Shibutani , who competes with her as her partner in the discipline of Ice Dance . She started figure skating at the age of 4 in 1998 in Old Greenwich , Connecticut , where she was a student at Greenwich Academy in Greenwich , Connecticut . She lived in Colorado Springs from 2005 through 2007 and was home - schooled . She moved to Ann Arbor , Michigan , in 2007 and graduated from Huron High School in Ann Arbor in 2012 . She entered the University of Michigan in the fall of 2012 .", "3": "Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) Maia Shibutani began skating at age four . She originally trained as a single skater and was taught by Slavka Kohout Button , a coach best known for guiding US ladies ' champion Janet Lynn . A key source of inspiration for Maia and her brother Alex to pursue ice dancing came in March 2003 when their family attended the World Championships in Washington D.C. Alex Shibutani recalled , `` We were seated close to the ice in the second row , and when the ice dancers came out for their warm up , we could actually feel a gust of wind as the skaters flew by . We were so impressed with the artistry , skating quality , and speed of the top teams that we decided to give it a try . '' 2004 -- 2005 season ( edit ) Maia and Alex Shibutani first teamed up as ice dance partners in the spring of 2004 . Their singles coach , Kathy Bird , arranged for them to work with their first ice dancing coaches Andy Stroukoff and Susie Kelley . The Shibutanis also worked with Mary Marchiselli , and their first free dance program was choreographed by Josh Babb . During the 2004 -- 2005 season , their first season of competition , they competed on the juvenile level , which is the lowest competitive level in the U.S. Figure Skating testing structure . They competed at the 2005 North Atlantic Regional Championships , the qualifying competition for the U.S. Junior Championships , and won the competition . The win qualified them for the 2005 U.S. Junior Championships . At that competition , they placed second in the first compulsory dance , fourth in the second compulsory dance , and third in the free dance , ending up with the silver medal . 2005 -- 2006 season ( edit ) The Shibutanis moved up to the intermediate level and embarked on several visits to Colorado Springs , Colorado , to work with choreographer Tom Dickson . During that season , they were also coached by Judy Blumberg on the east coast .", "4": "After unexpectedly strong results in their first year competing at the intermediate level at the Lake Placid Ice Dance Competition ( including first place in every compulsory and free dance segment of the competition that they entered at the Lake Placid Ice Dance Competition in the summer of 2005 ) , the Shibutanis decided to relocate to Colorado Springs on a full - time basis in order to benefit from the strong training center environment of the Broadmoor Skating Club . In Colorado Springs , their primary coach was Patti Gottwein During that time , they also worked with Rich Griffin , Damon Allen , Eric Schulz , and Christopher Dean . The Shibutanis won the Southwestern Regional Championships , qualifying for the 2006 U.S Junior Championships . At the 2006 U.S. Junior Championships , they placed second in the first compulsory dance and then won the second compulsory and free dances to win the title overall . They worked as guest bloggers and aides for the media staff for U.S. Figure Skating at the 2006 U.S. Championships , and again at the 2006 Four Continents , which were held in Colorado Springs . 2006 -- 2007 season ( edit ) The Shibutanis moved up to the novice level , which is the first of the three levels that compete at the U.S. Championships . Strong results at the Lake Placid Ice Dance Championships , including first place in the Novice Free Dance event , earned them their first opportunity to compete internationally under the ISU Judging System . At the North American Challenge event in Burnaby , British Columbia , they were the highest placing Americans in the novice event , pulling up from fifth place after the compulsory to second overall . At the 2007 Midwestern Sectional Championships , their qualifying competition for the national championships , the Shibutanis placed second in the first compulsory dance and then won the second compulsory and the free dances to win the competition overall and qualify for the 2007 U.S. Championships . At US Nationals , the Shibutanis placed second in both compulsory dances , but with a win in the free dance were able to capture the novice gold medal . This was their second consecutive national title . Following the 2007 U.S.", "5": "Championships , the Shibutanis relocated once again , moving to Michigan to be coached by Marina Zueva and Igor Shpilband at the Arctic Edge Arena in Canton , Michigan . An important factor in the decision to relocate their training based included the opportunity to live and train in an area which could provide access to both world class ice dance coaching , as well as excellent educational opportunities . Alex Shibutani , at the time of the coaching change , had two years left of high school and was considering his university options . 2007 -- 2008 season ( edit ) The Shibutanis perform a lift at the 2008 -- 2009 Junior Grand Prix Final The Shibutanis moved up to the junior level nationally . However , in an unusual circumstance for junior level competitors , they were unable to compete internationally on the junior level because Maia was not yet old enough . At the 2008 Midwestern Sectionals , the Shibutanis placed fourth in the compulsory dance and then third in the original and free dances to win the bronze medal overall . This medal qualified them for the 2008 U.S. Championships . At Nationals , they placed 7th in the compulsory dance , 2nd in the original dance , and 4th in the free dance . They placed 4th overall , winning the pewter medal . This was their fourth consecutive year earning a medal and podium placement , competing at four different levels at the national championship level . 2008 -- 2009 season : silver at World Junior Championships ( edit ) Alex & Maia Shibutani with coaches Igor Shpilband and Marina Zueva in 2008 . Maia Shibutani became age - eligible to compete on the international junior circuit . The Shibutanis made their junior international debut on the ISU Junior Grand Prix ( JGP ) . At their first event , the 2008 -- 09 ISU Junior Grand Prix event in Courchevel , France , they placed second in the compulsory dance and then won the original and free dances to win the gold medal overall by a margin of victory of 11.00 points . At their second Junior Grand Prix event in Madrid , Spain , they won the silver medal . These two medals qualified them for the 2008 -- 2009 ISU Junior Grand Prix Final for which they were the third - ranked qualifiers .", "6": "The Junior Grand Prix Final was held concurrently with the senior final for the first time and so did not have a compulsory dance segment . The Shibutanis placed 7th in the original dance and 3rd in the free dance , finishing in 4th place overall . The Shibutanis went on to the 2009 U.S. Championships , where they competed on the junior level for the second consecutive year . At the event , the Shibutanis placed second in the compulsory dance , the original dance , and the free dance . They won the silver medal overall marking their fifth consecutive podium finish at a national - level competition . Following the competition , the Shibutanis were named to the team to the 2009 World Junior Championships . At the 2009 Junior World Championships in Sofia , Bulgaria , the Shibutanis placed 5th in the compulsory dance , 4th in the original dance , and 2nd in the free dance . At the ages of 14 and 17 , they won the silver medal . 2009 -- 2010 season ( edit ) For the 2009 - 2010 season , the Shibutanis continued to compete at the junior level , as Maia at just 15 , remained age - ineligible to compete on the senior level internationally . On the Junior Grand Prix series , the Shibutanis won gold medals at both their JGP events - in Lake Placid , New York , and in Zagreb , Croatia . At the JGP Final in Tokyo , Japan , they won the bronze medal . At the 2010 US Nationals , competing for their third and final time at the junior level , they won the Junior ice dance title . At the 2010 Junior Worlds , their final junior event after having competed for only two seasons on the international circuit , they finished just off the podium in fourth place . 2010 -- 2011 season : World bronze medal ( edit ) The Shibutanis at the 2011 Worlds At the ages of 16 and 19 , the Shibutanis advanced to the senior level and experienced a historic rookie season . At their senior international debut , they finished fifth at the 2010 Nebelhorn Trophy , moving up from a disappointing eighth place in the short dance with a strong second place in the free dance , finishing ahead of several veteran senior competitors .", "7": "During their debut season competing in the senior Grand Prix , they won the bronze medals at both the 2010 NHK Trophy ( pulling up from 5th place after the short dance ) and the 2010 Skate America ( pulling up from fourth place after the short dance ) , making them the first ice dance team to medal at both Grand Prix events during their first season , rising from the junior and then competing on the senior level . They were first alternates for the 2010 -- 11 Grand Prix final . The Shibutanis debuted domestically at the senior level with a second place at the 2011 U.S. Nationals behind Meryl Davis and Charlie White . At their first ISU Championship event as senior competitors , the 2011 Four Continents championships , they once again finished just behind Davis and White , earning a silver medal . Maia and Alex Shibutani became the first figure skaters of Asian descent in the history of the sport to medal in ice dance at an ISU championship event . At the 2011 World Championships , an event which had to be postponed and relocated from Tokyo to Moscow owing to the earthquake disaster in Japan , they were in fourth after the short dance , 4.09 points behind third - placed Nathalie Péchalat and Fabian Bourzat . In the free dance , they scored 4.34 ahead of Pechalat and Bourzat , both of whom had fallen . The Shibutanis moved third place overall by 0.25 points and won a bronze medal in their World Championships debut . Their bronze medal finish remains the highest world championship debut of any US ice dance team in history . At the ages of 16 and 20 , they were also the youngest world medalists in the discipline of ice dance in over 50 years . 2011 -- 2012 season ( edit ) Maia and Alex Shibutani at the 2012 World Figure Skating Championships The Shibutanis started their season with a silver medal at the 2011 Finlandia Trophy . Beginning their Grand Prix season , they won silver at the 2011 Cup of China . A week later they captured their first senior Grand Prix title , earning gold at the 2011 NHK Trophy , pulling up from third place after the short dance and edging Kaitlyn Weaver and Andrew Poje for gold by 0.09 points .", "8": "It was the Shibutanis ' first senior Grand Prix title , earned during just their second season competing at the senior level . Their combined results qualified them for the Grand Prix Final where they finished in fifth place . At the 2012 US National championships , the Shibutanis repeated as the silver medalists behind Davis and White . The Shibutanis finished 4th at the 2012 Four Continents , an event during which Alex competed in the free dance while extremely ill , and 8th at the 2012 World Championships . During the off - season , the Shibutanis were invited as athlete ambassadors by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , to attend a dinner in honor of Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda on May 1 , 2012 , in Washington , D.C. When the coaching partnership of Igor Shpilband and Marina Zoueva came to an end in June 2012 , the Shibutanis - along with Davis and White , and Virtue and Moir - chose to continue their training at the Arctic Edge Arena under the primary direction of Marina Zoueva . 2012 -- 2013 season ( edit ) The Shibutanis placed third in the short dance at the 2012 Rostelecom Cup . They paused their free dance for half a minute due to Alex pulling a muscle in his thigh . They were allowed to continue from the point of interruption and finished 4th overall , their first and thus far only time over 10 consecutive seasons and 20 Grand Prix events , that they did not finish on the podium at a junior or senior Grand Prix event . At their second Grand Prix event , the 2012 NHK Trophy they won the bronze medal . The Shibutanis also took bronze at the 2013 U.S. Championships . They then competed at the 2013 Four Continents and finished 4th . At the 2013 World Championships , the Shibutanis finished 8th . 2013 -- 2014 season ( edit ) The Shibutanis began their season with another injury which forced them to withdraw from the US Classic in September . They began their competitive season on the Grand Prix by capturing bronze medals at both of their events - 2013 Skate America and 2013 NHK Trophy - qualifying as alternates to the Grand Prix Final .", "9": "At the 2014 U.S. Championships they earned the bronze medal and were named in the U.S. team to the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia . They placed 9th at the Olympics . The Shibutanis finished their season with strong performances and a 6th - place finish at 2014 World Championships . 2014 -- 2015 season ( edit ) The Shibutanis started their season by winning the 2014 Ondrej Nepela Trophy . Combined with their gold medal at the 2014 Ice Challenge they were the top finishers in the 2014 - 2015 ISU Challenge Cup series . On the Grand Prix circuit , they won the silver medals at both of their events , 2014 Skate America and the 2014 Cup of China . Their results on the Grand Prix series qualified them for the 2014 -- 15 Grand Prix Final in Barcelona , Spain , where they placed 4th . At the 2015 U.S. Championships , the duo won the silver medal . They then went on to compete at the 2015 Four Continents Championships where they finished second in the short dance and third place overall . They completed their season with a fifth - place finish at the 2015 World Championships . 2015 -- 2016 season : unprecedented return to the World podium ( edit ) Maia and Alex Shibutani at the 2015 Grand Prix Final The Shibutanis began their season by winning bronze at 2015 Ondrej Nepela Trophy . On the Grand Prix circuit , both of their programs - a short dance to the music of Coppelia , and their free dance program to the music of Fix You by Coldplay - earned them standing ovations . They won silver at 2015 Skate Canada International and gold at the 2015 NHK Trophy , for their second career Grand Prix event title . They qualified for the 2015 -- 16 Grand Prix Final as the fourth ranked team based on qualification criteria that had been modified in an attempt to account for the partially cancelled Trophee Bompard event . Their combined short dance and free dance score from NHK Trophy of 174.43 points was the highest total score amongst all competitors during the Grand Prix season .", "10": "At the Grand Prix Final event , they placed 4th in the short dance . The night before the free dance , however , Alex became severely ill with food poisoning . They chose to compete nonetheless , and managed to earn yet another standing ovation for their free dance with a highly emotional performance . They finished 4th in the free dance and 4th overall . They had to withdraw from the exhibition so that Alex could recover . At the 2016 U.S. Championships , the Shibutanis placed second behind Madison Chock and Evan Bates during the short dance , but moved up to first place following the free dance to win their first senior US title. They earned standing ovations from the audience during both segments of the competition , as well as when their scores and results were announced . The Shibutanis next competed at the 2016 Four Continents Championships in Taipei , Taiwan . They set personal bests and finished first in both segments of the competition , capturing their first ISU Championship title . With this title , they became the first ice dancers of Asian descent to win an ISU ice dance championship event . The Shibutanis ended their season at the 2016 World Figure Skating Championships held in Boston MA . Skating before a hometown crowd ( Alex was born in Boston ) they set new personal best scores , finished second in both segments of the competition , and with a silver medal earned their second Worlds medal . Their return to the World podium after a 5 year gap , is unprecedented in the sport . 2016 -- 2017 season ( edit ) The Shibutanis began the 2016 - 17 season with a gold medal at the Skate America Grand Prix in Chicago . They followed that with another victory at the Cup of China Grand Prix event held in Beijing , once again qualifying for the Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final . At the Grand Prix Final event in Marseille , France , the Shibutanis were ranked second after the short dance , placing behind Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir from Canada , and ahead of reigning World champions , Gabriella Papadakis and Guillaume Cizeron . A third place finishing the free dance portion of the competition placed them third place overall - the bronze medal being their first medal at a Grand Prix Final . At the 2017 U.S.", "11": "Championships , the Shibutanis won their second consecutive national title , once again defeating Madison Chock and Evan Bates . Their short dance performance set a new U.S. scoring record . The siblings took silver at the 2017 Four Continents in Gangneung , South Korea , placing second in both segments of the competition to Canada 's Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir . The Shibutanis delivered a performance of their `` Evolution '' free dance which earned them their ISU best free dance score in spite of Alex needing to quickly repair damage to his blade which occurred during the on - ice warm - up period , just moments before they competed . At the 2017 World Championships in Helsinki , Finland , they ranked fifth in the short dance and fourth in the free dance , ending up third overall . With their third world medal , a bronze , the Shibutanis notably demonstrated their ability as competitors to deliver under pressure situations . It was their placement that enabled the US team to qualify three entries in ice dance to compete at the 2018 Winter Olympics . The Shibutanis were the only members of the U.S. delegation to earn a medal at this pre-Olympic world championship . 2017 -- 2018 season : Olympic bronze medals ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Shibutanis made their season debut in October during the Grand Prix Series at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup . They scored 77.30 in the short dance and 111.94 in the free dance to place first in both events and won the gold medal over 7 - time Russian national champions , Ekaterina Bobrova and Dimitri Soloviev , with 189.24 points . At their second Grand Prix event , 2017 Skate America , they again won both the short and free dance for a total of 194.25 and first place overall , qualifying for the 2017 / 18 Grand Prix Final in Nagoya , Japan . At the Grand Prix Final , they earned a second consecutive bronze medal . At the 2018 U.S.", "12": "Figure Skating Championships , the Shibutanis placed first in the short dance and third in the free dance , placing them second overall behind Madison Hubbell and Zachary Donohue . At the 2018 Winter Olympics , the Shibutanis were chosen to represent the United States in the team event . They placed second in both segments , helping the U.S. team win the bronze medal . They became the first ice dancers who are both of Asian descent to medal at the Winter Olympics . In the ice dance event , they placed 4th in the short dance , 3rd in the free dance , and won the bronze medal with a combined total of 192.59 points . Programs ( edit ) Season Short dance Free dance Exhibition 2017 -- 2018 Mambo : Mambo No. 5 by Pérez Prado Cha Cha : Cherry Pink ( and Apple Blossom White ) by Louiguy performed by Pérez Prado Samba : Mambo Jambo / Mambo No. 8 by Pérez Prado Paradise by Coldplay Fix You Paradise by Coldplay That 's Life by Dean Kay , Kelly Gordon covered by Frank Sinatra That 's Life ( remix ) performed by Frank Sinatra , Jay Z arranged by Ryan `` Ryanimay '' Conferido choreo . by Hokuto `` Hok '' Konishi , Aye Hasegawa , Randi Strong , and others 2016 -- 2017 Blues : That 's Life by Dean Kay , Kelly Gordon covered by Frank Sinatra Hip Hop : That 's Life ( remix ) performed by Frank Sinatra , Jay Z arranged by Ryan `` Ryanimay '' Conferido choreo . by Hokuto `` Hok '' Konishi , Aye Hasegawa , Randi Strong , and others Evolution : Spiegel im Spiegel ( Mirror in Mirror ) by Arvo Pärt performed by Anne Akiko Meyers , Akira Eguchi Truman Sleeps ( from The Truman Show ) by Philip Glass The Departure ( from The Leftovers ) by Max Richter rearranged by Alex Shibutani performed by members of The San Francisco Symphony choreo .", "13": "by Maia Shibutani , Alex Shibutani , Marina Zueva , Oleg Epstein , Massimo Scali and others Do You Remember by Jarryd James choreo . by Stéphane Lambiel 2015 -- 2016 Waltz , march , waltz : Coppélia by Léo Delibes choreo . by Marina Zueva , Cheryl Yeager Fix You by Coldplay The Scientist by Coldplay choreo . by Peter Tchernyshev Fix You by Coldplay choreo . by Peter Tchernyshev Clair de Lune by Claude Debussy choreo . by Maia Shibutani , Alex Shibutani 2014 -- 2015 Flamenco : Asturias Variations by Isaac Albéniz Paso Doble : The Last Corrida Rosen aus dem Süden ( Roses from the South ) by Johann Strauss II The Blue Danube by Johann Strauss II O ( Fly On ) by Coldplay choreo by . Peter Tchernyshev 2013 -- 2014 Michael Bublé medley : Foxtrot Quickstep Foxtrot Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' by Michael Jackson Man in the Mirror by Michael Jackson Thriller by Michael Jackson Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' by Michael Jackson Ben by Walter Scharf Thriller by Michael Jackson I Lived by OneRepublic 2012 -- 2013 March : Ojos Azul by Incantations Waltz : Dolencias by Incantations Polka : Sikureada by Incantations Waltz and polka : Mary Poppins Overture by Richard and Robert Sherman Memoirs of a Geisha by John Williams Lost by Michael Bublé 2011 -- 2012 Samba : Batuca by DJ Dero Samba : The Girl From Ipanema by Olivia Samba : Samba de Janeiro by Bellini Batuca by DJ Dero Skip to the Bip by Club des Belugas Jazz Machine by Black Machine Sun Valley Serenade by Glenn Miller Orchestra In The Mood Moonlight Serenade Chattanooga Choo Choo The Prayer by Charlotte Church ,", "14": "Josh Groban 2010 -- 2011 The Carousel Waltz by Richard Rodgers Smile ( from Modern Times ) by Charlie Chaplin Let 's Face the Music and Dance by Irving Berlin The Prayer by Charlotte Church , Josh Groban La Vie en rose by Louis Armstrong Original dance 2009 -- 2010 Itsuka Mata by Tetsuro Naito Ao - ki Kaze by Ryutaro Kaneko Tango Rhapsody by Luis Bacalov La Vie en Rose by Louis Guglielmi La Vie en rose by Louis Armstrong 2008 -- 2009 Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day by Paul Englishby Cinema Paradiso by Ennio Morricone Japanese Kodo music 2007 -- 2008 Japanese Kodo music Piano music by Jean - Marie Senia 2006 -- 2007 Memoirs of a Geisha by John Williams Competitive highlights ( edit ) The Shibutanis with the other medalists and their coaches at the 2011 World Championships GP : Grand Prix ; CS : Challenger Series ;", "15": "JGP : Junior Grand Prix ( with Alex Shibutani ) Senior results ( edit ) International Event 10 -- 11 11 -- 12 12 -- 13 13 -- 14 14 -- 15 15 -- 16 16 -- 17 17 -- 18 Olympics 9th 3rd Worlds 3rd 8th 8th 6th 5th 2nd 3rd WD Four Continents 2nd 4th 4th 3rd 1st 2nd GP Final 5th 4th 4th 3rd 3rd GP Cup of China 2nd 2nd 1st GP NHK Trophy 3rd 1st 3rd 3rd 1st GP Rostelecom 4th 1st GP Skate America 3rd 3rd 2nd 1st 1st GP Skate Canada 2nd CS Ice Challenge 1st CS Nepela Trophy 1st 3rd Finlandia Trophy 2nd Nebelhorn Trophy 5th National U.S. Champ . 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 2nd 1st 1st 2nd TBD = Assigned , WD = Withdrew Junior results ( edit ) International Event 04 -- 05 05 -- 06 06 -- 07 07 -- 08 08 -- 09 09 -- 10 Junior Worlds 2nd 4th JGP Final 4th 3rd JGP Croatia 1st JGP France 1st JGP Spain 2nd JGP USA 1st NACS 2nd N National U.S. Champ . 1st N 4th J 2nd J 1st J U.S. Junior Champ .", "16": "2nd V 1st I Midwestern Sect . 1st N 3rd J Southwestern Reg . 1st I North Atlantic Reg . 1st V Levels : V = Juvenile , I = Intermediate , N = Novice , J = Junior Detailed results ( edit ) ( with Alex Shibutani ) Senior results ( edit ) 2017 -- 18 season Date Event SD FD Total February 19 -- 20 , 2018 2018 Winter Olympics 77.73 114.86 192.59 January 5 -- 7 , 2018 2018 U.S. Championships 82.33 114.60 196.93 December 7 -- 10 , 2017 2017 -- 18 Grand Prix Final 78.09 6 109.91 188.00 November 24 -- 26 , 2017 2017 ISU Grand Prix Skate America 79.18 115.07 194.25 October 20 -- 22 , 2017 2017 ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup 77.30 111.94 189.24 2016 -- 17 season Date Event SD FD Total March 29 -- April 2 , 2017 2017 World Championships 5 74.88 110.30 185.18 February 15 -- 19 , 2017 2017 Four Continents Championships 76.59 115.26 191.85 January 14 -- 22 , 2017 2017 U.S.", "17": "Championships 82.42 117.63 200.05 December 8 -- 11 , 2016 2016 -- 17 Grand Prix Final 77.97 111.63 189.60 November 18 -- 20 , 2016 2016 ISU Grand Prix Cup of China 73.23 111.90 185.13 October 21 -- 23 , 2016 2016 ISU Grand Prix Skate America 73.04 112.71 185.75 2015 -- 16 season Date Event SD FD Total March 28 -- April 3 , 2016 2016 World Championships 74.70 113.73 188.43 February 16 -- 21 , 2016 2016 Four Continents Championships 72.86 108.76 181.62 January 15 -- 24 , 2016 2016 U.S.", "18": "Championships 74.67 115.47 190.14 December 10 -- 13 , 2015 2015 -- 16 Grand Prix Final 69.11 105.81 174.92 November 27 -- 29 , 2015 2015 ISU Grand Prix NHK Trophy 68.08 106.35 174.43 October 30 -- November 1 , 2015 2015 ISU Grand Prix Skate Canada 66.00 102.36 168.36 October 1 -- 3 , 2015 2015 Ondrej Nepela Trophy 63.24 91.10 154.34 2014 -- 15 season Date Event SD FD Total March 23 -- 29 , 2015 2015 World Championships 6 69.32 5 102.71 5 172.03 February 9 -- 15 , 2015 2015 Four Continents Championships 69.65 101.14 170.79 January 18 -- 25 , 2015 2015 U.S.", "19": "Championships 73.84 107.47 181.31 December 11 -- 14 , 2014 2014 -- 15 Grand Prix Final 63.90 6 95.04 158.94 November 14 -- 16 , 2014 2014 Ice Challenge 65.38 100.96 166.34 November 7 -- 9 , 2014 2014 ISU Grand Prix Cup of China 65.20 92.16 157.36 October 24 -- 26 , 2014 2014 ISU Grand Prix Skate America 64.14 96.19 160.33 October 1 -- 5 , 2014 2014 Ondrej Nepela Trophy 62.72 100.26 162.98 2013 -- 14 season Date Event SD FD Total March 24 -- 30 , 2014 2014 World Championships 6 63.55 6 95.02 6 158.57 February 6 -- 22 , 2014 2014 Winter Olympics 9 64.47 10 90.70 9 155.17 January 5 -- 12 , 2014 2014 U.S.", "20": "Championships 68.00 102.44 170.44 November 8 -- 10 , 2013 2013 ISU Grand Prix NHK Trophy 63.09 94.49 157.58 October 18 -- 20 , 2013 2013 ISU Grand Prix Skate America 61.26 93.21 154.47 2012 -- 13 season Date Event SD FD Total March 11 -- 17 , 2013 2013 World Championships 8 66.14 9 91.57 8 157.71 February 8 -- 11 , 2013 2013 Four Continents Championships 63.26 96.71 159.97 January 19 -- 27 , 2013 2013 U.S. Championships 69.63 104.58 174.21 November 23 -- 25 , 2012 2012 ISU Grand Prix NHK Trophy 60.84 93.72 154.56 November 8 -- 11 , 2012 2012 ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup 58.26 5 82.65 140.91 2011 -- 12 season Date Event SD FD Total March 26 -- April 1 , 2012 2012 World Championships 7 62.35 11 82.37 8 144.72 February 7 -- 12 , 2012 2012 Four Continents Championships 63.38 94.91 158.29 January 22 -- 29 , 2012 2012 U.S.", "21": "Championships 72.61 106.23 178.84 December 8 -- 11 , 2011 2011 -- 12 Grand Prix Final 5 65.53 5 95.02 5 160.55 November 10 -- 13 , 2011 2011 ISU Grand Prix NHK Trophy 59.02 92.83 151.85 November 3 -- 6 , 2011 2011 ISU Grand Prix Cup of China 57.79 90.61 148.40 October 6 -- 9 , 2011 2011 Finlandia Trophy 58.45 92.63 151.08 2010 -- 11 season Date Event SD FD Total April 24 -- May 1 , 2011 2011 World Championships 66.88 96.91 163.79 February 15 -- 20 , 2011 2011 Four Continents Championships 62.04 93.34 155.38 January 22 -- 30 , 2011 2011 U.S. Championships 70.47 102.71 173.18 November 12 -- 14 , 2010 2010 ISU Grand Prix Skate America 56.46 88.35 144.81 October 22 -- 24 , 2010 2010 ISU Grand Prix NHK Trophy 5 53.68 83.25 136.93 September 23 -- 26 , 2010 2010 Nebelhorn Trophy 8 46.90 86.10 5 133.00 Social media presence and Television appearances ( edit ) Maia and Alex Shibutanis are amongst the most active Olympic sports athletes engaged across several social media platforms . Their YouTube channel @ ShibSibs , established in 2012 , includes 95 videos which have been viewed almost nine million times by over 157,000 subscribers , as of April 2018 .", "22": "Videos consist a range of formats including behind - the - scenes montages from their travels throughout the world for training , exhibition shows and competitions . Amongst the popular are lip synch music videos with casts which include popular Olympic figure skaters and gymnasts from all over the world , including Yuzuru Hanyu , Mao Asada , Michelle Kwan , Kristi Yamaguchi , Brian Boitano , Javier Fernandez , Adam Rippon , Meryl Davis and Charlie White . Videos are created ( including filming , editing ) entirely by the Shibutanis . Their respective Instagram and Twitter accounts ( @ maiashibutani , @ alexshibutani ) have been tagged as accounts to follow by various media accounts including global media publications such as the New York Times as `` Olympian Instagram Accounts to follow . '' The Shibutanis were guests on the Nickelodeon television show Nicky Ricky Dicky & Dawn , appearing as themselves during episode 304 , broadcast in 2017 . They have made several appearances on NBC 's the TODAY Show , including to perform on the Rockefeller Center rink and to introduce Ralph Lauren designed outfits for the 2018 US Olympic team . Philanthropy and diplomacy ( edit ) In 2017 , the Shibutanis were named Sports Envoys by the U.S. State Department , joining a select roster of figure skaters , including Michelle Kwan and Evan Lysacek , who have been named to this role in the past . Right To Play Athlete Ambassadors since 2013 LA2028 Athlete Advisory Commission members . Active involvement in the successful bid which brings the 2028 Summer Olympics back to the U.S. The Shibutanis participated in the panel presentation at the US Olympic Media Summit , joining LA2028 Chairman Casey Wasserman and Athletes Relations Liaison Janet Evans . Other organizations and causes which the Shibutanis have lent through support through skating performances , fundraising and social media engagement support include : The Jimmy Fund , Charity : Water ( where Maia raised over $10,000 as part of her 2017 birthday campaign ) , One Fund Boston , and NOH8 Campaign .", "23": "Awards and honors ( edit ) Maia Shibutani is a two - time recipient ( 2012 , 2014 ) of a Travel & Training Grant from the Women 's Sports Foundation The siblings are two - time winners of the Edi Award from the Professional Skaters Association for outstanding ice dance performance at US Nationals The Shibutanis are several time winners of the US Olympic Committee `` Team of the Month '' award ( including in October 2017 and December 2017 ) for their competitive achievements while representing Team USA internationally . Brand partnerships and sponsors ( edit ) Tumi Inc. - brand ambassadors Ralph Lauren Corporation - official sponsored athletes along with fellow Olympians Gus Kenworthy , Aja Evans , Jamie Anderson and Paralympian Rico Roman . Intel - Global Team Intel Athletes for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games Coca - Cola Corporation 's Minute Maid brand The Hershey Company 's Ice Breakers brand Smucker 's Milk - Bone brand References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2013 / 2014 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ 1998 Olympic silver medalist ice dancer Anjelika Krylova is part - Asian ; her grandmother is Uzbek ( Central Asian Turkic ) . Сребницкая Д . ( July 6 , 2002 ) . `` Анжелика Крылова : Любовные страсти по - итальянски '' . Sovetsky Sport ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . У меня папа наполовину узбек , а бабушка чистокровная узбечка . Jump up ^ Rosen , Karen ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Maia And Alex Shibutani Win Olympic Bronze As First Skaters Of Asian Descent To Medal In Ice Dance '' . United States Olympic Committee . Jump up ^ `` Maia , Alex Shibutani make history of their own in PyeongChang '' . NBC Sports .", "24": "February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2016 / 2017 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Borzilleri , Meri - Jo ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Shibutanis make ice dancing the family business '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : NBC Connecticut ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` Shubutani Siblings Tweet What Life 's Like as Olympians '' . WVIT . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . The siblings got their figure skating start in Old Greenwich , Conn. in 1998 , according to the Web site for the 2014 U.S. Figure Skating Championships in Boston . Jump up ^ Leamy , Liz ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Shibutanis finish Sochi Olympic ice dancing in top 10 '' . The Greenwich Post . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Kelly ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` FrenchieSkate brings world - renowned figure skaters to Yost Ice Arena for community fundraiser '' . Mlive.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Many of the skaters are members of the Detroit Skating Club and some are students at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor , including siblings Maia and Alex Shibutani , who graduated from Huron High School . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Elvin ( June 20 , 2010 ) . `` Shibutanis make move to the big leagues '' . GoldenSkate.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mittan , Barry ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` Skyrocketing Shibutanis '' . Skate Today . Jump up ^ `` 2005 North Atlantic Regional Championships Juvenile Dance Final Standings '' . U.S. Figure Skating .", "25": "Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 U.S. Junior Championships Juvenile Dance Final Standings '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 SOUTHWESTERN REGIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS Intermediate Dance Final Standings '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 U.S. Junior Figure Skating Championships Intermediate Dance Final Standings '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 United States Figure Skating Championships Blogs '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Belbin & Agosto Increase Lead at Four Continents '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Midwestern Sectional Championships Novice Dance -- Free Dance Final Results '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 State Farm U.S. Figure Skating Championships Novice Dance Result '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Backman , Daphne . `` Shibutanis Claim Second Straight U.S. Title with Novice Win '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mittan , J. Barry ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` Shibutani siblings thriving in Canton , Mich '' . IceNetwork . Jump up ^ `` ISU JGP Courchevel -- Junior Ice Dance Result '' . International Skating Union . Jump up ^ `` ISU JGP Madrid Cup -- Junior Ice Dance Result '' . International Skating Union .", "26": "Jump up ^ `` ISU Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating 2008 / 2009 Junior Ice Dance '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` SBS ISU Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix Final -- Junior Ice Dance -- Original Dance '' . International Skating Union . Jump up ^ `` SBS ISU Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix Final -- Junior Ice Dance -- Free Dance '' . International Skating Union . Jump up ^ `` SBS ISU Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix Final -- Junior Ice Dance Result '' . International Skating Union . Jump up ^ `` 2009 U.S. FIGURE SKATING CHAMPIONSHIPS Junior Dance Compulsory Dance Final Result Details '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` 2009 U.S. FIGURE SKATING CHAMPIONSHIPS Junior Dance Original Dance Final Result Details '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` 2009 U.S. FIGURE SKATING CHAMPIONSHIPS Junior Dance Free Dance Final Result Details '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` 2009 U.S. FIGURE SKATING CHAMPIONSHIPS Junior Dance Final Results '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships 2009 -- Junior Ice Dance Result '' . International Skating Union . Jump up ^ Brown , Mickey ( September 25 , 2010 ) . `` Russia leads the way at Nebelhorn Trophy '' . IceNetwork . Jump up ^ Brannen , Sarah S. ; Meekins , Drew ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Inside Edge with Sarah and Drew -- Nov. 30 '' . IceNetwork . Jump up ^ `` Shibutanis claim ice dancing gold at NHK Trophy '' . IceNetwork.com . November 12 , 2011 .", "27": "Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shibutani , Maia ; Shibutani , Alex ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Shibs rub elbows with dignitaries at D.C. dinner '' . IceNetwork.com . Jump up ^ Barnas , Jo - Ann ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Figure Skating confirms top American teams to stay in Canton after Shpilband dismissal '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whiteside , Kelly ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` On a day to celebrate siblings , skaters work together '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` Maia SHIBUTANI '' . Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Slater , Paula ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Shibutanis push new boundaries '' . Golden Skate . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Shibutanis seek to reap rewards of long journey '' . IceNetwork . ^ Jump up to : `` # GPFBarcelona Team USA Competition Central '' . U.S. Figure Skating . December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Chock , Bates attempt to hold off surging Shibutanis '' . IceNetwork . Jump up ^ Shibutani , Alex ( @ AlexShibutani ) ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` We will not be skating in the exhibition today '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Lynn ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Shibutanis grow into role as top U.S. dance team '' . IceNetwork . Jump up ^ Slater , Paula ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Shibutanis capture US National title '' . Golden Skate . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( January 23 , 2016 ) .", "28": "`` Chock , Bates take slight lead over Shibutanis '' . IceNetwork . Jump up ^ `` Shibutani siblings lead at Four Continents Figure Skating Championships '' . Sportsbeat / Eurosport . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Figure - skater Shibutani siblings win ice dance at Four Continents '' . Daily Mail . AFP . February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2016 : Ice Dance - Result '' . International Skating Union . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2016 : Ice Dance - Short Dance '' . International Skating Union . March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2016 : Ice Dance - Free Dance '' . International Skating Union . March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2015 / 2016 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Vasilyeva , Nadia ; Tone , Florentina ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Maia and Alex Shibutani : `` We realized that we 're unique and we embraced it '' `` . insideskating.net/ . Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2017 / 2018 '' . International Skating Union . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Shibutanis hope `` Paradise '' paves the way to gold `` . IceNetwork.com . Jump up ^ Shibutani , Maia ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Maia Shibutani Reveals The Shibutanis ' Programs For Olympic Season And The Creative Process Behind Them '' . teamusa.org . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music - Stars on Ice '' . Stars on Ice. April 2018 .", "29": "Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Rostelecom Cup 2017 Exhibition ( Television production ) . Match ! Arena . October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ ShibSibs ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` '' That 's Life `` '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maia Shibubani & Alex Shibutani 2016 Skate America Media Teleconference ( Audio streaming ) . IceNetwork . October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sterling Shibutanis win first Skate America title '' . IceNetwork.com . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Shibutanis hopeful creative journey peaks at worlds '' . IceNetwork.com . Jump up ^ Shibutani , Maia ; Shibutani , Alex ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` The choreography is complete and we have a new exhibition program ! We will be skating to `` Do You Remember '' by Jarryd James . Loved every minute of the time we spent on the ice with Stéphane this week '' ( Instagram ) . Jump up ^ Shibutani , Maia and Shibutani , Alex ( ShibSibs ) ( April 29 , 2015 ) . NYC AGAIN + MORE # OFFSEASONEATS ( Vlog # 23 ) ( YouTube ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Shibutani , Maia ( @ MaiShibutani ) ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Our Free Dance this season will be to `` Fix You '' by Coldplay '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` Shibutanis remain dedicated to exploring new styles '' . IceNetwork . Jump up ^ Hoang , Mai ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 - 16 ISU Grand Prix Final of Figure Skating : Ice Dance Preview '' . Golden Skate .", "30": "^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Stars on Ice : E-motion Tour - Music '' . Stars on Ice . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2014 / 2015 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2012 / 2013 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2012 / 2013 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Rutherford , Lynn ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Memoirs of the Shibutanis : A matured ' Geisha ' '' . IceNetwork . Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2011 / 2012 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2011 / 2012 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2010 / 2011 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2009 / 2010 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani '' . IceNetwork.com . `` Earlier versions '' .", "31": "Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) `` Earlier versions '' . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI : 2008 / 2009 '' . International Skating Union . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2008 Nationals profile '' ( PDF ) . Ice-dance.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2007 U.S. Nationals Profile '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Competition Results : Maia SHIBUTANI / Alex SHIBUTANI '' . International Skating Union . Jump up ^ `` ShibSibs '' ( YouTube ) . Jump up ^ Minsberg , Talya ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympians to Follow on Instagram '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` These Olympians win Instagram gold '' . CBC Sports . February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Team USA Olympic Opening Ceremony outfits revealed ( Television production ) . NBC . January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ L.A. games press conference at Olympic Media Summit ( YouTube ) . KSL News . Sep 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph Lauren - 2018 Olympic Dream Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Team Intel Announcement '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maia Shibutani . Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani at the International Skating Union Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani at IceNetwork.com Official website Four Continent champions in figure skating -- Ice dancing 1999 : Shae - Lynn", "32": "Bourne & Victor Kraatz 2000 : Naomi Lang & Peter Tchernyshev 2001 : Shae - Lynn Bourne & Victor Kraatz 2002 : Naomi Lang & Peter Tchernyshev 2003 : Shae - Lynn Bourne & Victor Kraatz 2004 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2005 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2006 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2007 : Marie Dubreuil & Patrice Lauzon 2008 : Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir 2009 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2010 : Kaitlyn Weaver & Andrew Poje 2011 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2012 : Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir 2013 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2014 : Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue 2015 : Kaitlyn Weaver & Andrew Poje 2016 : Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani 2017 : Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir 2018 : Kaitlin Hawayek & Jean - Luc Baker Skate America champions in figure skating -- Ice dancing 1979 : Krisztina Regőczy & András Sallay 1981 : Judy Blumberg & Michael Seibert 1982 : Elisa Spitz & Scott Gregory 1983 : Elisa Spitz & Scott Gregory 1985 : Renée Roca & Donald Adair 1986 : Isabelle Duchesnay & Paul Duchesnay 1988 : Susan Wynne & Joseph Druar 1989 : Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin 1990 : Stefania Calegari & Pasquale Camerlengo 1991 : Tatiana Navka & Samvel Gezalian 1992 : Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin 1993 : Sophie Moniotte & Pascal Lavanchy 1994 : Elizabeth", "33": "Punsalan & Jerod Swallow 1995 : Oksana Grishuk & Evgeni Platov 1996 : Anjelika Krylova & Oleg Ovsyannikov 1997 : Elizabeth Punsalan & Jerod Swallow 1998 : Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat 1999 : Barbara Fusar - Poli & Maurizio Margaglio 2000 : Barbara Fusar - Poli & Maurizio Margaglio 2001 : Shae - Lynn Bourne & Victor Kraatz 2002 : Elena Grushina & Ruslan Honcharov 2003 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2004 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2005 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2006 : Albena Denkova & Maxim Staviski 2007 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2008 : Isabelle Delobel & Olivier Schoenfelder 2009 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2010 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2011 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2012 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2013 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2014 : Madison Chock & Evan Bates 2015 : Madison Chock & Evan Bates 2016 : Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani 2017 : Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani NHK Trophy champions in figure skating -- Ice dancing 1979 : Irina Moiseeva & Andrei Minenkov 1980 : Carol Fox & Richard Dalley 1981 : Karen Barber & Nicky Slater 1982 : Elena Batanova & Alexei Soloviev 1984 : Karen Barber & Nicky Slater 1985 : Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko 1986 : Natalia Bestemianova & Andrei Bukin 1987 : Natalia Bestemianova &", "34": "Andrei Bukin 1988 : Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko 1989 : Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko 1990 : Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin 1991 : Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin 1992 : Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin 1993 : Oksana Grishuk & Evgeni Platov 1994 : Sophie Moniotte & Pascal Lavanchy 1995 : Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat 1996 : Sophie Moniotte & Pascal Lavanchy 1997 : Oksana Grishuk & Evgeni Platov 1998 : Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat 1999 : Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat 2000 : Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat 2001 : Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat 2002 : Irina Lobacheva & Ilia Averbukh 2003 : Albena Denkova & Maxim Staviski 2004 : Albena Denkova & Maxim Staviski 2005 : Marie - France Dubreuil & Patrice Lauzon 2006 : Marie - France Dubreuil & Patrice Lauzon 2007 : Isabelle Delobel & Olivier Schoenfelder 2008 : Federica Faiella & Massimo Scali 2009 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2010 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2011 : Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani 2012 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2013 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2014 : Kaitlyn Weaver & Andrew Poje 2015 : Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani 2016 : Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir 2017 : Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir Rostelecom Cup champions in figure skating -- Ice dancing", "35": "1996 : Anjelika Krylova & Oleg Ovsyannikov 1997 : Anjelika Krylova & Oleg Ovsyannikov 1998 : Anjelika Krylova & Oleg Ovsyannikov 1999 : Barbara Fusar - Poli & Maurizio Margaglio 2000 : Barbara Fusar - Poli & Maurizio Margaglio 2001 : Barbara Fusar - Poli & Maurizio Margaglio 2002 : Irina Lobacheva & Ilia Averbukh 2003 : Tatiana Navka & Roman Kostomarov 2004 : Tatiana Navka & Roman Kostomarov 2005 : Tatiana Navka & Roman Kostomarov 2006 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2007 : Oksana Domnina & Maxim Shabalin 2008 : Jana Khokhlova & Sergei Novitski 2009 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2010 : Ekaterina Bobrova & Dmitri Soloviev 2011 : Meryl Davis & Charlie White 2012 : Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir 2013 : Ekaterina Bobrova & Dmitri Soloviev 2014 : Madison Chock & Evan Bates 2015 : Kaitlyn Weaver & Andrew Poje 2016 : Ekaterina Bobrova & Dmitri Soloviev 2017 : Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani Cup of China champions in figure skating -- Ice dancing 2003 : Tatiana Navka & Roman Kostomarov 2004 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2005 : Tatiana Navka & Roman Kostomarov 2006 : Oksana Domnina & Maxim Shabalin 2007 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2008 : Oksana Domnina & Maxim Shabalin", "36": "2009 : Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto 2010 : Nathalie Péchalat & Fabian Bourzat 2011 : Ekaterina Bobrova & Dmitri Soloviev 2012 : Nathalie Péchalat & Fabian Bourzat 2013 : Nathalie Péchalat & Fabian Bourzat 2014 : Gabriella Papadakis & Guillaume Cizeron 2015 : Anna Cappellini & Luca Lanotte 2016 : Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani 2017 : Gabriella Papadakis & Guillaume Cizeron United States national champions in figure skating -- Ice dancing 1936 : Marjorie Parker Smith / Joseph Savage 1937 -- 1938 : Nettie Prantell / Harold Hartshorne 1939 -- 1941 : Sandy MacDonald / Harold Hartshorne 1942 : Edith Whetstone / A.L. Richards 1943 -- 1944 : Marcella May / James Lochead 1945 : Kathe Mehl Williams / Robert Swenning 1946 : Anne Davies / Carleton Hoffner 1947 -- 1949 : Lois Waring / Walter Bainbridge 1950 : Lois Waring / Michael McGean 1951 : Carmel Bodel / Edward Bodel 1952 : Lois Waring / Michael McGean 1953 : Carol Ann Peters / Daniel Ryan 1954 -- 1955 : Carmel Bodel / Edward Bodel 1956 : Joan Zamboni / Roland Junso 1957 : Sharon McKenzie / Bert Wright 1958 -- 1959 : Andree Anderson / Donald Jacoby 1960 : Margie Ackles / Charles Phillips 1961 : Diane Sherbloom / Larry Pierce 1962 : Yvonne Littlefield / Peter Betts 1963 : Sally Schantz / Stanley Urban 1964 : Darleen Streich / Charles Fetter 1965 -- 1966", "37": ": Kristin Fortune / Dennis Sveum 1967 : Lorna Dyer / John Carrell 1968 -- 1972 : Judy Schwomeyer / Jim Sladky 1973 : Mary Campbell / Johnny Johns 1974 -- 1976 : Colleen O'Connor / James Millns 1977 : Judi Genovesi / Kent Weigle 1978 -- 1980 : Stacey Smith / John Summers 1981 -- 1985 : Judy Blumberg / Michael Seibert 1986 : Renée Roca / Donald Adair 1987 -- 1988 : Suzanne Semanick / Scott Gregory 1989 -- 1990 : Susan Wynne / Joseph Druar 1991 : Elizabeth Punsalan / Jerod Swallow 1992 : April Sargent / Russ Witherby 1993 : Renée Roca / Gorsha Sur 1994 : Elizabeth Punsalan / Jerod Swallow 1995 : Renée Roca / Gorsha Sur 1996 -- 1998 : Elizabeth Punsalan / Jerod Swallow 1999 -- 2003 : Naomi Lang / Peter Tchernyshev 2004 -- 2008 : Tanith Belbin White / Benjamin Agosto 2009 -- 2014 : Meryl Davis / Charlie White 2015 : Madison Chock / Evan Bates 2016 -- 2017 : Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani 2018 : Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maia_Shibutani&oldid=837612217 '' Categories : American female ice dancers American ice dancers 1994 births Sportspeople from New York City Sportspeople from Greenwich ,", "38": "Connecticut Living people American people of Japanese descent American sportspeople of Japanese descent World Figure Skating Championships medalists Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics Olympic figure skaters of the United States Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in figure skating University of Michigan alumni American women of Japanese descent Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references ISU figure skater ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 22 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 38, 15, 16, 31, 26, 33, 30, 13, 25, 29, 27, 6, 28, 14, 20, 24, 18, 19, 1, 21, 7, 11, 12, 35, 17, 34, 10, 36, 5, 22, 4, 32, 0, 2, 8, 23, 9, 37, 3 ]	[ 38, 15, 16, 31, 26, 33 ]
6933630205273896681	where was the film the remains of the day filmed	[ "A number of English country estates", "the George Inn, Norton St Philip.", "Dyrham Park", "Powderham Castle", "Corsham Court", "Badminton House", "Weston-super-Mare", "Limpley Stoke", "George Inn, Norton St Philip" ]	{ "0": "The Remains of the Day ( film ) - wikipedia The Remains of the Day ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Remains of the Day ( disambiguation ) . The Remains of the Day Theatrical release poster Directed by James Ivory Produced by Ismail Merchant Mike Nichols John Calley Screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Harold Pinter ( uncredited ) Based on The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro Starring Anthony Hopkins Emma Thompson James Fox Christopher Reeve Peter Vaughan Hugh Grant Michael Lonsdale Tim Pigott - Smith Music by Richard Robbins Cinematography Tony Pierce - Roberts Edited by Andrew Marcus Production company Merchant Ivory Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date 5 November 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 05 ) Running time 134 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $63.9 million The Remains of the Day is a 1993 British - American drama film adapted from the Booker Prize - winning 1989 novel of the same name by Kazuo Ishiguro . It was directed by James Ivory and produced by Ismail Merchant , Mike Nichols and John Calley . It stars Anthony Hopkins as Stevens and Emma Thompson as Miss Kenton with James Fox , Christopher Reeve , and Hugh Grant . The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor ( Hopkins ) and Best Actress ( Thompson ) . Hopkins won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . The British Film Institute ranked The Remains of the Day the 64th greatest British film of the 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Settings 3.2 Characters 4 Score 5 Critical reception and awards 6 Notes 7 Bibliography 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1958 post-war Britain , Stevens , the butler of Darlington Hall , receives a letter from Miss Kenton , a recently - divorced former colleague employed as the housekeeper some twenty years earlier .", "1": "Lord Darlington has died a broken man , his reputation destroyed after he was exposed as a Nazi sympathizer , and his stately country manor has been sold to a retired United States Congressman , Mr Jack Lewis . Stevens is granted permission to borrow his Daimler , and he sets off to the West Country to meet Miss Kenton . The film flashes back to Kenton 's arrival as housekeeper in the 1930s . The ever - efficient Stevens managed the household well , taking great pride in his profession , and his dedication was fully displayed when , while his father lay dying , he steadfastly continued his duties . Miss Kenton , too , proved to be a valuable servant , and she was equally efficient and strong - willed , but also warmer and less repressed . Relations between the two eventually warmed , and it became clear she had feelings for him , yet despite their proximity and shared purpose , Stevens ' detachment remained unchanged ; his first and only loyalty was to his service as Lord Darlington 's butler . One time , Miss Kenton embarrassed Stevens by catching him reading a romance novel ; Stevens told Miss Kenton has was reading it only to improve his vocabulary . Meanwhile , Darlington Hall was regularly frequented by politicians of the interwar period , and many of Lord Darlington 's guests were like - minded , fascist - sympathizing British and European aristocrats , with the exception of the more pragmatic Congressman Lewis , who did not share the `` noble instincts '' of Lord Darlington and his guests . Lewis informed the `` gentleman politicians '' in his midst that `` Europe has become the arena of Realpolitik '' and warned them they were `` headed for disaster . '' Darlington later met Prime Minister Chamberlain and the German Ambassador , and used his influence to try to broker a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany , based on his belief that Germany had been unfairly treated by the Treaty of Versailles following the First World War and only desires peace . In the midst of these events - and after overhearing Sir Geoffrey Wren praising Nazi racial laws - Darlington suddenly requested that two newly - appointed German - Jewish maids , both sisters and refugees , should be dismissed , despite being Stevens ' mild protest that the sisters were good workers . Nevertheless , Stevens carried out Lord Darlington 's command , despite a horrified Miss Kenton threatening to resign in protest .", "2": "Miss Kenton later confided in Stevens she had no family and nowhere to go to should she leave Darlington Hall , and was ashamed to not follow up on her threat to resign . Lord Darlington 's godson , journalist Reginald Cardinal , was appalled by the nature of the secret meetings in Darlington Hall ; concurring with Congressman Lewis ' earlier protestations , Cardinal told Stevens that Lord Darlington was a pawn , being used by the Nazis . Despite Cardinal 's indignation , Stevens did not denounce or criticise his master . Later , Lord Darlington expressed regret for having dismissed Ilsa and Irma , the two German - Jewish maids . He asked Stevens to locate them and Stevens enquired Miss Kenton as to the maids ' whereabouts . ( It is revealed the sisters were returned to Germany ; their ultimate fate is unknown . ) Eventually , Miss Kenton formed a relationship with a former co-worker , Tom Benn , who proposed marriage and asked Miss Kenton to move away with him to run a coastal boarding house . Miss Kenton mentioned this proposal to Stevens , in effect offering him an ultimatum , but Stevens would not admit his feelings , offering Miss Kenton only his congratulations . Miss Kenton left Darlington Hall prior to the outbreak of the Second World War . Before Miss Kenton 's departure , Stevens found her crying in frustration , but the only response he could muster was to call her attention to a neglected domestic task . En route to meeting Miss Kenton in 1958 , when asked by locals about his former employer , Stevens at first denies having served or even met Lord Darlington , but later admits to having served and respected him . He meets Miss Kenton ( now Mrs Benn ) , and they reminisce . Stevens mentions in conversation that Lord Darlington 's godson , Reginald Cardinal , was killed in the war . He also says Lord Darlington died from a broken heart - after the war , Lord Darlington sued a newspaper for libel , losing the suit and his reputation in the process . Stevens reveals that in his declining years , Lord Darlington at times failed to recognise Stevens and carried on conversations with no one else in the room . Miss Kenton declines Stevens ' offer to return to Darlington Hall , wishing instead to remain near her pregnant daughter .", "3": "After the meeting , Miss Kenton is emotional , while Stevens is still unable to demonstrate any feeling . Back in Darlington Hall , Lewis asks Stevens if he remembers much of the old days , to which Stevens replies that he was too busy serving . A pigeon then becomes trapped in the hall , and is eventually freed by the two men , leaving both Stevens and Darlington Hall far behind . Cast ( edit ) Anthony Hopkins as Mr. James Stevens Emma Thompson as Miss Sarah `` Sally '' Kenton ( later Mrs Benn after marriage ) James Fox as Lord Darlington Christopher Reeve as Congressman Jack Lewis Peter Vaughan as Mr William Stevens ( `` Mr Stevens , Sr '' ) Hugh Grant as Reginald Cardinal ( Lord Darlington 's godson ) John Haycraft as Auctioneer Caroline Hunt as Landlady Michael Lonsdale as Dupont d'Ivry Paula Jacobs as Mrs Mortimer Ben Chaplin as Charlie Steve Dibben as George ( footman no . 2 ) Abigail Harrison as Housemaid Rupert Vansittart as Sir Geoffrey Wren Patrick Godfrey as Spencer Peter Halliday as Canon Tufnell Peter Cellier as Sir Leonard Bax Frank Shelley as Prime Minister Peter Eyre as Lord Halifax Terence Bayler as Trimmer Hugh Sweetman as Scullery Boy Tony Aitken as Postmaster Emma Lewis as Elsa Joanna Joseph as Irma Tim Pigott - Smith as Tom Benn Lena Headey as Lizzie Pip Torrens as Doctor Carlisle Brigitte Kahn as German Baroness Wolf Kahler as German Ambassador Production ( edit ) A film adaptation of the novel was originally planned to be directed by Mike Nichols from a script by Harold Pinter . Some of Pinter 's script was used in the film , but , while Pinter was paid for his work , he asked to have his name removed from the credits , in keeping with his contract . Christopher C. Hudgins observes : `` During our 1994 interview , Pinter told ( Steven H . ) Gale and me that he had learned his lesson after the revisions imposed on his script for The Handmaid 's Tale , which he has decided not to publish .", "4": "When his script for The Remains of the Day was radically revised by the James Ivory - Ismail Merchant partnership , he refused to allow his name to be listed in the credits '' ( 125 ) . Though no longer the director , Nichols remained associated with the project as one of the producers of the Merchant Ivory film . Settings ( edit ) Music Room of Powderham Castle in 1983 A number of English country estates were used as locations for the film , partly owing to the persuasive power of Ismail Merchant , who was able to cajole permission for the production to borrow houses not normally open to the public . Among them were Dyrham Park for the exterior of the house and the driveway , Powderham Castle ( staircase , hall , music room , bedroom ; used for the aqua - turquoise stairway scenes ) , Corsham Court ( library and dining room ) and Badminton House ( servants ' quarters , conservatory , entrance hall ) . Luciana Arrighi , the production designer , scouted most of these locations . Scenes were also shot in Weston - super-Mare , which stood in for Clevedon . The pub where Mr Stevens stays is the Hop Pole in Limpley Stoke ; the shop featured is also in Limpley Stoke . The pub where Miss Kenton and Mr Benn meet is the George Inn , Norton St Philip . Characters ( edit ) The character of Sir Geoffrey Wren is based loosely on that of Sir Oswald Mosley , a British fascist active in the 1930s . Wren is depicted as a strict vegetarian . Edward Wood , 1st Earl of Halifax also appears in the film . Lord Darlington tells Stevens that Halifax approved of the polish on the silver , and Halifax himself later appears when Darlington meets secretly with the German Ambassador and his aides at night . Halifax was a chief architect of the British policy of appeasement from 1937 to 1939 . The character of Congressman Jack Lewis in the film is a composite of two separate American characters in Kazuo Ishiguro 's novel : Congressman Lewis ( who attends the pre-WW2 conference in Darlington Hall ) , and Mr Farraday , who succeeds Lord Darlington as master of Darlington Hall .", "5": "Score ( edit ) The Remains of the Day Film score by Richard Robbins Released Length 49 : 26 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Entertainment Weekly A link The original score is composed by Richard Robbins . The score was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score , losing to the score of Schindler 's List . Track listing Opening Titles , Darlington Hall -- 7 : 27 The Keyhole and the Chinaman -- 4 : 14 Tradition and Order -- 1 : 51 The Conference Begins -- 1 : 33 Sei Mir Gegrüsst ( Schubert ) -- 4 : 13 The Cooks in the Kitchen -- 1 : 34 Sir Geoffrey Wren and Stevens , Sr. -- 2 : 41 You Mean a Great Deal to This House -- 2 : 21 Loss and Separation -- 6 : 19 Blue Moon -- 4 : 57 Sentimental Love Story / Appeasement / In the Rain -- 5 : 22 A Portrait Returns / Darlington Hall / End Credits -- 6 : 54 Critical reception and Awards ( edit ) The film received a 97 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 39 reviews with an 8.4 / 10 average rating . Its consensus states : `` Smart , elegant , and blessed with impeccable performances from Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson , The Remains of the Day is a Merchant - Ivory classic . '' Roger Ebert particularly praised the film and called it `` a subtle , thoughtful movie . '' In his review for The Washington Post , Desson Howe gave the film a favorable review , and said of it `` Put Anthony Hopkins , Emma Thompson and James Fox together and you can expect sterling performances , '' praising their work in the film . Vincent Canby of The New York Times said , in another favorable review , `` Here 's a film for adults . It 's also about time to recognize that Mr Ivory is one of our finest directors , something that critics tend to overlook because most of his films have been literary adaptations . ''", "6": "The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards , but won none : Award Nomination Winner Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Anthony Hopkins ) Tom Hanks ( Philadelphia ) Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Emma Thompson ) Holly Hunter ( The Piano ) Best Art Direction - Set Decoration Allan Starski and Ewa Braun ( Schindler 's List ) Best Costume Design Gabriella Pescucci ( The Age of Innocence ) Best Director Steven Spielberg ( Schindler 's List ) Best Music , Original Score John Williams ( Schindler 's List ) Best Picture Schindler 's List Best Adapted Screenplay Steven Zaillian ( Schindler 's List ) The film is also recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2002 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Remains of the Day '' . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Actor in a Leading Role in 1994 '' . BAFTA. 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ British Film Institute - Top 100 British Films ( 1999 ) . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` In November 1994 , Pinter wrote , `` I 've just heard that they are bringing another writer into the `` Lolita '' film . It does n't surprise me . ' ... Pinter 's contract contained a clause to the effect that the film company could bring in another writer , but that in such a case he could withdraw his name ( which is exactly the case with ( the film ) The Remains of the Day - he had insisted on this clause since the bad experience with revisions made to his Handmaid 's Tale script ) ; he has never been given any reason as to why another writer was brought in '' ( Gale 352 ) . Jump up ^ Hudgins adds : `` We did not see Pinter 's name up in lights when Lyne 's Lolita finally made its appearance in 1998 .", "7": "Pinter goes on in the March 13 ( 1995 ) letter ( to Hudgins ) to state that ' I have never been given any reason at all as to why the film company brought in another writer , ' again quite similar to the equally ungracious treatment that he received in the Remains of the Day situation '' ( 125 ) . Jump up ^ Cf . the essay on the film The Remains of the Day published in Gale 's collection by Edward T. Jones : `` Pinter gave me a copy of his typescript for his screenplay , which he revised 24 January 1991 , during an interview that I conducted with him in London about his screenplay in May 1992 , part of which appeared in ' Harold Pinter : A Conversation ' in Literature / Film Quarterly , XXI ( 1993 ) : 2 -- 9 . In that interview , Pinter mentioned that Ishiguro liked the screenplay that he had scripted for a proposed film version of the novel . All references to Pinter 's screenplay in the text ( of Jones 's essay ) are to this unpublished manuscript '' ( 107n1 ) . Jump up ^ In his 2008 essay published in The Pinter Review , Hudgins discusses further details about why `` Pinter elected not to publish three of his completed film scripts , The Handmaid 's Tale , The Remains of the Day and Lolita , '' all of which Hudgins considers `` masterful film scripts '' of `` demonstrable superiority to the shooting scripts that were eventually used to make the films '' ; fortunately ( `` We can thank our various lucky stars '' ) , he says , `` these Pinter film scripts are now available not only in private collections but also in the Pinter Archive at the British Library '' ; in this essay , which he first presented as a paper at the 10th Europe Theatre Prize symposium , Pinter : Passion , Poetry , Politics , held in Turin , Italy , in March 2006 , Hudgins `` examin ( es ) all three unpublished film scripts in conjunction with one another '' and `` provides several interesting insights about Pinter 's adaptation process '' ( 132 ) . Jump up ^ `` Four Weddings actor visits Creebridge '' . Galloway Gazette. 26 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Giblin , James Cross ( 2002 ) . The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler . New York : Clarion Books . p. 175 . ISBN 9780395903711 . Jump up ^ Lee , David ( 2010 ) . Stanley Melbourne Bruce : Australian Internationalist . London : Continuum . pp. 121 -- 122 . ISBN 9780826445667 . Jump up ^ `` The Remains of the Day '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 5 November 1993 ) . `` The Remains Of The Day Movie Review ( 1993 ) Roger Ebert '' . Rogerebert.suntimes.com . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Remains of the Day ' '' . Washingtonpost.com. 5 November 1993 . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 5 November 1993 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Remains of the Day -- Review / Film : Remains of the Day ; Blind Dignity : A Butler 's Story '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 66th Academy Awards ( 1994 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gale , Steven H. Sharp Cut : Harold Pinter 's Screenplays and the Artistic Process . Lexington , Ky. : The University Press of Kentucky , 2003 . Gale , Steven H. , ed . The Films of Harold Pinter . Albany : SUNY Press , 2001 . Hudgins , Christopher C. `` Harold Pinter 's Lolita : ' My Sin , My Soul ' . '' In The Films of Harold Pinter . Steven H. Gale , ed . Albany , N.Y. : SUNY Press , 2001 .", "9": "Hudgins , Christopher C. `` Three Unpublished Harold Pinter Filmscripts : The Handmaid 's Tale , The Remains of the Day , Lolita . '' The Pinter Review : Nobel Prize / Europe Theatre Prize Volume : 2005 -- 2008 . Francis Gillen with Steven H. Gale , eds . Tampa , Fla. : University of Tampa Press , 2008 . External links ( edit ) The Remains of the Day on IMDb The Remains of the Day at AllMovie The Remains of the Day at Merchant Ivory Productions The Remains of the Day at Rotten Tomatoes Merchant Ivory Productions Ismail Merchant James Ivory The Householder ( 1963 ) Shakespeare Wallah ( 1965 ) The Guru ( 1969 ) The Night of Counting the Years ( 1969 ) Bombay Talkie ( 1970 ) Savages ( 1972 ) The Wild Party ( 1975 ) Autobiography of a Princess ( 1975 ) Roseland ( 1977 ) Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie 's Pictures ( 1978 ) The Five Forty - Eight ( 1978 ) The Europeans ( 1979 ) Jane Austen in Manhattan ( 1980 ) Quartet ( 1981 ) The Courtesans of Bombay ( 1983 ) Heat and Dust ( 1983 ) The Bostonians ( 1984 ) A Room with a View ( 1985 ) Maurice ( 1987 ) The Deceivers ( 1988 ) The Perfect Murder ( 1988 ) Slaves of New York ( 1989 ) Mr. & Mrs.", "10": "Bridge ( 1990 ) The Ballad of the Sad Cafe ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) In Custody ( 1994 ) Feast of July ( 1995 ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 ) The Proprietor ( 1996 ) Surviving Picasso ( 1996 ) Side Streets ( 1998 ) A Soldier 's Daughter Never Cries ( 1998 ) Cotton Mary ( 1999 ) The Golden Bowl ( 2000 ) The Mystic Masseur ( 2001 ) Le Divorce ( 2003 ) Heights ( 2005 ) The White Countess ( 2005 ) Before the Rains ( 2008 ) The City of Your Final Destination ( 2009 ) Films directed by James Ivory The Householder ( 1963 ) The Delhi Way ( 1964 ) Shakespeare Wallah ( 1965 ) The Guru ( 1969 ) Bombay Talkie ( 1970 ) Adventures of a Brown Man in Search of Civilization ( 1972 ) Savages ( 1972 ) Autobiography of a Princess ( 1975 ) The Wild Party ( 1975 ) Roseland ( 1977 ) Hullabaloo Over Georgie and Bonnie 's Pictures ( 1978 ) The Five Forty - Eight ( 1978 ) The Europeans ( 1979 ) Jane Austen in Manhattan ( 1980 ) Quartet ( 1981 ) Heat and Dust ( 1983 ) The Bostonians ( 1984 ) A Room with a View ( 1985 ) Maurice ( 1987 ) Slaves of New York ( 1989 ) Mr. & Mrs.", "11": "Bridge ( 1990 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 ) Lumière and Company ( 1995 ) Surviving Picasso ( 1996 ) A Soldier 's Daughter Never Cries ( 1998 ) The Golden Bowl ( 2000 ) Le Divorce ( 2003 ) The White Countess ( 2005 ) The City of Your Final Destination ( 2009 ) London Film Critics ' Circle British Film of the Year Life Is Sweet ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) The Madness of King George ( 1995 ) Secrets & Lies ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) East Is East ( 1999 ) Billy Elliot ( 2000 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) All or Nothing ( 2002 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Control ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Fish Tank ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) We Need to Talk About Kevin ( 2011 ) Berberian Sound Studio ( 2012 ) The Selfish Giant ( 2013 ) Under the Skin ( 2014 ) 45 Years ( 2015 ) I ,", "12": "Daniel Blake ( 2016 ) Dunkirk ( 2017 ) Works by Kazuo Ishiguro Novels A Pale View of Hills ( 1982 ) An Artist of the Floating World ( 1986 ) The Remains of the Day ( 1989 ) The Unconsoled ( 1995 ) When We Were Orphans ( 2000 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2005 ) The Buried Giant ( 2015 ) Short fiction Nocturnes ( 2009 ) Screenplays The Saddest Music in the World ( 2003 ) The White Countess ( 2005 ) Films The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "13": "php?title=The_Remains_of_the_Day_(film)&oldid=829497197 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films American films British films 1990s drama films American drama films British drama films Films based on British novels Films directed by James Ivory Films set in England Films set in 1935 Films set in 1936 Films set in 1938 Films set in 1956 Merchant Ivory Productions films Screenplays by Harold Pinter Screenplays by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala Films set in country houses BP Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 4, 13, 11, 2, 1, 10, 9, 12, 3, 5, 8, 0, 7, 6 ]	[ 4, 13, 11, 2, 1, 10 ]
5686056094774499898	what is the difference between airasia x and airasia	[ "AirAsia X is the medium and long-haul operation of the brand AirAsia" ]	{ "0": "AirAsia X - wikipedia AirAsia X Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Malaysian branded air service . For other Air Asia X brands from AirAsia , see AirAsia . AirAsia X Berhad IATA ICAO Callsign D7 XAX XANADU Founded 2007 ; 11 years ago ( 2007 ) ( as FlyAsianXpress ) Hubs Kuala Lumpur International Airport Frequent - flyer program AirAsia BIG Loyalty Programme Subsidiaries Indonesia AirAsia X Thai AirAsia X Fleet size 22 Destinations 22 Company slogan Now Everyone Can Fly Xtra Long Parent company AirAsia Traded as MYX : 5238 ISIN MYL5238OO000 Headquarters Kuala Lumpur International Airport Sepang , Selangor , Malaysia Key people Tony Fernandes Benyamin Ismail Rafidah Aziz ( Chairman ) Employees 2,893 ( 31 December 2015 ) Website www.airasia.com AirAsia X Berhad ( MYX : 5238 ) ( previously known as FlyAsianXpress Sdn . Bhd . ) , operating as AirAsia X , is a long - haul budget airline based in Malaysia , and a sister company of AirAsia . It commenced operations on 2 November 2007 with its first service flown from Kuala Lumpur International Airport , Malaysia , to Gold Coast Airport in Australia . AirAsia X flies to destinations within Asia , Australia and the United States of America . The airline operates a fleet of 22 aircraft and has placed orders for 76 more . Indonesia AirAsia X and Thai AirAsia X are affiliated with AirAsia X . AirAsia X is the medium and long - haul operation of the brand AirAsia , which is Asia 's largest low - cost carrier . The franchise is able to keep costs down by using a common ticketing system , aircraft livery , employee uniforms , and management style .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 FlyAsianXpress 2 Corporate affairs 2.1 Shareholders 3 Affiliate airlines 3.1 Indonesia AirAsia X 3.2 Thai AirAsia X 4 Destinations 4.1 Future expansion 5 Fleet 5.1 Historical Fleet 6 Incidents & Accidents 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) On 17 May 2007 , Tony Fernandes announced plans to commence flights from Malaysia to Australia . Fernandes said he would be avoiding Sydney Airport due to its high fees . Instead the airline would concentrate on cheaper alternatives such as Melbourne 's Avalon Airport , Williamtown Airport in Newcastle , and Adelaide Airport . Sustained fares were predicted to be around MYR 800 ( A $ 285 ) for a return fare , plus taxes . Interest was also expressed in using Gold Coast Airport as another Australian destination . Several major developments were announced on 10 August 2007 . AirAsia X announced its first route from Kuala Lumpur to the Gold Coast . One way fares for this route have been touted to begin at MYR 50 ( A $17 ) excluding taxes and charges , with average return prices to be approximately MYR1 , 800 ( A $598 ) , inclusive of taxes and charges . An AirAsia X Airbus A330 - 300 wearing the old livery The airline also announced that Sir Richard Branson of the Virgin Group , will take a 20 % share in the airline to help kick - start its long haul operations and to finance its aircraft purchases . Branson also forecast a strong possibility of future , formal links between Virgin Blue and AirAsia X , including codeshare agreements and Loyalty programs . The first AirAsia X aircraft arrived at Kuala Lumpur International Airport on 15 September 2007 . It was named `` Semangat Sir Freddie '' ( English : `` Spirit of Sir Freddie '' ) after the pioneer and founder of the low cost model ; the late , Sir Freddie Laker of Skytrain . FlyAsianXpress ( edit ) FlyAsianXpress ( FAX ) was an airline based in Sarawak , Malaysia . It operated services on some of the smaller routes dropped by national carrier Malaysia Airlines .", "2": "Its routes have since been taken over by MASwings . FAX was privately owned by Kamarudin Meranun , Raja Razali , Raja Azmi and Tony Fernandes . The airline was subcontracted by AirAsia to operate several domestic services following the withdrawal of Malaysia Airlines from rural air service routes within East Malaysia . Its maiden flight was on 1 August 2006 , despite being delayed for 50 minutes by bad weather . FAX was not a low cost carrier , but it incorporated some of AirAsia 's practices to reduce cost . Namely ; internet and phone bookings , as well as ticketless check - in systems . Within days of operation it was subject to a flood of criticisms from commuters , civil servants , and people working in the tourism industry . Critics argued that the new turboprop service provided by FAX should not be more expensive than the rural air service previously operated by Malaysia Airlines , as FAX was subsidised by the Malaysian Government . As well as cost , the airline was criticised for poor service , such as sudden flight cancellations without notice . The CEO of Sarawak Tourism Board also stated that disruptions to cargo supply flights to the interior , caused tourists to take their own food rations , rather than rely upon the air cargo supplies of food and fuel . FAX released a new flight timetable citing the sudden need for heavy maintenance on its Fokker 50 fleet as the trigger for severe disruption to its schedules . On 11 April 2007 , Tony Fernandes , CEO of the parent company of FAX ( AirAsia ) , publicised details of a handover offer of FAX 's rural routes , to Firefly , a subsidiary airline of Malaysia Airlines . He described it as `` the logical thing to do '' , as Firefly can be the only national company operating turboprop aircraft . On 26 April 2007 , the government announced Malaysia Airlines would take over the operation of rural air services from FAX , and gave assurance that any financial loss will be born by the government . Malaysia Airlines announced the take over of FAX destinations beginning on 1 October 2007 . Malaysia Airlines would operate these routes through a new subsidiary , MASwings . With FAX rural air services replaced by MASwings , the corporate name was changed from FlyAsianXpress Sdn . Bhd.", "3": "to AirAsia X Sdn . Bhd . with this , the airlines focus switched to a new market , low cost , long haul flights . Corporate affairs ( edit ) KLIA LCCT , which housed the AirAsia X head office prior to the opening of RedQuarters The head office is located at the LCC Terminal at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Sepang , Selangor , while the registered office is on Level 12 of the Menara Prima Tower B in Petaling Jaya , Selangor . The airline plans to move its head office to a new 613,383 square feet ( 56,985.1 m ) , RM140mil facility constructed at klia2 . Until the new head office opens , the airline 's head office will remain at LCCT . The new klia2 head office was scheduled to open in the end of 2015 . It is scheduled to hold about 2,000 AirAsia and AirAsia X employees . Aireen Omar , the AirAsia Country CEO of Malaysia , stated that the headquarters needed to be redesigned because in the klia2 plans the location of the control tower had been changed . Construction on the facility was scheduled to begin in July 2014 . Malaysia Airports Holdings is leasing the land that will be occupied by the headquarters . Filipina AirAsia X flight attendant January Ann Baysa gave the building the name `` RedQuarters '' or `` RedQ '' , and its groundbreaking ceremony was held in November 2014 . AirAsia X claims to have one of the lowest operating costs of any long - haul airline around the world , with a Cost per Available Seat - Kilometre ( CASK ) of US $0.0351 in 2015 , or US $0.0240 excluding fuel costs ( allowing them to undercut conventional long - haul fares by between 30 - 50 % ) . To reduce costs , they also co-ordinate many aspects of their operation together with larger affiliate AirAsia ( Asia 's largest low - cost carrier ) , such as staff requirements , fuel hedging , marketing and computer systems , which allows them to take advantage of economies of scale that would not be normally available to an airline of their size . Shareholders ( edit ) The entrance of two new major investors has given the company financial aid for future expansion plans .", "4": "As of 14 February 2008 , 48 % of AirAsia X is owned by Aero Ventures ; a venture of Tony Fernandes and other prominent Malaysians , as well as Air Canada 's Robert Milton . Virgin Group own 16 % and a further 16 % is owned by AirAsia . Bahrain - based Manara Consortium , and Japan - based Orix Corp have taken a 20 % stake in AirAsia X for RM250 million . AirAsia X was listed on the Bursa Malaysia ( the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange ) on 10 July 2013 , with the shares offered to individual and institutional investors at MYR1. 25 ( approx . US $0.39 ) per share . The float raised MYR988 million ( US $310 million , as of 2013 exchange rates ) and valued the company at MYR3 billion ( US $940 million ) . Shares initially performed poorly , closing unchanged on the first day of trading to post , according to Bloomberg , the `` second - worst trading debut in Malaysia '' that year . As of 10 October 2016 , shares of AirAsia X Berhad were trading at MYR0. 39 , giving the company a market value of MYR1. 62 billion ( US $390 million at 2016 exchange rates ) . According to the Financial Times , as of June 2015 , the largest shareholder of AirAsia X Berhad was Tune Group ( a private investment vehicle owned by Tony Fernandes and Kamarudin Meranun ) , which owns a 17.8 % stake . AirAsia Berhad ( which Tune owns 19.1 % of ) holds a further 13.8 % of AirAsia X while Tony Fernandes and Kamarudin Meranun also hold personal stakes , of 2.1 % and 8.1 % respectively . Lim Kiann Onn , a founding director and shareholder of other Tune Group businesses such as Tune Money and Tune Hotels , is the 4th largest shareholder , with 4.47 % of the company . Affiliate Airlines ( edit ) Indonesia AirAsia X ( edit ) Main article : Indonesia AirAsia X Indonesia AirAsia X is a joint venture of AirAsia X . It serves Indonesia AirAsia 's regularly scheduled long haul international flights from Bali 's Ngurah Rai International Airport .", "5": "Indonesia AirAsia X was planned to launch its first destination to Melbourne on 26 December 2014 but was delayed till 18 March 2015 due to delays in route approval from Australian authority . Instead , Taipei became Indonesia AirAsia X first destination by launching service on 30 January 2015 . Thai AirAsia X ( edit ) Main article : Thai AirAsia X Thai AirAsia X is a joint venture of AirAsia X in Thailand . Thai AirAsia X is Thailand 's first long - haul low - cost airline and began operation since its maiden service from Bangkok to Incheon , South Korea on 17 June 2014 and followed by Tokyo Narita and Osaka Kansai in Japan . Destinations ( edit ) AirAsia X Airbus A340 - 300 approaching London Stansted Airport Main article : AirAsia Group destinations Future expansion ( edit ) In June 2011 , the airline received government approval to begin service to six cities : Beijing , Shanghai , Osaka , Jeddah , Istanbul , and Surat . AirAsia X also plans to fly to Xi'an , Wuhan and Shenyang in the People 's Republic of China . In 2009 , the airline announced that it planned to serve Africa . AirAsia X also announced plans to expand to Japan and further into Australia . On 12 January 2012 , AirAsia X withdrew services to Delhi , Mumbai , London , and Paris , citing high fuel prices , `` exorbitant '' taxes , and weak travel demand . The airline also announced that it will fly from Kuala Lumpur to Sydney effective 1 April 2012 . Shortly after the announcement of the Sydney launch , the airline is also looking to serve Adelaide as the airline continues to expand in Australia . The airline also withdrew its service to Christchurch , New Zealand on 31 May 2012 after only a year of launching service . At the same time , the airline announced that it will increase services to Perth and Taipei from June 2012 . On 22 June 2012 , the airline launched service to Beijing , its third Chinese destination and at the same time terminated service to Tianjin . AirAsia X also suspended service to Abu Dhabi many years prior due to unprofitability .", "6": "On 8 October 2012 , AirAsia X announced with 7 days notice that they would withdraw service to Tehran citing `` challenging economic and business conditions '' , which drew criticism amidst allegations of poor service and deceptive practices . In July 2013 , AirAsia X executed an IPO on the Bursa Malaysia , raising $310 million . The international law firm of Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman advised on the transaction . The capital will be used to further expand routes , especially if the airline gets Thai authorities ' approval for an air operator 's certificate to operate flights from Bangkok to South Korea and Japan . AirAsia X is also planning to make a long haul airline in Indonesia . It is in the process of getting an Air Operator Certificate for that purpose . In December 2013 , Tony Fernandes , director of Air Asia X , said that the airline would resume flights to Europe using Airbus A330 - 300 twin engined aircraft models . On 15 July 2014 , CEO Azran Osman - Rani and Airbus President and CEO Fabrice Brégier , signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) for 50 A330 - 900neo aircraft at the Farnborough Airshow in the UK . The aircraft reduces fuel consumption by 14 % per seat over their current A330 - 300 's , AirAsia X will become one of the first operators for the new type . `` We have been encouraging Airbus to launch this new version of the A330 for some time now . I am pleased that they are offering this choice and bringing us the aircraft we truly need to develop further our low cost long haul model . We are 100 % sure that the A330neo will be quite unbeatable in its size category and we look forward to enabling more people to fly further more often aboard this great aircraft , '' said Tan Sri Tony Fernandes , Co-Founder and Director of AirAsia X . Air Asia X plans to reintroduce in the near future , routes from Kuala Lumpur to Paris and London . It resumed its Delhi service in early 2016 and returned to New Zealand in March 2016 with the Kuala Lumpur - International to Auckland service , via Gold Coast . It resumed services to Tehran on 21 June 2016 with the thrice weekly Kuala Lumpur - International to Tehran - Imam Khomeini service .", "7": "It commenced its new route to Sapporo in October 2015 and launched is new route to Honolulu at the end of June 2017 after delays in route approval in 2015 . On 9 October 2017 , AirAsia X announced the commencement of Jeju , South Korea as a 4 times weekly flight starting on 12 December 2017 . On 6 November 2017 , they also announced that they will be commencing direct flights to Jaipur , India on 5 February 2018 . Fleet ( edit ) An AirAsia X Airbus A330 - 300 at Seoul Incheon Airport During a business forum in Manila , Fernandes told reporters on the sideline that they are looking at the Boeing 787 Dreamliner for fleet expansion . As of August 2017 , the AirAsia X fleet consists of the following aircraft : AirAsia X Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes Y Total Airbus A330 - 300 22 12 365 377 plans to add third - party leased all - economy class A330s in 2018 to focus on shorter China and India routes Airbus A330 - 900neo -- 66 TBA Entry in service : 2018 Total 22 69 Historical Fleet ( edit ) Air Asia X Airbus A340 - 300 ( 9M - XAB ) approaching Stansted Airport ( STN ) in 2009 Airbus A340 - 300 Incidents & accidents ( edit ) On 10 March 2015 , AirAsia X Flight 223 , an Airbus A330 - 300 registered 9M - XXM ( MSN 741 ) had just left Sydney , when the pilots noticed a problem with the navigation display , the aircraft was to divert to Sydney , but due to the weather conditions the crew diverted the flight to Melbourne , the aircraft was stranded at Melbourne four hours on the ground whilst repairs were made . The aircraft landed at Kuala Lumpur , 5 hours after it was scheduled to land . Airbus A330 - 300 ( 9M - XXM ) , is no longer with AirAsia X however it is now with Thai AirAsia X , registered as HS - XTD .", "8": "On 25 June 2017 , AirAsia X Flight 237 , an Airbus A330 - 300 registered 9M - XXE ( MSN 1075 ) and carrying 359 people on board , had to divert back to Perth whilst en route to Kuala Lumpur , the aircraft was southwest of Learmonth , Western Australia , when the engine on the left had suffered a blade fracture . It caused severe damage in the engine core and had caused severe vibrations . The pilots had to shut down the engine and turned around back to Perth , no passengers or crew were injured . On 3 July 2017 , AirAsia X Flight 207 , an Airbus A330 - 300 registered 9M - XXT ( MSN 1549 ) carrying 345 passengers and 14 crew on board , diverted to Brisbane whilst en route from Gold Coast to Kuala Lumpur . The aircraft suffered a bird strike on the right hand engine . Two dead birds were retrieved from the engine and the aircraft sustained minor damage . See also ( edit ) Malaysia portal Companies portal Aviation portal Transport in Malaysia List of airlines of Malaysia AirAsia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Join BIG ! AirAsia BIG Loyalty Programme '' . Airasia.com . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` AirAsia X takes final two A330s before neo arrival '' . flightglobal.com . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ AirAsia gets FIC nod for RCPS subscription Archived 31 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` X-citing deal for air travellers '' . The Star . 6 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Jump up ^ List of low - cost airlines # ref 2 Jump up ^ `` Cut - price airlines landing like flies '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 18 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jetstar terminates Melbourne - Hawaii route '' . 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fly from Australia to Malaysia for A $31 '' . The Age . Melbourne . 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia to fly to Victoria , Queensland '' . News Limited .", "9": "10 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Branson to take 20 per cent stake in AirAsia '' . The Age . Melbourne . 7 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Daniel Breen . `` Billionaire Branson and AirAsia X move into Avalon '' . The Geelong Advertiser . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X Makes Long - Haul Flights More Affordable '' . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Welcome to AirAsia.com ... now everyone can fly Jump up ^ `` A smooth debut for FAX '' . Daily Express . Kota Kinabalu. 2 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About FAX , FAX Told '' . FlyAsianXpress.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Commuters express disappointment over rural air services offered by FAX '' . Borneo Bulletin . 11 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Be Sensitive To Rural People 's Needs , FAX Told '' . Bernama. 25 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FAX : Let Firefly take over '' . The Star . 12 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2007 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rural services back to MAS '' . The Star . 26 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ The Brunei Times Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X Berhad Annual Report 2014 '' ( Archive ) . AirAsia X . Retrieved on 2 February 2015 . p. 20 ( PDF p. 49 / 234 ) : `` REGISTERED OFFICE AirAsia X Berhad ( Company No.", "10": "734161 - K ) B - 13 - 15 , Level 13 Menara Prima Tower B Jalan PJU 1 / 39 , Dataran Prima 47301 Petaling Jaya Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia '' and `` HEAD OFFICE LCC Terminal Jalan KLIA S3 , Southern Support Zone KLIA , 64000 Sepang Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia '' ^ Jump up to : `` RedQuarters set to become AirAsia 's global HQ by 2016 '' ( Archive ) . The Star . November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved on September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia denies funding issues in moving HQ to klia2 '' ( Archive ) . The Malaysian Insider. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved on 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AirAsia 's new HQ to be completed by end - 2015 Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ABN News . 4 June 2014 . Retrieved on 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lim , Levina . `` AirAsia : Delay in moving HQ to klia2 not due to funding issues '' ( Archive ) . The Edge Financial Daily . Tuesday 3 June 2014 . Retrieved on 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X Berhad '' . www.airasiax.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X Chooses Manara & Orix As New Investors '' . 14 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Koon , Chong Pooi ( 2013 - 07 - 10 ) . `` AirAsia X Has Second - Worst Trading Debut in Malaysia '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bland , Ben ( 28 June 2015 ) . `` AirAsia CEO pledges to prove airline 's critics wrong '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 10 October 2016 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X major shareholders to take up rights issue - Business News The Star Online '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia launches long - haul operation in Indonesia '' . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia AirAsia X plans March 18 launch for Melbourne - Bali '' . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia AirAsia X revises launch date to late January '' . ch - aviation . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Post Publishing PCL . `` Thai AirAsia X to take to the skies in June '' . bangkokpost.com . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Horton , Will ( 28 June 2011 ) . `` AirAsia X cleared to serve the world - except Sydney -- Wings Down Under '' . Flightglobal . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X expanding despite flying rights halt '' . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` - ANN '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X May Add 60 More Planes , Open Hubs in Japan , Australia '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 29 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 12 January 2012 ) . `` AirAsia X to withdraw flights to Europe , India -- Yahoo ! ! News '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X -- To suspend services to Tehran '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TTG Asia -- Leader in Hotel , Airlines , Tourism and Travel Trade News -- KL hotels fret over AirAsia X 's Iranian pullout '' .", "12": "Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia seen riding out unfamiliar rough patch '' . ABS - CBN News . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Brennan . `` Pillsbury Advises AirAsia X on $310 Million IPO '' . The Recorder . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Calderon , Justin ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` investvine.com/airasia-x-ipo-lined-up-for-june/ '' . Inside Investor . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X to Resume Low - Cost Service Between Asia and Europe '' . Skift. 2013 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X to order 50 A330neo '' . airbus . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Iran - World 's First Iranian Aviation News Website in English '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Doug ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` AirAsia X Plans Hawaii Flights in November '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia Part 4 : AirAsia X pursues turnaround . Delhi to add to Honolulu & Sapporo as new routes - CAPA - Centre for Aviation '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Global Airline Guide 2017 ( Part One ) '' . Airliner World ( October 2017 ) : 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2017/11/24/airasia-x-9m17-core-net-loss-narrower-than-expected/ Jump up ^ `` AirAsia X switches remaining A330s to re-engined variant '' . flightglobal.com . Archived from the original on 9 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 .", "13": "CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ http://avherald.com/h?article=482f868f Jump up ^ https://m.planespotters.net/airframe/Airbus/A330/HS-XTD-Thai-AirAsia-X/lbXat95 Jump up ^ http://avherald.com/h?article=4aac9f14 Jump up ^ http://avherald.com/h?article=4ab26714 External links ( edit ) Media related to Air Asia X at Wikimedia Commons Official website ( hide ) AirAsia Group AirAsia Group destinations Tony Fernandes ( CEO ) Kamarudin Meranun ( Chairman ) Affiliates ( year began operating with AirAsia Group ) Thai AirAsia ( 2004 ) Indonesia AirAsia ( 2005 ) FlyAsianXpress ( 2006 -- 07 ) AirAsia X ( 2007 ) Philippines AirAsia ( 2012 ) AirAsia Zest ( 2013 - 2016 ) AirAsia India ( 2014 ) Thai AirAsia X ( 2014 ) Indonesia AirAsia X ( 2014 ) AirAsia Japan ( 2012 -- 13 defunct ; 2015 re-launch operations ) Sports teams Queens Park Rangers ( 2011 - present ) ( English football ) Petaling Jaya Rangers ( 2011 - present ) ( Malaysian football ) Team Lotus / Caterham F1 Team ( 2010 - 2014 defunct ) ( motorsport ) Caterham Racing GP2 ( 2011 - 2014 defunct ; sold to Status Grand Prix ) ( motorsport ) Ongetta 125cc Team ( 2010 ) ( motorsport ) Ajo Motorsport 125cc - Moto3 ( 2011 - 2013 ) ( motorsport ) Caterham Moto2 ( 2014 defunct ; rebranded as SIC Racing Team in 2015 and switch to Moto3 ) ( motorsport ) Accidents Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 ( December 2014 ;", "14": "162 fatalities ) See also Tune Group ( parent company ) Italics indicates defunct companies Airlines of Malaysia Mainline AirAsia AirAsia X Malaysia Airlines Malindo Air Regional Firefly MASwings Cargo DRB - HICOM Air Cargo Express MASkargo Neptune Air Raya Airways Charter Awan Inspirasi Berjaya Air Hornbill Skyways Layang Layang Aerospace MHS Aviation Sabah Air Weststar Aviation Defunct Borneo Airways Eaglexpress FlyAsianXpress Flymojo Malaysia -- Singapore Airlines Pelangi Air Saeaga Airlines Rayani Air Silverfly Vision Air Malaysia Flag carrier Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) Terminals Terminal 1 Satellite terminal A KL City Air Terminal klia2 Transport Aerotrain Express Rail Link KLIA Ekspres KLIA Transit Bus Authorities and operators Malaysia Airports Ministry of Home Affairs Department of Civil Aviation Tourist Police Transport in Malaysia Tourism in Malaysia Tune Group Tune Group company AirAsia AirAsia X Tune Protect Tune Hotel Tune Money Tune Talk Caterham Group Tune Sport ( ASEAN Basketball League ) ( Queens Park Rangers F.C. )", "15": "( Caterham F1 ( defunct ) ) ( Caterham Racing GP2 ( defunct ) ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AirAsia_X&oldid=838305860 '' Categories : Low - cost carriers AirAsia Airlines of Malaysia Airlines established in 2007 Malaysian companies established in 2007 Malaysian brands Tune Group Companies listed on the Malaysia Exchange Companies based in Sepang Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url EngvarB from February 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 05 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 6, 5, 7, 4, 1, 11, 3, 8, 13, 15, 12, 14, 9, 10, 2 ]	[ 0, 6, 5, 7, 4 ]
-5667708502568925602	when did bird is the word come out	[ "1963", "1963", "1963" ]	{ "0": "Surfin ' Bird - wikipedia Surfin ' Bird Jump to : navigation , search `` Surfin ' Bird '' Cover art for the 7 - inch single `` Surfin ' Bird '' Single by The Trashmen from the album Surfin ' Bird B - side `` King of the Surf '' Released November 13 , 1963 ( 1963 - 11 - 13 ) Format 7 '' Recorded 1963 Genre Surf rock garage rock Length 2 : 20 Label Garrett Songwriter ( s ) Al Frazier Carl White , Sonny Harris Turner Wilson Jr . Producer ( s ) Jack Bates The Trashmen singles chronology `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( 1963 ) `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( 1964 ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( 1963 ) `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( 1964 ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' is a song performed by American surf rock band The Trashmen , and it is also the name of the album that featured this hit single . The song was released in 1963 and reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It is a combination of two R&B hits by The Rivingtons : `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' and `` The Bird 's the Word '' .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Album track listing 2.1 Side 1 2.2 Side 2 2.3 Bonus tracks ( CD ) 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Covers 5 Media portrayal 5.1 Pink Flamingos 5.2 Full Metal Jacket 5.3 Family Guy 5.4 The Big Year 5.5 Birdz 6 Cultural appearances 6.1 Family Guy 6.2 Major League Baseball 6.3 Subway 6.4 Ferdinand ( film ) 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The Rivingtons followed up their 1962 Billboard Hot 100 hit `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' with the similar `` The Bird 's the Word '' in 1963 . The Trashmen had not heard this version but saw a band called The Sorensen Brothers playing it . They decided to play the song that night at their own gig . During this first performance , drummer and vocalist Steve Wahrer stopped playing and ad - libbed the `` Surfin ' Bird '' middle section . Despite not knowing `` The Bird 's the Word '' was a Rivingtons song , the similarity to `` Papa - Oom - Mow - Mow '' was obvious and The Trashmen added the chorus to the end of their new track . A local disc jockey , Bill Diehl , was at the gig and convinced the band to record the track . It was recorded at Kay Bank Studios in Minneapolis . Diehl entered it into a local battle of the bands competition and it won . It was then sent to a battle of the bands competition in Chicago where it also won . This led to the group being signed to Garrett Records with the single being quickly released . It reportedly sold 30,000 copies in its first weekend before going on to national success , reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Wahrer was originally credited as the song 's writer , but that was changed to the Rivingtons ( Al Frazier , Carl White , Sonny Harris , and Turner Wilson Jr . ) after the group successfully sued the Trashmen for plagiarism .", "2": "Album track listing ( edit ) Side 1 ( edit ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( Al Frazier / Sonny Harris / Carl White / Turner Wilson ) -- 2 : 23 `` King of the Surf '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 2 : 30 `` Henrietta '' ( Jimmy Dee / Larry Hitzfeld ) -- 2 : 35 `` Miserlou '' ( Milton Leeds / Nicholas Roubanis / Bob Russell / Fred Wise ) -- 2 : 08 `` Malagueña '' ( Ernesto Lecuona ) -- 2 : 35 `` It 's So Easy '' ( Buddy Holly / Norman Petty ) -- 2 : 06 Side 2 ( edit ) `` Tube City '' ( Steve Wahrer ) -- 3 : 23 `` My Woodie '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 1 : 55 `` Bird Bath '' ( Dan Darnold / Dal Winslow ) -- 2 : 37 `` Kuk '' ( Bob Demmon / Rich Fifield / Jim Gallagher / Dennis Lindsey ) -- 2 : 05 `` Money '' ( Janie Bradford / Berry Gordy , Jr . )", "3": "-- 3 : 12 `` Sleeper '' ( Larry LaPole ) -- 2 : 33 Bonus tracks ( CD ) ( edit ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' ( demo version ) `` Bird Dance Beat '' ( demo version ) `` Walkin ' My Baby '' ( L Mathis / M Mathis ) `` Dancin ' with Santa '' ( L LaPole ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 -- 64 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 50 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 75 US Cash Box Top 100 62 Covers ( edit ) `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by the Cramps as their 1978 debut single on Vengeance Records ; it also appeared on their 1979 album Gravest Hits and on their 1983 compilation album Off the Bone . The Cramps often end their concerts with the song . Paul Reubens ( as Pee - wee Herman ) covered the song on the soundtrack of the film Back to the Beach . `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Charly Lownoise and Mental Theo on the maxi single `` The Bird '' in 1993 . Orbital sampled heavily from the original version on `` Tension '' from their 2001 album The Altogether . `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Ramones on their Rocket to Russia album , released on November 4 , 1977 . `` Surfin ' Bird '' was covered by Sodom on their 2001 album M - 16 . `` Surfin Bird '' was covered by Phil Streva in 1989 . Release on the EP Catahoula in 2010 . Poultry - themed punk band The Radioactive Chicken Heads released a cover as a single in June 2017 and later as a music video in August , the same day the band performed the song on the ABC revival of The Gong Show .", "4": "Brazilian rock band Os Cascavelletes made a Portuguese - language version of the song , entitled `` Pombo Surfista '' , for their 1987 demo tape Vórtex Demo . Media portrayal ( edit ) Pink flamingos ( edit ) A man lip - synchs his anus to the tune of this song in one scene of John Waters 's 1972 exploitation comedy . Full Metal Jacket ( edit ) In the second half of 1987 Stanley Kubrick film Full Metal Jacket , when a journalist news team records and interviews the platoon sent to Phu Bai , `` Surfin ' Bird '' can be heard playing on both the soundtrack and in the background on a radio . Family Guy ( edit ) The song is also featured in the `` I Dream of Jesus '' Family Guy episode , in which Peter Griffin overhears the song at a diner . He proceeds to annoy his family by playing the song virtually nonstop for the rest of the episode . It has since become a running gag on the show . In a subsequent episode it is revealed that Peter served as the original inspiration for the song , having used Stewie 's time machine to travel into the past where he sang it for the Trashmen . The Big Year ( edit ) In the movie The Big Year , Jack Black 's character Brad Harris has `` Surfin ' Bird '' as his cellphone ringtone . Birdz ( edit ) The song was covered as a theme song for the short - lived CBS animated series Birdz . Cultural appearances ( edit ) Family Guy ( edit ) The Trashmen 's Song was featured in the Family Guy episode I Dream Of Jesus . It is shown to be Peter Griffin 's favorite song of all time . In the episode , Peter played it so often that it annoyed the family , and Brian Griffin and Stewie Griffin destroyed it . Major League baseball ( edit ) The Trashmen 's tune was frequently played on Detroit radio and TV stations over the summer of 1976 during segments featuring the Tigers ' 21 - year old rookie sensation Mark Fidrych . Fidrych was nicknamed `` The Bird '' because of his supposed resemblance to Sesame Street 's Big Bird character , and because of his cartoonish antics on the mound , which included talking to the ball between pitches .", "5": "Fidrych was named American League Rookie of the Year in 1976 , and finished second in the voting for the American League Cy Young Award . Subway ( edit ) The Ramones cover was used in a Fall 2017 television commercial for the Subway sandwich chain . Ferdinand ( film ) ( edit ) Prior to Ferdinand 's release in December 2017 , a television commercial featured a cover by an unknown artist having the Ferdinand 's nickname `` Ferd '' instead of bird . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived August 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` A whole new generation is ' hearing the word ' '' . Herald-journal.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` THE TRASHMEN '' . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 18 / 64 '' . 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive - The Chart Archive '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Hits of 1964 / Top 100 Songs of 1964 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Porter , Dick ( January 12 , 2015 ) . Journey to the Centre Of The Cramps . Music Sales Limited . p. 141 . ISBN 9781783233885 . Jump up ^ Ramones ( 1977 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Ramones - Rocket to Russia '' . Store.ramones.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` CD Baby Artist Login CD Baby Members Dashboard '' . Members.cdbaby.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Full Metal Jacket - Surfin Bird Part '' . YouTube . 2011 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Steve Kornacki ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Mark ' The Bird ' Fidrych owned summer of 1976 '' . mlive.com . Jump up ^ Subway Autumn Carved Turkey TV Commercial ' Mashup ' Song by Ramones . Ispot.tv ( 2 ) Accessed October 22 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Biography and discography of The Trashmen Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics surfin ' bird references Music video on YouTube . ( 3 ) on YouTube . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surfin%27_Bird&oldid=821980330 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1963 singles Debut singles Ramones songs The Trashmen songs Novelty songs Songs about birds Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 6, 5, 1, 2, 3, 0, 4 ]	[ 6, 5, 1, 2, 3, 0 ]
8355190372032373580	where was the remake of wake in fright filmed	[ "Broken Hill and Sydney", "Broken Hill", "Broken" ]	{ "0": "Wake in Fright ( miniseries ) - Wikipedia Wake in Fright ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2017 television miniseries . For the novel , see Wake in Fright ( novel ) . For the 1971 film , see Wake in Fright . Wake in Fright Australian promotional poster Genre Psychological thriller Based on Wake in Fright by Kenneth Cook Written by Stephen M. Irwin Directed by Kriv Stenders Starring Sean Keenan Alex Dimitriades Caren Pistorius Gary Sweet Robyn Malcolm Anna Samson Lee Jones Jada Alberts David Wenham Composer ( s ) Antony Partos Matteo Zingales Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Production Executive producer ( s ) Helen Bowden Jason Stephens Mark Fennessy Carl Fennessy Rick Maier Producer ( s ) Helen Bowden Kristian Moliere Location ( s ) Broken Hill Sydney Cinematography Geoffrey Hall Editor ( s ) Deborah Peart Running time 79 minutes ( Part One ) 81 minutes ( Part Two ) Production company ( s ) Screen Australia Network Ten Create NSW Lingo Pictures Endemol Shine Australia Triptych Pictures Distributor Roadshow Entertainment ( Australia ) Endemol Shine International ( International ) Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 8 October -- 15 October 2017 Wake in Fright is an Australian psychological thriller miniseries based on Kenneth Cook 's 1961 novel of the same name , which first aired on Network Ten in October 2017 . Directed by Kriv Stenders and written by Stephen M. Irwin , the series features an ensemble cast that includes Sean Keenan , Alex Dimitriades , Caren Pistorius , David Wenham , Anna Samson , Gary Sweet and Robyn Malcolm . It is the second filmed adaptation of Cook 's novel , following Ted Kotcheff 's 1971 film version .", "1": "As with earlier versions of the story , the series depicts the psychological journey of John Grant , a schoolteacher who has been marooned in an isolated outback town . Although it occasionally makes closer references to the novel than the film , the overall story was largely reworked for the series to fit a contemporary setting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part One 1.2 Part Two 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Viewership 4.3 Critical response 4.4 Accolades 4.5 Home media 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Part one ( edit ) John Grant is a young schoolteacher based in the isolated outback town of Tiboonda . After finishing the school year in time for the Christmas holidays , he begins driving to Sydney to take up a new teaching position at Neutral Bay , as well as seemingly get married to his girlfriend Robyn . John 's car is damaged when it collides with a kangaroo , forcing him to take a stopover in the mining town of Bundayabba -- referred to by the locals as `` The Yabba '' -- to await repairs . At a pub , he meets the enigmatic Sergeant Jock Crawford , who introduces him to the illegal but sanctioned game of two - up . After a winning streak , John loses all of his money , as well as some borrowed from former MMA fighter Mick Jaffries and her brother Joe , who subsequently demand that he pay them back . John befriends real estate agent Tim Hynes , who invites him to have dinner with his family , including his wife Ursula and daughter Janette , the town nurse . The encounter is shaken by the arrival of Evan `` Doc '' Tydon , the disgraced town doctor ; Doc and Janette begin to interrogate secrets in John 's character , which culminates in Janette attempting to seduce him . Afterwards , Tim tries to sell a house to John , hoping to generate cash in the wake of the decline in the mining business on which The Yabba was built ; when John instead asks for a loan to pay off his debts , Tim throws him out .", "2": "John awakens in Doc 's ramshackle Caravan . In his recollections of the previous night , he believes that Doc initiated a drunken homosexual encounter between them . Doc seemingly betrays John to Mick and Joe , who take them to their car - wrecking yard and prepare to embark on an outback feral pig hunt , giving John a chance to pay off his debts . Before departing , the Jaffries discover that John has found their secret methamphetamine lab , leading John to believe that they intend to kill him during the hunt . Part two ( edit ) The pig hunt turns into a riotous expedition fuelled by drugs and alcohol . Eventually , John falls unconscious and awakens to discover that Doc has been shot dead . Recalling earlier tensions between Doc and Mick , he assumes that the siblings killed Doc , intending to set him up . After fleeing the scene , John encounters Crawford and tells him what has happened , but they discover that the corpse has vanished . Crawford takes him to a hotel for questioning , but when Mick and Joe arrive , he escapes and takes refuge with Janette . After discovering that Doc and Janette were lovers and had a daughter , John explains that Doc has been killed ; enraged , Janette blames him for the murder and ejects him . Believing the police and the Jaffries to be in league with each other , he evades Crawford and hitches a ride to a nearby truck stop . John persuades a driver , who he assumes is heading for Sydney , to take him to the city , offering his only possession -- an engagement ring intended for Robyn -- as payment . Due to a misunderstanding , he returns to The Yabba and is immediately confronted by Crawford , who shows him footage taken by the Jaffries indicating that he shot Doc while hallucinating . In flashbacks , it is revealed that Robyn had turned down a premature marriage proposal , resulting in a dejected John getting drunk and being unable to save her from drowning . Overwhelmed by the two deaths on his conscience , John steals a rifle and shoots himself in the head . When John awakens in hospital , Crawford has him sign a statement indicating that his failed suicide attempt was an accident .", "3": "He also reveals that the Jaffries have been ordered to leave The Yabba due to their drug trafficking , and that Doc 's cause of death has been ruled as death by misadventure . Janette explains that their daughter drowned when Doc was supposed to be looking after her , leaving him wracked with guilt . Flashbacks reveal that Doc did not take advantage of John , but instead ensured his safety during his stupor , composed a suicide note , and willingly stepped in the path of his rifle . Following Janette 's advice , John is renewed by his experiences and returns to Tiboonda to start the new school year . Cast ( edit ) Principal cast Sean Keenan as John Grant Alex Dimitriades as Evan `` Doc '' Tydon Caren Pistorius as Janette Hynes Gary Sweet as Tim Hynes Robyn Malcolm as Ursula Hynes Anna Samson as Michaela `` Mick '' Jaffries Lee Jones as Joe Jaffries Jada Alberts as Constable Sandra `` Sandy '' Fanshawe David Wenham as Sergeant Jock Crawford Supporting cast Di Adams as Joyce , barmaid Fayssal Bazzi as Donald , hotel receptionist Elissa Burke as Maisy , schoolgirl Randall Dart as Vic Killen , mechanic Alan Dukes as Wayne Leneham Hannah Fredericksen as Robyn Leneham Gregory J. Fryer as Thomas , Aboriginal driver Sonya Giesekam as Mrs. Leneham Jason Lee Hansen as Charlie , Tiboonda publican John MacLeod as Elderly Man , a figure in John 's hallucinations Paula Nazarski as Bea , cab driver Jerome Pride as Small Driver Darcey Wilson ( uncredited ) as Jackie Killen Sources : Production ( edit ) Development and pre-production ( edit ) In 2012 , Triptych Pictures producer Kristian Moliere and Helen Bowden of Matchbox Pictures approached the family of writer Kenneth Cook on the possibility of a televised adaptation of his 1961 novel Wake in Fright .", "4": "Although the response was enthusiastic , the pair was informed that they would only be allowed to begin production once they had found the option for the original 1971 film version - if the deal stated that the adaptation rights were owned by a single entity in perpetuity , Moliere and Bowden would not be allowed to proceed with a series . The search for the option took three years , and eventually resulted in a copy being uncovered at the Estate of Dirk Bogarde ( who had originally planned to produce an adaptation in 1963 ) in Paris , which indicated that the option only referred to a film version , allowing Moliere and Bowden - who had left Matchbox and co-founded Lingo Pictures with Jason Stephens of FremantleMedia Australia - to enter active development by the end of 2015 . By this time , Lingo Pictures had also entered a co-production deal for two series with Mark and Carl Fennessy of Endemol Shine Australia , and Wake in Fright was decided as the first of those two productions . Both would also receive international distribution through Endemol Shine International . The series was officially announced on September 6 , 2016 , with Kriv Stenders being revealed as director . Commenting on the relatively short period from development to principal photography ( roughly fourteen months ) , Bowden explained that screenwriter Stephen M. Irwin - who was hired in January 2016 - and Network Ten 's Head of Drama Rick Maier were `` very fast and very good with feedback '' . Although noting that Wake in Fright was primarily targeted at a contemporary Australian audience , she expressed confidence in the series finding success abroad , saying `` It 's got a franchise , so it 's known through the novel , which has never been out of print in 50 years and it 's known through the film , which is very famous and not long ago the restored version was distributed through the US and a number of European countries . And ( Endemol Shine CEO Cathy Payne ) thinks the Outback setting and the story and the structure are ideal for international sales which is great . That 's what Lingo is about '' . During production , Moliere explained that the series primarily draws inspiration from the novel instead of the film , which he described as `` giving ( the production team ) a new way of looking at the casting '' .", "5": "Speaking on the role of retelling the story , Stenders said : Every generation , I think , needs to be reminded of ( ... ) the fantastic , rich culture that they have to draw from . So , to me , these - whatever you want to call them - `` remakes '' or `` reimaginings '' are , I think , a fantastic sign that we have ( ... ) this property that is worth something , and I think that 's incredibly exciting and incredibly positive . Aside from transposing the story to the present day , a number of changes to the material were made in Irwin 's script , notably the adaptation of the kangaroo hunt from the novel and film ( which controversially featured footage of real kangaroos being shot ) to a hunt for feral pigs . Although this was partially due to practical and ethical reasons regarding animal cruelty , Stenders felt that such a change `` just seemed to make perfect sense . The feral pig problem in Australia has become a devastating one that is seriously affecting rural communities , and the pig shoot provided us with the perfect setting and context for our version of the sequence '' . Ironically , Evan Jones ' script for the original film had also adapted the kangaroo hunt as a pig hunt , but this was changed back to the former during filming . Ted Kotcheff , the director of the 1971 film , initially expressed surprise that another adaptation of Cook 's novel was being made , questioning `` What are they going to do , use the book and make a serial ? Is there something missing from the film ? '' Following this comment , Kotcheff asked to give Stenders his `` congratulations and best wishes '' . Casting ( edit ) On March 4 , 2017 , the lead cast of Wake in Fright - Sean Keenan , David Wenham , Alex Dimitriades , Gary Sweet , Caren Pistorius , Robyn Malcolm , Lee Jones , Anna Samson , Hannah Frederiksen and Jada Alberts - was announced . Many of the smaller supporting roles and extras were portrayed by locals with no professional acting experience . Keenan revealed that he was offered the part of John Grant while shooting another project ; after being introduced to the film by a prop master who had found it on DVD in a charity shop , he studied both the novel and film , particularly the former , to get an understanding of his character .", "6": "Wenham admitted that he expressed scepticism when he was offered the role of Jock Crawford , calling the reimagining `` a stupid idea '' . He changed his mind and accepted the role after expressing satisfaction with the script , adding that `` Very few people after my generation will ever see that film . That 's what made me turn 180 degrees . I thought , ' Why not give people the opportunity to access this story ? Why am I being so snooty about it ? ' '' Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for Wake in Fright took place in Broken Hill and Sydney . Beginning on March 5 , 2017 , the shoot lasted five weeks . Reception ( edit ) Promotion ( edit ) Network Ten released the first trailer for Wake in Fright on July 25 , 2017 , followed by a second on September 17 . The second trailer was recalled by Ten following a complaint made by the law firm Lea - Shannon Legal on behalf of the Wake in Fright Trust , which owns the rights to the 1971 film , due to its misleading use of a quote by Martin Scorsese regarding his reaction to the film 's screening at the Cannes Film Festival ( `` It left me speechless '' ) to describe the series . Later airings of the trailer replaced Scorsese 's comment with a quote from The Age , which described the series as `` A stunning Australian drama '' . Viewership ( edit ) Upon the broadcast of the first episode , The Daily Telegraph reported that the series had `` bombed on debut '' despite heavy promotion by Network Ten . The writer felt that its 408,000 viewership ratings put in doubt `` the future of Aussie drama on commercial networks after disappointing figures from similar biopics and remakes ( including Blue Murder : Killer Cop , House of Bond and Hoges : The Paul Hogan Story ) throughout the year '' . No .", "7": "Title Air date Timeslot Overnight ratings Consolidated ratings Total viewers Ref ( s ) Viewers Rank Viewers Rank Part One 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) Sunday 8 : 30pm 408,000 19 51,000 15 459,000 Part Two 15 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) Sunday 8 : 30pm 293,000 13 75,000 12 368,000 Critical response ( edit ) Since its broadcast , critical responses to Wake in Fright have varied , with reviewers typically lauding members of the cast ( particularly Keenan , Dimitriades and Wenham ) for their performances , while the story adaptation and technical elements of the production were either praised for creating a strong sense of fear and intensity , or criticised for being overwrought , unnecessary or inferior to the novel and film . Writing for The Australian , Graeme Blundell 's assessment of the series was highly positive , asserting that Irwin and Stenders ' adaptation successfully retained Cook 's vision of the outback and mateship . He believed that this was in large part due to the `` polish ( ed ) and control ( led ) '' direction of the cast and `` the mise - en - scene ( which ) has you longing for a beer after only minutes '' . Blundell also felt that the series stayed true to the producers ' intentions of `` imagin ( ing ) a new story from a contemporary perspective '' while not `` ( treading ) on the footprint of the 1971 film '' . A similarly enthusiastic response came from Denise Erikson of The New Daily , who expressed that she was tempted to `` call this the best new Australian drama this year '' , describing Wake in Fright as `` beautifully cast , well scripted , imaginatively shot and very well directed . A terrific music score drives the tension ( ... ) a sparse script allow ( s ) the story to star and grip the audience '' . Erikson felt that audiences unfamiliar with previous versions would not be hindered by the experience of watching the newer adaptation , `` because you wo n't waste time wondering which one is best . This first episode at least is simply excellent television drama in its own right '' .", "8": "Karl Quinn of The Sydney Morning Herald was also favourable . The writer believed that the series was a `` rather terrific production '' that captured the spirit of the novel and the `` snowballing chaos all this drunkenness begets '' well , singling out Wenham , Sweet and Dimitriades for praise ; while admitting that he was uncertain about the new treatment of Doc Tydon 's character , he said that he could `` understand why it was done '' . Reviewing for Now To Love , Thomas Mitchell lauded Keenan 's performance , and noted that `` While the two - part series will inevitably be compared to the film , they 're different beasts . But one thing they do share is that both will have you glued to the edge of your seat '' . More mixed responses came from Ben Neutze of Daily Review and David Knox of TV Tonight , both of whom reviewed the first episode only . While praising Stenders ' direction and the cast , particularly Keenan and Samson , Neutze felt that the chosen medium of commercial television and the need for advertising breaks throughout severely hampered the story 's pacing , resulting in the series `` struggl ( ing ) to find a way to maintain the tension and mounting helplessness of John 's situation '' . While describing the series as `` very enjoyable and unusual '' , he also felt that it failed to justify its existence , expressing that `` there 's really very little that 's gained by updating the story to present day '' . Awarding the first episode three out of five stars , Knox criticised , among other aspects of the production , what he saw as a `` heavy - handed approach to the locals as menacing , manipulative and two - sided '' in comparison to the benevolently friendly nature of the characters in the film , and felt that Wenham 's portrayal of Crawford was inferior to Chips Rafferty 's . However , he praised Stender 's commitment to retaining most of the original story and the performances of Keenan and Dimitriades , concluding that Wake in Fright is a `` good entry point to Kenneth Cook 's story '' . Luke Buckmaster of The Guardian was critical ; in a two - star ( out of five ) review , he questioned the need for a contemporisation of a novel and film whose themes and visual iconography are `` more or less timeless '' .", "9": "Noting that the series `` fails to even propose an interesting answer '' as to why The Yabba 's populace would be proud of their town , he criticised the Jaffries ' role as `` cartoonish drug dealers and lowlifes '' for `` shifting the focus from cold beer as a sign of progress to a general thirst for mind - altering drugs '' , as well as John 's newly - devised `` traumatic backstory '' and the reimagining of Doc Tydon as a `` Dr. Gonzo Down Under ( which ) belongs to an uninspiring digression from the original story '' . Buckmaster believed that John 's interactions with these characters results in `` standard issue crime story plotting '' that `` reduces the impact of Grant 's downward spiralling trajectory , placing more emphasis on external forces '' , and decried Geoffrey Hall 's cinematography for looking `` bright rather than burnt , and lack ( ing ) visual flavour '' . Jason Di Rosso of ABC Radio National expressed similar sentiments : It begins promisingly , with a sense of menace that Stenders builds well , but it sells itself short in the second half as almost every character is given a backstory to explain their actions or account for their demise . So much for bush existentialism . It reeks of lowest common denominator free to air television plotting , and the promise of a weirder , more unhinged story in the mould of so much great American TV drama is squandered in the mistaken belief that free to air audiences ca n't handle ambiguity . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2017 7th AACTA Awards Best Telefeature or Mini Series Helen Bowden , Kristian Moliere Nominated Best Lead Actor - Drama Sean Keenan Nominated Best Guest or Supporting Actor -- Drama David Wenham Nominated Best Cinematography in Television Geoffrey Hall Nominated Best Sound in Television Stephen Smith , Liam Price , Paul Brincat , Shanti Burn , Tony Murtagh Won Best Original Music Score in Television Antony Partos , Matteo Zingales Won Best Costume Design in Television Mariot Kerr Nominated Home media ( edit ) Roadshow Entertainment released both episodes on streaming services in Australia on October 17 , 2017 , and on DVD on November 29 .", "10": "The DVD includes a 10 - minute behind - the - scenes featurette containing brief interviews with key cast and crew members . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wake in Fright ( 2017 ) '' . screenaustralia.com.au . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lingo Pictures PTY LTD '' . screenaustralia.com.au . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` Airdate : Wake in Fright '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 5 March 2017 ) . `` TEN reveals Wake in Fright cast '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright : cast '' . Australian Television . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wake in Fright ( Ending Credits ) ( DVD ) . Sydney : Roadshow Entertainment . 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The three - year , round - the - world hunt for Wake in Fright '' . Screen Australia . 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 10 commissions a TV version of classic 1971 Australian movie Wake in Fright '' . News.com.au . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright retold '' . Screen Australia . 27 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Controversial roo - hunt culled from Channel 10 's remake of cult Aussie film Wake in Fright '' . Herald Sun . 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Wake in Fright ( Part Three ) '' . SBS. 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are they mad ? Wake in Fright director Ted Kotcheff on TV remake of his classic '' . The Sydney Morning Herald .", "11": "November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Wake in Fright ( Behind the Scenes ) ( DVD ) . Sydney : Roadshow Entertainment . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Keenan : On Bringing His Character to Life '' . Network 10 . 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright : Why David Wenham thought TV miniseries was ' a stupid idea ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wake in Fright '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A classic re-imagined : Channel Ten drops the first trailer for anticipated mini-series Wake In Fright based on the iconic 1971 Australian film '' . Daily Mail . 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TEN Promo : Wake in Fright ( 2017 ) '' . YouTube . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Network Ten forced to change ' Wake in Fright ' trailer '' . IF Magazine . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biopics have failed to rate on free - to - air with Ten 's latest offering Wake In Fright falling flat on debut '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Sunday 8 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 8 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Sunday 15 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 16 October 2017 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 23 October 2017 ) . `` Timeshifted : Sunday 15 October 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright miniseries gives Kenneth Cook 's story new life '' . The Australian . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright : The newest must - see Australian drama '' . The New Daily . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright review : John Grant goes to hell and back so you do n't have to '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Can the modern Wake In Fright measure up against a cult classic ? '' . Now To Love . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright : Ten Revives a Classic , Ad Breaks and All '' . Daily Review . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright review -- TV remake of classic outback thriller lacks bite '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright '' . ABC Radio National . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright '' . YouTube . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake in Fright '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 27 November 2017 .", "13": "External links ( edit ) Wake in Fright on IMDb ( hide ) Kriv Stenders filmography Film The Illustrated Family Doctor ( 2005 ) Blacktown ( 2005 ) Boxing Day ( 2007 ) Lucky Country ( 2009 ) Red Dog ( 2011 ) Kill Me Three Times ( 2014 ) Red Dog : True Blue ( 2016 ) Australia Day ( 2017 ) The Go - Betweens : Right Here ( 2017 ) Television Why Anzac with Sam Neill ( 2015 ) The Principal ( 2015 ) Wake in Fright ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wake_in_Fright_(miniseries)&oldid=816125203 '' Categories : 2017 television films Australian television films Australian films Network Ten shows Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Use Australian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 12 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 2, 1, 12, 6, 13, 11, 7, 3, 0, 4, 9, 8, 10, 5 ]	[ 6, 2, 1, 12, 13, 11 ]
-1348808528357457670	who is the actor who plays king joffrey	[ "Jack Gleeson", "Jack Gleeson", "Jack Gleeson", "Jack Gleeson", "Jack Gleeson" ]	{ "0": "Jack Gleeson - wikipedia Jack Gleeson Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jackie Gleason or Jack Gleeson ( hurler ) . Jack Gleeson Gleeson in 2012 ( 1992 - 05 - 20 ) 20 May 1992 ( age 25 ) Cork , Ireland Alma mater Trinity College , Dublin Occupation Actor Years active 2002 -- 2014 Jack Gleeson ( born 20 May 1992 ) is an Irish former actor , best known for his portrayal of Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO television series Game of Thrones . Despite his early breakthrough on Thrones , which won critical acclaim , Gleeson has stated that he disliked acting for television and film , and has left that profession since 2014 . He currently runs his own touring theatre company , whose debut show -- Bears in Space -- premiered in Ireland in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Gleeson was born in Cork , Ireland . Gleeson attended Gonzaga College for his secondary education . He attended drama classes when young , with his sisters Rachel and Emma who are also actresses in Ireland . Gleeson is a student of Trinity College , Dublin , studying philosophy and theology and he is also a member of DU Players . In 2012 , he was awarded a scholarship at the same university . Career ( edit ) Gleeson began acting at the age of seven in the Independent Theatre Workshop . His first roles were in films such as Reign of Fire in 2002 , Batman Begins in 2005 , Shrooms in 2007 , and A Shine of Rainbows in 2009 . In 2010 , he appeared in a leading role in All Good Children . The reviewer for Variety magazine considered Gleeson `` the pic 's big discovery '' . Gleeson starred as Joffrey Baratheon in the HBO series Game of Thrones . He cites Joaquin Phoenix 's portrayal of Commodus in Gladiator as an influence on his performance . He is a founder and artistic director of Collapsing Horse Theatre Company , which is based in Dublin .", "1": "In 2012 , Gleeson indicated an intention to retire from acting to pursue an academic career once his work on Game of Thrones was finished . In 2014 , Gleeson confirmed he would be permanently retiring from acting after concluding his work in Game of Thrones . In the same interview , he stated that while he had previously been interested in pursuing academia , he had since ' gone off that idea ' . In 2015 , Gleeson starred in the puppetry shows Bears in Space created by his theatre company Collapsing Horse and in mid-2016 the show premiered in New York . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Reign of Fire Kid Uncredited Moving Day Jack Short film 2003 Fishtale Boy with the Fish Short film Tom Waits Made Me Cry Young Vincent Short film 2005 Batman Begins Little Boy 2007 Shrooms Lonely Twin 2009 A Shine of Rainbows Seamus All Good Children Dara Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Network Notes 2006 -- 2008 Killinaskully Pa Connors Jr . RTÉ One 4 episodes 2011 -- 2014 Game of Thrones Joffrey Baratheon HBO 26 episodes IGN People 's Choice Award for Best TV Villain ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Nominated -- IGN Award for Best TV Villain ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series ( 2013 ) Nominated -- Scream Award for Best Ensemble ( 2011 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2011 , 2013 ) Nominated -- Young Hollywood Award : We Love to Hate You ( 2014 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jack Gleeson Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Regan , Mark ( 17 April 2012 ) . `` Jack Gleeson swaps ' Game of Thrones ' for seat of learning '' . Irish Independent . independent.ie .", "2": "Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Email : Fellows & Scholars ( Email ) ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Welcome -- Fellows & Scholars : Trinity College Dublin , The University of Dublin , Ireland '' . Tcd.ie . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meanwhile , At Trinity College '' . Broadsheet.ie. 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Itwstudios.ie Jump up ^ `` Jack Gleeson Lands Major HBO Pilot ! '' . In The Spotlight. 10 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` All Good Children -- Film Reviews -- Cannes '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 19 July 2009 ) . `` Sean Bean ascends to Game of Thrones '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hill , Logan ( June 2012 ) . `` The Villains Questionnaire : Jack Gleeson '' . GQ . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Jack Gleeson talks royal wedding shocker -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 April 2014 .", "3": "Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/jack-gleeson-aka-king-joffrey-baratheon-is-playing-with-puppets-now External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jack Gleeson Jack Gleeson on IMDb VIAF : 233353138 LCCN : no2012033144 GND : 1059836599 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Gleeson&oldid=805136777 '' Categories : 1992 births Living people 21st - century Irish male actors Irish male child actors Irish male film actors Irish male television actors Male actors from Cork ( city ) Hidden categories : EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 08 : 56 . About Wikipedia", "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 3, 2, 0, 1 ]	[ 3, 2, 0, 1 ]
-7785265797984098698	the stonewall riot in new york city in 1969 involved a protest by	[ "members of the gay (LGBT) community", "the gay (LGBT) community" ]	{ "0": "Stonewall riots - wikipedia Stonewall riots Jump to : navigation , search The Stonewall Inn , taken September 1969 . The sign in the window reads : `` We homosexuals plead with our people to please help maintain peaceful and quiet conduct on the streets of the Village. -- Mattachine . '' The Stonewall riots ( also referred to as the Stonewall uprising or the Stonewall rebellion ) were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay ( LGBT ) community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan , New York City . They are widely considered to constitute the most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States . Gay Americans in the 1950s and 1960s faced an anti-gay legal system . Early homophile groups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into society , and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexuals alike . The last years of the 1960s , however , were very contentious , as many social / political movements were active , including the civil rights movement , the counterculture of the 1960s , and the anti -- Vietnam War movement . These influences , along with the liberal environment of Greenwich Village , served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots . Very few establishments welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s . Those that did were often bars , although bar owners and managers were rarely gay . At the time , the Stonewall Inn was owned by the Mafia . It catered to an assortment of patrons and was known to be popular among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community : drag queens , transgender people , effeminate young men , butch lesbians , male prostitutes , and homeless youth . Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s , but officers quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn . They attracted a crowd that was incited to riot . Tensions between New York City police and gay residents of Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening , and again several nights later .", "1": "Within weeks , Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about their sexual orientation without fear of being arrested . After the Stonewall riots , gays and lesbians in New York City faced gender , race , class , and generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community . Within six months , two gay activist organizations were formed in New York , concentrating on confrontational tactics , and three newspapers were established to promote rights for gays and lesbians . Within a few years , gay rights organizations were founded across the U.S. and the world . On June 28 , 1970 , the first gay pride marches took place in New York , Los Angeles , San Francisco and Chicago commemorating the anniversary of the riots . Similar marches were organized in other cities . Today , Gay Pride events are held annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots . The Stonewall National Monument was established at the site in 2016 .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Homosexuality in 20th - century United States 1.2 Homophile activism 1.3 Compton 's Cafeteria riot 1.4 Greenwich Village 1.5 Stonewall Inn 2 Riots 2.1 Police raid 2.2 Violence breaks out 2.3 Escalation 2.4 A second night of rioting 2.5 Leaflets , press coverage , and more violence 3 Aftermath 3.1 Gay Liberation Front 3.2 Gay Activists Alliance 3.3 Gay Pride 4 Legacy 4.1 Unlikely community 4.2 Rejection of gay subculture 4.3 Lasting impact and recognition 4.4 National monument 5 Media representations 5.1 Film 5.2 Music 6 Notable participants 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Background ( edit ) Homosexuality in 20th - century United States ( edit ) Following the social upheaval of World War II , many people in the United States felt a fervent desire to `` restore the prewar social order and hold off the forces of change '' , according to historian Barry Adam . Spurred by the national emphasis on anti-communism , Senator Joseph McCarthy conducted hearings searching for communists in the U.S. government , the U.S. Army , and other government - funded agencies and institutions , leading to a national paranoia . Anarchists , communists , and other people deemed un-American and subversive were considered security risks . Homosexuals were included in this list by the U.S. State Department on the theory that they were susceptible to blackmail . In 1950 , a Senate investigation chaired by Clyde R. Hoey noted in a report , `` It is generally believed that those who engage in overt acts of perversion lack the emotional stability of normal persons '' , and said all of the government 's intelligence agencies `` are in complete agreement that sex perverts in Government constitute security risks '' .", "3": "Between 1947 and 1950 , 1,700 federal job applications were denied , 4,380 people were discharged from the military , and 420 were fired from their government jobs for being suspected homosexuals . Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and police departments kept lists of known homosexuals , their favored establishments , and friends ; the U.S. Post Office kept track of addresses where material pertaining to homosexuality was mailed . State and local governments followed suit : bars catering to homosexuals were shut down , and their customers were arrested and exposed in newspapers . Cities performed `` sweeps '' to rid neighborhoods , parks , bars , and beaches of gay people . They outlawed the wearing of opposite gender clothes , and universities expelled instructors suspected of being homosexual . Thousands of gay men and women were publicly humiliated , physically harassed , fired , jailed , or institutionalized in mental hospitals . Many lived double lives , keeping their private lives secret from their professional ones . In 1952 , the American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ( DSM ) as a mental disorder . A large - scale study of homosexuality in 1962 was used to justify inclusion of the disorder as a supposed pathological hidden fear of the opposite sex caused by traumatic parent -- child relationships . This view was widely influential in the medical profession . In 1956 , however , the psychologist Evelyn Hooker performed a study that compared the happiness and well - adjusted nature of self - identified homosexual men with heterosexual men and found no difference . Her study stunned the medical community and made her a hero to many gay men and lesbians , but homosexuality remained in the DSM until 1973 . Homophile activism ( edit ) In response to this trend , two organizations formed independently of each other to advance the cause of homosexuals and provide social opportunities where gays and lesbians could socialize without fear of being arrested . Los Angeles area homosexuals created the Mattachine Society in 1950 , in the home of communist activist Harry Hay . Their objectives were to unify homosexuals , educate them , provide leadership , and assist `` sexual deviants '' with legal troubles . Facing enormous opposition to its radical approach , in 1953 the Mattachine shifted their focus to assimilation and respectability . They reasoned that they would change more minds about homosexuality by proving that gays and lesbians were normal people , no different from heterosexuals .", "4": "Soon after , several women in San Francisco met in their living rooms to form the Daughters of Bilitis ( DOB ) for lesbians . Although the eight women who created the DOB initially came together to be able to have a safe place to dance , as the DOB grew they developed similar goals to the Mattachine , and urged their members to assimilate into general society . One of the first challenges to government repression came in 1953 . An organization named ONE , Inc. published a magazine called ONE . The U.S. Postal Service refused to mail its August issue , which concerned homosexuals in heterosexual marriages , on the grounds that the material was obscene despite it being covered in brown paper wrapping . The case eventually went to the Supreme Court , which in 1958 ruled that ONE , Inc. could mail its materials through the Postal Service . Homophile organizations -- as homosexual groups were called -- grew in number and spread to the East Coast . Gradually , members of these organizations grew bolder . Frank Kameny founded the Mattachine of Washington , D.C. He had been fired from the U.S. Army Map Service for being a homosexual , and sued unsuccessfully to be reinstated . Kameny wrote that homosexuals were no different from heterosexuals , often aiming his efforts at mental health professionals , some of whom attended Mattachine and DOB meetings telling members they were abnormal . In 1965 , Kameny , inspired by the civil rights movement , organized a picket of the White House and other government buildings to protest employment discrimination . The pickets shocked many gay people , and upset some of the leadership of Mattachine and the DOB . At the same time , demonstrations in the civil rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War all grew in prominence , frequency , and severity throughout the 1960s , as did their confrontations with police forces . Compton 's Cafeteria riot ( edit ) Main article : Compton 's Cafeteria riot On the outer fringes of the few small gay communities were people who challenged gender expectations . They were effeminate men and masculine women , or people assigned male at birth who dressed and lived as women and people assigned female at birth who dressed and lived as men , respectively , either part or full - time .", "5": "Contemporary nomenclature classified them as transvestites , and they were the most visible representatives of sexual minorities . They belied the carefully crafted image portrayed by the Mattachine Society and DOB that asserted homosexuals were respectable , normal people . The Mattachine and DOB considered the trials of being arrested for wearing clothing of the opposite gender as a parallel to the struggles of homophile organizations : similar but distinctly separate . Gay and transgender people staged a small riot at the Cooper Do - nuts cafe in Los Angeles in 1959 in response to police harassment . In a larger event in 1966 in San Francisco , drag queens , hustlers , and transvestites were sitting in Compton 's Cafeteria when the police arrived to arrest men dressed as women . A riot ensued , with the patrons of the cafeteria slinging cups , plates , and saucers , and breaking the plexiglass windows in the front of the restaurant , and returning several days later to smash the windows again after they were replaced . Professor Susan Stryker classifies the Compton 's Cafeteria riot as an `` act of anti-transgender discrimination , rather than an act of discrimination against sexual orientation '' and connects the uprising to the issues of gender , race , and class that were being downplayed by homophile organizations . It marked the beginning of transgender activism in San Francisco . Greenwich Village ( edit ) Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village The Manhattan neighborhoods of Greenwich Village and Harlem were home to a sizable homosexual population after World War I , when men and women who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities . The enclaves of gays and lesbians , described by a newspaper story as `` short - haired women and long - haired men '' , developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades . Prohibition inadvertently benefited gay establishments , as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral . New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses , but because alcohol was in high demand , speakeasies and impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all . The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village .", "6": "A cohort of poets , later named the Beat poets , wrote about the evils of the social organization at the time , glorifying anarchy , drugs , and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance , consumerism , and closed mindedness . Of them , Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs -- both Greenwich Village residents -- also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality . Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal - minded people , as well as homosexuals looking for a community . By the early 1960s , a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of Mayor Robert F. Wagner , Jr. , who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the 1964 World 's Fair . The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars , and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible . Entrapment usually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park , engaged him in conversation ; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together -- or the officer bought the man a drink -- he was arrested for solicitation . One story in the New York Post described an arrest in a gym locker room , where the officer grabbed his crotch , moaning , and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested . Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these , and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer . The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected Mayor John Lindsay to end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City . They had a more difficult time with the New York State Liquor Authority ( SLA ) . While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals , courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become `` disorderly '' . Despite the high population of gays and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home , very few places existed , other than bars , where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested . In 1966 the New York Mattachine held a `` sip - in '' at a Greenwich Village bar named Julius , which was frequented by gay men , to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced . None of the bars frequented by gays and lesbians were owned by gay people .", "7": "Almost all of them were owned and controlled by organized crime , who treated the regulars poorly , watered down the liquor , and overcharged for drinks . However , they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids . Stonewall Inn ( edit ) Main article : Stonewall Inn Location of the Stonewall Inn in relation to Greenwich Village The Stonewall Inn , located at 51 and 53 Christopher Street , along with several other establishments in the city , was owned by the Genovese crime family . In 1966 , three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar , after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals . Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff ; the Stonewall Inn had no liquor license . It had no running water behind the bar -- used glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused . There were no fire exits , and the toilets overran consistently . Though the bar was not used for prostitution , drug sales and other `` cash transactions '' took place . It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed ; dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club . Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by a bouncer who inspected them through a peephole in the door . The legal drinking age was 18 , and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police ( who were called `` Lily Law '' , `` Alice Blue Gown '' , or `` Betty Badge '' ) , visitors would have to be known by the doorman , or look gay . The entrance fee on weekends was $3 , for which the customer received two tickets that could be exchanged for two drinks . Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private `` bottle club '' , but rarely signed their real names . There were two dance floors in the Stonewall ; the interior was painted black , making it very dark inside , with pulsing gel lights or black lights . If police were spotted , regular white lights were turned on , signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching .", "8": "In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by `` queens '' ; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair ( though dressed in men 's clothing ) could go . Only a few transvestites , or men in full drag , were allowed in by the bouncers . The customers were `` 98 percent male '' but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar . Younger homeless adolescent males , who slept in nearby Christopher Park , would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks . The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties , and the racial mix was evenly distributed among white , black , and Hispanic patrons . Because of its even mix of people , its location , and the attraction of dancing , the Stonewall Inn was known by many as `` the gay bar in the city '' . Police raids on gay bars were frequent -- occurring on average once a month for each bar . Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar , or in a car down the block , to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized . Bar management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip - offs , and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished . During a typical raid , the lights were turned on , and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked . Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested ; others were allowed to leave . Some of the men , including those in drag , used their draft cards as identification . Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing , and would be arrested if found not wearing them . Employees and management of the bars were also typically arrested . The period immediately before June 28 , 1969 , was marked by frequent raids of local bars -- including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots -- and the closing of the Checkerboard , the Tele - Star , and two other clubs in Greenwich Village . Riots ( edit ) Police raid ( edit ) Layout of the Stonewall Inn , 1969 At 1 : 20 a.m.", "9": "on Saturday , June 28 , 1969 , four plainclothes policemen in dark suits , two patrol officers in uniform , and Detective Charles Smythe and Deputy Inspector Seymour Pine arrived at the Stonewall Inn 's double doors and announced `` Police ! We 're taking the place ! '' Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night , as was the custom . According to Duberman ( p. 194 ) , there was a rumor that one might happen , but since it was much later than raids generally took place , Stonewall management thought the tip was inaccurate . Days after the raid , one of the bar owners complained that the tipoff had never come , and that the raid was ordered by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , and Firearms , who objected that there were no stamps on the liquor bottles , indicating the alcohol was bootlegged . Historian David Carter presents information indicating that the Mafia owners of the Stonewall and the manager were blackmailing wealthier customers , particularly those who worked in the Financial District . They appeared to be making more money from extortion than they were from liquor sales in the bar . Carter deduces that when the police were unable to receive kickbacks from blackmail and the theft of negotiable bonds ( facilitated by pressuring gay Wall Street customers ) , they decided to close the Stonewall Inn permanently . Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen had entered the bar earlier that evening to gather visual evidence , as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal . Once inside , they called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar 's pay telephone . The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on . Approximately 205 people were in the bar that night . Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused . A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms , but police barred the doors . Michael Fader remembered , Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing . All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar . The raid did not go as planned .", "10": "Standard procedure was to line up the patrons , check their identification , and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their sex , upon which any men dressed as women would be arrested . Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers . Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification . The police decided to take everyone present to the police station , after separating those cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar . Maria Ritter , then known as male to her family , recalled , `` My biggest fear was that I would get arrested . My second biggest fear was that my picture would be in a newspaper or on a television report in my mother 's dress ! '' Both patrons and police recalled that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly , spurred by police who began to assault some of the lesbians by `` feeling some of them up inappropriately '' while frisking them . When did you ever see a fag fight back ? ... Now , times were a-changin ' . Tuesday night was the last night for bullshit ... Predominantly , the theme ( w ) as , `` this shit has got to stop ! '' -- anonymous Stonewall riots participant The police were to transport the bar 's alcohol in patrol wagons . Twenty - eight cases of beer and nineteen bottles of hard liquor were seized , but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived , so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes . Those who were not arrested were released from the front door , but they did not leave quickly as usual . Instead , they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch . Within minutes , between 100 and 150 people had congregated outside , some after they were released from inside the Stonewall , and some after noticing the police cars and the crowd . Although the police forcefully pushed or kicked some patrons out of the bar , some customers released by the police performed for the crowd by posing and saluting the police in an exaggerated fashion . The crowd 's applause encouraged them further : `` Wrists were limp , hair was primped , and reactions to the applause were classic . '' When the first patrol wagon arrived , Inspector Pine recalled that the crowd -- most of whom were homosexual -- had grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested , and they all became very quiet .", "11": "Confusion over radio communication delayed the arrival of a second wagon . The police began escorting Mafia members into the first wagon , to the cheers of the bystanders . Next , regular employees were loaded into the wagon . A bystander shouted , `` Gay power ! '' , someone began singing `` We Shall Overcome '' , and the crowd reacted with amusement and general good humor mixed with `` growing and intensive hostility '' . An officer shoved a transvestite , who responded by hitting him on the head with her purse as the crowd began to boo . Author Edmund White , who had been passing by , recalled , `` Everyone 's restless , angry , and high - spirited . No one has a slogan , no one even has an attitude , but something 's brewing . '' Pennies , then beer bottles , were thrown at the wagon as a rumor spread through the crowd that patrons still inside the bar were being beaten . A scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the waiting police wagon several times . She escaped repeatedly and fought with four of the police , swearing and shouting , for about ten minutes . Described as `` a typical New York butch '' and `` a dyke -- stone butch '' , she had been hit on the head by an officer with a baton for , as one witness claimed , complaining that her handcuffs were too tight . Bystanders recalled that the woman , whose identity remains unknown ( Stormé DeLarverie has been identified by some , including herself , as the woman , but accounts vary ) , sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted , `` Why do n't you guys do something ? '' After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon , the crowd became a mob and went `` berserk '' : `` It was at that moment that the scene became explosive . '' Violence breaks out ( edit ) The police tried to restrain some of the crowd , and knocked a few people down , which incited bystanders even more . Some of those handcuffed in the wagon escaped when police left them unattended ( deliberately , according to some witnesses ) . As the crowd tried to overturn the police wagon , two police cars and the wagon -- with a few slashed tires -- left immediately , with Inspector Pine urging them to return as soon as possible .", "12": "The commotion attracted more people who learned what was happening . Someone in the crowd declared that the bar had been raided because `` they did n't pay off the cops '' , to which someone else yelled `` Let 's pay them off ! '' Coins sailed through the air towards the police as the crowd shouted `` Pigs ! '' and `` Faggot cops ! '' Beer cans were thrown and the police lashed out , dispersing some of the crowd who found a construction site nearby with stacks of bricks . The police , outnumbered by between 500 and 600 people , grabbed several people , including folk singer Dave Van Ronk -- who had been attracted to the revolt from a bar two doors away from the Stonewall . Though Van Ronk was not gay , he had experienced police violence when he participated in antiwar demonstrations : `` As far as I was concerned , anybody who 'd stand against the cops was all right with me , and that 's why I stayed in ... Every time you turned around the cops were pulling some outrage or another . '' Ten police officers -- including two policewomen -- barricaded themselves , Van Ronk , Howard Smith ( a writer for The Village Voice ) , and several handcuffed detainees inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety . Multiple accounts of the riot assert that there was no pre-existing organization or apparent cause for the demonstration ; what ensued was spontaneous . Michael Fader explained , We all had a collective feeling like we 'd had enough of this kind of shit . It was n't anything tangible anybody said to anyone else , it was just kind of like everything over the years had come to a head on that one particular night in the one particular place , and it was not an organized demonstration ... Everyone in the crowd felt that we were never going to go back . It was like the last straw . It was time to reclaim something that had always been taken from us ... All kinds of people , all different reasons , but mostly it was total outrage , anger , sorrow , everything combined , and everything just kind of ran its course . It was the police who were doing most of the destruction . We were really trying to get back in and break free . And we felt that we had freedom at last , or freedom to at least show that we demanded freedom .", "13": "We were n't going to be walking meekly in the night and letting them shove us around -- it 's like standing your ground for the first time and in a really strong way , and that 's what caught the police by surprise . There was something in the air , freedom a long time overdue , and we 're going to fight for it . It took different forms , but the bottom line was , we were n't going to go away . And we did n't . This photograph appeared in the front page of The New York Daily News on Sunday , June 29 , 1969 , showing the `` street kids '' who were the first to fight with the police . The only photograph taken during the first night of the riots shows the homeless youth who slept in nearby Christopher Park , scuffling with police . The Mattachine Society newsletter a month later offered its explanation of why the riots occurred : `` It catered largely to a group of people who are not welcome in , or can not afford , other places of homosexual social gathering ... The Stonewall became home to these kids . When it was raided , they fought for it . That , and the fact that they had nothing to lose other than the most tolerant and broadminded gay place in town , explains why . '' Garbage cans , garbage , bottles , rocks , and bricks were hurled at the building , breaking the windows . Witnesses attest that `` flame queens '' , hustlers , and gay `` street kids '' -- the most outcast people in the gay community -- were responsible for the first volley of projectiles , as well as the uprooting of a parking meter used as a battering ram on the doors of the Stonewall Inn . Sylvia Rivera , a self - identified street queen who had been in the Stonewall during the raid , remembered : You 've been treating us like shit all these years ? Uh - uh . Now it 's our turn ! ... It was one of the greatest moments in my life . The mob lit garbage on fire and stuffed it through the broken windows as the police grabbed a fire hose . Because it had no water pressure , the hose was ineffective in dispersing the crowd , and seemed only to encourage them .", "14": "When demonstrators broke through the windows -- which had been covered by plywood by the bar owners to deter the police from raiding the bar -- the police inside unholstered their pistols . The doors flew open and officers pointed their weapons at the angry crowd , threatening to shoot . The Village Voice writer Howard Smith , in the bar with the police , took a wrench from the bar and stuffed it in his pants , unsure if he might have to use it against the mob or the police . He watched someone squirt lighter fluid into the bar ; as it was lit and the police took aim , sirens were heard and fire trucks arrived . The onslaught had lasted 45 minutes . Escalation ( edit ) The Tactical Patrol Force ( TPF ) of the New York City Police Department arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall . One officer 's eye was cut , and a few others were bruised from being struck by flying debris . Bob Kohler , who was walking his dog by the Stonewall that night , saw the TPF arrive : `` I had been in enough riots to know the fun was over ... The cops were totally humiliated . This never , ever happened . They were angrier than I guess they had ever been , because everybody else had rioted ... but the fairies were not supposed to riot ... no group had ever forced cops to retreat before , so the anger was just enormous . I mean , they wanted to kill . '' With larger numbers , police detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail , though Inspector Pine recalled , `` Fights erupted with the transvestites , who would n't go into the patrol wagon . '' His recollection was corroborated by another witness across the street who said , `` All I could see about who was fighting was that it was transvestites and they were fighting furiously . '' The TPF formed a phalanx and attempted to clear the streets by marching slowly and pushing the crowd back . The mob openly mocked the police . The crowd cheered , started impromptu kick lines , and sang to the tune of Ta - ra - ra Boom - de-ay : `` We are the Stonewall girls / We wear our hair in curls / We do n't wear underwear / We show our pubic hair . ''", "15": "Lucian Truscott reported in The Village Voice : `` A stagnant situation there brought on some gay tomfoolery in the form of a chorus line facing the line of helmeted and club - carrying cops . Just as the line got into a full kick routine , the TPF advanced again and cleared the crowd of screaming gay power ( - ) ites down Christopher to Seventh Avenue . '' One participant who had been in the Stonewall during the raid recalled , `` The police rushed us , and that 's when I realized this is not a good thing to do , because they got me in the back with a nightstick . '' Another account stated , `` I just ca n't ever get that one sight out of my mind . The cops with the ( nightsticks ) and the kick line on the other side . It was the most amazing thing ... And all the sudden that kick line , which I guess was a spoof on the machismo ... I think that 's when I felt rage . Because people were getting smashed with bats . And for what ? A kick line . '' Christopher Park , where many of the demonstrators met after the first night of rioting to talk about what had happened , now features a sculpture of four white figures by George Segal that commemorates the milestone . Craig Rodwell , owner of the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookshop , reported watching police chase participants through the crooked streets , only to see them appear around the next corner behind the police . Members of the mob stopped cars , overturning one of them to block Christopher Street . Jack Nichols and Lige Clarke , in their column printed in Screw , declared that `` massive crowds of angry protesters chased ( the police ) for blocks screaming , ' Catch them ! ' '' By 4 : 00 in the morning the streets had nearly been cleared . Many people sat on stoops or gathered nearby in Christopher Park throughout the morning , dazed in disbelief at what had transpired . Many witnesses remembered the surreal and eerie quiet that descended upon Christopher Street , though there continued to be `` electricity in the air '' . One commented : `` There was a certain beauty in the aftermath of the riot ... It was obvious , at least to me , that a lot of people really were gay and , you know , this was our street . '' Thirteen people had been arrested .", "16": "Some in the crowd were hospitalized , and four police officers were injured . Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken . Inspector Pine had intended to close and dismantle the Stonewall Inn that night . Pay phones , toilets , mirrors , jukeboxes , and cigarette machines were all smashed , possibly in the riot and possibly by the police . A second night of rioting ( edit ) During the siege of the Stonewall , Craig Rodwell called The New York Times , the New York Post , and the Daily News to inform them what was happening . All three papers covered the riots ; the Daily News placed coverage on the front page . News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village , fueled by rumors that it had been organized by the Students for a Democratic Society , the Black Panthers , or triggered by `` a homosexual police officer whose roommate went dancing at the Stonewall against the officer 's wishes '' . All day Saturday , June 28 , people came to stare at the burned and blackened Stonewall Inn . Graffiti appeared on the walls of the bar , declaring `` Drag power '' , `` They invaded our rights '' , `` Support gay power '' , and `` Legalize gay bars '' , along with accusations of police looting , and -- regarding the status of the bar -- `` We are open . '' The next night , rioting again surrounded Christopher Street ; participants remember differently which night was more frantic or violent . Many of the same people returned from the previous evening -- hustlers , street youths , and `` queens '' -- but they were joined by `` police provocateurs '' , curious bystanders , and even tourists . Remarkable to many was the sudden exhibition of homosexual affection in public , as described by one witness : `` From going to places where you had to knock on a door and speak to someone through a peephole in order to get in . We were just out . We were in the streets . '' You know , the guys there were so beautiful -- they 've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago -- Allen Ginsberg Thousands of people had gathered in front of the Stonewall , which had opened again , choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks . The throng surrounded buses and cars , harassing the occupants unless they either admitted they were gay or indicated their support for the demonstrators .", "17": "Sylvia Rivera saw a friend of hers jump on a nearby car trying to drive through ; the crowd rocked the car back and forth , terrifying its occupants . Another of Rivera 's friends , Marsha P. Johnson , an African - American street queen , climbed a lamppost and dropped a heavy bag onto the hood of a police car , shattering the windshield . As on the previous evening , fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood . More than a hundred police were present from the Fourth , Fifth , Sixth , and Ninth Precincts , but after 2 : 00 a.m. the TPF arrived again . Kick lines and police chases waxed and waned ; when police captured demonstrators , whom the majority of witnesses described as `` sissies '' or `` swishes '' , the crowd surged to recapture them . Street battling ensued again until 4 : 00 a.m. Beat poet and longtime Greenwich Village resident Allen Ginsberg lived on Christopher Street , and happened upon the jubilant chaos . After he learned of the riot that had occurred the previous evening , he stated , `` Gay power ! Is n't that great ! ... It 's about time we did something to assert ourselves '' , and visited the open Stonewall Inn for the first time . While walking home , he declared to Lucian Truscott , `` You know , the guys there were so beautiful -- they 've lost that wounded look that fags all had 10 years ago . '' Leaflets , Press coverage , and more violence ( edit ) Activity in Greenwich Village was sporadic on Monday and Tuesday , partly due to rain . Police and Village residents had a few altercations , as both groups antagonized each other . Craig Rodwell and his partner Fred Sargeant took the opportunity the morning after the first riot to print and distribute 5,000 leaflets , one of them reading : `` Get the Mafia and the Cops out of Gay Bars . '' The leaflets called for gays to own their own establishments , for a boycott of the Stonewall and other Mafia - owned bars , and for public pressure on the mayor 's office to investigate the `` intolerable situation '' . Not everyone in the gay community considered the revolt a positive development .", "18": "To many older homosexuals and many members of the Mattachine Society who had worked throughout the 1960s to promote homosexuals as no different from heterosexuals , the display of violence and effeminate behavior was embarrassing . Randy Wicker , who had marched in the first gay picket lines before the White House in 1965 , said the `` screaming queens forming chorus lines and kicking went against everything that I wanted people to think about homosexuals ... that we were a bunch of drag queens in the Village acting disorderly and tacky and cheap . '' Others found the closing of the Stonewall Inn , termed a `` sleaze joint '' , as advantageous to the Village . On Wednesday , however , The Village Voice ran reports of the riots , written by Howard Smith and Lucian Truscott , that included unflattering descriptions of the events and its participants : `` forces of faggotry '' , `` limp wrists '' , and `` Sunday fag follies '' . A mob descended upon Christopher Street once again and threatened to burn down the offices of The Village Voice . Also in the mob of between 500 and 1,000 were other groups that had had unsuccessful confrontations with the police , and were curious how the police were defeated in this situation . Another explosive street battle took place , with injuries to demonstrators and police alike , looting in local shops , and arrests of five people . The incidents on Wednesday night lasted about an hour , and were summarized by one witness : `` The word is out . Christopher Street shall be liberated . The fags have had it with oppression . '' Aftermath ( edit ) The feeling of urgency spread throughout Greenwich Village , even to people who had not witnessed the riots . Many who were moved by the rebellion attended organizational meetings , sensing an opportunity to take action . On July 4 , 1969 , the Mattachine Society performed its annual picketing in front of Independence Hall in Philadelphia , called the Annual Reminder . Organizers Craig Rodwell , Frank Kameny , Randy Wicker , Barbara Gittings , and Kay Lahusen , who had all participated for several years , took a bus along with other picketers from New York City to Philadelphia . Since 1965 , the pickets had been very controlled : women wore skirts and men wore suits and ties , and all marched quietly in organized lines .", "19": "This year Rodwell remembered feeling restricted by the rules Kameny had set . When two women spontaneously held hands , Kameny broke them apart , saying , `` None of that ! None of that ! '' Rodwell , however , convinced about ten couples to hold hands . The hand - holding couples made Kameny furious , but they earned more press attention than all of the previous marches . Participant Lilli Vincenz remembered , `` It was clear that things were changing . People who had felt oppressed now felt empowered . '' Rodwell returned to New York City determined to change the established quiet , meek ways of trying to get attention . One of his first priorities was planning Christopher Street Liberation Day . Gay rights demonstration ( Trafalgar Square -- the Trafalgar Hotel is in the background ) including members of the Gay Liberation Front ( GLF ) . The GLF held its first meeting in a basement classroom at the London School of Economics on 13th October 1970 . It was inspired by the US GLF movements , which aimed to gain equal rights for the LGBT communities on an unapologetic basis . The organisation was very informal , having no designated structure , and organised marches , `` gay days '' , street theatre performances , sit - ins and produced a journal entitled ' Come Together ' . These activities led to the first Gay Pride March in 1972 . IMAGELIBRARY / 1370 Persistent URL : archives.lse.ac.uk/Record.aspx ? src = CalmView. Catalog&i ... Gay Liberation front ( edit ) Although the Mattachine Society had existed since the 1950s , many of their methods now seemed too mild for people who had witnessed or been inspired by the riots . Mattachine recognized the shift in attitudes in a story from their newsletter entitled , `` The Hairpin Drop Heard Around the World . '' When a Mattachine officer suggested an `` amicable and sweet '' candlelight vigil demonstration , a man in the audience fumed and shouted , `` Sweet ! Bullshit ! That 's the role society has been forcing these queens to play . '' With a flyer announcing : `` Do You Think Homosexuals Are Revolting ? You Bet Your Sweet Ass We Are ! ''", "20": ", the Gay Liberation Front ( GLF ) was soon formed , the first gay organization to use `` gay '' in its name . Previous organizations such as the Mattachine Society , the Daughters of Bilitis , and various homophile groups had masked their purpose by deliberately choosing obscure names . The rise of militancy became apparent to Frank Kameny and Barbara Gittings -- who had worked in homophile organizations for years and were both very public about their roles -- when they attended a GLF meeting to see the new group . A young GLF member demanded to know who they were and what their credentials were . Gittings , nonplussed , stammered , `` I 'm gay . That 's why I 'm here . '' The GLF borrowed tactics from and aligned themselves with black and antiwar demonstrators with the ideal that they `` could work to restructure American society '' . They took on causes of the Black Panthers , marching to the Women 's House of Detention in support of Afeni Shakur , and other radical New Left causes . Four months after they formed , however , the group disbanded when members were unable to agree on operating procedure . Gay activists Alliance ( edit ) Within six months of the Stonewall riots , activists started a citywide newspaper called Gay ; they considered it necessary because the most liberal publication in the city -- The Village Voice -- refused to print the word `` gay '' in GLF advertisements seeking new members and volunteers . Two other newspapers were initiated within a six - week period : Come Out ! and Gay Power ; the readership of these three periodicals quickly climbed to between 20,000 and 25,000 . GLF members organized several same - sex dances , but GLF meetings were chaotic . When Bob Kohler asked for clothes and money to help the homeless youth who had participated in the riots , many of whom slept in Christopher Park or Sheridan Square , the response was a discussion on the downfall of capitalism . In late December 1969 , several people who had visited GLF meetings and left out of frustration formed the Gay Activists Alliance ( GAA ) . The GAA was to be entirely focused on gay issues , and more orderly . Their constitution started , `` We as liberated homosexual activists demand the freedom for expression of our dignity and value as human beings . ''", "21": "The GAA developed and perfected a confrontational tactic called a zap , where they would catch a politician off guard during a public relations opportunity , and force him or her to acknowledge gay and lesbian rights . City councilmen were zapped , and Mayor John Lindsay was zapped several times -- once on television when GAA members made up the majority of the audience . Raids on gay bars did not stop after the Stonewall riots . In March 1970 , Deputy Inspector Seymour Pine raided the Zodiac and 17 Barrow Street . An after - hours gay club with no liquor or occupancy licenses called The Snake Pit was soon raided , and 167 people were arrested . One of them was Diego Viñales , an Argentinian national so frightened that he might be deported as a homosexual that he tried to escape the police precinct by jumping out of a two - story window , impaling himself on a 14 - inch ( 36 cm ) spike fence . The New York Daily News printed a graphic photo of the young man 's impalement on the front page . GAA members organized a march from Christopher Park to the Sixth Precinct in which hundreds of gays , lesbians , and liberal sympathizers peacefully confronted the TPF . They also sponsored a letter - writing campaign to Mayor Lindsay in which the Greenwich Village Democratic Party and Congressman Ed Koch sent pleas to end raids on gay bars in the city . The Stonewall Inn lasted only a few weeks after the riot . By October 1969 it was up for rent . Village residents surmised it was too notorious a location , and Rodwell 's boycott discouraged business . Gay Pride ( edit ) Christopher Street Liberation Day on June 28 , 1970 marked the first anniversary of the Stonewall riots with an assembly on Christopher Street ; with simultaneous Gay Pride marches in Los Angeles and Chicago , these were the first Gay Pride marches in U.S. history . The next year , Gay Pride marches took place in Boston , Dallas , Milwaukee , London , Paris , West Berlin , and Stockholm . The march in New York covered 51 blocks , from Christopher Street to Central Park . It took less than half the scheduled time not due to the excitement of the marchers , but because they were wary about walking through the city with gay banners and signs .", "22": "Although the parade permit was delivered only two hours before the start of the march , the marchers encountered little resistance from onlookers . The New York Times reported ( on the front page ) that the marchers took up the entire street for about 15 city blocks . Reporting by The Village Voice was positive , describing `` the out - front resistance that grew out of the police raid on the Stonewall Inn one year ago '' . There was little open animosity , and some bystanders applauded when a tall , pretty girl carrying a sign `` I am a Lesbian '' walked by . -- The New York Times coverage of Gay Liberation Day , 1970 By 1972 , the participating cities included Atlanta , Buffalo , Detroit , Washington , D.C. , Miami , Minneapolis , and Philadelphia , as well as San Francisco . Frank Kameny soon realized the pivotal change brought by the Stonewall riots . An organizer of gay activism in the 1950s , he was used to persuasion , trying to convince heterosexuals that gay people were no different than they were . When he and other people marched in front of the White House , the State Department , and Independence Hall only five years earlier , their objective was to look as if they could work for the U.S. government . Ten people marched with Kameny then , and they alerted no press to their intentions . Although he was stunned by the upheaval by participants in the Annual Reminder in 1969 , he later observed , `` By the time of Stonewall , we had fifty to sixty gay groups in the country . A year later there was at least fifteen hundred . By two years later , to the extent that a count could be made , it was twenty - five hundred . '' Similar to Kameny 's regret at his own reaction to the shift in attitudes after the riots , Randy Wicker came to describe his embarrassment as `` one of the greatest mistakes of his life '' . The image of gays retaliating against police , after so many years of allowing such treatment to go unchallenged , `` stirred an unexpected spirit among many homosexuals '' . Kay Lahusen , who photographed the marches in 1965 , stated , `` Up to 1969 , this movement was generally called the homosexual or homophile movement ... Many new activists consider the Stonewall uprising the birth of the gay liberation movement .", "23": "Certainly it was the birth of gay pride on a massive scale . '' David Carter , in his article `` What made Stonewall different '' , explained that even though there were several uprisings before Stonewall , the reason Stonewall was so historical was that thousands of people were involved , the riot lasted a long time ( six days ) , it was the first to get major media coverage , and it sparked the formation of many gay rights groups . Legacy ( edit ) Unlikely community ( edit ) Within two years of the Stonewall riots there were gay rights groups in every major American city , as well as Canada , Australia , and Western Europe . People who joined activist organizations after the riots had very little in common other than their same - sex attraction . Many who arrived at GLF or GAA meetings were taken aback by the number of gay people in one place . Race , class , ideology , and gender became frequent obstacles in the years after the riots . This was illustrated during the 1973 Stonewall rally when , moments after Barbara Gittings exuberantly praised the diversity of the crowd , feminist activist Jean O'Leary protested what she perceived as the mocking of women by cross-dressers and drag queens in attendance . During a speech by O'Leary , in which she claimed that drag queens made fun of women for entertainment value and profit , Sylvia Rivera and Lee Brewster jumped on the stage and shouted `` You go to bars because of what drag queens did for you , and these bitches tell us to quit being ourselves ! '' Both the drag queens and lesbian feminists in attendance left in disgust . O'Leary also worked in the early 1970s to exclude trans people from gay rights issues because she felt that rights for trans people would be too difficult to attain . Sylvia Rivera left New York City in the mid-1970s , relocating to upstate New York , but later returned to the city in the mid-1990s to advocate for homeless members of the gay community . The initial disagreements between participants in the movements , however , often evolved after further reflection . O'Leary later regretted her stance against the drag queens attending in 1973 : `` Looking back , I find this so embarrassing because my views have changed so much since then . I would never pick on a transvestite now . ''", "24": "`` It was horrible . How could I work to exclude transvestites and at the same time criticize the feminists who were doing their best back in those days to exclude lesbians ? '' O'Leary was referring to the Lavender Menace , a description by second wave feminist Betty Friedan for attempts by members of the National Organization for Women ( NOW ) to distance themselves from the perception of NOW as a haven for lesbians . As part of this process , Rita Mae Brown and other lesbians who had been active in NOW were forced out . They staged a protest in 1970 at the Second Congress to Unite Women , and earned the support of many NOW members , finally gaining full acceptance in 1971 . The growth of lesbian feminism in the 1970s at times so conflicted with the gay liberation movement that some lesbians refused to work with gay men . Many lesbians found men 's attitudes patriarchal and chauvinistic , and saw in gay men the same misguided notions about women as they saw in heterosexual men . The issues most important to gay men -- entrapment and public solicitation -- were not shared by lesbians . In 1977 a Lesbian Pride Rally was organized as an alternative to sharing gay men 's issues , especially what Adrienne Rich termed `` the violent , self - destructive world of the gay bars '' . Veteran gay activist Barbara Gittings chose to work in the gay rights movement , rationalizing `` It 's a matter of where does it hurt the most ? For me it hurts the most not in the female arena , but the gay arena . '' Throughout the 1970s gay activism had significant successes . One of the first and most important was the `` zap '' in May 1970 by the Los Angeles GLF at a convention of the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) . At a conference on behavior modification , during a film demonstrating the use of electroshock therapy to decrease same - sex attraction , Morris Kight and GLF members in the audience interrupted the film with shouts of `` Torture ! '' and `` Barbarism ! '' They took over the microphone to announce that medical professionals who prescribed such therapy for their homosexual patients were complicit in torturing them . Although 20 psychiatrists in attendance left , the GLF spent the hour following the zap with those remaining , trying to convince them that homosexuals were not mentally ill .", "25": "When the APA invited gay activists to speak to the group in 1972 , activists brought John E. Fryer , a gay psychiatrist who wore a mask , because he felt his practice was in danger . In December 1973 -- in large part due to the efforts of gay activists -- the APA voted unanimously to remove homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual . Gay men and lesbians came together to work in grassroots political organizations responding to organized resistance in 1977 . A coalition of conservatives named Save Our Children staged a campaign to repeal a civil rights ordinance in Dade County , Florida . Save Our Children was successful enough to influence similar repeals in several American cities in 1978 . However , the same year a campaign in California called the Briggs Initiative , designed to force the dismissal of homosexual public school employees , was defeated . Reaction to the influence of Save Our Children and the Briggs Initiative in the gay community was so significant that it has been called the second Stonewall for many activists , marking their initiation into political participation . Rejection of gay subculture ( edit ) The Stonewall riots marked such a significant turning point that many aspects of prior gay and lesbian culture , such as bar culture formed from decades of shame and secrecy , were forcefully ignored and denied . Historian Martin Duberman writes , `` The decades preceding Stonewall ... continue to be regarded by most gays and lesbians as some vast neolithic wasteland . '' Historian Barry Adam notes , `` Every social movement must choose at some point what to retain and what to reject out of its past . What traits are the results of oppression and what are healthy and authentic ? '' In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s , roles of butch and femme that developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected , because as one writer put it : `` all role playing is sick . '' Lesbian feminists considered the butch roles as archaic imitations of masculine behavior . Some women , according to Lillian Faderman , were eager to shed the roles they felt forced into playing . The roles returned for some women in the 1980s , although they allowed for more flexibility than before Stonewall .", "26": "Author Michael Bronski highlights the `` attack on pre-Stonewall culture '' , particularly gay pulp fiction for men , where the themes often reflected self - hatred or ambivalence about being gay . Many books ended unsatisfactorily and drastically , often with suicide , and writers portrayed their gay characters as alcoholics or deeply unhappy . These books , which he describes as `` an enormous and cohesive literature by and for gay men '' , have not been reissued and are lost to later generations . Dismissing the reason simply as political correctness , Bronski writes , `` gay liberation was a youth movement whose sense of history was defined to a large degree by rejection of the past . '' Lasting impact and recognition ( edit ) The Stonewall , a bar in part of the building where the Stonewall Inn was located . The building and the surrounding streets have been declared a National Historic Landmark . The riots spawned from a bar raid became a literal example of gays and lesbians fighting back , and a symbolic call to arms for many people . Historian David Carter remarks in his book about the Stonewall riots that the bar itself was a complex business that represented a community center , an opportunity for the Mafia to blackmail its own customers , a home , and a place of `` exploitation and degradation '' . The true legacy of the Stonewall riots , Carter insists , is the `` ongoing struggle for lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender equality '' . Historian Nicholas Edsall writes , Stonewall has been compared to any number of acts of radical protest and defiance in American history from the Boston Tea Party on . But the best and certainly a more nearly contemporary analogy is with Rosa Parks ' refusal to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery , Alabama , in December 1955 , which sparked the modern civil rights movement . Within months after Stonewall radical gay liberation groups and newsletters sprang up in cities and on college campuses across America and then across all of northern Europe as well . Before the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn , homosexuals were , as historians Dudley Clendinen and Adam Nagourney write , a secret legion of people , known of but discounted , ignored , laughed at or despised . And like the holders of a secret , they had an advantage which was a disadvantage , too , and which was true of no other minority group in the United States . They were invisible .", "27": "Unlike African Americans , women , Native Americans , Jews , the Irish , Italians , Asians , Hispanics , or any other cultural group which struggled for respect and equal rights , homosexuals had no physical or cultural markings , no language or dialect which could identify them to each other , or to anyone else ... But that night , for the first time , the usual acquiescence turned into violent resistance ... From that night the lives of millions of gay men and lesbians , and the attitude toward them of the larger culture in which they lived , began to change rapidly . People began to appear in public as homosexuals , demanding respect . Historian Lillian Faderman calls the riots the `` shot heard round the world '' , explaining , `` The Stonewall Rebellion was crucial because it sounded the rally for that movement . It became an emblem of gay and lesbian power . By calling on the dramatic tactic of violent protest that was being used by other oppressed groups , the events at the Stonewall implied that homosexuals had as much reason to be disaffected as they . '' The sign left by police following the raid is now on display just inside the entrance Joan Nestle co-founded the Lesbian Herstory Archives in 1974 , and credits `` its creation to that night and the courage that found its voice in the streets . '' Cautious , however , not to attribute the start of gay activism to the Stonewall riots , Nestle writes , I certainly do n't see gay and lesbian history starting with Stonewall ... and I do n't see resistance starting with Stonewall . What I do see is a historical coming together of forces , and the sixties changed how human beings endured things in this society and what they refused to endure ... Certainly something special happened on that night in 1969 , and we 've made it more special in our need to have what I call a point of origin ... it 's more complex than saying that it all started with Stonewall . The events of the early morning of June 28 , 1969 were not the first instances of homosexuals fighting back against police in New York City and elsewhere . Not only had the Mattachine Society been active in major cities such as Los Angeles and Chicago , but similarly marginalized people started the riot at Compton 's Cafeteria in 1966 , and another riot responded to a raid on Los Angeles ' Black Cat Tavern in 1967 .", "28": "However , several circumstances were in place that made the Stonewall riots memorable . The location of the raid was a factor : it was across the street from The Village Voice offices , and the narrow crooked streets gave the rioters advantage over the police . Many of the participants and residents of Greenwich Village were involved in political organizations that were effectively able to mobilize a large and cohesive gay community in the weeks and months after the rebellion . The most significant facet of the Stonewall riots , however , was the commemoration of them in Christopher Street Liberation Day , which grew into the annual Gay Pride events around the world . Stonewall ( officially Stonewall Equality Limited ) is an LGBT rights charity in the United Kingdom , founded in 1989 , and named after the Stonewall Inn because of the Stonewall riots . The Stonewall Awards is an annual event by Stonewall held since 2006 to recognize people who have affected the lives of British lesbian , gay , and bisexual people . The middle of the 1990s was marked by the inclusion of bisexuals as a represented group within the gay community , when they successfully sought to be included on the platform of the 1993 March on Washington for Lesbian , Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation . Transgender people also asked to be included , but were not , though trans - inclusive language was added to the march 's list of demands . The transgender community continued to find itself simultaneously welcome and at odds with the gay community as attitudes about binary and fluid sexual orientation and gender developed and came increasingly into conflict . In 1994 , New York City celebrated `` Stonewall 25 '' with a march that went past the United Nations Headquarters and into Central Park . Estimates put the attendance at 1.1 million people . Sylvia Rivera led an alternate march in New York City in 1994 to protest the exclusion of transgender people from the events . Attendance at LGBT Pride events has grown substantially over the decades . Most large cities around the world now have some kind of Pride demonstration . Pride events in some cities mark the largest annual celebration of any kind . The growing trend towards commercializing marches into parades -- with events receiving corporate sponsorship -- has caused concern about taking away the autonomy of the original grassroots demonstrations that put inexpensive activism in the hands of individuals .", "29": "A `` Stonewall Shabbat Seder '' was first held at B'nai Jeshurun , a synagogue on New York 's Upper West Side , in 1995 . In June 1999 the U.S. Department of the Interior designated 51 and 53 Christopher Street and the surrounding streets as a National Historic Landmark , the first of significance to the lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender community . In a dedication ceremony , Assistant Secretary of the Department of the Interior John Berry stated , `` Let it forever be remembered that here -- on this spot -- men and women stood proud , they stood fast , so that we may be who we are , we may work where we will , live where we choose and love whom our hearts desire . '' The Stonewall Inn itself was named a National Historic Landmark in 2000 , and it is located in the Greenwich Village Historic District , a preserved area . On June 1 , 2009 , President Barack Obama declared June 2009 Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , and Transgender Pride Month , citing the riots as a reason to `` commit to achieving equal justice under law for LGBT Americans '' . The year marked the 40th anniversary of the riots , giving journalists and activists cause to reflect on progress made since 1969 . Frank Rich in The New York Times noted that no federal legislation exists to protect the rights of gay Americans . An editorial in the Washington Blade compared the scruffy , violent activism during and following the Stonewall riots to the lackluster response to failed promises given by President Obama ; for being ignored , wealthy LGBT activists reacted by promising to give less money to Democratic causes . Two years later , the Stonewall Inn served as a rallying point for celebrations after the New York Senate voted to pass same - sex marriage . The act was signed into law by Governor Andrew Cuomo on June 24 , 2011 . Individual states continue to battle with homophobia . The Missouri Senate passed a measure its supporters characterize as a religious freedom bill that could change the state 's constitution despite Democrats ' objections , and their 39 - hour filibuster . This bill allows the `` protection of certain religious organizations and individuals from being penalized by the state because of their sincere religious beliefs or practices concerning marriage between two persons of the same sex '' discriminating against homosexual patronage .", "30": "Obama also referenced the Stonewall riots in a call for full equality during his second inaugural address on January 21 , 2013 : We , the people , declare today that the most evident of truths -- that all of us are created equal -- is the star that guides us still ; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls , and Selma , and Stonewall ... Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law -- for if we are truly created equal , then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well . A banner hanging from the top of the building the day after President Obama announced the National Monument This was a historic moment , being the first time that a president mentioned gay rights or the word `` gay '' in an inaugural address . In 2014 a marker dedicated to the Stonewall riots was included in the Legacy Walk , an outdoor public display in Chicago celebrating LGBT history and people . On May 29 , 2015 , the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission announced it would officially consider designating the Stonewall Inn as a landmark , making it the first city location to be considered based on its LGBT cultural significance alone . On June 23 , 2015 , the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission unanimously approved the designation of the Stonewall Inn as a city landmark , making it the first landmark honored for its role in the fight for gay rights . The Stonewall Book Award is a set of three literary awards that annually recognize `` exceptional merit relating to the gay / lesbian / bisexual / transgender experience '' in English - language books published in the U.S. National monument ( edit ) On June 24 , 2016 , President Obama announced the establishment of the Stonewall National Monument , a 7.7 - acre site to be administered by the National Park Service . The designation , which followed transfer of city parkland to the federal government , protects Christopher Park and adjacent areas totaling more than seven acres ; the Stonewall Inn is within the boundaries of the monument but remains privately owned . The National Park Foundation formed a new nonprofit organization to raise funds for a ranger station and interpretive exhibits for the monument .", "31": "Media representations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Before Stonewall : The Making of a Gay and Lesbian Community ( 1984 ) , a documentary of the decades leading up to Stonewall Stonewall ( 1995 ) , a fictionalized presentation of the events leading up to the riots After Stonewall ( 1999 ) , a documentary of the years from Stonewall to century 's end Stonewall Uprising ( 2010 ) , a documentary presentation using archival footage , photographs , documents and witness statements Stonewall ( 2015 ) , another fictionalized drama about the days leading up to the riots Happy Birthday , Marsha ! ( 2016 ) , a short , experimental film about transgender rights pioneers Marsha P. Johnson and Sylvia Rivera , set on the night of the riots Music ( edit ) The song `` ' 69 : Judy Garland '' , written by Stephin Merritt and appearing on 50 Song Memoir by The Magnetic Fields , centers on the Stonewall Riots and the idea that they were caused by the death of Judy Garland . Notable participants ( edit ) Thomas Lanigan - Schmidt Marsha P. Johnson Sylvia Rivera ( disputed ) See also ( edit ) 1960s portal LGBT portal New York City portal Stonewall National Monument LGBTQ culture in New York City List of incidents of civil unrest in New York City List of pre-Stonewall LGBT actions in the United States List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the time , the term `` gay '' was commonly used to refer to all LGBT people . Jump up ^ Illinois decriminalized sodomy in 1961 , but at the time of the Stonewall riots every other state criminalized homosexual acts , even between consenting adults acting in private homes . `` An adult convicted of the crime of having sex with another consenting adult in the privacy of his or her home could get anywhere from a light fine to five , ten , or twenty years -- or even life -- in prison . In 1971 , twenty states had ' sex psychopath ' laws that permitted the detaining of homosexuals for that reason alone .", "32": "In Pennsylvania and California sex offenders could be committed to a psychiatric institution for life , and ( in ) seven states they could be castrated . '' ( Carter , p. 15 ) Through the 1950s and 1960s , castration , emetics , hypnosis , electroshock therapy , and lobotomies were used by psychiatrists to try to `` cure '' homosexuals . ( Katz , pp. 181 -- 197 . ) ( Adam , p. 60 . ) Jump up ^ Accounts of people who witnessed the scene , including letters and news reports of the woman who fought with police , conflicted . Where witnesses claim one woman who fought her treatment at the hands of the police caused the crowd to become angry , some also remembered several `` butch lesbians '' had begun to fight back while still in the bar . At least one was already bleeding when taken out of the bar ( Carter , pp. 152 -- 153 ) . Craig Rodwell ( in Duberman , p. 197 ) claims the arrest of the woman was not the primary event that triggered the violence , but one of several simultaneous occurrences : `` there was just ... a flash of group -- of mass -- anger . '' Jump up ^ Witness Morty Manford stated , `` There 's no doubt in my mind that those people were deliberately left unguarded . I assume there was some sort of relationship between the bar management and the local police , so they really did n't want to arrest those people . But they had to at least look like they were doing their jobs . '' ( Marcus , p. 128 . ) ^ Jump up to : In the years since the riots occurred , the death of gay icon Judy Garland earlier in the week on June 22 , 1969 has been attributed as a significant factor in the riots , but no participants in Saturday morning 's demonstrations recall Garland 's name being discussed . No print accounts of the riots by reliable sources cite Garland as a reason for the riot , although one sarcastic account by a heterosexual publication suggested it . ( Carter , p. 260 . ) Although Sylvia Rivera recalls she was saddened and amazed by the turnout at Garland 's funeral on Friday , June 27 , she said that she did not feel like going out much but changed her mind later . ( Duberman , pp. 190 -- 191 . )", "33": "Bob Kohler used to talk to the homeless youth in Sheridan Square , and said , `` When people talk about Judy Garland 's death having anything much to do with the riot , that makes me crazy . The street kids faced death every day . They had nothing to lose . And they could n't have cared less about Judy . We 're talking about kids who were fourteen , fifteen , sixteen . Judy Garland was the middle - aged darling of the middle - class gays . I get upset about this because it trivializes the whole thing . '' ( Deitcher , p. 72 . ) Jump up ^ Rivera was handed a Molotov cocktail ( there were no eyewitness accounts of Molotov cocktails the first night although many fires were set ) , that she identified only because she had seen them on the news : `` I 'm like , ' What am I supposed to do with this ? ' And this guy said , ' Well , I 'm going to light it , and you 're going to throw it . ' And I 'm like , ' Fine . You light it , I throw it , ' cause if it blows up , I do n't want it to blow up on me . ' It 's hard to explain , except that it had to happen one day ... '' ( Deitcher , p. 67 . ) Jump up ^ Some references have the last line as `` ... pubic hairs '' instead . Jump up ^ One protester needed stitches to repair a knee broken by a nightstick ; another lost two fingers in a car door . Witnesses recollect that some of the most `` feminine boys '' were beaten badly . ( Duberman , pp. 201 -- 202 . ) Jump up ^ Carter ( p. 201 ) attributes the anger at The Village Voice reports to its focus on the effeminate behavior of the participants , with the exclusion of any kind of bravery . Author Edmund White insists that Smith and Truscott were trying to assert their own heterosexuality by referring to the events and people in derogatory terms . Jump up ^ `` Hairpin drop '' was gay slang that meant to drop hints about one 's sexual orientation . ( LaFrank , p. 17 . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Carter , p. 143 .", "34": "Jump up ^ `` Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S. '' University of Kentucky . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nell Frizzell ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Feature : How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement '' . Pink News UK . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stonewall riots '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ U.S. National Park Service ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument '' . Department of the Interior . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay - rights riots '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Duberman , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 79 -- 83 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage 1970 Christopher Street Liberation Day Gay - In , San Francisco '' . SF Pride . June 28 , 1970 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pride Marches and Parades '' , in Encyclopedia of Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , and Transgender History in America , Marc Stein , ed. ( 2004 ) , Charles Scribner 's Sons . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ; Eilperin , Juliet ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` With Stonewall , Obama designates first national monument to gay rights movement '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Adam , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 277 .", "35": "Jump up ^ David K. Johnson , The Lavender Scare : The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government ( University of Chicago Press , 2004 ) , 101 - 2 , 114 - 5 Jump up ^ Adam , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Adam , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Adam , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Adam , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Marcus , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gallo , pp. 1 -- 5 , 11 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 80 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Adam , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ DiGuglielmo , Joey ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Steps to Stonewall '' . Washington Blade . Retrieved on November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam , pp. 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Stryker , Susan ( Winter , 2008 ) . `` Transgender History , Homonormativity , and Disciplinarity '' . Radical History Review , pp. 145 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Faderman and Timmons , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2004 ) . `` San Francisco '' in the Encyclopedia of Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgendered History in America , Ed . Marc Stein . Vol. 3 . Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 71 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Edsall , pp. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Edsall , pp. 255 -- 256 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Adam , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 29 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Duberman , pp. 116 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Sharyn ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Before Stonewall : Remembering that , before the riots , there was a Sip - In '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... The Village Voice . Retrieved on September 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Duberman , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Duberman , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Duberman , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Deitcher , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Carter p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Duberman , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 124 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Teal , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Eskow , Dennis ( June 29 , 1969 ) . `` 4 Policemen Hurt in ' Village ' Raid : Melee Near Sheridan Square Follows Action at Bar '' . The New York Times . p. 33 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Carter , photo spread , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 96 -- 103 ^ Jump up to : Carter , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Teal , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 196 .", "37": "Jump up ^ Chu , Grace ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` An interview with lesbian Stonewall veteran Stormé DeLarverie '' . AfterEllen.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Lucian K. Truscott IV ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` The night they busted Stonewall '' . Salon . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Teal , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 163 -- 165 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Leslie ( September 24 , 2006 ) . Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries . Workers World Party . `` Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha `` Pay It No Mind '' Johnson ... Both were self - identified drag queens . '' ^ Jump up to : Randy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera on the Pier . Event occurs at 8 : 24 . September 21 , 1995 . Accessed July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Deitcher , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Teal , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Teal , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Sara Warner , Acts of Gaiety : LGBT Performance and the Politics of Pleasure ( 2012 , ISBN 0472118536 ) , page 17 ^ Jump up to : Teal , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 178 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Park Monuments - Gay Liberation : NYC Parks '' . www.nycgovparks.org . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 181 .", "38": "Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` Police Again Rout Village Youths : Outbreak by 400 Follows a Near - Riot Over Raid '' . The New York Times . June 30 , 1969 . p. 22 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Carter , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 186 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Doc ' Pay It No Mind : The Life & Times of Marsha P. Johnson ' Released Online . Watch It '' . Indiewire . December 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Duberman , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Teal , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Teal , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Truscott , Lucian ( July 3 , 1969 ) . `` Gay Power Comes to Sheridan Square '' . The Village Voice . p. 1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duberman , pp. 208 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 203 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 105 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : LaFrank , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Teal , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Clendinen , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Marcus , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Clendinen , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , p. 242 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Duberman , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Clendinen , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Carter , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Teal , pp. 106 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Duberman , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ De la Croix , Sukie ( 2007 ) . `` Gay power : A History of Chicago Pride '' Archived 2009 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine ... Chicago Free Press . Retrieved on June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : LaFrank , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Clendinen , pp. 62 -- 64 . ^ Jump up to : Fosburgh , Lacey ( June 29 , 1970 ) . `` Thousands of Homosexuals Hold A Protest Rally in Central Park '' . The New York Times , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , Elizabeth A. , Crage , Suzanna M. ( October 2006 ) . `` Movements and Memory : The Making of the Stonewall Myth '' , American Sociological Review , 71 ( 5 ) pp. 724 -- 752 . doi : 10.1177 / 000312240607100502 . Jump up ^ Cain , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 251 . ^ Jump up to : Clendinen , p. 25 . Jump up ^ LaFrank , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Carter , David ( 2009 ) . `` What made Stonewall Different '' . The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide . 16 ( 4 ) : 11 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Adam , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 152 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Clendinen , pp. 171 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Duberman , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Randy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera on the Pier ) .", "40": "Event occurs at Repeatedly throughout interview . September 21 , 1995 . Accessed July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Randy Wicker Interviews Sylvia Rivera on the Pier . Event occurs at 14 : 17 . September 21 , 1995 . Accessed July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marcus , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Adam , pp. 90 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Faderman , pp. 211 -- 212 . ^ Jump up to : Williams & Retter , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Marcus , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Cain , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Cain , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Fejes , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Duberman , p. xv . Jump up ^ Adam , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Adam , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Faderman , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Faderman , pp. 210 , 266 . Jump up ^ Bronski , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bronski , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Carter , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Edsall , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Clendinen , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Faderman , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Deitcher , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Witt et al. , p. 210 Jump up ^ Schalger , Neil , ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . Gay and Lesbian Almanac . St. James Press . ISBN 1 - 55862 - 358 - 2 pp. 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Thompson , Kara ( 2004 ) . `` Transsexuals , Transvestites , Transgender People , and Cross-Dressers '' in Encyclopedia of Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgendered History in America , Ed . Marc Stein . Vol. 3 . Charles Scribner 's Sons , 2004 . pp. 203 -- 208 .", "41": "Jump up ^ LaFrank , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Mark Horn . `` The Stonewall Seder '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guguhj ( 1999 - 06 - 29 ) . `` BEHIND THE HEADLINES Gay Jews recount dual struggle on anniversary of Stonewall Riots Jewish Telegraphic Agency '' . Jta.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David ( June 26 , 1999 ) . `` Stonewall , Gay Bar That Made History , Is Made a Landmark '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Weill , Kelly ( 1969 - 06 - 28 ) . `` REBNY backs landmark status for Stonewall Inn '' . Capital New York . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , and Transgender Pride Month , 2009 '' Archived 2010 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... The White House ( June 1 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Naff , Kevin ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Alas , Poor Activism , We Knew Her Well '' . Washington Blade . Retrieved on March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zraick , Karen ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` NY legalizes gay marriage 42 years after Stonewall '' Archived 2011 - 06 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Yahoo !. Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri SJR39 2016 Regular Session '' . LegiScan . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Robillard , Kevin ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` First inaugural use of the word ' gay ' '' . Politico . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michelson , Noah ( January 21 , 2013 ) .", "42": "`` Obama Inauguration Speech Makes History With Mention Of Gay Rights Struggle , Stonewall Uprising '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Legacy Walk honors LGBT ' guardian angels ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PHOTOS : 7 LGBT Heroes Honored With Plaques in Chicago 's Legacy Walk '' . The Advocate . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Humm , Andy ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Stonewall Inn Appears Headed for City Landmark Status - A Gay First '' . Gay City News . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jim Smith reports ( 1987 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Stonewall Inn Designated A New York City Landmark `` CBS New York '' . Newyork.cbslocal.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument '' ( official announcement from White House Press Office ; June 24 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Obama designates Stonewall national monument '' . Washington Blade . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , David ; Eilperin , Juliet ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` With Stonewall , Obama designates first national monument to gay rights movement '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 . Sources ( edit ) Adam , Barry ( 1987 ) . The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement . G.K. Hall & Co . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 9714 - 9 . Bronski , Michael ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . Pulp Friction : Uncovering the Golden Age of Gay Male Pulps . St. Martin 's Griffin .", "43": "ISBN 0 - 312 - 25267 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Cain , Paul ( 2007 ) . Leading the Parade : Conversations with America 's Most Influential Lesbians and Gay Men , . Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5913 - 0 . Carter , David ( 2004 ) . Stonewall : The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34269 - 1 . Clendinen , Dudley , and Nagourney , Adam ( 1999 ) . Out for Good . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81091 - 3 . Deitcher , David ( ed . ) ( 1995 ) . The Question of Equality : Lesbian and Gay Politics in America Since Stonewall . Scribner . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80030 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Duberman , Martin ( 1993 ) . Stonewall . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 525 - 93602 - 5 . Edsall , Nicholas ( 2003 ) . Toward Stonewall : Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2211 - 9 . Faderman , Lillian ( 1991 ) . Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers : A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth Century America . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017122 - 3 . Faderman , Lillian ; Timmons , Stuart ( 2006 ) . Gay L.A. : A History of Sexual Outlaws , Power Politics , and Lipstick Lesbians . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02288 - X ... Fejes , Fred ( 2008 ) . Gay Rights and Moral Panic : The Origins of America 's Debate on Homosexuality . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 8069 - 1 .", "44": "Gallo , Marcia ( 2006 ) . Different Daughters : A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement . Seal Press . ISBN 1 - 58005 - 252 - 5 . Katz , Jonathan ( 1976 ) . Gay American History : Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. Thomas Y . Crowell Company . ISBN 0 - 690 - 01165 - 2 . LaFrank , Kathleen ( ed . ) ( January 1999 ) . National Historic Landmark Nomination : Stonewall ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Interior : National Park Service . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Marcus , Eric ( 2002 ) . Making Gay History . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093391 - 7 . Teal , Donn ( 1971 ) . The Gay Militants . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11279 - 3 . Williams , Walter ; Retter , Yolanda ( eds . ) ( 2003 ) . Gay and Lesbian Rights in the United States : A Documentary History . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30696 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Witt , Lynn ; Thomas , Sherry ; Marcus , Eric , ( eds . ) ( 1995 ) . Out in All Directions : The Almanac of Gay and Lesbian America . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 67237 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stonewall Inn . `` Police Records Document Start of Stonewall Uprising '' , The New York Times , June 22 , 2009 Newspaper reports of the event New York City Pride `` Media Could Use a Stonewall Uprising of Their Own '' by Karl Frisch , The Huffington Post `` A Look Back at the Uprising that Launched the Modern Gay Rights Movement '' -- Video report by Democracy Now !", "45": "Stonewall Uprising in PBS ' American Experience Screaming Queens : The Riot at Compton 's Cafeteria at Internet Movie Database . A 2005 documentary by Victor Silverman and Susan Stryker about the riots at Compton 's Cafeteria in San Francisco leading up to Stonewall Stonewall National Historic Landmark Sexual revolution Main topics Free love Summer of Love Milestones Abortion law Blue Movie Divorce law by country Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Golden Age of Porn `` Porno chic '' Pornography Pornography in the United States Swinging The Pill ( 1965 ) United States v. One Book Called Ulysses Slogans `` Make love , not war '' `` The personal is political '' Events Kinsey Reports Masters and Johnson Institute Playboy Protests of 1968 Stonewall riots People Gerard Damiano Hugh Hefner Virginia Johnson Alfred Kinsey William Masters Radley Metzger Wilhelm Reich Andy Warhol Related topics Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist views of pornography Hippie LGBT LGBT culture in New York City Lust New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre 55th Street Playhouse Peace movement The Factory Make Love , Not War : The Sexual Revolution : An Unfettered History ( 2001 book ) LGBT in New York History LGBTQ culture in New York City Stonewall riots Stop the Church Timeline of LGBT history in New York City Rights Gender Expression Non-Discrimination Act ( proposed ) Marriage Equality Act New York v. Onofre Same - sex marriage in New York Sexual Orientation Non-Discrimination Act United States v. Windsor Culture by city New York City Clubs and resorts Cherry Grove Continental Baths Everard Baths Fire Island Pines Julius Mineshaft New St.", "46": "Marks Baths The Saint Stonewall Inn Other places Callen - Lorde Community Health Center Christopher Street Greenwich Village Harvey Milk High School Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual & Transgender Community Center Lesbian Herstory Archives Metropolitan Community Church of New York Oscar Wilde Bookshop Stonewall National Monument Events Gayfest NYC LGBT Pride March New York Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , & Transgender Film Festival Wigstock News media Gay City News Gaysweek The New York Blade New York Native Next Magazine Out FM Magazines Christopher Street ( magazine ) Organizations ACT UP Ali Forney Center Audre Lorde Project Empire State Pride Agenda ( disbanded ) Fed Up Queers Gay Activists Alliance Gay Liberation Front Gay Men 's Health Crisis Lavender Menace Lesbian Avengers Lesbian Feminist Liberation Lesbian Sex Mafia New York Area Bisexual Network Pride Center of the Capital Region Queens Liberation Front Queer Nation Sex Panic ! Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries Lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender history Adelphopoiesis Boston marriage Greek love History of bisexuality History of cross-dressing History of homosexuality ( History of Christianity and homosexuality , Saints Sergius and Bacchus , LGBT in Islam ) History of lesbianism History of same - sex unions ( Timeline of same - sex marriage , Timeline of same - sex marriage in the United States ) Homosexuality in ancient Egypt ( Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum ) Homosexuality in Japan Homosexuality in medieval Europe Homosexuality in Ottoman Empire LGBT history LGBT history by country LGBT history in China ( Homosexuality in China ) LGBT history in Germany ( Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust ) LGBT history in Greece ( Homosexuality in ancient Greece , Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece ) LGBT history in India LGBT history in Israel ( David and Jonathan ) LGBT history in Italy ( Homosexuality in ancient Rome , Lex Scantinia , Sexuality in ancient Rome ) LGBT history in Peru ( Homosexuality in ancient Peru ) LGBT history in Poland ( Operation Hyacinth ) LGBT history in the UK ( Molly house , Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history ,", "47": "Sea queens , UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action ) LGBT history in the United States ( Bisexuality in the United States , Gay men in American history , History of lesbianism in the United States , History of transgender people in the United States , White Night riots ) LGBT History Month LGBT social movements Pederasty ( Athenian pederasty , Cretan pederasty , Pederasty in ancient Greece ) Platonic love Principle 6 campaign Romantic friendship Stonewall riots ( List of LGBT actions in the United States prior to the Stonewall riots ) Table of years in LGBT rights Timeline of LGBT history ( List of lesbian , gay , bisexual , or transgender firsts by year , Timeline of LGBT history in the United Kingdom , Timeline of LGBT history in Canada , Timeline of LGBT history in South Africa , Timeline of LGBT history in Turkey , Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBT history , Timeline of Asian and Pacific Islander Diasporic LGBT History ) Transgender history Uranian Category : LGBT history Lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) topics Academic fields Discourse LGBT topics in education Gender studies Lavender linguistics Lesbian feminism LGBT literature LGBT / Queer studies Queer theory Transfeminism Community Culture Anthems Bars Bisexual community Coming out Community center Cross-dressers Drag king Drag queen Fiction topics Gay friendly Icons Lesbian utopia Literature Music Neighborhoods Organizations Periodicals Pride Pride parade Religious groups Rodeos Same - sex relationships Slang List of slang terms Slogans Sports Symbols Tourism Category : LGBT culture Gender identities Sexual identities Sexual diversities Gender identities Androgyne Bigender Boi", "48": "Cisgender Female Gender bender Gender neutrality Genderqueer Male Pangender Transfeminine Transgender Trans man Transmasculine Transsexual Trans woman Womyn Third sex / Third gender Akava'ine Androgynos Bakla Bissu Eunuch Fa'afafine Fakaleiti Femminiello Hijra Kathoey Khanith Köçek Mahu Mak nyah Mukhannathun Muxe Sworn virgins Takatāpui Tomboy Travesti Tumtum Two - Spirit Winkte Sexual orientation identities Sexual orientations Asexual Bisexual Heterosexual Homosexual Attraction to transgender people Banjee Bi-curious Ex-gay Ex-ex - gay Gay Heteroflexible Lesbian Monosexual Non-heterosexual Pansexual Polyamorous Queer Questioning Romantic orientation Same gender loving Related Gender and Sexual Diversity Erotic target location error Gender roles Human female sexuality Human male sexuality Sexuality and gender identity - based cultures Intersex Hermaphrodite History LGBT history History of homosexuality History of lesbianism LGBT history timeline Social movements History of Christianity and homosexuality History of same - sex unions Pederasty Category : LGBT history Pre-modern era Adelphopoiesis Homosexuality in ancient Egypt Homosexuality in ancient Greece Homosexuality in ancient Peru Homosexuality in ancient Rome Homosexuality in", "49": "medieval Europe 16th to 19th century Mollies Urnings 20th century Homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust Sea queens Stonewall riots Festival of Light action White Night riots 21st century Timeline of same - sex marriage LGBTQ culture in New York City Stonewall National Monument Rights and legal issues LGBT rights by country or territory Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania List of LGBT rights articles by region LGBT rights topics Adoption Civil unions and partnerships Hate crime laws Intersex human rights Military service Parenting Same - sex marriage Timeline List of couples Socialism Sodomy laws Transgender rights United Nations / Yogyakarta Principles La Francophonie Commonwealth of Nations LGBT rights movements Homophile Gay liberation LGBT rights groups LGBT rights activists Pink capitalism Sexual orientations -- Medicine , science and sexology Biology Birth order Demographics Environment Heterosexual -- homosexual continuum Homosexuality and psychology Kinsey scale Klein Grid Neuroscience Prenatal hormones Sexual inversion Sexual orientation change efforts Sexual orientation identity Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine Social attitudes Prejudice Violence Social attitudes Anti-LGBT slogans Heteronormativity Heteropatriarchy Homonationalism Pinkwashing Gay panic LGBT rights opposition LGBT stereotypes Religion and homosexuality Transgenderism and religion Prejudice and discrimination AIDS stigma Biphobia Genderism Heterosexism Homophobia Internalized homophobia Lesbophobia Non-binary discrimination Riddle scale SPLC - designated list of anti-gay U.S.", "50": "hate groups Transmisogyny Transphobia Violence against LGBT people Corrective rape Death penalty for homosexuality Gay bashing History of violence in the UK History of violence in the US Orlando nightclub shooting Significant acts of violence against LGBT people Trans bashing Unlawfully killed transgender people LGBT suicides Portal Early LGBT rights advocacy in the United States ( pre -- Stonewall riots ) Organizations Council on Religion and the Homosexual Daughters of Bilitis Janus Society Knights of the Clock Mattachine Society Metropolitan Community Church NACHO ONE , Inc . PRIDE Society for Human Rights Student Homophile League Veterans Benevolent Association Mattachine Society Hal Call Rudi Gernreich James Gruber Harry Hay Dale Jennings Frank Kameny Jack Nichols Daughters of Bilitis Lisa Ben Barbara Gittings Barbara Grier Kay Lahusen Phyllis Lyon Del Martin Ruth Simpson Others Merton Bird Reed Erickson Arthur Evans Charles Henri Ford Henry Gerber Morris Kight Aristide Laurent W. Dorr Legg Bob Mizer Troy Perry Clark Polak Craig Rodwell José Sarria Parker Tyler Randy Wicker H. Lynn Womack Publications The Advocate Drum Focus : A Journal for Lesbians Journal of Homosexuality The Ladder Vice Versa Events List of actions Newport sex scandal ( 1919 ) Secret Court of 1920 ( 1920 ) One , Inc. v. Olesen ( 1958 ) MANual Enterprises v.", "51": "Day ( 1962 ) Annual Reminder ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Compton 's Cafeteria riot ( 1966 ) Film / TV The Rejected ( 1961 ) `` The Homosexuals '' ( 1967 ) Related Athletic Model Guild Black Cat Bar Black Cat Tavern DOB Australia Homophile Garden of Allah ( cabaret ) Julius ( NYC bar ) Henry Gerber House Minorities Research Group ( UK ) ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives Oscar Wilde Bookshop The Patch Tavern Guild Coordinates : 40 ° 44 ′ 02 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 08 '' W / 40.7338 ° N 74.0021 ° W / 40.7338 ; - 74.0021 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "52": "php?title=Stonewall_riots&oldid=838109737 '' Categories : 1960s in LGBT history 1969 in New York ( state ) 1969 riots 20th century in New York City Greenwich Village History of LGBT civil rights in the United States History of Manhattan History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) LGBT civil rights demonstrations LGBT history in New York City LGBT - related riots Police brutality in the United States Riots and civil disorder in New York City 1969 in LGBT history June 1969 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2016 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 00 : 14 .", "53": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 44, 1, 43, 20, 3, 27, 48, 46, 28, 5, 47, 49, 52, 35, 6, 4, 26, 39, 9, 10, 36, 33, 23, 2, 8, 32, 13, 21, 50, 19, 12, 17, 42, 30, 0, 22, 29, 25, 16, 15, 34, 37, 40, 24, 18, 38, 31, 41, 51, 14, 45, 11, 7, 53 ]	[ 44, 1, 43, 20, 3, 27 ]
1621982621985982221	what is the processor for google nexus 5	[ "a 2.26 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 800 processor", "a 2.26 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 800 processor", "2.26 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 800", "2.26 GHz quad-core Snapdragon 800 processor" ]	{ "0": "Nexus 5 - Wikipedia Nexus 5 Jump to : navigation , search Nexus 5 Front view of the Nexus 5 Codename Hammerhead Developer Google , LG Electronics Manufacturer LG Electronics Series Google Nexus Model LG - D820 ( North America ) LG - D821 ( Rest of World ) Compatible networks 2G / 3G / 4G LTE GSM : 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz Model LG - D820 ( North America ) CDMA band class : 0 / 1 / 10 WCDMA bands : 1 / 2 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 8 / 19 LTE bands : 1 / 2 / 4 / 5 / 17 / 19 / 25 / 26 / 41 Model LG - D821 ( international ) WCDMA bands : 1 / 2 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 8 LTE bands : 1 / 3 / 5 / 7 / 8 / 20 First released October 31 , 2013 ; 3 years ago ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) Availability by country 31 October 2013 ( show ) Australia Canada France Germany Italy Japan South Korea Spain United Kingdom United States 20 November 2013 ( show ) India Nepal Hong Kong 27 November 2013 ( show ) Sweden Norway Netherlands Turkey Discontinued March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) Predecessor Nexus 4 Successor Nexus 6 , Nexus 5X Related LG G2 , Nexus 7 ( 2013 ) Type Smartphone Form factor Slate 137.84 mm ( 5.427 in ) H 69.17 mm ( 2.723 in ) W 8.59 mm ( 0.338 in ) D Weight 130 g ( 4.6 oz ) Operating system Android `` KitKat '' 4.4 , upgradable to Android `` Marshmallow '' 6.0.", "1": "1 System on chip Qualcomm Snapdragon 800 CPU 2.26 GHz quad - core Krait 400 GPU Adreno 330 , 450 MHz Memory 2 GB of LPDDR3 - 1600 RAM Storage 16 GB ( 12.55 GB available ) or 32 GB ( 26.7 GB available ) Battery 3.8 V 2300 mAh , 8 Wh Qi wireless charging non-replaceable Data inputs Multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , Proximity sensor , Gyroscope , Compass , Barometer , Accelerometer , Hall effect sensor , Ambient Light sensor , GPS , GLONASS , Beidou , step counter and detector Display 4.95 in ( 126 mm ) Full HD 1080 × 1920 px ( 445 ppi ) IPS LCD , with Corning Gorilla Glass 3 Rear camera 8 MP Sony Exmor IMX179 1 / 3.2 - inch CMOS sensor with OIS , f / 2.4 aperture and LED flash . Front camera 1.3 MP Sound Monaural lateral loudspeaker , dual microphones , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack Connectivity Micro USB , SlimPort , NFC , Bluetooth 4.0 , Wi - Fi 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( single stream ) Other Multi-color LED notification light SAR Head : 0.810 W / kg ( 1 g ) Body : 0.998 W / kg ( 1 g ) Hotspot : 0.998 W / kg ( 1 g ) Website https://www.google.com/nexus/5/ at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 31 , 2013 ) Nexus 5 ( codenamed Hammerhead ) is an Android smartphone manufactured by LG Electronics for Google . Co-developed with and marketed by Google Inc. as part of its Nexus line of flagship devices and unveiled on October 31 , 2013 , it is a successor to the Nexus 4 . Nexus 5 served as the launch device for Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' , which introduced a refreshed interface , performance improvements , increased Google Now integration , better battery life and other features .", "2": "The Nexus 5 received mostly positive reviews , praising the device 's balance of overall performance and cost in comparison to other `` flagship '' phones , along with the quality of its display and some of the changes introduced by Android 4.4 . The display was , however , criticized for being too dim in comparison to other devices , and the camera was criticized for having inconsistent quality . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Release ( edit ) The device was unveiled on October 31 , 2013 ; it was made available for pre-order from Google Play Store the same day in 16 GB and 32 GB models . When released , the Nexus 5 was priced at US $349 ( 16 GB version ) and US $399 ( 32 GB version ) in the US . This was much lower than comparable smartphones , which would cost around $649 . As of 11 March 2015 , the Nexus 5 is no longer available from Google Play Store . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) Back , front and side view of a black Nexus 5 The exterior of the Nexus 5 is made from a polycarbonate shell with similarities to the 2013 version of Nexus 7 , unlike its predecessor that uses a glass - based construction . Three exterior colors are available : black , white and red . Its hardware contains similarities to the LG G2 ; it is powered by a 2.26 GHz quad - core Snapdragon 800 processor with 2 GB of RAM , either 16 or 32 GB of internal storage , and a 2300 mAh battery . The Nexus 5 uses a 4.95 - inch ( marketed as 5 - inch ) 445 PPI 1080p IPS display , and includes an 8 - megapixel rear - facing camera with optical image stabilization ( OIS ) , and a 1.3 - megapixel front - facing camera . The Nexus 5 supports LTE networks where available , unlike the Nexus 4 which unofficially supported LTE on AWS Band 4 only with a hidden software option , but was not formally approved or marketed for any LTE use .", "3": "There are two variants of the Nexus 5 , with varying support for cellular frequency bands ; one is specific to North America ( LG - D820 ) , and the other is designed for the rest of the world ( LG - D821 ) . Notable new hardware features also include two new composite sensors : a step detector and a step counter . These new sensors allow applications to easily track steps when the user is walking , running , or climbing stairs . Both sensors are implemented in hardware for low power consumption . Like its predecessors , the Nexus 5 does not have a microSD card slot , while it features a multi-color LED notification light . There are two grills present on the lower edge of the Nexus 5 : one is for the mono speaker and the other is for the microphone . Software ( edit ) Main article : Android ( operating system ) Nexus 5 , LG - D821 model ( international ) The Nexus 5 was the first Android device to ship with Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' , which had a refreshed interface , improved performance , improved NFC support ( such as the ability to emulate a smart card ) , a new `` HDR+ '' camera shooting mode , native printing functionality , a screen recording utility , and other new and improved functionality . The device also shipped with Google Now Launcher , a redesigned home screen which allows users to quickly access Google Now on a dedicated page , and allows voice search to be activated on the home screen with a voice command . Unlike the stock home screen , Google Now Launcher is not a component of Android itself ; it is implemented as part of the Google Search application . Until 26 February 2014 , when it was released on Google Play Store for selected Android 4.4 devices , Google Now Launcher was exclusively shipped by default on the Nexus 5 , and was not enabled in Android 4.4 updates for any other Nexus device . While an update to the Google Search application containing Google Now Launcher ( which itself was tweaked to improve compatibility with other devices as well ) was publicly released shortly after the Nexus 5 's release , the launcher itself could not at the time be enabled without installing a second shim application . Hangouts , which now supports text messaging , is used as the default text messaging application . In December 2013 , the Nexus 5 began receiving the Android 4.4.", "4": "1 update , which fixed issues with auto focus , white balance , HDR+ and other camera issues , while introducing some other camera issues for low - light scenes . It also fixes low speaker volume output in certain applications . Android 4.4. 2 update followed in a few days , providing further bugfixes and security improvements . In early June 2014 , the Nexus 5 received Android 4.4. 3 update that included dozens of bug fixes , while another mid-June 2014 Android 4.4. 4 update included a fix for an OpenSSL man - in - the - middle vulnerability . A developer preview of the Android 5.0 `` Lollipop '' system image was released for the Nexus 5 after the annual Google I / O conference held on June 26 , 2014 . The release version of Android 5.0 `` Lollipop '' was made available on November 12 , 2014 , in form of factory operating system images . On December 15 , 2014 Android 5.0. 1 `` Lollipop '' update began rolling out to Nexus 5 with build number LRX22C , the update was listed as being `` miscellaneous Android updates . '' In March 2015 , the Nexus 5 began receiving the Android 5.1 `` Lollipop '' update , which addresses performance issues and other user interface tweaks ; however , it is known to introduce certain camera issues . In June 2015 , Google made the Android 5.1. 1 `` Lollipop '' update available for Nexus 5 aiming to fix the bugs that were not fixed by Android 5.1 update . In May 2015 , a developer preview of Android Marshmallow was made available for the Nexus 5 . In November 2015 , Nexus 5 started receiving Android 6.0 `` Marshmallow '' update across the world . Following which Nexus 5 became one of the first devices to get an Android 6.0. 1 Marshmallow update in December 2015 . In August 2016 , Google confirmed that , the Nexus 5 will not receive an official Android 7.0 Nougat update , meaning that Android 6.0. 1 Marshmallow is the last officially supported Android version for the device .", "5": "Reception ( edit ) The Nexus 5 received mostly positive reviews ; critics felt that the device provided a notable balance between performance and pricing . Although noting nuances with its display , such as its color reproduction and low maximum brightness in comparison to competitors , CNET praised software features such as the new phone dialer interface and Google Now integration on the home screen , but did not believe KitKat provided many major changes over its predecessors . Hangouts as the default text messaging app was criticized for its user interface and for attempting to force the use of a Google service , while the quality of photos taken with the device was described as being `` great , but it did n't particularly blow me away . '' In conclusion , the Nexus 5 was given a 4 out of 5 , concluding that `` to even compare this $400 phone to those that cost upward of $650 unlocked ( like the Samsung Galaxy S4 , HTC One , and Apple iPhone 5S ) speaks volumes about the Nexus 5 's massive appeal and affordability '' , and that the device `` extends the allure of the Nexus brand to anyone simply looking for an excellent yet inexpensive handset . '' Engadget was similarly positive , but noted that the device 's LTE support was lacking , as its supported bands are segregated across two model variants , and does not support Verizon Wireless . While praised for its crisp quality , it was noted that the display did not render colors ( particularly black and white ) as richly as the Galaxy S4 , but added that `` if you think saturated colors are overrated anyway , you 're going to love the display here . '' While considered an improvement over the Nexus 4 , the device 's battery life was criticized for not being as good as its competitors , and the quality of its camera was considered to be inconsistent . In conclusion , Engadget argued that `` whether or not it was the company 's intent , Google is sending a message to smartphone makers that it 's possible to make high - quality handsets without costing consumers the proverbial arm and leg . Now we just wait and see if that message will be warmly received . '' Compared to the LG G2 which was released earlier and shares the same manufacturer and much of the same hardware , the Nexus 5 has a lower - quality rear camera and smaller battery to hit a cheaper price point .", "6": "However , Nexus 5 has been touted as a clean Android software alternative with the added advantage of running the latest Android 4.4 `` KitKat '' . See also ( edit ) Google portal Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Google Store . The Nexus 5 was not listed . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Nexus 5 system info screenshots emerge , rehash top shelf specs and 12 GB user - available memory Jump up ^ Google Nexus 5 review : Great value for money ZDNet Jump up ^ `` Google Nexus 5 '' . Google . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Nexus 5 Review '' . AnandTech . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Android KitKat '' . Android . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nexus 5 Teardown '' . ifixit.com. 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LG Nexus 5 is official , runs Android 4.4 KitKat '' . gsmarena.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nickinson , Phil ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Nexus 5 speaker : Yes , there 's only one -- and software may be hurting what you hear ( updated ) '' . androidcentral.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reminder : The Nexus 5 has a Beautiful Multi-Color LED Notification Light at the bottom , Take Advantage of It -- Droid Life Jump up ^ `` OET Exhibits List for FCC ID ZNFD820 '' . fcc.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ LG ' Hammerhead ' Nexus 5 boasts Snapdragon 800 , 1080p display Jump up ^ `` Google Unveils Nexus 5 With Android 4.4 KitKat '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzsimmons , Michelle ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` 16GB Nexus 5 supplies in and out at Google Play Store '' .", "7": "TechRadar . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's $349 Nexus 5 hits today with LTE , KitKat '' . cnet . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Google 's Nexus 6 Pricing Strategy Could Be Brilliant Jump up ^ `` Google 's Nexus 5 : Nobody Does it Cheaper '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bogdan Petrovan ( 2013 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Nexus 5 black vs white comparison : what 's your choice ? '' . androidauthority.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chris Smith ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` The red Nexus 5 is real and available now from the Google Play Store '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Google Announces The Nexus 5 and Android 4.4 Details '' . Anandtech . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nexus 4 Includes Support for LTE on Band 4 ( AWS ) '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Sebastian ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Nexus 5 released today : $350 ( off - contract ) for a KitKat - powered superphone '' . ExtremeTech . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) . `` '' Google Now Launcher '' hits Play Store , brings Google homescreen to GPE & Nexus devices `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Klug ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Android 4.4 Factory Images Now Available for Nexus 4 , 7 ( 2012 and 2013 ) , and 10 '' . AnandTech . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Nexus 5 's `` exclusive '' launcher suspiciously receives support for other devices `` . Ars Technica .", "8": "Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Bohn , Dieter ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Google 's Nexus 5 with KitKat available today , starting at $349 : hands - on impressions '' . The Verge . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Nexus Google+ page ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Android 4.4. 1 Released to Nexus 5 '' . Google Plus . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ David Pierce ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Fixing the Nexus 5 : with a new version of Android , Google tackles the camera '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ What the Android 4.4. 1 update means for Google 's Nexus 5 shooters Jump up ^ Rajesh Pandey ( 2013 - 12 - 06 ) . `` What 's new in Android 4.4. 1 '' . Android Beat . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Artem Russakovskii ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Android 4.4. 2 ( KOT49H ) Is Already Rolling Out To All Nexus Devices - Here Are The OTA ZIP Links For Manual Updating '' . Android Police . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Alex Dobie ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Android 4.4. 3 OTA Updates Hitting Nexus Devices '' . Android Central . Jump up ^ Andrew Martonik ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Android 4.4. 4 OTA Rollout Begins '' . Android Central . Jump up ^ `` Updated Android Lollipop Developer Preview image coming to Nexus devices in a couple of days '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Android 5.0 Lollipop Factory Images posted for Nexus 5 , Nexus 7 , and Nexus 10 '' . droid-life.com. 2014 - 11 - 12 .", "9": "Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Nexus 5 Gets Android 5.0. 1 Update Today , According to Sprint ( Updated ) '' . DROID LIFE . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loie Favre ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Android 5.1 Lollipop update : everything you need to know '' . androidpit.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Some Nexus 5 Owners Afflicted By Camera Crashes Following Android 5.1 Update Jump up ^ Android Issue 160609 : 5.1 causes issues with camera on Nexus 5 Jump up ^ `` Android 5.1. 1 Lollipop Update for Nexus 4 , Nexus 5 , Nexus 7 , and Nexus 10 : Availability Info '' . Android Geeks . June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downloads Android Developers '' . Developer.android.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lestoc , Costea ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Nexus 5 , 6 , 7 and 9 With Android 6.0 Marshmallow Update Status '' . BLORGE . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Android 6.0. 1 Marshmallow Update for Nexus 5 , Nexus 6 , Nexus 7 , and Nexus 9 : Availability '' . Android Geeks . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruddock , David . `` RIP : The Nexus 5 is n't getting Android 7.0 Nougat , let 's say our goodbyes '' . Android Police . Illogical Robot LLC . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nexus 5 review : the best phone $350 can buy '' . Engadget . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn La ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) .", "10": "`` Google Nexus 5 Review '' . CNET . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Review : LG 's G2 smartphone gets caught living in the shadows of giants '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LG G2 review '' . The Verge . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Klug , Brian ( 5 April 2013 ) . `` The HTC One Review '' . AnandTech . AnandTech Inc . Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nexus 5 . Official website Google Nexus Phones Nexus One Nexus S Galaxy Nexus Nexus 4 Nexus 5 Nexus 6 Nexus 5X Nexus 6P Tablets Nexus 7 1st generation 2nd generation Nexus 10 Nexus 9 Digital media players Nexus Q Nexus Player Related Google Pixel Google Play edition Android Software development Category Official development tools Software Development Kit ( SDK ) Android Debug Bridge ( ADB ) Fastboot Android application package ( APK ) Native Development Kit ( NDK ) Android Open Accessory Development Kit Bionic RenderScript Skia Dalvik Android Runtime ( ART ) Firebase Google Cloud Messaging ( GCM ) Firebase Cloud Messaging ( FCM ) AdMob Material Design Fonts Droid Roboto Noto Google Developers Other development tools OpenBinder Apache Harmony OpenJDK Gradle Integrated development environments ( IDE ) Android Studio IntelliJ IDEA Eclipse Android Development Tools ( ADT ) App Inventor Languages & Databases Java Kotlin XML C++ SQLite Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Events & Communities Google I / O Developer Challenge Developer Lab Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) Releases 1.0 Cupcake ( 1.5 ) Donut ( 1.6 ) Eclair ( 2.0 - 2.", "11": "1 ) Froyo ( 2.2 ) Gingerbread ( 2.3 ) Honeycomb ( 3. x ) Ice Cream Sandwich ( 4.0 ) Jelly Bean ( 4.1 - 4.3 ) KitKat ( 4.4 ) Lollipop ( 5. x ) Marshmallow ( 6.0 ) Nougat ( 7. x ) Oreo ( 8.0 ) Derivatives Android Auto Android Things Android TV Android Wear Smartphones & Tablets Google Pixel Pixel & Pixel XL Pixel C Nexus devices Nexus One Nexus S Galaxy Nexus Nexus 4 Nexus 5 Nexus 5X Nexus 6 Nexus 6P Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Nexus 10 Nexus 9 Nexus Q Nexus Player Google Play edition HTC One ( M7 ) HTC One ( M8 ) LG G Pad 8.3 Moto G Samsung Galaxy S4 Sony Xperia Z Ultra Android One Customized variants Android - x86 Remix OS AOKP Baidu Yi Barnes & Noble Nook ColorOS CopperheadOS CyanogenMod EMUI Fire OS Funtouch OS Flyme OS LeWa OS LineageOS MIUI Nokia X software platform OPhone OmniROM OxygenOS Replicant Samsung Experience Ubuntu for Android XobotOS Yun OS Applications Assistant Google Now Earth Gmail Google Chrome for Android Goggles Hangouts Maps Navigation Pay Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Sky Talk Voice APIs Google Maps Google Play Services Google Search Alternative user interfaces Asus Zen UI Hive UI HTC Sense Google Pixel UI LG UX ( Optimus UI ) Samsung TouchWiz Lists Custom firmware Features Free and open - source applications Games Google apps Launchers Related topics Index of articles Google Androidland Lawn statues Chromecast Java vs. Android API Legal issues Oracle America , Inc. v. Google , Inc .", "12": "Smartphone patent wars XDA Developers Rooting Android smartphones Acer beTouch E110 Liquid A1 Liquid E Liquid Metal Alcatel OT - 980 OT - 990 Asus PadFone ZenFone BlackBerry Priv DTEK50 DTEK60 KEYone Google Android Dev Phone Play editions Nexus One Galaxy 5 6 5X 6P Pixel Pixel 2 HTC Amaze 4G Aria ChaCha Desire Eye 620 HD X Z Dream Droid Incredible 4G LTE HTC Inspire Evo 4G Shift 4G Design 4G 3D 4G LTE Explorer Hero / Droid Eris Incredible S / Droid Incredible 2 J Butterfly / Droid DNA Legend Magic One series V X One One ( M8 ) One M9 One Mini One Mini 2 One Max HTC 10 Raider 4G Rezound Salsa Sensation T - Mobile US G1 myTouch 3G myTouch 3G Slide Desire Z myTouch 4G myTouch 4G Slide Tattoo ThunderBolt Wildfire Huawei T - Mobile Pulse IDEOS U8150 U8800 ( Ideos X5 ) Sonic ( U8650 ) Ascend Honor LG G series 2 Mini G3 Stylus Flex Pro 2 Pro Lite x Flex 2 5 6 GW620 Optimus Optimus 2X Optimus 3D Optimus 4X HD Optimus Black Optimus Chic Optimus G Optimus L9 Optimus LTE Optimus One Optimus Q Optimus Slider Optimus Vu II Optimus Vu Optimus Zip VS740 V series V10 V20 Meizu M9 PRO 5 MX MX4 Pro 5 Misc . Amazon Fire Phone Canonical Ubuntu Edge Casio G'zOne Commando Dell Venue Essential", "13": "Phone Garmin Nüvifone GeeksPhone One Intel AZ210 Karbonn a15 Kyocera Echo Lenovo LePhone / IdeaPhone Micromax Canvas A1 Nextbit Robin PepsiCo Pepsi P1 Vertu Ti Motorola Atrix 4G Backflip Charm Cliq XT Defy Devour Droid ( Milestone ) Droid Bionic Droid MAXX & Ultra Droid Mini Droid Pro / XPRT ( Milestone Plus ) Droid Razr Maxx HD Maxx HD Droid Turbo Droid X ( Milestone X ) X2 Flipout i1 Moto X 2013 2014 Style Play Moto G 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Moto E 2014 2015 2016 Moto Z Play Nokia Nokia 3 Nokia 5 Nokia 6 Nokia 8 Nokia X Nokia X+ Nokia XL Nokia X2 Nokia XL 4G OnePlus One X 3T 5 Pantech Vega Racer Vega R3 Vega N ° 6 Vega Iron Samsung Captivate Glide Galaxy Galaxy Spica Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy A Alpha A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7", "14": "2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 Pro Galaxy Beam Galaxy Core II LTE Galaxy Express Galaxy Express 2 Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy Mini Galaxy Mini 2 Galaxy Pocket Galaxy Pocket Plus Galaxy Pocket Neo Galaxy Round Galaxy S series Advance Duos Duos 2 Plus S 4G LTE II II Plus III III Mini 4 Mini 4 Active 5 5 Mini 5 Active 6 6 Active 7 8 Galaxy Star Galaxy W Galaxy Win Galaxy Y Galaxy Young Infuse 4G Transform Intercept Moment Sony Xperia series acro S C3 C4 Go Ion miro sola SP tipo U V X XA XA Ultra XA1 XA1 Ultra X Performance X Compact XZ XZs XZ Premium Z ZL ZR Z1 Z1 Compact E1 Z2 Z3 E3 Z3 Compact Z3+ / Z4 E4 Z5 Z5 Compact Z5 Premium E5 Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Xperia active Xperia arc Xperia acro Xperia mini Pro Xperia neo V Xperia Play Xperia pro Xperia ray Xperia X8 Xperia X10 Mini Mini Pro Xiaomi", "15": "Mi 1 Mi 2 Mi 2A Mi 2S Mi 3 Mi 4 Mi 4i Mi 4c Mi 5 Mi Note Pro Redmi Redmi 1S Redmi Note Redmi Note 2 Redmi Note 3 Redmi Note 4 ZTE Blade Racer Skate Engage Android tablets Other Android devices List of features in Android Google Overview Alphabet Inc .", "16": "History List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Products Criticism Privacy concerns Censorship Easter eggs Do n't be evil Advertising AdMob Adscape AdSense AdWords Analytics Contributor Partners DoubleClick DoubleClick for Publishers Wallet Communication Allo Alerts Apps Script Duo Calendar Contacts Gmail history interface Google+ Groups Hangouts Inbox Sync Text - to - Speech Translate Transliteration Voice Software Assistant Lens Chrome for Android for iOS Chrome Web Store Apps Extensions Cloud Print Earth Sky Moon Mars Gadgets Gboard Goggles IME Japanese Pinyin Photos Keep News & Weather Now OpenRefine Search Operating systems Android version history software development Android Auto Android Pay Android TV Android Wear Chrome OS Chromebit Chromebook Chromebox Chrome Zone Fuchsia Programming languages Dart Go Sawzall Platforms Account Authenticator Body Books Library Project Caja Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Cast Chromecast Cloud Platform App Engine BigQuery Bigtable Compute Engine Storage Contact Lens Custom Search Daydream Earth Engine Fit GFS Firebase G Suite Classroom Home Jamboard Marketplace Native Client Nexus OnHub OpenSocial Primer Pixel Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Public DNS URL Shortener Wallet Wifi Development tools AJAX APIs App Inventor Closure Tools CS First Developers Dialogflow Flutter GData Googlebot Guava Guice GWS KML Kythe MapReduce Mediabot Sitemaps Summer of Code Web Toolkit Search Console Website Optimizer Swiffy Publishing Blogger Bookmarks Drive Docs , Sheets , Slides ,", "17": "Forms Drawings My Maps Sites Fusion Tables Domains FeedBurner Map Maker YouTube YouTube Instant YouTube Red Vevo Zagat Search ( timeline ) Appliance Blog Search Books Ngram Viewer Custom Search Finance Flights Images Maps Mars Moon Sky Street View Coverage Competition Privacy concerns News Archive Patents Public Data Scholar Shopping Usenet Videos Algorithms PageRank Panda Penguin Hummingbird Features Personalized Real - Time Instant Search SafeSearch Voice Search Analysis Insights for Search Trends Knowledge Graph Knowledge Vault Discontinued Aardvark Answers Ara Browser Sync Base Buzz Checkout Chrome Frame Click - to - Call Cloud Connect Code Search Currents Desktop Dictionary Directory Dodgeball Fast Flip Friend Connect Gears Glass Glass OS GOOG - 411 Google TV Jaiku Knol Health iGoogle Image Labeler Labs Latitude Lively Mashup Editor Notebook Offers Orkut Pack Page Creator Panoramio Picasa Picasa Web Albums Picnik PowerMeter Q & A Reader Script Converter SearchWiki Sidewiki Slide Squared Talk Updater Urchin Videos Wave Web Accelerator Toolbar Other Art Project Calico Current Chrome Experiments Code - in Code Jam Developer Day Google Business Groups Made with Code Data Liberation Takeout Google Developer Expert Google for Work Self - driving car Earth Outreach Fiber GV `` Google '' Google China Google Express Googlization Grants Google.", "18": "org Lunar X Prize Project Fi Material Design Motorola Mobility reCAPTCHA WiFi X Events Science Fair Searchology I / O Developer Day Code Jam Highly Open Participation Contest Code - in Projects Loon Tango Sunroof Real estate 111 Eighth Avenue Googleplex Logo Doodle4Google Google Doodles People Al Gore Alan Eustace Alan Mulally Amit Singhal Ann Mather David Drummond Eric Schmidt Jeff Dean John Doerr John L. Hennessy Krishna Bharat Matt Cutts Patrick Pichette Paul Otellini Omid Kordestani Rachel Whetstone Rajen Sheth Ram Shriram Ray Kurzweil Ruth Porat Salar Kamangar Shirley M. Tilghman Sundar Pichai Susan Wojcicki Urs Hölzle Vint Cerf Hal Varian Gayglers Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Related AI Challenge Bomb GmailFS `` Google : Behind the Screen '' ( 2006 documentary ) Google : The Thinking Factory ( 2008 documentary ) Google and the World Brain ( 2013 documentary ) Goojje Monopoly City Streets Unity Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Nexus_5&oldid=800325080 '' Categories : LG Electronics mobile phones Android ( operating system ) devices Smartphones Mobile phones introduced in 2013 Google Nexus Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Search Navigation Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский සිංහල Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia Developers", "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 14, 1, 13, 12, 2, 15, 6, 7, 0, 8, 11, 19, 3, 4, 17, 5, 9, 10, 16, 18 ]	[ 14, 1, 13, 12, 2, 15 ]
-7542148038453012824	where did they film the royal tv series	[ "within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire", "within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire", "Whitby", "Scarborough", "City of Bradford", "the North Riding of Yorkshire" ]	{ "0": "The Royal - wikipedia The Royal Jump to : navigation , search This article is about British medical drama . For the sportsman with the same nickname , see Mark King ( snooker player ) . For The cinema in Toronto , see Royal Cinema . For the tram stop in Wolverhampton , see The Royal tram stop . For other uses , see Royal . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Royal The Royal intro . Starring Julian Ovenden Zoie Kennedy Robert Daws Amy Robbins Opening theme `` Somebody Help Me '' by The Spencer Davis Group Ending theme `` Somebody Help Me '' ( instrumental ) by The Spencer Davis Group Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 8 No. of episodes 87 ( List of episodes ) Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 Audio format Stereo Original release 19 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 19 ) -- 31 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 31 ) Chronology Related shows Heartbeat The Royal Today External links Website The Royal is a British period medical drama produced by ITV and aired normally on Sundays in the early evening slot ; episodes after 21 June 2009 , were also broadcast on ITV HD . The show consisted of eight series of one - hour episodes and was broadcast on ITV from 2003 until the show was cancelled in 2011 , with repeats continuing on ITV3 . The show is set in the 1960s and focuses on the fictional `` St Aidan 's Royal Free Hospital '' , an NHS hospital serving the fictional rural seaside town of Elsinby and its surrounding area . The show began as a spin - off of ITV 's period police drama series , Heartbeat , featuring characters from Heartbeat during the first three series , before becoming its own entity .", "1": "The show itself was shot within Whitby , Scarborough , City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire , and stars of The Royal included Ian Carmichael , Wendy Craig , Robert Daws , and Amy Robbins . The show itself generated its own spin - off , entitled The Royal Today , which used the same settings but in the present day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Filming 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast and characters 3 Episode list 4 Ratings 5 The Royal Today 6 End of production 7 References 8 External links Overview ( edit ) The setting of The Royal was first introduced as part of the story for the 14th episode of the 12th series of Heartbeat entitled ' Out of the Blue ' , in which the hospital was used to treat Heartbeat character Vernon Scripps and several people of Aidensfield . The benefit of this and its connection to the show , helped it to gain its own series , though it initially began as a spin - off with several characters from Heartbeat appearing in episodes as part of its main plots or side story ; the most prominent of these appearances were Claude Greengrass ( Bill Maynard ) , PC Alfred `` Alf '' Ventress ( William Simons ) , and PC Philip `` Phil '' Bellamy ( Mark Jordon ) . By the end of the third series , the show 's ties to Heartbeat were discontinued , with the show 's production team working to make it into its own entity by the fourth series . Unlike its former parent show , The Royal uses the song `` Somebody Help Me '' by The Spencer Davis Group as it main theme tune , with an instrumental version playing over the ending credits . The majority of the plots in each episode centred around medical emergencies or a serious medical case , and often featured moral dilemmas created or exposed by these matters . Additional story - lines also included staff members dealing with personal problems or issues , and an occasional side - story in a similar vein to Heartbeat .", "2": "While the show tended to avoid political topics on the whole ( the Vietnam War was briefly touched in one episode ) , its main themes focused and centred upon the conflict between progressive and conservative social ideals , as well as the ethical challenges and social changes faced by the hospital 's staff , a reflection of its setting and what was faced by the world in the 1960s . Although the setting used includes references to 1960s events , such as the coming of colour television , like Heartbeat the show featured a number of anachronisms , such as the use of `` a glass ceiling '' , an expression not coined until some years later . Set roughly twenty years after the creation of the National Health Service a theme running through the series is the previously independent hospital 's attempts at preserving its methods and standards within a National Health Service portrayed as bureaucratic and concerned more with efficiencies than patient care . The character Mr. Harper represents the archetypal interfering state inspector . Filming ( edit ) Filming of the interior scenes of `` St. Aiden 's '' utilised both The Leeds Studios and St. Luke 's Hospital , Bradford , the latter of which was chosen because it had not been updated in many years , and retained the appearance of what a hospital would appear like in the 1960s . The exterior scenes of the fictional hospital used the Red Court building on Holbeck Road , within Scarborough 's South Cliff , and included the nearby park area and Holbeck Clock Tower ; scenes were shot during the summer months . The remaining scenes outside the hospital covered the area of the North Riding of Yorkshire , including Whitby and Scarborough . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast and characters ( edit ) Julian Ovenden as Dr David Cheriton ( series 1 -- 3 ) , a GP and the series ' original protagonist . Zoie Kennedy as Meryl Taylor ( series 1 -- 5 ) , a Senior Staff Nurse and Cheriton 's primary love interest . Robert Daws as Dr Gordon Ormerod ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a GP and later , Weatherill 's husband . Amy Robbins as Dr Jill Weatherill ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a GP and a staunch promoter of maternal medicine . Linda Armstrong as Sister Brigid ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a nursing administrator and ward sister .", "3": "Francis Matthews as Dr James ' Jim ' Alway ( series 1 ) Dr Cheriton 's predecessor who is briefly seen . Ian Carmichael as T.J. Middleditch ( series 1 -- 5 , recurring thereafter ) , Hospital Secretary , Chairman of the Middleditch Trust . Wendy Craig as Matron ( series 1 -- 8 ) , nursing administrator , nicknamed `` Toffee '' . John Axon as Nigel Harper ( series 1 -- 4 ) , District Health Authority administrator . Michelle Hardwick as Lizzie Hopkirk ( series 1 -- 8 ) , receptionist . Denis Lill as Mr Rose ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a consultant general surgeon often assigned to St Aidan 's . Andy Wear as Alun Morris ( series 1 -- 8 ) , a porter and theatre technician . Michael Starke as Ken Hopkirk ( series 1 -- 7 ) , St Aidan 's head porter . Polly Maberly as Dr Lucy Klein ( series 2 -- 3 ) , a consultant psychologist and a foil for Cheriton . Anna Madeley as Samantha Beaumont ( series 3 -- 4 ) , a student nurse . Paul Fox as Dr Jeff Goodwin ( series 3 -- 6 ) , a GP and later , Makori 's primary love interest . Scott Taylor as Frankie Robinson ( series 4 -- 7 ) , an ambulance driver and paramedic . Natalie Anderson as Stella Davenport ( series 4 -- 7 ) , a senior staff nurse and Frankie 's longtime love interest . Amelia Curtis as Catherine Deane ( series 5 -- 6 ) , a senior staff nurse . Kananu Kirimi as Dr Joan Makori , a GP and a member of Doctors Without Borders ( series 5 -- 6 ) Robert Cavanah as Adam Carnegie ( series 5 -- 7 ) , hospital secretary . Sam Callis as Dr Mike Banner ( series 6 ) , a GP and sought - after locum physician . Kari Corbett as Marian McKaig ( series 6 -- 7 ) , a staff nurse . Sarah Beck Mather as Susie Dixon ( series 6 -- 8 ) , a student nurse .", "4": "Damian O'Hare as Dr Nick Burnett ( series 7 ) , a GP recruited by Jill following Goodwin and Makori 's departures . Chris Coghill as Bobby Sheridan ( series 7 ) , an ambulance driver . Gareth Hale as Jack Bell ( series 7 -- 8 ) , head porter of St Aidan 's . Neil McDermott as Dr Ralph Ellis ( series 8 ) , a locum GP noted for his forward thinking approach to medicine . Glynis Barber as Jean McAteer ( series 8 ) , hospital secretary . Lauren Drummond as Faye Clark ( series 8 ) , a student nurse . Diana May as Carol Selby ( series 8 ) , a staff nurse . Episode list ( edit ) Main article : List of The Royal episodes Ratings ( edit ) Below is the list of ratings of The Royal , giving an overall result for each series . Series Year Rank # Average Audience Share 2003 10th 10.12 m 2003 11th 7.16 m 2003 -- 2004 13th 9.17 m 2004 -- 2005 12th 8.49 m 5 2006 10th 7.93 m 6 2007 11th 7.24 m 7 2008 -- 2009 15th 4.91 m 8 2009 -- 2011 15th 4.62 m ( Incl . ITV1 + 1 ) Overall Rating 2003 -- 2011 Rank # Average Audience Share 12th 7.45 m The Royal Today ( edit ) Main article : The Royal Today In 2007 , ITV commissioned a daytime spin - off of The Royal , entitled The Royal Today . The spin - off focused on the same settings of the main show , but set in the present day with a new cast of characters . The show ran for one series in 2008 between 7 January to 14 March . The show was axed due to low ratings .", "5": "End of production ( edit ) Speculation surrounding the future of both Heartbeat and The Royal began in 2009 , when ITV announced on 4 March that a loss of £ 2.7 billion was forcing it to make cutbacks in employment numbers , the biggest of which were made at ITV Yorkshire Studios . Many raised concerns that the shows were to be axed , after reports were made to that effect in earlier in January , though a spokesperson stated later that the production of the shows was simply `` resting '' . No official news was given that the show was axed , but like Heartbeat , the series ended with a cliffhanger surrounding one of its main characters , when the final episode was aired on 31 July 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.sykesssillysite.co.uk/heartbeat/heartbeat_royal_p24.htm Jump up ^ https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3711423 Jump up ^ `` Historic St Luke Hospital buildings are demolished '' . Bradford Telegraph and Argus . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Revoir ( 28 January 2009 ) . `` Cash - strapped ITV axes family dramas Heartbeat and The Royal '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbeat and The Royal future in doubt : SIGN THE PETITIONS HERE -- Local '' . Scarborough Evening News . 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Royal '' . tv.com . Retrieved 3 July 2014 .", "6": "Jump up ^ https://lifeofwylie.com/2011/08/02/the-royal-goodbye/ The Royal : Goodbye Mr Rose 2 August 2011 External links ( edit ) The Royal on IMDb ( hide ) Heartbeat Characters List of Heartbeat characters Episodes Series 1 -- 5 Series 6 -- 10 Series 11 -- 18 See also The Royal The Royal Today List of Heartbeat media releases Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Royal&oldid=830875008 '' Categories : 2000s British drama television series 2003 British television programme debuts 2010s British drama television series 2011 British television programme endings British medical television series ITV television dramas Period television series Scarborough , North Yorkshire Television series by ITV Studios Television series by Yorkshire Television English - language television programs Television series set in the 1960s Television shows set in Yorkshire Heartbeat ( UK TV series ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references Use British English from December 2015 Use dmy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Eesti Français Norsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 11 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 6, 1, 3, 2, 5, 4, 0 ]	[ 6, 1, 3, 2, 5, 4 ]
1450955557247729970	puella magi madoka magica when does madoka become a magical girl	[ "My Very Best Friend", "My Very Best Friend" ]	{ "0": "List of Puella Magi Madoka Magica episodes - wikipedia List of Puella Magi Madoka Magica episodes Jump to : navigation , search The cover of the sixth Madoka Magica home media release volume . Puella Magi Madoka Magica is a 2011 anime series created by Magica Quartet , produced by Shaft and distributed by Aniplex . It follows the story of Madoka Kaname who is offered the chance to have any wish granted on the condition that she become a magical girl and fight against evil witches . Puella Magi Madoka Magica began development after Akiyuki Shinbo expressed his desire to work on a new magical girl series to producer Atsuhiro Iwakami while they were working on Hidamari Sketch and Bakemonogatari . During early planning stage , Iwakami decided to not adapt an existing work in order to give Shinbo more freedom in his direction style . He then contacted Gen Urobuchi to work on the project as a scriptwriter and Ume Aoki as a character designer . The series was announced in a commercial slot during the anime series Togainu no Chi . Since then , more commercials have been shown in the same slot revealing the characters and cast . The first ten episodes aired on MBS , TBS and CBC between January 7 , 2011 and March 11 , 2011 . Episodes were then made available for streaming on Nico Nico Douga and BIGLOBE 's Anime One service a week after broadcast . Due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the broadcast of episodes 11 and 12 were delayed and were later aired as a double bill on April 21 , 2011 . The series was released on Blu - ray Disc and DVD between April 27 , 2011 and September 21 , 2011 , having been delayed from the original release date of March 30 , 2011 due to the quake , each volume containing a bonus CD . Aniplex USA licensed the series in North America and released the series in three volumes between February 14 and June 12 , 2012 . Manga Entertainment released the series in the United Kingdom .", "1": "The opening theme is `` Connect '' ( コネクト , Konekuto ) by ClariS while the ending theme is `` Magia '' by Kalafina , both of which were released on February 16 , 2011 . On the DVD / Blu - ray release , the ending theme for episodes one and two is `` See you Tomorrow '' ( またあした , Mata Ashita ) by Aoi Yūki , while the ending theme for episode nine is `` And I 'm Home '' by Eri Kitamura and Ai Nonaka . Drama CDs are included with the first , third and fifth DVD / Blu - ray volumes while the original soundtrack by Kajiura Yuki was included in three parts with the second , fourth and sixth volumes . The soundtrack is also included with the limited edition North American releases . The series was retold in two animated films released in October 2012 , with a third film containing an original story set after the series released in October 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 2 Drama CDs 3 Home video releases 4 References Episode list ( edit ) No . Title End Card Original airdate 01 `` As If I Met Her in My Dream ... '' `` Yume no Naka de Atta , Yō na ... '' ( 夢の中で会った、ような ... ) Hanokage January 7 , 2011 After having a strange dream , Madoka Kaname is surprised to find the girl from her dream , Homura Akemi , enroll into her school the next day . Seemingly knowing her already , Homura warns Madoka to stay the way she is , lest she risk losing everything . Later that day , when Madoka goes shopping with her friend , Sayaka Miki , Madoka hears a strange voice , leading her to a backroom area . There , she encounters a strange creature named Kyubey being attacked by Homura , who is revealed to be a magical girl . As Homura demands Madoka stay away from Kyubey , Sayaka arrives and escapes with Madoka , only for them to be caught in a mystical barrier and approached by strange monsters .", "2": "They are rescued by another magical girl named Mami Tomoe , who dispels the attackers using her magic abilities . Homura then appears again and is confronted by Mami who tells her that she will overlook the attack on Kyubey as she does not wish to fight in front of the other girls . Homura then promptly leaves . Kyubey is healed by Mami 's powers and then explains that he wishes to form a contract with Madoka and Sayaka to make them magical girls . 02 `` That Would Be Truly Wonderful '' `` Sore wa Tottemo Ureshii Natte '' ( それはとっても嬉しいなって ) Hekiru Hikawa January 14 , 2011 Mami and Kyubey explain to Madoka and Sayaka that Kyubey has the power to grant wishes , but in exchange , those who make wishes must become magical girls to fight witches , who are born from curses . Mami offers to take Madoka and Sayaka with her on a witch hunt to help each decide if there were a wish they would risk their lives for . The next day , Kyubey , who can not be seen by normal people , accompanies Madoka and Sayaka to school , where they learn to communicate with each other telepathically . Homura visits Madoka once again to repeat her warning , and refuses to answer when Madoka asks what her wish was . After school , Madoka , Sayaka and Mami follow the aura of the witch from the previous day to an abandoned building , where they manage to save a woman controlled by a witch from committing suicide . They then enter a portal inside the building where Mami finds and defeats the witch responsible , earning a Grief Seed which can be used to recover magical power . 03 `` I 'm Not Afraid of Anything Anymore '' `` Mō Nani mo Kowakunai '' ( もう何も怖くない ) Santa Tsuji January 21 , 2011 Sayaka visits an injured boy named Kyōsuke Kamijō , who was a violin player she admired when she was little .", "3": "After defeating a witch 's familiar , Mami tells Madoka and Sayaka that she had been involved in a traffic accident and did not have time to think about her wish . She also lets Sayaka know about the precedents for wishing on behalf of other people . Later that night , as Madoka helps her mother and talks with her father , Mami is approached by Homura , who warns her about making Madoka a magical girl . The next day while visiting the hospital , Madoka and Sayaka find a Grief Seed that is close to activating , so Sayaka and Kyubey enter the portal ahead of them while Madoka finds Mami . As Madoka and Mami catch up with them , Homura tries to warn Mami about the witch , but Mami binds her to stop her from following them . As they continue , Madoka mentions her wish is to simply be a magical girl and help others . Mami laments that her job as a magical girl has left her lonely and afraid , but feels happy that Madoka wishes to fight alongside her . As the Grief Seed activates , Mami goes into action and starts to fight against the witch . However , the witch suddenly transforms into a huge caterpillar which decapitates and instantly kills Mami right before Madoka 's eyes . Homura , her bonds dissolving with Mami 's demise , steps in and defeats the witch , claiming the Grief Seed , leaving behind a mortified Madoka and a heavily resentful Sayaka . 04 `` Miracles and Magic Are Real '' `` Kiseki mo , Mahō mo , Arun da yo '' ( 奇跡も、魔法も、あるんだよ ) Jin Kobayashi January 28 , 2011 As Sayaka continues to be concerned about Kyōsuke , Madoka , still in despair over the death of Mami , admits she is too scared to become a magical girl , so Kyubey decides to let her be . Madoka is approached by Homura , who tells her that Mami , along with other magical girls she has seen die during her time , will only be considered missing by normal people .", "4": "Madoka says she will never forget Mami or the fact that Homura saved her life , though Homura warns her that her kindness may turn against her . As Kyōsuke becomes more frustrated and desperate about his condition , which keeps him from being able to use his fingers to play the violin , Sayaka decides to contract with Kyubey . Out in the city , Madoka notices several people , including her classmate Hitomi Shizuki , infected by the witch 's kiss and preparing to kill themselves by mixing cleaning agents . When Madoka thwarts their attempted suicide , they chase her to a closet where she is caught by a witch who tortures her with memories of Mami 's death . Just then , she is rescued by Sayaka , who had become a magical girl after using her wish to cure Kyōsuke 's hand , much to the shock of Homura . Elsewhere , Kyubey greets another magical girl named Kyōko Sakura , who just came to the city , unhappy that Sayaka took over the area Mami once looked after . 05 `` There 's No Way I 'll Ever Regret It '' `` Kōkai nante , Aru Wakenai '' ( 後悔なんて、あるわけない ) Yupon February 4 , 2011 Both Madoka and Homura show concern about Sayaka 's decision to become a magical girl . Sayaka visits Kyōsuke and feels happy that he is finally able to play his violin once again . Madoka asks Homura to become friends with Sayaka , not wanting her to suffer the same fate as Mami , though Homura 's words , that those who become magical girls can not be saved , do nothing to comfort her . Later that day , Madoka joins Sayaka on patrol , where they find a witch 's familiar , but it escapes when Sayaka 's attacks are blocked by Kyōko , who only cares about collecting Grief Seeds from mature witches . Kyōko 's selfishness angers Sayaka , and the two magical girls clash violently , with Madoka unable to do anything to stop them . As Kyōko gets the upper hand , Madoka considers using her wish to stop the fighting , but Homura steps in before she can do so .", "5": "06 `` This Just Ca n't Be Right '' `` Konna no Zettai Okashii yo '' ( こんなの絶対おかしいよ ) Hajime Ueda February 11 , 2011 Homura knocks Sayaka unconscious and gets Kyōko to leave , before reiterating to Madoka that she should not get involved , even telling her to give up on Sayaka . Kyubey mentions to Sayaka about the potential Madoka has to become a magical girl , but Sayaka insists that she does n't want Madoka to get involved . Homura confronts Kyōko , mentioning that something known as Walpurgisnacht is approaching in two weeks , to which Kyōko agrees to form an alliance with her to fight against it . Madoka becomes concerned about Sayaka , who ignores her pleas to try talking with Kyōko , also showing hatred towards Homura , whom she blames for Mami 's death . The next evening , Sayaka is once again confronted by Kyōko who goads her into another fight on top of a highway bridge . Before the battle can begin , Madoka arrives and throws Sayaka 's Soul Gem , the source of her magic energy , off the bridge in the hope of stopping the fight . However , this causes Sayaka to suddenly become lifeless , shocking both Madoka and Kyōko . Kyubey reveals that as part of the contract , the Soul Gem literally contains a magical girl 's soul , while their body is merely a shell that can only be controlled within 100 metres of the Soul Gem . Homura rushes to retrieve the Soul Gem and brings it back to Sayaka , reviving her . 07 `` Can You Face Your True Feelings ? '' `` Hontō no Kimochi to Mukiaemasu ka ? '' ( 本当の気持ちと向き合えますか ? ) Takashi Tensugi February 18 , 2011 Sayaka gets angry at Kyubey for keeping the truth from her , but he keeps her in check by making her feel the pain she would have otherwise felt while fighting Kyōko . The next day , Madoka asks Homura about the meaning behind Kyubey 's actions and why she never told them .", "6": "Kyōko talks with Sayaka , taking her to a church which belonged to her father before he was excommunicated for his controversial beliefs . She explains how she made a contract with Kyubey so that people would listen to her father 's sermons , but when he found out about her wish , he broke down and killed himself and his family , leaving Kyōko alone . Sayaka apologizes to Kyōko but refuses to listen to her advice to live for herself . The next day , Kyōsuke returns to school , but Sayaka avoids talking to him . Hitomi confronts her about it and reveals she is also in love with Kyōsuke , giving Sayaka one day to confess to him before she does . Sayaka breaks down in front of Madoka , believing that she can never be with Kyōsuke as she feels she is no longer human . As Sayaka fights against a witch that night , she ignores Kyōko 's help and recklessly attacks the witch without regard to the damage caused to her body , laughing maniacally . 08 `` I Was Stupid , So Stupid '' `` Atashitte , Honto Baka '' ( あたしって、ほんとバカ ) Takuya Fujima February 25 , 2011 Sayaka defeats the witch , but refuses to take the Grief Seed it produces . Madoka tries to reason with Sayaka , who just berates her , blaming her for her state before running off . As Homura and Kyōko discuss Walpurgisnacht , Kyubey approaches them , mentioning that something bad will happen if Sayaka 's Soul Gem is not cleansed . Sayaka does not return home that night and just watches as Hitomi makes her confession to Kyōsuke the next day , sending her further into despair . Homura approaches her in an attempt to offer a Grief Seed , but Sayaka once again rejects it as she does not trust her . To spare Madoka the suffering of watching Sayaka 's downfall , Homura prepares to kill her , but Kyōko intervenes , helping Sayaka escape .", "7": "Kyubey coerces Madoka into making a wish to save Sayaka , but Homura shoots him before she can do so , breaking down before Madoka and telling her not to be so self - sacrificing . Madoka gets the feeling she has met Homura somewhere before , but leaves to search for Sayaka , while a replacement Kyubey appears , identifying Homura , who knows his true identity , as a being from a different timeline . Kyōko finds Sayaka , who is implied to have just killed two men on the train . Sayaka admits her stupidity before her Soul Gem , having turned completely dark , shatters and transforms into a Grief Seed . Elsewhere , Kyubey muses that as a ' woman ' who has yet to mature is called a ' girl ' , the term ' magical girl ' only makes sense for it to be a prelude to whomever has yet to become a ' witch ' . 09 `` I 'd Never Allow That to Happen '' `` Sonna no , Atashi ga Yurusanai '' ( そんなの、あたしが許さない ) Namaniku ATK March 4 , 2011 As a witch appears before Kyōko , Homura arrives and uses her time manipulation to help Kyōko escape , bringing Sayaka 's body to Madoka . Homura reveals that the witch was actually Sayaka , whose Soul Gem had transformed into a Grief Seed as a result of becoming too tainted with despair . Later that night , Kyubey appears before Madoka again , explaining that his race , known as Incubators , choose girls in their teens and raise them to become witches in order to obtain powerful energy from the transition from hope to despair in an effort to prevent the heat death of the universe . Incubators are coldly logical , with emotion considered an illness . Thus the process is only feasible with humans , especially adolescent girls . Desperately clinging to the hope that there may still be a way to save Sayaka , Kyōko asks Madoka to help her in an attempt to reach Sayaka 's human feelings and try to obtain her Soul Gem from the witch . As the two enter the portal to confront the witch , Kyōko takes the majority of its attacks while Madoka tries to reach Sayaka with words .", "8": "However , when Sayaka ends up attacking Madoka as well , Kyōko has Homura get Madoka to safety while she sacrifices herself to destroy Sayaka . Kyubey , who had clearly known there was no way of saving Sayaka , taunts Homura , saying that with Kyōko gone , she will not be able to stop Walpurgisnacht without Madoka becoming a magical girl . 10 `` I Wo n't Rely on Anyone Anymore '' `` Mō Dare ni mo Tayoranai '' ( もう誰にも頼らない ) Kuroe Mura March 11 , 2011 The episode looks at an alternate timeline in which Homura is a shy transfer student who makes friends with the cheerful Madoka . Lacking confidence in herself , having been in hospital for the past six months , Homura is attacked by a witch but is rescued by Madoka and Mami , both of whom are magical girls . When both Madoka and Mami are killed in the battle against Walpurgisnacht , Homura makes a contract with Kyubey to send her back in time so that she can protect Madoka . She joins Madoka and Mami and learns how to use her magical powers for combat , stopping time whilst using stolen firearms and explosives . However , following the battle against Walpurgisnacht , Homura witnesses Madoka transforming into a witch and realizes Kyubey had been deceiving everyone . She attempts to tell the others during the next time loop , but they do not believe her , until Sayaka becomes a witch and the remaining magical girls are forced to kill her . After the battle , Mami kills Kyōko and turns her gun on Homura in an attempt to prevent them from becoming witches . Madoka stops Mami with deadly force , leaving just her and Homura to face Walpurgisnacht . With their Soul Gems depleted , Madoka uses her last Grief Seed on Homura , begging her to return to the past to keep her from being fooled by Kyubey . She then asks Homura to kill her before she turns into a witch .", "9": "Returning to the past again , now with a colder personality , Homura attempts to keep Kyubey from making contact with Madoka in the first place and decides to fight against the witches herself . However , this ultimately fails , and she continues to travel through many timelines in the hope of saving Madoka . 11 `` The Only Thing I Have Left to Guide Me '' `` Saigo ni Nokotta Michishirube '' ( 最後に残った道しるべ ) Buriki April 21 , 2011 Kyubey reveals to Homura that the reason Madoka has the potential to become such a powerful witch is because Homura 's constant trips through time to try and save Madoka has resulted in her becoming the centerpoint of countless timelines , as the potential of a magical girl is determined by the relative effect of their role on fate . After Sayaka 's funeral , Kyubey shows Madoka the history of magical girls and how it has shaped civilization , causing extreme distress to Madoka . Madoka 's mother , Junko , grows concerned about her , feeling she is hiding something from her . Madoka goes to see Homura , who unconvincingly reassures her that she can handle Walpurgisnacht , and finally reveals the truth about herself , begging Madoka to allow Homura to protect her . As a storm hits the city , and the citizens take shelter , Homura stands alone to face Walpurgisnacht , throwing everything she has at it , but even so she is still overwhelmed and eventually is all but defeated . When Madoka hears from Kyubey that Homura may turn into a witch if the latter loses hope of saving her , Madoka prepares to go and find her . Although Junko tries to stop her , Madoka convinces her that she is doing what she believes is the right thing . As Homura begins to lose hope and is on the verge of becoming a witch , Madoka arrives with Kyubey , announcing that she plans to make her wish .", "10": "12 `` My Very Best Friend '' `` Watashi no , Saikō no Tomodachi '' ( わたしの、最高の友達 ) Ume Aoki April 21 , 2011 Madoka makes the decision to become a magical girl , wishing to prevent all witches from the past , present and future from coming into existence in the first place , a wish made possible by the massive power inside her . As she makes the transformation , her consciousness is greeted by Mami and Kyōko . Becoming a god - like entity and defeating Walpurgisnacht , Madoka spreads herself across space and time , preventing fallen magical girls from becoming witches by absorbing their despair and having them disappear peacefully . Homura is taken to a place outside of time where she witnesses Madoka exterminating the witch born from her own comet - sized Soul Gem . In doing this , Madoka starts to fade into a higher plane of existence , present at all points in all spacetimes but absent from human memory and perception . Madoka leaves Homura with a ribbon so that she will not forget her . Madoka then leaves and joins Sayaka , who ultimately had to succumb to a magical girl 's fate as Madoka had chosen to respect the wish she made to heal Kyosuke . Homura returns to a world where Madoka does not exist , Mami and Kyōko are still alive , but only Homura retains memories of Madoka . She and other magical girls continue to fight against wraiths formed from the negative emotions of humanity , but thanks to Madoka 's efforts , magical girls disappear instead of becoming witches after exhausting their hope . Despite being alone and facing these new enemies , Homura remains firm in protecting the city that Madoka loved . Drama CDs ( edit ) Drama CDs were included with the first , third and fifth BD / DVD volumes of the Japanese release . A fourth drama CD was released at Comiket 82 in August 2012 alongside an advance film ticket set . No .", "11": "Title Original release date 01 `` Memories of You '' `` Memorīzu obu Yū '' ( メモリーズオブユー ) April 27 , 2011 An expanded look at the original timeline depicted in episode 10 , where Homura and Madoka become friends . When Homura becomes troubled about her lack of talent , Madoka tries using some of her magic to help her out during PE , but it just causes her to go out of control . After Madoka and Mami save Homura from a witch , Madoka confesses to Homura that she became a magical girl in order to save the life of a cat named Amy who was hit by a car . As a storm hits the city and Homura learns the meaning of Walpurgisnacht , she follows Amy to where Madoka is . 02 `` Sunny Day Life '' `` Sanī Dei Raifu '' ( サニーデイライフ ) June 22 , 2011 In a more carefree universe , Madoka and Sayaka flunk their English tests and study for a makeup test at Mami 's apartment alongside Homura and Kyōko . The girls soon set into action when they assume a ghost - like witch is about , only to find it to be the work of a cat . Afterwards , they all get together to have dinner at Mami 's place . 03 `` Farewell Story '' `` Feaueru Sutōrī '' ( フェアウェル・ストーリー ) August 24 , 2011 A prequel to the main series . Kyōko , who is starting off as a magical girl , meets Mami for the first time during a battle with a witch . The two decide to become partners , fighting witches together and learning special moves . After inviting Mami to eat with her family , Kyōko tells her the wish she made . However , after discovering her family 's death , Kyōko takes on a different outlook on fighting witches which leads to her falling out with Mami and deciding to leave town . This CD was later adapted into Volume 1 of Puella Magi Madoka Magica : The Different Story . Special `` Summer Magical Girl Training Camp ! ! ''", "12": "`` Natsu no Mahō Shōjo Kyōka Gasshuku ! ! '' ( 夏の魔法少女強化合宿 ! ! ) August 10 , 2012 The girls head to the beach together for a magical girl training camp . After Sayaka argues with Kyōko after she teases her a little , she ends up walking into a witch 's labyrinth in the middle of the ocean but is rescued by the others . Afterwards , the girls spend the night at an inn where they have a bath and eat a meal together . Home video releases ( edit ) Aniplex ( Japan , Region A / 2 ) Release Date Episodes Extras Volume 1 April 27 , 2011 1 - 2 Drama CD - `` Memories of You '' Character Single - `` Mata Ashita '' by Aoi Yūki Volume 2 May 25 , 2011 3 - 4 Original Soundtrack Vol. 1 Volume 3 June 22 , 2011 5 - 6 Drama CD - `` Sunny Day Life '' Volume 4 July 27 , 2011 7 - 8 Original Soundtrack Vol. 2 Volume 5 August 24 , 2011 9 - 10 Drama CD - `` Farewell Story '' Character Single - `` And I 'm Home '' by Eri Kitamura and Ai Nonaka Volume 6 September 21 , 2011 11 - 12 Original Soundtrack Vol. 3 Box Set December 25 , 2013 1 - 12 Package Illustrated by Takahiro Kishida ( Character Design ) Set of 3 postcards Aniplex of America ( United States and Canada , Region A / 1 ) Release Date Episodes Extras ( limited edition ver . ) Volume 1 February 14 , 2012 1 - 4 Original Soundtrack Vol. 1 Mini-poster , Postcards Volume 2 April 10 , 2012 5 - 8 Original Soundtrack Vol.", "13": "2 Double - side posters , Postcards Volume 3 June 12 , 2012 9 - 12 Original Soundtrack Vol. 3 Double - side posters , Postcards Box Set September 27 , 2016 1 - 12 Package Illustrated by Takahiro Kishida ( Character Design ) 4 - page Insert References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 新房昭之 × 虚淵玄 × 蒼樹うめ × シャフト 1 大プロジェクト始動 . Megami Magazine ( in Japanese ) . Gakken ( 127 ) : 115 . October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bakemonogatari 's Shinbo , Phantom 's Urobuchi Launch New Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカ番組公式 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Madoka Magica Not Aired in ' Self - Restraint ' '' . Anime News Network . March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Madoka Magica 's Airing , Streaming Delayed ' For Now ' ( Updated ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Madoka Magica Anime to Resume on April 21 '' . Jump up ^ `` Anime / Manga Releases Delayed , Cancelled After Quake '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Madoka Magica USA Official Website , News and Trailer < '' . Jump up ^ `` News : Noragaki , Puella Magi Madoka Magica Promos Streamed '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 24 .", "14": "^ Jump up to : 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカ ( in Japanese ) . Anime Newtype Channel . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカ ( in Japanese ) . Anime Newtype Channel . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカ ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Madoka Magica , Fate / Zero 's Comiket Exclusives Revealed '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカ '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.madoka-magica.com/bddvd/index.html#vol01 Archived 2012 - 01 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Box Set Volume 1 Blu - ray '' . Jump up ^ `` Madoka Magica USA Official Website , News and Trailer < '' . Jump up ^ `` Madoka Magica USA Official Website , News and Trailer < '' . Jump up ^ `` Madoka Magica USA Official Website , Puella Magi Madoka Magica TV Series BD Box Set '' . Aniplex of America . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . ( hide ) Puella Magi Madoka Magica Episodes Films Chapters People Ume Aoki Yuki Kajiura Akiyuki Shinbo Gen Urobuchi Gekidan Inu Curry Characters Madoka Kaname Homura Akemi Music ClariS Connect Luminous Colorful Kalafina Magia Your Silver Garden Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Puella_Magi_Madoka_Magica_episodes&oldid=817230281 '' Categories : Puella Magi Madoka Magica Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 01 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 10, 4, 9, 5, 2, 3, 11, 12, 8, 13, 7, 6, 15, 1, 14, 0 ]	[ 10, 4, 9, 5, 2, 3 ]
-426246770431284105	type of disappearing lake found in limestone areas in the west of ireland	[ "A turlough, or turlach", "turlough", "turlough", "turlough, or turlach", "A turlough, or turlach" ]	{ "0": "Turlough ( lake ) - wikipedia Turlough ( lake ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A turlough , or turlach , is a type of disappearing lake found mostly in limestone areas of Ireland , west of the River Shannon . The name comes from the Irish tuar , meaning `` dry '' , with the suffix - lach , meaning `` a place '' ( in an abstract sense ) . The - lach suffix is often mistakenly spelled and / or thought to refer to the word loch , the Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Scots word for `` lake '' . The landforms are found in Irish karst ( exposed limestone ) areas . The features are almost unique to Ireland , although there is one example in Great Britain , at Cernydd Carmel near Llandeilo . They are of great interest to many scientists : geomorphologists are interested in how turloughs were formed , hydrologists try to explain what makes turloughs flood , botanists study the unusual vegetation which covers the turlough floor , and zoologists study the animals associated with the turloughs . The turlough at Carran , Co . Clare , Ireland in late May 2005 . The water level is high following a spell of wet weather Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 2 Seasonal pools 3 Formation 4 Swallow holes 5 Calcium carbonate deposits 6 Plant and animal life 7 Draining of turloughs 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Locations ( edit ) Pant y Llyn turlough , South Wales Turloughs are mostly found on the central lowlands west of the Shannon , in counties Galway , Clare , Mayo , and Roscommon , although a few are also found elsewhere , e.g. in Limerick , Sligo , Longford , and Cork .", "1": "Only three turloughs have been identified in Northern Ireland , namely Roosky , Green , and Fardrum Loughs located near Ely Lodge Forest in County Fermanagh . These constitute the most northerly turloughs in Ireland and have been collectively designated a Ramsar site and an Area of Special Scientific Interest . There is one turlough in South Wales , Pant y Llyn . Seasonal pools ( edit ) Most turloughs flood in the autumn , usually sometime in October , and then dry up some time between April and July . However , some turloughs in the Burren can flood at any time of year in a matter of a few hours after heavy rainfall , and they may empty again a few days later . Some turloughs are affected by the oceanic tide : in the summer , Caherglassaun Lough , situated 5 kilometres from Galway Bay , can be seen to flood and empty again twice every 24 hours . Most turloughs flood to a depth of about 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) but some are much deeper : for example , some of the turloughs near Gort reach about 5 metres ( 16 ft ) deep in midwinter . Turloughs are variable in size : the largest turlough in Ireland , Rahasane turlough , which lies to the west of Craughwell in County Galway , covers about 2.5 square kilometres ( 1 sq mi ) . Formation ( edit ) All of the turloughs are found in limestone areas . This is because limestone can be dissolved away by rainwater , which becomes mildly acidic by picking up carbon dioxide as it passes through the atmosphere . The cracks or joints in the rock become widened to such an extent that eventually all of the rain falling on the limestone disappears underground , and the water moves through the rock openings ranging from cracks a few millimetres wide to large cave passages . The limestone is then said to be `` karstified '' . To the east of the Shannon , the limestone is often covered by great thicknesses of glacial drift deposited during the last glacial period , but in many areas to the west of the Shannon where the limestone is pure and the drift cover is thin , there is no proper surface river network .", "2": "In these areas , rainfall disappears underground , flows through openings in the rock and then rises at distant springs : large springs can be found to the west of the area , flowing into Lough Corrib and Galway Bay . In winter , when the underground water level ( or water table ) rises , and when the underground flow increases , and when the underground flow routes to the springs are not capable of dealing with the amount of water entering them , groundwater may appear temporarily at the surface in the form of a turlough . Many of the rivers seen in these areas today are largely artificial , constructed by drainage engineers from the nineteenth century up to the present day , often linking a series of turloughs . For example , much of the River Clare is artificial , and the middle section of its course used to be a huge turlough , the largest in Ireland at 6.5 square kilometres ( 3 sq mi ) . Swallow holes ( edit ) Turloughs usually fill and empty at particular places on the floor of the depression ; sometimes an actual hole or passage is visible but more often a hollow with stones in the bottom is all that can be seen , and it may not be easy to recognise when it is dry in midsummer . Some turloughs have a spring at one place and a sinkhole ( also known as a `` swallet '' ) somewhere else on the floor where water drains away , but many turloughs fill and empty through the same hole . A few turloughs are filled by surface rivers and streams flowing into them as well as by water rising from underground . The water sinking in the swallow hole travels underground to re-emerge at a spring , which may be several kilometres away . In most rock types , groundwater flows very slowly ( from just a few centimetres to a few metres per day ) , but in karstified limestone the volumetric flow rate can be quite rapid : water from the turlough may flow underground to a spring at a rate of 100 metres per hour ( 330 ft / h ) or more . Calcium carbonate deposits ( edit ) Limestone is made up of the mineral calcium carbonate , and as water passes through limestone , it dissolves the calcium carbonate ( this is what makes hard water and causes mineral deposits on the inside of kettles ) as the calcium carbonate comes out of solution when the water is heated .", "3": "Something rather similar happens in turloughs ; water that has picked up a lot of calcium carbonate during its underground travel rises in the turloughs and then some of the calcium carbonate comes out of solution and forms a white deposit . If a turlough has emptied recently , a whitish coating on the vegetation on the turlough floor may be visible . When water comes to the surface in a turlough , it loses carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere and to plants , which use it for photosynthesis , and this loss causes a deposit of calcium carbonate on the surface . Sometimes a special whitish deposit with the appearance of sheets of paper is found in the turloughs when they dry up . This `` algal paper '' is made up of filaments of an alga that grows abundantly in warm weather and is then left to dry out in sheets when the turlough empties . In drainage ditches in a turlough , or in holes made with a soil auger , one may find a white - or cream - coloured deposit beneath the vegetation cover , or beneath a layer of peat . This is often called `` white marl '' ; again , it is made of calcium carbonate . About half of the turloughs contain marl ; it was deposited at a time several thousand years ago when these turloughs were not seasonal lakes but were flooded all year round . Plant and animal life ( edit ) Most turloughs have a springy , short - cropped turf of grasses , sedges , and herbs . In the Burren , the high - water mark is often shown by the shrubby cinquefoil ( Dasiphora fruticosa ) with its attractive yellow flowers , and meadow rue . Just below the high - water mark , dog violets are abundant and in some turloughs there may be a dense sward of the rare sky - blue turlough violet about one metre further down . Other characteristic plants of turlough sides include marsh orchids and speedwell . About halfway down the sides , and across the bottom of shallow turloughs , silverweed ( Argentina anserina ) may blanket almost all other plants .", "4": "If the turlough has a marshy zone near the swallow hole there may be mint , watercress , pondweeds , aquatic buttercups , and knotgrass living a semiterrestrial existence . But most swallow holes when dry are represented by a jumble of rocks , clothed with blackish and dried aquatic mosses ( Cinclidotus , the turlough moss , and Fontinalis , usually found in streams ) . Many people think that turloughs have no animal life . However , frogs and newts may spawn there , and sticklebacks may survive in the larger turloughs , retreating into underground cracks in the rock when waters are low . Shrimps and water lice do the same , and where fish are absent there may be a rich fauna of delicate water fleas and fairy shrimps , some unknown elsewhere in Ireland . These hatch and grow fast , finding safety in the warm fish - free waters . Flatworms and snails are also often abundant ; these pass the dry periods in spring mouths or marshy areas . Rahasane turlough in Galway has been described as the most important turlough in Ireland for birdlife . It is famous for its greater white - fronted geese , whooper swans , wigeon , teal , and many waders in winter . Both Rahasane turlough and Coole Park are Important Bird Areas . Draining of turloughs ( edit ) Turloughs provide good summer grazing for cattle , sheep and horses , partly because of the annual deposition of lime - rich silt . However , for many years , farmers have seen the winter flooding as a waste of potential and they have attempted to find some means of draining the turloughs so that they can be used all year round . This has usually been achieved by digging an artificial channel through the turlough , capable of carrying away any water entering the turlough from surface or groundwater -- such channels have often been constructed as part of major arterial drainage schemes . At least a third of the turloughs in Ireland have already been drained and more are being drained each year . This has very serious environmental consequences , because the unique flora and fauna of the turlough can not survive in the absence of seasonal flooding .", "5": "Even for farmers , the benefits are not always as great as anticipated ; the stopping of the annual limy silt deposition means that the soil may become impoverished and fertilisers must be used . Also , the poorly developed and delicate soil may not be able to withstand the presence of animals through the winter . See also ( edit ) Karst Subterranean river References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joint Nature Conservation committee . `` SAC Selection Turloughs '' . www.jncc.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Habitat account - Freshwater habitats - 3180 Turloughs '' . Joint Nature Conservation Committee . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , J.G. ; Enlander , I. ; Kelly , A.M. ; Fogg , T. ( 2002 ) . `` The geological setting , hydrology and ecology of Roosky Turlough , Ely , Co . Fermanagh , Northern Ireland '' . Cave and Karst Science . British Cave Research Association . 29 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` Fardrum and Roosky Turloughs '' . Northern Ireland Environment Agency . Archived from the original on 22 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fardrum and Roosky Turloughs ASSI '' . Northern Ireland Environment Agency . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/protected-sites/synopsis/SY000322.pdf Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2015 ) Important Bird Areas factsheet : Rahasane turlough . Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15 / 06 / 2015 Article originally taken from an information sheet on turloughs available at ENFO , St. Andrew Street , Dublin 2 , Ireland . Further reading ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page .", "6": "( February 2017 ) National Parks and Wildlife Service ( c. 1980 ) Wetlands Discovered . ( Available from Duchas , National Parks and Wildlife Service ) O'Gorman , F. ( 1979 ) The Irish Wildlife Book , Irish Wildlife Publications , Dublin . ( pages 58 -- 60 ) Praeger , R. Lloyd ( 1950 ) The Natural History of Ireland , Collins , Ireland . Webb , D.A. & Scannell , M. ( 1983 ) Flora of Connemara and the Burren . Royal Dublin Society , Cambridge . External links ( edit ) Turloughs Turloughs in general , Carran Turlough specifically by Darrell Watts ENFO : Ireland 's public environmental and sustainable development information service Flora of the turloughs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turlough_(lake)&oldid=822133566 '' Categories : Lakes of Ireland Karst formations Lakes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text Articles lacking ISBNs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Gaeilge Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 16 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 2, 5 ]	[ 0, 1, 3, 4, 6 ]
-4690091355250635931	who plays the prosecutor on law and order svu	[ "Raúl Eduardo Esparza", "Raúl Eduardo Esparza" ]	{ "0": "Raul Esparza - wikipedia Raul Esparza Jump to : navigation , search Raúl Esparza Esparza at the 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International Raúl Eduardo Esparza ( 1970 - 10 - 24 ) October 24 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Wilmington , Delaware , U.S. Alma mater New York University Occupation Actor , singer , voice artist Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Michelle Perez ( m . 1994 ; div. 2008 ) Website www.raulesparza.com Raúl Eduardo Esparza ( born October 24 , 1970 ) is an American stage and television actor , singer , and voice artist , best known for his role as New York Assistant District Attorney ( ADA ) Rafael Barba in Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He has received Tony nominations for his role as Philip Salon in the Boy George musical Taboo in 2004 ; Robert , an empty man devoid of connection in the musical comedy Company in 2006 ; a lazy and snarky man in Harold Pinter 's The Homecoming ; and an aggressive volatile movie producer in David Mamet 's Speed the Plow . He played the role of Riff Raff on Broadway in the revival of The Rocky Horror Show and the role of Caractacus Potts in the Broadway musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . Esparza has been nominated in all Tony categories for which an actor is eligible . He is widely regarded for his versatility on stage , having performed musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Stephen Sondheim , Kander and Ebb , Boy George , and the Sherman Brothers and plays by Mamet , Pinter , William Shakespeare , Tom Stoppard , and more . His film work includes Sidney Lumet 's Find Me Guilty and Wes Craven 's My Soul to Take and his television credits include roles on Medium , Hannibal , Pushing Daisies , and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . He narrated the audiobook for Stephen King 's Under the Dome , as well as several others , and sings in concerts all over the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Theatre 2.1.", "1": "1 Broadway theatre 2.1. 2 Other theatre 2.2 Television 2.2. 1 Law & Order : SVU 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Wilmington , Delaware , to Cuban parents , and raised in Miami , Florida , Esparza graduated from Belen Jesuit in 1988 and won a Silver Knight Award in Drama that same year . In 1992 , Esparza received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Drama and a Bachelor 's degree in English from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts . Career ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Broadway Theatre ( edit ) Esparza first drew attention with his performance in the 2000 Broadway revival of The Rocky Horror Show , which won him the Theatre World Award . Additional Broadway credits include Cabaret ( 2001 ) , Taboo ( 2003 ) , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2005 ) and Sondheim 's Company ( 2006 ) . He received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Musical and a Drama Desk Award for his performance in the musical Taboo . His performance in Company earned him a second Tony nomination , this time for Best Actor in a Musical , as well as his second Drama Desk award . Beginning in November 2007 , he appeared in Harold Pinter 's play The Homecoming and was Tony - nominated for Best Featured Actor in a Play . In 2008 , he played Charlie Fox in the revival of David Mamet 's Speed - the - Plow co-starring Jeremy Piven and Elisabeth Moss on Broadway . His performance in Speed - the - Plow earned him a Tony nomination for Best Actor in a Play , making him the second performer ( after Boyd Gaines ) to be nominated in all four acting categories a performer is eligible for at the Tonys , although he has yet to win one . Esparza appeared on Broadway in a limited - engagement revival of Tom Stoppard 's Arcadia , which began previews at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on February 25 , 2011 and opened on March 17 , 2011 .", "2": "Esparza appeared in the musical Leap of Faith in the role of the `` Reverend '' Jonas Nightingale . He was involved in the workshop in 2008 , the out - of - town tryout at the Ahmanson Theatre ( Los Angeles ) in 2010 , and the Broadway production in 2012 , for which he received a 2012 Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Actor in a Musical . Other Theatre ( edit ) In 1999 , Esparza portrayed Che in the national tour of Evita , opposite Natalie Toro . The tour was intended to open on Broadway , but failed to do so . In 2001 , he appeared Off - Broadway in tick , tick ... BOOM ! by Jonathan Larson , garnering a Drama Desk Award nomination as Outstanding Actor in a Musical . He appeared in two Stephen Sondheim musicals , Sunday in the Park with George and Merrily We Roll Along at the 2002 Kennedy Center Sondheim Celebration . He also appeared as The Arbiter in the Actors Fund of America concert of Sir Tim Rice 's Chess in September 2003 . In 2009 , Esparza starred in a production of Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night at the Delacorte Theater ( New York ) with Anne Hathaway , from June 25 through July 12 . He starred as Hapgood in the City Center Encores ! staged concert production of Anyone Can Whistle from April 8 to 11 , 2010 , opposite Sutton Foster as Fay and Donna Murphy as the Mayoress . Television ( edit ) In 2007 , Esparza had a recurring role on the TV show Pushing Daisies as traveling salesman Alfredo Aldarisio , a role originally given to Paul Reubens . In 2009 , he recorded the audiobook Under the Dome by Stephen King . He has done previous narration for The House of the Scorpion by Nancy Farmer , and The Book of Unholy Mischief by Elle Newmark . In January 2010 , Esparza performed opposite Lucie Arnaz , Desi Arnaz Jr. and Valarie Pettiford at the 92Y 's Lyrics and Lyricist event honoring Desi Arnaz and his Orchestra , `` Babalu : The American Songbook Goes Latin '' .", "3": "In 2010 , Esparza appeared as Abel Plenkov in Wes Craven 's My Soul to Take . From 2013 to 2015 , Esparza appeared in the recurring role of Dr. Frederick Chilton in Hannibal . He appeared in the 2016 film Custody , written and directed by James Lapine , as an Administration for Children 's Services agent . Law & Order : SVU ( edit ) In 2012 , Esparza became a recurring actor on the long - running NBC drama series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Manhattan Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba , starting in the third episode of the show 's 14th season , `` Twenty - Five Acts '' . He appeared in 11 episodes of the show 's 14th season . On July 17 , 2013 , he was upgraded to series regular for the show 's 15th season . His character became the first series regular ADA since Stephanie March in the 11th season and the first regular male ADA in series history . His role on SVU was not his first Law & Order role , however , as he had previously portrayed an ADA in a 2009 episode of Law & Order : Criminal Intent , and a suspect in a 2010 episode of the original Law & Order . On February 7 , 2018 , Esparza left the series after six seasons in the episode `` The Undiscovered Country '' . Personal life ( edit ) Esparza married Michele Marie Perez , his high school girlfriend , in 1994 but divorced in 2008 . Esparza was the subject of a New York Times profile in 2006 , in which he revealed that he is bisexual . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref .", "4": "2005 ShowBusiness : The Road to Broadway Himself Documentary film directed by Dori Berinstein 2006 Find Me Guilty Tony Compagna Courtroom comedy - drama crime film co-written and directed by Sidney Lumet based on the true story of the longest Mafia trial in American history My Soul to Take Abel Plenkov 2011 Trouble in the Heights Nevada Ramirez 2016 Custody Luis Sanjuro 2017 Ferdinand Moreno ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Spin City Reporter Episode : `` In the Heat of the Day '' 2007 Pushing Daisies Alfredo Aldarisio 2 episodes 2009 Law & Order : Criminal Intent ADA Kevin Mulrooney Episode : `` Lady 's Man '' Law & Order Dennis Di Palma Episode : `` Blackmail '' Medium David Ostrowski Episode : `` Blood on the Tracks '' 2011 Gifted Man , AA Gifted Man Phillip Romero 2 episodes 2012 -- 2018 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ADA Rafael Barba Recurring ( season 14 ) , Main cast ( season 15 -- 19 ) 115 episodes 2012 666 Park Avenue Phillip Perez Episode : `` Hypnos '' 2013 -- 2015 Hannibal Dr. Frederick Chilton 12 episodes 2014 Dora and Friends : Into the City ! Big Bad Wolf ( voice ) Episode : `` Puppet Theater '' 2016 -- 2017 BoJack Horseman Ralph Stilton ( voice ) 7 episodes 2018 The Path Jackson Neill 4 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Project Award Result 2000 The Rocky Horror Show Theatre World Award Outstanding New York Debut Won 2001 tick , tick ... BOOM ! Obie Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2001 tick , tick ... BOOM !", "5": "Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated 2002 Sunday in the Park with George Helen Hayes Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated 2003 Green Violin Barrymore Awards Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won Taboo Tony Award Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Nominated Taboo Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Won 2005 N / A HOLA José Ferrer Tespis Awards N / A Won 2005 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Nominated 2006 Company at Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park Enquirer Acclaim Awards Outstanding Musical Lead Performance Won 2006 Company at Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park Cincinnati Entertainment Awards Outstanding Acting Performance by a Visiting Actor Won 2007 Company on Broadway Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical Nominated 2007 Company on Broadway Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2007 Company on Broadway Outer Circle Critics Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Won 2008 The Homecoming Tony Award Best Featured Actor in a Play Nominated 2008 The Homecoming Drama Desk Award Outstanding Ensemble Performance Won 2009 Speed - the - Plow Tony Award Best Actor in a Play Nominated 2009 Speed - the - Plow Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Play Nominated 2011 Leap of Faith at the Ahmanson Theatre Ovation Awards Lead Actor in a Musical Won 2012 Leap of Faith on Broadway Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The International Jesuit Alumni Directory Belen ( Forum Press Inc. , 1994 ) Jump up ^ `` Grad Acting Alumnus Raúl Esparza on Shakespeare in the Park '' . tisch.nyu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( December 22 , 2008 ) . `` ' Entourage ' Star Bashed For Being Diva '' . Fox News Channel .", "6": "Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ BroadwayWorld.com `` Arcadia '' broadwayworld.com , December 12 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Leap of Faith , With Raúl Esparza at the Musical Pulpit , Opens on Broadway '' Archived May 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , April 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) theatermania.com , April 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Guide to Sondheim Shows '' sondheimguide.com , accessed July 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` Julia and Josh Dazzle in All - Star ' Chess ' '' playbill.com , September 23 , 2003 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Hathaway , McDonald , White and Esparza Open ' Twelfth Night ' in Central Park June 25 '' , playbill.com , June 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick . `` Raúl Esparza Joins Anyone Can Whistle '' , The New York Times , March 17 , 2010 ; accessed May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The House of the Scorpion '' . Simon & Schuster . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Book Of Unholy Mischief '' . Simon & Schuster . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics & Lyricists -- Babalu : The American Songbook Goes Latin '' . `` 92Y.org '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wes Craven 's 25 / 8 Becomes My Soul To Take '' . Collider.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza Makes Debut on Hannibal tonight '' . broadwayworld.com . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John .", "7": "`` ' Custody ' : Tribeca Review '' Hollywood Reporter , April 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Raul Esparza Set to Appear on Law & Order : SVU '' . Broadway World . New York City : Wisdom Digital Media . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Raul Esparza Upped To Regular On Law & Order : SVU '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady 's Man '' . Law & Order : Criminal Intent . Season 8 . Episode 11 . New York City : NBCUniversal . June 28 , 2009 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Blackmail '' . Law & Order . Season 20 . Episode 12 . New York City : NBCUniversal . January 15 , 2010 . NBC . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Raúl Esparza exits Law & Order : SVU after six seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Raul Esparza Exits ' Law & Order : SVU ' ; ' Chicago Justice ' Vet Promoted To Series Regular '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim 's `` Company '' reviewed for The Advocate by Don Shewey `` . Jump up ^ `` 9 Bisexual & Sexually Open Celebrities '' . Latina . Jump up ^ Interview with New York Times , November 26 , 2006 ; accessed May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ShowBusiness : The Road to Broadway '' . Turner Classic Movies . United States : Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Find Me Guilty '' . Turner Classic Movies . United States : Turner Broadcasting System .", "8": "Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rangel , Jesus ( August 27 , 1988 ) . `` ALL 20 ACQUITTED IN JERSEY MOB CASE '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Esparza Awards and nominations Broadway `` , ibdb.com , retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tick , Tick ... Boom ! , lortel.org , retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` New Works and Big Stars Compete for 2003 Helen Hayes Awards May 5 in DC '' , Playbill , May 5 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Robb , Cooper . `` Andreas , Esparza , Frugé et al. Win Barrymore Awards '' , theatermania.com , October 29 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual HOLA Awards for Excellence '' , hellohola.org , retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio . `` ' The Light in the Piazza ' Leads Outer Critics Circle Award Nominations with 11 , Followed by Chitty , Spamalot '' , Playbill , April 24 , 2005 Jump up ^ Pender , Rick. `` 10th Annual CEAs Celebrate Cincinnati Stages '' , backstage.com , September 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Outer Critics Circle Awards for 2006 - 2007 '' , outercritics.org , retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` ' Leap of Faith ' ' s Raul Esparza , ' Voice Lessons ' Laurie Metcalf Among L.A. Ovation Winners '' , Playbill , November 15 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official website Raúl Esparza at the Internet Broadway Database Raúl Esparza on IMDb Raúl Esparza at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Video interview in which Esparza discusses his relationship to Catholicism Interview in which Esparza discusses his stage and film work", "9": "Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical John Cullum ( 1975 ) Ian Richardson ( 1976 ) Lenny Baker ( 1977 ) Ken Page ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) Ron Richardson ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines / Nathan Lane ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Vernel Bagneris ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Robert Cuccioli ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Brent Carver ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Antonio Banderas / Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) Brian d'Arcy James ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Danny Burstein ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris / Jefferson Mays ( 2014 ) Robert Fairchild ( 2015 ) Danny Burstein ( 2016 ) Andy Karl ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Ted Ross ( 1975 ) George Rose ( 1976 ) Ken Bichel /", "10": "Michael Mark / John Miller / Joseph Saulter ( 1977 ) Kevin Kline ( 1978 ) Ken Jennings ( 1979 ) Bob Gunton ( 1980 ) Tony Azito ( 1981 ) Cleavant Derricks ( 1982 ) Charles Coles ( 1983 ) Martin Vidnovic ( 1984 ) René Auberjonois ( 1985 ) Michael Rupert ( 1986 ) Michael Maguire ( 1987 ) Robert Westenberg ( 1988 ) Michael Jeter ( 1990 ) Bruce Adler ( 1991 ) Scott Waara ( 1992 ) Mark Michael Hutchinson ( 1993 ) Jarrod Emick ( 1994 ) Wilson Jermaine Heredia ( 1996 ) Joel Grey ( 1997 ) Gregg Edelman ( 1998 ) Roger Bart ( 1999 ) Stephen Spinella ( 2000 ) Gary Beach ( 2001 ) Shuler Hensley ( 2002 ) Dick Latessa ( 2003 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2004 ) Denis O'Hare ( 2005 ) Jim Dale ( 2006 ) Gavin Lee ( 2007 ) Boyd Gaines ( 2008 ) Gregory Jbara ( 2009 ) Christopher Fitzgerald ( 2010 ) John Larroquette ( 2011 ) Michael McGrath ( 2012 ) Bertie Carvel ( 2013 ) James Monroe Iglehart ( 2014 ) Christian Borle ( 2015 ) Christopher Fitzgerald ( 2016 ) Gavin Creel ( 2017 ) VIAF : 34107258 LCCN : no2001051779 ISNI : 0000 0000 4622 246X GND : 1020257849 SNAC : w6fj49vt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "11": "php?title= Raúl_Esparza&oldid = 837316285 '' Categories : 1970 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male stage actors American male musical theatre actors American male Shakespearean actors American male television actors American entertainers of Cuban descent American tenors Bisexual male actors Bisexual men Drama Desk Award winners Hispanic and Latino American male actors LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT people from Delaware Living people Male actors from Miami Male actors from Wilmington , Delaware Tisch School of the Arts alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 11, 0, 8, 3, 7, 1, 2, 6, 5, 9, 10, 4 ]	[ 0, 11, 8, 3, 7 ]
6252368506266045525	in which year was led zepplin refused entry into singapore because the band members had long hair	[ "1972" ]	{ "0": "Led Zeppelin Australasian tour 1972 - wikipedia Led Zeppelin Australasian tour 1972 Jump to : navigation , search Australasia 1972 Concert by Led Zeppelin Associated album Led Zeppelin IV Start date 16 February 1972 End date 29 February 1972 Legs No. of shows 6 ( 8 scheduled ) Led Zeppelin concert chronology United Kingdom Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Led Zeppelin 's 1972 Australasian Tour was the only concert tour of Australia and New Zealand by the English rock band . The tour commenced on 16 February and concluded on 29 February 1972 . ( Led Zeppelin 's guitarist Jimmy Page had earlier toured Australia with The Yardbirds in January 1967 ) . The original plan for this tour was for the group to stop off en route at Singapore for a concert on 14 February , but the local authorities refused their entry due to local laws banning males from wearing long hair . Led Zeppelin received generally good press coverage for this tour and black - and - white footage of some of their concert at Sydney on 27 February , along with a press party , were filmed by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and shown to a national audience . Some of this footage was later made available on the Led Zeppelin DVD , released in 2003 . Part way through this tour , Jimmy Page shaved off his trademark beard , a look he adopted nearly two years before while recording Led Zeppelin III . He had the beard at Led Zeppelin 's concert in Melbourne 20 February , but is clean shaven at the band 's press party two days later . Page would remain clean shaven for the rest of the band 's career . All of the concerts on this tour except for one ( at Brisbane on 29 February ) were performed at open - air venues . The Melbourne performance at Kooyong Stadium on 20 February was cut short due to inclement weather . All concerts from this tour are available on unofficial CDs except for the Perth concert and show the band in fine form .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Tour set list 2 Tour dates 3 References 4 External links 5 Sources Tour set list ( edit ) All track written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant , except where noted . The fairly typical set list for the tour was : `` Immigrant Song '' `` Heartbreaker '' ( Bonham , Page , Plant ) `` Out on the Tiles '' ( intro ) ( Page , Plant , Bonham ) / `` Black Dog '' ( Page , Plant , Jones ) `` Since I 've Been Loving You '' ( Page , Plant , Jones ) `` Celebration Day '' ( Page , Plant , Jones ) ( on 25 , 27 and 29 February only ) `` Stairway to Heaven '' `` Going to California '' `` That 's the Way '' `` Tangerine '' ( Page ) `` Bron - Yr - Aur Stomp '' ( Page , Plant , Jones ) `` Dazed and Confused '' ( Page ) `` What Is and What Should Never Be '' `` Rock and Roll '' ( Page , Plant , Jones , Bonham ) `` Moby Dick '' ( Bonham ) `` Whole Lotta Love '' ( Bonham , Dixon , Jones , Page , Plant ) Encores : `` Communication Breakdown '' ( Bonham , Jones , Page ) ( On 25 and 27 February ) `` Organ Solo '' / `` Thank You '' ( On 27 February ) There were some set list substitutions , variations , and order switches during the tour . Tour dates ( edit ) Date City Country Venue 14 February 1972 Singapore Singapore Unknown 16 February 1972 Perth Australia Subiaco Oval 18 February 1972 Adelaide Memorial Drive Park 19 February 1972 20 February 1972 Melbourne Kooyong Stadium 25 February 1972 Auckland New Zealand Western Springs Stadium 27 February 1972 Sydney Australia Sydney Showground 29 February 1972 Brisbane Brisbane Festival Hall References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Dave and Pallett , Simon ( 1997 ) Led Zeppelin : The Concert File , London : Omnibus Press .", "2": "ISBN 0 - 7119 - 5307 - 4 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( 1994 ) Led Zeppelin , London : Orion Books . ISBN 1 - 85797 - 930 - 3 , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Led Zeppelin official website : concert summary Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin official website : concert summary Jump up ^ Led Zeppelin official website : concert summary External links ( edit ) Comprehensive archive of known concert appearances by Led Zeppelin ( official website ) Sources ( edit ) Lewis , Dave and Pallett , Simon ( 1997 ) Led Zeppelin : The Concert File , London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 5307 - 4 .", "3": "( hide ) Led Zeppelin John Bonham John Paul Jones Jimmy Page Robert Plant Studio albums Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin II Led Zeppelin III untitled fourth album Houses of the Holy Physical Graffiti Presence In Through the Out Door Coda Live albums The Song Remains the Same BBC Sessions How the West Was Won Celebration Day Compilations Profiled BBC Sessions The Best of Led Zeppelin Mothership Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition Boxed sets Led Zeppelin Remasters Boxed Set 2 The Complete Studio Recordings Definitive Collection Singles `` Good Times Bad Times '' / `` Communication Breakdown '' `` Whole Lotta Love '' / `` Living Loving Maid ( She 's Just a Woman ) '' `` Immigrant Song '' / `` Hey , Hey , What Can I Do '' `` Black Dog '' / `` Misty Mountain Hop '' `` Rock and Roll '' / `` Four Sticks '' `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' / `` Dancing Days '' `` D'yer Mak'er '' / `` The Crunge '' `` Trampled Under Foot '' / `` Black Country Woman '' `` Candy Store Rock '' / `` Royal Orleans '' `` Fool in the Rain '' / `` Hot Dog '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' `` Baby Come On Home '' `` The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair '' Films The Song Remains the Same Led Zeppelin DVD Celebration Day Tours Scandinavia 1968 U.K. 1968 North America 1968 -- 1969 U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 North America Spring 1969 U.K. Summer 1969 North America Summer 1969 Europe Autumn 1969 North America Autumn 1969 U.K. 1970 Europe 1970 North America Spring 1970 Iceland , Bath & Germany 1970 North America Summer 1970 U.K. Spring 1971 Europe 1971 North America 1971 Japan 1971 U.K. Winter 1971 Australasia 1972 North America 1972 Japan 1972 U.K.", "4": "1972 -- 1973 Europe 1973 North America 1973 North America 1975 Earls Court 1975 North America 1977 Knebworth 1979 Over Europe 1980 Reunions Live Aid ( 1985 ) Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary ( 1988 ) Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert ( 2007 ) Lists Discography Songs Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover versions by others Led Zeppelin songs written or inspired by others Related Articles Swan Song Records Three Week Hero `` Beck 's Bolero '' Bron - Yr - Aur The Starship Caesar 's Chariot Shark episode Planned tour -- The 1980s , Part One Covers and tributes That ' 70s Show ( season 5 ) Bands The Yardbirds Band of Joy XYZ The Honeydrippers The Firm Coverdale Page Page and Plant Jimmy Page and the Black Crowes Them Crooked Vultures Strange Sensation Books Hammer of the Gods : The Led Zeppelin Saga Stairway to Heaven : Led Zeppelin Uncensored When Giants Walked the Earth People Jason Bonham Peter Grant Richard Cole Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Led_Zeppelin_Australasian_Tour_1972&oldid=803478783 '' Categories : Led Zeppelin concert tours 1972 concert tours 1972 in Australia 1972 in New Zealand Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български ქართული Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 19 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 4, 0, 1, 3, 2 ]	[ 4, 0, 1, 3, 2 ]
6905741655003866786	when were the words under god added to the pledge	[ "on Flag Day in 1954", "1954", "Flag Day in 1954", "on Flag Day in 1954", "Flag Day in 1954" ]	{ "0": "Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia Pledge of Allegiance ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. oath of allegiance . For the general topic of oaths of allegiance , see Oath of allegiance . For other uses , see Pledge of Allegiance ( disambiguation ) . Pledge of Allegiance ( Bellamy versions ) ( changes are bolded and underlined ) 1892 ( first version ) `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1892 to 1923 `` I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1923 to 1954 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' 1954 ( current version ) 4 U.S.C. § 4 `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America . It was originally composed by Captain George Thatcher Balch , a Union Army Officer during the Civil War and later a teacher of patriotism in New York City schools . The form of the pledge used today was largely devised by Francis Bellamy in 1892 , and formally adopted by Congress as the pledge in 1942 . The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945 . The most recent alteration of its wording came on Flag Day in 1954 , when the words `` under God '' were added .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Recital 2 Origins 2.1 Balch and Bellamy pledges 2.2 Francis Bellamy 's account 3 Changes 3.1 Addition of `` under God '' 4 Salute 5 Music 6 Controversy 6.1 Legal challenges 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Recital ( edit ) Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge , as do many government meetings at local levels , and meetings held by many private organizations . All states except Hawaii , Iowa , Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly - scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools , although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students can not be compelled to recite the Pledge , nor can they be punished for not doing so . In a number of states , state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this . The United States Flag Code says : The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag -- `` I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation under God , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . '' -- should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart . When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart . Persons in uniform should remain silent , face the flag , and render the military salute . Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform . Origins ( edit ) Balch and Bellamy pledges ( edit ) The Pledge of Allegiance , as it exists in its current form , was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , who was a Baptist minister , a Christian socialist , and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy ( 1850 -- 1898 ) . There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch , a veteran of the Civil War , who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education .", "2": "Balch 's pledge , which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference , read : We give our heads and hearts to God and our country ; one country , one language , one flag ! Balch was a proponent of teaching children , especially those of immigrants , loyalty to the United States , even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school . Balch 's pledge , which predates Bellamy 's by 5 years and was embraced by many schools , by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s , and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference , is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge . Bellamy , however , did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it , referring to the text as `` too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' The Bellamy `` Pledge of Allegiance '' was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children 's magazine The Youth 's Companion as part of the National Public - School Celebration of Columbus Day , a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas . The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham , a marketer for the magazine , as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools . According to author Margarette S. Miller , this campaign was in line both with Upham 's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest . According to Miller , Upham `` would often say to his wife : ' Mary , if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded , and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution , I shall not have lived in vain . ' '' Bellamy 's original Pledge read : I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands , one nation , indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Students reciting a pledge on Flag Day in 1899 The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point . Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds .", "3": "As a socialist , he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity but decided against it , knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans . Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth 's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag . By June 29 , 1892 , Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations . This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335 . Subsequently , the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12 , 1892 , during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World 's Columbian Exposition ( the Chicago World 's Fair ) , Illinois . Francis Bellamy 's account ( edit ) In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge , Francis Bellamy said , `` At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was ( sic ) at a low ebb . The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools . '' James Upham `` felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse , '' so his publication `` fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost , which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year ( 1892 - 93 ) . As the World 's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas , Upham sought to link the publication 's flag drive to the event , `` so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising , under the most impressive conditions . '' Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying `` not only the superintendents of education in all the States , but ( he ) also worked with governors , Congressmen , and even the President of the United States . ''", "4": "The publication 's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12 , 1892 , to be Columbus Day for which The Youth 's Companion made `` an official program for universal use in all the schools . '' Bellamy recalled that the event `` had to be more than a list of exercises . The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity . '' Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event , and `` There was also an oration suitable for declamation . '' Bellamy held that `` Of course , the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag , with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison . '' He found `` There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute . The Balch salute , which ran , `` I give my heart and my hand to my country , one country , one language , one flag , '' seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity . '' After working on the idea with Upham , Bellamy concluded , `` It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea . I especially stressed the word ' allegiance ' ... Beginning with the new word allegiance , I first decided that ' pledge ' was a better school word than ' vow ' or ' swear ' ; and that the first person singular should be used , and that ' my ' flag was preferable to ' the . ' '' Bellamy considered the words `` country , nation , or Republic , '' choosing the last as `` it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution . The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands . '' Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures , and concluded `` all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words , one Nation indivisible . '' Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution , Liberté , égalité , fraternité ( `` liberty , equality , fraternity '' ) , but held that `` fraternity was too remote of realization , and ... ( that ) equality was a dubious word . '' Concluding `` Liberty and justice were surely basic , were undebatable , and were all that any one Nation could handle . If they were exercised for all . they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity . ''", "5": "After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth 's Companion , the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program . Bellamy noted that , `` In later years the words ' to my flag ' were changed to ' to the flag of the United States of America ' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools . '' Bellamy disliked the change , as `` it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition . '' Changes ( edit ) A plaque in Lansing , MI , dated 1918 , listing the Balch Pledge , which was used parallel to the Bellamy Pledge until the National Flag Conference in 1923 . In 1906 , The Daughters of the American Revolution 's magazine , The American Monthly , listed the `` formula of allegiance '' as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance , which reads : I pledge allegiance to my flag , and the republic for which it stands . I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country . One country , one language and one flag . In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution , such as in 1915 's `` Proceedings of the Twenty - Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution '' and 1916 's annual `` National Report , '' the Balch Pledge , listed as official in 1906 , is now categorized as `` Old Pledge '' with Bellamy 's version under the heading `` New Pledge . '' However , the `` Old Pledge '' continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923 . In 1923 , the National Flag Conference called for the words `` my Flag '' to be changed to `` the Flag of the United States , '' so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US . The words `` of America '' were added a year later . Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time , in the following form , on June 22 , 1942 : I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America , and to the Republic for which it stands , one Nation indivisible , with liberty and justice for all . Addition of `` under God '' ( edit ) `` Under God '' redirects here . For the book , see Under God ( book ) .", "6": "Louis Albert Bowman , an attorney from Illinois , was the first to suggest the addition of `` under God '' to the pledge . The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea . He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution . At a meeting on February 12 , 1948 , he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words `` under God '' added . He said that the words came from Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words `` under God '' , all the reporters ' transcripts of the speech as delivered do , as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said `` that the nation shall , under God , have a new birth of freedom . '' Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings . In 1951 , the Knights of Columbus , the world 's largest Catholic fraternal service organization , also began including the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance . In New York City , on April 30 , 1951 , the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words `` under God '' after the words `` one nation . '' Over the next two years , the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide . On August 21 , 1952 , the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal , and copies of this resolution were sent to the President , the Vice President ( as Presiding Officer of the Senate ) , and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24 , 1952 , adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president , Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart . Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter . This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation . These attempts were eventually a success .", "7": "At the suggestion of a correspondent , Representative Louis C. Rabaut ( D - Mich . ) , of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words `` under God '' to the Pledge in 1953 . Rev. Dr. George MacPherson Docherty ( left ) and President Eisenhower ( second from left ) on the morning of February 7 , 1954 , at the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church . Before February 1954 , no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded . The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty . Some American presidents honored Lincoln 's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended , New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln 's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12 . On February 7 , 1954 , with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln 's pew , the church 's pastor , George MacPherson Docherty , delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled `` A New Birth of Freedom . '' He argued that the nation 's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose . He noted that the Pledge 's sentiments could be those of any nation : `` There was something missing in the pledge , and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life . '' He cited Lincoln 's words `` under God '' as defining words that set the US apart from other nations . President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently , just a year before . He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service . Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8 , 1954 , Rep. Charles Oakman ( R - Mich . ) , introduced a bill to that effect . Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . Eisenhower said : From this day forward , the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town , every village and rural school house , the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty ... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America 's heritage and future ; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country 's most powerful resource , in peace or in war .", "8": "The phrase `` under God '' was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14 , 1954 , by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942 . On October 6 , 1954 , the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution , first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954 , which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance . Even though the movement behind inserting `` under God '' into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge , author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed . Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push - back against atheistic communism during the Cold War , but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role . Salute ( edit ) Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute . An early version of the salute , adopted in 1887 , known as the Balch Salute , which accompanied the Balch pledge , instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag , the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead , followed by being placed flat over the heart , and finally falling to the side . In 1892 , Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute . It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag , palm down , and ended with the palm up . Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute , which was adopted in Germany later , the US Congress stipulated that the hand - over-the - heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute . Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22 , 1942 , when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22 , 1942 .", "9": "Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 ( Section 301 ( b ) ( 1 ) of title 36 , United States Code ) , language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag , when the colors are presented , and during the National Anthem . Music ( edit ) Musical setting by Irving Caesar A musical setting for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' was created by Irving Caesar , at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase `` under God '' was signed into law on Flag Day , June 14 , 1954 . The composer , Irving Caesar , wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime . Dedicated to social issues , he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government , so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties . It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day , June 14 , 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the `` Singing Sergeants '' . A July 29 , 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge . Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted , including by Beck ( 2003 ) , Lovrekovich ( 2002 and 2001 ) , Roton ( 1991 ) , Fijol ( 1986 ) , and Girardet ( 1983 ) . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance In 1940 , the Supreme Court , in Minersville School District v. Gobitis , ruled that students in public schools , including the respondents in that case -- Jehovah 's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry -- could be compelled to swear the Pledge . In 1943 , in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court reversed its decision .", "10": "Justice Robert H. Jackson , writing for the 6 to 3 majority , went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds , and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country , concluding with : If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation , it is that no official , high or petty , can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics , nationalism , religion , or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein . If there are any circumstances which permit an exception , they do not now occur to us . In a later case , the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge . First graders of Japanese ancestry pledging allegiance to the American flag ( 1942 , photo by Dorothea Lange ) . Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds . One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it , and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing , which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance . Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day , small children in schools , can not really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making . Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase `` under God '' violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment . In 2004 , linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address , but to Lincoln and his contemporaries , `` under God '' meant `` God willing '' , so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd . Legal challenges ( edit ) Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah 's Witnesses , a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God , and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag .", "11": "They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment . The first case was in 1935 , when two children , Lillian and William Gobitas , ages ten and twelve , were expelled from the Minersville , Pennsylvania , public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance . In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow , whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase `` under God '' an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school . In 2004 , the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , an appeal of the ruling , and rejected Newdow 's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent , and therefore lacked standing , thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school - sponsored recitation . On January 3 , 2005 , a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families . On September 14 , 2005 , District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor . Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , Judge Karlton issued an order stating that , upon proper motion , he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to `` one Nation under God . '' A 2005 Bill , H.R. 2389 , to prohibit the Supreme Court 's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government 's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance , died in the Senate after having passed in the House . This action is viewed in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the judiciary . Even if a similar bill is enacted , its practical effect may not be clear : proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress 's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III , Section 2 of the Constitution , but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights , since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment .", "12": "Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional , the US separation of powers would be disturbed , or rendered non-functional . Mark J. Pelavin , former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism , said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that : Today 's House adoption of the so - called `` Pledge Protection Act '' is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans . By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts , including the Supreme Court , from cases involving the Pledge , this legislation sets a dangerous precedent : threatening religious liberty , compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded , and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts ' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes . Today , the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance , but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights , civil rights , or any other fundamental concern . -- Mark J. Pelavin , Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism In 2006 , in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre , a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution . As a result of that decision , a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called `` unpatriotic '' by a teacher . In 2009 , a Montgomery County , Maryland , teacher berated and had school police remove a 13 - year - old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom . The student 's mother , assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland , sought and received an apology from the teacher , as state law and the school 's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge . On March 11 , 2010 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words `` under God '' in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District . In a 2 -- 1 decision , the appellate court ruled that the words were of a `` ceremonial and patriotic nature '' and did not constitute an establishment of religion .", "13": "Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented , writing that `` the state - directed , teacher - led daily recitation in public schools of the amended ' under God ' version of the Pledge of Allegiance ... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . '' On November 12 , 2010 , in a unanimous decision , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge 's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students ' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary . A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13 , 2011 . In September 2013 , a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts . In May 2014 , Massachusetts ' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists , saying that the words `` under God '' represent a patriotic , not a religious , exercise . In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit , ruling that `` ... the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who do n't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message . '' The case against the Matawan - Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase `` under God '' in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion , making non-believers `` second - class citizens . '' In a twenty - one page decision , Bauman wrote , `` Under ( the association members ' ) reasoning , the very constitution under which ( the members ) seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional , an absurd proposition which ( association members ) do not and can not advance here . '' Bauman said the student could skip the pledge , but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have `` conscientious scruples '' that do not allow it .", "14": "He noted , `` As a matter of historical tradition , the words ' under God ' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words ' In God We Trust ' from every coin in the land , than the words ' so help me God ' from every presidential oath since 1789 , or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787 . '' See also ( edit ) Australian citizenship affirmation , a similar concept Ceremonial deism Flag Salute Loyalty oaths in the United States Youth 's Companion Building , where the Pledge of Allegiance was written and published Separation of church and state , which provides more information surrounding `` under god '' in the pledge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pledge of Allegiance '' . Historic Documents . Independence Hall Association : ushistory.org . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 4 , Chapter 1 , Section 4 , US Code '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Melanie . `` One Nation , Indivisible '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Captain and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel George T. Balch , Ordnance Corps Hall of Fame Inductee 2001 , U.S. Army Ordnance Corps '' . www.goordnance.army.mil . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Society & Community . Faith in America : The Legal Dilemma '' . NOW with Bill Moyers . PBS . June 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Pledge of Allegiance and Our Flag of the United States '' . Their History and Meaning . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Crawford , Amy ( September 2015 ) , `` PR Gimmick to Patriotic Vow ; Francis Bellamy had no idea how famous , and controversial , his quick ditty would become '' , Smithsonian Magazine Jump up ^ `` American & State Pledges '' . Speck 's Web . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Code 2011 , Title 4 , Chap. 1 , Sec. 4 . Government Printing Office . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubal , Timothy ( October 2008 ) . Cultural Movements and Collective Memory : Christopher Columbus and the Rewriting of the National Origin Myth . Basingstoke , Hampshire , GBR : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Lodge of BC and Yukon profile of Bellamy '' . Freemasonry.bcy.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Overland Monthly . Samuel Carson . 1891 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine . National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . 1906 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Frances Bellamy . `` '' A Brief Synopsis of the Story of the Origin of the Pledge taken from the Detailed Narrative by Frances Bellamy , Author of the Pledge `` '' . Congressional Record 91 Cong . Rec. ( 1945 ) House : 5510 -- 5511 . ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Francis , `` The Story of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , '' University of Rochester Library Bulletin , Vol . VIII , Winter 1953 . Jump up ^ Margarette S. Miller ( 1946 ) . I Pledge Allegiance . Christopher Publishing House , Youth 's companion . Jump up ^ Francis Bellamy -- The word `` to '' was inserted between `` my Flag and '' and `` the Republic '' in October 1892 . Jump up ^ Dr. John W. Baer .", "16": "`` The Pledge of Allegiance A Short History '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Margarette S. ( 1976 ) . Twenty Three Words : A Biography of Francis Bellamy : Author of the Pledge of Allegiance . Portsmouth , Vir. : Printcraft Press . pp. 63 - 65 ISBN 0 - 686 - 15626 - 9 Jump up ^ Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1917 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Proceedings of the ... Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution . The Congress . 1915 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 77 - 623 , Chap. 435 , 56 Stat. 377 , H.J. Res. 303 , enacted June 22 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Baer , John W. ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 . Annapolis , MD : Free State Press . Jump up ^ Merriman , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 863 - 7 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ `` Knights of Columbus Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Knights of Columbus . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` How the words `` UNDER GOD '' came to be added to the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Broadway , Bill . `` How ' Under God ' Got in There , '' The Washington Post , 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 4 Feb. 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pub. L. 83 - 396 , Chap. 297 , 68 Stat. 249 , H.J. Res. 243 , enacted June 14 , 1954 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` God In America : God in the White House '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` How ' One Nation ' Did n't Become ' Under God ' Until The ' 50s Religious Revival '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Leepson , Marc ( 2006 ) . Flag : An American Biography . Macmillan . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32309 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Rendering Hand Salute of U.S. Flag '' . Military.com . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1957 - 04 - 20 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 1960 - 09 - 19 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Irving Caesar Welcome '' . www.irvingcaesar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' H. Con . Res. 161 Statute 69 Pages B24 - B25 Concurrent Resolutions - July 26 , 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Copyright Office , Copyright search for `` The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag '' `` . Jump up ^ West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , 642 ( U.S. Supreme Court 1943 ) . ^ Jump up to : Holloman ex rel . Holloman v. Harland , 370 F. 3d 1252 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Lane v. Owens ; 03 - B - 1544 , United States District Court , District of Colorado Jump up ^ Olander , Herbert T. ( December 1941 ) . `` Children 's Knowledge of the Flag Salute '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 35 ( 4 ) : 300 -- 305 . JSTOR 27528245 . Jump up ^ `` Court upholds ' under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 03 - 11 .", "18": "Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` I Might Have Guessed Parson Weems Would Figure In There Somewhere '' . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Nunberg ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) . `` '' ( Next ) Under God , '' Phrasal Idiom `` . Language Log . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York , 1993 , pp. 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Salute Cases '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Minersville School District v. Gobitis , 310 U.S. 586 , 60 S. Ct. 1010 , 84 L. Ed . 1375 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Kravets , David ( September 16 , 2005 ) , `` Federal judge rules Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional '' , The Chicago Defender , archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 11 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Retired Federal Judges Urge Congress Not to Pass `` Court - Stripping '' Measure that Would Deny Rights in `` . Brennancenter.org. 2005 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are : Mark J. Pelavin , Senior Advisor to the President '' . Union for Reform Judaism . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court - stripping and Legislating Against the First Amendment ( 12 July 2006 ) '' . Jewsonfirst.org . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Frazier v. Alexandre , 434 F. Supp.", "19": "2d 1350 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ `` Frazier v. Alexandre , No. 05 - 81142 ( S.D. Fla . May 31 , 2006 ) '' . National School Boards Association . March 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jenna ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pledge of Allegiance dispute results in Md. teacher having to apologize '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chea , Terence ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` Fed . appeals court upholds ' under God ' in pledge '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newdow vs. Rio Linda Union School District ( 9th Cir . March 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ `` Pledge of Allegiance 's God reference now upheld by court '' . LA Times . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedom from Religion Foundation v. Hanover School District ( 1st Cir . Nov 12 , 2010 ) . Text Jump up ^ Lavoie , Denise ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Court OKs NH law allowing ' God ' pledge in schools '' . The Boston Globe . Boston , MA : Christopher M. Mayer . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . The constitutionality of a New Hampshire law ... Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` High court spurns atheist 's ' under God ' challenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . San Francisco , CA : Hearst Corporation . A Sacramento atheist 's challenge to the addition of `` under God '' to the Pledge of Allegiance ... Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the United States ( June 13 , 2011 ) .", "20": "`` Freedom From Religion Foundation , Petitioner v. United States , et al '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Under God ' part of Pledge of Allegiance under review in Massachusetts '' . CNN.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts court rules ' under God ' in pledge does not discriminate against atheists '' . The Washington Post . 2014 - 05 - 09 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Under God ' is not discriminatory and will stay in pledge , judge says '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Salvador Rizzo . `` Hearing ' Under God ' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students , NJ judge rules '' . NorthJersey.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools '' . Forbes . 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Martin , Leisa A. ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Examining the Pledge of Allegiance '' . Social Studies . 99 ( 3 ) : 127 -- 131 . doi : 10.3200 / tsss. 99.3. 127 - 131 . John W. Baer ( 2007 ) . The Pledge of Allegiance : A Revised History and Analysis , 1892 -- 2007 ( Free State Press , Inc . ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9650620 - 2 - 2 Excerpt , Chapter Eight : `` Under God '' and Other Questions About the Pledge . Richard J. Ellis ( 2005 ) .", "21": "To the Flag : The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance ( Lawrence : University of Kansas Press ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1372 - 2 Marc Leepson ( 2005 ) . Flag : An American Biography ( Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin 's Press ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 32308 - 5 Kevin M. Kruse ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America , Basic Books , ISBN 0465049494 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPledge of Allegiance ( United States ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource 4 U.S.C. § 4 Docherty 's Sermon Manuscript , Feb. 7 , 1954 Minister Reprises `` Under God '' Sermon ( hide ) National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country ,", "22": "' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)&oldid=836717123 '' Categories : 1892 documents American culture American nationalism Oaths of allegiance Flags of the United States Pledge of Allegiance Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Iñupiak Italiano Latina Magyar 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 ,", "23": "at 13 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 5, 7, 17, 0, 21, 16, 3, 8, 9, 19, 4, 1, 14, 22, 13, 2, 20, 6, 11, 10, 15, 18, 23, 12 ]	[ 7, 5, 17, 0, 21 ]
-7955945279195374355	what was vietnam called in the years before world war 2	[ "French Indochina", "French Indochina, consisting of Cochinchina (southern Vietnam), Annam (central Vietnam), Tonkin (northern Vietnam)", "French Indochina", "French Indochina" ]	{ "0": "History of Vietnam - Wikipedia History of Vietnam Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article or section may fail to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction . Please help improve this article so that it meets Wikipedia 's fiction guidelines and quality standards . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of Vietnam 2879 -- 258 BC Hồng Bàng dynasty 2879 -- 1913 BC Early Hồng Bàng 1912 -- 1055 BC Mid Hồng Bàng 1054 -- 258 BC Late Hồng Bàng 257 -- 179 BC Thục dynasty 207 -- 111 BC Triệu dynasty 111 BC -- 40 AD 1st Chinese domination 40 -- 43 Trưng Sisters 43 -- 544 2nd Chinese domination 544 -- 602 Early Lý dynasty 602 -- 938 3rd Chinese domination 939 -- 967 Ngô dynasty 968 -- 980 Đinh dynasty 980 -- 1009", "1": "Early Lê dynasty 1009 -- 1225 Later Lý dynasty 1225 -- 1400 Trần dynasty 1400 -- 1407 Hồ dynasty 1407 -- 1427 4th Chinese domination 1407 -- 1413 Later Trần dynasty 1428 -- 1788 Later Lê dynasty 1527 -- 1592 Mạc dynasty 1545 -- 1787 Trịnh lords 1558 -- 1777 Nguyễn lords 1778 -- 1802 Tây Sơn dynasty 1802 -- 1945 Nguyễn dynasty 1858 -- 1954 French Indochina 1945 Empire of Vietnam From 1945 Republic 1945 -- 1976 North Vietnam ( Democratic Republic of Vietnam ) 1955 -- 1975 South Vietnam ( Republic of Vietnam ) 1975 -- 1976 Viet Cong - occupied South Vietnam From 1976 Unification of Vietnam Further subjects ( hide ) Champa dynasties ( 192 -- 1832 ) Funan ( 68 -- 550 ) Chenla ( 550 -- 802 ) Historical capitals Prehistoric and ancient cultures List of monarchs Country 's names Economic history Military history Part of a series on the Culture of Vietnam History People Languages Traditions ( show ) Costume Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Vietnamese folk religion Art ( show ) Vietnamese martial arts Literature Music", "2": "and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Vietnam portal Vietnam 's recorded history stretches back to the mid-to - late 3rd century BCE , when Âu Lạc and Nanyue ( Nam Việt in Vietnamese ) were established ( Nanyue conquered Âu Lạc in 179 BCE ) . Pre-historic Vietnam was home to some of the world 's earliest civilizations and societies -- making them one of the world 's first people who practiced agriculture . The Red River valley formed a natural geographic and economic unit , bounded to the north and west by mountains and jungles , to the east by the sea and to the south by the Red River Delta . According to myth the first Vietnamese state was founded in 2879 BC , but archaeological studies suggest development towards chiefdoms during the late Bronze Age Đông Sơn culture . Vietnam 's peculiar geography made it a difficult country to attack , which is why Vietnam under the Hùng kings was for so long an independent and self - contained state . Once Vietnam did succumb to foreign rule , however , it proved unable to escape from it , and for 1,100 years , Vietnam had been successively governed by a series of Chinese dynasties : the Han , Eastern Wu , Jin , Liu Song , Southern Qi , Liang , Sui , Tang , and Southern Han ; leading to the loss of native cultural heritage , language , and much of national identity . At certain periods during these 1,100 years , Vietnam was independently governed under the Triệus , Trưng Sisters , Early Lýs , Khúcs and Dương Đình Nghệ -- although their triumphs and reigns were temporary . During the Chinese domination of North Vietnam , several civilizations flourished in what is today central and south Vietnam , particularly the Funanese and Cham . The founders and rulers of these governments , however , were not native to Vietnam .", "3": "From the 10th century onwards , the Vietnamese , emerging in their heartland of the Red River Delta , began to conquer these civilizations . When Ngô Quyền ( King of Vietnam , 939 -- 944 ) restored sovereign power in the country , the next millennium was advanced by the accomplishments of successive dynasties : Ngôs , Đinhs , Early Lês , Lýs , Trầns , Hồs , Later Trầns , Later Lês , Mạcs , Trịnhs , Nguyễns , Tây Sơns and again Nguyễns . At various points during the imperial dynasties , Vietnam was ravaged and divided by civil wars and witnessed interventions by the Songs , Mongol Yuans , Chams , Mings , Siam , Manchus , French . The Ming Empire conquered the Red River valley for a while before native Vietnamese regained control and the French Empire reduced Vietnam to a French dependency for nearly a century , followed by an occupation by the Japanese Empire . Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchy after World War II , and the country was proclaimed a republic . Main article : Prehistoric Vietnam ± Contents ( hide ) 1 Early dynastic epoch ( c. 2879 -- 111 BC ) 1.1 Hồng Bàng period / dynasty ( c. 2879 -- 258 BC ) 1.1. 1 Early Hồng Bàng ( c. 2879 -- 1913 BC ) 1.1. 2 Mid-Hồng Bàng ( c. 1912 -- 1055 BC ) 1.1. 3 Late Hồng Bàng ( c. 1054 -- 258 BC ) 1.1.", "4": "4 Cultural evolution 1.2 Thục dynasty ( 257 -- 179 BC ) 1.3 Triệu dynasty ( 207 -- 111 BC ) 2 The Chinese millennium ( 111 BC -- 939 AD ) 2.1 Han domination ( 111 BC -- 40 AD ) 2.2 Trưng Sisters ( 40 -- 43 ) 2.3 From Han to Liang domination ( 43 -- 544 ) 2.4 Early Lý dynasty ( 544 -- 602 ) 2.5 From Sui to Tang domination ( 602 -- 905 ) 2.6 Autonomy ( 905 -- 938 ) 3 Late dynastic epoch ( 939 -- 1945 ) 3.1 Ngô , Đinh , & Early Lê dynasties ( 939 -- 1009 ) 3.2 Lý , Trần , & Hồ dynasties ( 1009 -- 1407 ) 3.3 Ming domination & Later Lê dynasty ( 1407 -- 1527 ) 3.4 Mạc & Restored Lê dynasties ( 1527 -- 1788 ) 3.4. 1 Trịnh & Nguyễn lords 3.4. 2 Advent of Europeans & southward expansion 3.5 Tây Sơn & Nguyễn dynasties ( 1778 -- 1945 ) 3.5. 1 French colonial era 4 Republican period ( from 1945 ) 4.1 Communist North & capitalist South ( 1945 -- 76 ) 4.2 Socialist Republic after 1976 4.3 Since 2000s 5 Changing names 6 Vietnamese nationalist historiography 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 Primary sources 11 In Vietnamese 12 External links Early dynastic epoch ( c. 2879 -- 111 BC ) ( edit ) Hồng Bàng period / dynasty ( c.", "5": "2879 -- 258 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Hồng Bàng dynasty History of Vietnam Timeline According to mythology , for almost three millennia -- from its beginning around 2879 B.C. ( or early 7th century BC ) to its conquest by Thục Phán in 258 B.C. -- the Hồng Bàng period was divided into 18 dynasties , with each dynasty being based on the lineage of the kings . Throughout this era , the country encountered many changes , some being very drastic . Due to the limitation of the written evidence , the main sources of information about the Hồng Bàng period are the many vestiges , objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites - as well as a considerable amount of legend . The land began as several tribal states , with King Kinh Dương Vương grouping all the vassal states at around 2879 BC . The ancient Vietnamese rulers of this period are collectively known as the Hùng kings ( Vietnamese : Hùng Vương ) . Early Hồng Bàng ( c. 2879 -- 1913 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Càn line , Khảm line , Cấn line , and Chấn line From ancient times , modern northern Vietnam and southern China were peopled by many races . Lộc Tục ( c. 2919 -- 2794 BC ) succeeded his predecessor as tribal chief and made the first attempts to incorporate all tribes around 2879 BC . As he succeeded in grouping all the vassal states within his territory , a convocation of the subdued tribes proclaimed him King Kinh Dương Vương , as the leader of the unified ancient Vietnamese nation . Kinh Dương Vương called his newly born country Xích Quỷ and reigned over the confederacy that occupied the Red River Delta in present - day Northern Vietnam and part of southeastern China , seeing the beginnings of nationhood for Vietnam under one supreme ruler , the Hùng king , also starting the Hồng Bàng period . Lạc Long Quân 's temple at Sim Hill ( Phú Thọ ) .", "6": "According to stories of the period , the First Hùng dynasty only had one ruler , Kinh Dương Vương himself , and witnessed the first two capitals in Vietnamese history , at Ngàn Hống and Nghĩa Lĩnh . Sùng Lãm ( c. 2825 BC -- ? ) was Kinh Dương Vương 's successor and founded the Second Hùng dynasty . The next line of kings that followed renamed the country Văn Lang . The Third Hùng dynasty lasted from approximately 2524 BC to 2253 BC . The administrative rule of the Lạc tướng , Bố chính , and Lạc hầu began . The period of the Fourth Hùng dynasty ( c. 2252 -- 1913 BC ) saw the evidence for early Vietnamese calendar system recorded on stone tools and the population from the mountainous areas moved out and began to settle in the open along the rivers to join the agricultural activities . Mid-hồng Bàng ( c. 1912 -- 1055 BC ) ( edit ) The Fifth Hùng dynasty lasted from approximately 1912 BC to 1713 BC . Then , during the Sixth Hùng dynasty , Văn Lang was invaded by the mysterious people called the Xích Tỵ , as the king battled Văn Lang back to greatness . The Seventh dynasty started with Lang Liêu , a son of the last king of the Sixth dynasty . Lang Liêu was a prince who won a culinary contest ; he then won the throne because his creations , bánh chưng ( rice cake ) , reflect his deep understanding of the land 's vital economy : rice farming . The Seventh dynasty and well into the early first millennium BC was a period of stabilizing , saw a civilization flourishing to continue its greatness . Late Hồng Bàng ( c. 1054 -- 258 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Đinh line , Mậu line , Kỷ line , Canh line , Tân line , Nhâm line , and Qúy line The first millennium BC was a period that went from the Twelfth dynasty to the Eighteenth dynasty . It was when the Vietnamese Bronze Age culture further flourished and attained an unprecedented level of realism , finally culminating in the opening stage of the Vietnamese Iron Age .", "7": "The Eighteenth dynasty was the last ruling dynasty during the Hùng king epoch . It fell to the Âu Việt in 258 BC after the last Hùng king was defeated in battle . Cultural evolution ( edit ) This period contained some accounts that mixes historical facts with legends . The Legend of Gióng tells of a youth going to war to save the country , wearing iron armor , riding an armored horse , and wielding an iron staff , showed that metalworking was sophisticated . The Legend of the Magic Crossbow , about a crossbow that can deliver thousands of arrows , showed extensive use of archery in warfare . Fishing and hunting supplemented the main rice crop . Arrowheads and spears were dipped in poison to kill larger animals such as elephants . Betel nuts were widely chewed and the lower classes rarely wore clothing more substantial than a loincloth . Every spring , a fertility festival was held which featured huge parties and sexual abandon . Religion consisted of primitive animistic cults . Since around 2000 BC , stone hand tools and weapons improved extraordinarily in both quantity and variety . Pottery reached a higher level of technique and decoration style . The Vietnamese people were mainly agriculturists , growing the wet rice Oryza , which became the main staple of their diet . During the later stage of the first half of the 2nd millennium BC , the first appearance of bronze tools took place despite these tools still being rare . By about 1000 BC , bronze replaced stone for about 40 percent of edged tools and weapons , rising to about 60 percent . Here , there were not only bronze weapons , axes , and personal ornaments , but also sickles and other agriculture tools . Toward the closure of the Bronze Age , bronze accounts for more than 90 percent of tools and weapons , and there are exceptionally extravagant graves -- the burial places of powerful chieftains -- containing some hundreds of ritual and personal bronze artifacts such as musical instruments , bucket - shaped ladles , and ornament daggers . After 1000 BC , the ancient Vietnamese people became skilled agriculturalists as they grew rice and kept buffaloes and pigs . They were also skilled fishermen and bold sailors , whose long dug - out canoes traversed the eastern sea . Pottery fruit tray of the Sa Huỳnh people .", "8": "Modern central and southern Vietnam were not originally part of the Vietnamese state . The peoples of those areas developed a distinct culture from the ancient Vietnamese in the Red River Delta region . For instance , the 1st millennium BC Sa Huỳnh culture in the areas of present - day central Vietnam revealed a considerable use of iron and decorative items made from glass , semi-precious and precious stones such as agate , carnelian , rock crystal , amethyst , and nephrite . The culture also showed evidence of an extensive trade network . The Sa Huỳnh people were most likely the predecessors of the Cham people , an Austronesian - speaking people and the founders of the kingdom of Champa . Map of the Cổ Loa Citadel , red is the wall , blue is the water , green is the trees Thục dynasty ( 257 -- 179 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : An Dương Vương and Cổ Loa Citadel By the 3rd century BC , another Viet group , the Âu Việt , emigrated from present - day southern China to the Red River delta and mixed with the indigenous Văn Lang population . In 257 BC , a new kingdom , Âu Lạc , emerged as the union of the Âu Việt and the Lạc Việt , with Thục Phán proclaiming himself `` An Dương Vương '' ( `` King An Dương '' ) . Some modern Vietnamese believe that Thục Phán came upon the Âu Việt territory ( modern - day northernmost Vietnam , western Guangdong , and southern Guangxi province , with its capital in what is today Cao Bằng Province ) . After assembling an army , he defeated and overthrew the eighteenth dynasty of Hùng kings , around 258 BC . He proclaimed himself An Dương Vương ( `` King An Dương '' ) . He then renamed his newly acquired state from Văn Lang to Âu Lạc and established the new capital at Phong Khê in the present - day Phú Thọ town in northern Vietnam , where he tried to build the Cổ Loa Citadel ( Cổ Loa Thành ) , the spiral fortress approximately ten miles north of that new capital . However , records showed that espionage resulted in the downfall of An Dương Vương .", "9": "At his capital , Cổ Loa , he built many concentric walls around the city for defensive purposes . These walls , together with skilled Âu Lạc archers , kept the capital safe from invaders . Nam Việt at its greatest extent . Bronze drum during the Triệu dynasty . Triệu dynasty ( 207 -- 111 BC ) ( edit ) Main article : Triệu dynasty In 207 BC , Qin warlord Triệu Đà ( pinyin : Zhao Tuo ) established his own independent kingdom in present - day Guangdong / Guangxi area . He proclaimed his new kingdom as Nam Việt ( pinyin : Nanyue ) , starting the Triệu dynasty . Triệu Đà later appointed himself a commandant of central Guangdong , closing the borders and conquering neighboring districts and titled himself `` King of Nam Viet '' In 179 BC , he defeated King An Dương Vương and annexed Âu Lạc . This period is controversial as on one side , some Vietnamese historians consider Triệu 's rule as the starting point of the Chinese domination , since Triệu Đà was a former Qin general , whereas others consider it still an era of Vietnamese independence as the Triệu family in Nam Việt were assimilated to local culture . They ruled independently of what then constituted the Han Empire . At one point , Triệu Đà even declared himself Emperor , equal to the Han Emperor in the north . The Chinese millennium ( 111 BC -- 939 AD ) ( edit ) Main article : Chinese domination of Vietnam Han domination ( 111 BC -- 40 AD ) ( edit ) Main article : First Chinese domination of Vietnam In 111 BC , Han troops invaded Nam Việt and established new territories , dividing Vietnam into Giao Chỉ ( pinyin : Jiaozhi ) , now the Red River delta ; Cửu Chân from modern - day Thanh Hóa to Hà Tĩnh ; and Nhật Nam ( pinyin : Rinan ) , from modern - day Quảng Bình to Huế . While governors and top officials were Chinese , the original Vietnamese nobles ( Lạc Hầu , Lạc Tướng ) from the Hồng Bàng period still managed in some of the highlands .", "10": "Trung Sisters ( 40 -- 43 ) ( edit ) Main article : Trưng Sisters In 40 AD , the Trưng Sisters led a successful revolt against Han Governor Su Dung ( Vietnamese : Tô Định ) and recaptured 65 states ( including modern Guangxi ) . Trưng Trắc became the Queen ( Trưng Nữ Vương ) . In 43 AD , Emperor Guangwu of Han sent his famous general Ma Yuan ( Vietnamese : Mã Viện ) with a large army to quell the revolt . After a long , difficult campaign , Ma Yuan suppressed the uprising and the Trung Sisters committed suicide to avoid capture . To this day , the Trưng Sisters are revered in Vietnam as the national symbol of Vietnamese women . From Han to Liang domination ( 43 -- 544 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Chinese domination of Vietnam Learning a lesson from the Trưng revolt , the Han and other successful Chinese dynasties took measures to eliminate the power of the Vietnamese nobles . The Vietnamese elites were educated in Chinese culture and politics . A Giao Chỉ prefect , Shi Xie , ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese emperors . Nearly 200 years passed before the Vietnamese attempted another revolt . In 225 another woman , Triệu Thị Trinh , popularly known as Lady Triệu ( Bà Triệu ) , led another revolt which lasted until 248 . Once again , the uprising failed and Triệu Thị Trinh threw herself into a river . At the same time , in present - day Central Vietnam , there was a successful revolt of Cham nations in 192 . Chinese dynasties called it Lin - Yi ( Lin village ; Vietnamese : Lâm Ấp ) . It later became a powerful kingdom , Champa , stretching from Quảng Bình to Phan Thiết ( Bình Thuận ) .", "11": "Early Lý dynasty ( 544 -- 602 ) ( edit ) Main article : Early Lý dynasty In the period between the beginning of the Chinese Age of Fragmentation and the end of the Tang dynasty , several revolts against Chinese rule took place , such as those of Lý Bôn and his general and heir Triệu Quang Phục ; and those of Mai Thúc Loan and Phùng Hưng . All of them ultimately failed , yet most notable were those led by Lý Bôn and Triệu Quang Phục , whose Early Lý dynasty ruled for almost half a century , from 544 to 602 , before Sui China reconquered their kingdom Vạn Xuân . From Sui to Tang domination ( 602 -- 905 ) ( edit ) Main article : Third Chinese domination of Vietnam During the Tang dynasty , Vietnam was called Annam until 866 . With its capital around modern Bắc Ninh , Annam became a flourishing trading outpost , receiving goods from the southern seas . The Book of the Later Han recorded that in 166 the first envoy from the Roman Empire to China arrived by this route , and merchants were soon to follow . The 3rd - century Tales of Wei ( Weilüe ) mentioned a `` water route '' ( the Red River ) from Annam into what is now southern Yunnan . From there , goods were taken over land to the rest of China via the regions of modern Kunming and Chengdu . In 866 , Annam was renamed Tĩnh Hải quân . Early in the 10th century , as China became politically fragmented , successive lords from the Khúc clan , followed by Dương Đình Nghệ , ruled Tĩnh Hải quân autonomously under the Tang title of Jiedushi ( Vietnamese : Tiết Độ Sứ ) , Virtuous Lord , but stopped short of proclaiming themselves kings . Autonomy ( 905 -- 938 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Khúc clan , Dương Đình Nghệ , and Kiều Công Tiễn In 938 , Southern Han sent troops to conquer autonomous Giao Châu .", "12": "Ngô Quyền , Dương Đình Nghệ 's son - in - law , defeated the Southern Han fleet at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 938 ) . He then proclaimed himself King Ngô and effectively began the age of independence for Vietnam . Late dynastic epoch ( 939 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) The basic nature of Vietnamese society changed little during the nearly 1,000 years between independence from China in the 10th century and the French conquest in the 19th century . The king was the ultimate source of political authority , the final dispenser of justice , law , and supreme commander - in - chief of the armed forces , as well as overseer of religious rituals . Administration was carried out by mandarins who were trained exactly like their Chinese counterparts ( i.e. by rigorous study of Confucian texts ) . Overall , Vietnam remained very efficiently and stably governed except in times of war and dynastic breakdown , and its administrative system was probably far more advanced than that of any other Southeast Asian states and was more highly centralized and stable governed among Asian states . No serious challenge to the king 's authority ever arose , as titles of nobility were bestowed purely as honors and were not hereditary . Periodic land reforms broke up large estates and ensured that powerful landowners could not emerge . No religious / priestly class ever arose outside of the mandarins either . This stagnant absolutism ensured a stable , well - ordered society , but also resistance to social , cultural , or technological innovations . Reformers looked only to the past for inspiration . Literacy remained the provenance of the upper classes . Initially , Chinese was used for writing purposes , but by the 13th century , a set of derivative characters known as Chữ Nôm emerged that allowed native Vietnamese words to be written . However , it remained limited to poetry , literature , and practical texts like medicine while all state and official documents were written in Classical Chinese . Aside from some mining and fishing , agriculture was the primary activity of most Vietnamese , and economic development and trade were not promoted or encouraged by the state .", "13": "Ngô , Định , & early Lê dynasties ( 939 -- 1009 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ngô dynasty , Đinh dynasty , and Early Lê dynasty Further information : Anarchy of the 12 Warlords Ngô Quyền 's untimely death after a short reign resulted in a power struggle for the throne , resulting in the country 's first major civil war , the upheaval of Twelfth Warlords ( Loạn Thập Nhị Sứ Quân ) . The war lasted from 944 to 968 until the clan led by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh defeated the other warlords , unifying the country . Đinh Bộ Lĩnh founded the Đinh dynasty and proclaimed himself Đinh Tiên Hoàng ( Đinh the Majestic Emperor ) and renamed the country from Tĩnh Hải quân to Đại Cồ Việt ( literally `` Great Viet Land '' ) , with its capital in Hoa Lư ( modern - day Ninh Bình Province ) . The new emperor introduced strict penal codes to prevent chaos from happening again . He then tried to form alliances by granting the title of Queen to five women from the five most influential families . In 979 , Emperor Đinh Tiên Hoàng and his crown prince Đinh Liễn were assassinated , leaving his lone surviving son , the 6 - year - old Đinh Toàn , to assume the throne . Taking advantage of the situation , Song China invaded Annam . Facing such a grave threat to national independence , the commander of the armed forces , ( Thập Đạo Tướng Quân ) Lê Hoàn took the throne , founding the Early Lê dynasty . A capable military tactician , Lê Hoan realized the risks of engaging the mighty Song troops head on ; thus he tricked the invading army into Chi Lăng Pass , then ambushed and killed their commander , quickly ending the threat to his young nation in 981 . The Song dynasty withdrew their troops and Lê Hoàn was referred to in his realm as Emperor Đại Hành ( Đại Hành Hoàng Đế ) . Emperor Lê Đại Hành was also the first Vietnamese monarch who began the southward expansion process against the kingdom of Champa .", "14": "Emperor Lê Đại Hành 's death in 1005 resulted in infighting for the throne amongst his sons . The eventual winner , Lê Long Đĩnh , became the most notorious tyrant in Vietnamese history . He devised sadistic punishments of prisoners for his own entertainment and indulged in deviant sexual activities . Toward the end of his short life -- he died at the age of 24 . Lê Long Đĩnh had become so ill that he had to lie down when meeting with his officials in court . Lý , Trần , & Hồ dynasties ( 1009 -- 1407 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Lý dynasty , Trần dynasty , and Hồ dynasty Southeast Asia c. 1010 AD . Đại Việt lands in yellow , Champa in green and Khmer Empire in purple When the king Lê Long Đĩnh died in 1009 , a palace guard commander named Lý Công Uẩn was nominated by the court to take over the throne , and founded the Lý dynasty . This event is regarded as the beginning of another golden era in Vietnamese history , with the following dynasties inheriting the Lý dynasty 's prosperity and doing much to maintain and expand it . The way Lý Công Uẩn ascended to the throne was rather uncommon in Vietnamese history . As a high - ranking military commander residing in the capital , he had all opportunities to seize power during the tumultuous years after Emperor Lê Hoàn 's death , yet preferring not to do so out of his sense of duty . He was in a way being `` elected '' by the court after some debate before a consensus was reached . The Lý dynasty is credited for laying down a concrete foundation for the nation of Vietnam . Leaving Hoa Lư , a natural fortification surrounded by mountains and rivers , Lý Công Uẩn moved his court to the new capital in present - day Hanoi and called it Thăng Long ( Ascending Dragon ) . Lý Công Uẩn thus departed from the militarily defensive mentality of his predecessors and envisioned a strong economy as the key to national survival . The third emperor of the dynasty , Lý Thánh Tông renamed the country `` Đại Việt '' ( 大越 , Great Viet ) .", "15": "Successive Lý emperors continued to accomplish far - reaching feats : building a dike system to protect rice farms ; founding the Quốc Tử Giám , the first noble university ; holding regular examinations to select capable commoners for government positions once every three years ; organizing a new system of taxation ; establishing humane treatment of prisoners . Women were holding important roles in Lý society as the court ladies were in charge of tax collection . The Lý dynasty also promoted Buddhism , yet maintained a pluralistic attitude toward the three main philosophical systems of the time : Buddhism , Confucianism , and Taoism . The Lý dynasty had two major wars with Song China , and a few invasive campaigns against neighboring Champa in the south . The most notable battle took place on Chinese territory in 1075 . Upon learning that a Song invasion was imminent , the Lý army and navy totaling about 100,000 men under the command of Lý Thường Kiệt , and Tông Đản used amphibious operations to preemptively destroy three Song military installations at Yongzhou , Qinzhou , and Lianzhou in present - day Guangdong and Guangxi , and killed 100,000 Chinese . The Song dynasty took revenge and invaded Đại Việt in 1076 , but the Song troops were held back at the Battle of Như Nguyệt River commonly known as the Cầu river , now in Bắc Ninh province about 40 km from the current capital , Hanoi . Neither side was able to force a victory , so the Lý dynasty proposed a truce , which the Song emperor accepted . Champa and the powerful Khmer Empire took advantage of the Lý dynasty 's distraction with the Song to pillage Đại Việt 's southern provinces . Together they invaded Vietnam in 1128 and 1132 . Further invasions followed in the subsequent decades . Trần royal battle standard Toward the end of the Lý dynasty , a powerful court minister named Trần Thủ Độ forced the emperor Lý Huệ Tông to become a Buddhist monk and Lý Chiêu Hoàng , Huệ Tông 's young daughter , to become queen .", "16": "Trần Thủ Độ then arranged the marriage of Chiêu Hoàng to his nephew Trần Cảnh and eventually had the throne transferred to Trần Cảnh , thus begun the Trần dynasty . Trần Thủ Độ viciously purged members of the Lý nobility ; some Lý princes escaped to Korea , including Lý Long Tường . After the purge , the Trần emperors ruled the country in similar manner to the Lý kings . Noted Trần dynasty accomplishments include the creation of a system of population records based at the village level , the compilation of a formal 30 - volume history of Đại Việt ( Đại Việt Sử Ký ) by Lê Văn Hưu , and the rising in status of the Nôm script , a system of writing for Vietnamese language . The Trần dynasty also adopted a unique way to train new emperors : when a crown prince reached the age of 18 , his predecessor would abdicate and turn the throne over to him , yet holding the title of Retired Emperor ( Thái Thượng Hoàng ) , acting as a mentor to the new Emperor . Despite continued Champa - Khmer attacks , the Trần managed to arrange several periods of peace with them . During the Trần dynasty , the armies of the Mongol Empire under Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan invaded Annam in 1258 , 1285 , and 1287 88 . Annam repelled all attacks of the Yuan Mongols during the reign of Kublai Khan . Three Mongol armies said to have numbered from 300,000 to 500,000 men were defeated . The key to Annam 's successes was to avoid the Mongols ' strength in open field battles and city sieges -- the Trần court abandoned the capital and the cities . The Mongols were then countered decisively at their weak points , which were battles in swampy areas such as Chương Dương , Hàm Tử , Vạn Kiếp and on rivers such as Vân Đồn and Bạch Đằng . The Mongols also suffered from tropical diseases and loss of supplies to Trần army 's raids .", "17": "The Yuan - Trần war reached its climax when the retreating Yuan fleet was decimated at the Battle of Bạch Đằng ( 1288 ) . The military architect behind Annam 's victories was Commander Trần Quốc Tuấn , more popularly known as Trần Hưng Đạo . In order to avoid further disastrous campaigns , the Tran and Champa acknowledged Mongol supremacy . It was also during this period that the Trần emperors waged many wars against the southern kingdom of Champa , continuing the Vietnamese long history of southern expansion ( known as Nam tiến ) that had begun shortly after gaining independence in the 10th century . Often , they encountered strong resistance from the Chams . Champa was made a tributary state of Vietnam in 1312 , but ten years later regained independence and Cham troops led by king Chế Bồng Nga ( Cham : Po Binasuor or Che Bonguar ) killed king Trần Duệ Tông in battle and even laid siege to Đại Việt 's capital Thăng Long in 1377 and again in 1383 . However , the Trần dynasty was successful in gaining two Champa provinces , located around present - day Huế , through the peaceful means of the political marriage of Princess Huyền Trân to a Cham king . The wars with Champa and the Mongols left Vietnam exhausted and bankrupt . The Trần dynasty was in turn overthrown by one of its own court officials , Hồ Quý Ly . Hồ Quý Ly forced the last Trần emperor to abdicate and assumed the throne in 1400 . He changed the country name to Đại Ngu and moved the capital to Tây Đô , Western Capital , now Thanh Hóa . Thăng Long was renamed Đông Đô , Eastern Capital . Although widely blamed for causing national disunity and losing the country later to the Ming Empire , Hồ Quý Ly 's reign actually introduced a lot of progressive , ambitious reforms , including the addition of mathematics to the national examinations , the open critique of Confucian philosophy , the use of paper currency in place of coins , investment in building large warships and cannons , and land reform .", "18": "He ceded the throne to his son , Hồ Hán Thương , in 1401 and assumed the title Thái Thượng Hoàng , in similar manner to the Trần kings . Ming domination & later Lê dynasty ( 1407 -- 1527 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Fourth Chinese domination , Later Trần dynasty , and Later Lê dynasty In 1407 , under the pretext of helping to restore the Trần dynasty , Chinese Ming troops invaded Đại Ngu and captured Hồ Quý Ly and Hồ Hán Thương . The Hồ dynasty came to an end after only 7 years in power . The Ming occupying force annexed Đại Ngu into the Ming Empire after claiming that there was no heir to Trần throne . Vietnam , weakened by dynastic feuds and the wars with Champa , quickly succumbed . The Ming conquest was harsh . Vietnam was annexed directly as a province of China , the old policy of cultural assimilation again imposed forcibly , and the country was ruthlessly exploited . However , by this time , Vietnamese nationalism had reached a point where attempts to sinicize them could only strengthen further resistance. Almost immediately , Trần loyalists started a resistance war . The resistance , under the leadership of Trần Quĩ at first gained some advances , yet as Trần Quĩ executed two top commanders out of suspicion , a rift widened within his ranks and resulted in his defeat in 1413 . In 1418 , a wealthy farmer , Lê Lợi , led the Lam Sơn uprising against the Ming from his base of Lam Sơn ( Thanh Hóa province ) . Overcoming many early setbacks and with strategic advices from Nguyễn Trãi , Lê Lợi 's movement finally gathered momentum , marched northward , and launched a siege at Đông Quan ( now Hanoi ) , the capital of the Ming occupation . The Ming Emperor sent a reinforcement force , but Lê Lợi staged an ambush and killed the Ming commander , Liu Shan , in Chi Lăng . Ming troops at Đông Quan surrendered . The Lam Sơn revolution killed 300,000 Ming soldiers .", "19": "In 1428 , Lê Lợi ascended to the throne and began the Hậu Lê dynasty ( Posterior or Later Lê ) . Lê Lợi renamed the country back to Đại Việt and moved the capital back to Thăng Long . Map of Vietnam showing the conquest of the south ( the Nam tiến , 1069 - 1757 ) The Lê dynasty carried out land reforms to revitalize the economy after the war . Unlike the Lý and Trần kings , who were more influenced by Buddhism , the Lê kings leaned toward Confucianism . A comprehensive set of laws , the Hồng Đức code was introduced with some strong Confucian elements , yet also included some progressive rules , such as the rights of women . Art and architecture during the Lê dynasty also became more influenced by Chinese styles than during the Lý and Trần dynasty . The Lê dynasty commissioned the drawing of national maps and had Ngô Sĩ Liên continue the task of writing Đại Việt 's history up to the time of Lê Lợi . King Lê Thánh Tông opened hospitals and had officials distribute medicines to areas affected with epidemics . Overpopulation and land shortages stimulated a Vietnamese expansion south . In 1471 , Le troops led by king Lê Thánh Tông invaded Champa and captured its capital Vijaya . This event effectively ended Champa as a powerful kingdom , although some smaller surviving Cham states lasted for a few centuries more . It initiated the dispersal of the Cham people across Southeast Asia . With the kingdom of Champa mostly destroyed and the Cham people exiled or suppressed , Vietnamese colonization of what is now central Vietnam proceeded without substantial resistance . However , despite becoming greatly outnumbered by Vietnamese settlers and the integration of formerly Cham territory into the Vietnamese nation , the majority of Cham people nevertheless remained in Vietnam and they are now considered one of the key minorities in modern Vietnam . Vietnamese armies also raided the Mekong Delta , which the decaying Khmer Empire could no longer defend . The city of Huế , founded in 1600 lies close to where the Champa capital of Indrapura once stood .", "20": "In 1479 , King Lê Thánh Tông also campaigned against Laos in the Vietnamese -- Lao War and captured its capital Luang Prabang , in which later the city was totally ransacked and destroyed by the Vietnamese . He made further incursions westwards into the Irrawaddy River region in modern - day Burma before withdrawing . At his withdrawal , Vietnam extended in what would be considered as `` the first Southeast Asian Empire '' and perhaps , one of the most powerful nation in Asia . Mạc & restored Lê dynasties ( 1527 -- 1788 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Lê dynasty , Mạc dynasty , and Southern and Northern Dynasties of Vietnam The Lê dynasty was overthrown by its general named Mạc Đăng Dung in 1527 . He killed the Lê emperor and proclaimed himself emperor , starting the Mạc dynasty . After defeating many revolutions for two years , Mạc Đăng Dung adopted the Trần dynasty 's practice and ceded the throne to his son , Mạc Đăng Doanh , and he became Thái Thượng Hoàng . Meanwhile , Nguyễn Kim , a former official in the Lê court , revolted against the Mạc and helped king Lê Trang Tông restore the Lê court in the Thanh Hóa area . Thus a civil war began between the Northern Court ( Mạc ) and the Southern Court ( Restored Lê ) . Nguyễn Kim 's side controlled the southern part of Annam ( from Thanhhoa to the south ) , leaving the north ( including Đông Kinh - Hanoi ) under Mạc control . When Nguyễn Kim was assassinated in 1545 , military power fell into the hands of his son - in - law , Trịnh Kiểm . In 1558 , Nguyễn Kim 's son , Nguyễn Hoàng , suspecting that Trịnh Kiểm might kill him as he had done to his brother to secure power , asked to be governor of the far south provinces around present - day Quảng Bình to Bình Định .", "21": "Hoang pretended to be insane , so Kiem was fooled into thinking that sending Hoang south was a good move as Hoang would be quickly killed in the lawless border regions . However , Hoang governed the south effectively while Trịnh Kiểm , and then his son Trịnh Tùng , carried on the war against the Mạc . Nguyễn Hoàng sent money and soldiers north to help the war but gradually he became more and more independent , transforming their realm 's economic fortunes by turning it into an international trading post . The civil war between the Lê / Trịnh and Mạc dynasties ended in 1592 , when the army of Trịnh Tùng conquered Hanoi and executed king Mạc Mậu Hợp . Survivors of the Mạc royal family fled to the northern mountains in the province of Cao Bằng and continued to rule there until 1677 when Trịnh Tạc conquered this last Mạc territory . The Lê kings , ever since Nguyễn Kim 's restoration , only acted as figureheads . After the fall of the Mạc dynasty , all real power in the north belonged to the Trịnh lords . Meanwhile , the Ming court reluctantly decided on a military intervention into the Vietnamese civil war , but Mạc Đăng Dung offered ritual submission to the Ming Empire , which was accepted . Map of Vietnam showing ( roughly ) the areas controlled by the Trịnh , Nguyễn , Mạc , and Champa around 1650 . Violet : Trịnh Territory . Yellow : Nguyễn Territory . Green : Champa - Panduranga ( under Nguyễn overlordship ) . Pink ( Cao Bang ) : Mạc Territory . Orange : Vũ Lordship Trịnh & Nguyễn lords ( edit ) Main articles : Trịnh lords , Nguyễn lords , and Trịnh -- Nguyễn War See also : Artillery of the Nguyễn lords In the year 1600 , Nguyễn Hoàng also declared himself Lord ( officially `` Vương '' , popularly `` Chúa '' ) and refused to send more money or soldiers to help the Trịnh .", "22": "He also moved his capital to Phú Xuân , modern - day Huế . Nguyễn Hoàng died in 1613 after having ruled the south for 55 years . He was succeeded by his 6th son , Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên , who likewise refused to acknowledge the power of the Trịnh , yet still pledged allegiance to the Lê king . Trịnh Tráng succeeded Trịnh Tùng , his father , upon his death in 1623 . Tráng ordered Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên to submit to his authority . The order was refused twice . In 1627 , Trịnh Tráng sent 150,000 troops southward in an unsuccessful military campaign . The Trịnh were much stronger , with a larger population , economy and army , but they were unable to vanquish the Nguyễn , who had built two defensive stone walls and invested in Portuguese artillery . The Trịnh -- Nguyễn War lasted from 1627 until 1672 . The Trịnh army staged at least seven offensives , all of which failed to capture Phú Xuân . For a time , starting in 1651 , the Nguyễn themselves went on the offensive and attacked parts of Trịnh territory . However , the Trịnh , under a new leader , Trịnh Tạc , forced the Nguyễn back by 1655 . After one last offensive in 1672 , Trịnh Tạc agreed to a truce with the Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần . The country was effectively divided in two . Advent of Europeans & southward expansion ( edit ) Main articles : Christianity in Vietnam and Nam tiến One of the earliest Western maps of Annam , published in 1651 by Alexandre de Rhodes ( north is oriented to the right ) . The West 's exposure to Annam and Annamese exposure to Westerners dated back to 166 AD with the arrival of merchants from the Roman Empire , to 1292 with the visit of Marco Polo , and the early 16th century with the arrival of Portuguese in 1516 and other European traders and missionaries .", "23": "Alexandre de Rhodes , a French Jesuit priest , improved on earlier work by Portuguese missionaries and developed the Vietnamese romanized alphabet Quốc Ngữ in Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum in 1651 . Various European efforts to establish trading posts in Vietnam failed , but missionaries were allowed to operate for some time until the mandarins began concluding that Christianity ( which had succeeded in converting up to a tenth of the population by 1700 ) was a threat to the Confucian social order since it condemned ancestor worship as idolatry . Vietnamese attitudes to Europeans and Christianity hardened as they began to increasingly see it as a way of undermining society . Between 1627 and 1775 , two powerful families had partitioned the country : the Nguyễn lords ruled the South and the Trịnh lords ruled the North . The Trịnh -- Nguyễn War gave European traders the opportunities to support each side with weapons and technology : the Portuguese assisted the Nguyễn in the South while the Dutch helped the Trịnh in the North . The Trịnh and the Nguyễn maintained a relative peace for the next hundred years , during which both sides made significant accomplishments . The Trịnh created centralized government offices in charge of state budget and producing currency , unified the weight units into a decimal system , established printing shops to reduce the need to import printed materials from China , opened a military academy , and compiled history books . Meanwhile , the Nguyễn lords continued the southward expansion by the conquest of the remaining Cham land . Việt settlers also arrived in the sparsely populated area known as `` Water Chenla '' , which was the lower Mekong Delta portion of the former Khmer Empire . Between the mid-17th century to mid-18th century , as the former Khmer Empire was weakened by internal strife and Siamese invasions , the Nguyễn Lords used various means , political marriage , diplomatic pressure , political and military favors , to gain the area around present - day Saigon and the Mekong Delta . The Nguyễn army at times also clashed with the Siamese army to establish influence over the former Khmer Empire .", "24": "Tây Sơn & Nguyễn dynasties ( 1778 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Tây Sơn dynasty and Nguyễn dynasty In 1771 , the Tây Sơn revolution broke out in Quy Nhơn , which was under the control of the Nguyễn lord . The leaders of this revolution were three brothers named Nguyễn Nhạc , Nguyễn Lữ , and Nguyễn Huệ , not related to the Nguyễn lords . By 1776 , the Tây Sơn had occupied all of the Nguyễn Lord 's land and killed almost the entire royal family . The surviving prince Nguyễn Phúc Ánh ( often called Nguyễn Ánh ) fled to Siam , and obtained military support from the Siamese king . Nguyễn Ánh came back with 50,000 Siamese troops to regain power , but was defeated at the Battle of Rạch Gầm -- Xoài Mút and almost killed . Nguyễn Ánh fled Vietnam , but he did not give up . The Tây Sơn army commanded by Nguyễn Huệ marched north in 1786 to fight the Trịnh Lord , Trịnh Khải . The Trịnh army failed and Trịnh Khải committed suicide . The Tây Sơn army captured the capital in less than two months . The last Lê emperor , Lê Chiêu Thống , fled to Qing China and petitioned the Qianlong Emperor for help . The Qianlong Emperor supplied Lê Chiêu Thống with a massive army of around 200,000 troops to regain his throne from the usurper . Nguyễn Huệ proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung and defeated the Qing troops with 100,000 men in a surprise 7 day campaign during the lunar new year ( Tết ) . There was even a rumor saying that Quang Trung had also planned to conquer China , although it was unclear .", "25": "During his reign , Quang Trung envisioned many reforms but died by unknown reason on the way march south in 1792 , at the age of 40 . During the reign of Emperor Quang Trung , Đại Việt was in fact divided into three political entities . The Tây Sơn leader , Nguyễn Nhạc , ruled the centre of the country from his capital Qui Nhơn . Emperor Quang Trung ruled the north from the capital Phú Xuân Huế . In the South , Nguyễn Ánh , assisted by many talented recruits from the South , captured Gia Định ( present - day Saigon ) in 1788 and established a strong base for his force . After Quang Trung 's death , the Tây Sơn dynasty became unstable as the remaining brothers fought against each other and against the people who were loyal to Nguyễn Huệ 's infant son . Nguyễn Ánh sailed north in 1799 , capturing Tây Sơn 's stronghold Qui Nhơn . In 1801 , his force took Phú Xuân , the Tây Sơn capital . Nguyễn Ánh finally won the war in 1802 , when he sieged Thăng Long ( Hanoi ) and executed Nguyễn Huệ 's son , Nguyễn Quang Toản , along with many Tây Sơn generals and officials . Nguyễn Ánh ascended the throne and called himself Emperor Gia Long . Gia is for Gia Định , the old name of Saigon ; Long is for Thăng Long , the old name of Hanoi . Hence Gia Long implied the unification of the country . The Nguyễn dynasty lasted until Bảo Đại 's abdication in 1945 . As China for centuries had referred to Đại Việt as Annam , Gia Long asked the Manchu Qing emperor to rename the country , from Annam to Nam Việt . To prevent any confusion of Gia Long 's kingdom with Triệu Đà 's ancient kingdom , the Manchu emperor reversed the order of the two words to Việt Nam .", "26": "The name Vietnam is thus known to be used since Emperor Gia Long 's reign . Recently historians have found that this name had existed in older books in which Vietnamese referred to their country as Vietnam . The Period of Division with its many tragedies and dramatic historical developments inspired many poets and gave rise to some Vietnamese masterpieces in verse , including the epic poem The Tale of Kiều ( Truyện Kiều ) by Nguyễn Du , Song of a Soldier 's Wife ( Chinh Phụ Ngâm ) by Đặng Trần Côn and Đoàn Thị Điểm , and a collection of satirical , erotically charged poems by a female poet , Hồ Xuân Hương . Many Catholic martyrs ( believers and priests ) were slain in Tonkin , Cochinchina and Annam during persecutions. 64 Martyrs were declared blessed in 1900 of whom 54 were natives ; 26 of the martyrs were members of the Dominican Order . In 1784 , during the conflict between Nguyễn Ánh , the surviving heir of the Nguyễn lords , and the Tây Sơn dynasty , a French Roman Catholic prelate , Pigneaux de Behaine , sailed to France to seek military backing for Nguyễn Ánh . At Louis XVI 's court , Pigneaux brokered the Little Treaty of Versailles which promised French military aid in exchange for Vietnamese concessions . However , because of the French Revolution , Pigneaux 's plan failed to materialize . He went to the French territory of Pondichéry ( India ) , and secured two ships , a regiment of Indian troops , and a handful of volunteers and returned to Vietnam in 1788 . One of Pigneaux 's volunteers , Jean - Marie Dayot , reorganized Nguyễn Ánh 's navy along European lines and defeated the Tây Sơn at Qui Nhơn in 1792 . A few years later , Nguyễn Ánh 's forces captured Saigon , where Pigneaux died in 1799 . Another volunteer , Victor Olivier de Puymanel would later build the Gia Định fort in central Saigon .", "27": "After Nguyễn Ánh established the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 , he tolerated Catholicism and employed some Europeans in his court as advisors . His successors were more conservative Confucians and resisted Westernization . The next Nguyễn emperors , Minh Mạng , Thiệu Trị , and Tự Đức brutally suppressed Catholicism and pursued a ' closed door ' policy , perceiving the Westerners as a threat , following events such as the Lê Văn Khôi revolt when a French missionary , Fr . Joseph Marchand , encouraged local Catholics to revolt in an attempt to install a Catholic emperor . Catholics , both Vietnamese and foreign - born , were persecuted in retaliation . Trade with the West slowed during this period . There were frequent uprisings against the Nguyễns , with hundreds of such events being recorded in the annals . These acts were soon being used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam . The early Nguyễn dynasty had engaged in many of the constructive activities of its predecessors , building roads , digging canals , issuing a legal code , holding examinations , sponsoring care facilities for the sick , compiling maps and history books , and exerting influence over Cambodia and Laos . Main articles : Cochinchina Campaign , Citadel of Saigon , Trương Định , Phan Đình Phùng , Nguyễn Trung Trực , Phan Thanh Giản , and Tonkin Campaign Under the orders of Napoleon III of France , Rigault de Genouilly 's gunships attacked the port of Đà Nẵng in 1858 , causing significant damage , yet failed to gain any foothold , in the process being afflicted by the humidity and tropical diseases . De Genouilly decided to sail south and captured the poorly defended city of Gia Định ( present - day Ho Chi Minh City ) . From 1859 to 1867 , French troops expanded their control over all six provinces on the Mekong delta and formed a colony known as Cochinchina . French army attacking Nam Định , 1883 . A few years later , French troops landed in northern Vietnam ( which they called Tonkin ) and captured Hà Nội twice in 1873 and 1882 .", "28": "The French managed to keep their grip on Tonkin although , twice , their top commanders Francis Garnier and Henri Rivière , were ambushed and killed fighting pirates of the Black Flag Army hired by the mandarins . France assumed control over the whole of Vietnam after the Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) . French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from Annam ( Trung Kỳ , central Vietnam ) , Tonkin ( Bắc Kỳ , northern Vietnam ) , Cochinchina ( Nam Kỳ , southern Vietnam , and Cambodia , with Laos added in 1893 ) . Within French Indochina , Cochinchina had the status of a colony , Annam was nominally a protectorate where the Nguyễn dynasty still ruled , and Tonkin had a French governor with local governments run by Vietnamese officials . French colonial era ( edit ) Main articles : French Indochina , History of Vietnam during World War I , and French Indochina in World War II French officers and Tonkinese riflemen , 1884 After Gia Định fell to French troops , many resistance movements broke out in occupied areas , some led by former court officers , such as Trương Định , some by peasants , such as Nguyễn Trung Trực , who sank the French gunship L'Esperance using guerilla tactics . In the north , most movements were led by former court officers and lasted decades , with Phan Đình Phùng fighting in central Vietnam until 1895 . In the northern mountains , former bandit leader Hoàng Hoa Thám fought until 1911 . Even the teenage Nguyễn Emperor Hàm Nghi left the Imperial Palace of Huế in 1885 with regent Tôn Thất Thuyết and started the Cần Vương ( `` Save the King '' ) movement , trying to rally the people to resist the French . He was captured in 1888 and exiled to French Algeria . Guerrillas of the Cần Vương movement murdered around a third of Vietnam 's Christian population during the rebellion . Decades later , two more Nguyễn kings , Thành Thái and Duy Tân were also exiled to Africa for having anti-French tendencies .", "29": "The former was deposed on the pretext of insanity and Duy Tân was caught in a conspiracy with the mandarin Trần Cao Vân trying to start an uprising . However , lack of modern weapons and equipment prevented these resistance movements from being able to engage the French in open combat . The various anti-French revolts started by mandarins were carried out with the primary goal of restoring the old feudal society . However , by 1900 a new generation of Vietnamese were coming of age who had never lived in precolonial Vietnam . These young activists were as eager as their grandparents to see independence restored , but they realized that returning to the feudal order was not feasible and that modern technology and governmental systems were needed . Having been exposed to Western philosophy , they aimed to establish a republic upon independence , departing from the royalist sentiments of the Cần Vương movements . Some of them set up Vietnamese independence societies in Japan , which many viewed as a model society ( i.e. an Asian nation that had modernized , but retained its own culture and institutions ) . There emerged two parallel movements of modernization . The first was the Đông Du ( `` Go East '' ) Movement started in 1905 by Phan Bội Châu . Châu 's plan was to send Vietnamese students to Japan to learn modern skills , so that in the future they could lead a successful armed revolt against the French . With Prince Cường Để , he started two organizations in Japan : Duy Tân Hội and Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội . Due to French diplomatic pressure , Japan later deported Châu . Phan Châu Trinh , who favored a peaceful , non-violent struggle to gain independence , led a second movement , Duy Tân ( Modernization ) , which stressed education for the masses , modernizing the country , fostering understanding and tolerance between the French and the Vietnamese , and peaceful transitions of power . The early part of the 20th century saw the growing in status of the Romanized Quốc Ngữ alphabet for the Vietnamese language . Vietnamese patriots realized the potential of Quốc Ngữ as a useful tool to quickly reduce illiteracy and to educate the masses . The traditional Chinese scripts or the Nôm script were seen as too cumbersome and too difficult to learn .", "30": "The use of prose in literature also became popular with the appearance of many novels ; most famous were those from the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn literary circle . As the French suppressed both movements , and after witnessing revolutionaries in action in China and Russia , Vietnamese revolutionaries began to turn to more radical paths . Phan Bội Châu created the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội in Guangzhou , planning armed resistance against the French . In 1925 , French agents captured him in Shanghai and spirited him to Vietnam . Due to his popularity , Châu was spared from execution and placed under house arrest until his death in 1940 . In 1927 , the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( Vietnamese Nationalist Party ) , modeled after the Kuomintang in China , was founded , and the party launched the armed Yên Bái mutiny in 1930 in Tonkin which resulted in its chairman , Nguyễn Thái Học and many other leaders captured and executed by the guillotine . Marxism was also introduced into Vietnam with the emergence of three separate Communist parties ; the Indochinese Communist Party , Annamese Communist Party and the Indochinese Communist Union , joined later by a Trotskyist movement led by Tạ Thu Thâu . In 1930 , the Communist International ( Comintern ) sent Nguyễn Ái Quốc to Hong Kong to coordinate the unification of the parties into the Vietnamese Communist Party ( CPV ) with Trần Phú as the first Secretary General . Later the party changed its name to the Indochinese Communist Party as the Comintern , under Stalin , did not favor nationalistic sentiments . Being a leftist revolutionary living in France since 1911 , Nguyễn Ái Quốc participated in founding the French Communist Party and in 1924 traveled to the Soviet Union to join the Comintern . Through the late 1920s , he acted as a Comintern agent to help build Communist movements in Southeast Asia . During the 1930s , the CPV was nearly wiped out under French suppression with the execution of top leaders such as Phú , Lê Hồng Phong , and Nguyễn Văn Cừ .", "31": "During World War II , Japan invaded Indochina in 1940 , keeping the Vichy French colonial administration in place as a puppet . In 1941 Nguyễn Ái Quốc , now known as Hồ Chí Minh , arrived in northern Vietnam to form the Việt Minh Front , and it was supposed to be an umbrella group for all parties fighting for Vietnam 's independence , but was dominated by the Communist Party . The Việt Minh had a modest armed force and during the war worked with the American Office of Strategic Services to collect intelligence on the Japanese . A famine broke out in 1944 -- 45 . Japan 's defeat by World War II Allies created a power vacuum for Vietnamese nationalists of all parties to seize power in August 1945 , forcing Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and ending the Nguyễn dynasty . Their initial success in staging uprisings and in seizing control of most of the country by September 1945 was partially undone , however , by the return of the French a few months later . Republican period ( from 1945 ) ( edit ) Main articles : National Assembly ( Vietnam ) , History of Vietnam since 1945 , and 1940 - 1946 in the Vietnam War Communist north & capitalist South ( 1945 -- 76 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Democratic Republic of Vietnam , State of Vietnam , Republic of Vietnam , War in Vietnam ( 1945 -- 1946 ) , First Indochina War , and Vietnam War Vietcong prisoners await being carried by helicopter to rear area after Operation Starlite . August 18 -- 24 , 1965 In September 1945 , Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRV ) and held the position of chairman ( Chủ Tịch ) . Communist rule was cut short , however , by nationalist Chinese and British occupation forces whose presence tended to support the Communist Party 's political opponents .", "32": "In 1946 , Vietnam had its first National Assembly election ( won by the Viet Minh in central and northern Vietnam ) , which drafted the first constitution , but the situation was still precarious : the French tried to regain power by force ; some Cochinchinese politicians formed a seceding government the Republic of Cochinchina ( Cộng hòa Nam Kỳ ) while the non-Communist and Communist forces were engaging each other in sporadic battle . Stalinists purged Trotskyists . Religious sects and resistance groups formed their own militias . The Communists eventually suppressed all non-Communist parties but failed to secure a peace deal with France . Full - scale war broke out between the Việt Minh and France in late 1946 and the First Indochina War officially began . Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide , France decided to bring former emperor Bảo Đại back to power , as a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh . A Provisional Central Government was formed in 1948 , reuniting Annam and Tonkin , but the complete reunification of Vietnam was delayed for a year because of the problems posed by Cochinchina 's legal status . In July 1949 , the State of Vietnam was officially proclaimed , as a semi-independent country within the French Union , with Bảo Đại as Head of State . France was finally persuaded to relinquish its colonies in Indochina in 1954 when Viet Minh forces defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu . The 1954 Geneva Conference left Vietnam a divided nation , with Hồ Chí Minh 's communist DRV government ruling the North from Hanoi and Ngô Đình Diệm 's Republic of Vietnam , supported by the United States , ruling the South from Saigon . Between 1953 and 1956 , the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms , including `` rent reduction '' and `` land reform '' , which resulted in significant political oppression . During the land reform , testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents , which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions . Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area , a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time .", "33": "However , declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time , although likely greater than 13,500 . In the South , Diem went about crushing political and religious opposition , imprisoning or killing tens of thousands . Along with the split between northern and southern Vietnam in geographical territory came the divergence in their distinctive choices for institutional political structure . Northern Vietnam ( Dai Viet ) opted for a centralized bureaucratic regime while the southern is based on a patron - client mechanism heavily relied on personalized rule . During this period , due to this structural difference , the north and south revealed different patterns in their economic activities , the long - term effect of which still persist up to today . Citizens that have previously lived in the bureaucratic state are more likely to have higher household consumption and get more engaged in civic activities ; and the state itself tends to have stronger fiscal capacity for taxation inherited from the previous institution . As a result of the Vietnam ( Second Indochina ) War ( 1954 -- 75 ) , Viet Cong and regular People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) forces of the DRV unified the country under communist rule . In this conflict , the North and the Viet Cong -- with logistical support from the Soviet Union -- defeated the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , which sought to maintain South Vietnamese independence with the support of the U.S. military , whose troop strength peaked at 540,000 during the communist - led Tet Offensive in 1968 . The North did not abide by the terms of the 1973 Paris Agreement , which officially settled the war by calling for free elections in the South and peaceful reunification . Two years after the withdrawal of the last U.S. forces in 1973 , Saigon , the capital of South Vietnam , fell to the communists , and the South Vietnamese army surrendered in 1975 . In 1976 , the government of united Vietnam renamed Saigon as Hồ Chí Minh City in honor of Hồ , who died in 1969 . The war left Vietnam devastated , with the total death toll standing at between 966,000 and 3.8 million , and many thousands more crippled by weapons and substances such as napalm and Agent Orange .", "34": "The government of Vietnam says that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange , and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it ; these figures include the children of people who were exposed . The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to contaminated Agent Orange . The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable . Socialist Republic after 1976 ( edit ) Main articles : Vietnam , Communist Party of Vietnam , History of the Communist Party of Vietnam , and Politics of Vietnam In the post-1975 period , it was immediately apparent that the effectiveness of Communist Party ( CPV ) policies did not necessarily extend to the party 's peacetime nation - building plans . Having unified North and South politically , the CPV still had to integrate them socially and economically . In this task , CPV policy makers were confronted with the South 's resistance to communist transformation , as well as traditional animosities arising from cultural and historical differences between North and South . In the aftermath of the war , under Lê Duẩn 's administration , there were no mass executions of South Vietnamese who had collaborated with the U.S. or the Saigon government , confounding Western fears . However , up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps , where many endured torture , starvation , and disease while being forced to perform hard labor . The New Economic Zones program was implemented by the Vietnamese communist government after the Fall of Saigon . Between 1975 and 1980 , more than 1 million northerners migrated to the south and central regions formerly under the Republic of Vietnam . This program , in turn , displaced around 750,000 to over 1 million Southerners from their homes and forcibly relocated them to uninhabited mountainous forested areas . Compounding economic difficulties were new military challenges . In the late 1970s , Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge regime started harassing and raiding Vietnamese villages at the common border . To neutralize the threat , PAVN invaded Cambodia in 1978 and overran its capital of Phnom Penh , driving out the incumbent Khmer Rouge regime .", "35": "In response , as an action to support the pro-Beijing Khmer Rouge regime , China increased its pressure on Vietnam , and sent troops into Northern Vietnam in 1979 to `` punish '' Vietnam . Relations between the two countries had been deteriorating for some time . Territorial disagreements along the border and in the South China Sea that had remained dormant during the Vietnam War were revived at the war 's end , and a postwar campaign engineered by Hanoi against the ethnic Chinese Hoa community elicited a strong protest from Beijing . China was displeased with Vietnam 's alliance with the Soviet Union . During its prolonged military occupation of Cambodia in 1979 -- 89 , Vietnam 's international isolation extended to relations with the United States . The United States , in addition to citing Vietnam 's minimal cooperation in accounting for Americans who were missing in action ( MIAs ) as an obstacle to normal relations , barred normal ties as long as Vietnamese troops occupied Cambodia . Washington also continued to enforce the trade embargo imposed on Hanoi at the conclusion of the war in 1975 . The harsh postwar crackdown on remnants of capitalism in the South led to the collapse of the economy during the 1980s . With the economy in shambles , the communist government altered its course and adopted consensus policies that bridged the divergent views of pragmatists and communist traditionalists . Throughout the 1980s , Vietnam received nearly $3 billion a year in economic and military aid from the Soviet Union and conducted most of its trade with the USSR and other Comecon countries . In 1986 , Nguyễn Văn Linh , who was elevated to CPV general secretary the following year , launched a campaign for political and economic renewal ( Đổi Mới ) . His policies were characterized by political and economic experimentation that was similar to simultaneous reform agenda undertaken in the Soviet Union . Reflecting the spirit of political compromise , Vietnam phased out its reeducation effort . The communist government stopped promoting agricultural and industrial cooperatives . Farmers were permitted to till private plots alongside state - owned land , and in 1990 the communist government passed a law encouraging the establishment of private businesses . Since 2000s ( edit ) After President Bill Clinton visited Vietnam in 2000 , it virtually marked the new era of Vietnam . Vietnam has become an increasingly attractive destination of economic development .", "36": "Throughout that time , Vietnam has played more significant role in the world 's stage . Its economic reforms successfully changed Vietnam and making Vietnam more relevant in the ASEAN and international stage . Also , due to Vietnam 's importance , many powers turn to be favoring Vietnam for their circumstances . However , Vietnam also faces disputes , mostly with Cambodia over the border , and especially , China , over the South China Sea . In 2016 , President Barack Obama became the 3rd U.S. Head of State to visit Vietnam , helping normalize relations into a higher level , by lifting embargo of lethal weapons , allowing Vietnam to buy lethal weapons and modernize its military . Vietnam is expected to be a newly industrialized country , and also , a regional power in the future . Vietnam is one of Next Eleven countries . Changing names ( edit ) See also : Names of Vietnam and List of Vietnamese dynasties For the most part of its history , the geographical boundary of present - day Vietnam covered 3 ethnically distinct states : a Vietnamese state , a Cham state , and a part of the Khmer Empire . The Vietnamese nation originated in the Red River Delta in present - day Northern Vietnam and expanded over its history to the current boundary . It went through a lot of name changes , with Văn Lang being used the longest . Below is a summary of names : Period Country Name Time Frame Boundary Hồng Bàng dynasty Xích Quỷ 赤鬼 2879 -- 2524 BC Stretching from Dongting Lake ( Hunan ) to the southernmost area now called Quảng Trị , including the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces of China . Hồng Bàng dynasty Văn Lang 文郎 2524 -- 258 BC Territory reduced to modern Northern Vietnam including the three modern provinces of Thanh Hóa , Nghệ An , Hà Tĩnh . The Red River Delta is the home of the Lạc Việt culture . Thục dynasty Âu Lạc 甌雒 257 -- 207 BC Red River Delta and its adjoining north and west mountain regions .", "37": "Triệu dynasty Nam Việt 南越 207 -- 111 BC North and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Hoành Sơn Range ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Han Domination Giao Chỉ ( Jiaozhi ) 交趾 111 BC -- 39 AD Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi . Trưng Sisters Lĩnh Nam 嶺南 40 -- 43 Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) . Han to Eastern Wu Domination Giao Chỉ 交趾 43 -- 229 Present - day north and north - central of Vietnam ( southern border expanded down to the Ma River and Cả River delta ) , Guangdong , and Guangxi .", "38": "Eastern Wu to Liang Domination Giao Châu ( Jiaozhou ) 交州 229 -- 544 Same as above Early Lý dynasty Vạn Xuân 萬春 544 -- 602 Same as above Sui to Tang Domination Giao Châu 交趾 602 -- 679 Same as above Tang Domination An Nam 安南 679 -- 757 Same as above Tang Domination Trấn Nam 鎮南 757 -- 766 Same as above Tang Domination An Nam 安南 766 -- 866 Same as above Tang Domination , Autonomy ( Khúc clan , Dương Đình Nghệ , and Kiều Công Tiễn ) , Ngô dynasty Tĩnh Hải quân 静海军 866 -- 967 Same as above Đinh , Early Lê and Lý dynasty Đại Cồ Việt 大瞿越 968 -- 1054 Same as above Lý and Trần dynasty Đại Việt 大越 1054 -- 1400 Southern border expanded down to present - day Huế area . Hồ dynasty Đại Ngu 大虞 1400 -- 1407 Same as above Ming Domination and Later Trần dynasty Giao Chỉ 交州 1407 -- 1427 Same as above Lê , Mạc , Trịnh -- Nguyễn lords , Tây Sơn dynasty , Nguyễn dynasty Đại Việt 1428 -- 1804 大越 Gradually expanded to the boundary of present - day Vietnam . Nguyễn dynasty Việt Nam 越南 1804 -- 1839 Present - day Vietnam plus some occupied territories in Laos and Cambodia .", "39": "Nguyễn dynasty Đại Nam 大南 1839 -- 1887 Same as above Nguyễn dynasty and French Protectorate French Indochina , consisting of Cochinchina ( southern Vietnam ) , Annam ( central Vietnam ) , Tonkin ( northern Vietnam ) 1887 -- 1945 Present - day Vietnam . Republican Era Việt Nam ( with variances such as Democratic Republic , State of Vietnam , Republic of Vietnam , Socialist Republic ) Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( 1945 -- 1976 in North Vietnam ) , State of Vietnam ( 1949 -- 1955 ) , Republic of Vietnam ( 1955 -- 1975 in South Vietnam ) , Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( 1976 -- present ) Present - day Vietnam . Except the Hồng Bàng and Tây Sơn dynasties , all Vietnamese dynasties are named after the king 's family name , unlike the Chinese dynasties , whose names are dictated by the dynasty founders and often used as the country 's name . Nguyễn Huệ 's `` Tây Sơn dynasty '' is rather a name created by historians to avoid confusion with Nguyễn Ánh 's Nguyễn dynasty . Vietnamese nationalist historiography ( edit ) Main article : Historiography and nationalism The historian Professor Liam Kelley of the University of Hawaii at Manoa on his Le Minh Khai 's SEAsian History Blog wrote on how Vietnamese ultra-nationalists misleadingly reinterpreted outdated theories by western geography professors in order to further a Vietnamese nationalist agenda by claiming that Vietnamese invented rice cultivation and therefore were responsible for civilization while Chinese were pastoralists The outdated theory has been dis - proven with rice cultivation found to not originate in southeast Asia and the Vietnamese interpretations of the original theories were wrong . Vietnamese ultra-nationalists also claim the Yijing . Professor Liam Kelley criticized the theory of Edouard Chavannes that southeastern China was the origin of the Vietnamese before they ended up in their current location . Vietnam claims that Phong Châu 峯州 was the capital of the Hùng Kings . Professor Liam Kelley argued that the Tran dynasty constructed Âu Lạc as a way of connecting Vietnam with their homeland of Fujian .", "40": "The bronze drums of Đông Sơn which date back to far before the advent of native Vietnamese historical records were never seen by Vietnamese before the modern era as a `` symbol '' of Vietnam . After the Trung Sisters production of bronze drums stopped in Vietnam . Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư copied the mythical accounts of the Huayang guozhi 華陽國志 . Liam Kelley disproved the notion that the Phong Châu 峯州 was the capital of the Hùng kings . Michael Churchman criticized the fact that modern historians falsely project modern day animosity between Vietnamese and Chinese onto the past history of Vietnam under Chinese rule and falsely portraying past people as `` freedom fighters '' or oppressors in a made - up narrative of resistance when there was no such ethnic boundary . Professor Liam Kelley criticized O.W. Wolters for doing this . Pre-1500s Vietnam had Confucianism as an integral component according to Liam Kelly . Confucianism influenced traditional education in Vietnam . Confucianism in Vietnam : A State of the Field Essay was written by Liam Kelley while Lost Modernities was written by Woodside and `` Annam '' : A New Analysis of Sino - Viet - Muong Linguistic Contact . According to Professor Liam Kelley during the Tang dynasty native spirits were subsumed into Daoism and the Daoist view of these spirits completely replaced the original native tales . Buddhism and Daoist replaced native narratives surrounding Mount Yên Tử 安子山 . People from Song dynasty China like Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao fled to Tran dynasty ruled Vietnam after the Mongol invasion of the Song . The Tran dynasty originated from the Fujian region of China as did the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao who recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to them as `` Northern bandits '' . Wu Bozong 吳伯宗 ( b . 1334 - d . 1384 ) was sent as ambassador to Annam and wrote down in the Rongjinji 榮進集 that the Tran dynasty monarch said to him in a reply his Wu 's inquiry on Annam 's affairs where the Tran ruler said that Annam proudly adhered to Tang dynasty and Han dynasty customs .", "41": "欲問安南事 , 安南風俗淳 . 衣冠唐制度 , 禮樂漢君臣 . 玉甕開新酒 , 金刀斫細鱗 . 年年二三月 , 桃李一般春 . Dục vấn An Nam sự , An Nam phong tục thuần . Y quan Đường chế độ , Lễ nhạc Hán quân thần . Ngọc ủng khai tân tửu , Kim đao chước tế lân . Niên niên nhị tam nguyệt , Đào lý nhất ban xuân . The Ming dynasty included the monarchs of the Ly and Tran dynasties in its list of `` important people '' of Annam . Professor Liam Kelley ( Le Minh Khai ) suggested that the `` north '' in Bình Ngô đại cáo referred to the Ming collaborationist Hanoi scholars while the south referred to Thanh Hóa , the base of Lê Lợi since the text referred to `` Dai Viet '' and did not introduce China before mentioning north . cited John Whitmore and challenged the claim that `` Ngô '' referred to Ming dynasty China but instead referred to the Chinese settled Red River Delta area of Vietnam . It was English and French foreign languages translations which bowdlerized `` south '' into `` Vietnam '' and `` north '' into China even though people today have no true idea of what south and north referred to in the original text . He believes that it was the Ming collaborationist scholars of Hanoi who were referred to as the `` Ngô '' and that it was not a term used for Chinese as is currently though in Vietnam , and that the Bình Ngô đại cáo not directed at China . In the 20th century for propaganda purposes against French colonialism , the development of the new genre of `` resistance literature '' spurred a change in how `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' was looked at . Kelley suggested that the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' drew on a previous Ming text .", "42": "North and South in Bình Ngô đại cáo might have referred to internal divisions in Vietnam ( Hanoi vs Thanh Hoa ) rather than China vs Vietnam . The Hồ dynasty 's rule and Vietnamese who worked with the Ming were attacked in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' by Lê Lợi . The `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' criticized a people called `` Ngô '' in Vietnam , and it did not refer to the Ming Chinese . It saidthat Song dynasty clothing was worn by the Tran and Ming while it slammed and criticized Mongol Yuan customs followed by the Ngô . The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư contained a constructed genealogy tracing back the political legitimacy of Vietnam 's rulers to the Chinese Emperor Shennong similar to how the Northern Wei traced the legitimacy of the Tuoba to the Yellow Emperor . Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư traced the ancestry of the Hùng kings to Consort Âu and Lord Lạc Long who had 100 sons from an egg sac . The purpose of tracing back to Shennong was to claim that the length of Vietnam 's history rivaled China 's . In the 17th century Vietnamese historians like Ngô Thì Sĩ and Jesuits like Martinio Martini studied texts on the Hồng Bàng Dynasty like Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and used mathematics to deduce that the information on them were nonsense given the impossible reign years of the monarchs . However , modern Vietnamese now believe that the information is true . Ngô Thì Sĩ used critical analysis of historical texts to question the relations between Zhao Tuo 's Nanyue Kingdom in Guangdong and the Vietnamese inhabited Red River Delta , concluding that the Red River Delta was a mere vassal to Nanyue and not an integral part of it in addition to criticizing the existence of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty . Modern Vietnamese nationalists seek to stress local Vietnamese influence in history and downplay the role of foreign origin monarchs like the fact that the family of the Tran dynasty rulers originated in China . Vietnamese historians have sought to construct a fantasy of a continuous succession since the Hung Kings of local political units in Vietnam .", "43": "Vietnamese scholars and historians have debated over whether to regard Zhao Tuo as part of the `` orthodox succession '' of rulers or as `` enemy invader '' . Professor Liam Kelley suggested that before Chinese rule the Red River Delta was not under a unified polity . Both Chinese and Vietnamese sovereigns were honored at a temple constructed by the Nguyen dynasty . The Nguyen Empoeror Minh Mang sinicized ethnic minorities such as Cambodians , claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China 's Han dynasty for Vietnam , and used the term Han people 漢人 to refer to the Vietnamese . Minh Mang declared that `` We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated , and that they will daily become more infected by Han ( Sino - Vietnamese ) customs . '' This policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes . The Nguyen lord Nguyen Phuc Chu had referred to Vietnamese as `` Han people '' in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams . Minh Mang used the name `` Trung Quốc '' 中國 to refer to Vietnam . Vietnam also referred to itself as Trung Hạ 中夏 . Chinese clothing was forced on Vietnamese people by the Nguyễn . Modern Vietnamese have retroactively labelled figures like Trần Ích Tắc as `` traitor '' to Annam , even though the word for traitor did not exist in Vietnamese during his time and Vietnamese histories like Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư do not refer to him as a traitor . South Vietnam retained elements of Chinese culture and grammar in their language while North Vietnam actively engaged in a campaign to remove them - while North Vietnam maintained a pro-China position . it was the Cultural Revolution which led to North Vietnam encouraging anti-China sentiment . Many anti-Vietnam war protesters bought into a narrative that Vietnam 's history consisted of Chinese invasion for 2,000 years and that Vietnam was a united country . Before modern times scholars in Vietnam wanted to copy China 's civilization which they perceived as more civilized but since the French introduced nationalism Vietnam sought to present itself in a different aspect as a civilizational rival . A Vietnamese forged and manufactured a fake ancient mythical script claimed to have been used in ancient Vietnam .", "44": "Modern Vietnamese historians inserted word changes and altered the meanings of texts written by ancient Vietnamese historians on how battles between rebels in Vietnam and the Chinese states such as the Chen dynasty and Southern Han were viewed . The Nguyễn Dynasty initiated government sponsored ceremonies to the Hùng kings . The French may have established the ceremony on the Hùng kings death and the Hùng Kings had an annual event established for them by Hồ Chí Minh . Due to psychological embarrassment over their rule by foreign imperialists , ancient historical texts were edited for nationalistic purposes by modern Vietnamese historians . In the Mekong Delta area of Cochinchina many Vietnamese and Chinese conducted illegal commercial activities . During the rule of the Chinese Kingdom of Eastern Wu over Vietnam the local people learned Chinese after Chinese people were moved down to live with them . John D. Phan has suggested a new analysis of the linguistic situation in Vietnam under Chinese rule suggesting that a Middle Chinese dialect was spoken by the people of the Red River Delta during the Tang dynasty by drawing on Sino - Vietnamese vocabulary which showed evidence that it was derived from an existing language and that this Middle Chinese dialect was later displaced by a Muong language influenced by Chinese . See also ( edit ) Vietnam portal History portal Economic history of Vietnam History of East Asia History of Asia History of Southeast Asia Politics of Vietnam President of Vietnam Prime Minister of Vietnam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith ( 1983 ) . The birth of Vietnam . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. xvii . ISBN 0520074173 . Jump up ^ `` History of Vietnam '' . Jump up ^ Hoa Binh Culture Jump up ^ Ancient time Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lê Huyền Thảo Uyên , 2012 -- 13 . Welcome to Vietnam . International Student . West Virginia University . Jump up ^ Handbook of Asian Education : A Cultural Perspective , p. 95 Jump up ^ Administration of Văn Lang - Âu Lạc . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Ancient calendar unearthed . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 .", "45": "Jump up ^ Nguyen Ba Khoach 1978 Jump up ^ Pierre - Yves Manguin , A. Mani , Geoff Wade . `` Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia : Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange '' . Institute of Southeast Asian , 2011 ; p. 5 Jump up ^ Chapuis , Oscar ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A History of Vietnam : From Hong Bang to Tu Duc '' . ISBN 9780313296222 . ^ Jump up to : Keat Gin Ooi . Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO , Jan 1 , 2004 ; p. 933 - 34 Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1991 ) . Birth of Vietnam , The . University of California Press . pp. 23 -- 27 . ISBN 0520074173 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1 April 1991 ) . `` The Birth of Vietnam '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1 April 1991 ) . `` The Birth of Vietnam '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Andaya , Barbara Watson ( 1 January 2006 ) . `` The Flaming Womb : Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia '' . University of Hawaii Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 154 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 155 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 160 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 193 Jump up ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên 2009 , pp. 197 Jump up ^ Coedes , G. ; Cœdès , George ( 1 January 1966 ) . `` The Making of South East Asia '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bald Eagle '' . tuyendinh75.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 .", "46": "Jump up ^ Tsai , Shih - shan Henry ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty '' . SUNY Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dardess , John W. ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` Ming China , 1368 - 1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Brief History of Vietnam Jump up ^ Davidson , Jeremy H.C.S. ; H.L. Shorto ( 1991 ) . Austroasiatic Languages : Essays in Honour of H.L. Shorto . p. 95 . Jump up ^ ( 1902 - 03 ) `` Nachrichten aus den Missionen , '' Die katholischen Missionen . Illustrierte Monatschrift 31 , pp. 2552 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Fourniau , Annam -- Tonkin , pp. 39 -- 77 Jump up ^ Bui Minh Dung ( July 1995 ) . `` Japan 's Role in the Vietnamese Starvation of 1944 - 45 '' . Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge University Press . 29 ( 3 ) : 573 -- 618 . doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00014001 . JSTOR 312870 . Jump up ^ Neale , Jonathan The American War , pp. 23 - 24 ; ISBN 1 - 898876 - 67 - 3 Jump up ^ Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0817964313 . Jump up ^ cf . Gittinger , J. Price , `` Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam '' , Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 29 , No. 8 , 1957 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane ( 1997 ) . The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press . p. 569 .", "47": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , p. 340 , gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions . Jump up ^ `` Newly released documents on the land reform '' . Vietnam Studies Group . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 15 . Vu Tuong : There is no reason to expect , and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate , that the actual executions were less than planned ; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors . First , this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns ( or waves ) that followed during 1954 -- 1956 . Second , the decree was meant to apply to free areas ( under the control of the Viet Minh government ) , not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954 -- 1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle . Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low - end estimate of the real number . This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper `` Land Reform in North Vietnam , 1953 -- 1956 '' presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies , Center for SE Asian Studies , University of California , Berkeley ( February 2001 ) . In this paper Moise ( 79 -- ) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book ( which was 5,000 ) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions . Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs , but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate . This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more , taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign , the unauthorized killings at the local level , and the suicides following arrest and torture ( the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases , however ) . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) cf .", "48": "Szalontai , Balazs ( November 2005 ) . `` Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam , 1955 -- 56 '' . Cold War History . 5 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 426 . cf . Vu , Tuong ( 2010 ) . Paths to Development in Asia : South Korea , Vietnam , China , and Indonesia . Cambridge University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 9781139489010 . Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China ... Yet the Vietnamese ' land reform ' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere . Jump up ^ `` Ngo Dinh Diem '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 26 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China saved Vietnam '' . Bob Seals . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Hirschman , Charles ; Preston , Samuel ; Vu Manh Loi ( 1995 ) . `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War : A New Estimate '' ( PDF ) . Population and Development Review . 21 ( 4 ) : 783 -- 812 . doi : 10.2307 / 2137774 . JSTOR 2137774 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip ( 23 April 1995 ) . `` 20 Years After Victory , Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Obermeyer , Ziad ; Murray , Christopher J.L. ; Gakidou , Emmanuela ( 2008 ) . `` Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia : analysis of data from the world health survey programme '' . BMJ. 336 ( 7659 ) : 1482 -- 86 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. a137 . PMC 2440905 . PMID 18566045 . See Table 3 .", "49": "Jump up ^ Ben Stocking for AP , published in the Seattle Times May 22 , 2010 ( seattletimes.com/html/health/2011928849_apasvietnamusagentorange.html Vietnam , US still in conflict over Agent Orange ) Jump up ^ Jessica King ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) . `` U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam '' . CNN . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Defoliation '' entry in Spencer C. Tucker , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War ( 2nd ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 961 - 0 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Duong Van Mai ( 2010 ) . `` The End of the War '' . RAND in Southeast Asia : A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation . pp. 499 , 512 -- 513 . ISBN 9780833047540 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Ginetta ; Denney , Stephen ( October -- November 1982 ) . `` Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam : Loneliness , Suffering and Death '' . The Indochina Newsletter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Desbarats , Jacqueline . `` Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam : Executions and Population Relocation '' . Indochina report ; no . 11 . Executive Publications , Singapore 1987 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Southeast Asian Rice and Vietnamese Ultranationalism '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Agricultural ( Nông Nghiệp ) -- Pastoral ( Du Mục ) Divide , or how Kim Định and Trần Ngọc Thêm Distorted Will Durant 's Ideas '' . 15 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liam Kelley Department of History '' . 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trần Trọng Kim , Hu Shi ( Hồ Thích ) and the Yijing '' . 12 March 2016 .", "50": "Jump up ^ `` The Yue / Việt Migration Theory and the `` Hidden Network Approach '' `` . 25 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Problems with `` châu '' and Phong Châu `` . 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Cổ Loa so Unimportant ? '' . 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Unimportance of Bronze Drums in Việt History '' . 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What do Đông Sơn Bronze Drums have to do with the Việt ? '' . 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2012/12/04/what-do-dong-son-bronze-drums-have-to-do-with-the-viet/ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/11/29/victor-goloubew-and-the-disappearance-of-the-indonesien-creators-of-the-bronze-drums/ http://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/the-unimportance-of-bronze-drums-in-viet-history/ Jump up ^ `` Vịet , `` Chinese , '' Savages and Bronze Drums `` . 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Documenting the Destruction of Bronze Drums '' . 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/35637/1/kouko2402.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` The Huayang guozhi and Early Vietnamese History '' . 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/04-2_Churchman_2010.pdf Jump up ^ O.W. Wolters ( 2008 ) . Early Southeast Asia : Selected Essays . SEAP Publications . pp. 32 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87727 - 743 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jeff Kyong - McClain ; Yongtao Du ( 2013 ) . Chinese History in Geographical Perspective . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 67 -- .", "51": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 7230 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` History of Education '' . Jump up ^ Christopher Goscha ( 30 June 2016 ) . The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam : A History . Penguin Books Limited . pp. 558 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 194665 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Daoist Appropriation / Subordination of Bạch Hạc Spirits '' . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elephant Mountain and the Erasure of Việt Indigeneity '' . 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Giặc Bắc đến xâm lược ! : Translations and Exclamation Points '' . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Important People '' in the Annan Zhiyuan `` . 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North and South in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' `` . 9 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Historicizing the Ngô '' . 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Khoa Học and the Bình Ngô Đại Cáo '' . 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Problems with the Bình Ngô đại cáo as a Declaration of Independence '' . 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Bình Ngô đại cáo and the Modern Emergence of Resistance Literature '' . 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Ming Inspiration for the Bình Ngô Đại Cáo ? '' . 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . The BNĐC Series : Who Were the Representatives of the People in the `` Bình Ngô đại cáo '' ? `` . 8 August 2016 .", "52": "Jump up ^ https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2016/08/02/the-ngo-in-the-du-dia-chi-were-not-the-ming/#comment-56679 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvtLqVukuIc https://leminhkhai.wordpress.com/2016/08/02/who-were-the-ngo/ Jump up ^ `` Vụ Tiên and Âu Cơ are Not Names , or How the Modern Vietnamese Language Distorts Vietnam 's Written Heritage '' . 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ Eloped ? ? '' . 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical and Mathematical Refutations of the Hồng - Mang / Hồng Bàng Dynasty '' . 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ngô Thì Sĩ 's Demotion of Triệu Đà / Zhao Tuo '' . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Stranger Kings of the Lý and Trần Dynasties '' . 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What is so Important about Thời Bắc Thuộc ? '' . 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Problem of `` Either - Or - but - not - Why '' in Vietnamese History `` . 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Decentralized Control in the Red River Delta Prior to Han Dynasty Rule '' . 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nguyễn Dynasty 's Miếu Lịch Đại Đế Vương '' . 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Norman G. Owen ( 2005 ) . The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia : A New History . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 115 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2890 - 5 . Jump up ^ A. Dirk Moses ( 1 January 2008 ) . Empire , Colony , Genocide : Conquest , Occupation , and Subaltern Resistance in World History . Berghahn Books . pp. 209 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 452 - 4 .", "53": "Archived from the original on 2008 . Jump up ^ Randall Peerenboom ; Carole J. Petersen ; Albert H.Y. Chen ( 27 September 2006 ) . Human Rights in Asia : A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions , France and the USA . Routledge . pp. 474 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 23881 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam - Champa Relations and the Malay - Islam Regional Network in the 17th -- 19th Centuries '' . 17 June 2004 . Jump up ^ `` H - Net Discussion Networks - '' . Jump up ^ `` Ao dai -- Vietnam 's national dress - Clothing and Fashion '' . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Ashley ( 14 March 2010 ) . `` # 18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai '' . Jump up ^ `` Ao Dai '' . Jump up ^ `` The Ao Dai and I : A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk '' . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trần Ích Tắc and the Crimes of Wikipedia / Nationalist History '' . 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Red Chinese Colonization of North Vietnam '' . 19 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese as `` Fighting Friends '' of the Vietnamese `` . 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Woman 's Breasts , A Vomiting Dog and the ( Un ) Importance of High School History '' . 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/99942/yufenok_1.pdf?sequence=1 Jump up ^ `` Lạc Long Quân and the Ancient Script of Our South '' . 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tự Đức and the Translation of the Past '' . 18 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State - icization , State Nationalism and the Hùng Kings '' . 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Traumatic Origins of Modern Thai and Vietnamese Historical Writing '' . 31 July 2011 .", "54": "Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2007/Engelbert.pdf Jump up ^ `` KĐVSTGCM 3 - Viet Texts '' . Jump up ^ Phan , John . `` Re-Imagining `` Annam '' : A New Analysis of Sino -- Viet -- Muong Linguistic Contact `` . Jump up ^ https://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/03-1_Phan_2010.pdf Jump up ^ http://chl-old.anu.edu.au/publications/csds/csds2010/03-1_Phan_2010.pdf Bibliography ( edit ) Andaya , Barbara Watson . ( 2006 ) . The Flaming Womb : Repositioning Women in Early Modern Southeast Asia ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824829557 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Cœdès , George . ( 1966 ) . The Making of South East Asia ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0520050614 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Dardess , John W. ( 2012 ) . Ming China , 1368 - 1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 1442204907 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Hall , Kenneth R. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm , C. 1400 - 1800 . Volume 1 of Comparative urban studies . Lexington Books . ISBN 0739128353 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Nguyen Ba Khoach ( 1978 ) . `` Phung Nguyen '' . ScholarSpace - University of Hawaii . Taylor , K.W. ( 2013 ) . A History of the Vietnamese ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521875862 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Taylor , Keith Weller. ( 1983 ) .", "55": "The Birth of Vietnam ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0520074173 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Tsai , Shih - shan Henry . ( 1996 ) . The Eunuchs in the Ming dynasty ( illustrated ed . ) . SUNY Press . ISBN 1438422369 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Contributor : Far - Eastern Prehistory Association Asian Perspectives , Volume 28 , Issue 1 . ( 1990 ) University Press of Hawaii . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Fitzgerald , Francis . 1972 . Fire in the Lake : The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam . Little , Brown and Company . Forbes , Andrew , and Henley , David : Vietnam Past and Present : The North ( History of Hanoi and Tonkin ) . Chiang Mai . Cognoscenti Books , 2012 . ASIN : B006DCCM9Q . Hill , John E. 2003 . `` Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the ' Hou Hanshu ' '' , 2nd draft edition Hill , John E. 2004 . The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD . Draft annotated English translation . Hung , Hoang Duy. 2005 . A Common Quest for Vietnam 's Future . Viet Long Publishing . Kiernan , Ben ( 2017 ) . Viet Nam : A History from Earliest Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190627300 . Nguyễn , Khắc Viện. 1999 . Vietnam - A Long History . Hanoi , Thế Giới Publishers . Nguyên , Thê Anh , Philippe Papin. 2008 . Parcours d'un historien du Viêt Nam : Recueil des articles de Nguyên Thê Anh . Paris . Les Indes savantes. 1026 pp.", "56": "( Articles are in French or in English ) Thê ́Anh Nguyêñ ( 2008 ) . Parcours d'un historien du Viêt Nam : recueil des articles . Indes savantes . ISBN 978 - 2 - 84654 - 142 - 8 . Stevens , Keith . 1996 . `` A Jersey Adventurer in China : Gun Runner , Customs Officer , and Business Entrepreneur and General in the Chinese Imperial Army . 1842 - 1919 '' . Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . Vol. 32 ( 1992 ; published 1996 ) Văn Giàu Trần ; Bạch Đằng Trần ( 1998 ) . Địa chí văn hóa Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh . Nhà xuất bản Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Published in 2000 . The State of The World 's Refugees 2000 : Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action - Chapter 4 : Flight from Indochina ( PDF ) Tuong Vu. 2016 . State formation on China 's southern frontier : Vietnam as a shadow empire and hegemon , HumaNetten 37 ( 1 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Werner , Jayne , et al. eds . Sources of Vietnamese Tradition ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search In Vietnamese ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( September 2012 ) Vietnamese National Bureau for Historical Record ( 1998 ) , Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục ( in Vietnamese ) , Hanoi : Education Publishing House Ngô Sĩ Liên ( 2009 ) , Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư ( in Vietnamese ) ( Nội các quan bản ed . )", "57": ", Hanoi : Cultural Publishing House , ISBN 6041690139 Trần Trọng Kim ( 1971 ) , Việt Nam sử lược ( in Vietnamese ) , Saigon : Center for School Materials Phạm Văn Sơn ( 1960 ) , Việt Sử Toàn Thư ( in Vietnamese ) , Saigon Taylor , Keith Weller ( 1983 ) , The Birth of Vietnam , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07417 - 0 Trần Dân Tiên . Những Mẫu Chuyện Về Đời Hoạt Động Của Hồ Chủ Tịch Văn Tiến Dũng . Đại Thắng Mùa Xuân Hành Trình Biển Đông ( vols. 1 and 2 ) ; anthology of memoirs by Vietnamese boat people Nguyễn Khắc Ngữ . Nguồn Gốc Dân Tộc Việt Nam . Nhóm Nghiên Cứu Sử Địa Văn Phố Hoàng Đống . Niên Biểu Lịch Sử Việt Nam Thời Kỳ 1945 - 1975 . Đại Nam . 2003 Lê Duẩn . Đề Cương Cách Mạng Miền Nam Nhat Tien , Duong Phuc , Vu Thanh Thuy . Pirates in the Gulf of Siam Nguyễn Văn Huy , Tìm hiểu cộng đồng người Chăm tại Việt Nam External links ( edit ) The Vietnam Maritime Archaeology Project Center Fallout of the War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Vietnam History from ancient time Viet Nam 's Early History & Legends by C.N. Le ( Asian Nation - The Landscape of Asian America ) Tungking by William Mesny Pre-Colonial Vietnam by Ernest Bolt ( University of Richmond ) Human Rights in Vietnam 2006 ( Human Rights Watch ) French IndoChina Entry in a 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia about Indochina ( New Advent ) .", "58": "Virtual Vietnam Archive Exhaustive collection of Vietnam related documents ( Texas Tech University ) Geneva Accords of 1954 Text of the 1954 Accords by Vincent Ferraro ( Mount Holyoke College ) Việt - Học Thư - Quán - Institute of Vietnamese Studies - Viện Việt Học Many pdfs of Vietnamese history books Vietnam Dragons and Legends Vietnamese history and culture by Dang Tuan . Indochina - History links for French involvement in Indochina , casahistoria.net Vietnam - History links for US involvement in Indochina , casahistoria.net Early History of Vietnam - Origin of Vietnam name Vietnam Full history Hoàng Văn Chí , Từ Thực Dân Đến Cộng Sản Hoàng Văn Hoan , Giọt Nước Trong Biển Cả Hoàng Văn Chí , Trăm Hoa Đua Nở Trên Đất Bắc Nguyễn Thanh Giang , Tưởng Niệm Con Đường Phan Chu Trinh Vietnam articles History Timeline Early dynastic epoch Chinese millennium Late dynastic epoch Republican period North Vietnam South Vietnam Geography Ecoregions Northern Vietnam Central Vietnam Southern Vietnam North Central Coast ( Bắc Trung Bộ ) Northeast ( ( Đông Bắc ) Southeast ( Đông Nam Bộ ) Mekong Delta South Central Coast ( Nam Trung Bộ ) Provinces Red River Delta Northwest ( Tây Bắc ) Central Highlands ( Tây Nguyên ) Politics Constitution Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Communist Party History of central officeholders National Congress General Secretary Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Executive and legislative President Government Prime", "59": "Minister Deputy Prime Ministers Ministers National Assembly Chairmen Standing Committee Elections Judiciary Supreme People 's Court Provincial Municipal Courts Local Courts Military Courts Military Central Military Commission Ground Force Navy Air Force Coast Guard Border Guard Air Force Security forces ( police ) Economy Agriculture Doi Moi ( `` Renovation '' ) Đồng ( currency ) Energy Five - Year Plans International rankings Manufacturing Telecommunications Tourism Transport Air airlines Jetstar Pacific VietJet Air Vietnam Airlines airports Cam Ranh Da Nang Noi Bai Tan Son Nhat Rail Society Demographics diaspora Education Ethnic groups Public holidays Time Women Culture Art Emblem Dance Cinema Cuisine Flag Literature Martial arts Media Music Religion Theater Vietnamese studies Outline Index Book Portal History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia", "60": "Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "61": "php?title=History_of_Vietnam&oldid=837807502 '' Categories : History of Vietnam Prehistoric Vietnam Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using web citations with no URL Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references NPOV disputes from March 2013 All NPOV disputes Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Articles containing Vietnamese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles lacking ISBNs CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Башҡортса Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 04 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "62": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 28, 39, 37, 58, 27, 55, 56, 11, 32, 1, 8, 20, 41, 54, 26, 38, 2, 30, 31, 25, 46, 23, 0, 48, 59, 53, 19, 57, 3, 33, 4, 45, 42, 22, 40, 43, 44, 21, 52, 12, 17, 9, 50, 36, 47, 29, 61, 49, 60, 15, 13, 10, 35, 5, 7, 16, 6, 18, 24, 34, 51, 14, 62 ]	[ 28, 39, 37, 58, 27, 55 ]
5287882544670516867	who is directly elected according to the constitution	[ "senators" ]	{ "0": "Seventeenth Amendment to the United states Constitution - wikipedia Seventeenth Amendment to the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Seventeenth Amendment in the National Archives The Seventeenth Amendment ( Amendment XVII ) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states . The amendment supersedes Article I , § 3 , Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution , under which senators were elected by state legislatures . It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate , allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held . The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and adopted in 1913 upon being ratified by three - fourths ( 36 ) of the state legislatures . It was first implemented in special elections in Maryland ( November 1913 ) and Alabama ( May 1914 ) , then nationwide in the November 1914 election .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Original composition 2.2 Issues 2.3 Calls for reform 3 Proposal and ratification 3.1 Proposal in Congress 3.2 Ratification by the states 4 Effect 4.1 Filling vacancies 4.2 First direct elections to the Senate 4.3 Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Text ( edit ) The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures . When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate , the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies : Provided , That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct . This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution . Background ( edit ) Original composition ( edit ) James Wilson , the only member of the Constitutional Convention who supported electing the United States Senate by popular vote . Originally , under Article I , § 3 , Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution , each state legislature elected its state 's senators for a six - year term . Each state , regardless of size , is entitled to two senators as part of the Connecticut Compromise between the small and large states . This contrasted with the House of Representatives , a body elected by popular vote , and was described as an uncontroversial decision ; at the time , James Wilson was the sole advocate of popularly electing the Senate and his proposal was defeated 10 -- 1 . There were many advantages to the original method of electing senators . Prior to the Constitution , a federal body was one where states effectively formed nothing more than permanent treaties , with citizens retaining their loyalty to their original state .", "2": "However , under the new Constitution , the central government was granted substantially more power than before ; the election of senators by the states reassured Anti-federalists that there would be some protection against the swallowing up of states and their powers by the federal government , providing a check on the power of the federal government . Additionally , the longer terms and avoidance of popular election turned the Senate into a body that could `` temper '' the populism of the House . While the Representatives operated in a two - year direct election cycle , making them frequently accountable to their constituents , the senators could afford to `` take a more detached view of issues coming before Congress '' . State legislatures retained the theoretical right to `` instruct '' their senators to vote for or against proposals , thus giving the states both direct and indirect representation in the federal government . The Senate was part of a formal bicameralism , with the members of the Senate and House responsible to completely distinct constituencies ; this helped defeat the problem of the federal government being subject to `` special interests '' . Members of the Constitutional Convention considered the Senate to be parallel to the British House of Lords as an `` upper house '' , containing the `` better men '' of society , but improved upon as they would be conscientiously chosen by the upper houses of state republican legislatures for fixed terms , and not merely inherited for life as in the British system , subject to a monarch 's arbitrary expansion . It was hoped that they would provide abler deliberation and greater stability than the House of Representatives due to the senators ' status . Issues ( edit ) According to Judge Jay Bybee of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , those in favor of popular elections for senators believed that two primary problems were caused by the original provisions : legislative corruption and electoral deadlocks . There was a sense that senatorial elections were `` bought and sold '' , changing hands for favors and sums of money rather than because of the competence of the candidate . Between 1857 and 1900 , the Senate investigated three elections over corruption . In 1900 , for example , William A. Clark had his election voided after the Senate concluded that he had bought votes in the Montana legislature . But analysts Bybee and Todd Zywicki believe this concern was largely unfounded ; there was a `` dearth of hard information '' on the subject . In more than a century of legislative elections of U.S.", "3": "senators , only 10 cases were contested for allegations of impropriety . Electoral deadlocks were another issue . Because state legislatures were charged with deciding whom to appoint as senators , the system relied on their ability to agree . Some states could not , and thus delayed sending representatives to Congress ; in a few cases , the system broke down to the point where states completely lacked representation in the Senate . Deadlocks started to become an issue in the 1850s , with a deadlocked Indiana legislature allowing a Senate seat to sit vacant for two years . Between 1891 and 1905 , 46 elections were deadlocked across 20 states ; in one extreme example , a Senate seat for Delaware went unfilled from 1899 until 1903 . The business of holding elections also caused great disruption in the state legislatures , with a full third of the Oregon House of Representatives choosing not to swear the oath of office in 1897 due to a dispute over an open Senate seat . The result was that Oregon 's legislature was unable to pass legislation that year . Zywicki again argues that this was not a serious issue . Deadlocks were a problem , but they were the exception rather than the norm ; many legislatures did not deadlock over elections at all . Most of those that did in the 19th century were the newly admitted western states , which suffered from `` inexperienced legislatures and weak party discipline ... as western legislatures gained experience , deadlocks became less frequent . '' While Utah suffered from deadlocks in 1897 and 1899 , they became what Zywicki refers to as `` a good teaching experience , '' and Utah never again failed to elect senators . Another concern was that when deadlocks occurred , state legislatures were unable to conduct their other normal business ; James Christian Ure , writing in the South Texas Law Review , notes that this did not in fact occur . In a deadlock situation , state legislatures would deal with the matter by holding `` one vote at the beginning of the day -- then the legislators would continue with their normal affairs '' . State legislative elections were perceived to have become dominated by the business of picking senators . Senator John H. Mitchell noted that the Senate became the `` vital issue '' in all legislative campaigns , with the policy stances and qualifications of state legislative candidates ignored by voters who were more interested in the indirect Senate election .", "4": "To remedy this , some state legislatures created `` advisory elections '' that served as de facto general elections , allowing legislative campaigns to focus on local issues . Calls for reform ( edit ) William Jennings Bryan , who campaigned for the popular election of U.S. Senators Calls for a constitutional amendment regarding Senate elections started in the early 19th century , with Henry R. Storrs in 1826 proposing an amendment to provide for popular election . Similar amendments were introduced in 1829 and 1855 , with the `` most prominent '' proponent being Andrew Johnson , who raised the issue in 1868 and considered the idea 's merits `` so palpable '' that no additional explanation was necessary . In the 1860s , there was a major Congressional dispute over the issue , with the House and Senate voting to veto the appointment of John P. Stockton to the Senate due to his approval by a plurality of the New Jersey Legislature rather than a majority . In reaction , the Congress passed a bill in July 1866 that required state legislatures to elect senators by an absolute majority . By the 1890s , support for the introduction of direct election for the Senate had substantially increased , and reformers worked on two fronts . On the first front , the Populist Party incorporated the direct election of senators into its Omaha Platform , adopted in 1892 . In 1908 , Oregon passed the first law that based the selection of U.S. senators on a popular vote . Oregon was soon followed by Nebraska . Proponents for popular election noted that ten states already had non-binding primaries for Senate candidates , in which the candidates would be voted on by the public , effectively serving as advisory referenda instructing state legislatures how to vote ; reformers campaigned for more states to introduce a similar method . William Randolph Hearst opened a nationwide popular readership for direct election of U.S. Senators in a 1906 series of articles using flamboyant language attacking `` The Treason of the Senate '' in his Cosmopolitan Magazine .", "5": "David Graham Philips , one of the `` yellow journalists '' whom President Teddy Roosevelt called `` muckrakers '' , described Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island as the principal `` traitor '' among the `` scurvy lot '' in control of the Senate by theft , perjury , and bribes corrupting the state legislatures to gain election to the Senate . A few state legislatures began to petition the Congress for direct election of senators . By 1893 , the House had the two - thirds vote for just such an amendment . However , when the joint resolution reached the Senate , it failed from neglect , as it did again in 1900 , 1904 and 1908 ; each time the House approved the appropriate resolution , and each time it died in the Senate . On the second national legislative front , reformers worked toward a constitutional amendment , which was strongly supported in the House of Representatives but initially opposed by the Senate . Bybee notes that the state legislatures , which would lose power if the reforms went through , were supportive of the campaign . By 1910 , 31 state legislatures had passed resolutions calling for a constitutional amendment allowing direct election , and in the same year ten Republican senators who were opposed to reform were forced out of their seats , acting as a `` wake - up call to the Senate '' . Reformers included William Jennings Bryan , while opponents counted respected figures such as Elihu Root and George Frisbie Hoar among their number ; Root cared so strongly about the issue that after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment , he refused to stand for re ‐ election to the Senate . Bryan and the reformers argued for popular election through highlighting perceived flaws with the existing system , specifically corruption and electoral deadlocks , and through arousing populist sentiment . Most important was the populist argument ; that there was a need to `` Awaken , in the senators ... a more acute sense of responsibility to the people '' , which it was felt they lacked ; election through state legislatures was seen as an anachronism that was out of step with the wishes of the American people , and one that had led to the Senate becoming `` a sort of aristocratic body -- too far removed from the people , beyond their reach , and with no special interest in their welfare '' . The settlement of the West and continuing absorption of hundreds of thousands of immigrants expanded the sense of `` the people . ''", "6": "Hoar replied that ' the people ' were both a less permanent and a less trusted body than state legislatures , and that moving the responsibility for the election of senators to them would see it passing into the hands of a body that `` ( lasted ) but a day '' before changing . Other counterarguments were that renowned senators could not have been elected directly , and that since a large number of senators had experience in the House , which was already directly elected , a constitutional amendment would be pointless . The reform was considered by opponents to threaten the rights and independence of the states , who were `` sovereign , entitled ... to have a separate branch of Congress ... to which they could send their ambassadors '' . This was countered by the argument that a change in the mode in which senators were elected would not change their responsibilities . The Senate freshman class of 1910 brought new hope to the reformers . Fourteen of the thirty newly elected senators had been elected through party primaries , which amounted to popular choice in their states . More than half of the states had some form of primary selection for the Senate . The Senate finally joined the House to submit the Seventeenth Amendment to the states for ratification , nearly ninety years after it first was presented to the Senate in 1826 . By 1912 , 239 political parties at both the state and national level had pledged some form of direct election , and 33 states had introduced the use of direct primaries . Twenty - seven states had called for a constitutional convention on the subject , with 31 states needed to reach the threshold ; Arizona and New Mexico each achieved statehood that year ( bringing the total number of states to 48 ) , and were expected to support the motion . Alabama and Wyoming , already states , had passed resolutions in favor of a convention without formally calling for one . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) Proposal in Congress ( edit ) In 1911 , the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators . The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause : The times , places , and manner of holding elections for Senators shall be as prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof . This so - called `` race rider '' clause would have strengthened the powers of states over senatorial elections and to weakened those of Congress by overriding Congress 's power to override state laws affecting the manner of senatorial elections .", "7": "Since the turn of the century , most blacks in the South , and many poor whites , had been disenfranchised by state legislatures passing constitutions with provisions that were discriminatory in practice . This meant that their millions of population had no political representation . Most of the South had one - party states . When the resolution came before the Senate , a substitute resolution , one without the rider , was proposed by Joseph L. Bristow of Kansas . It was adopted by a vote of 64 to 24 , with 4 not voting . Nearly a year later , the House accepted the change . The conference report that would become the Seventeenth Amendment was approved by the Senate 42 to 36 on April 12 , 1912 , and by the House 238 to 39 , with 110 not voting on May 13 , 1912 .", "8": "Ratification by the states ( edit ) Having been passed by Congress , the amendment was sent to the states for ratification and was ratified by : Massachusetts -- May 22 , 1912 Arizona -- June 3 , 1912 Minnesota -- June 10 , 1912 New York -- January 15 , 1913 Kansas -- January 17 , 1913 Oregon -- January 23 , 1913 North Carolina -- January 25 , 1913 California -- January 28 , 1913 Michigan -- January 28 , 1913 Iowa -- January 30 , 1913 Montana -- January 30 , 1913 Idaho -- January 31 , 1913 West Virginia -- February 4 , 1913 Colorado -- February 5 , 1913 Nevada -- February 6 , 1913 Texas -- February 7 , 1913 Washington -- February 7 , 1913 Wyoming -- February 8 , 1913 Arkansas -- February 11 , 1913 Maine -- February 11 , 1913 Illinois -- February 13 , 1913 North Dakota -- February 14 , 1913 Wisconsin -- February 18 , 1913 Indiana -- February 19 , 1913 New Hampshire -- February 19 , 1913 Vermont -- February 19 , 1913 South Dakota -- February 19 , 1913 Oklahoma -- February 24 , 1913 Ohio -- February 25 , 1913 Missouri -- March 7 , 1913 New Mexico -- March 13 , 1913 Nebraska -- March 14 , 1913 New Jersey -- March 17 , 1913 Tennessee -- April 1 , 1913 Pennsylvania -- April 2 , 1913 Connecticut -- April 8 , 1913 With 36 states having ratified the Seventeenth Amendment , it was certified by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan on May 31 , 1913 , as part of the Constitution .", "9": "The amendment has subsequently been ratified by : Louisiana -- June 11 , 1914 Alabama -- April 11 , 2002 Delaware -- July 1 , 2010 ( After rejecting the amendment on March 18 , 1913 ) Maryland -- April 1 , 2012 Rhode Island -- June 20 , 2014 The Utah legislature rejected the amendment on February 26 , 1913 . No action on the amendment has been completed by : Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , South Carolina , or Virginia . Effect ( edit ) The Seventeenth Amendment altered the process for electing United States Senators and changed the way vacancies would be filled . Under the original constitutional provision , state legislatures filled vacancies when a Senator left office before the end of their term . The Seventeenth Amendment had a dramatic impact on the political composition of the U.S. Senate . Before the Supreme Court required `` one man , one vote '' in Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , malapportionment of state legislatures was common . For example , rural counties and cities could be given `` equal weight '' in the state legislatures , enabling one rural vote to equal 200 city votes . The malapportioned state legislatures would have given the Republicans control of the Senate in the 1916 Senate elections . With direct election , each vote represented equally , the Democrats retained control of the Senate . The reputation of corrupt and arbitrary state legislatures continued to decline as the Senate joined the House of Representatives implementing popular reforms . Judge Bybee has argued that the amendment led to complete `` ignominy '' for state legislatures without the props of a state - based check on Congress . Progressive measures were enacted to enable the federal government to supersede the discredited states repeatedly over decades . However , Schleiches argues that the separation of state legislatures and the Senate has had a beneficial effect on the states , as it has allowed state legislative campaigns to focus on local rather than national issues . New Deal legislation is another example of expanding federal regulation overruling the state legislatures promoting their local state interests in coal , oil , corn and cotton .", "10": "Ure agrees , saying that not only is each Senator now free to ignore his state 's interests , Senators `` have incentive to use their advice - and - consent powers to install Supreme Court justices who are inclined to increase federal power at the expense of state sovereignty '' . Over the first half of the 20th century , with a popularly elected Senate confirming nominations , both Republican and Democratic , the Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to the states , overturning state laws whenever they harmed individual state citizens . Filling vacancies ( edit ) The Seventeenth Amendment says a state legislature may permit its governor to make temporary appointments , which last until a special election is held to fill the vacancy . As of 2009 , all but four states -- Massachusetts , Oregon , Wisconsin and Oklahoma -- permit such appointments . The Constitution does not set out how the temporary appointee is to be selected . The Seventeenth Amendment requires a governor to call a special election to fill the vacancy . First direct elections to the Senate ( edit ) Oklahoma , admitted to statehood in 1907 , chose a Senator by legislative election three times : twice in 1907 , when admitted , and once in 1908 . In 1912 , Oklahoma reelected Robert Owen by advisory popular vote . New Mexico , admitted to statehood in 1912 , chose only its first two Senators legislatively . Arizona , admitted to statehood in 1912 , chose its first two Senators by advisory popular vote . Alaska , and Hawaii , admitted to statehood in 1959 , have never chosen a U.S. Senator legislatively . The first direct elections to the Senate following the Seventeenth Amendment being adopted were : In Maryland on November 4 , 1913 : a class 1 special election due to a vacancy , for a term ending in 1917 . In Alabama on May 11 , 1914 : a class 3 special election due to a vacancy , for a term ending in 1915 .", "11": "Nationwide in 1914 : All 32 class 3 senators , term 1915 -- 1921 Nationwide in 1916 : All 32 class 1 senators , term 1917 -- 1923 Nationwide in 1918 : All 32 class 2 senators , term 1919 -- 1925 Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal ( edit ) In Trinsey v. Pennsylvania ( 1991 ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit was faced with a situation where , following the death of Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania , Governor Bob Casey had provided for a replacement and for a special election that did not include a primary . A voter and prospective candidate , John S. Trinsey , Jr. , argued that the lack of a primary violated the Seventeenth Amendment and his right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment . The Third Circuit rejected these arguments , ruling that the Seventeenth Amendment does not require primaries . Another subject of analysis is whether statutes restricting the authority of governors to appoint temporary replacements are constitutional . Vikram Amar , writing in the Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly , claims that Wyoming 's requirement that its governor fill a senatorial vacancy by nominating a person of the same party as the person who vacated that Senate seat violates the Seventeenth Amendment . This is based on the text of the Seventeenth Amendment , which states that `` the legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments '' . The amendment only empowers the legislature to delegate the authority to the governor and , once that authority has been delegated , does not permit the legislature to intervene . The authority is to decide whether or not the governor shall have the power to appoint temporary senators , not in what fashion he should do so . Sanford Levinson , in his rebuttal to Amar , argues that rather than engaging in a textual interpretation , those examining the meaning of constitutional provisions should interpret them in the fashion that provides the most benefit , and that legislatures being able to restrict gubernatorial appointment authority provides a substantial benefit to the states . Due to the controversy over the effects of the Seventeenth Amendment , advocates have emerged to reform or repeal the amendment .", "12": "Under President Barack Obama 's administration in 2009 , four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for appointed executive branch positions : Barack Obama ( President ) , Joe Biden ( Vice President ) , Hillary Clinton ( Secretary of State ) , and Ken Salazar ( Secretary of the Interior ) . Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and New York Governor David Paterson . New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor . Accordingly , Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power ; Senators John McCain and Dick Durbin became co-sponsors , as did Representative John Conyers . The Tea Party movement has been arguing for repealing the Seventeenth Amendment entirely , claiming that it would protect states ' rights and reduce the power of the federal government . On March 2 , 2016 , the Utah legislature approved Senate Joint Resolution No. 2 asking Congress to offer an amendment to the United States Constitution that would repeal the Seventeenth Amendment . John Daniel Davidson , a senior correspondent for The Federalist , wrote that the Seventeenth Amendment should be repealed , because the concerns leading to the amendment 's adoption do not apply today and that state legislatures would be less likely to reelect Senators as often as occurs under popular election . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1997 ) p. 169 Jump up ^ Vile ( 2003 ) p. 404 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1994 ) p. 1013 Jump up ^ Riker ( 1955 ) p. 452 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 516 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 515 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1994 ) p. 1019 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1997 ) p. 176 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1997 ) p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 538 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p.", "13": "539 ^ Jump up to : Zywicki ( 1994 ) p. 1022 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 541 Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of Senators '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 542 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1994 ) p. 1024 Jump up ^ Ure ( 2007 ) p. 286 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 543 ^ Jump up to : Schleicher , David ( 27 February 2014 ) . `` States ' Wrongs '' . Slate . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2009 ) . Landmark debates in Congress : from the Declaration of independence to the war in Iraq . CQ Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87289 - 976 - 6 . OCLC 232129877 . ^ Jump up to : Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 536 Jump up ^ Boyer , Paul S. ; Dubofsky , Melvyn ( 2001 ) . The Oxford companion to United States history . Oxford University Press . p. 612 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508209 - 8 . OCLC 185508759 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of Senators '' , United States Senate webpage , Origins and Development -- Institutional . ^ Jump up to : Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 537 Jump up ^ MacNeil , Neil and Richard A. Baker , The American Senate : An Insider 's History 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536761 - 4 . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 544 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 545 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p.", "14": "546 Jump up ^ MacNeil , Neil and Richard A. Baker , The American Senate : An Insider 's History 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536761 - 4 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Rossum ( 1999 ) p. 708 Jump up ^ Rossum ( 1999 ) p. 710 Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/17th-amendment/hjres39.html Jump up ^ Zachary Clopton & Steven E. Art , `` The Meaning of the Seventeenth Amendment and a Century of State Defiance '' , 107 Northwestern University Law Review 1181 ( 2013 ) , pp. 1191 - 1192 Jump up ^ `` 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution : Direct Election of U.S. Senators '' . August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. 49 . Jump up ^ POM - 309 , House Joint Resolution No. 12 , A joint resolution adopted by the Legislature of the State of Alabama relative to ratifying the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , Volume 148 Congressional Record page 18241 ( permanent , bound edition ) and page S9419 ( preliminary , soft - cover edition ) . September 26 , 2002 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Formally Ratifying the 17th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Providing for the Popular Election of Senators to the United States Senate '' . State of Delaware . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Senate Joint Resolution 2 , April 1 , 2012 , retrieved April 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ House Joint Resolution 3 , April 1 , 2012 , retrieved April 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bills signing May 22 , 2012 ( PDF ) , May 22 , 2012 , retrieved May 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ At the time , Article XVI , Section 19 , of the Florida Constitution provided that `` No Convention nor Legislature of this State shall act upon any amendment of the Constitution of the United States proposed by Congress to the several States , unless such Convention or Legislature shall have been elected after such amendment is submitted . '' The first legislature elected after such submission did not meet until April 5 , 1913 . See Fla . Const. of 1885 , Art . III , § 2 . By that time , the amendment had been ratified by 35 states , and , as noted above , would be ratified by the 36th state on April 8 , 1913 , a circumstance which made any action by the Florida Legislature unnecessary . Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 552 . Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 552 . Similarly , he believes the Republican Revolution of 1994 would not have happened ; instead , the Democrats would have controlled 70 seats in the Senate to the Republicans ' 30 . See Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 553 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 535 . This was partially fueled by the Senators ; he wrote in the Northwestern University Law Review : Politics , like nature , abhorred a vacuum , so senators felt the pressure to do something , namely enact laws . Once senators were no longer accountable to and constrained by state legislatures , the maximizing function for senators was unrestrained ; senators almost always found in their own interest to procure federal legislation , even to the detriment of state control of traditional state functions . See Bybee , p. 536 . Jump up ^ Rossum ( 1999 ) p. 715 Jump up ^ Ure ( 2007 ) p. 288 Jump up ^ Kochan ( 2003 ) p.", "16": "1053 Donald J. Kochan , for an article in the Albany Law Review , analyzed the effect of the Seventeenth Amendment on Supreme Court decisions over the constitutionality of state legislation . He found a `` statistically significant difference '' in the number of cases holding state legislation unconstitutional before and after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment , with the number of holdings of unconstitutionality increasing sixfold . Besides the Seventeenth Amendment , decline in the influence of the states also followed economic changes . Zywicki observes that interest groups of all kinds began to focus efforts on the federal government , as national issues could not be directed by influencing only a few state legislatures of with Senators of the most seniority chairing the major committees . He attributes the rise in the strength of interest groups partially to the development of the U.S. economy on an interstate , national level . See Zywicki ( 1997 ) p. 215 . Ure also argues that the Seventeenth Amendment led to the rise of special interest groups to fill the void ; with citizens replacing state legislators as the Senate 's electorate , with citizens being less able to monitor the actions of their Senators , the Senate became more susceptible to pressure from interest groups , who in turn were more influential due to the centralization of power in the federal government ; an interest group no longer needed to lobby many state legislatures , and could instead focus its efforts on the federal government . See Ure ( 2007 ) p. 293 Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Filling U.S. Senate Vacancies : Perspectives and Contemporary Developments '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Vile ( 2010 ) p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Dubin , Michael J. ( 1998 ) . United States Congressional elections , 1788 -- 1997 : the official results of the elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0283 - 0 . Jump up ^ Trinsey v. Pennsylvania , 941 ( F. 2d 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Gold ( 1992 ) p.", "17": "202 Jump up ^ Novakovic ( 1992 ) p. 940 Jump up ^ Novakovic ( 1992 ) p. 945 Jump up ^ Amar ( 2008 ) p. 728 Jump up ^ Amar ( 2008 ) pp. 729 -- 30 Jump up ^ Levinson ( 2008 ) pp. 718 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Hulse , Carl ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` New Idea on Capitol Hill : To Join Senate , Get Votes '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ S.J. Res. 7 -- A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to the election of Senators. , retrieved June 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ Firestone , David ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` So You Still Want to Choose Your Senator ? '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SJR002 '' . State of Utah . Jump up ^ John Daniel Davidson ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` To Avoid Debacles Like Roy Moore , Repeal The 17th Amendment '' . The Federalist . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Amar , Vikram David ( 2008 ) . `` Are Statutes Constraining Gubernatorial Power to Make Temporary Appointments to the United States Senate Constitutional Under the Seventeenth Amendment ? '' . Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly . University of California , Hastings College of the Law . 35 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0094 - 5617 . SSRN 1103590 . Bybee , Jay S. ( 1997 ) . `` Ulysses at the Mast : Democracy , Federalism , and the Sirens ' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment '' . Northwestern University Law Review . Northwestern University School of Law . 91 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0029 - 3571 . Gold , Kevin M. ( 1992 ) .", "18": "`` Trinsey v. Pennsylvania : State Discretion to Regulate United States Senate Vacancy '' . Widener Journal of Law and Public Policy . Widener University School of Law . 2 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1064 - 5012 . Hoebeke , Christopher Hyde ( 1995 ) . The road to mass democracy : original intent and the Seventeenth Amendment . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 217 - 4 . Kochan , Donald J. ( 2003 ) . `` State Laws and the Independent Judiciary : An Analysis of the Effects of the Seventeenth Amendment on the Number of Supreme Court Cases Holding State Laws Unconstitutional '' . Albany Law Review . 66 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 4678 . SSRN 907518 . Levinson , Sanford ( 2008 ) . `` Political Party and Senatorial Succession : A Response to Vikram Amar on How Best to Interpret the Seventeenth Amendment '' . Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly . University of California , Hastings College of the Law . 35 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0094 - 5617 . Novakovic , Michael B. ( 1992 ) . `` Constitutional Law : Filling Senate Vacancies '' . Villanova Law Review . Villanova University School of Law . 37 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0042 - 6229 . Riker , William H. ( 1955 ) . `` The Senate and American Federalism '' . American Political Science Review . American Political Science Association . 49 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0003 - 0554 . Rossum , Ralph A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Irony of Constitutional Democracy : Federalism , the Supreme Court , and the Seventeenth Amendment '' . San Diego Law Review . University of San Diego School of Law . 36 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0886 - 3210 . Tushnet , Mark ( 2010 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : A Contextual Analysis . Hart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 738 - 4 .", "19": "Ure , James Christian ( 2007 ) . `` You Scratch My Back and I 'll Scratch Yours : Why the Federal Marriage Amendment Should Also Repeal the Seventeenth Amendment '' . South Texas Law Review . South Texas College of Law . 49 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1052 - 343X . Vile , John R. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of constitutional amendments , proposed amendments , and amending issues , 1789 -- 2002 ( 2nd ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 428 - 8 . Vile , John R. ( 2010 ) . A companion to the United States Constitution and its amendments ( 5th ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38008 - 2 . Zywicki , Todd J. ( 1994 ) . `` Senators and Special Interests : A Public Choice Analysis of the Seventeenth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Law Review . University of Oregon School of Law . 73 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0196 - 2043 . Zywicki , Todd J. ( 1997 ) . `` Beyond the Shell and Husk of History : The History of the Seventeenth Amendment and its Implications for Current Reform Proposals '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland State Law Review . Cleveland - Marshall College of Law . 45 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0009 - 8876 . Wendy J. Schiller and Charles Stewart III ( 2013 ) , The 100th Anniversary of the 17th Amendment : A Promise Unfulfilled ? , Issues in Governance Studies , Number 59 May 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble", "20": "II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto", "21": "Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered", "22": "jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S.", "23": "suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum VIAF : 178725478 LCCN : n97009349 GND : 4412670 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=818895189 '' Categories : 1913 in American law 1913 in American politics Amendments to the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) History of voting rights in the United States Progressive Era in the United States United States Senate 1912 in American law 1912 in American politics Hidden categories : Articles lacking chronology / history sources Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Use mdy dates from November 2012 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 06 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 17, 10, 13, 1, 6, 3, 5, 12, 7, 18, 14, 11, 15, 0, 4, 21, 2, 16, 9, 20, 23, 19, 22, 8 ]	[ 1, 17, 10, 13, 6 ]
-6133376783179617930	when did the lion king start on broadway	[ "November 13, 1997", "July 8, 1997", "Broadway", "October 15, 1997", "November 13, 1997" ]	{ "0": "The Lion King ( musical ) - wikipedia The Lion King ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical . For the movie , see The Lion King . The Lion King Broadway promotional poster Music Elton John Lyrics Tim Rice Book Roger Allers Irene Mecchi Basis The Lion King by Walt Disney Animation Studios Productions 1997 Minneapolis 1997 Broadway 1998 Tokyo 1999 Japan National Tour 1999 West End 2000 Toronto 2000 Los Angeles 2001 Hamburg 2002 1st US National Tour 2003 2nd US National Tour 2003 Sydney 2004 The Hague 2006 Shanghai 2006 Seoul 2007 Johannesburg 2007 Paris 2008 Taipei 2009 Las Vegas 2011 Singapore 2011 Madrid 2012 UK National Tour 2013 São Paulo 2013 Sydney 2015 Basel 2015 Mexico City 2016 Shanghai 2016 The Hague 2018 International Tour 2019 Antarctica Awards Tony Award for Best Musical The Lion King is a musical based on the 1994 Disney animated feature film of the same name with music by Elton John and lyrics by Tim Rice along with the musical score created by Hans Zimmer with choral arrangements by Lebo M. Directed by Julie Taymor , the musical features actors in animal costumes as well as giant , hollow puppets . The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions . The musical debuted on July 8 , 1997 in Minneapolis , Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15 , 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13 , 1997 . On June 13 , 2006 , the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins , where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances . It is Broadway 's third longest - running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time , having grossed more than $1 billion . The show opened in the West End 's Lyceum Theatre on October 19 , 1999 , and is still running .", "1": "The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008 , in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family . In September 2014 , The Lion King became the top - earning title in box - office history for both stage productions and films , surpassing the record previously held by The Phantom of the Opera . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Act I 1.2 Act II 1.3 Songs 2 Differences between the musical and film 3 Production history 3.1 United States 3.2 Canada 3.3 Mexico 3.4 South America 3.5 Europe 3.5. 1 United Kingdom 3.5. 2 Other countries 3.6 Africa 3.7 Asia and Australia 3.8 International tour 3.9 Antarctica tour 4 Characters and original casts 5 Cast distinctions 6 Recordings 6.1 The Lion King : Original Broadway Cast Recording 6.1. 1 Instrumentation 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original Broadway production 7.2 Original London production 7.3 Original France production 8 References 9 External links Synopsis Act I Actress Buyi Zama as Rafiki in Taiwan As the sun rises , Rafiki the mandrill calls the animals to Pride Rock . She greets King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi before presenting their cub to the gathered animals ( `` Circle of Life '' ) . Elsewhere , Mufasa 's brother , Scar , laments his lost chance at becoming King . Back at her baobab tree , Rafiki paints an image of the cub and asks the spirits to conjure the new prince 's name : Simba . Time passes and Simba grows into a lively young cub ( `` Grasslands Chant '' ) . Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands from the top of Pride Rock and explains that everything exists in a delicate balance known as the Circle of Life . Mufasa warns Simba not to stray beyond the boundaries of the Pride Lands , pointing out a shadowy area in the distance .", "2": "Zazu , a hornbill who acts as Mufasa 's advisor , arrives and delivers his daily report on the state of affairs in the King 's domain ( `` The Morning Report '' , now cut from the Broadway production ) . Geoff Hoyle as Zazu Simba goes to see his Uncle Scar . The scheming lion piques the cub 's curiosity by mentioning the elephant graveyard , where Simba is forbidden to go . Meanwhile , the lionesses go hunting ( `` The Lioness Hunt '' ) . Simba arrives and asks his best friend , a female cub named Nala , to come with him to the elephant graveyard . He lies to the lionesses about where they are going , and Sarafina ( Nala 's mother ) and Sarabi allow the cubs to go , escorted by Zazu . Simba and Nala formulate a plan and manage to lose Zazu , while Simba brags about his future position ( `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' ) . The cubs go to the graveyard and begin to explore . Zazu catches up , but they are confronted by three hyenas : Shenzi , Banzai and Ed . The hyenas intend to eat the trespassers and they gloat about their find ( `` Chow Down '' ) . Mufasa rescues the cubs and frightens off the hyenas . Mufasa is disappointed and angry at Simba 's reckless disobedience , and explains the difference between bravery and bravado . Mufasa tells Simba about the great kings of the past and how they watch over everything from the stars ( `` They Live in You '' ) . Mufasa says that he will always be there for his son . Later he discusses Simba 's behavior with Zazu , who reminds Mufasa that he had the same tendency to get into trouble at Simba 's age . Back at the elephant graveyard , Scar tells the hyenas of his plan to kill Mufasa and Simba so that he can become king . He raises an army of hyenas , promising that they will never go hungry again if they support him ( `` Be Prepared '' ) . Scar takes Simba to a gorge and tells him to wait there .", "3": "On Scar 's signal , the hyenas start a wildebeest stampede into the gorge ( `` The Stampede '' ) . Scar tells Mufasa that Simba is trapped in the gorge . Mufasa leaps into the stampede and manages to save his son , but as he tries to escape , Scar throws him off the cliff back into the stampede , killing him . Scar convinces Simba that his father 's death was his fault and tells him to run away , but as he leaves , Scar orders the hyenas to kill him . Simba escapes but the hyenas tell Scar that he is dead . Rafiki and the lionesses mourn the deaths ( `` Rafiki Mourns '' ) . Scar claims the throne and allows the hyenas into the Pride Lands ( `` Be Prepared ( Reprise ) '' ) . Rafiki returns to her tree and smears the drawing of Simba , while Sarabi and Nala quietly grieve . Out in the desert , Simba collapses from heat exhaustion . Vultures begin to circle , but are scared away by Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog . Simba feels responsible for Mufasa 's death , but the duo take the cub to their jungle home and show him their carefree way of life and bug diet ( `` Hakuna Matata '' ) . Simba grows to adulthood in the jungle . Act ii The chorus , dressed in colorful clothes with ornate bird puppets and kites , begin the Second Act ( `` One by One '' ) . As the song ends , however , the beautiful birds are replaced by vultures and gazelle skeletons . Under Scar 's rule , the Circle of Life is out of balance and a drought has hit the Pride Lands . Zazu , now a prisoner of Scar , listens to the king 's woes . The hyenas are complaining about the lack of food , but Scar is only concerned with himself and why he is not loved . He is haunted by visions of Mufasa and rapidly switches between delusional confidence and paranoid despair ( `` The Madness of King Scar '' ) . Nala arrives to confront Scar about the famine and Scar decides she will be his queen and give him cubs . Nala fiercely rebukes him and resolves to leave the Pride Lands to find help .", "4": "Rafiki and the lionesses bless her for her journey ( `` Shadowland '' ) . Back in the jungle , Timon and Pumbaa want to sleep , but the restless Simba is unable to settle . Annoyed , Simba leaves them , but Timon and Pumbaa lose their courage and follow him . Simba leaps across a fast - moving river and challenges Timon to do the same . Timon falls in and is swept downstream . He grabs a branch over a waterfall and calls for Simba 's help , but Simba is paralyzed by a flashback of Mufasa 's death . Timon falls from the branch and Simba snaps out of the flashback , rescuing his friend . Simba is ashamed that Timon nearly died because of his recklessness . The three friends settle to sleep and discuss the stars . Simba recalls Mufasa 's words , but his friends laugh at the notion of dead kings watching them . Simba leaves , expressing his loneliness and bitterly recalling Mufasa 's promise to be there for him ( `` Endless Night '' ) . Rafiki hears the song on the wind , joyfully realizes that Simba is alive , and draws a mane onto her painting of Simba . In the jungle , Pumbaa is hunted and chased by a lioness . Simba confronts her and saves his friend , but recognizes the lioness as Nala . She is amazed to find Simba alive , knowing that he is the rightful king . Timon and Pumbaa are confused , but Simba asks them to leave him and Nala alone . Timon realizes what is happening and laments the end of Simba 's Hakuna Matata lifestyle ( `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ) . Nala tells Simba about the devastated Pride Lands , but Simba still feels responsible for Mufasa 's death and refuses to return home . On his own , Simba meets Rafiki , who explains that his father lives on ( `` He Lives in You '' ) . Mufasa 's spirit appears in the sky and tells Simba he is the one true king and must take his place in the Circle of Life . Reawakened , Simba finds his courage and heads for home .", "5": "Meanwhile , Nala wakes Timon and Pumbaa to ask where Simba is , and Rafiki appears to tell them all the news . The three of them catch up with him in the Pride Lands , where he witnesses the ruin of his home . Timon and Pumbaa distract some hyenas by doing the Charleston , allowing Simba and Nala to reach Pride Rock . Scar calls for Sarabi and demands to know why the lionesses are not hunting . Sarabi stands up to him about the lack of anything to hunt , angrily comparing him to Mufasa , and Scar strikes his sister - in - law , saying he 's ten times the king Mufasa was . Enraged , Simba reveals himself . Scar forces a confession of murder from Simba and corners him . Believing that he has won , Scar taunts Simba by admitting that he killed Mufasa . Furious , Simba recovers and forces Scar to reveal the truth to the lionesses ( `` Simba Confronts Scar '' ) . Simba 's friends fight the hyenas while Simba battles Scar to the top of Pride Rock . Scar begs for his life , blaming the hyenas for everything . Simba lets him leave out of mercy , but Scar attacks again . Simba blocks the attack and Scar falls from the cliff . The hyenas , who heard Scar 's betrayal and are still starving , tear him to shreds . With the battle won , Simba 's friends come forward and acknowledge Simba as the rightful king . Simba ascends Pride Rock and roars out across the kingdom ( `` King of Pride Rock '' ) . The Pride Lands recover and the animals gather in celebration as Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub , continuing the Circle of Life ( `` Circle of Life ( Reprise ) '' ) . Songs Song Written by Performed by Act I `` Circle of Life '' Elton John and Tim Rice Rafiki and Company `` Grasslands Chant '' Lebo M Company `` The Morning Report '' * Elton John and Tim Rice Zazu , Young Simba ,", "6": "and Mufasa `` The Lioness Hunt '' Lebo M Lionesses `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' Elton John and Tim Rice Young Simba , Young Nala , Zazu , and Ensemble `` Chow Down '' Shenzi , Banzai , and Ed `` They Live in You '' Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin , and Lebo M Mufasa and Company `` Be Prepared '' Elton John and Tim Rice Scar , Shenzi , Banzai , Ed , and Company `` The Stampede '' Hans Zimmer and Lebo M Company `` Rafiki Mourns '' Rafiki , Sarabi , Young Nala , Ensemble `` Hakuna Matata '' Elton John and Tim Rice Timon , Pumbaa , Young Simba , Simba , and Ensemble Act II `` One by One '' Lebo M Company `` The Madness of King Scar '' Elton John and Tim Rice Scar , Zazu , Banzai , Shenzi , Ed and Nala `` Shadowland '' Hans Zimmer , Lebo M , and Mark Mancina Nala and Company `` Endless Night '' Julie Taymor , Lebo M , Hans Zimmer , and Jay Rifkin Simba and Company `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Elton John and Tim Rice Timon , Pumbaa , Simba , Nala , and Company `` He Lives in You ( Reprise ) '' Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin , and Lebo M Rafiki , Simba and Company `` Simba Confronts Scar '' Mark Mancina and Robert Elhai Instrumental `` King of Pride Rock / Circle of Life ( Reprise ) '' Hans Zimmer and Lebo M / Elton John and Tim Rice The Company * Cut from the show as of June 27 , 2010 Differences between the musical and film The musical incorporates several changes and additions to the storyline as compared to the film . The mandrill Rafiki 's gender was changed to a female role because Taymor believed that there was generally no leading female character in the film .", "7": "Rafiki was portrayed by Tsidii Le Loka in the original Broadway musical , and by Josette Bushell - Mingo in the original London production . The Lion King on Broadway showing originally at the New Amsterdam Theater ( shown ) ; it is now showing at the Minskoff . Several new scenes are present , including a conversation between Mufasa and Zazu about Mufasa 's parenting and a perilous scene in which Timon finds himself nearly drowning in a waterfall while Simba feels powerless to help him . A major narrative addition is the depiction of Nala 's departure in the scene `` The Madness of King Scar '' , where the mentally deteriorating villain tries to make Nala his mate . Nala refuses and later announces her intention to depart the Pride Lands and find help . She receives the blessings of the lionesses and Rafiki during the new song `` Shadowland '' . The Lion King in the West End Like its predecessor , the Beauty and the Beast musical , the show adds more songs to its stage production , including `` Morning Report '' , sung by Zazu the hornbill and later added to the film for the Platinum Edition DVD release . `` Shadowland '' . originally featured on the CD Rhythm of the Pride Lands with Zulu lyrics as `` Lea Halelela '' , was adapted for the musical with new English lyrics . It is sung by Nala , the lionesses , and Rafiki . `` Endless Night '' , also from Rhythm of the Pride Lands with Swahili lyrics as `` Lala '' , is sung by Simba while reflecting on Mufasa 's promise to always be there . `` One by One '' , from the Rhythm of the Pride Lands CD , was adapted as the rousing African - styled entre act sung by the chorus at the opening of the second act . Many of the animals portrayed in the production are actors in costume using extra tools to move their costumes . For example , the giraffes are portrayed by actors walking on stilts . For principal characters such as Mufasa and Scar , the costumes feature mechanical headpieces that can be raised and lowered to foster the illusion of a cat `` lunging '' at another . Other characters , such as the hyenas , Zazu , Timon , and Pumbaa , are portrayed by actors in life - sized puppets or costumes .", "8": "The Timon character is described by Taymor as one of the hardest roles to master because the movement of the puppet 's head and arms puts a strain on the actor 's arms , back , and neck . Composer Lebo M led the original Broadway chorus . The chorus members are usually visible in the production , rather than being hidden in the shadows as seen in some other musical shows . A new section of the production , the Lioness Hunt , features a particularly complicated dance sequence for the actresses , and the dance is made even more difficult by the large headpieces worn during the scene . During the show 's run in China , Chinese elements were included in the musical . One of the songs was adapted to a well - known Chinese pop song , `` Laoshu ai dami '' or `` Mice Love Rice '' . The cast even cracked jokes and attempted conversations with the audience in Chinese . As of June 27 , 2010 , nine minutes of the Broadway version were cut , among them the entire `` Morning Report '' musical number . The song was also removed from subsequent productions and cast recordings , such as the Spanish one . Production history United states First Lady Michelle Obama joins the cast of the U.S. touring company onstage after their performance at the Kids ' State Dinner in the East Room of the White House There is currently one U.S. touring production . ( At one time there were two US touring productions traveling simultaneously. ) The tour version is very similar to the original Broadway production ; however , certain scenic elements which rise out of the stage floor ( such as Pride Rock , the stampede , and the grasslands ) were converted to less costly configurations for the touring productions . The sun during the opening is reduced in size for the shorter - lasting tours . Stage sizes are also smaller , and the size of the pit orchestra is decreased . A Las Vegas production opened at Mandalay Bay on May 15 , 2009 , with previews beginning May 5 , 2009 . The Las Vegas cast performed on the ninth season of the American dance competition Dancing With the Stars on September 23 , 2009 . Led by Buyi Zama , the cast performed Circle of Life .", "9": "When this production closed , on December 30 , 2011 , it turned into the second longest run the show had in a same American city ( only coming after Broadway ) , running longer than the 2000 -- 2003 Los Angeles Production . A Los Angeles production began performances at the Pantages Theatre on September 29 , 2000 , with an official opening on October 19 , 2000 . The show closed on January 12 , 2003 , after 952 performances . The cast of this production performed a set of the show 's songs in The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on October 2 , 2001 . The cast was led by Fuschia Walker . Canada A Canadian production of the show was staged in Toronto and ran for nearly four years at the Princess of Wales Theatre . The show ran from 1999 to 2004 . Degrassi star Raymond Ablack starred as Young Simba in the 2001 production . Mexico The musical had a Mexican limited run ( in English ) between January 3 and January 27 , 2008 , in Mexico City , as part of the U.S. national tour . In May 2014 , it was confirmed a new production of the musical , this time in Spanish . The production ran from May 7 , 2015 to January 14 , 2018 at the Teatro Telcel in Mexico City . Carlos Rivera returned to the role of Simba , which he also took in Spain four years earlier . The lyrics of the songs of this production differed from the European Spanish one . South - African actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as Rafiki , marking the first time in years a completely new actress was elected for that role . South america A Brazilian production was confirmed to debut in São Paulo in March 28 , 2013 . Auditions take place in São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro and Salvador . The cast contain mainly Brazilian actors and seven South African actors . The Portuguese lyrics were translated by Brazilian singer Gilberto Gil . Actress Phindile Mkhize , who had previously performed in many of the show 's productions , was selected as Rafiki for this production , leaving in October 2013 and being replaced by Ntsepa Ptjeng . The show closed its doors on December 14 , 2014 .", "10": "Europe United Kingdom After the success of the Broadway show , the show opened in the United Kingdom in on October 19 , 1999 . The cast included Cornell John as Mufasa , Luke Youngblood as Young Simba , Dominique Moore as Young Nala , Martyn Ellis as Pumbaa , Simon Gregor as Timon , Rob Edwards as Scar , Paul J. Medford as Banzai and Josette Bushell - Mingo as Rafiki . As of October 2015 , it has been playing at the Lyceum Theatre in London for 16 years . Taymor directed the British production of the show , with Melissa De Melo as the producer . The show also toured the UK from 2012 until March 2015 . The West End cast of the show performed twice at the traditional Royal Variety Performance : in 1999 ( led by Josette Bushell - Mingo ) and 2008 ( led by Brown Lindiwe Mkhize ) . In both performances , the song Circle of Life was performed . The company also performed at the show Strictly Come Dancing special Strictly African Dancing , broadcast in 2005 , led once again by Mkhize and performed the same song . Other countries Hamburg , Germany : Theater im Hafen ( since 2001 ) , accessible by boat The German production has been playing in Hamburg at the Theater in Hafen since December 2001 and had its 5000th performance on January 14 , 2014 . Access to the theater is by ferry , where the boats are decorated in the colors of the musical and are named after characters in the musical ( such as Nala and its sister ship Rafiki ) . A Dutch production of the show was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties / Stage Entertainment and Disney Theatrical Group and played at the Circustheater in Scheveningen and ran from April 4 , 2004 , until August 27 , 2006 , replaced by another Disney musical , Tarzan . A revival of the show 's Dutch production began performances in the same Circustheater in October 2016 . The show 's French production debuted in Paris on September 22 , 2007 , in Stage Entertainment 's Théâtre Mogador .", "11": "This production won several Moliére Awards and closed on July 25 , 2010 , after being watched by over a million people . On October 20 , 2011 , the first Spanish production opened at Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid , where it is still running after more than 2,700 performances . In Basel , Switzerland , the musical was performed for the first time from March 12 , 2015 , until October 11 , 2015 . Africa Beginning in June 2007 , The Lion King debuted its first - ever performance on the African continent in Johannesburg , South Africa . Its tenth anniversary was celebrated in the new Teatro Theatre at Monte Casino in Fourways . The Lion King was the first production to take place in the new theatre . The opening night in Johannesburg was celebrated with key persons involving the creation of the musical and American talk show host Oprah Winfrey who had recently opened an educational academy for girls in Johannesburg The show closed on February 17 , 2008 . Asia and Australia The show was translated into Japanese and staged by the Shiki Theatre Company . The Tokyo production began in 1998 and continues to the present day at the Shiki Theatre HARU . The production achieved its 10,000 th performance on July 15 , 2015 . The show played at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney , Australia , from October 16 , 2003 , until June 26 , 2005 . The production then ran at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne from July 28 , 2005 , until June 4 , 2006 . The Lion King returned to Sydney 's Capitol Theatre on December 12 , 2013 . The musical had a Korean production from October 28 , 2006 , to October 28 , 2007 , at the Charlotte Theater in Seoul , where it ran for 330 performances . In August 2008 , a production opened in Taipei , Taiwan , closing on August 24 , 2009 . The show had a limited run at Shanghai 's Grand Theatre from July to September 2006 . This production was led by Buyi Zama and was performed in English , though a couple of Chinese elements were added to the story .", "12": "From June 14 , 2016 , until October 8 , 2017 , The Lion King returned to China , in a new production that was staged at the 1,200 capacity Walt Disney Grand Theatre , in the Shanghai Disney Resort , where it ran for 500 performances . This production was performed in Mandarin and led by Ntsepa Ptjeng . International tour On March 28 , 2018 , the first international tour officially opened at the Solaire Resort & Casino in Manila , with confirmed stops in Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , and South Africa . All these countries have had productions so far , except the Philippines , where the show will run for two months . The tour is performed in English . Antarctica tour As an April Fools ' Day joke in 2018 , Disney Theatrical released a trailer for an Antarctic production of The Lion King , making it the first musical to perform on all 7 continents of the world . According to the trailer , the show would be adapted to the locality , such as changing Zazu from a hornbill into a penguin or adding polar bear fur onto Simba 's costume ( despite the fact that Polar Bears do n't exist in the Antarctic ) . Disney went so far as to choreograph certain penguin dance moves , draw concept sketches of the show and the ' ice theatre ' and even manufacture costume pieces to legitimise this faux trailer . Characters and original casts The original principal casts of all major productions .", "13": "Character Original Broadway Cast Original West End Cast Simba Jason Raize Roger Wright Scar John Vickery Rob Edwards Mufasa Samuel E. Wright Cornell John Nala Heather Headley Paulette Ivory Rafiki Tsidii Le Loka Josette Bushell - Mingo Timon Max Casella Simon Gregor Pumbaa Tom Alan Robbins Martyn Ellis Zazu Geoff Hoyle Gregory Gudgeon Shenzi Tracy Nicole Chapman Stephanie Charles Banzai Stanley Wayne Mathis Paul J. Medford Ed Kevin Cahoon Christopher Holt Sarabi Gina Breedlove Dawn Michael Young Simba Scott Irby - Ranniar Luke Youngblood Young Nala Kajuana Shuford Dominique Moore Cast distinctions This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Phindile Mkhize and Ntsepa Ptjeng are the only actresses who performed as leadings in three different languages the musical 's been performed in . Phindile performed in English ( American tour and Las Vegas , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Spanish ( from 2012 to 2013 ) and Portuguese ( 2013 ) ; while Ntsepa was leading in Brazil ( 2014 , as a substitute to Phindile ) , Basel ( 2015 ) and Shanghai ( 2016 ) . They are followed by Zama Magudulela , who performed as leading in two different languages the musical 's been performed in : French ( 2007 to 2010 ) and Spanish ( 2011 to the present day ) . Zama is also the sole actress ever to perform in four different companies , as she was in the first Australian tour ( 2003 -- 2006 ) , German ( 2006 ) , French ( 2007 -- 2010 ) and Spanish ( 2011 - present ) productions . Portia Manyike is the only actress ever to perform in three different languages , though she was never promoted to leading cast member .", "14": "She 's been part of the ensemble in France , Brazil and Mexico . Nteliseng Nkhela ( German and English ) , Nomvula Dlamini ( English and Dutch ) , Ntsepa Ptjeng ( English , Portuguese and Mandarin ) , Thabile Mtshali ( English and Portuguese ) and Mukelisiwe Goba ( English and Spanish ) are the only actresses who performed as leading Rafikis in productions in two different languages . John Vickery was the first actor to move from Broadway into a different production of the show , when he chose to leave Broadway in 1999 to move to the Los Angeles production in 2000 . Sheila Gibbs was the first actress to move from a standby into a leading role . She was a Rafiki understudy for Tsidi Le Loka from 1997 to 1998 and was selected as leading from 2001 to 2002 . This was followed by Gugwana Dlamini , who was a standby ( 1999 -- 2002 ) and a leading ( 2002 -- 2005 ) in the show 's London production and Buyisile Zama , who was a standby for Gugwana in London ( 2002 -- 2003 ) and leading actress for the show 's first Australian tour ( 2003 -- 2006 ) . Nomvula Dlamini was the first , and so far the only , actress who moved from Broadway into a production performed in a different language , being the leading Rafiki on Broadway ( 2002 -- 2004 ) and Holland ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . Spanish actors Esteban Oliver and Mukelisiwe Goba were the first actors who moved from Spain into Broadway , when they respectively took over the role of Zazu and Rafiki understudy in 2014 for a couple of months . Mukelisiwe then was transferred to the Gazelle Tour , taking over Tshidi Manye in September 2015 . Having been in the show since its 1997 premiere , actress Lindiwe Dlamini is the actress who 's been for more time in the show . She 's followed by Joachim Benoit , who 's been regularly performing as Zazu since the show premiered in Germany , in 2001 .", "15": "Melina M'Poy was the first actress to perform as the two leading lionesses . She was Sarabi ( France , 2007 -- 2010 ) and Nala ( Basel , London , UK tour and Singapore , 2011 -- 2015 ) . The Londoner production is known to have been the first to have selected non-African actresses to perform as Rafiki , since actresses Josette Bushell - Mingo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) and Sharon D. Clarke ( 2001 -- 2003 ) are English , though their understudies were South African . The American tour companies followed this when Fredi Walker and Fuchsia Walker were chosen as Rafiki in 2001 as leadings for the first American tour and the Los Angeles one , respectively . The Japanese and Korean productions also stand out since never throughout them the productions had leading African actresses . Native Japanese and Korean actresses performed as Rafiki during the productions . Buyi Zama ( 2002 -- 2016 ) , Zama Magudulela ( 2002 up to the present day ) , Brown Lindiwe Mkhize ( starting in 2005 ) , Futhi Mhlongo ( 2000 -- 2004 ; 2010 to the present day ) , Tshidi Manye ( 2000 up to the present day ) , Gugwana Dlamini ( 2002 -- 2015 ) , Thandazile A. Soni ( 2002 -- 2010 ; 2012 up to the present day ) , and Mpume Sikakane ( 2002 up to the present day ) are the actresses who 've been performing as either leading or stand - bys to Rafiki for the longest time , having performed in several productions . Alton Fitzgerald White ( 2002 -- 2015 ) , Nathaniel Stampley ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , and David Comrie ( leading in the Spanish production from 2011 to 2017 ) performed as Mufasa for longer than any other actor . Behind them comes Jean - Luc Guizonne , who performed in Paris , Singapore and German ( from 2007 to 2014 ) . On several occasions , members from different productions agreed to change places .", "16": "That happened twice : when Patrick Brown ( American tour ) and Gareth Saxe ( Broadway ) changed places as leading Scar in 2014 -- 2015 ; Buyi Zama ( American tour ) changed places with Tshidi Manye ( Broadway ) as Rafiki in 2013 -- 2014 and when Brown Lindiwe Mkhize ( London ) changed places with Nteliseng Nkhela ( American tour ) again as Rafiki in 2013 . More recently , Tryphena Wade and Chondra Profit agreed to change places from the North American tour to Broadway . When actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as the leading Rafiki in the Mexican production of the show , it marked the first time in years an actress who had never been in the show before was given the role . In most occasions , understudies or standbys were promoted to leading . South African dancer Keswa was 18 years old when she arrived on Broadway in 1999 . She was the youngest performer ever to be given a role in the show 's ensemble group . Balungile Gumede and Marvette Williams are the actresses who have played Sarabi for the longest timespan in the show . Balungile started in the German production of the show in 2010 , taking over Marvette , who had played the character in various productions of the show since 2000 and kept playing it in subsequent productions . They are followed by Tryphena Wade , who 's also performing as the lioness since 2010 . Enrique Segura is the actor who played Ed for the longest timespan in the show , being on it for more than a decade . Segura is followed by Bonita J. Hamilton and James Brown - Orleans , who have been performing as hyenas Shenzi and Banzai for more than 5 years . Nokubonga Khuzwayo has been performing as Nala for the longest timespan in the show . She 's performed in South Africa ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , Taiwan ( 2008 ) , Las Vegas ( 2010 -- 2011 ) , American tour ( 2011 ) and Germany ( from 2012 up to the present time ) .", "17": "Lebo M , Tsidii LeLoka , Willi Welp and Gustavo Vaz were the only actors who were performers and directors of the show . Lebo M was the composer of various of the show 's songs and performed on Broadway ( 1997 -- 2000 ) , Willi Welp performed as Scar from 2005 to 2015 and then left to be the resident director of the show 's German production and Gustavo was the resident director of the show 's Brazilian production at the same time he was a Scar and Pumbaa standby . Original Broadway Rafiki Tsidi LeLoka was also part of the show 's creative team , as she 's the one responsible for adding Rafiki 's chants to the story and writing her mourning song . When Carlos Rivera played his 1000th performance on January 27 , 2016 , he turned into the actor who 's been performing as a leading Simba for the longest time in the show . He played the role in Spain for 700 times and for more than 300 times in Mexico . He finally left the show in May 2016 . Rivera is also the sole leading cast member whose voice can be heard in two different recordings . He takes part in the Spanish ( 2011 ) and Mexican ( 2015 ) cast recordings . While it 's a rule for all the productions of the show to have at least 6 South African performers in their casts , the South African one had a cast fully made of native actors . Nosipho Nkonqa is the cast member who 's been in more productions than any other . She was in the Holland ( 2004 -- 2006 ) , South African ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , Taiwan ( 2008 ) , Singapore ( 2011 ) , United Kingdom tour ( 2012 -- 2015 ) , Basel ( 2015 ) and London ( 2016 ) productions . She is followed by Mduduzi Madela , who served in the ensemble group in Holland ( 2004 -- 2006 ) , Paris ( 2007 -- 2010 ) , Las Vegas ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , United Kingdom tour ( 2012 -- 2013 ) and Broadway ( 2013 - present ) .", "18": "Andile Gumbi is the actor who performed as Simba for the longest time in the show . He was in the original Australian tour ( 2003 -- 2006 ) , Shanghai ( 2006 ) , Johannesburg ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , London ( 2009 -- 2012 ) and Broadway ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . He is followed by Jonathan Andrew Hume , who performed as a standby ( 2001 -- 2011 ) and as a full - time cast member ( 2011 -- 2016 ) for the role . Vusi Sondyazi is one of the actors who 've been on the show for the longest time . He 's been serving as an ensemble singer and Mufasa understudy since 2003 and stays in the Gazelle Tour cast at the present , after having performed on Broadway , Taipei and Las Vegas as well . Ntomb'Khona Dlamini is the actress who served as an understudy or ensemble member for the longest time . She was in the original Broadway company as an understudy to Tsidi LeLoka . After leaving for a brief time between 2000 and 2001 , she went on to perform in the American tours . Summing up all this time , she 's been in the show for more than 15 years , finally leaving the company in 2013 . Gaia Aikman will be the first actress ever to perform as both Young and Adult Nala . She was one of the children assigned for that role in the original Dutch production ( 2004 -- 2006 ) and was selected as the leading for the adult version of the same character in the Dutch revival production ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . Recordings Most of the show 's international productions had cast recordings which are available on CD , including : 1997 Broadway Cast The original Broadway cast recording is the only cast recording of the musical that comes with the song `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' . It 's also the only cast recording that does not come with the full reprise of `` Circle of Life '' , the last four verses of that song being added to the CD .", "19": "1999 Japanese Cast The Japanese cast recording was re-released in 2011 with four extra karaoke tracks and new renditions of the songs using the instrumental tracks of the 1999 CD . ( Walt Disney Records , ASIN : B0058X1C3S ) 2002 German Cast At sometime after the show 's German debut , alternate versions of the songs `` Der ewige kreis '' , `` Endlose Nacht '' , `` Er lebt in dir '' and `` Kann es wirklich liebe sein '' ( German versions of `` Circle of Life '' , `` Endless Night '' , `` He Lives in You '' and `` Can You Feel The Love Tonight ? '' ) were released . 2004 Dutch Cast The 2016 Dutch revival production had a newly live recorded cast album with different instrumental tracks for the songs . 2007 French Cast Some time during the promotion of the French promotion , a CD - single containing a medley of the songs `` Ils Vivent en Toi '' and `` Il Vit en Toi '' ( French versions of `` They Live in You '' and `` He Lives in You '' ) was released , with a music video being recorded with actors Zama Magudulela ( Rafiki ) , Jeremy Fontanet ( Adult Simba ) and Jean - Luc Guizonne ( Mufasa ) performing and singing the song with natives chanting in the background . This new version of the songs were also included in a special , double edition of the French cast recording that also came with a bonus DVD . 2007 South African Cast ( live performance audio CD ) The song `` Rafiki Mourns '' was cut from this CD , while every other song was included in their complete form . The CD also comes with a remix of the song `` One by One '' performed by the cast . 2011 Spanish Cast The Spanish CD already comes with the cuts made to the Broadway production in 2010 . The song `` The Morning Report '' was totally cut , with some minutes of `` Can You Feel The Love Tonight '' and `` The Madness of King Scar '' . Also , it is the only non-English CD where `` One by One '' was renamed due to the language ( in Spanish , it became `` Somos mil '' ) , though the song is performed with its original lyrics .", "20": "2015 Mexican Cast In this release , the Mexican Spanish versions of Simba Confronts Scar and Circle of Life ( Reprise ) were comprised into a single song , this version being named Confrontación / Finale . It also includes the song which Timon sings to fool the hyenas , which was recorded in the studio and added to the cast album . With the release of the Mexican cast recording , Spanish was the first language in which the musical was performed that spawned two different cast recordings . Mexican Spanish lyrics were translated by Aleks Syntek and Armando Manzanero . Note : A recording entitled The Lion King , by the London Theatre Orchestra and Singers , was released on November 14 , 2000 ( D - 3 Entertainment , ASIN : B00004ZDR6 ) . This is not the London original cast recording . Of all the show 's productions ( counting the English ones ) , only the Brazilian and the Korean ones did n't have cast recordings released . The Lion King : original Broadway cast recording The Lion King : Original Broadway Cast Recording album cover art The Lion King : Original Broadway Cast Recording is a cast recording released on 1997 by The Walt Disney Company , a recording of the songs as heard in the stage musical . Most of the tracks were composed by African composer Lebo M. and focused primarily on the African influences of the film 's original music , with most songs being sung either partially or entirely in various African languages . Rafiki 's chants in `` Rafiki Mourns '' were written by Tsidii Le Loka , who originated the role on Broadway . `` Circle of Life '' -- Faca Kulu , Lebo M , The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka `` Grasslands Chant '' -- The Lion King Ensemble `` The Morning Report '' -- Geoff Hoyle , Samuel E. Wright and Scott Irby - Ranniar `` The Lioness Hunt '' -- Lebo M and The Lion King Ensemble `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' -- Geoff Hoyle , Kajuana Shuford , Scott Irby - Ranniar and The Lion King Ensemble `` Chow Down '' -- Kevin Cahoon , Stanley Wayne Mathis and Tracy Nicole Chapman `` They Live in You '' -- Samuel E. Wright and The Lion King Ensemble `` Be Prepared '' -- John Vickery ,", "21": "Kevin Cahoon , Stanley Wayne Mathis , The Lion King Ensemble and Tracy Nicole Chapman `` The Stampede '' -- The Lion King Ensemble `` Rafiki Mourns '' -- The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka `` Hakuna Matata '' -- Jason Raize , Max Casella , Scott Irby - Ranniar , The Lion King Ensemble and Tom Alan Robbins `` One by One '' -- Lebo M and The Lion King Ensemble `` The Madness of King Scar '' -- Geoff Hoyle , Heather Headley , John Vickery , Kevin Cahoon , Stanley Wayne Mathis and Tracy Nicole Chapman `` Shadowland '' -- Heather Headley , The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' -- Lebo M `` Endless Night '' -- Jason Raize and The Lion King Ensemble `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' -- Heather Headley , Jason Raize , Max Casella , The Lion King Ensemble and Tom Alan Robbins `` He Lives in You ( Reprise ) '' -- Jason Raize , The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka `` Simba Confronts Scar '' -- Mark Mancina and Robert Elhai `` King of Pride Rock / Circle of Life ( Reprise ) '' -- Geoff Hoyle , Heather Headley , Jason Raize , Lebo M , Max Casella , The Lion King Ensemble , Tom Alan Robbins and Tsidii Le Loka Note : The songs `` Grasslands Chant '' , `` The Lioness Hunt '' , `` Chow Down '' , `` They Live in You '' , `` Rafiki Mourns '' , `` One by One '' , `` The Madness of King Scar '' , `` Shadowland '' , `` Endless Night '' and `` Simba Confronts Scar '' are new songs written for the musical .", "22": "Instrumentation The original broadway show included : 1 wood flute soloist / flute / piccolo 1 concertmistress 2 violins 1 violin / viola 2 cellos 1 flute / clarinet / bass clarinet 3 French horns 1 trombone 1 bass trombone / tuba 1 upright & electric basses 1 drums 1 guitar 2 mallets / percussion 2 percussion 3 keyboard synthesizers Awards and nominations Original Broadway production Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1998 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Max Casella Nominated Geoff Hoyle Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Tsidii Le Loka Won Outstanding Director Julie Taymor Won Outstanding Choreography Garth Fagan Won Outstanding Orchestrations Robert Elhai , David Metzger , and Bruce Fowler Nominated Outstanding Set Design Richard Hudson Won Outstanding Costume Design Julie Taymor Won Outstanding Lighting Design Donald Holder Won Outstanding Sound Design Tony Meola Won Outstanding Puppet Design Julie Taymor and Michael Curry Won Theatre World Awards Max Casella Won Tony Awards Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Roger Allers and Irene Mecchi Nominated Best Original Score Elton John , Tim Rice , Hans Zimmer , Lebo M , Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin and Julie Taymor Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Samuel E. Wright Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Tsidii Le Loka Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Julie Taymor Won Best Choreography Garth Fagan Won Best Orchestrations Robert Elhai ,", "23": "David Metzger and Bruce Fowler Nominated Best Scenic Design for a Musical Richard Hudson Won Best Costume Design for a Musical Julie Taymor and Michael Curry Won Best Lighting Design of a Musical Donald Holder Won Original London production Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1999 Laurence Olivier Awards Best New Musical Nominated Best Actor in a Musical Rob Edwards Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Josette Bushell - Mingo Nominated Best Director Julie Taymor Nominated Best Theatre Choreographer Garth Fagan Won Best Set Design Richard Hudson Nominated Best Costume Design Julie Taymor Won Best Lighting Design Donald Holder Nominated Original France production Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2008 Molière Awards Best Musical Won Best Costume Design Julie Taymor Won Best Lighting Design Donald Holder Won References Jump up ^ `` Long Runs on Broadway '' , Playbill , January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE LION KING Becomes 3rd - Longest Running Broadway Show of All Time ; Passes CATS '' . Broadway World . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An all - star line up unveiled for the 80th anniversary show on BBC ONE '' ( PDF ) . Entertainment Artistes ' Benevolent Fund . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` The Lion King Is Now Top - Earner in Box - Office History '' , Playbill , September 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadway 's Lion King Now Nine Minutes Shorter '' . Playbill . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 .", "24": "Jump up ^ The South Bank Show : The Lion King Musical ^ Jump up to : Taymor , Julie , The Lion King : Pride Rock on Broadway ( Disney Editions , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ `` Disney musical debuts in Shanghai , impressing audience with Chinese elements '' . People 's Daily Online . July 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Andrew Gans ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Sesma , White , Williams , Zama and Simmons Cast in Las Vegas Lion King '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dan Bacalzo ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Lion King Cast to Perform on September 23 Dancing With the Stars '' . Theater Mania . Jump up ^ `` MISAFF14 Star '' . MISAFF Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` ' The Lion King ' Celebrates Successful Mexico City Premiere '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ Andrew Gans ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' to Play Shanghai and Mexico City '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ `` Musical `` O Rei Leão '' estreia em SP em março ; conheça os atores da peça `` . BOL . January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lucas ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` O Rei Leão - Musical desembarca em São Paulo em 2013 '' . O Camundongo . Jump up ^ UOL ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Musical `` O Rei Leão '' estende temporada até 14 de dezembro `` . Guia UOL . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael . The Lion King , The Guardian , October 20 , 1999 , accessed October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt . `` Review : The Lion King ( Lyceum Theater ) '' , Variety , October 25 , 1999 , accessed October 16 , 2015 .", "25": "Jump up ^ `` The Lion King Celebrates 15 Years in the West End '' Archived 2016 - 02 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , London Theatre Information and Tickets , October 13 , 2014 ; accessed October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Variety show for Lion King '' , BBC News , November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Disney 's The Lion King komt terug naar Nederland Jump up ^ `` Le Roi Lion '' à Paris : fermeture annoncée pour le 25 juillet 2010 , `` Mamma Mia '' attendu dans la foulée Archived 2016 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gran estreno del musical de Disney El rey león en el corazón de Madrid '' . elreyleon.es . October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` El musical El rey león alcanza las 2.000 funciones en Madrid '' . europapress.es . September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lion King ' kommt 2015 in die Schweiz '' . 20 Minuten. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davie , Lucille. `` The Lion King comes home '' , southafrica.info , June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ongoing Productions '' . shiki.jp . Jump up ^ `` Japanese version of ' Lion King ' musical marks 10,000 th performance '' . Kyodo news . July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elissa Blake ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Rice 's roar talent back on show '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Lion King to Play Shanghai '' . playbill.com . Jump up ^ Cynthia Momdjian ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Lion King ' Coming to Shanghai Disney Resort , ESPN and Google Collaborate for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Josh Trank to Direct Stand - Alone ' Star Wars ' Film '' . The Walt Disney Company .", "26": "Jump up ^ The Lion King International tour official website Jump up ^ `` First international tour of Disney 's The Lion King premieres in Manila '' . broadwayworld.com . March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The truth about polar bears '' . bbc.com. 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE LION KING : Opening in Antarctica in 2019 '' . youtube.com. April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nuestro Zazu vuela a Broadway Jump up ^ Lion King 's queen Jump up ^ ' Lion King ' spiritual guide ends Broadway run to take the show on the road Jump up ^ Celebra Carlos Rivera 1000 funciones como Simba en El Rey León Jump up ^ Andile Gumbi Joins Cast of THE LION KING as ' Simba ' Tonight Jump up ^ `` amazon.com listing for Lion King recordings '' , amazon.com Jump up ^ `` listing for the 2011 Japanese cast recording '' , amazon.com , accessed February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Le Roi Lion > Original Paris Cast : CastAlbums.org '' . castalbums.org . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King > Original South African Cast : CastAlbums.org '' . castalbums.org . Jump up ^ `` Syntek y Manzanero musicalizan El Rey León '' . holaciudad.com . Jump up ^ `` listing for London 2000 recording '' , amazon.com , accessed January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` The Lion King - IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . ibdb.com . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lion King .", "27": "Official website The Lion King at the Internet Broadway Database The Lion King Musical Lyrics The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Disney Theatrical Productions Animated Disney film adaptations Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) Pinocchio ( 2017 ) Frozen ( 2018 ) Disney live - action film adaptations Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) High School Musical on Stage ! ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 : On Stage !", "28": "( 2008 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Other adaptations King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 2000 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Peter and the Starcatcher ( 2009 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 2014 ) Elton John Discography Albums Singles Videography Awards Studio albums Empty Sky Elton John Tumbleweed Connection Madman Across the Water Honky Château Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player Goodbye Yellow Brick Road Caribou Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy Rock of the Westies Blue Moves A Single Man Victim of Love 21 at 33 The Fox Jump Up ! Too Low for Zero Breaking Hearts Ice on Fire Leather Jackets Reg Strikes Back Sleeping with the Past The One Duets Made in England The Big Picture Songs from the West Coast Peachtree Road The Captain & the Kid The Union The Diving Board Wonderful Crazy Night Live albums 17 - 11 - 70 Here and There Live in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Elton John One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits Elton 60 -- Live at Madison Square Garden Soundtrack albums Friends The Lion King The Muse Elton John and Tim Rice 's Aida The Road to El Dorado Gnomeo & Juliet Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Volume II The Thom Bell Sessions Lady Samantha Greatest Hits Vol. 3 The Complete Thom Bell Sessions To Be Continued The Very Best of Elton John Rare Masters Greatest Hits 1976 -- 1986 The Superior Sound of Elton John Chartbusters Go Pop Classic Elton John Love Songs Prologue Greatest Hits 1970 -- 2002 Elton John 's Christmas Party Rocket Man : The Definitive Hits Diamonds Other albums Two Rooms : Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin Good Morning to the Night Revamp & Restoration Video albums The Afternoon Concert The", "29": "Night Time Concert Night and Day Concert Live in Australia The Very Best of Elton John Live in Barcelona Love Songs Elton John One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits Dream Ticket Elton 60 -- Live at Madison Square Garden The Red Piano Concert tours 1970 World Tour West of the Rockies Tour Louder Than Concorde Tour 1980 World Tour Jump Up Tour Too Low for Zero Tour European Express Tour Breaking Hearts Tour Ice on Fire Tour Tour De Force Reg Strikes Back Tour Sleeping with the Past Tour The One Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Made in England Tour Big Picture Tour Face to Face 1998 An Evening with Elton John Medusa Tour Stately Home Tour Face to Face 2001 Songs from the West Coast Tour Face to Face 2002 A Journey Through Time 2003 Tour Face to Face 2003 2004 Tour Peachtree Road Tour 2006 European Tour The Captain and the Kid Tour Rocket Man : Greatest Hits Live Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 2010 European Tour Greatest Hits Tour 40th Anniversary of the Rocket Man The Diving Board Tour Follow the Yellow Brick Road Tour All the Hits Tour The Final Curtain Tour Wonderful Crazy Night Tour Farewell Yellow Brick Road Concert residencies The Red Piano The Million Dollar Piano Miscellaneous performances List of Elton John and Ray Cooper concert tours The Union Tour Musicals The Lion King animated live - action musical Billy Elliot the Musical Aida Lestat The Devil Wears Prada Related articles Bernie Taupin Gus Dudgeon Paul Buckmaster John Reid", "30": "Dick James David Furnish Kiki Dee Elton John AIDS Foundation Watford F.C. Bluesology Hookfoot Woodside , Old Windsor The Union Elton John : Me , Myself & I Elton John : Tantrums & Tiaras Elton John : The Classic Years Book Category Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute !", "31": "( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night ,", "32": "Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D.", "33": "( 2014 ) Ophelia ( 2018 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Hamlet Had an Uncle Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io ,", "34": "Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure `` Tales from the Public Domain '' Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) War ( 2002 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge !", "35": "( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) `` The Conscience of the King '' ( 1966 ) `` Born to Be King '' ( 1983 ) `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' ( 2001 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! Helpmann Award for Best Musical The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) Cabaret ( 2003 ) The Lion King ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) Keating !", "36": "( 2007 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) Wicked ( 2009 ) Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) The King and I ( 2014 ) Les Misérables ( 2015 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Musical 1949 - 1975 Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) The King and I ( 1952 ) Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1954 ) The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) The Music Man ( 1958 ) Redhead ( 1959 ) The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) Cabaret ( 1967 ) Hallelujah , Baby !", "37": "( 1968 ) 1776 ( 1969 ) Applause ( 1970 ) Company ( 1971 ) Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) Raisin ( 1974 ) The Wiz ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) 2001 - present The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Avenue Q ( 2004 ) Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) In the Heights ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Fun Home ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) GND : 4569922 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "38": "php?title=The_Lion_King_(musical)&oldid=838522833 '' Categories : 1997 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals by Tim Rice The Lion King West End musicals Musicals based on films Walt Disney Theatrical Helpmann Award - winning musicals Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Plays and musicals based on Hamlet Plays set in Africa Tony Award for Best Musical Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 37, 38, 0, 30, 36, 16, 9, 31, 22, 24, 17, 14, 27, 18, 8, 19, 10, 26, 12, 6, 25, 11, 13, 21, 7, 29, 28, 2, 35, 23, 33, 3, 32, 4, 20, 1, 5, 15, 34 ]	[ 37, 38, 0, 30, 36, 16 ]
-8663677348726230272	when was the movie the wizard of oz made	[ "1939", "August 25, 1939", "1939", "1939" ]	{ "0": "The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) - wikipedia The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Wizard of Oz Theatrical release poster Directed by Victor Fleming King Vidor George Cukor Richard Thorpe Norman Taurog Produced by Mervyn LeRoy Screenplay by Noel Langley Florence Ryerson Edgar Allan Woolf Based on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum Starring Judy Garland Frank Morgan Ray Bolger Bert Lahr Jack Haley Billie Burke Margaret Hamilton Charley Grapewin Music by Herbert Stothart Cinematography Harold Rosson Edited by Blanche Sewell Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by Loew 's , Inc . Release date August 25 , 1939 ( 1939 - 08 - 25 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.8 million Box office $3 million ( original release ) $23.3 million ( unadjusted , re-releases ) The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy film produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . Widely considered to be one of the greatest films in cinema history , it is the best - known and most commercially successful adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's 1900 children 's book , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . It was directed primarily by Victor Fleming ( who left production to take over direction on the troubled Gone with the Wind production ) . It stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale , alongside Ray Bolger , Jack Haley , Bert Lahr , Frank Morgan , Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton , with Charley Grapewin , Pat Walshe and Clara Blandick , Terry ( billed as Toto ) , and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins . Legendary for its use of Technicolor , fantasy storytelling , musical score , and memorable characters , it has become an icon of American popular culture . It was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture , but lost to Gone with the Wind .", "1": "It did win in two other categories , including Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' and Best Original Score by Herbert Stothart . While the film was considered a critical success upon release in August 1939 , it failed to make a profit for MGM until the 1949 rerelease , earning only $3,017,000 on a $2,777,000 budget , not including promotional costs , which made it MGM 's most expensive production to that time . The 1956 television broadcast premiere of the film on the CBS network reintroduced the film to the public ; watching it became an annual tradition and , according to the Library of Congress , it is the most seen film in movie history . It was among the 25 films that inaugurated the National Film Registry list in 1989 . It is also one of the few films on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . The Wizard of Oz is the source of many quotes referenced in contemporary popular culture . Noel Langley , Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf received credit for the screenplay , but uncredited contributions were made by others . The songs were written by Edgar `` Yip '' Harburg ( lyrics ) and Harold Arlen ( music ) . The musical score and the incidental music were composed by Stothart . The Wizard of Oz theatrical poster Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Munchkins ( uncredited ) 3 Production 3.1 Development and pre-production 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Richard Thorpe as director 3.3. 2 George Cukor 's brief stint 3.3. 3 Victor Fleming , the main director 3.3.", "2": "4 King Vidor 's finishing work as director 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Deleted songs 4.2 Song list 4.3 Underscoring 5 Release 5.1 Box office 6 Reception 6.1 Legacy 7 Re-releases 8 Television 9 Home media 10 Awards and honors 10.1 Academy Awards 10.2 American Film Institute lists 10.3 Other honors 11 Differences from the novel 12 Sequels and reinterpretations 13 Cultural impact 13.1 Ruby slippers 13.2 Impact upon LGBT culture 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Bibliography 17 External links Plot ( edit ) Stars Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale and Terry The Dog , as Toto Margaret Hamilton as The Wicked Witch of the West with Dorothy Gale The film begins in Kansas , which is depicted in a sepia tone . Dorothy Gale lives with her dog , Toto , on her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farm . Toto gets in trouble with a mean neighbor , Miss Almira Gulch , when he bites her . However , Dorothy 's family and the farmhands are all too busy to listen to her troubles . Miss Gulch arrives with an order from the sheriff allowing her to take Toto , but he escapes and returns to Dorothy who , fearing that Miss Gulch will return , decides to run away from home . After leaving home , Dorothy and Toto encounter Professor Marvel , a kindly fortune teller who , realizing Dorothy has run away , uses his crystal ball to convince her that Aunt Em is ill . Dorothy runs home just as a tornado approaches . Locked out of the storm cellar , she seeks safety in the house , where a wind - blown window sash knocks her out . She awakens to find the tornado has sent the house spinning into the sky . Outside the window during the flight , she sees farm animals , an old lady knitting in a chair , two men rowing a boat , and Miss Gulch , who transforms into a cackling witch riding a broomstick . Dorothy with Glinda the Good Witch of the North Suddenly the house falls to the ground and all is quiet .", "3": "As Dorothy opens the door , the film changes to technicolor -- she and Toto have arrived in Munchkinland , part of the Land of Oz . Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the munchkins welcome her as their heroine because the house landed on and killed the Wicked Witch of the East . In the middle of the celebration , the Wicked Witch of the West arrives in a ball of smoke and fire to claim her sister 's ruby slippers , but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy 's feet before the witch can get them . The witch swears revenge on Dorothy for her sister 's death . Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City where the Wizard of Oz might be able to help her get back home to Kansas . On her way , Dorothy meets and befriends a Scarecrow , who wants a brain , and invites him to join her on her journey . Eventually they come to an apple orchard where they find and befriend a Tin Man who desires a heart . After inviting him to come along , the Witch appears and makes threats to them . Deep in the woods , they meet a Cowardly Lion who is in need of courage and invite him to come along as well . After the Witch attempts to stop them using an enchanted poppy field , they finally reach the Emerald City . Inside , after being initially rejected , they are permitted to see the Wizard , who appears as a large disembodied head surrounded by fire . He agrees to grant their wishes if they will bring him the Witch of the West 's broomstick , implying they must kill her to get it . On their journey to the Witch 's castle , they pass through the Haunted Forest , while the Witch views their progress in her crystal ball . She sends her winged monkeys to attack them ; they capture Dorothy and Toto . At the castle , the Witch is stymied by magic when she tries to get the ruby slippers off Dorothy 's feet , then remembers that Dorothy must be dead first . Toto escapes and leads the Scarecrow , Tin Man , and Cowardly Lion to the castle . After overpowering three Winkie guards , they march inside wearing the stolen guards ' uniforms and free her , but the Witch discovers and traps them .", "4": "The Scarecrow provides a distraction and they attempt to escape , being chased by the Witch and her guards , but are finally surrounded . The Witch sets fire to the Scarecrow and Dorothy puts it out with a bucket of water and unwittingly melts and kills the witch as the water splashes on her . The guards rejoice that she is dead and give Dorothy the charred broomstick in gratitude . Back at the Emerald City , they bring the broomstick to the Wizard . When they ask him to keep his promises , the Wizard delays granting their requests . During the argument , Toto pulls back a curtain and exposes the Wizard as a normal middle - aged man who has been projecting the fearsome image ; he denies Dorothy 's accusation that he is a bad man , but admits to being a humbug . He then gives the Scarecrow a diploma , the Lion a medal , and the Tin Man a ticking heart - shaped clock , making them realize that they had what they wanted all along . The Wizard prepares to launch his hot air balloon to take Dorothy home but Toto runs off , and as she tries to get him back , the balloon leaves without them . Suddenly , Glinda returns and tells her that she can still return home by using the ruby slippers . After sharing a tearful farewell with her friends , Dorothy follows Glinda 's instructions and taps her heels together three times and repeats , `` There 's no place like home '' . She wakes up in bed at her home in Kansas , surrounded by her family , the farmhands , Professor Marvel and Toto . Though they dismiss her adventure as a dream , she insists that it was all real , and that there is no place like home .", "5": "Cast ( edit ) The film 's main characters ( left to right ) : the Cowardly Lion , Dorothy , Scarecrow , and the Tin Man Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Frank Morgan as Professor Marvel / The Wizard / Doorman / Cabbie / Guard Ray Bolger as Hunk / Scarecrow Jack Haley as Hickory / Tin Man Bert Lahr as Zeke / Cowardly Lion Billie Burke as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Margaret Hamilton as Miss Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West Clara Blandick as Auntie Em Charley Grapewin as Uncle Henry Pat Walshe as Nikko ( the Winged Monkey King ) Terry as Toto ( though credited as Toto ) Mitchell Lewis as the Winkie Guard Captain ( credited only in the IMAX version ) Adriana Caselotti as the voice of Juliet in the Tinman 's song `` If I only had a heart '' ( uncredited ) . Bert Lahr as The Cowardly Lion Munchkins ( uncredited ) ( edit ) Charlie Becker as Munchkin Mayor Meinhardt Raabe as Munchkin Coroner Jakob `` Jackie '' Gerlich as Lollipop Guild Member Jerry Maren as Lollipop Guild Member Harry Doll Earles as Lollipop Guild Member Billy Curtis as Braggart Munchkin Harry Monty as Soldier / Winged Monkey Mickey Carroll as Fiddler / Town Crier / Soldier Karl Slover as Lead trumpeter / Soldier / `` Sleepyhead '' / Villager Olga C. Nardone as the Littlest Lullaby League Margaret Pellegrini as `` Sleepyhead '' Ruth Duccini as a Munchkin Villager The Doll Family as Munchkin Villagers The Singer Midgets as Munchkins William H. O'Docharty as Munchkin Carriage Footman Production ( edit ) Development and pre-production ( edit ) Interior title plate of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the popular 1900 novel by L. Frank Baum Development began when Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) showed that films adapted from popular children 's stories and fairytale folklore could be successful .", "6": "In January 1938 , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer bought the rights to L. Frank Baum 's hugely popular novel from Samuel Goldwyn , who had toyed with the idea of making the film as a vehicle for Eddie Cantor , who was under contract to the Goldwyn studios and whom Goldwyn wanted to cast as the Scarecrow . The script went through a number of writers and revisions before the final shooting . Mervyn LeRoy 's assistant William H. Cannon had submitted a brief four - page outline . Because recent fantasy films had not fared well , he recommended that the magical elements of the story be toned down or eliminated . In his outline , the Scarecrow was a man so stupid that the only employment open to him was literally scaring crows from cornfields , and the Tin Woodman was a criminal so heartless he was sentenced to be placed in a tin suit for eternity ; this torture softened him into someone gentle and kind . His vision was similar to Larry Semon 's 1925 film adaptation of the story , in which the magical element is absent . After that , LeRoy hired screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz , who soon delivered a 17 - page draft of the Kansas scenes , and a few weeks later , a further 56 pages . Noel Langley and poet Ogden Nash were also hired to write separate versions of the story . None of these three knew about the others , and this was not an uncommon procedure . Nash delivered a four - page outline , Langley turned in a 43 - page treatment and a full film script . He turned in three more , this time incorporating the songs that had been written by Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg . Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf submitted a script and were brought on board to touch up the writing . They would be responsible for making sure the story stayed true to the Baum book . However , producer Arthur Freed was unhappy with their work and reassigned it to Langley . During filming , Victor Fleming and John Lee Mahin revised the script further , adding and cutting some scenes . In addition , Jack Haley and Bert Lahr are known to have written some of their own dialogue for the Kansas sequence .", "7": "Yip Harburg was awarded an Oscar for writing the lyrics to Over the Rainbow and in 2005 was honored for the song with a U.S. postage stamp The final draft of the script was completed on October 8 , 1938 , following numerous rewrites . All in all , it was a mish - mash of many creative minds , but Langley , Ryerson , and Woolf got the film credits . Along with the contributors already mentioned , others who assisted with the adaptation without receiving credit include : Irving Brecher , Herbert Fields , Arthur Freed , Yip Harburg , Samuel Hoffenstein , Jack Mintz , Sid Silvers , Richard Thorpe , Cukor and Vidor . In addition , songwriter Harburg 's son ( and biographer ) Ernie Harburg reported : `` So anyhow , Yip also wrote all the dialogue in that time and the setup to the songs and he also wrote the part where they give out the heart , the brains , and the nerve , because he was the final script editor . And he -- there was eleven screenwriters on that -- and he pulled the whole thing together , wrote his own lines and gave the thing a coherence and unity which made it a work of art . But he does n't get credit for that . He gets lyrics by E.Y. Harburg , you see . But nevertheless , he put his influence on the thing . '' The original producers thought that a 1939 audience was too sophisticated to accept Oz as a straight - ahead fantasy ; therefore , it was reconceived as a lengthy , elaborate dream sequence . Because of a perceived need to attract a youthful audience through appealing to modern fads and styles , the score had featured a song called `` The Jitterbug '' , and the script had featured a scene with a series of musical contests . A spoiled , selfish princess in Oz had outlawed all forms of music except classical and operetta , and went up against Dorothy in a singing contest in which her swing style enchanted listeners and won the grand prize . This part was initially written for Betty Jaynes . The plan was later dropped . Another scene , which was removed before final script approval and never filmed , was a concluding scene back in Kansas after Dorothy 's return .", "8": "Hunk ( the Kansan counterpart to the Scarecrow ) is leaving for agricultural college and extracts a promise from Dorothy to write to him . The implication of the scene is that romance will eventually develop between the two , which also may have been intended as an explanation for Dorothy 's partiality for the Scarecrow over her other two companions . This plot idea was never totally dropped , but is especially noticeable in the final script when Dorothy , just before she is to leave Oz , tells the Scarecrow , `` I think I 'll miss you most of all . '' In his book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , Baum describes Kansas as being `` in shades of gray '' . Further , Dorothy lived inside a farmhouse which had its paint blistered and washed away by the weather , giving it an air of grayness . The house and property were situated in the middle of a sweeping prairie where the grass was burnt gray by harsh sun . Aunt Em and Uncle Henry were `` gray with age '' . Effectively , the use of monochrome sepia tones for the Kansas sequences was a stylistic choice that evoked the dull and gray countryside . Much attention was given to the use of color in the production , with the MGM production crew favoring some hues over others . Consequently , it took the studio 's art department almost a week to settle on the final shade of yellow used for the yellow brick road . Casting ( edit ) Garland won the role of Dorothy despite substantial competition See also : Munchkin § In the 1939 film LeRoy had always insisted that he wanted to cast Judy Garland to play Dorothy from the start ; however , evidence suggests that negotiations occurred early in pre-production for Shirley Temple to be cast as Dorothy , on loan from 20th Century Fox . A persistent rumor also existed that Fox , in turn , was promised Clark Gable and Jean Harlow as a loan from MGM . The tale is almost certainly untrue , as Harlow died in 1937 , before MGM had even purchased the rights to the story . Despite this , the story appears in many film biographies ( including Temple 's own autobiography ) .", "9": "The documentary The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic states that Mervyn LeRoy was under pressure to cast Temple , then the most popular child star , but at an unofficial audition , MGM musical mainstay Roger Edens listened to her sing and felt that an actress with a different style was needed ; a 50th anniversary documentary for the film suggested that Temple , then 10 years old , was slightly too young for the part . Newsreel footage is included in which Temple wisecracks , `` There 's no place like home '' , suggesting that she was being considered for the part at that time . A possibility is that this consideration did indeed take place , but that Gable and Harlow were not part of the proposed deal . Actress Deanna Durbin , who was under contract to Universal Studios , was also considered for the part of Dorothy . Durbin , at the time , far exceeded Garland in film experience and fan base and both had co-starred in a 1936 two - reeler titled Every Sunday . The film was most notable for exhibiting Durbin 's operatic style of singing against Garland 's jazzier style . Durbin was possibly passed over once it was decided to bring on Jaynes , also an operatic singer , to rival Garland 's jazz in the aforementioned discarded subplot of the film . Ebsen 's first makeup test as the Tin Man Ray Bolger was originally cast as the Tin Man and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow . Bolger , however , longed to play the Scarecrow , as his childhood idol Fred Stone had done on stage in 1902 ; with that very performance , Stone had inspired him to become a vaudevillian in the first place . Now unhappy with his role as the Tin Man ( reportedly claiming , `` I 'm not a tin performer ; I 'm fluid '' ) , Bolger convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him in the part he so desired .", "10": "Ebsen did not object ; after going over the basics of the Scarecrow 's distinctive gait with Bolger ( as a professional dancer , Ebsen had been cast because the studio was confident he would be up to the task of replicating the famous `` wobbly - walk '' of Stone 's Scarecrow ) , he recorded all of his songs , went through all the rehearsals as the Tin Man and began filming with the rest of the cast . Bert Lahr was signed for the Cowardly Lion on July 25 , 1938 ; the next month , Charles Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry on August 12 . W.C. Fields was originally chosen for the role of the Wizard , a role turned down by Ed Wynn as he thought the part was too small , but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over Fields ' fee ; instead , another contract player , Frank Morgan , was cast on September 22 . An extensive talent search produced over a hundred little people to play Munchkins ; this meant that most of the film 's Oz sequences would have to already be shot before work on the Munchkinland sequence could begin . According to Munchkin actor Jerry Maren , the little people were each paid over $125 a week . Meinhardt Raabe , who played the coroner , revealed in the 1990 documentary The Making of the Wizard of Oz that the MGM costume and wardrobe department , under the direction of designer Adrian , had to design over 100 costumes for the Munchkin sequences . They then had to photograph and catalog each Munchkin in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production . Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch . She became unhappy when the witch 's persona shifted from sly and glamorous ( thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ) into the familiar `` ugly hag '' . She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10 , 1938 , just three days before filming started , by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton .", "11": "Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no regrets about turning down the part , and would go on to play a glamorous villain in Fox 's version of Maurice Maeterlinck 's The Blue Bird in 1940 ; Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) . According to Aljean Harmetz , the `` gone - to - seed '' coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second - hand shop . According to legend , Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum , that Baum 's widow confirmed this , and that the coat was eventually presented to her . But Baum biographer Michael Patrick Hearn says the Baum family denies ever seeing the coat or knowing of the story ; Hamilton considered it a concocted studio rumor . Filming ( edit ) Richard Thorpe as director ( edit ) Filming commenced October 13 , 1938 , on the MGM lot in Culver City , California , under the direction of Richard Thorpe ( replacing original director Norman Taurog , who filmed only a few early Technicolor tests and was then reassigned ) . Thorpe initially shot about two weeks of footage ( nine days in total ) involving Dorothy 's first encounter with the Scarecrow , as well as a number of sequences in the Wicked Witch 's castle , such as Dorothy 's rescue ( which , though unreleased , comprises the only footage of Ebsen 's Tin Man ) . According to most sources , ten days into the shoot , Ebsen suffered a reaction to the aluminum powder makeup he wore . He was hospitalized in critical condition , and subsequently was forced to leave the project ; in a later interview ( included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz ) , he recalled the studio heads appreciated the seriousness of his illness only after seeing him in the hospital . Filming halted while a replacement for him was found . No full footage of him as the Tin Man has ever been released -- only photographs taken during filming and makeup test photos . His replacement , Jack Haley , simply assumed he had been fired .", "12": "Author and screen - writer George MacDonald Fraser offers an alternative story , told to him by Burt Lancaster 's producing partner , Jim Hill , that Ebsen had refused to be painted silver and was fired . George Cukor 's brief stint ( edit ) LeRoy , after reviewing the footage and feeling Thorpe was rushing the production , adversely affecting the actors ' performances , had Thorpe replaced . During reorganization on the production , George Cukor temporarily took over , under LeRoy 's guidance . Initially , the studio had made Garland wear a blond wig and heavy `` baby - doll '' makeup , and she played Dorothy in an exaggerated fashion ; now , Cukor changed Garland 's and Hamilton 's makeup and costumes , and told Garland to `` be herself '' . This meant that all the scenes Garland and Hamilton had already completed had to be discarded and reshot . Cukor also suggested that the studio cast Jack Haley , on loan from Fox , as the Tin Man . To keep down on production costs , Haley only rerecorded `` If I Only Had a Heart '' and solo lines during `` The Jitterbug '' and `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' ; as such , Ebsen 's voice can still be heard in the remaining songs featuring the Tin Man in group vocals . The makeup used for Haley was quietly changed to an aluminum paste , with a layer of clown white greasepaint underneath to protect his skin ; although it did not have the same dire effect on Haley , he did at one point suffer an eye infection from it . In addition , Bolger 's original recording of `` If I Only Had a Brain '' had been far more sedate compared to the version heard in the film ; during this time , Cukor and LeRoy decided that a more energetic rendition would better suit Dorothy 's initial meeting with the Scarecrow ( initially , it was to contrast with his lively manner in Thorpe 's footage ) , and was rerecorded as such . At first thought to be lost for over seven decades , a recording of this original version was rediscovered in 2009 .", "13": "Victor Fleming , the main director ( edit ) Fleming on set with cast Cukor did not actually shoot any scenes for the film , merely acting as something of a `` creative advisor '' to the troubled production , and , because of his prior commitment to direct Gone with the Wind , he left on November 3 , 1938 , when Victor Fleming assumed directorial responsibility . As director , Fleming chose not to shift the film from Cukor 's creative realignment , as producer LeRoy had already pronounced his satisfaction with the new course the film was taking . Production on the bulk of the Technicolor sequences was a long and exhausting process that ran for over six months , from October 1938 to March 1939 . Most of the cast worked six days a week and had to arrive as early as 4 : 00 a.m. to be fitted with makeup and costumes , and often did not leave until 7 pm or later . Cumbersome makeup and costumes were made even more uncomfortable by the daylight - bright lighting the early Technicolor process required , which could heat the set to over 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Bolger later said that the frightening nature of the costumes prevented most of the Oz principals from eating in the studio commissary ; the toxicity of Hamilton 's copper - based makeup forced her to eat a liquid diet on shoot days . It took as many as twelve takes to have Toto run alongside the actors as they skipped down the yellow brick road . All of the Oz sequences were filmed in three - strip Technicolor . The opening and closing credits , as well as the Kansas sequences , were filmed in black and white and colored in a sepia - tone process . Sepia - toned film was also used in the scene where Aunt Em appears in the Wicked Witch 's crystal ball . In Hamilton 's exit from Munchkinland , a concealed elevator was arranged to lower her below stage as fire and smoke erupted to dramatize and conceal her exit . The first take ran well but in the second take the flames did not go out in time . The flames set fire to her green , copper - based face paint , causing third - degree burns on her hands and face . She spent three months healing before returning to work .", "14": "King Vidor 's finishing work as director ( edit ) On February 12 , 1939 , Fleming hastily replaced Cukor in directing Gone with the Wind ; the next day , King Vidor was assigned as director by the studio to finish the filming of The Wizard of Oz ( mainly the sepia - toned Kansas sequences , including Garland 's singing of `` Over the Rainbow '' and the tornado ) . In later years , when the film became firmly established as a classic , Vidor chose not to take public credit for his contribution until after the death of his friend Fleming in 1949 . Post-production ( edit ) Principal photography concluded with the Kansas sequences on March 16 , 1939 ; nonetheless , reshoots and pick - up shots were filmed throughout April and May and into June , under the direction of producer LeRoy . After the deletion of the `` Over the Rainbow '' reprise during subsequent test screenings in early June , Garland had to be brought back one more time to reshoot the `` Auntie Em , I 'm frightened ! '' scene without the song ; the footage of Blandick 's Aunt Em , as shot by Vidor , had already been set aside for rear - projection work , and was simply reused . After Hamilton 's torturous experience with the Munchkinland elevator , she refused to do the pick - ups for the scene in which she flies on a broomstick that billows smoke , so LeRoy chose to have stand - in Betty Danko perform the scene , instead ; as a result , Danko was severely injured doing the scene due to a malfunction in the smoke mechanism . At this point , the film began a long arduous post-production . Herbert Stothart had to compose the film 's background score , while A. Arnold Gillespie had to perfect the various special effects that the film required , including many of the rear projection shots . The MGM art department also had to create the various matte paintings for the background of many of the scenes . One significant innovation planned for the film was the use of stencil printing for the transition to Technicolor . Each frame was to be hand - tinted to maintain the sepia tone ; however , because this was too expensive and labor - intensive , it was abandoned and MGM used a simpler and less expensive variation of the process .", "15": "During the reshoots in May , the inside of the farm house was painted sepia , and when Dorothy opens the door , it is not Garland , but her stand - in , Bobbie Koshay , wearing a sepia gingham dress , who then backs out of frame ; once the camera moves through the door , Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress ( as noted in DVD extras ) , and the sepia - painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house 's shadow , into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting . This also meant that the reshoots provided the first proper shot of Munchkinland ; if one looks carefully , the brief cut to Dorothy looking around outside the house bisects a single long shot , from the inside of the doorway to the pan-around that finally ends in a reverse - angle as the ruins of the house are seen behind Dorothy as she comes to a stop at the foot of the small bridge . Fleming kept `` Over the Rainbow '' from being edited out of the film . Test screenings of the film began on June 5 , 1939 . Oz initially ran nearly two hours long . LeRoy and Fleming knew that at least a quarter of an hour needed to be deleted to get the film down to a manageable running time ; the average film in 1939 ran for just about 90 minutes . Three sneak previews in Santa Barbara , Pomona and San Luis Obispo , California , helped guide LeRoy and Fleming in the cutting . Among the many cuts were `` The Jitterbug '' number , the Scarecrow 's elaborate dance sequence following `` If I Only Had a Brain '' , reprises of `` Over the Rainbow '' and `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' , and a number of smaller dialogue sequences . This left the final , mostly serious portion of the film with no songs , only the dramatic underscoring . One song that was almost deleted was `` Over the Rainbow '' . MGM had felt that it made the Kansas sequence too long , as well as being far over the heads of the target audience of children . The studio also thought that it was degrading for Garland to sing in a barnyard . LeRoy , uncredited associate producer Arthur Freed and director Fleming fought to keep it in , and they all eventually won .", "16": "The song went on to win the Academy Award for Best Song of the Year , and came to be identified so strongly with Garland herself that she made it her theme song . After the preview in San Luis Obispo in early July , the film was officially released in August 1939 at its current 101 - minute running time . Music ( edit ) Main article : Musical selections in The Wizard of Oz Herbert Stothart conducts the MGM Studio Orchestra for The Wizard of Oz , which was recorded at the MGM studios . The film is widely noted for its musical selections and soundtrack . The music was composed by Harold Arlen , and the lyrics were written by Yip Harburg , both of whom won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Over the Rainbow '' . The song was ranked first in two lists : the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs and the Recording Industry Association of America 's `` 365 Songs of the Century '' . MGM composer Herbert Stothart , a well - known Hollywood composer and songwriter , won the Academy Award for Best Original Score in recognition of his original score . Georgie Stoll was associate conductor and screen credit was given to George Bassman , Murray Cutter , Ken Darby and Paul Marquardt for orchestral and vocal arrangements ( as usual , Roger Edens was also heavily involved as an unbilled musical associate to Freed . ) The songs were recorded in the studio 's scoring stage before filming . Several of the recordings were completed while Ebsen was still with the cast . Therefore , while he had to be dropped from the cast due to illness from the aluminum powder makeup , his singing voice remained in the soundtrack ( as noted in the notes for the CD Deluxe Edition ) . In the group vocals of `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' , his voice can be heard . Haley spoke with a distinct Boston accent , thus did not pronounce the r in wizard . By contrast , Ebsen was a Midwesterner , like Garland , and pronounced it . Haley rerecorded Ebsen 's solo parts later . Deleted songs ( edit ) Lobby card with still of deleted musical number `` Hail ! Hail ! The Witch is Dead ! '' , sung upon the return to the Emerald City Some musical pieces filmed were deleted in the editing process .", "17": "The song `` The Jitterbug '' , written in a swing style , was intended for the sequence in which the group is journeying to the Witch 's castle . Due to time constraints , the song was cut from the final theatrical version . The film footage for the song has been lost , although silent home film footage of rehearsals for the number has survived . The sound recording for the song , however , is intact and was included in the two - CD Rhino Records deluxe edition of the film soundtrack , as well as on the VHS and DVD editions of the film . A reference to `` The Jitterbug '' remains in the film : the Witch remarks to her flying monkeys that they should have no trouble apprehending Dorothy and her friends because `` I 've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them . '' Another musical number cut before release occurred right after the Wicked Witch of the West was melted and before Dorothy and her friends returned to the Wizard . This was a reprise of `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' ( blended with `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' and `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' ) with the lyrics altered to `` Hail ! Hail ! The Witch is Dead ! '' This started with the Witch 's guard saying `` Hail to Dorothy ! The Wicked Witch is dead ! '' and dissolved to a huge celebration of the citizens of the Emerald City singing the song as they accompany Dorothy and her friends to see the Wizard . Today , the film of this scene is also lost and only a few stills survive , along with a few seconds of footage used on several reissue trailers . The entire audio still exists and is included on the two - CD Rhino Record deluxe edition of the film soundtrack . In addition , a brief reprise of `` Over the Rainbow '' was intended to be sung by Garland while Dorothy is trapped in the Witch 's castle , but it was cut because it was considered too emotionally intense . The original soundtrack recording still exists , however , and was included as an extra in all home media releases from 1993 - onwards .", "18": "Garland singing `` Over the Rainbow '' Song list ( edit ) `` Over the Rainbow '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale Munchkinland Sequence : `` Come Out ... '' -- Billie Burke as Glinda , and the Munchkins `` It Really Was No Miracle '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Billy Bletcher and the Munchkins `` We Thank You Very Sweetly '' -- Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' -- Billie Burke as Glinda ( speaking ) and the Munchkins `` As Mayor of the Munchkin City '' `` As Coroner , I Must Aver '' `` Ding - Dong !", "19": "The Witch Is Dead '' ( Reprise ) -- The Munchkins `` The Lullaby League '' `` The Lollipop Guild '' `` We Welcome You to Munchkinland '' -- The Munchkins `` Follow the Yellow Brick Road / You 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , and the Munchkins `` If I Only Had a Brain '' -- Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Judy Garland as Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , and Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow `` If I Only Had a Heart '' -- Jack Haley as the Tin Man `` If I Only Had a Heart '' ( original recording ) -- Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ( Reprise 1 ) -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man `` If I Only Had the Nerve '' -- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion , Jack Haley as the Tin Man , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , and Judy Garland as Dorothy `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' ( Reprise 2 ) -- Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow , Buddy Ebsen as the Tin Man , and Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion `` Optimistic Voices '' -- MGM Studio Chorus `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' -- Frank Morgan as Cabby , Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as Scarecrow , Jack Haley as the Tin Man , Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion and the Emerald City townspeople `` If I Were King of the Forest '' -- Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion , Judy Garland as Dorothy , Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow and Jack Haley as the Tin Man `` The Jitterbug '' -- Although this song was removed from the final film , it is still available on some extended edition CDs . Underscoring ( edit ) Extensive edits in the film 's final cut removed vocals from the last portion of the film . However , the film was fully underscored , with instrumental snippets from the film 's various leitmotifs throughout .", "20": "There was also some recognizable popular music , including : Excerpts from Schumann 's `` The Happy Farmer '' , at several points early in the film , including the opening scene when Dorothy and Toto are hurrying home after their encounter with Miss Gulch , when Toto escapes from her , and when the house is `` riding '' the tornado . An excerpt of Mendelssohn 's `` Opus 16 , # 2 '' , when Toto escapes from the Witch 's castle . An excerpt of Mussorgsky 's `` Night on Bald Mountain '' , when Dorothy , the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Cowardly Lion are trying to escape from the Witch 's castle . `` In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree '' , when Dorothy and the Scarecrow discover the anthropomorphic apple trees . `` Gaudeamus Igitur '' during the Wizard 's presentation of awards to the group . `` Home ! Sweet Home ! '' , in part of the underscore of the closing scene , at Dorothy 's house in Kansas . ( The above list is excerpted from the liner notes on the Rhino Records collection . ) Release ( edit ) A memorial commemorating the film 's world premiere at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc , Wisconsin on August 12 , 1939 The film 's first sneak preview was held in San Bernardino , California . The film was previewed in three test markets : on August 11 , 1939 , at Kenosha , Wisconsin and Cape Cod , Massachusetts , and at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc , Wisconsin , on August 12 . The Hollywood premiere was on August 15 , 1939 , at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . The New York City premiere , held at Loew 's Capitol Theatre on August 17 , 1939 , was followed by a live performance with Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney . They continued to perform there after each screening for a week , extended in Rooney 's case for a second week and in Garland 's to three ( with Oz co-stars Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr replacing Rooney for the third and final week ) . The film opened nationwide on August 25 , 1939 .", "21": "Box office ( edit ) According to MGM records , during the film 's initial release , it earned $2,048,000 in the US and Canada and $969,000 in other countries throughout the world , resulting in total earnings of $3,017,000 . While these were considerable earnings , the high production cost , in association with various distribution and other costs , meant the movie initially recorded a loss of $1,145,000 for the studio . It did not show what MGM considered a profit until a 1949 rerelease earned an additional $1.5 million ( about $15 million today ) . However , for all the risks and cost that MGM undertook to produce the film , it was considered at least more successful than anyone thought it would be . According to Christopher Finch , author of the Judy Garland biography Rainbow : The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland , `` Fantasy is always a risk at the box office . The film had been enormously successful as a book , and it had also been a major stage hit , but previous attempts to bring it to the screen had been dismal failures . '' Finch also writes that after the success of the film , Garland signed a new contract with MGM giving her a substantial increase in salary , making her one of the top - ten box office stars in the United States . Reception ( edit ) The film received much acclaim upon its release . Frank Nugent considered the film a `` delightful piece of wonder - working which had the youngsters ' eyes shining and brought a quietly amused gleam to the wiser ones of the oldsters . Not since Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has anything quite so fantastic succeeded half so well . '' Nugent had issues with some of the film 's special effects , writing , `` with the best of will and ingenuity , they can not make a Munchkin or a Flying Monkey that will not still suggest , however vaguely , a Singer 's Midget in a Jack Dawn masquerade . Nor can they , without a few betraying jolts and split - screen overlappings , bring down from the sky the great soap bubble in which Glinda rides and roll it smoothly into place . ''", "22": "According to Nugent , `` Judy Garland 's Dorothy is a pert and fresh - faced miss with the wonder - lit eyes of a believer in fairy tales , but the Baum fantasy is at its best when the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Lion are on the move . '' Writing in Variety , John C. Flinn predicted that the film was `` likely to perform some record - breaking feats of box - office magic , '' noting , `` Some of the scenic passages are so beautiful in design and composition as to stir audiences by their sheer unfoldment . '' He also called Garland `` an appealing figure '' and the musical numbers `` gay and bright . '' Harrison 's Reports wrote , `` Even though some persons are not interested in pictures of this type , it is possible that they will be eager to see this picture just for its technical treatment . The performances are good , and the incidental music is of considerable aid . Pictures of this caliber bring credit to the industry . '' Film Daily wrote : Leo the Lion is privileged to herald this one with his deepest roar -- the one that comes from way down -- for seldom if indeed ever has the screen been so successful in its approach to fantasy and extravaganza through flesh - and - blood ... handsomely mounted fairy story in Technicolor , with its wealth of humor and homespun philosophy , its stimulus to the imagination , its procession of unforgettable settings , its studding of merry tunes should click solidly at the box - office . Not all reviews were positive . Some moviegoers felt that the 16 - year - old Garland was slightly too old to play the little girl who Baum originally intended his Dorothy to be . Russell Maloney of The New Yorker wrote that the film displayed `` no trace of imagination , good taste , or ingenuity '' and declared it `` a stinkeroo , '' while Otis Ferguson of The New Republic wrote , `` It has dwarfs , music , Technicolor , freak characters , and Judy Garland . It ca n't be expected to have a sense of humor , as well - and as for the light touch of fantasy , it weighs like a pound of fruitcake soaking wet . '' Still , the film placed seventh on Film Daily 's year - end nationwide poll of 542 critics naming the best films of 1939 .", "23": "Legacy ( edit ) Roger Ebert chose it as one of his Great Films , writing that `` The Wizard of Oz has a wonderful surface of comedy and music , special effects and excitement , but we still watch it six decades later because its underlying story penetrates straight to the deepest insecurities of childhood , stirs them and then reassures them . '' Garland in Munchkinland Writer Salman Rushdie acknowledged `` The Wizard of Oz was my very first literary influence '' in his 2002 musings about the film . He has written : `` When I first saw The Wizard of Oz , it made a writer of me . '' His first short story , written at the age of 10 , was titled `` Over the Rainbow '' . In a 2009 retrospective article about the film , San Francisco Chronicle film critic and author Mick LaSalle declared that the film 's `` entire Munchkinland sequence , from Dorothy 's arrival in Oz to her departure on the yellow brick road , has to be one of the greatest in cinema history -- a masterpiece of set design , costuming , choreography , music , lyrics , storytelling , and sheer imagination . '' On the film critic aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 99 % based on 109 reviews , with an average score of 9.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking visuals and deft storytelling are still every bit as resonant , The Wizard of Oz is a must - see film for young and old . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film received the maximum score of 100 out of 100 , based on 4 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , which , as of August 2017 , is matched only by five other films . Re-releases ( edit ) Lobby card for the 1955 re-release with then - contemporary image of Garland Although the 1949 reissue used sepia tone , as in the original release , beginning with the 1955 re-issue , and continuing until the film 's 50th anniversary VHS release in 1989 , the opening Kansas sequences were shown in black and white instead of the sepia tone as originally printed . ( This includes television showings . )", "24": "The MGM `` Children 's Matinees '' series rereleased the film twice , in both 1970 and 1971 . It was for this release that the film received a G rating from the MPAA . For the film 's then - upcoming 60th anniversary , Warner Bros. Pictures released a `` Special Edition '' on November 6 , 1998 , digitally restored with remastered audio . In 2002 , the film had a very limited re-release in U.S. theaters , earning only $139,905 . On September 23 , 2009 , the film was rereleased in select theaters for a one - night - only event in honor of its 70th anniversary and as a promotion for various new disc releases later in the month . An encore of this event was released in theaters on November 17 , 2009 . An IMAX 3D theatrical re-release played at 300 theaters in North America for one week only beginning September 20 , 2013 , as part of the film 's 75th anniversary . Warner Bros. spent $25 million on advertising . The studio hosted a premiere of the film 's first IMAX 3D release on September 15 , 2013 , from the newly remodeled TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , the site of the film 's Hollywood premiere ) in Hollywood . It was the first to play at the new theater and served as the grand opening of Hollywood 's first 3D IMAX screen . It was also shown as a special presentation at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival . This re-release grossed $5.6 million at the North American box office . In 2013 , in preparation for its IMAX 3D release , the film was submitted again to the MPAA for re-classification . According to MPAA rules , a film that has been altered in any way from its original version must be submitted for re-classification , as the 3 - D conversion fell within that guideline . Surprisingly , the 3D version received a PG rating for `` Some scary moments '' , although no change was made to the film 's original story content . The 2D version still retains its G rating .", "25": "The film was rereleased on January 11 and 14 , 2015 , as part of the `` TCM Presents '' series by Turner Classic Movies . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Wizard of Oz on television The film was first shown on television on November 3 , 1956 , by CBS , as the last installment of the Ford Star Jubilee . Home media ( edit ) The film was released multiple times for the home - video commercial market ( on a limited scale ) on Super 8 film ( 8 mm format ) during the 1970s . These releases include an edited English version ( roughly 10 minutes , and roughly 20 minutes ) , as well as edited Spanish versions of the classic . Also , a full commercial release of it was made on Super 8 ( on multiple reels ) that came out in the 1970s , as well , for the commercial market . The film was among the first videocassettes ( on both VHS and Betamax format for the 1980 release ) by MGM / CBS Home Video in 1980 ; all current home video releases are by Warner Home Video ( via current rights holder Turner Entertainment ) . The first LaserDisc release of it was in 1982 , with two versions of a second ( one from Turner and one from The Criterion Collection with a commentary track ) for the 50th anniversary release in 1989 , a third in 1991 , a fourth in 1993 , a fifth in 1995 and a sixth and final LaserDisc release on September 11 , 1996 . In addition to VHS ( and later , LaserDisc ) , the film has been released multiple times during the 1980s on the Betamax format , beginning in 1980 simultaneously with the VHS release . The film was released for the first and only time on the CED format in 1982 by MGM / UA Home Video . Outside of the North American and European markets , the film has also been released multiple times on the Video CD format since the 1990s in Asia . The first DVD release was on March 26 , 1997 , by MGM / Turner and contained no special features or supplements . It was re-released by Warner Bros.", "26": "for its 60th anniversary on October 19 , 1999 , with its soundtrack presented in a new 5.1 surround sound mix . The monochrome - to - color transition was more smoothly accomplished by digitally keeping the inside of the house in monochrome while Dorothy and the reveal of Munchkinland are in color . The DVD also contained a behind - the - scenes documentary , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : The Making of a Movie Classic , produced in 1990 and hosted by Angela Lansbury , which was originally shown on television immediately following the 1990 telecast of the film ; it had been featured in the 1993 `` Ultimate Oz '' LaserDisc release . Outtakes , the deleted `` Jitterbug '' musical number , clips of pre-1939 Oz adaptations , trailers , newsreels , and a portrait gallery were also included , as well as two radio programs of the era publicizing the film . In 2005 , two DVD editions were released , both featuring a newly restored version of the film with an audio commentary and an isolated music and effects track . One of the two DVD releases was a `` Two - Disc Special Edition '' , featuring production documentaries , trailers , various outtakes , newsreels , radio shows and still galleries . The other set , a `` Three - Disc Collector 's Edition '' , included these features , as well as the digitally restored 80th - anniversary edition of the 1925 feature - length silent film version of The Wizard of Oz , other silent Oz adaptations and a 1933 animated short version . The film was released on Blu - ray on September 29 , 2009 , for its 70th anniversary in a four - disc `` Ultimate Collector 's Edition '' , including all the bonus features from the 2005 Collector 's Edition DVD , new bonus features about Victor Fleming and the surviving Munchkins , the telefilm The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story , and the miniseries MGM : When the Lion Roars . For this edition , Warner Bros. commissioned a new transfer at 8K resolution from the original negatives . The restoration job was given to Prime Focus World . This restored version also features a lossless 5.1 Dolby TrueHD audio track .", "27": "On December 1 , 2009 , three Blu - ray discs of the Ultimate Collector 's Edition were repackaged as a less expensive `` Emerald Edition '' , with an Emerald Edition four - disc DVD arriving the following week . A single - disc Blu - ray , containing the restored movie and all the extra features of the two - disc Special Edition DVD , also became available on March 16 , 2010 . In 2013 , the film was re-released on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and UltraViolet for the 90th anniversary of Warner Bros. and as part of its 75th anniversary . Also , multiple special editions were released in celebration of the film 's the 75th anniversary in 2013 , exclusively by both Best Buy ( a SteelBook of the 3D Blu - ray ) and another version that came with a keepsake lunch bag released by Target stores . Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient Outcome Academy Awards February 29 , 1940 Best Picture Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Nominated Best Cinematography , Color Harold Rosson Best Art Direction Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning Best Effects , Special Effects A. Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer Best Music , Original Score Herbert Stothart Won Best Music , Original Song `` Over the Rainbow '' Music by Harold Arlen ; Lyrics by E.Y. Harburg Academy Juvenile Award Judy Garland For her outstanding performance as a screen juvenile during the past year . ( She was jointly awarded for her performances in Babes in Arms and The Wizard of Oz ) . Honorary American film Institute lists ( edit ) The American Film Institute ( AFI ) has compiled various lists which include this film or elements thereof . AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 6 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Wicked Witch of the West -- No. 4 villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Over the Rainbow '' -- No. 1 `` Ding - Dong !", "28": "The Witch Is Dead '' -- No. 82 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Toto , I 've a feeling we 're not in Kansas anymore . '' ( Dorothy Gale ) -- No. 4 `` There 's no place like home . '' ( Dorothy ) -- No. 23 `` I 'll get you , my pretty -- and your little dog , too ! '' ( Wicked Witch of the West ) -- No. 99 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 3 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 26 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 10 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 1 Fantasy film Other honors ( edit ) 1999 : Rolling Stone 's 100 Maverick Movies -- No. 20 . 1999 : Entertainment Weekly 's 100 Greatest Films -- No. 32 . 2000 : The Village Voice 's 100 Best Films of the 20th Century -- No. 14 . 2002 : Sight & Sound 's Greatest Film Poll of Directors -- No. 41 . 2005 : Total Film 's 100 Greatest Films -- No. 83 . 2005 : ranked among the top ten of the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . 2007 : Total Film 's 23 Weirdest Films -- No. 1 . 2007 : The Observer ranked the film 's songs and music at the top of its list of 50 greatest film soundtracks . Differences from the novel ( edit ) Roughly 40 identifiable major differences exist between the original book and the MGM interpretation . Sequels and reinterpretations ( edit ) Main article : Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz The film was dramatized as a one - hour radio play on Lux Radio Theatre , which was broadcast on December 25 , 1950 , with Garland reprising her earlier role . In 1964 , a one - hour animated cartoon called Return to Oz was shown as an afternoon weekend special on NBC .", "29": "An official 1972 sequel , the animated Journey Back to Oz starring Liza Minnelli , daughter of Garland , was produced to commemorate the original film 's 35th anniversary . In 1975 , the stage show The Wiz premiered on Broadway . It was an African American version of The Wizard of Oz reworked for the stage . It starred Stephanie Mills and other Broadway stars and earned a number of Tony Awards . Its financing was handled by actor Geoffrey Holder . Its inspired revivals after it left the stage and an unsuccessful motion picture made in 1978 , starring Diana Ross as Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow . In 1985 , Walt Disney Productions released the live - action fantasy film Return to Oz , which starred ( and introduced ) Fairuza Balk as a young Dorothy Gale . Based loosely on The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) and Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) , it fared rather poorly with critics who were unfamiliar with the Oz books and was not successful at the box office , although it has since become a popular cult film , with many considering it a more loyal and faithful adaptation of what L. Frank Baum envisioned . In 1995 , Gregory Maguire published the novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West , which was adapted into the wildly successful Broadway musical Wicked . The story describes the life of the Wicked Witch of the West and other events prior to Dorothy 's arrival . For the film 's 56th anniversary , a 1995 stage show also titled The Wizard of Oz was based upon it and the book by L. Frank Baum . It toured from 1995 to 2012 , except for 2004 . In 2005 , The Muppets Studio produced The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz , a television film for ABC , starring Ashanti as Dorothy , Jeffrey Tambor as the Wizard , David Alan Grier as Uncle Henry , and Queen Latifah as Aunt Em . Kermit the Frog portrayed the Scarecrow , Gonzo portrayed the Tin Thing ( Tin Man ) , Fozzie Bear portrayed the Lion and Miss Piggy portrayed all the Witches of the West , East , North and South .", "30": "In 2007 , The Sci - Fi Channel released the three - part miniseries Tin Man , a science fiction continuation starring Zooey Deschanel as DG . Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice wrote a stage musical of the same name , which opened in 2011 at the West End 's London Palladium . It features all of the songs from the film plus new songs written by Lloyd Webber and Rice . Lloyd Webber also found Danielle Hope to play Dorothy on the reality show , Over the Rainbow . Another production opened in December 2012 at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto . A reality TV show , also titled Over the Rainbow , found a Canadian girl , Danielle Wade , to play Dorothy . The Canadian production then began a North American tour in September 2013 . An Australian tour will begin at the Lyric Theatre , Queensland Performing Arts Centre in November 2017 , followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre , Sydney beginning December 2017 . An animated film called Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz was released in 2011 by Warner Home Video , incorporating Tom and Jerry into the story as Dorothy 's `` protectors '' . A sequel titled Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz was released on DVD on June 21 , 2016 . In 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures released a spiritual prequel titled , Oz the Great and Powerful . It was directed by Sam Raimi , and starred James Franco , Mila Kunis , Rachel Weisz and Michelle Williams . It was the second film based on Baum 's Oz series to be produced by Disney , after Return to Oz . It was a commercial success and received a mixed critical reception . In 2014 , now - defunct independent film company Clarius Entertainment released a big - budget animated musical film , Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return , which follows Dorothy 's second trip to Oz . The film was a box office bomb and was received negatively by critics largely for its plot and unmemorable musical numbers . Cultural impact ( edit ) Regarding the original Baum storybook , it has been said that `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is America 's greatest and best - loved home grown fairytale .", "31": "The first totally American fantasy for children , it is one of the most - read children 's books ... and despite its many particularly American attributes , including a wizard from Omaha , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has universal appeal . '' The film was one inductee of a group of 25 films that inaugurated in 1989 the National Film Registry list , based on at least it being declared by the Library of Congress as the most viewed film on television syndication . In June 2007 , the film was listed on UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register . The film placed at number 86 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments . In 1977 , Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz , a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research ; it was updated in 1989 . Ruby slippers ( edit ) An original pair of the ruby slippers on display at the Smithsonian Institution . Main article : Ruby slippers Because of their iconic stature , the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film are now among the most treasured and valuable film memorabilia in movie history . The silver slippers that Dorothy wore in the book series were changed to ruby to take advantage of the new Technicolor process . Adrian , MGM 's chief costume designer , was responsible for the final design . There are five known pairs of the ruby slippers in existence . After filming , the slippers were stored among the studio 's extensive collection of costumes and faded from attention . They were found in the basement of MGM 's wardrobe department during preparations for a mammoth auction in 1970 . One pair was the highlight of the auction , going for a then unheard of $15,000 to an anonymous buyer , who apparently donated them to the Smithsonian Institution in 1979 . Of the four other pairs , one sold for $666,000 at auction in 2000 , and another pair was stolen from the Judy Garland Museum in Grand Rapids , Minnesota and remains missing . Another , differently styled pair unused in the film was sold at auction with the rest of her collections by owner actress Debbie Reynolds for $510,000 ( not including the buyer 's premium ) in June 2011 .", "32": "Impact upon LGBT culture ( edit ) For information on the film 's impact on LGBT culture in America , see Friend of Dorothy . See also ( edit ) List of films considered the best Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Wizard of Oz festival Dark Side of the Rainbow The Wizard of Oz , the 2011 stage musical Oz portal Film portal 1930s portal Kansas portal United States portal World War II portal Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : The Eddie Mannix Ledger , Los Angeles : Margaret Herrick Library , Center for Motion Picture Study . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . www.afi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Fricke , John ( 1989 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : All actors share equal billing ; the Singer Midgets are listed in the credits as `` The Munchkins '' . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( August 18 , 1939 ) . `` The Screen in Review ; ' The Wizard of Oz , ' Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood , Works Its Magic on the Capitol 's Screen -- March of Time Features New York at the Music Hall at the Palace '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` How did ' Wizard of Oz ' fare on its 1939 release ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` To See The Wizard Oz on Stage and Film '' . Library of Congress .", "33": "December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ accessed 3 / 18 / 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Victor Fleming 1939 ) , produced by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer '' . UNESCO Memory of the World Programme . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sibley , Brian ( February 10 , 1997 ) . `` Obituary : Adriana Caselotti '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fricke , John ; Scarfone , Jay ; Stillman , William ( 1986 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York , NY : Warner Books , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic ( 1990 ) . CBS Television , narrated by Angela Lansbury . Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz . ^ Jump up to : Aljean Harmetz ( 2004 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 . See the Chapter `` Special Effects . Jump up ^ Coan , Stephen ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` KZN 's very own screen wizard '' . The Witness . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Warner Bros. `` Wizard of Oz Timeline '' . Warnerbros.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Democracy Now . November 25 , 2004 Archived November 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Fordin , Hugh ( 1976 ) . World of Entertainment .", "34": "City : Avon Books ( Mm ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 00754 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Reporter , Oct. 20 , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gerald ( 2001 ) . Get Happy : The Life of Judy Garland . Delta . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 33515 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic . CBS Television , 1990 , narrated by Angela Lansbury . Co-produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz . Jump up ^ Cemetery Guide , Hollywood Remains to Be Seen , Mark Masek . Jump up ^ Fricke , John and Scarfone and William Stillman . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History , Warner Books , 1989 Jump up ^ Hearn , Michael Patrick . Keynote address . The International Wizard of Oz Club Centennial convention . Indiana University , August 2000 . Jump up ^ Smalling , Allen ( 1989 ) . The Making of the Wizard of Oz : Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM . Hyperion . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 . Jump up ^ MacDonald Fraser , George ( 2003 ) . The Light 's on at Signpost. Harper - Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732563 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary News Archived May 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Interview of Ray Bolger ( 1990 ) . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz : 50 Years of Magic . Jack Haley Jr Productions . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Leopold , Ted ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' at 75 : Did you know ... ? '' . CNN . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 .", "35": "Margaret Hamilton 's copper - based makeup as the Wicked Witch was poisonous , so she lived on a liquid diet during the film , and the makeup was carefully cleaned off her each day . Jump up ^ Aylesworth , Thomas ( 1984 ) . History of Movie Musicals . New York City : Gallery Books . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 8317 - 4467 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Making of the Wizard of Oz -- Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM -- and the Miracle of Production # 1060 , 10th Edition , Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group , Inc. / Random House , 1989 . Jump up ^ Jim 's `` Wizard of Oz '' Website Directory . `` '' The Wizard of Oz `` ... A Movie Timeline '' . geocities.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wizard of Oz : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack -- The Deluxe Edition , 2 - CD set , original recording remastered , Rhino Records # 71964 ( July 18 , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Warner Bros. 2005 The Wizard of Oz Deluxe DVD edition , program notes and audio extras . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Down The Yellow Brick Road : The Making of The Wizard Of Oz `` McClelland , 1976 Publisher Pyramid Publications ( Harcourt Brace Jonavich ) Jump up ^ Williams , Scott ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Hello , yellow brick road '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . John Fricke , a historian who has written books about The Wizard of Oz , said that MGM executives arranged advance screenings in a handful of small communities to find out how audiences would respond to the musical adventure , which cost nearly $3 million to produce . Fricke said he believes the first showings were on the 11th , one day before Oconomowoc 's preview , on Cape Cod in Dennis , Massachusetts , and in another southeastern Wisconsin community , Kenosha .", "36": "^ Jump up to : Cisar , Katjusa ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` No Place Like Home : ' Wizard of Oz ' premiered here 70 years ago '' . Madison.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Oconomowoc 's Strand Theatre was one of three small - town movie theaters across the country where `` Oz '' premiered in the days prior to its official Hollywood opening on Aug. 15 , 1939 ... It 's possible that one of the other two test sites -- Kenosha and the Cape Cinema in Dennis , Massachusetts -- screened the film a day earlier , but Oconomowoc is the only one to lay claim and embrace the world premiere as its own . Jump up ^ `` Beloved movie 's premiere was far from L.A. limelight '' . Wisconsin State Journal . August 12 , 2009 . p. a2 . Jump up ^ `` Grauman 's Chinese Makeover : How the Hollywood Landmark Will Be Revamped '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Finch , Christofer ( 1975 ) . Rainbow : The Stormy Life Of Judy Garland . Ballantine Books . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 28407 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Nugent , Frank S. ( August 18 , 1939 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz , Produced by the Wizards of Hollywood , Works Its Magic on the Capitol 's Screen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flinn , John C. ( August 16 , 1939 ) . `` Review : ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz '' . Harrison 's Reports . New York : Harrison 's Reports , Inc. : 134 August 26 , 1939 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews : The Wizard of Oz '' . Film Daily : 6 . August 10 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Overbey , Erin ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Allure of Oz '' .", "37": "The New Yorker . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyerson , Harold ; Harburg , Ernie ( 1995 ) . Who Put the Rainbow in the Wizard of Oz ? : Yip Harburg , lyricist . University of Michigan Press . pp. 156 -- 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08312 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ten Best '' of 1939 `` . Film Daily : 1 . January 12 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 22 , 1996 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rushdie , Salman ( 2000 ) . The Wizard of Oz . BFI Pub . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 300 - 3 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rushdie , Salman ( 2003 ) . Step Across This Line . Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 78349 - 0 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Thoughts on ' The Wizard of Oz ' at 70 '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz garners full approval at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz '' . Time . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ ( 1939 , U.S. ) '' . Kiddiematinee.com . November 3 , 1956 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 .", "38": "Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 2002 re-issue ) ( 2002 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz 70th Anniversary Encore Event '' . Creative Loading . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wizard of Oz ' coming back to theaters for IMAX 3D run '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros. Plans $25 Million Campaign Around ' The Wizard of Oz ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz ( 3D / IMAX ) ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Chris Hicks : ' The Wizard of Oz ' reissue could signal the end of the G rating '' . Jump up ^ `` TCM Presents The Wizard of Oz '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2003 ) . `` Ford Star Jubilee '' . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Cable and Network Shows 1946 -- present . Ballantine Books . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 45542 - 8 . Last telecast : November 3 , 1956 ... The last telecast of Ford Star Jubilee , however , was really something special . It was the first airing of what later became a television tradition -- Garland 's classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , with Judy 's 10 - year - old daughter Liza Minnelli and Lahr ( the Cowardly Lion from the film ) on hand to introduce it . Jump up ^ `` WOO Super 8 '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MGM / CBS Home Video ad '' . Billboard . November 22 , 1980 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Julien WILK ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` LaserDisc Database -- Search : Wizard of Oz '' . Lddb.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Beta '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO CED Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO VCD '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE WIZARD OF OZ ( 1939 ) 3D '' . Prime Focus World . Jump up ^ `` Off To See The Wizards : HDD Gets An In Depth Look at the Restoration of ' The Wizard of Oz ' ( UPDATED -- Before and After Pics ! ) '' . Highdefdigest.com . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wizard of Oz ' Goes 3D for W.B. 90th Celebration '' . ETonline.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Best Buy SteelBook Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WOO Target Exclusive '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Academy Awards ( 1940 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Maverick Movies in 100 Years from Rolling Stone '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time by Entertainment Weekly '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Films -- Village Voice '' . Filmsite.org . January 4 , 2000 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 .", "40": "Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 -- The rest of the directors ' list '' . BFI . September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Total Film ( October 24 , 2005 ) . `` Film news Who is the greatest ? '' . TotalFilm.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 films you should see by the age of 14 '' . Daily Mail . London . July 20 , 2005 . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Total Film 's 23 Weirdest Films of All Time on Lists of Bests '' . Listsofbests.com. April 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Observer Music Monthly ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` The 50 Greatest Film Soundtracks '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jahangir , Rumeana ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Secrets of the Wizard of Oz '' . BBC . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Jesse ( January 2009 ) . `` There 's No Place Like Home '' . Smithsonian. 39 ( 10 ) . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz Production Timeline '' . The first official sequel to The Wizard of Oz is released , an animated film titled Journey Back to Oz . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 21 , 1985 ) . `` Film : A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Instead of the Wizard of Oz sequel that its title suggests , Return to Oz ... is more of a grim variation .", "41": "This time , in a story derived largely from L. Frank Baum 's The Land of Oz ( sic ) and Ozma of Oz , a pint - sized Dorothy has been brought to the screen with a different set of sidekicks ; for instance , instead of traveling to Oz with Toto , Dorothy is this time accompanied by a different Baum creation , Billina the Chicken . Once there , she meets a whole new set of friends ... Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada to Launch OVER THE RAINBOW Reality Show to Cast ' Dorothy ' in ALW 's THE WIZARD OF OZ '' , Broadway World , September 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : About the Show '' , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBC fall season reflects reduced budget '' , CBC News , September 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael and Andrew Gans . `` North American Tour of The Wizard of Oz , Starring Danielle Wade , Kicks Off Sept. 10 in Las Vegas '' Archived July 18 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Favourite Musical Returns To Australia '' . Wizard of Oz The Musical . The Really Useful Group . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz Blu - ray Blu - ray , Retrieved June 17 , 2016 Jump up ^ TOM AND JERRY : BACK TO OZ Warnerbros.com , Retrieved June 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes .", "42": "March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tampubolon , Rama ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` 3D Animated Movie , LEGENDS OF OZ : DOROTHY 'S RETURN , Voice Starring Lea Michele , Opens May 9 , 2014 And It 's Coming To Cannes '' . Rama 's Screen . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Oz : An American Fairy Tale '' . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/complete-national-recording-registry-listing/ accessed 3 / 18 / 2 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/programs/static/national-film-preservation-board/documents/wizard_oz.pdf accessed 3 / 18 / 2018 . Jump up ^ `` To See The Wizard Oz on Stage and Film '' . Library of Congress . December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO chooses The Wizard of Oz as USA 's Memory of the World '' . UNESCO . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . Bravotv.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2006 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8352 - 9 Jump up ^ Dwight Blocker Bowers ( January 2010 ) . `` The Ruby Slippers : Inventing an American Icon '' . The Lemelson Center . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burke , Monte ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` Inside The Search For Dorothy 's Slippers '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/oz/ozsect2.html Jump up ^ Thomas , Rhys ( 1989 ) . The Ruby Slippers of Oz . Tale Weaver Pub .", "43": "ISBN 0 - 942139 - 09 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Debbie Reynolds Auction Breaks Up Historic Hollywood Collection '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Memories of a Munchkin : An Illustrated Walk Down the Yellow Brick Road by Meinhardt Raabe and Daniel Kinske ( Back Stage Books , 2005 ) , ISBN 0 - 8230 - 9193 - 7 The Ruby Slippers of Oz by Rhys Thomas ( Tale Weaver , 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 942139 - 09 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 942139 - 09 - 9 The Wizardry of Oz : The Artistry And Magic of the 1939 MGM Classic -- Revised and Expanded by Jay Scarfone and William Stillman ( Applause Books , 2004 ) , ISBN 0 - 517 - 20333 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 20333 - 0 The Munchkins of Oz by Stephen Cox ( Cumberland House , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 58182 - 269 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58182 - 269 - 4 `` Did these stories really happen ? '' by Michelle Bernier ( Createspace , 2010 ) ISBN 1 - 4505 - 8536 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wizard of Oz Official website The Wizard of Oz on IMDb The Wizard of Oz at the TCM Movie Database The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie The Wizard of Oz at the American Film Institute Catalog The Wizard of Oz at Box Office Mojo The Wizard of Oz at Rotten Tomatoes The Judy Garland Museum Finding aid author : John N. Gillespie ( 2013 ) . `` The Wizard of Oz recordings and recording logs '' . Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Provo , UT . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 .", "44": "The Wizard of Oz on Lux Radio Theater : December 25 , 1950 Character drawings for The Wizard of Oz , Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences The Wizard of Oz Elements `` Surrender Dorothy '' Ruby slippers Music `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' `` We 're Off to See the Wizard '' `` If I Only Had a Brain '' `` Optimistic Voices '' `` The Merry Old Land of Oz '' `` If I Were King of the Forest '' `` The Jitterbug '' ( cut from final film ) Versions , sequels , and adaptations Stage musicals : 1942 , 1987 , 2011 The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True On television Was Apocalypse Oz Off to See the Wizard Journey Back to Oz The Wiz The Wizard of Oz ( TV series ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Wicked Oz the Great and Powerful Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Lost In Oz Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Games Arcade game Pinball Video game Related The Making of The Wizard of Oz Friend of Dorothy Over the Rainbow Dark Side of the Rainbow Meco Plays The Wizard of Oz Lego Dimensions L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 )", "45": "Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz", "46": "Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty ,", "47": "the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live !", "48": "( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Judy Garland Discography Performances Songs Awards and honors Studio albums Miss Show Business Judy Alone Judy in Love The Letter That 's Entertainment ! The Garland Touch Live albums Garland at the Grove Judy at Carnegie Hall Judy Garland Live !", "49": "`` Live '' at the London Palladium Judy Garland at Home at the Palace : Opening Night Soundtracks Summer Stock A Star Is Born Gay Purr - ee I Could Go On Singing Other Biographies As gay icon Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall Rufus ! Rufus ! Rufus ! Does Judy ! Judy ! Judy ! : Live from the London Palladium Liza Minnelli The Judy Monologues ( 2010 play ) Films directed by Victor Fleming When the Clouds Roll by ( 1919 ) The Mollycoddle ( 1920 ) Mama 's Affair ( 1921 ) Woman 's Place ( 1921 ) The Lane That Had No Turning ( 1922 ) Red Hot Romance ( 1922 ) Anna Ascends ( 1922 ) Dark Secrets ( 1923 ) Law of the Lawless ( 1923 ) To the Last Man ( 1923 ) The Call of the Canyon ( 1923 ) Code of the Sea ( 1924 ) Empty Hands ( 1924 ) The Devil 's Cargo ( 1925 ) Adventure ( 1925 ) A Son of His Father ( 1925 ) Lord Jim ( 1925 ) The Blind Goddess ( 1926 ) Mantrap ( 1926 ) The Way of All Flesh ( 1927 ) Hula ( 1927 ) The Rough Riders ( 1927 ) Abie 's Irish Rose ( 1928 ) The Awakening ( 1928 ) Wolf Song ( 1929 ) The Virginian ( 1929 ) Common Clay ( 1930 ) Renegades ( 1930 ) Around the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks ( 1931 ) Red Dust ( 1932 ) The Wet Parade ( 1932 ) Treasure Island ( 1934 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) Captains Courageous ( 1937 ) Test Pilot ( 1938 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr.", "50": "Hyde ( 1941 ) Tortilla Flat ( 1942 ) A Guy Named Joe ( 1943 ) Adventure ( 1945 ) Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) Arthur Freed musical productions As producer Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) Little Nellie Kelly ( 1940 ) Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( 1943 ) DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( 1943 ) Meet Me in St.", "51": "Louis ( 1944 ) Yolanda and the Thief ( 1945 ) The Harvey Girls ( 1946 ) Ziegfeld Follies ( 1946 ) Till the Clouds Roll By ( 1946 ) Good News ( 1947 ) Summer Holiday ( 1948 ) The Pirate ( 1948 ) Easter Parade ( 1948 ) Words and Music ( 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( 1949 ) The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) On the Town ( 1949 ) Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 ) Pagan Love Song ( 1950 ) Royal Wedding ( 1951 ) Show Boat ( 1951 ) An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Belle of New York ( 1952 ) Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) Brigadoon ( 1954 ) It 's Always Fair Weather ( 1955 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Invitation to the Dance ( 1956 ) Silk Stockings ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Bells Are Ringing ( 1960 ) Uncredited as producer The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Meet the People ( 1944 ) Non-musicals The Clock ( 1945 ) Any Number Can Play ( 1949 ) Crisis ( 1950 ) The Subterraneans ( 1960 ) Light in the Piazza ( 1962 ) Busby Berkeley : Choreographer and director Broadway pre-Hollywood Holka Polka ( chor , 1925 ) The Wild Rose ( chor , 1926 ) Lady Do ( chor , 1927 ) A Connecticut Yankee ( chor , 1927 ) White Eagle ( chor , 1927 ) Present Arms ( chor , 1928 ) Earl Carroll 's Vanities ( 1928 ) ( chor , 1928 ) Good Boy ( chor , 1928 ) Rainbow ( chor , 1928 ) Hello , Daddy ( chor , 1928 ) Pleasure Bound ( chor , 1929 ) A Night in Venice ( chor ,", "52": "1929 ) Broadway Nights ( chor , 1929 ) The Street Singer ( dir & prod , 1929 ) Nine - Fifteen Revue ( chor , 1930 ) The International Review ( chor , 1930 ) Sweet and Low ( chor , 1930 ) 1930s Whoopee ! ( chor , 1930 ) Kiki ( chor , 1931 ) Palmy Days ( chor , 1931 ) Flying High ( chor , 1931 ) Sky Devils ( chor , 1932 ) Girl Crazy ( chor , 1932 ) Night World ( chor , 1932 ) Bird of Paradise ( chor , 1932 ) The Kid From Spain ( chor , 1932 ) 42nd Street ( chor , 1933 ) Gold Diggers of 1933 ( chor , 1933 ) She Had to Say Yes ( dir , 1933 ) Footlight Parade ( chor , 1933 ) Roman Scandals ( chor , 1933 ) Dames ( dir mus nmbrs , 1934 ) Fashions of 1934 ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1934 ) Wonder Bar ( chor , 1934 ) Gold Diggers of 1935 ( dir & chor , 1935 ) Bright Lights ( dir , 1935 ) I Live for Love ( dir & chor , 1935 ) In Caliente ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1935 ) Stars Over Broadway ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1935 ) Stage Struck ( dir , 1936 ) Varsity Show ( dir finale , 1937 ) The Singing Marine ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1937 ) Gold Diggers of 1937 ( dir mus nmbrs , 1937 ) The Go Getter ( dir , 1937 ) Hollywood Hotel ( dir & chor , 1937 ) Men Are Such Fools ( dir , 1938 ) Gold Diggers in Paris ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1938 ) Garden of the Moon ( dir , 1938 ) Comet Over Broadway ( dir , 1938 ) Broadway Serenade ( dir finale ,", "53": "1939 ) They Made Me a Criminal ( dir , 1939 ) Fast and Furious ( dir , 1939 ) Babes in Arms ( dir , 1939 ) The Wizard of Oz ( Scarecrow 's dance - cut , 1939 ) 1940s Forty Little Mothers ( dir , 1940 ) Strike Up The Band ( dir , 1940 ) Blonde Inspiration ( dir , 1941 ) Lady Be Good ( dir mus nmbrs , 1941 ) Ziegfeld Girl ( dir mus nmbrs , 1941 ) Babes on Broadway ( dir , 1941 ) For Me and My Gal ( dir , 1942 ) Calling All Girls ( chor & dir mus nmbrs , 1942 ) Born to Sing ( dir finale , 1942 ) Cabin in the Sky ( dir `` Shine '' seq , 1943 ) The Gang 's All Here ( dir & chor , 1943 ) Three Cheers for the Girls ( chor , 1943 ) Girl Crazy ( dir `` I Got Rhythm '' , 1943 ) All Star Musical Revue ( dir mus nmbrs , 1945 ) Cinderella Jones ( dir , 1946 ) Romance on the High Seas ( chor , 1948 ) Take Me Out to the Ball Game ( dir , 1949 ) 1950s Annie Get Your Gun ( dir - cut , 1950 ) Big Town ( dir TV series , 1950 ) Weeks With Love ( chor , 1950 ) Call Me Mister ( chor , 1951 ) Ticket to Broadway ( chor , 1951 ) Million Dollar Mermaid ( chor , 1952 ) Small Town Girl ( chor , 1953 ) Easy to Love ( chor , 1953 ) Rose Marie ( chor , 1954 ) 1960s Billy Rose 's Jumbo ( chor & dir 2nd unit , 1962 ) VIAF : 316753484 LCCN : n88179164 GND : 4301474 - 4 SUDOC : 033392390 BNF : cb12426260d ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "54": "php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)&oldid=838389069 '' Categories : 1939 films English - language films 1930s adventure films 1930s fantasy films American adventure films American drama films American children 's adventure films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films Films scored by Herbert Stothart Films about dreams Films about tornadoes Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on The Wizard of Oz Films directed by Victor Fleming Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in Kansas Films partially in color Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award IMAX films Memory of the World Register Musicals by Harold Arlen Musicals by Yip Harburg Screenplays by Herman J.", "55": "Mankiewicz Witchcraft in film The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 film ) Wizards in film United States National Film Registry films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 Film articles using image size parameter All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 17 : 54 .", "56": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 55, 36, 52, 53, 50, 37, 20, 1, 47, 45, 15, 32, 51, 54, 39, 14, 16, 44, 7, 4, 0, 33, 3, 43, 25, 31, 6, 56, 13, 11, 42, 35, 27, 22, 28, 48, 8, 46, 41, 12, 9, 34, 10, 38, 21, 49, 40, 23, 24, 30, 29, 18, 17, 26, 5, 19, 2 ]	[ 55, 36, 52, 53, 50 ]
-4833508989682322610	when does the next apollo book come out	[ "May 1, 2018", "May 1, 2018", "May 1, 2018", "May 1, 2018" ]	{ "0": "The Trials of Apollo - wikipedia The Trials of Apollo Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Trials of Apollo Logo of the series The Hidden Oracle ( 2016 ) The Dark Prophecy ( 2017 ) The Burning Maze ( 2018 ) Author Rick Riordan Cover artist John Rocco Country United States Language English Genre Greek mythological fiction , fantasy , adventure and children 's fiction Publisher Hyperion Books Published May 3 , 2016 -- Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book No. of books 2 ( as of 2017 ) Preceded by The Heroes of Olympus The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the Heroes of Olympus series . A supplementary book has also been released in addition to the main series . The first book in the series , The Hidden Oracle , was released on May 3 , 2016 . The second book in the series , The Dark Prophecy , was released on May 2 , 2017 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Books 2.1 The Hidden Oracle 2.2 The Dark Prophecy 2.3 The Burning Maze 3 Supplementary works 3.1 Camp Half - Blood Confidential 4 Film Adaptation 5 References Synopsis ( edit ) The series follows the trials of the god Apollo , who has been turned into a human as punishment from his father and king of the gods Zeus . Zeus is angry with Apollo for a variety of reasons , most notably for the younger god 's allowing his Roman descendant Octavian to rise to power during The Heroes of Olympus series by giving him his blessing . The final book of The Heroes of Olympus , The Blood of Olympus , takes place about six months before the beginning of The Trials of Apollo . Books ( edit ) The Hidden Oracle ( edit ) Main article : The Hidden Oracle The Hidden Oracle is the first book of the series . It is told in first - person by the main character Apollo , and uses haiku for chapter titles . The book was released on May 3 , 2016 . The book opens with Apollo landing in an alley in New York City -- in the form of a mortal teenager named Lester Papadopoulos -- and meeting Meg McCaffrey , a homeless daughter of Demeter . Believing that he must only undertake some simple quest to regain his immortality , Apollo / Lester and Meg travel to Camp Half - Blood , where they learn most of the world 's oracles have stopped working . The two undertake a quest to locate and protect the one remaining oracle , hoping also to learn how to help the other oracles and to regain Apollo 's immortality . The Dark Prophecy ( edit ) Main article : The Dark Prophecy The Dark Prophecy is the second book in the series . It was released on May 2 , 2017 . The book continues the story of Apollo as the mortal Lester , as he leaves the safety of Camp Half - Blood and journeys across North America to restore the remaining four Oracles and defeat the triumvirate of Roman emperors - turned - Gods , while also being helped by Leo Valdez , the now - mortal Calypso and Festus the bronze dragon . The Burning Maze ( edit ) The Burning Maze is the third book in the series .", "2": "It is scheduled to be released on May 1 , 2018 . Supplementary works ( edit ) Camp Half - Blood Confidential ( edit ) A companion book titled Percy Jackson : Camp Half - Blood Confidential was released on May 2 , 2017 . Film adaptation ( edit ) Universal Pictures acquired the film rights of the first book The Hidden Oracle . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rick Riordan announces ' Trials of Apollo ' series set in Percy Jackson 's world '' . Hypable . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Riordan , Rick ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Hidden Oracle ! '' . RickRiordan.com . Rick Riordan . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Trials of Apollo ' book 2 info revealed on heels of ' Hidden Oracle ' release '' . Hypable . May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( 2016 ) . The Hidden Oracle . Los Angeles : Disney - Hyperion . ISBN 9781484732748 . Jump up ^ http://rickriordan.com/book/the-dark-prophecy/ Jump up ^ `` From Percy Jackson : Camp Half - Blood Confidential ( An Official Rick Riordan Companion Book ) : Your Real Guide to the Demigod Training Camp ( Trials of Apollo ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 .", "3": "( hide ) The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trials_of_Apollo&oldid=822339780 '' Categories : The Trials of Apollo Young adult novel series Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with a promotional tone from July 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 20 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 2, 3, 0, 1 ]	[ 2, 3, 0, 1 ]
-4399684604572035360	what kind of dog is nana in snow dogs	[ "a Border Collie", "Border Collie", "Border Collie", "Border Collie", "Border Collie" ]	{ "0": "Snow dogs - wikipedia Snow dogs Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Snow Dogs Theatrical release poster Directed by Brian Levant Produced by Jordan Kerner Written by Jim Kouf Tommy Swerdlow Michael Goldberg Mark Gibson Philip Halprin Based on Premise suggested by Winterdance : The Fine Madness of Running the Iditarod by Gary Paulsen Starring Cuba Gooding Jr . James Coburn Sisqó Nichelle Nichols Graham Greene Music by John Debney Cinematography Thomas E. Ackerman Edited by Roger Bondelli Production company Walt Disney Pictures Kerner Entertainment Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date January 18 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 18 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $33 million Box office $115 million Snow Dogs is a 2002 American adventure comedy film directed by Brian Levant and starring Cuba Gooding Jr. and James Coburn . The film was released in the United States on January 18 , 2002 by Walt Disney Pictures . The film is inspired by the book Winterdance : The Fine Madness of Running the Iditarod by Gary Paulsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards 6 Pop culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Dr. Ted Brooks is a dentist in Miami , Florida . Every city bus carries an advertisement for his dental practice with his picture . One day , Ted receives a letter from Alaska , naming him as the only heir of one Lucy Watkins , a resident of the backwoods village of Tolketna . Brooks ' mother Amelia reveals that he is adopted ; Lucy was his biological mother . Ted travels to Tolketna to claim his inheritance from Lucy : seven Siberian Huskies and a Border Collie named Nana . In Tolketna , he discovers his roots .", "1": "Totally out of his element , Ted experiences challenges he has never dreamed of : blizzards , thin ice , foxes , skunks , bears , an intimidating , crusty old mountain man named James `` Thunder Jack '' Johnson , and the aggressive , defiant lead dog , Demon . All of this happens with the buzzing excitement of the Arctic Challenge Sled Dog Race , which is only two weeks away . Ted tries to find out why he was given up for adoption , and who was his biological father . He meets bar owner Barb , a close friend of Lucy . Barb helps Ted to deal with the dogs and teaches him how to drive a sled , and falls in love with him . Ted has several encounters with Thunder Jack , who tries to buy the dogs , especially Demon . Barb tells Brooks that Thunder Jack is his biological father . Ted confronts Thunder Jack , who offers to tell the truth about of Ted 's birth in exchange for the dogs ; Ted agrees . Jack takes Brooks to a cave out in the woods . During an Arctic Challenge , he and Lucy were stranded in that cave , and it was there that Ted was conceived . The next morning , when Thunder Jack woke up , Lucy was gone . He looked for her but never found her . Ted returns to Miami . Thunder Jack adds Demon as lead dog of his team for the Arctic Challenge . Ernie has finished last in the last three Challenges , `` winning '' the `` Arctic Flame '' award as last `` musher '' to cross the finish line . The other mushers all camp at a checkpoint to wait out a bad storm , but Jack presses on . He is annoyed by the pretensions of defending champion Olivier , who is dining on crab legs in an elaborate tent . In Miami , Ted recounts his experiences to his mother , who accidentally breaks a frame holding a picture of Lucy and Demon . This reveals a snapshot of Lucy and Jack with a baby . Ted is infuriated that Jack lied to him , and rushes back to Alaska . There he learns that Jack is lost on the trail , and the weather is too bad for searching . Ted decides to go searching himself , taking Lucy 's dogs with Nana as lead . As he heads back down the trail , he nearly collides with Olivier , who wins the Challenge again . A few hours later , Amelia arrives and meets Barb .", "2": "She learns that Ted is out on the trail , searching for Jack . The `` Arctic Flame '' is burning over the finish line , until the last musher arrives . Ted eventually locates Thunder Jack in the old cave . Jack admits he and Lucy had been together when Ted was born , and that he loved her . But he and Lucy had agreed then that neither one of them could raise a baby . Ted also discovers that Demon is bad - tempered because he has a bad tooth . He pulls the tooth and Demon becomes friendly ( despite keeping his name ) . During the journey back to Tolketna , the sled nearly goes over a cliff into a river , but the dogs pull themselves back up . Ted finally brings Thunder Jack across the finish line . Ted introduces Thunder Jack to Amelia , and Brooks and Thunder Jack decide to share the `` Arctic Flame '' trophy . Some time later , Ted has moved his dental practice to Tolketna . He and Barb become a couple and get married , while she has become his receptionist and is pregnant , and Nana and Demon have four puppies named Avalanche , Little Aleutia , Chinook , and Demon Jr ... Back in Miami , Ted 's cousin Rupert ( Sisqó ) , also a dentist , is the new celebrity dentist , with his face on every city bus . Cast ( edit ) Cuba Gooding Jr. as Dr Ted Brooks ( a.k.a. `` Teddy Bear '' ) Joanna Bacalso as Barb James Coburn as James `` Thunder Jack '' Johnson Sisqó as Dr. Rupert Brooks Nichelle Nichols as Amelia Brooks Arturo Peniche - Jose Luis Valencia Cesar Evora - Federico Valencia Manuel Ojeda - Ricardo Valencia Victoria Ruffo - Victoria Gonzalez Manuel Francisco Gattorno - Pedro Gonzalez Manuel Daniela Castro - Daniela Gonzalez Manuel Fernando Colunga - Carlos Manuel Gonzalez Christopher Judge as Dr.", "3": "Brooks Michael Bolton as Himself Michelle Vieth - Nada Maria Ernesto Laguardia - Luis Carlos Maria Aracely Arambula - Rebecca Maria Chantal Andere - Lisa Maria M. Emmet Walsh as George Brian Doyle - Murray as Ernie Aaron Hernan - Don Aaron Montero Eugenio Cobo - Don Arturo Montero Graham Greene as Peter Yellowbear Jean Michel Paré as Olivier Jason Pouliotte as Sneed Brother # 1 David Boyce as Sneed Brother # 2 Frank C. Turner as Neely Ron Small as Arthur Alison Matthews as TV Reporter Jascha Washington as Young Ted Linda Dahling as Mrs. Yepremian Danelle Folta as Rollerblader with Dog Peter Musooli as Valet Lossen Chambers as Receptionist Andrea Butterfield as Patient Oscar Goncalves as Ernesto Julio Santisto Angela Moore as Lucy Jim Belushi as the voice of Demon Jane Sibbett as the voice of Nana Richard Steven Horvitz as the voice of Scooper ( uncredited ) In some scenes , the faces of the dogs are partially animated to give them human expressions like winking or smiling . The animatronic version of Demon was created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop and performed by David Barclay . Production ( edit ) The film 's budget was US $ 33 million . Canmore , Alberta , Canada was used to film the fictional city of Tolketna , Alaska . The dogs D.J. , Koda , Floyd and Buck also starred in the adventure film , Eight Below . Many of the dogs and mushers used in the film were locals . Two of the hero team doubles and all of Olivier 's team were supplied by Nakitsilik Siberians of Bridge Lake , British Columbia . Mountain Mushers ' from Golden BC supplied the Thunder Jack team . Old Ernie 's team was supplied by Russ Gregory from Calgary , Alberta . Arcticsun Siberian Husky Kennel from Edmonton , Alberta was one of many kennels -- including Czyz , Snowy Owl , Gatt racing -- from the area that supplied background for the film . Two of the dogs came from Kortar Kennels , in Ontario .", "4": "The animatronic effects were designed and built by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The special effects were provided by The Secret Lab , the special effects division of Disney . Reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 24 % based on 82 reviews . The site 's consensus reads `` A mediocre live - action children 's movie , Snow Dogs is filled with cliched dialogue , tiresome pratfalls , and stale fish - out - of - water jokes . '' It grossed $115 million worldwide against a $33 million budget . Awards ( edit ) John Debney won the ASCAP Award in 2003 for the soundtrack . Pop culture ( edit ) Snow Dogs was referenced in the Gilmore Girls Season 2 episode , `` Teach Me Tonight '' . The film was also the inspiration for the reworking of a mafia comedy that was in development at Warner Bros . This eventually became the 2003 comedy Kangaroo Jack . See also ( edit ) Eight Below Nankyoku Monogatari References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Snow Dogs '' . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Snow Dogs ( 2002 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Snow Dogs Official website Snow Dogs on IMDb Snow Dogs at AllMovie Snow Dogs at Rotten Tomatoes Snow Dogs at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Brian Levant Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Snow Dogs ( 2002 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo !", "5": "Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Max 2 : White House Hero ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_Dogs&oldid=836482078 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy films American films American adventure comedy films American children 's adventure films American children 's comedy films African - American films Films scored by John Debney Films about adoption Films about dentistry Films about dogs Films directed by Brian Levant Films set in Alaska Films set in Alberta Films set in Miami Mushing films Northern films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 01 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 3, 2, 0, 4, 5 ]	[ 0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5 ]
-5892817736532940525	who has won the most college football national champions	[ "Princeton", "Princeton", "Princeton" ]	{ "0": "College Football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS - wikipedia College Football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS Jump to : navigation , search National championships in NCAA Division I FBS National championship trophies AP ( since 1936 ) Grantland Rice ( 1954 -- 2013 ) MacArthur ( since 1959 ) AFCA ( since 1986 ) College Football Playoff ( since 2014 ) Longest continuous selector Associated Press ( 1936 -- present ) First season awarded 1869 Last completed season 2017 A national championship in the highest level of college football in the United States , currently the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , is a designation awarded annually by various organizations to their selection of the best college football team . Division I FBS football is the only National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) sport for which the NCAA does not sanction a yearly championship event . As such , it is sometimes unofficially referred to as a `` mythical national championship '' . Due to the lack of an official NCAA title , determining the nation 's top college football team has often engendered controversy . A championship team is independently declared by multiple individuals and organizations , often referred to as `` selectors '' . These choices are not always unanimous . In 1969 , even the President of the United States , Richard Nixon , declared a national champion , by announcing , ahead of the season - ending game between # 1 Texas and # 2 Arkansas , that the winner of that game would receive a plaque , from the President himself , commemorating that team as the year 's national champion . Texas went on to win that game , 15 -- 14 . While the NCAA has never officially endorsed a championship team , it has documented the choices of some selectors in its official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records publication . In addition , various analysts have independently published their own choices for each season . These opinions can often diverge with others as well as individual schools ' claims to national titles , which may or may not correlate to the selections published elsewhere . Currently , two widely recognized national champion selectors are the Associated Press , which conducts a poll of sportswriters , and the Coaches ' Poll , a survey of active members of the American Football Coaches Association .", "1": "Since 1992 , various consortia of major bowl games have aimed to invite the top two teams at the end of the regular season ( as determined by internal rankings , or aggregates of the major polls and other statistics ) to compete in a de facto national championship game . The current iteration of this practice , the College Football Playoff , selects four teams to participate in national semi-finals hosted by two of six partner bowl games , with their winners advancing to the College Football Playoff National Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision records 2.1 Major selectors 2.1. 1 Math 2.1. 2 Poll 2.1. 3 Research 2.1. 4 Hybrid 2.1. 5 Playoff 2.2 Yearly national championship selections from major selectors 2.3 Total championship selections from major selectors by school 3 National championship claims by school 4 Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) 4.1 AP Poll 4.2 Coaches ' Poll 4.3 Poll era national championships by school ( 1936 -- present ) 5 BCS championships 5.1 BCS National Championships by school ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 6 College Football Playoff championships 6.1 CFP National Championships by school ( 2014 -- present ) 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References History The Sun was among the first to publish a year - end college football ranking , in 1901 . The concept of a national championship in college football dates to the early years of the sport in the late 19th century , and the earliest contemporaneous polls can be traced to Caspar Whitney , Charles Patterson , and The Sun in 1901 . Therefore , the concept of polls and national champions predated mathematical ranking systems , but it was Frank Dickinson 's math system that was one of the first to be widely popularized . His system named 10 -- 0 Stanford the national champion of 1926 , prior to their tie with Alabama in the Rose Bowl . A curious Knute Rockne , then coach of Notre Dame , had Dickinson backdate two seasons , which produced Notre Dame as the 1924 national champion and Dartmouth in 1925 .", "2": "A number of other mathematical systems were born in the 1920s and 1930s and were the only organized methods selecting national champions until the Associated Press began polling sportswriters in 1936 to obtain rankings . Alan J. Gould , the creator of the AP Poll , named Minnesota , Princeton , and SMU co-champions in 1935 , and polled writers the following year , which resulted in a national championship for Minnesota . The AP 's main competition , United Press , created the first poll of coaches in 1950 . For that year and the next three , the AP and UP agreed on the national champion . The first `` split '' championship occurred in 1954 , when the writers selected Ohio State and the coaches chose UCLA . The two polls also disagreed in 1957 , 1965 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1990 , 1991 , 1997 , and 2003 . The Coaches ' Poll would stay with United Press ( UP ) when they merged with International News Service ( INS ) to form United Press International ( UPI ) but was acquired by USA Today and CNN in 1991 . The poll was in the hands of USA Today and ESPN from 1997 to 2005 before moving to sole ownership by USA Today . Beginning in 2014 , Amway became a joint sponsor with USA Today . Though some of the math systems selected champions after the bowl games , both of the major polls released their rankings after the end of the regular season until the AP polled writers after the bowls in 1965 , resulting in what was perceived at the time as a better championship selection ( Alabama ) than UPI 's ( Michigan State ) . After 1965 , the AP again voted before the bowls for two years , before permanently returning to a post-bowl vote in 1968 . The coaches did not conduct a vote after the bowls until 1974 , in the wake of awarding their 1973 championship to Alabama , who lost to the AP champion , undefeated Notre Dame , in the Sugar Bowl . The AP and Coaches ' polls remain the major rankings to this day .", "3": "The Bowl Championship Series , famous for its use of math , was the successor of the Bowl Alliance ( 1995 -- 1997 ) , which was itself the successor of the Bowl Coalition ( 1992 -- 1994 ) . Besides the many adjustments it underwent during its tenure , including a large overhaul following the 2004 season that included the replacement of the AP Poll with the Harris poll , the BCS remained a mixture of math and human polls since its inception in 1998 , with the goal of matching the best two teams in the nation in a national championship bowl game which rotated yearly between the Sugar , Fiesta , Rose , and Orange Bowls from 1998 to 2005 , and later a standalone game titled the BCS National Championship Game ( 2006 to 2013 ) . The winner of the BCS Championship Game was awarded the national championship of the Coaches ' Poll thus winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy . The BCS winner also received the MacArthur Bowl from the National Football Foundation . Neither the AP Poll , nor other current selectors , had contractual obligations to select the BCS champion as their national champion . The BCS resulted in a number of controversies , most notably after the 2003 season , when the BCS championship game did not include eventual AP champion USC , the only time the two championships have diverged since the advent of the BCS . After many seasons of controversy , the BCS was replaced with the College Football Playoff , a Plus - One system aimed at reducing the controversy involved in which teams get to play in a championship game through use of a tournament . National championships in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records The NCAA maintains an official records book of historical statistics and records for football . In the records book , with consultation from various college football historians , it has created and maintains a list of `` major selectors '' of national championships throughout the history of college football along with their championship picks for each season . Major selectors A variety of selectors have named national champions throughout the years . They generally can be divided into four categories : those determined by mathematical formula , human polls , historical research , and recently , playoffs .", "4": "The selectors below are listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records as having been deemed to be `` major selectors '' for which the criteria is that the poll or selector be `` national in scope either through distribution in newspaper , television , radio and / or computer online '' . The former selectors , deemed instrumental in the sport of college football , and selectors that were included for the calculation of the BCS standing , are listed together . Math The mathematical system is the oldest systematic selector of college football national champions . Many of the math selectors were created during the `` championship rush '' of the 1920s and 1930s , beginning with Frank Dickinson 's system , or during the dawn of the computer age in the 1990s . Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics .", "5": "Selector Name Seasons A&H Anderson & Hester 1997 -- present AS Alderson System 1994 -- 1998 B ( QPRS ) Berryman ( QPRS ) 1920 -- 1989 , 1990 -- 2011 BR Billingsley Report 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1969 , 1970 -- present BS Boand System 1919 -- 1929 , 1930 -- 1960 CCR Congrove Computer Rankings 1993 -- present CM Colley Matrix 2001 -- present CW Caspar Whitney 1905 -- 1907 DeS DeVold System 1939 -- 1944 , 1945 -- 2006 DiS Dickinson System 1924 -- 1925 , 1926 -- 1940 DuS Dunkel System 1929 -- present ERS Eck Ratings System 1987 -- 2005 HS Houlgate System 1885 , 1887 -- 1905 , 1907 -- 1926 , 1927 -- 1949 Litkenhous 1934 -- 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 1981 -- 1984 MCFR Massey College Football Ratings 1995 -- present MGR Matthews Grid Ratings 1966 -- 1972 , 1974 -- 2006 NYT New York Times 1979 -- 2004 PS Poling System 1924 -- 1934 , 1935 -- 1955 , 1957 -- 1984 R ( FACT ) Rothman ( FACT ) 1968 -- 2006 SR Sagarin Ratings 1919 -- 1977 , 1978 -- present Wolfe 2001 -- present WS Williamson System 1931 , 1932 -- 1963 The Billingsley Report also provides an alternate selection that uses margin - of - victory in its calculation . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book notes both selections in years where they disagree .", "6": "Poll The poll has been the dominant national champion selector since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 . It is notable that the NFF merged its poll with UPI from 1991 to 1992 , with USA Today from 1993 to 1996 , and with the FWAA from 2014 forward . Selectors are listed below with years selected retroactively in italics . For many years , the national champion of various polls were selected prior to the bowl games . The national champion was selected before bowl games as follows : AP ( 1936 -- 1964 and 1966 -- 1967 ) , Coaches ' Poll ( 1950 -- 1973 ) , FWAA ( 1954 ) , and NFF ( 1959 -- 1970 ) . In all other latter - day polls , champions were selected after bowl games . During the BCS era , the winner of the BCS Championship Game was automatically awarded the national championship of the Coaches ' Poll and the National Football Foundation .", "7": "Selector Name Seasons AP Associated Press 1936 -- present Coaches ' BRC UP UPI USAT / CNN USAT / ESPN USAT USAT / AMWAY American Football Coaches Association AFCA Blue Ribbon Commission United Press United Press International USA Today / CNN USA Today / ESPN USA Today USA Today / Amway 1922 -- present 1922 -- 1949 1950 -- 1957 1958 -- 1990 1991 -- 1996 1997 -- 2004 2005 -- 2013 2014 -- present CFRA College Football Researchers Association 1919 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1981 , 1982 -- 1992 , 2010 -- present FN Football News 1958 -- 2002 FWAA Football Writers Association of America 1954 -- 2013 FWAA / NFF FWAA - NFF Grantland Rice Super 16 2014 -- present HAF Helms Athletic Foundation 1883 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1940 , 1941 -- 1982 INS International News Service 1952 -- 1957 NCF National Championship Foundation 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1935 , 1936 -- 1979 , 1980 -- 2000 NFF National Football Foundation 1959 -- 1990 , 1997 -- 2013 SN Sporting News 1975 -- 2006 UPI United Press International 1993 -- 1995 UPI / NFF United Press International / National Football Foundation 1991 -- 1992 USAT USA Today 1982 USAT / CNN USA Today / CNN 1983 -- 1990 USAT / NFF USA Today / National Football Foundation 1993 -- 1996 At the request of several schools , the AFCA established a `` Blue Ribbon Commission '' in 2016 to begin retroactively selecting Coaches ' Trophy winners from 1922 through 1949 . Served as the Coaches ' Poll during the designated years , but also conducted their own poll at different times .", "8": "The Football Writers Association of America merged its poll with that of the National Football Foundation members beginning in 2014 ; as a result , the Grantland Trophy was retired and the FWAA / NFF national champion now receives the MacArthur Bowl . USA Today took over , from the UPI , the poll of the National Football Foundation 's members in 1993 , and its winner was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl . The poll was conducted by USA Today through the 1996 season , although national championship selections in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records do not distinguish the NFF from the USAT / NFF poll in 1995 and 1996 . Not to be confused with the USA Today / CNN Coaches ' Poll , which USA Today conducted separately . UPI conducted the Coaches ' Poll through the 1990 season , which was subsequently taken over by CNN / USA Today . UPI then conducted a poll of National Football Foundation members in 1991 and 1992 , the winner of which was designated by the NFF as its national champion and received the MacArthur Bowl . UPI conducted its own poll from 1993 to 1995 , after the National Football Foundation Poll was taken over by USA Today . USA Today conducted its own poll of college football sportswriters in 1982 , then joined with CNN to do their own joint poll until they took over the Coaches ' Poll starting with the 1991 season . Research College football historian Parke H. Davis is the only selector considered by the NCAA to have primarily used research in his selections . Davis did all of his work in 1933 , naming retroactive national champions for most of the years from 1869 to 1932 while naming Michigan and Princeton ( his alma mater ) co-champions at the end of the 1933 season . Selector Name Seasons PD Parke H. Davis 1869 -- 1870 , 1872 -- 1909 , 1911 -- 1916 , 1919 -- 1932 , 1933 Hybrid Main article : Bowl Championship Series The Bowl Championship Series used a mathematical system that combined polls ( Coaches ' and AP / Harris ) and multiple computer rankings ( including some individual selectors listed above ) to determine a season ending matchup between its top two ranked teams in the BCS Championship Game .", "9": "The champion of that game was contractually awarded the Coaches ' Poll and National Football Foundation championships . Selector Name Seasons BCS Bowl Championship Series 1998 -- 2013 Playoff Main article : College Football Playoff Unlike all selectors prior to 2014 , the College Football Playoff does not use math , polls or research to select the participants . Rather , a 13 - member committee selects and seeds the teams . The playoff system marked the first time any championship selector arranged a bracket competition to determine whom it would declare to be its champion . Selector Name Seasons CFP College Football Playoff 2014 -- present Yearly national championship selections from major selectors Below is a list of the national champions of college football from 1869 to present ( with the exception of 1871 , in which no games were played ) deemed to be chosen by `` major selectors '' as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Many teams did not have coaches as late as 1899 . `` Consensus '' selectors in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records correspond to the period from 1950 to present which began with the introduction of the two poll system upon the appearance of the Coaches Poll in 1950 . Selectors used to determine teams listed as `` Consensus National Champions '' in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records include the AP Poll , Coaches ' Poll , Football Writers Association of America , and the National Football Foundation / College Football Hall of Fame . The first contemporaneous poll to include teams across the country and selection of a national champions can be traced to Caspar Whitney in 1901 . The last retroactive selection was made by Clyde Berryman in 1989 ( Notre Dame ) . The tie was removed from college football in 1995 and the last consensus champion with a tie in its record was Georgia Tech in 1990 . The 1947 Michigan Wolverines are often credited with a national championship on the basis of a `` free poll '' conducted by an AP sportswriter after the 1948 Rose Bowl , though that poll was unofficial and it is not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records .", "10": "Note that the Harris Interactive Poll ( 2005 -- 2013 ) was contracted by the BCS to help formulate its standings , and although its final ranking which occurs prior to the bowl games is listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , it does not conduct a final poll or award or name a national champion on its own . As designated by the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , the table below shows : Teams listed in italics indicate retroactively - applied championships . Teams listed in bold reflect the NCAA 's designation as `` Consensus National Champions '' by virtue of their selection from 1950 onward by one or more selectors from Associated Press , United Press / UPI , Football Writers Association of America , NFF / College Football Hall of Fame , and USA Today . A letter next to any season , team , record , coach or selector indicates a footnote that appears at the bottom of the table . Season Champion ( s ) Record Coach Selector ( s ) Source 1869 Princeton 1 -- 1 BR , NCF , PD Rutgers 1 -- 1 PD 1870 Princeton 1 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1871 None No games played 1872 Princeton 1 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD Yale 1 -- 0 PD 1873 Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1874 Harvard 1 -- 1 PD Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , PD Yale 3 -- 0 NCF , PD 1875 Columbia 3 -- 1 -- 1 PD Harvard 4 -- 0 NCF , PD Princeton 2 -- 0 BR , PD 1876 Yale 3 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1877 Princeton 2 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 3 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD 1878 Princeton 6 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1879 Princeton 4 -- 0 -- 1 BR , NCF ,", "11": "PD Yale 3 -- 0 -- 2 PD 1880 Princeton 4 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD Yale 4 -- 0 -- 1 BR , NCF , PD 1881 Princeton 7 -- 0 -- 2 BR , PD Yale 5 -- 0 -- 1 NCF , PD 1882 Yale 8 -- 0 BR , NCF , PD 1883 Yale 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , NCF , PD 1884 Princeton 9 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 8 -- 0 -- 1 HAF , NCF , PD 1885 Princeton 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1886 Princeton 7 -- 0 -- 1 BR , PD Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 HAF , NCF , PD 1887 Yale 9 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1888 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1889 Princeton 10 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1890 Harvard 11 -- 0 George C. Adams , George A. Stewart BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1891 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1892 Yale 13 -- 0 Walter Camp BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1893 Princeton 11 -- 0 BR , HAF , HS , NCF Yale 10 -- 1 William Rhodes PD 1894 Penn 12 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff PD Princeton 8 -- 2 HS Yale 16 -- 0 William Rhodes BR , HAF , NCF , PD 1895 Penn 14 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff BR ,", "12": "HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 13 -- 0 -- 2 John A. Hartwell PD 1896 Lafayette 11 -- 0 -- 1 Parke H. Davis NCF , PD Princeton 10 -- 0 -- 1 Franklin Morse BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1897 Penn 15 -- 0 George Washington Woodruff BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 9 -- 0 -- 2 Frank Butterworth PD 1898 Harvard 11 -- 0 William Forbes BR , HAF , HS , NCF Princeton 11 -- 0 -- 1 PD 1899 Harvard 10 -- 0 -- 1 Benjamin Dibblee HAF , HS , NCF Princeton 12 -- 1 BR , PD 1900 Yale 12 -- 0 Malcolm McBride BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1901 Harvard 12 -- 0 Bill Reid BR Michigan 11 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost HAF , HS , NCF Yale 11 -- 1 -- 1 George S. Stillman PD 1902 Michigan 11 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Yale 11 -- 0 -- 1 Joseph R. Swan PD 1903 Michigan 11 -- 0 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost NCF Princeton 11 -- 0 Art Hillebrand BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1904 Michigan 10 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost NCF Minnesota 13 -- 0 Henry Williams BR Penn 12 -- 0 Carl S. Williams HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1905 Chicago 10 -- 0 Amos Alonzo Stagg BR , HAF , HS , NCF Yale 10 -- 0 Jack Owsley CW ,", "13": "PD 1906 Princeton 9 -- 0 -- 1 William Roper HAF , NCF Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 Foster Rockwell BR , CW , PD 1907 Yale 9 -- 0 -- 1 William F. Knox BR , CW , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1908 Harvard 9 -- 0 -- 1 Percy Haughton BR LSU 10 -- 0 Edgar Wingard NCF Penn 11 -- 0 -- 1 Sol Metzger HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1909 Yale 10 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1910 Harvard 8 -- 0 -- 1 Percy Haughton BR , HAF , HS , NCF Pittsburgh 9 -- 0 Joseph Thompson NCF 1911 Minnesota 6 -- 0 -- 1 Henry L. Williams BR Penn State 8 -- 0 -- 1 Bill Hollenback NCF Princeton 8 -- 0 -- 2 William Roper BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1912 Harvard 9 -- 0 Percy Haughton BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Penn State 8 -- 0 Bill Hollenback NCF 1913 Auburn 8 -- 0 Mike Donahue BR Chicago 7 -- 0 Amos Alonzo Stagg BR , PD Harvard 9 -- 0 Percy Haughton HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1914 Army 9 -- 0 Charles Daly HAF , HS , NCF , PD Illinois 7 -- 0 Robert Zuppke BR , PD Texas 8 -- 0 Dave Allerdice BR 1915 Cornell 9 -- 0 Albert Sharpe HAF , HS , NCF , PD Minnesota 6 -- 0 -- 1 Henry L.", "14": "Williams BR Oklahoma 10 -- 0 Bennie Owen BR Pittsburgh 8 -- 0 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner PD 1916 Army 9 -- 0 Charles Daly PD Georgia Tech 8 -- 0 - 1 John Heisman BR Pittsburgh 8 -- 0 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner BR , HAF , HS , NCF , PD 1917 Georgia Tech 9 -- 0 John Heisman BR , HAF , HS , NCF 1918 Michigan 5 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , NCF Pittsburgh 4 -- 1 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner HAF , HS , NCF 1919 Centre 9 -- 0 Charley Moran SR Harvard 9 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Fisher CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PD Illinois 6 -- 1 Robert Zuppke BR , BS , CFRA , PD , SR Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne NCF , PD Texas A&M 10 -- 0 Dana X . Bible BR , NCF 1920 California 9 -- 0 Andy Smith CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , SR Georgia 8 -- 0 -- 1 Herman Stegeman B ( QPRS ) Harvard 8 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Fisher BS Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , PD Princeton 6 -- 0 -- 1 William Roper BS , PD 1921 California 9 -- 0 -- 1 Andy Smith BR , BS , CFRA , SR Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie HAF , HS , NCF , PD Iowa 7 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , PD Lafayette 9 -- 0 Jock Sutherland BS ,", "15": "PD Vanderbilt 7 -- 0 -- 1 Dan McGugin B ( QPRS ) Washington & Jefferson 10 -- 0 -- 1 Greasy Neale BS 1922 California 9 -- 0 Andy Smith BR , HS , NCF , SR Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie HAF , PD Iowa 7 -- 0 Howard Jones BR Princeton 8 -- 0 William Roper BS , CFRA , NCF , PD , SR Vanderbilt 8 -- 0 -- 1 Dan McGugin B ( QPRS ) 1923 California 9 -- 0 -- 1 Andy Smith HS Cornell 8 -- 0 Gil Dobie SR Illinois 8 -- 0 Robert Zuppke BS , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PD , SR , B ( QPRS ) Michigan 8 -- 0 Fielding H. Yost BR , NCF Yale 8 -- 0 Tad Jones B ( QPRS ) 1924 Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Penn 9 -- 1 -- 1 Lou Young PD 1925 Alabama 10 -- 0 Wallace Wade BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Dartmouth 8 -- 0 Jesse Hawley DiS , PD Michigan 7 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost SR 1926 Alabama 9 -- 0 -- 1 Wallace Wade BR , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PS , B ( QPRS ) Lafayette 9 -- 0 Herb McCracken PD Michigan 7 -- 1 Fielding H. Yost SR Navy 9 -- 0 -- 1 Bill Ingram BS , HS Stanford 10 -- 0 -- 1 Glenn `` Pop '' Warner DiS , HAF , NCF ,", "16": "SR 1927 Georgia 9 -- 1 George Cecil Woodruff BS , PS , B ( QPRS ) Illinois 7 -- 0 -- 1 Robert Zuppke BR , DiS , HAF , NCF , PD Notre Dame 7 -- 1 -- 1 Knute Rockne HS Texas A&M 8 -- 0 -- 1 Dana X . Bible SR Yale 7 -- 1 Thomas Jones CFRA 1928 Detroit 9 -- 0 Gus Dorais PD Georgia Tech 10 -- 0 William Alexander BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) USC 9 -- 0 -- 1 Howard Jones DiS , SR 1929 Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , DuS , HAF , NCF , PS , SR Pittsburgh 9 -- 1 Jock Sutherland PD USC 10 -- 2 Howard Jones HS , SR , B ( QPRS ) 1930 Alabama 10 -- 0 Wallace Wade CFRA , PD , SR , B ( QPRS ) Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Knute Rockne BR , BS , DiS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS 1931 Pittsburgh 8 -- 1 Jock Sutherland PD Purdue 9 -- 1 Noble Kizer PD USC 10 -- 1 Howard Jones BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1932 Colgate 9 -- 0 Andrew Kerr PD Michigan 8 -- 0 Harry Kipke DiS , PD , SR USC 10 -- 0 Howard Jones BR , BS , CFRA , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , WS ,", "17": "B ( QPRS ) 1933 Michigan 7 -- 0 -- 1 Harry Kipke BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , HS , NCF , PD , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) Ohio State 7 -- 1 Sam Willaman DuS Princeton 9 -- 0 Fritz Crisler PD USC 10 -- 1 -- 1 Howard Jones WS 1934 Alabama 10 -- 0 Frank Thomas DuS , HS , PS , WS , B ( QPRS ) Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HAF , L , NCF , SR 1935 LSU 9 -- 2 Bernie Moore WS Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , L , NCF , PS Princeton 9 -- 0 Fritz Crisler DuS SMU 12 -- 1 Matty Bell DiS , HS , SR , B ( QPRS ) TCU 12 -- 1 Dutch Meyer WS 1936 Duke 9 -- 1 Wallace Wade B ( QPRS ) LSU 9 -- 1 -- 1 Bernie Moore SR , WS Minnesota 7 -- 1 Bernie Bierman AP , BR , DiS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS Pittsburgh 8 -- 1 -- 1 Jock Sutherland BS , CFRA , HS 1937 California 10 -- 0 -- 1 Stub Allison DuS , HAF Pittsburgh 9 -- 0 -- 1 Jock Sutherland AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DiS , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) 1938 Notre Dame 8 -- 1 Elmer Layden DiS TCU 11 -- 0 Dutch Meyer AP , HAF , NCF , WS Tennessee 11 -- 0 Robert Neyland BR , BS , CFRA , DuS ,", "18": "HS , L , PS , SR , B ( QPRS ) 1939 Cornell 8 -- 0 Carl Snavely L , SR Texas A&M 11 -- 0 Homer Norton AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , NCF , PS , SR , WS , B ( QPRS ) USC 8 -- 0 -- 2 Howard Jones DiS 1940 Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman AP , B ( QPRS ) , BS , CFRA , DeS , DiS , HS , L , NCF , SR Stanford 10 -- 0 Clark Shaughnessy BR , HAF , PS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Robert Neyland DuS , WS 1941 Alabama 9 -- 2 Frank Thomas HS Minnesota 8 -- 0 Bernie Bierman AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR Texas 8 -- 1 -- 1 Dana X . Bible B ( QPRS ) , WS 1942 Georgia 11 -- 1 Wally Butts B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , HS , L , PS , SR , WS Ohio State 9 -- 1 Paul Brown AP , BS , DuS , CFRA , NCF Wisconsin 8 -- 1 -- 1 Harry Stuhldreher HAF 1943 Notre Dame 9 -- 1 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS 1944 Army 9 -- 0 Earl Blaik AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Ohio State 9 -- 0 Carroll Widdoes NCF ,", "19": "SR 1945 Alabama 10 -- 0 Frank Thomas NCF Army 9 -- 0 Earl Blaik AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma A&M 9 -- 0 Jim Lookabaugh BRC 1946 Army 9 -- 0 -- 1 Earl Blaik BR , BS , CFRA , HAF , HS , PS Georgia 11 -- 0 Wally Butts WS Notre Dame 8 -- 0 -- 1 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR 1947 Michigan 10 -- 0 Fritz Crisler B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR Notre Dame 9 -- 0 Frank Leahy AP , HAF , WS 1948 Michigan 9 -- 0 Bennie Oosterbaan AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS 1949 Notre Dame 10 -- 0 Frank Leahy AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , HS , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson CFRA 1950 Kentucky 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant SR Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson AP , B ( QPRS ) , HAF , L , UP , WS Princeton 9 -- 0 Charley Caldwell BS , PS Tennessee 11 -- 1 Robert Neyland BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , NCF , SR 1951 Georgia Tech 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) ,", "20": "BS Illinois 9 -- 0 -- 1 Ray Eliot BS Maryland 10 -- 0 Jim Tatum CFRA , DeS , DuS , NCF , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 Biggie Munn BR , HAF , PS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Robert Neyland AP , L , UP , WS 1952 Georgia Tech 12 -- 0 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) , BR , INS , PS , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 Biggie Munn AP , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , SR , UP , WS 1953 Maryland 10 -- 1 Jim Tatum AP , INS , UP Notre Dame 9 -- 0 -- 1 Frank Leahy BR , BS , DeS , DuS , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR , WS Oklahoma 9 -- 1 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson B ( QPRS ) , CFRA 1954 Ohio State 10 -- 0 Woody Hayes AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , HAF , INS , NCF , PS , SR , WS UCLA 9 -- 0 Henry Sanders CFRA , DuS , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , UP 1955 Michigan State 9 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty BS Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FWAA , HAF , INS , L , NCF , PS , SR , UP , WS 1956 Georgia Tech 10 -- 1 Bobby Dodd B ( QPRS ) , SR Iowa 9 -- 1 Forest Evashevski CFRA Oklahoma 10 -- 0 Bud Wilkinson AP , BR , BS , DeS , DuS , FWAA , HAF , INS , L , NCF , SR , UP ,", "21": "WS Tennessee 10 -- 1 Bowden Wyatt SR 1957 Auburn 10 -- 0 Ralph Jordan AP , BR , CFRA , HAF , NCF , PS , SR , WS Michigan State 8 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty DuS Ohio State 9 -- 1 Woody Hayes BS , DeS , FWAA , INS , L , UP Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Bud Wilkinson B ( QPRS ) 1958 Iowa 8 -- 1 -- 1 Forest Evashevski FWAA LSU 11 -- 0 Paul Dietzel AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1959 Ole Miss 10 -- 1 Johnny Vaught B ( QPRS ) , DuS , SR Syracuse 11 -- 0 Ben Schwartzwalder AP , BR , BS , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1960 Iowa 8 -- 1 Forest Evashevski B ( QPRS ) , BS , L , SR Minnesota 8 -- 2 Murray Warmath AP , FN , NFF , UPI Ole Miss 10 -- 0 -- 1 Johnny Vaught BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FWAA , NCF , WS Missouri 11 -- 0 * Dan Devine PS Washington 10 -- 1 Jim Owens HAF 1961 Alabama 11 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , SR , UPI , WS Ohio State 8 -- 0 -- 1 Woody Hayes FWAA , PS 1962 LSU 9 -- 1 -- 1 Charles McClendon B ( QPRS ) Ole Miss 10 -- 0 Johnny Vaught BR , L ,", "22": "SR USC 11 -- 0 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , UPI , WS 1963 Texas 11 -- 0 Darrell Royal AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , WS 1964 Alabama 10 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , L , UPI Arkansas 11 -- 0 Frank Broyles BR , CFRA , FWAA , HAF , NCF , PS , SR Michigan 9 -- 1 Bump Elliott DuS Notre Dame 9 -- 1 Ara Parseghian DeS , FN , NFF 1965 Alabama 9 -- 1 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , CFRA , FWAA , NCF Michigan State 10 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NFF , PS , SR , UPI 1966 Alabama 11 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant B ( QPRS ) , SR Michigan State 9 -- 0 -- 1 Duffy Daugherty CFRA , HAF , NFF , PS Notre Dame 9 -- 0 -- 1 Ara Parseghian AP , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI 1967 Notre Dame 8 -- 2 Ara Parseghian DuS Oklahoma 10 -- 1 Chuck Fairbanks PS USC 10 -- 1 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , SR ,", "23": "UPI Tennessee 9 -- 2 Doug Dickey 1968 Georgia 8 -- 1 -- 2 Vince Dooley Ohio State 10 -- 0 Woody Hayes AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI Texas 9 -- 1 -- 1 Darrell Royal DeS , MGR , SR 1969 Ohio State 8 -- 1 Woody Hayes MGR Penn State 11 -- 0 Joe Paterno R ( FACT ) , SR Texas 11 -- 0 Darrell Royal AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1970 Arizona State 11 -- 0 Frank Kush PS Nebraska 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bob Devaney AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR Notre Dame 10 -- 1 Ara Parseghian MGR , R ( FACT ) , SR Ohio State 9 -- 1 Woody Hayes NFF Texas 10 -- 1 Darrell Royal B ( QPRS ) , L , NFF , R ( FACT ) , UPI 1971 Nebraska 13 -- 0 Bob Devaney AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1972 USC 12 -- 0 John McKay AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1973 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant B ( QPRS ) ,", "24": "UPI Michigan 10 -- 0 -- 1 Bo Schembechler NCF , PS Notre Dame 11 -- 0 Ara Parseghian AP , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF Ohio State 10 -- 0 -- 1 Woody Hayes NCF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR Oklahoma 10 -- 0 -- 1 Barry Switzer CFRA , DeS , DuS , SR Ohio State 10 -- 2 Woody Hayes MGR Oklahoma 11 -- 0 Barry Switzer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , HAF , L , NCF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR USC 10 -- 1 -- 1 John McKay FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , UPI Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant MGR Arizona State 12 -- 0 Frank Kush NCF , SN Ohio State 11 -- 1 Woody Hayes B ( QPRS ) , HAF , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI 1976 Pittsburgh 12 -- 0 Johnny Majors AP , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI USC 11 -- 1 John Robinson B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , MGR 1977 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant CFRA Arkansas 11 -- 1 Lou Holtz R ( FACT ) Notre Dame 11 -- 1 Dan Devine AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR ,", "25": "UPI Texas 11 -- 1 Fred Akers B ( QPRS ) , R ( FACT ) , SR 1978 Alabama 11 -- 1 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , CFRA , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer DeS , DuS , HAF , L , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR USC 12 -- 1 John Robinson B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , HAF , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI 1979 Alabama 12 -- 0 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI USC 11 -- 0 -- 1 John Robinson CFRA 1980 Florida State 10 -- 2 Bobby Bowden R ( FACT ) Georgia 12 -- 0 Vince Dooley AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , FWAA , HAF , NCF , NFF , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI Nebraska 10 -- 2 Tom Osborne R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 10 -- 2 Barry Switzer DuS , MGR Pittsburgh 11 -- 1 Jackie Sherrill CFRA , DeS , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR 1981 Clemson 12 -- 0 Danny Ford AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR ,", "26": "UPI Nebraska 9 -- 3 Tom Osborne NCF Penn State 10 -- 2 Joe Paterno DuS Pittsburgh 11 -- 1 Jackie Sherrill NCF SMU 10 -- 1 Ron Meyer NCF Texas 10 -- 1 -- 1 Fred Akers NCF 1982 Nebraska 12 -- 1 Tom Osborne B ( QPRS ) Penn State 11 -- 1 Joe Paterno AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , HAF , L , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , PS , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT SMU 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Collins HAF Auburn 11 -- 1 Pat Dye BR , CFRA , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Howard Schnellenberger AP , DuS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , SN , UPI , USAT / CNN Nebraska 12 -- 1 Tom Osborne B ( QPRS ) , DeS , L , MGR , PS , R ( FACT ) , SR 1984 BYU 13 -- 0 LaVell Edwards AP , BR , CFRA , FWAA , NCF , NFF , PS , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN Florida 9 -- 1 -- 1 Galen Hall DeS , DuS , MGR , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR Nebraska 10 -- 2 Tom Osborne Washington 11 -- 1 Don James B ( QPRS ) , FN , NCF 1985 Florida 9 -- 1 -- 1 Galen Hall SR Michigan 10 -- 1 -- 1 Bo Schembechler MGR Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , UPI ,", "27": "USAT / CNN 1986 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Jimmy Johnson R ( FACT ) Oklahoma 11 -- 1 Barry Switzer B ( QPRS ) , CFRA , DeS , DuS , NYT , SR Penn State 12 -- 0 Joe Paterno AP , BR , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden B ( QPRS ) Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Jimmy Johnson AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN 1988 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Jimmy Johnson B ( QPRS ) Notre Dame 12 -- 0 Lou Holtz AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN 1989 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Dennis Erickson AP , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , UPI , USAT / CNN Notre Dame 12 -- 1 Lou Holtz B ( QPRS ) , ERS , R ( FACT ) , SR 1990 Colorado 11 -- 1 -- 1 Bill McCartney AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , USAT / CNN Georgia Tech 11 -- 0 -- 1 Bobby Ross DuS , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI Miami ( FL ) 10 -- 2 Dennis Erickson ERS , NYT , R ( FACT ) ,", "28": "SR Washington 10 -- 2 Don James R ( FACT ) 1991 Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Dennis Erickson AP , BR , CFRA , ERS , NCF , NYT , SN , SR Washington 12 -- 0 Don James B ( QPRS ) , DeS , DuS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SR , UPI / NFF , USAT / CNN 1992 Alabama 13 -- 0 Gene Stallings AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CFRA , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI / NFF , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden SR 1993 Auburn 11 -- 0 Terry Bowden NCF Florida State 12 -- 1 Bobby Bowden AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN , USAT / NFF Nebraska 11 -- 1 Tom Osborne NCF Notre Dame 11 -- 1 Lou Holtz MGR , NCF 1994 Florida State 10 -- 1 -- 1 Bobby Bowden DuS Nebraska 13 -- 0 Tom Osborne AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , FN , FWAA , NCF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI , USAT / CNN , USAT / NFF Penn State 12 -- 0 Joe Paterno CCR , DeS , ERS , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR 1995 Nebraska 12 -- 0 Tom Osborne AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , UPI ,", "29": "USAT / CNN Florida 12 -- 1 Steve Spurrier AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / CNN Florida State 11 -- 1 Bobby Bowden AS 1997 Michigan 12 -- 0 Lloyd Carr AP , BR , FN , FWAA , NCF , NFF , SN Nebraska 13 -- 0 Tom Osborne A&H , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , MGR , NCF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SR , USAT / ESPN 1998 Ohio State 11 -- 1 John Cooper SR Tennessee 13 -- 0 Phillip Fulmer A&H , AP , AS , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , USAT / ESPN 1999 Florida State 12 -- 0 Bobby Bowden A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NCF , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN 2000 Miami ( FL ) 11 -- 1 Butch Davis NYT Oklahoma 13 -- 0 Bob Stoops A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NCF , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN 2001 Miami ( FL ) 12 -- 0 Larry Coker A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , MGR ,", "30": "NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN , W 2002 Ohio State 14 -- 0 Jim Tressel A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , ERS , FN , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT / ESPN , W USC 11 -- 2 Pete Carroll DuS , MGR , SR 2003 LSU 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , BCS , BR , CM , DeS , DuS , MCFR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SR , USAT / ESPN , W Oklahoma 12 -- 2 Bob Stoops B ( QPRS ) USC 12 -- 1 Pete Carroll AP , CCR , ERS , FWAA , MGR , NYT , SN USC 11 -- 0 Pete Carroll A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , MCFR , MGR , NFF , NYT , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , W Vacated : BCS , FWAA , USAT / ESPN 2005 Texas 13 -- 0 Mack Brown A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DeS , DuS , ERS , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT , W 2006 Florida 13 -- 1 Urban Meyer A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , MGR , NFF , R ( FACT ) , SN , SR , USAT , W Ohio State 12 -- 1 Jim Tressel DeS , R ( FACT ) 2007 LSU 12 -- 2 Les Miles AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR ,", "31": "USAT , W Missouri 12 -- 2 Gary Pinkel A&H USC 11 -- 2 Pete Carroll DuS 2008 Florida 13 -- 1 Urban Meyer AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CM , DuS , FWAA , NFF , SR , USAT Utah 13 -- 0 Kyle Whittingham A&H , MCFR , W 2009 Alabama 14 -- 0 Nick Saban A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W Auburn 14 -- 0 Gene Chizik A&H , AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W TCU 13 -- 0 Gary Patterson CCR 2011 Alabama 12 -- 1 Nick Saban AP , B ( QPRS ) , BCS , BR , CFRA , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W LSU 13 -- 1 Les Miles A&H , CCR Oklahoma State 12 -- 1 Mike Gundy CM 2012 Alabama 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W Notre Dame 12 -- 1 Brian Kelly CM 2013 Florida State 14 -- 0 Jimbo Fisher A&H , AP , BCS , BR , CCR , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA , MCFR , NFF , SR , USAT , W 2014 Ohio State 14 -- 1 Urban Meyer A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY ,", "32": "W 2015 Alabama 14 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , CM , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W 2016 Alabama 14 -- 1 Nick Saban CCR , CM , DuS Clemson 14 -- 1 Dabo Swinney A&H , AP , BR , CFP , CFRA , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W 2017 Alabama 13 -- 1 Nick Saban A&H , AP , BR , CCR , CFP , CFRA , DuS , FWAA / NFF , MCFR , SR , USAT / AMWAY , W UCF 13 -- 0 Scott Frost CM Parke Davis ' selection for 1901 , as published in the 1935 Spalding 's Foot Ball Guide ( which he himself edited until his death ) , was Harvard . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Sagarin as having selected Tennessee , while Sagarin 's official website gives Ohio State as its 1998 selection . The FWAA stripped USC of its 2004 Grantland Rice Trophy and vacated the selection of its national champion for 2004 . The BCS also vacated USC 's participation in the 2005 Orange Bowl and USC 's 2004 BCS National Championship , and the AFCA Coaches ' Poll Trophy was returned . Record does not count wins against UCLA , or against Oklahoma in the BCS Championship game on January 4 , 2005 , as they were vacated by the NCAA . The NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records book lists Dunkel as having selected LSU , while Dunkel 's official website gives USC as its 2007 selection .", "33": "Total championship selections from major selectors by school The national title count listed below is a culmination of all championship awarded since 1869 , regardless of consensus or non-consensus status , as listed in the table above according to the selectors deemed to be major as listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( minus the Harris Interactive poll , 2005 -- 2013 , that is listed but does not conduct a final poll or award a championship ) . The totals can be said to be disputed . Individual schools may claim national championships not accounted for by the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records or may not claim national championship selections that do appear in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( see National championship claims by school below ) . For an alternative independent view of national championship totals for each team , please see the Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) selections in the tables below . School Championships Princeton 28 Yale 27 Alabama 22 Notre Dame 22 Oklahoma 17 USC 17 Michigan 16 Ohio State 16 Harvard 12 Nebraska 11 Pittsburgh 11 Miami ( FL ) 9 Minnesota 9 Texas 9 Florida State 8 LSU 8 Georgia Tech 7 Penn State 7 Tennessee 7 Georgia 6 Michigan State 6 Penn 6 Iowa 5 Army 5 Auburn 5 California 5 Cornell 5 Florida 5 Illinois 5 Washington Lafayette Ole Miss SMU TCU Texas A&M Arizona State Arkansas Chicago Clemson Maryland Missouri Oklahoma State Stanford BYU Centre Colgate Colorado Columbia Dartmouth Detroit Kentucky Navy Purdue Rutgers Syracuse UCF UCLA Utah Washington & Jefferson Wisconsin National championship claims by school Tennessee 's national championship claims , as posted in their Neyland Stadium The following is a table of known schools ' claims on national championships at the highest level of play in college football . Several of these schools no longer compete at the highest level , which is currently NCAA Division I FBS , but nonetheless maintain claims to titles from when they did compete at the highest level .", "34": "Because there is no one governing or official body that regulates , recognizes , or awards national championships in college football , and because many independent selectors of championships exist , many of the claims by the schools listed below are shared , contradict each other , or are controversial . In addition , because there is no one body overseeing national championships , no standardized requirements exist in order for a school to make a claim on a national championship , as any particular institution is free to make any declaration it deems to be fit . However , all known national championship claims are for seasons in which a national championship , or share of a championship , was believed to be awarded to that particular school by at least one independent third - party selector . The majority of these claims , but not all , are based on championships awarded from selectors listed as `` major '' in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . Not all championships awarded by third party selectors , nor those listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , are necessarily claimed by each school . Therefore , these claims represent how each individual school sees their own history on the subject of national championships . This table below includes only national championship claims originating from each particular school and therefore represents the point - of - view of each individual institution . Each total number of championships , and the years for which they are claimed , are documented by the particular school on its official website , in its football media guide , or in other official publications or literature ( see Source ) . If a championship is not mentioned by a school for any particular season , regardless of whether it was awarded by a selector or listed in a third - party publication such as the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records , it is not considered to be claimed by that institution . School Claimed national championships Seasons Source Princeton 28 1869 , 1870 , 1872 , 1873 , 1874 , 1875 , 1877 , 1878 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1884 , 1885 , 1886 , 1889 , 1893 , 1894 , 1896 , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 , 1906 , 1911 , 1920 , 1922 , 1933 , 1935 , 1950 Yale 27 1872 , 1874 , 1876 ,", "35": "1877 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1900 , 1901 , 1902 , 1905 , 1906 , 1907 , 1909 , 1927 Alabama 17 1925 , 1926 , 1930 , 1934 , 1941 , 1961 , 1964 , 1965 , 1973 , 1978 , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Michigan 11 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1918 , 1923 , 1932 , 1933 , 1947 , 1948 , 1997 Notre Dame 11 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 USC 11 1928 , 1931 , 1932 , 1939 , 1962 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 , 1978 , 2003 , 2004 Pittsburgh 9 1915 , 1916 , 1918 , 1929 , 1931 , 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1976 Ohio State 8 1942 , 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , 1970 , 2002 , 2014 Harvard 7 1890 , 1898 , 1899 , 1910 , 1912 , 1913 , 1919 Minnesota 7 1904 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 Oklahoma 7 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 , 1975 , 1985 ,", "36": "2000 Penn 7 1894 , 1895 , 1897 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1924 Michigan State 6 1951 , 1952 , 1955 , 1957 , 1965 , 1966 Tennessee 6 1938 , 1940 , 1950 , 1951 , 1967 , 1998 California 5 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1937 Cornell 5 1915 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1939 Illinois 5 1914 , 1919 , 1923 , 1927 , 1951 Miami ( FL ) 5 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 2001 Nebraska 5 1970 , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 Georgia Tech 1917 , 1928 , 1952 , 1990 Iowa 1921 , 1956 , 1958 , 1960 Texas 1963 , 1969 , 1970 , 2005 Washington 1960 , 1984 , 1990 , 1991 Army 1944 , 1945 , 1946 Florida 1996 , 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1993 , 1999 , 2013 Lafayette 1896 , 1921 , 1926 LSU 1958 , 2003 , 2007 Ole Miss 1959 , 1960 , 1962 SMU 1935 , 1981 , 1982 Texas A&M 1919 , 1927 , 1939 Auburn 1957 , 2010 Chicago 1905 , 1913 Clemson 1981 , 2016 Georgia 1942 , 1980 Penn State 1982 , 1986 TCU 1935 , 1938 Stanford 1926 ,", "37": "1940 Arkansas 1964 Boston College 1940 BYU 1984 Centre 1921 Colorado 1990 Dartmouth 1925 Kentucky 1950 Maryland 1953 Navy 1926 Oklahoma State 1945 Rutgers 1869 Syracuse 1959 UCF 2017 UCLA 1954 USC 's January 4 , 2005 win over Oklahoma in the BCS Championship Game was vacated as mandated by the NCAA , its 2004 BCS National Championship vacated by the BCS , and its AFCA Coaches ' Trophy returned . NCAA sanctions mandate that `` any reference to the vacated results , including championships , shall be removed . '' USC still retains the 2004 Associated Press National Championship and has not abandoned its claim to a 2004 national championship . Iowa lists the awarding of the 1958 Grantland Rice National Championship in various publications , but describes championship selections from 3 other years as well in its annual media guide . Auburn 's 1913 , 1983 , and 1993 ( Auburn was disqualified from post-season play in 1993 and did not play in a bowl game ) championships are not recognized by the school . Georgia 's website has multiple pages which list national championships by sport and only callout two seasons for football ( 1942 and 1980 ) . The Georgia football media guide contains a year - by - year results section in which five seasons ( 1927 , 1942 , 1946 , 1968 , 1980 ) have `` National Champions # '' headers paired with selector callouts , , but also a `` Championship History '' page which pairs 1942 and 1980 into a `` The Consensus National Champions '' section and groups 1927 , 1946 , and 1968 together without description as national champions beyond identification of those specific selectors . Poll era ( 1936 -- present ) The polling system first gained widespread consistency with the introduction of the AP poll in 1936 , followed by the Coaches ' Poll in 1950 . National championships are often popularly considered to be `` consensus '' when both of these polls are in agreement with their national championship selections , although other selectors exist and do make alternative selections .", "38": "A more modern incarnation , the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) , was a consortium of college football conferences that uses a combination of various computer rankings and human polls to mathematically determine a post-season matchup between the two top teams as determined by its formula . The USA Today Coaches ' Poll was contractually obligated to name the BCS champion as its national champion . AP poll Main article : AP Poll The AP college football poll has a long history . The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was , by popular opinion , the best football team in the country at the end of the season . One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll , first run in 1934 ( compiled and organized by Charles Woodroof , former SEC Assistant Director of Media Relations , but not recognized in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ) and then continuously from 1936 . Due to the long - standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high - paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl , the NCAA has never held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division , NCAA Division I , Football Bowl Subdivision ( the Division I , Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments ) . As a result , the public and the media began to take the leading vote - getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season . While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation , from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams . And from 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized . From 1968 to 1988 , the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to 25 teams in 1989 . Until the 1968 college football season , the final AP Poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season , with the exception of the 1965 season . In 1964 , Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season , but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas , leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated , untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic .", "39": "In 1965 , the AP 's decision to wait to crown its champion paid off , as top - ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl , number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic , and fourth - ranked Alabama defeated third - ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP 's final poll . Michigan State was named national champion in the final United Press International poll of coaches , which did not conduct a post-bowl poll . At the end of the 1947 season , the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll . The AP national championship had been awarded before bowl games were played . Beginning in the 1968 season , a post bowl game poll was released and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results . The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches ' poll until the 1974 season . Coaches ' poll Main article : Coaches ' Poll The AFCA National Championship Trophy The Coaches ' poll began selecting the top 20 teams on a weekly basis during the 1950 -- 1951 college football season . It is conducted among selected members of the American Football Coaches Association . In 1990 the poll expanded to a top 25 , and it has retained this format since . The Coaches ' Poll took their final poll prior to the bowl games from 1950 -- 1973 , and since 1974 , has taken their final poll after bowl games . The Coaches ' Poll does not include teams on either NCAA or conference - sanction probation , which also differentiates it from the AP poll . The poll has been released through various media outlets and with differing sponsors over its history , and thus has taken a succession of different names , including United Press ( UP ) from 1950 thru 1957 , the United Press International ( UPI ) from 1958 thru 1990 , USA Today / CNN from 1991 thru 1996 , USA Today / ESPN from 1997 to 2004 , and USA Today from 2005 to present . During the era of the BCS , the Coaches ' Poll was under contractual obligation to award its national championship selection to the winner of the BCS Championship Game or its predecessors -- who was presented with the AFCA National Championship Trophy during a post-game presentation .", "40": "The College Football Playoff is not tied to the Coaches ' Poll in this manner . Poll era national championships by school ( 1936 -- present ) The following table contains the national championships that have been recognized by the final AP or Coaches ' Poll . Originally both the AP and Coaches ' poll champions were crowned after the regular season , but since 1968 and 1974 , respectively , both polls crown their champions after the bowl games are completed . The BCS champion was automatically awarded the Coaches ' Poll championship . Of the current 120 + Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS , formerly Division I-A ) schools , only 30 have won at least a share of a national title by the AP or Coaches ' poll . Of these 30 teams , only 19 teams have won multiple titles . Of the 19 teams , only 7 have won five or more national titles : Alabama , Notre Dame , Oklahoma , USC , Miami ( FL ) , Nebraska , and Ohio State . The years listed in the table below indicate a national championship selection by the AP or Coaches ' Poll . The selections are noted with ( AP ) or ( Coaches ) when a national champion selection differed between the two polls for that particular season , which has occurred in twelve different seasons ( including 2004 , for which the coaches selection was rescinded ) since the polls first came to coexist in 1950 . School Championships Seasons Alabama 12 1961 , 1964 , 1965 ( AP ) , 1973 ( Coaches ) , 1978 ( AP ) , 1979 , 1992 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Notre Dame 8 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 ( AP ) , 1977 , 1988 Oklahoma 7 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1974 ( AP ) , 1975 , 1985 , 2000 USC 7 1962 , 1967 , 1972 , 1974 ( Coaches ) , 1978 ( Coaches ) , 2003 ( AP ) , 2004 ( AP ) † Ohio State 6 1942 ,", "41": "1954 ( AP ) , 1957 ( Coaches ) , 1968 , 2002 , 2014 Miami ( FL ) 5 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 ( AP ) , 2001 Nebraska 5 1970 ( AP ) , 1971 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 ( Coaches ) Minnesota 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1960 Texas 1963 , 1969 , 1970 ( Coaches ) , 2005 Florida 1996 , 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1993 , 1999 , 2013 LSU 1958 , 2003 ( Coaches ) , 2007 Army 1944 , 1945 ( AP ) Auburn 1957 ( AP ) , 2010 Clemson 1981 , 2016 Michigan 1948 , 1997 ( AP ) Michigan State 1952 , 1965 ( Coaches ) Penn State 1982 , 1986 Pittsburgh 1937 , 1976 Tennessee 1951 , 1998 BYU 1984 Colorado 1990 ( AP ) Georgia 1980 Georgia Tech 1990 ( Coaches ) Maryland 1953 Oklahoma State 1945 ( Coaches ) ‡ Syracuse 1959 TCU 1938 Texas A&M 1939 UCLA 1954 ( Coaches ) Washington 1991 ( Coaches ) † USC 's 2004 -- 2005 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS and the AFCA Coaches ' Trophy returned . ‡ Retroactively awarded in 2016 by AFCA Blue Ribbon Panel BCS championships The Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) was a selection system designed to give the top two teams in NCAA Division I-A ( now known as the FBS ) an opportunity to compete in a `` national championship game '' . This championship was intended as a surrogate for a playoff system since the NCAA does not formally determine a champion in this category .", "42": "It began during the 1998 season , but a number of controversial selections spurred changes to the format over the years . Prior to the 2006 season , eight teams competed in four BCS Bowls ( the Orange , Sugar , Rose , and Fiesta ) . The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance ( in place from 1995 -- 1997 ) , which itself followed the Bowl Coalition ( in place from 1992 -- 1994 ) . One of the main differences was that the Rose Bowl participated in the BCS ; previously , the Big Ten and Pac - 12 champions automatically played in the Rose Bowl regardless of their poll rankings . However , after the change , those teams played in the BCS National Championship Game if they finished # 1 or # 2 in the BCS standings . The BCS formula varied over the years , with the final version relying on a combination of the Coaches ' and Harris polls and an average of various computer rankings to determine relative team rankings , and to narrow the field to two teams to play in the BCS National Championship Game held after the other college bowl games . The winner of this game was crowned Coaches ' Poll national champion winning the AFCA National Championship Trophy and was also awarded the MacArthur Bowl by the National Football Foundation . BCS national championships by school ( 1998 -- 2013 ) School Championships Seasons Alabama 2009 , 2011 , 2012 Florida 2006 , 2008 Florida State 1999 , 2013 LSU 2003 , 2007 Auburn Miami ( FL ) 2001 Ohio State 2002 Oklahoma 2000 Tennessee 1998 Texas 2005 USC 0 * 2004 * * USC 's victory in the 2005 Orange Bowl and subsequent 2004 -- 05 BCS National Championship was vacated by the BCS . College Football Playoff championships The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) was designed as a replacement for the BCS . While the NCAA still does not officially sanction the event , organizers sought to bring a playoff system similar to all other levels of NCAA football to the Football Bowl Subdivision .", "43": "The College Football Playoff relies on a 13 - member selection committee to choose the top four teams to play in a two - round single - elimination playoff bracket . The winner of the final game is awarded the College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy . CFP National Championships by school ( 2014 -- present ) School Championships Seasons Alabama 2015 , 2017 Clemson 2016 Ohio State 2014 See also College football portal Coaches Poll List of NCAA college football rankings List of NCAA Division I FBS football programs Notes Jump up ^ The following schools either make no apparent statement or claim regarding national championships , or clearly state no claims on a national championship , despite the listing of a national championship for that school in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records : Arizona State , Colgate , Columbia , Detroit , Missouri , Purdue , Rutgers , Washington & Jefferson , and Wisconsin . Jump up ^ All National Championships listed in the official NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records were checked for claims by the applicable schools . Although every care was taken to be thorough and accurate , it can not be assumed that there are no missing or misrepresented claims due to potential limitations of the available source material for any one institution . References Jump up ^ `` Syracuse and Cornell Still Top Gridders '' . The Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . November 12 , 1923 . p. 12 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Viehman , Harold H. , ed. ( 1939 ) . The 1939 Owl . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh . p. 276 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Dennis ( December 22 , 2004 ) . `` Subtracting AP poll leaves BCS again scrambling for legitimacy '' . CBSsports.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Bill ( November 5 , 2008 ) . `` UC Football in the Hunt for a Big East Crown and BCS Bid '' . Citybeat.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooper , Matt ( October 10 , 2009 ) .", "44": "Noel , Tex , ed . `` How many national titles can Alabama really lay claim to ? Better yet , why is there more than one answer ? ( republished with permission from the Birmingham Weekly ) '' ( PDF ) . The College Football Historian . Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 9 ) . ISSN 2326 - 3628 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 2017 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records ( PDF ) . Indianapolis : The National Collegiate Athletic Association . July 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weinreb , Michael ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tricky Dick 's Trick Play '' . Grantland . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctors After the Indians '' . Baltimore American . 187 ( 34,129 ) . Baltimore , Maryland . October 31 , 1899 . p. 4 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Noel , Tex , ed . ( May 2009 ) . `` Three Actual Polls from the 1901 College Football Season '' ( PDF ) . The College Football Historian . Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 4 ) . ISSN 2326 - 3628 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Christopher J. ( 2007 ) . Who 's # 1 ? : 100 - Plus Years of Controversial National Champions in College Football . Taylor Trade Publications . pp. 13 -- 16 , 148 -- 149 . ISBN 9781461734765 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year FBS Coaches Final Polls '' . AFCA.com . American Football Coaches Association . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billingsley , Richard ( 2001 ) .", "45": "`` The road to the BCS has been a long one '' . ESPN College Football . ESPN . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The MacArthur Bowl '' . National Football Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wieberg , Steve . `` New Harris poll to replace AP in BCS formula '' . USA Today Sports . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion '' . afca.com . American Football Coaches Association . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitley , David ( February 9 , 2013 ) . `` College football playoff selection committee members will need witness protection '' . AOL SportingNews.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bowl Championship Series '' . Harris Interactive News Room . Harris Interactive . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Edges UCF for # 1 '' . AndersonSports . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` https://collegefootball.ap.org/poll '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` FINAL BILLINGSLEY REPORT 2017 '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Congrove Computer Rankings '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship '' . College Football Playoff . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Final CFRA Poll '' . The College Football Researchers Association . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2017 : Tide Turns '' . Dunkel Index . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ALABAMA RECOGNIZED AS 2017 NFF MACARTHUR BOWL RECIPIENT '' .", "46": "THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL FOUNDATION AND COLLEGE HALL OF FAME , INC . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Ranking Composite '' . Kenneth Massey . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final COLLEGE FOOTBALL 2017 through results of 2018 JANUARY 8 MONDAY - National Championship Game '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eddie Timanus . `` Alabama finishes No. 1 in final Amway Coaches Poll for fifth time in nine years '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final Ratings of all NCAA and NAIA Teams '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seeley , Andy ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Knights Ranked No. 1 - UCF '' ( Press release ) . UCF Athletics . Jump up ^ Okeson , Walter R. , ed. ( 1935 ) . Spalding 's Official Foot Ball Guide 1935 . New York : American Sports Publishing Co . Jump up ^ Sagarin , Jeff . `` FINAL COLLEGE FOOTBALL 1998 Ratings thru results of MONDAY , JANUARY 3 , 1999 '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USC loses Grantland Rice Trophy '' . ESPN.com news services . ESPN . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BCS Group vacates USC 2004 - 05 national championship following NCAA denial of appeal '' . bcsfootball.org . Bowl Championship Series . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` University of Southern California Public Interactions Report '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . NCAA . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunkel , Bob . `` Final 2007 : Trojans Finish Ranked No. 1 '' . NCAA Football Division 1 - A Rankings . The Dunkel Index . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 .", "47": "Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( September 11 , 1967 ) , `` This Year The Fight Will Be in the Open '' , Sports Illustrated , Chicago , 27 ( 11 ) : 30 -- 33 , retrieved May 5 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Princeton Football National Championships '' . Go Princeton Tigers . Princeton University . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Conn , Steve ( 2009 ) . 2009 Yale Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Yale University . pp. 106 -- 112 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yale Official Athletic Site -- Football by Year '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Purinton , Jeff ; Maxon , Josh ; Walker , Doug ; Paré , Jessica ; Thompson , Alex ( 2011 ) . 2015 Alabama Football Spring Media Guide . University of Alabama . p. 3 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisendrath , Zach ; Satterfield , Derek , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 University of Michigan Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Michigan . pp. 2,183 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bertsch , Michael ; Masters , Chris ; Torbin , Leigh ( 2014 ) . Notre Dame Football 2014 Media Guide . University of Notre Dame . pp. 2,157 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ USC Sports Information Office ( 2014 ) . 2014 USC Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Southern California . p. 114 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borghetti , E.J. ; Feeley , Ted ; Welsh , Celeste ; et al. , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Pitt Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh . p. 130 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 .", "48": "Jump up ^ 2014 Ohio State Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . The Ohio State University Department of Athletics . 2014 . pp. 1 , 4 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes - 2014 NCAA Football Champions '' . Ohio State Buckeyes . CBSi Advanced Media . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Media Center : Harvard Crimson Football -- National Championships '' . Official Website of Harvard Athletics . Harvard University . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GopherSports.com : University of Minnesota Athletics -- National Champions '' . University of Minnesota Athletics Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OU History & Tradition -- 7 National Championships '' . SoonerSports.com . University of Oklahoma Department of Intercollegiate Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Eric ( August 1 , 2014 ) . 2014 Penn Football Fact Book ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Office of Athletic Communications . pp. 6 , 78 -- 79 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewandowski , John ; Phlegar , Ben ( 2014 ) . Michigan State 2014 Football Media Guide . Michigan State University Sports Information Department . p. 5 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Jimmy ; Yellin , Jason ; Kniffen , Mary - Carter , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Tennessee Football Media Guide . University of Tennessee Department of Athletics . pp. 1 , 160 -- 174 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Official Athletic Site -- Football : National Champions '' . University of Tennessee Department of Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benenson , Herb , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 California Golden Bears Football Information Guide ( PDF ) . Cal Media Relations Office . p. 146 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Over a Century of Tradition ( PDF ) .", "49": "Cornell Athletics Communications Office . 2015 . p. 3 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kent , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Illinois Football Record Book ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Division of Intercollegiate Athletics . p. 114 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricanes Football History & Records '' . University of Miami Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Huskers. com - Nebraska Athletics Official Web Site : Nebraska 's Five National Titles '' . University of Nebraska Athletic Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Tech Official Athletic Site -- Football : Titles Won '' . Georgia Tech Athletic Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roe , Steve ; Wagner , Traci ; Walenta , Theresa , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Iowa Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . University of Iowa Athletic Department . p. 104 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco , John ( 2014 ) . 2014 Texas Football AdvoCare V100 Texas Bowl Guide ( PDF ) . University of Texas at Austin . p. 120 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2017 Husky Football Guide ( PDF ) . University of Washington Athletic Communications Office . 2017 . p. 86 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Matt , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Army Football Media Guide . U.S. Military Academy Office of Athletic Communications . p. 126 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GatorZone.com : Gator Football History '' . University Athletic Association . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stipe , Zach ; Lonzo , Kerwin , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 FSU Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Florida State University Department of Athletics . pp. 126 -- 128 .", "50": "Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaBella , Phil ( 2014 ) . 2014 Lafayette Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Lafayette Athletics Communications . p. 6 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bonnette , Michael , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 LSU Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . LSU Sports Information Office . pp. 16 -- 18 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Kyle ; Jones , Joey , eds. ( 2014 ) . `` 2014 Ole Miss Football Guide '' . University , Mississippi : University of Mississippi Athletics Media Relations Office . p. 104 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sutton , Brad ; Hudson , Herman ; Balside , Zach ; et al. , eds. ( 2014 ) . 2014 SMU Football Media Guide . Southern Methodist University Department of Athletics . pp. 1 , 80 -- 82 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cannon , Alan , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Texas A&M Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Texas A&M Athletic Media Relations Office . p. 150 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Championships '' . Auburn Tigers : The Official Website of Auburn Athletics . 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feature Story : Chicago Football Eras '' . University of Chicago Campus and Student Life . October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 25th Anniversary of the 1981 National Championship Team ( PDF ) . Clemson University . 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Champions ! '' . ClemsonTigers.com . Clemson University . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 .", "51": "^ Jump up to : http://georgiadogs.com/sports/2017/6/16/championships.aspx ^ Jump up to : 2017 Georgia Football Media Guide . University of Georgia Athletics Department . 2017 . pp. 161 -- 163 , 192 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penn State official Athletic Site -- Traditions : National Champions '' . Pennsylvania State University Department of Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Mark ( 2014 ) . 2014 TCU Football Fact Book . TCU Athletics Media Relations Office . pp. 2 , 129 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Football History '' . Stanford University Department of Athletics . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Jim , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Stanford Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Stanford University Athletic Communications and Media Relations Department . pp. 172 , 180 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Higbee , Zack ; Satterfield , Derek , eds. ( 2014 ) . University of Arkansas Razorbacks 2014 Football Media Guide . UA Media Relations Department . pp. 18 , 140 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boston College Official Athletic Site : 1940 Football ' Team of Destiny ' -- National Champions '' . Boston College Athletics Department . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 National Championship '' . BYUCougars.com : The Official Site of Brigham Young Athletics . 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Centre Colonels '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . ( Archived by WebCite ® at http://www.webcitation.org/6wQrb97P6 ) Jump up ^ `` Colorado Football 1990 National Champions '' . CUBuffs.com -- Official Athletics Web site of the University of Colorado . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Championship Tradition '' .", "52": "DartmouthSports.com -- Official Web Site of Dartmouth Varsity Athletics . August 30 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Football Media Guide '' . University of Kentucky Athletics . p. 100 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terrapin Team Titles : University of Maryland National Championships '' . Maryland Athletics , University of Maryland . 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 Navy Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Naval Academy Athletic Association . 2014 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brunt , Cliff ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` AFCA picks Oklahoma St as 1945 coaches ' national champion '' . USA Today . AP . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFCA Recognizes Oklahoma State as 1945 National Champion '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baum , Jason , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Rutgers Football Factbook . Rutgers University Office of Athletic Communications . p. 2 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edson , Sue Cornelius , ed. ( 2014 ) . 2014 Syracuse University Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . Syracuse University Athletic Communications Department . pp. 6 , 107 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ UCF declares itself national champions , and is doing everything real champions do after winning . SBNation. 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2014 UCLA Football Media Guide ( PDF ) . UCLA Sports Information Office . 2014 . pp. 90 , 108 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BCS strips Southern California of 2004 national championship '' . USA Today . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 .", "53": "Jump up ^ `` NCAA University of Southern California Public Infractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Indianapolis : National Collegiate Athletic Association . June 10 , 2010 . p. 58 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://georgiadogs.com/sports/2017/6/16/championships-ncaa-sec.aspx Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20141007040543/http://www.georgiadogs.com/ot/geo-championships.html Jump up ^ Whittingham , Richard ( 2001 ) . Rites of Autumn : The Story of College Football . Simon and Schuster . p. 46 . ISBN 9780743222198 . Jump up ^ `` Amway Coaches ' Poll '' . American Football Coaches Association . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FBS coaches ' poll will continue every week despite BCS going away '' . Associated Press . January 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BCS strips Southern California of 2004 national championship '' . USA Today . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BCS Group vacates USC 2004 -- 05 national championship following NCAA denial of appeal '' ( Press release ) . Bowl Championship Series . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Links to related articles NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 ", "54": "1996 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016", "55": "2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk College football national champions ( poll era ) 1936 -- 1949 1936 : Minnesota ( AP , DS ) / Pittsburgh ( BS , HS ) 1937 : Pittsburgh ( AP , BS , DS , HS ) / California 1938 : TCU ( AP ) / Tennessee ( BS , HS ) / Notre Dame ( DS ) 1939 : Texas A&M ( AP , BS , HS ) / USC ( DS ) 1940 : Minnesota ( AP , BS , DS , HS ) / Stanford 1941 : Minnesota ( AP , BS ) / Alabama ( HS ) 1942 : Ohio State ( AP , BS ) / Georgia ( HS ) 1943 : Notre Dame 1944 : Army ( AP , BS , HS ) / Ohio State 1945 : Army ( AP , BS , HS ) / Oklahoma A&M ( AFCA ) 1946 : Notre Dame ( AP ) / Army ( BS , HS ) 1947 : Notre Dame ( AP ) / Michigan ( AP ( post-bowl ) , BS ,", "56": "HS ) 1948 : Michigan 1949 : Notre Dame 1950s 1950 : Oklahoma 1951 : Tennessee ( AP , Coaches ) / Michigan State / Maryland / Georgia Tech ( BS ) / Illinois ( BS ) 1952 : Michigan State ( AP , Coaches , BS ) / Georgia Tech ( INS ) 1953 : Maryland ( AP , Coaches , INS ) / Notre Dame ( BS ) 1954 : Ohio State ( AP , BS , INS ) / UCLA ( FWAA , Coaches ) 1955 : Oklahoma 1956 : Oklahoma 1957 : Auburn ( AP ) / Ohio State ( Coaches , BS , FWAA , INS ) 1958 : LSU ( AP , Coaches , BS , FN ) / Iowa ( FWAA ) 1959 : Syracuse 1960s 1960 : Minnesota ( AP , Coaches , FN , NFF ) / Ole Miss ( FWAA ) / Iowa BS ) 1961 : Alabama ( AP , Coaches , FN , NFF ) / Ohio State ( FWAA ) 1962 : USC 1963 : Texas 1964 : Alabama ( AP , Coaches ) / Arkansas ( FWAA ) / Notre Dame ( FN , NFF ) 1965 : Alabama ( AP , FWAA ) / Michigan State ( Coaches , FN , FWAA , NFF ) 1966 : Notre Dame ( AP , Coaches , FN , FWAA , NFF ) / Michigan State ( NFF ) 1967 : USC 1968 : Ohio State 1969 : Texas 1970s 1970 : Nebraska ( AP , FN , FWAA ) / Texas ( NFF , Coaches ) / Ohio State ( NFF ) 1971 : Nebraska 1972 : USC 1973 : Notre Dame ( AP , FN , FWAA , NFF ) / Alabama ( Coaches ) 1974 : Oklahoma ( AP , FN ) / USC ( FWAA , NFF , Coaches ) 1975 : Oklahoma 1976 : Pittsburgh 1977 : Notre Dame 1978 : Alabama ( AP , FWAA , NFF ) / USC ( Coaches ,", "57": "FN ) 1979 : Alabama 1980 -- 1991 1980 : Georgia 1981 : Clemson 1982 : Penn State 1983 : Miami ( FL ) 1984 : BYU 1985 : Oklahoma 1986 : Penn State 1987 : Miami ( FL ) 1988 : Notre Dame 1989 : Miami ( FL ) 1990 : Colorado ( AP , FN , FWAA , NFF , USAT / CNN ) / Georgia Tech ( Coaches ) 1991 : Miami ( FL ) ( AP ) / Washington ( Coaches , FN , FWAA , UPI / NFF ) College football national champions ( pre-AP Poll ) 1869 -- 1879 1869 : Princeton / Rutgers 1870 : Princeton 1872 : Princeton / Yale 1873 : Princeton 1874 : Harvard / Princeton / Yale 1875 : Columbia / Harvard / Princeton 1876 : Yale 1877 : Princeton / Yale 1878 : Princeton 1879 : Princeton 1880s 1880 : Princeton / Yale 1881 : Princeton / Yale 1882 : Yale 1883 : Yale 1884 : Princeton / Yale 1885 : Princeton 1886 : Princeton / Yale 1887 : Yale 1888 : Yale 1889 : Princeton 1890s 1890 : Harvard 1891 : Yale 1892 : Yale 1893 : Princeton / Yale 1894 : Penn / Princeton / Yale 1895 : Penn / Yale 1896 : Lafayette / Princeton 1897 : Penn / Yale 1898 : Harvard / Princeton 1899 : Harvard / Princeton 1900s 1900 : Yale 1901 : Harvard / Michigan / Yale 1902 : Michigan / Yale", "58": "1903 : Michigan / Princeton 1904 : Michigan / Minnesota / Penn 1905 : Chicago / Yale 1906 : Princeton / Yale 1907 : Yale 1908 : Harvard / LSU / Penn 1909 : Yale 1910s 1910 : Harvard / Pittsburgh 1911 : Penn State / Princeton 1912 : Harvard / Penn State 1913 : Auburn / Chicago / Harvard 1914 : Army / Illinois / Texas 1915 : Cornell / Minnesota / Oklahoma / Pittsburgh 1916 : Army / Georgia Tech / Pittsburgh 1917 : Georgia Tech 1918 : Michigan / Pittsburgh 1919 : Centre / Harvard / Illinois / Notre Dame / Texas A&M 1920s 1920 : California / Georgia / Harvard / Notre Dame / Princeton 1921 : California / Cornell / Iowa / Lafayette / Washington & Jefferson / Vanderbilt 1922 : California / Cornell / Princeton / Vanderbilt 1923 : Cal / Cornell / Illinois / Michigan / Yale 1924 : Notre Dame / Penn 1925 : Alabama / Dartmouth / Michigan 1926 : Alabama / Lafayette / Michigan / Navy / Stanford 1927 : Georgia / Illinois / Notre Dame / Texas A&M / Yale 1928 : Detroit / Georgia Tech / USC 1929 : Notre Dame / Pittsburgh / USC 1930s 1930 : Alabama / Notre Dame 1931 : Pittsburgh / Purdue / USC 1932 : Colgate / Michigan / USC 1933 : Michigan / Ohio State / Princeton / USC 1934 : Alabama / Minnesota 1935 : LSU / Minnesota / Princeton / SMU / TCU Systems used to determine college football national championships NCAA Division I-A / FBS Various polling systems ( 1869 -- present ) Bowl Coalition ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Bowl Alliance ( 1995 -- 1997 )", "59": "Bowl Championship Series ( 1998 -- 2013 ) College Football Playoff ( 2014 -- present ) NCAA Division I - AA / FCS NCAA Division I Football Championship ( 1978 -- present ) NCAA Division II NCAA Division II Football Championship ( 1973 -- present ) NCAA Division III NCAA Division III Football Championship ( 1973 -- present ) NAIA Divisions NAIA Football National Championship ( 1956 -- present ) NAIA Division II Football National Championship ( 1970 -- 1996 ) Additional systems Black college football national championship NCCAA Victory Bowl ( 1997 -- present ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men", "60": "Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued .", "61": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS&oldid=821669866 '' Categories : College football - related lists Lists of sports championships NCAA Division I championships NCAA Division I FBS football NCAA football championships Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 11, 13, 10, 12, 58, 47, 57, 17, 33, 16, 18, 15, 54, 14, 48, 60, 2, 52, 20, 35, 19, 51, 34, 56, 4, 37, 23, 5, 44, 53, 36, 24, 55, 61, 3, 21, 43, 38, 49, 39, 25, 45, 8, 40, 30, 32, 50, 22, 28, 27, 9, 31, 46, 0, 29, 6, 26, 7, 41, 1, 59, 42 ]	[ 11, 13, 10, 12, 58 ]
-2836256430486788997	who ruled the ottoman empire in the 1500s	[ "a line of committed and effective Sultans", "Selim I" ]	{ "0": "Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia Ottoman Empire This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 24 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Turkish Empire '' redirects here . For empires with Turkic origins , see List of Turkic dynasties and countries . Ottoman Empire دولت عليه عثمانیه ‎ Devlet - i ʿAlīye - i ʿOsmānīye The Exalted Ottoman State c. 1299 -- 1922 / 1923 Flag ( 1844 -- 1922 ) Coat of arms ( 1882 design ) Motto دولت ابد مدت ‎ Devlet - i Ebed - müddet `` The Eternal State '' Anthem ( various ) ( during 1808 -- 1922 ) The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in Europe , under Sultan Mehmed IV . Capital Söğüt ( c. 1299 -- 1335 ) Bursa ( 1335 -- 1363 ) Edirne ( 1363 -- 1453 ) Constantinople ( present - day Istanbul ) ( 1453 -- 1922 ) Languages Ottoman Turkish ( official ) many others Religion Sunni Islam Madhab : Hanafi Creed : Maturidi Government Absolute monarchy ( c. 1299 -- 1876 ) ( 1878 -- 1908 ) ( 1920 -- 1922 ) Constitutional monarchy ( 1876 -- 1878 ) ( 1908 -- 1920 ) Sultan c. 1299 -- 1323 / 4 Osman I ( first ) 1918 -- 1922 Mehmed VI ( last ) Caliph 1512 -- 1520 Selim I ( first ) 1922 -- 1924 Abdülmecid II ( last ) Grand Vizier 1320 -- 1331 Alaeddin Pasha ( first ) 1920 -- 1922 Ahmet Tevfik Pasha ( last ) Legislature General Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house Chamber of Deputies History Founded c.", "1": "1299 Interregnum 1402 -- 1414 Transformation to empire 1453 1st Constitutional 1876 -- 1878 2nd Constitutional 1908 -- 1920 Raid on the Sublime Porte 23 January 1913 Sultanate abolished 1 November 1922 Republic of Turkey established 29 October 1923 Caliphate abolished 3 March 1924 Area 1683 5,200,000 km ( 2,000,000 sq mi ) 1914 1,800,000 km ( 690,000 sq mi ) Population 1856 est . 35,350,000 1906 est . 20,884,000 1912 est . 24,000,000 Currency Akçe , Para , Sultani , Kuruş , Lira Preceded by Succeeded by Sultanate of Rum Adal Sultanate Anatolian beyliks Byzantine Empire Kingdom of Bosnia Second Bulgarian Empire Serbian Despotate Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Mamluk Sultanate Hafsid dynasty Hospitallers of Tripolitania Kingdom of Tlemcen Empire of Trebizond Principality of Samtskhe Turkish Prov . Gov .", "2": "Hellenic Republic Caucasus Viceroyalty Bosnia and Herzegovina Revolutionary Serbia Albania Kingdom of Romania Principality of Bulgaria OETA Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Hejaz French Algeria British Cyprus French Tunisia Italian Libya Part of a series on the History of the Ottoman Empire Rise ( 1299 -- 1453 ) ( show ) Gaza Thesis Interregnum ( 1402 -- 1413 ) Fall of Constantinople Classical Age ( 1453 -- 1566 ) ( show ) Sultanate of Women Transformation ( 1566 -- 1703 ) ( show ) Köprülü Era ( 1656 -- 1703 ) Old Regime ( 1703 -- 1789 ) ( show ) Tulip Era ( 1718 -- 1730 ) Decline and modernization ( 1789 -- 1908 ) ( show ) Nizam - i Djedid Tanzimat Era ( 1839 -- 1876 ) 1st Constitutional Era ( 1876 -- 1878 ) Defeat and dissolution ( 1908 -- 1922 ) ( show ) 2nd Constitutional Era ( 1908 -- 1920 ) World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Partitioning Historiography The Ottoman Empire ( / ˈɒtəmən / ; Ottoman Turkish : دولت عليه عثمانیه ‎ ‎ , Devlet - i ʿAlīye - i ʿOsmānīye , literally The Exalted Ottoman State ; Modern Turkish : Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti ; also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire , Ottoman Turkey or simply Turkey ) was an empire founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt ( modern - day Bilecik Province ) by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman . After 1354 , the Ottomans crossed into Europe , and with the conquest of the Balkans , the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire .", "3": "The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror . During the 16th and 17th centuries , at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , the Ottoman Empire was a multinational , multilingual empire controlling most of Southeast Europe , parts of Central Europe , Western Asia , parts of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus , North Africa , and the Horn of Africa . At the beginning of the 17th century , the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries . With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin , the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries . While the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent , this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians . The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy , society , and military throughout the seventeenth and much of the eighteenth century . However , during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768 , the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals , the Habsburg and Russian Empires . The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , which prompted them to initiate a comprehensive process of reform and modernisation known as the Tanzimat . Thus over the course of the nineteenth century the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organised , despite suffering further territorial losses , especially in the Balkans , where a number of new states emerged . The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century , hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation which had contributed to its recent territorial losses , and thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers . While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict , it was struggling with internal dissent , especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings . During this time , major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians , Assyrians and Pontic Greeks .", "4": "The Empire 's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories , which were divided between the United Kingdom and France . The successful Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allies led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Rise ( c. 1299 -- 1453 ) 2.2 Expansion and apogee ( 1453 -- 1566 ) 2.3 Stagnation and reform ( 1566 -- 1827 ) 2.3. 1 Revolts , reversals , and revivals ( 1566 -- 1683 ) 2.3. 2 Russian threat grows 2.4 Decline and modernization ( 1828 -- 1908 ) 2.5 Defeat and dissolution ( 1908 -- 1922 ) 3 Historical debate on the origins and nature of the Ottoman state 4 Government 4.1 Law 4.2 Military 5 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 7 Demographics 7.1 Language 7.2 Religion 7.2. 1 Islam 7.2. 2 Christianity and Judaism 8 Culture 8.1 Literature 8.2 Architecture 8.3 Decorative arts 8.4 Music and performing arts 8.5 Cuisine 9 Science and technology 10 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 General surveys 14.2 Early Ottomans 14.3 Military 14.4 Miscellaneous 14.5 Historiography 15 External links Name ( edit ) Main article : Names of the Ottoman Empire The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I , the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman ( also known as the Ottoman dynasty ) . Osman 's name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān ( عثمان ‎ ) .", "5": "In Ottoman Turkish , the empire was referred to as Devlet - i ʿAlīye - yi ʿOsmānīye ( دولت عليه عثمانیه ‎ ) , ( literally `` The Supreme Ottoman State '' ) or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti ( عثمانلى دولتى ‎ ) . In Modern Turkish , it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ( `` The Ottoman Empire '' ) or Osmanlı Devleti ( `` The Ottoman State '' ) . The Turkish word for `` Ottoman '' ( Osmanlı ) originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century , and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empire 's military - administrative elite . In contrast , the term `` Turk '' ( Türk ) was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population , and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban , educated individuals . As a sophisticated ruling class , the Ottomans looked down upon the Turkish peasantry , calling them Eşek Turk ( the donkey Turk ) and Kaba Turk ( stupid Turk ) . Expressions like `` Turk - head '' and `` Turk - person '' were contemptuously used by Ottomans when they wanted to denigrate each other . In the early modern period , an educated urban - dwelling Turkish - speaker who was not a member of the military - administrative class would refer to himself neither as an Osmanlı nor as a Türk , but rather as a Rūmī ( رومى ‎ ) , or `` Roman '' , meaning an inhabitant of the territory of the former Byzantine Empire in the Balkans and Anatolia . The term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish - speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond . In Western Europe , the two names `` Ottoman Empire '' and `` Turkey '' were often used interchangeably , with `` Turkey '' being increasingly favoured both in formal and informal situations . This dichotomy was officially ended in 1920 -- 23 , when the newly established Ankara - based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name . Most scholarly historians avoid the terms `` Turkey '' , `` Turks '' , and `` Turkish '' when referring to the Ottomans , due to the empire 's multinational character .", "6": "History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Ottoman Empire See also : Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire Rise ( C. 1299 -- 1453 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Ottoman Empire Further information : Osman I , Ottoman dynasty , and Gaza Thesis As the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century , Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks . One of these beyliks , in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire , was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman ( d . 1323 / 4 ) , a figure of obscure origins from whom the name Ottoman is derived . Osman 's early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades , many but not all converts to Islam . Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River . It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours , due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period . One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam . This theory , known as the Gaza Thesis , is now highly criticised and no longer generally accepted by historians , but no consensus on the nature of the early Ottoman state has yet emerged to replace it . Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 . Painting from 1523 . In the century after the death of Osman I , Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans . Osman 's son , Orhan , captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 , and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state . This conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia . The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387 . The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region , paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe .", "7": "The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 , widely regarded as the last large - scale crusade of the Middle Ages , failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks . With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans , the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective . The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city , but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco - Mongol leader Timur , founder of the Timurid Empire , invaded Anatolia from the east . In the Battle of Ankara in 1402 , Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner , throwing the empire into disorder . The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid 's sons fought over succession . It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power , bringing an end to the Interregnum , also known as the Fetret Devri . Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans ( such as Thessaloniki , Macedonia and Kosovo ) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s . On 10 November 1444 , Murad II defeated the Hungarian , Polish , and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland ( also King of Hungary ) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna , the final battle of the Crusade of Varna , although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist . Four years later , John Hunyadi prepared another army ( of Hungarian and Wallachian forces ) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 . Expansion and apogee ( 1453 -- 1566 ) ( edit ) Main article : Growth of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed II 's entry into Constantinople ; painting by Fausto Zonaro ( 1854 -- 1929 ) The son of Murad II , Mehmed the Conqueror , reorganized the state and the military , and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 . Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority .", "8": "Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire , the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule . Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula . In the 15th and 16th centuries , the Ottoman Empire entered a period of expansion . The Empire prospered under the rule of a line of committed and effective Sultans . It also flourished economically due to its control of the major overland trade routes between Europe and Asia . Sultan Selim I ( 1512 -- 1520 ) dramatically expanded the Empire 's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia , in the Battle of Chaldiran . Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt , and created a naval presence on the Red Sea . After this Ottoman expansion , a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region . Battle of Mohács in 1526 Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520 -- 1566 ) captured Belgrade in 1521 , conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman -- Hungarian Wars , and , after his historic victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , he established Turkish rule in the territory of present - day Hungary ( except the western part ) and other Central European territories . He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529 , but failed to take the city . In 1532 , he made another attack on Vienna , but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns . Transylvania , Wallachia and , intermittently , Moldavia , became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire . In the east , the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535 , gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf . In 1555 , the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans , a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo - Turkish War ( 1768 -- 74 ) . By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya , Western Armenia , western Kurdistan , and Western Georgia ( incl .", "9": "western Samtskhe ) fell into Ottoman hands , while southern Dagestan , Eastern Armenia , Eastern Georgia , and Azerbaijan remained Persian . Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha defeats the Holy League of Charles V under the command of Andrea Doria at the Battle of Preveza in 1538 France and the Ottoman Empire , united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule , became strong allies . The French conquests of Nice ( 1543 ) and Corsica ( 1553 ) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman , and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis . A month before the siege of Nice , France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary . After further advances by the Turks , the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547 . In 1559 , after the first Ajuran - Portuguese war , the Ottoman Empire would later absorb the weakened east African Adal Sultanate into its domain . This expansion furthered Ottoman rule in Somalia and the Horn of Africa . This also increased its influence in the Indian Ocean to compete against the Portuguese with its close ally the Ajuran Empire . By the end of Suleiman 's reign , the Empire spanned approximately 877,888 sq mi ( 2,273,720 km ) , extending over three continents . In addition , the Empire became a dominant naval force , controlling much of the Mediterranean Sea . By this time , the Ottoman Empire was a major part of the European political sphere . The success of its political and military establishment was compared to the Roman Empire , by the likes of Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino and the French political philosopher Jean Bodin . Stagnation and reform ( 1566 -- 1827 ) ( edit ) Revolts , reversals , and revivals ( 1566 -- 1683 ) ( edit ) Main article : Transformation of the Ottoman Empire Further information : Ottoman Decline Thesis This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information .", "10": "( September 2016 ) The extent of the Ottoman Empire in 1566 , upon the death of Suleiman the Magnificent Ottoman miniature about the Szigetvár campaign showing Ottoman troops and Tatars as avant - garde In the second half of the sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire came under increasing strain from inflation and the rapidly rising costs of warfare that were impacting both Europe and the Middle East . These pressures led to a series of crises around the year 1600 , placing great strain upon the Ottoman system of government . The empire underwent a series of transformations of its political and military institutions in response to these challenges , enabling it to successfully adapt to the new conditions of the seventeenth century and remain powerful , militarily and economically . Historians of the mid-twentieth century once characterized this period as one of stagnation and decline , but this view is now rejected by the majority of academics . The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly . The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman - Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century . Despite the growing European presence in the Indian Ocean , Ottoman trade with the east continued to flourish . Cairo in particular benefitted from the rise of Yemeni coffee as a popular consumer commodity . As coffeehouses appeared in cities and towns across the empire , Cairo developed into a major center for its trade , contributing to its continued prosperity throughout the seventeenth and much of the eighteenth century . Under Ivan IV ( 1533 -- 1584 ) , the Tsardom of Russia expanded into the Volga and Caspian region at the expense of the Tatar khanates . In 1571 , the Crimean khan Devlet I Giray , supported by the Ottomans , burned Moscow . The next year , the invasion was repeated but repelled at the Battle of Molodi . The Crimean Khanate continued to invade Eastern Europe in a series of slave raids , and remained a significant power in Eastern Europe until the end of the 17th century . In southern Europe , a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) .", "11": "It was a startling , if mostly symbolic , blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility , an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege of Malta had recently set about eroding . The battle was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships , which were rapidly replaced . The Ottoman navy recovered quickly , persuading Venice to sign a peace treaty in 1573 , allowing the Ottomans to expand and consolidate their position in North Africa . Battle of Lepanto in 1571 By contrast , the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat , a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences . The Long War against Habsburg Austria ( 1593 -- 1606 ) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms , resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy . This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps , which were never fully solved . Irregular sharpshooters ( Sekban ) were also recruited , and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts ( 1590 -- 1610 ) , which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries . With the Empire 's population reaching 30 million people by 1600 , the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems , the Ottoman state remained strong , and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats . The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia , where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost , some permanently . This 1603 -- 1618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha , which ceded the entire Caucasus , except westernmost Georgia , back into Iranian Safavid possession . Map from 1654 Second Siege of Vienna in 1683 During his brief majority reign , Murad IV ( 1623 -- 1640 ) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq ( 1639 ) from the Safavids . The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya .", "12": "The Sultanate of women ( 1623 -- 1656 ) was a period in which the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons . The most prominent women of this period were Kösem Sultan and her daughter - in - law Turhan Hatice , whose political rivalry culminated in Kösem 's murder in 1651 . During the Köprülü Era ( 1656 -- 1703 ) , effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the Köprülü family . The Köprülü Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania , the conquest of Crete completed in 1669 , and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine , with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets - Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676 . This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683 -- 1699 . The final assault being fatally delayed , the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg , German and Polish forces spearheaded by the Polish king John III Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna . The alliance of the Holy League pressed home the advantage of the defeat at Vienna , culminating in the Treaty of Karlowitz ( 26 January 1699 ) , which ended the Great Turkish War . The Ottomans surrendered control of significant territories , many permanently . Mustafa II ( 1695 -- 1703 ) led the counterattack of 1695 -- 96 against the Habsburgs in Hungary , but was undone at the disastrous defeat at Zenta ( in modern Serbia ) , 11 September 1697 . Russian threat grows ( edit ) Aside from the loss of the Banat and the temporary loss of Belgrade ( 1717 -- 39 ) , the Ottoman border on the Danube and Sava remained stable during the eighteenth century . Russian expansion , however , presented a large and growing threat .", "13": "Accordingly , King Charles XII of Sweden was welcomed as an ally in the Ottoman Empire following his defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Poltava of 1709 in central Ukraine ( part of the Great Northern War of 1700 -- 1721 ) . Charles XII persuaded the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III to declare war on Russia , which resulted in an Ottoman victory in the Pruth River Campaign of 1710 -- 1711 , in Moldavia . Austrian troops led by Prince Eugene of Savoy capture Belgrade in 1717 After the Austro - Turkish War of 1716 -- 1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat , Serbia and `` Little Walachia '' ( Oltenia ) to Austria . The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe . The Austro - Russian -- Turkish War ( 1735 -- 1739 ) , which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739 , resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia , but the Empire lost the port of Azov , north of the Crimean Peninsula , to the Russians . After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace , as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia . Educational and technological reforms came about , including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University . In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western - style artillery methods , but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy . In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis . In 1726 , Ibrahim Muteferrika convinced the Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha , the Grand Mufti , and the clergy on the efficiency of the printing press , and Muteferrika was later granted by Sultan Ahmed III permission to publish non-religious books ( despite opposition from some calligraphers and religious leaders ) . Muteferrika 's press published its first book in 1729 and , by 1743 , issued 17 works in 23 volumes , each having between 500 and 1,000 copies . Ottoman troops attempt to halt advancing Russians during the Siege of Ochakov in 1788 .", "14": "In 1768 Russian - backed Ukrainian Haidamakas , pursuing Polish confederates , entered Balta , an Ottoman - controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine , and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground . This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo - Turkish War of 1768 -- 1774 . The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman - controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia . By the late 18th century , after a number of defeats in the wars with Russia , some people in the Ottoman Empire began to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge , and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats . Selim III ( 1789 -- 1807 ) made the first major attempts to modernize the army , but his reforms were hampered by the religious leadership and the Janissary corps . Jealous of their privileges and firmly opposed to change , the Janissary revolted . Selim 's efforts cost him his throne and his life , but were resolved in spectacular and bloody fashion by his successor , the dynamic Mahmud II , who eliminated the Janissary corps in 1826 . Selim III receiving dignitaries during an audience at the Gate of Felicity , Topkapı Palace The Serbian revolution ( 1804 -- 1815 ) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question . In 1811 , the fundamentalist Wahhabis of Arabia , led by the al - Saud family revolted against the Ottomans . Unable to defeat the Wahhabi rebels , the Sublime Porte had Mohammad Ali the Great , the vali ( governor ) of Egypt tasked with retaking Arabia which ended with the destruction of the Emirate of Diriyah in 1818 . The Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830 . In 1821 , the Greeks declared war on the Sultan .", "15": "A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese , which , along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth , became the first parts of the Ottoman Empire to achieve independence ( in 1829 ) . In 1830 , the French invaded Algeria , which was lost to the empire . In 1831 , Mohammad Ali revolted with the aim of making himself sultan and founding a new dynasty , and his French - trained army under his son Ibrahim Pasha defeated the Ottoman Army as it marched on Constantinople , coming within 200 miles of the capital . In desperation , the Sultan Mahmud II appealed to the empire 's traditional archenemy Russia for help , asking the Emperor Nicholas I to send an expeditionary force to save him . In return for signing the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi , the Russians sent the expeditionary force , which deterred Ibrahim from taking Constantinople . Under the terms of Peace of Kutahia , signed on 5 May 1833 Mohammad Ali agreed to abandon his claim to the throne , in exchange for which he was made the vali of the vilayets ( provinces ) of Crete , Aleppo , Tripoli , Damascus and Sidon ( the latter four comprising modern Syria and Lebanon ) , and given the right to collect taxes in Adana . Had it not been for the Russian intervention , it is almost certain Mahumd II would have been overthrown and Mohammad Ali would have become the new sultan , marking the beginning of a recurring pattern where the Sublime Porte needed the help of outsiders to save itself . The Greek War of Independence ( 1821 -- 1829 ) against the Ottomans In 1839 , the Sublime Porte attempted to take back what it lost to the de facto independent vilayet of Egypt , and suffered a crushing defeat , leading to the Oriental Crisis as Mohammad Ali was very close to France , and the prospect of him as Sultan was widely viewed as putting the entire empire into the French sphere of influence . As the Sublime Porte had proved itself incapable of defeating the Egyptians , Britain and Austria intervened to defeat Egypt . By the mid-19th century , the Ottoman Empire was called the `` sick man '' by Europeans .", "16": "The suzerain states -- the Principality of Serbia , Wallachia , Moldavia and Montenegro -- moved towards de jure independence during the 1860s and 1870s . Decline and modernization ( 1828 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) Main article : Decline of the Ottoman Empire During the Tanzimat period ( 1839 -- 1876 ) , the government 's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army , banking system reforms , the decriminalization of homosexuality , the replacement of religious law with secular law and guilds with modern factories . The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul on 23 October 1840 . Samuel Morse received a Turkish patent for the telegraph in 1847 , which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the new invention . Following this successful test , work on the first Turkish telegraph line ( Istanbul - Edirne - Şumnu ) began on 9 August 1847 . The reformist period peaked with the Constitution , called the Kanûn - u Esâsî . The empire 's First Constitutional era was short - lived . The parliament survived for only two years before the sultan suspended it . Romania , fighting on the Russian side , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 after the end of Russo - Turkish War . The Christian population of the empire , owing to their higher educational levels , started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority , leading to much resentment on the part of the latter . In 1861 , there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total , a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time , who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology . Stone further suggested that the Arabic alphabet , which Turkish was written in until 1928 , was very ill - suited to reflect the sounds of the Turkish language ( which is a Turkic as opposed to Semitic language ) , which imposed a further difficulty on Turkish children . In turn , the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a larger role in the economy , with the rise in prominence of groups such as the Sursock family indicative of this shift in influence .", "17": "In 1911 , of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul , 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks . In many cases , Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship , meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades . The Bulgarian martyresses ( 1877 ) by Konstantin Makovsky , a Russian propaganda painting which depicts the rape of Bulgarian women by the bashi - bazouks during the April Uprising , with the purpose of mobilizing public support for the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) . Unrestrained by the laws that governed regular soldiers in the Ottoman Army , the bashi - bazouks became notorious for preying on civilians . The Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) was part of a long - running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire . The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854 . The war caused an exodus of the Crimean Tatars , about 200,000 of whom moved to the Ottoman Empire in continuing waves of emigration . Toward the end of the Caucasian Wars , 90 % of the Circassians were ethnically cleansed and exiled from their homelands in the Caucasus and fled to the Ottoman Empire , resulting in the settlement of 500,000 to 700,000 Circassians in Turkey . Some Circassian organisations give much higher numbers , totaling 1 -- 1.5 million deported or killed . Crimean Tartar refugees in the late 19th century played an especially notable role in seeking to modernize Ottoman education and in first promoting both Pan-Turkicism and a sense of Turkish nationalism . In this period , the Ottoman Empire spent only small amounts of public funds on education ; for example in 1860 -- 61 only 0.2 per cent of the total budget was invested in education . As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside , it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat : that of creditors .", "18": "Indeed , as the historian Eugene Rogan has written , `` the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East '' in the nineteenth century `` was not the armies of Europe but its banks . '' The Ottoman state , which had begun taking on debt with the Crimean War , was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1875 . By 1881 , the Ottoman Empire agreed to have its debt controlled by an institution known as the Ottoman Public Debt Administration , a council of European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain . The body controlled swaths of the Ottoman economy , and used its position to ensure that European capital continued to penetrate the empire , often to the detriment of local Ottoman interests . The Ottoman bashi - bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876 , massacring up to 100,000 people in the process . The Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 78 ) ended with a decisive victory for Russia . As a result , Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply ; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire , Romania achieved full independence . Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence , but with smaller territories . In 1878 , Austria - Hungary unilaterally occupied the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia - Herzegovina and Novi Pazar . In return for British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli 's advocacy for restoring the Ottoman territories on the Balkan Peninsula during the Congress of Berlin , Britain assumed the administration of Cyprus in 1878 , and later sent troops to Egypt in 1882 to put down the Urabi Revolt as the Sultan Abdul Hamid II was too paranoid to mobilize his own army , fearing this would result in a coup d'état , effectively gaining control in both territories . Abdul Hamid II , popularly known as `` Abdul Hamid the Damned '' on the account of his cruelty and paranoia was so fearful of the threat of a coup that he did not allow his army to conduct war games , lest this serve as the cover for a coup , but he did see the need for military mobilization . In 1883 , a German military mission under General Baron Colmar von der Goltz arrived to train the Ottoman Army , leading to the so - called `` Goltz generation '' of German - trained officers who were to play a notable role in the politics of the last years of the empire .", "19": "From 1894 to 1896 , between 100,000 and 300,000 Armenians living throughout the empire were killed in what became known as the Hamidian massacres . As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size , some 7 -- 9 million Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus , Crimea , Balkans , and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace . After the Empire lost the First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) , it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace ( European Turkey ) . This resulted in around 400,000 Muslims fleeing with the retreating Ottoman armies ( with many dying from cholera brought by the soldiers ) , and with some 400,000 non-Muslims fleeing territory still under Ottoman rule . Justin McCarthy estimates that during the period 1821 to 1922 several million Muslims died in the Balkans , with the expulsion of a similar number . Sultan Abdul Hamid II going to the Friday Prayer ( Friday Procession ) Opening ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament at the Dolmabahçe Palace in 1876 . The First Constitutional Era lasted for only two years until 1878 . The Ottoman Constitution and Parliament were restored 30 years later with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 . Turkish troops storming Fort Shefketil during the Crimean War of 1853 -- 1856 Belgrade , c. 1865 . In 1867 , Britain and France forced the Ottoman military to retreat from northern Serbia , securing its de facto independence ( formalized after the Russo - Turkish War of 1877 -- 78 and the Congress of Berlin in 1878 . ) Defeat and dissolution ( 1908 -- 1922 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I Declaration of the Young Turk Revolution by the leaders of the Ottoman millets in 1908 Mehmed V proclaimed Sultan of the Ottoman Empire after the Young Turk Revolution The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire ( 1908 -- 1922 ) began with the Second Constitutional Era , a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution .", "20": "It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two - stage electoral system ( electoral law ) under the Ottoman parliament . The constitution offered hope by freeing the empire 's citizens to modernize the state 's institutions , rejuvenate its strength , and enable it to hold its own against outside powers . Its guarantee of liberties promised to dissolve inter-communal tensions and transform the empire into a more harmonious place . Instead , this period became the story of the twilight struggle of the Empire . Young Turks movement members once underground established their parties . Among them `` Committee of Union and Progress , '' and `` Freedom and Accord Party '' were major parties . On the other end of the spectrum were ethnic parties which included Poale Zion , Al - Fatat , and Armenian national movement organized under Armenian Revolutionary Federation . Profiting from the civil strife , Austria - Hungary officially annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 . The last of the Ottoman censuses was performed in 1914 . Despite military reforms which reconstituted the Ottoman Modern Army , the Empire lost its North African territories and the Dodecanese in the Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 ) and almost all of its European territories in the Balkan Wars ( 1912 -- 1913 ) . The Empire faced continuous unrest in the years leading up to World War I , including the Ottoman countercoup of 1909 , the 31 March Incident and two further coups in 1912 and 1913 . Mehmed VI , the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire , leaving the country after the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate , 17 November 1922 The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast on 29 October 1914 . Following the attack , Russia and its allies , France and Britain , declared war on the Ottomans . There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war , such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut . The Armenian Genocide was the Ottoman government 's systematic extermination of its Armenian subjects . An estimated 1.5 million people were killed .", "21": "In 1915 the Ottoman government started the extermination of its ethnic Armenian population , resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in the Armenian Genocide . The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases : the wholesale killing of the able - bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour , followed by the deportation of women , children , the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert . Driven forward by military escorts , the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery , rape , and systematic massacre . Large - scale massacres were also committed against the Empire 's Greek and Assyrian minorities as part of the same campaign of ethnic cleansing . The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottomans on the Middle Eastern front , where they initially seemed to have the upper hand during the first two years of the war . The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 , and set the partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres . This treaty , as designed in the conference of London , allowed the Sultan to retain his position and title . The occupation of Constantinople and İzmir led to the establishment of a Turkish national movement , which won the Turkish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 22 ) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal ( later given the surname `` Atatürk '' ) . The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 , and the last sultan , Mehmed VI ( reigned 1918 -- 22 ) , left the country on 17 November 1922 . The caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924 . Historical debate on the origins and nature of the Ottoman state ( edit ) Main article : Gaza Thesis This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources .", "22": "( May 2017 ) Several historians such as British historian Edward Gibbon and the Greek historian Dimitri Kitzikis have argued that after the fall of Constantinople , the Ottoman state took over the machinery of the Roman state , and that in essence the Ottoman Empire was a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire under a thin Turkish Islamic guise . Kitzikis called the Ottoman state `` a Greek - Turkish condominium '' . The American historian Speros Vryonis wrote that the Ottoman state was centered on `` a Byzantine - Balkan base with a veneer of the Turkish language and the Islamic religion '' . Other historians have followed the lead of the Austrian historian Paul Wittek who emphasized the Islamic character of the Ottoman state , seeing the Ottoman state as a `` Jihad state '' dedicated to expanding the world of Islam . Another group of historians led by the Turkish historian M. Fuat Koprulu championed the `` gazi thesis '' that saw the Ottoman state as a continuation of the way of life of the nomadic Turkic tribes who had come from East Asia to Anatolia via Central Asia and the Middle East on a much larger scale , and argued that the most important cultural influences on the Ottoman state came from Persia . More recently , the American historian Heath Lowry called the Ottoman state a `` predatory confederacy '' led in equal parts by Turks and Greeks converted to Islam . The British historian Norman Stone suggested many continuities between the Eastern Roman and Ottoman empires such as the zeugarion tax of Byzantium becoming the Ottoman Resm - i çift tax , the pronoia land - holding system that linked the amount of land one owned with one 's ability to raise cavalry becoming the Ottoman timar system , and the Ottoman measurement for land the donum was the same as the Byzantine stremma . Stone also pointed out that despite the fact that Sunni Islam was the state religion , the Eastern Orthodox Church was supported and controlled by the Ottoman state , and in return to accepting that control became the largest land - holder in the Ottoman Empire . Despite the similarities , Stone argued that a crucial difference was that the land grants under the timar system were not hereditary at first . Even after land grants under the timar system became inheritable , land ownings in the Ottoman Empire remained highly insecure , and the sultan could and did revoke land grants whenever he wished .", "23": "Stone argued this insecurity in land tenure strongly discouraged Timariots from seeking long - term development of their land , and instead led the timariots to adopt a strategy of short term exploitation , which ultimately had deleterious effects on the Ottoman economy . Government ( edit ) Main article : State organisation of the Ottoman Empire Ambassadors at the Topkapı Palace Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries , the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a system with two main dimensions , the military administration and the civil administration . The Sultan was the highest position in the system . The civil system was based on local administrative units based on the region 's characteristics . The state had control over the clergy . Certain pre-Islamic Turkish traditions that had survived the adoption of administrative and legal practices from Islamic Iran remained important in Ottoman administrative circles . According to Ottoman understanding , the state 's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders in the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty . The Ottoman Empire , or as a dynastic institution , the House of Osman , was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration . In Europe , only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns ( kings / emperors ) from the same family who ruled for so long , and during the same period , between the late 13th and early 20th centuries . The Ottoman dynasty was Turkish in origin . On eleven occasions , the sultan was deposed ( replaced by another sultan of the Ottoman dynasty , who were either the former sultan 's brother , son or nephew ) because he was perceived by his enemies as a threat to the state . There were only two attempts in Ottoman history to unseat the ruling Ottoman dynasty , both failures , which suggests a political system that for an extended period was able to manage its revolutions without unnecessary instability . As such , the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ( r . 1918 -- 1922 ) was a direct patrilineal ( male - line ) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I ( d . 1323 / 4 ) , which was unparallelled in both Europe ( e.g.", "24": "the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740 ) and in the Islamic world . The primary purpose of the Imperial Harem was to ensure the birth of male heirs to the Ottoman throne and secure the continuation of the direct patrilineal ( male - line ) descendance of the Ottoman sultans . Bâb - ı Âlî , the Sublime Porte The highest position in Islam , caliphate , was claimed by the sultans starting with Murad I , which was established as Ottoman Caliphate . The Ottoman sultan , pâdişâh or `` lord of kings '' , served as the Empire 's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government , though he did not always exercise complete control . The Imperial Harem was one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court . It was ruled by the Valide Sultan . On occasion , the Valide Sultan would become involved in state politics . For a time , the women of the Harem effectively controlled the state in what was termed the `` Sultanate of Women '' . New sultans were always chosen from the sons of the previous sultan . The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs , and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor . The palace schools , which would also educate the future administrators of the state , were not a single track . First , the Madrasa ( ( Medrese ) error : ( ( lang - xx ) ) : text has italic markup ( help ) ) was designated for the Muslims , and educated scholars and state officials according to Islamic tradition . The financial burden of the Medrese was supported by vakifs , allowing children of poor families to move to higher social levels and income . The second track was a free boarding school for the Christians , the Enderûn , which recruited 3,000 students annually from Christian boys between eight and twenty years old from one in forty families among the communities settled in Rumelia or the Balkans , a process known as Devshirme ( Devşirme ) . Though the sultan was the supreme monarch , the sultan 's political and executive authority was delegated . The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan .", "25": "The Divan , in the years when the Ottoman state was still a Beylik , was composed of the elders of the tribe . Its composition was later modified to include military officers and local elites ( such as religious and political advisors ) . Later still , beginning in 1320 , a Grand Vizier was appointed to assume certain of the sultan 's responsibilities . The Grand Vizier had considerable independence from the sultan with almost unlimited powers of appointment , dismissal and supervision . Beginning with the late 16th century , sultans withdrew from politics and the Grand Vizier became the de facto head of state . Yusuf Ziya Pasha , Ottoman ambassador to the United States , in Washington , 1913 Throughout Ottoman history , there were many instances in which local governors acted independently , and even in opposition to the ruler . After the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 , the Ottoman state became a constitutional monarchy . The sultan no longer had executive powers . A parliament was formed , with representatives chosen from the provinces . The representatives formed the Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire . This eclectic administration was apparent even in the diplomatic correspondence of the Empire , which was initially undertaken in the Greek language to the west . The Tughra were calligraphic monograms , or signatures , of the Ottoman Sultans , of which there were 35 . Carved on the Sultan 's seal , they bore the names of the Sultan and his father . The statement and prayer , `` ever victorious , '' was also present in most . The earliest belonged to Orhan Gazi . The ornately stylized Tughra spawned a branch of Ottoman - Turkish calligraphy . Law ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman law The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects . At the same time the Qanun ( or Kanun ) , a secular legal system , co-existed with religious law or Sharia . The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence . Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority . Ottoman power revolved crucially around the administration of the rights to land , which gave a space for the local authority to develop the needs of the local millet .", "26": "The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups . The Ottoman system had three court systems : one for Muslims , one for non-Muslims , involving appointed Jews and Christians ruling over their respective religious communities , and the `` trade court '' . The entire system was regulated from above by means of the administrative Qanun , i.e. laws , a system based upon the Turkic Yassa and Töre , which were developed in the pre-Islamic era . An Ottoman trial , 1877 These court categories were not , however , wholly exclusive : for instance , the Islamic courts , which were the Empire 's primary courts , could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions , and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue . The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems , despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors . The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an ; the Hadīth , or words of the prophet Muhammad ; ijmā ' , or consensus of the members of the Muslim community ; qiyas , a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents ; and local customs . Both systems were taught at the Empire 's law schools , which were in Istanbul and Bursa . An unhappy wife complains to the Qadi about her husband 's impotence , Ottoman miniature . The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts . Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi , or judge . Since the closing of the ijtihad , or Gate of Interpretation , Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent , and more with local customs and traditions in the areas that they administered . However , the Ottoman court system lacked an appellate structure , leading to jurisdictional case strategies where plaintiffs could take their disputes from one court system to another until they achieved a ruling that was in their favor . In the late 19th century , the Ottoman legal system saw substantial reform . This process of legal modernization began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 .", "27": "These reforms included the `` fair and public trial ( s ) of all accused regardless of religion , '' the creation of a system of `` separate competences , religious and civil , '' and the validation of testimony on non-Muslims . Specific land codes ( 1858 ) , civil codes ( 1869 -- 1876 ) , and a code of civil procedure also were enacted . These reforms were based heavily on French models , as indicated by the adoption of a three - tiered court system . Referred to as Nizamiye , this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle , a civil code that regulated marriage , divorce , alimony , will , and other matters of personal status . In an attempt to clarify the division of judicial competences , an administrative council laid down that religious matters were to be handled by religious courts , and statute matters were to be handled by the Nizamiye courts . Military ( edit ) Main article : Military of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman sipahis in battle , holding the crescent banner ( by Józef Brandt ) Ottoman officers in Istanbul , 1897 Selim III watching the parade of his new army , the Nizam - ı Cedid ( New Order ) troops , in 1793 Ottoman pilots in early 1912 Ahmet Ali Celikten is amongst the first black military pilots in history , clearly showing military diversification in the Ottoman Empire . The Ottoman Imperial Army in 1900 The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century . The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire . The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fief - holding . The main corps of the Ottoman Army included Janissary , Sipahi , Akıncı and Mehterân . The Ottoman army was once among the most advanced fighting forces in the world , being one of the first to use muskets and cannons . The Ottoman Turks began using falconets , which were short but wide cannons , during the Siege of Constantinople .", "28": "The Ottoman cavalry depended on high speed and mobility rather than heavy armour , using bows and short swords on fast Turkoman and Arabian horses ( progenitors of the Thoroughbred racing horse ) , and often applied tactics similar to those of the Mongol Empire , such as pretending to retreat while surrounding the enemy forces inside a crescent - shaped formation and then making the real attack . The Ottoman army continued to be an effective fighting force throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries , falling behind the empire 's European rivals only during a long period of peace from 1740 -- 1768 . The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military . In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II abolished the Janissary corps and established the modern Ottoman army . He named them as the Nizam - ı Cedid ( New Order ) . The Ottoman army was also the first institution to hire foreign experts and send its officers for training in western European countries . Consequently , the Young Turks movement began when these relatively young and newly trained men returned with their education . The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire 's territories on the European continent . It initiated the conquest of North Africa , with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517 . Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830 , Ottoman naval power and control over the Empire 's distant overseas territories began to decline . Sultan Abdülaziz ( reigned 1861 -- 1876 ) attempted to reestablish a strong Ottoman navy , building the largest fleet after those of Britain and France . The shipyard at Barrow , England , built its first submarine in 1886 for the Ottoman Empire . A German postcard depicting the Ottoman Navy at the Golden Horn in the early stages of World War I . At top left is a portrait of Sultan Mehmed V . However , the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet 's strength for too long . Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha , and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo - Turkish War . He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn , where the ships decayed for the next 30 years .", "29": "Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 , the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force . The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations . The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911 . The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes , and with the founding of the Aviation School ( Tayyare Mektebi ) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912 , the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers . The founding of the Aviation School quickened advancement in the military aviation program , increased the number of enlisted persons within it , and gave the new pilots an active role in the Ottoman Army and Navy . In May 1913 the world 's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started by the Aviation School and the first separate reconnaissance division was established . In June 1914 a new military academy , the Naval Aviation School ( Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi ) was founded . With the outbreak of World War I , the modernization process stopped abruptly . The Ottoman aviation squadrons fought on many fronts during World War I , from Galicia in the west to the Caucasus in the east and Yemen in the south . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire Eyalets in 1795 The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces , in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan , in the late 14th century . The Eyalet ( also Pashalik or Beylerbeylik ) was the territory of office of a Beylerbey , and was further subdivided in Sanjaks . The Vilayets were introduced with the promulgation of the `` Vilayet Law '' ( Turkish : Teskil - i Vilayet Nizamnamesi ) in 1864 , as part of the Tanzimat reforms . Unlike the previous eyalet system , the 1864 law established a hierarchy of administrative units : the vilayet , liva / sanjak , kaza and village council , to which the 1871 Vilayet Law added the nabiye .", "30": "Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa , Edirne , and Istanbul , successive Ottoman capitals , into major commercial and industrial centres , considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis . To this end , Mehmed and his successor Bayezid , also encouraged and welcomed migration of the Jews from different parts of Europe , who were settled in Istanbul and other port cities like Salonica . In many places in Europe , Jews were suffering persecution at the hands of their Christian counterparts , such as in Spain after the conclusion of Reconquista . The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants . A European bronze medal from the period of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror , 1481 The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler 's power , and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous . The ultimate aim was to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects to prevent the emergence of social disorder and to keep the traditional organization of the society intact . The Ottoman economy greatly expanded during the Early Modern Period , with particularly high growth rates during first half of the eighteenth century . The empire 's annual income quadrupled between 1523 and 1748 , adjusted for inflation . The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and , until the 17th century , they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries . This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy ( known as `` men of the pen '' ) as a distinct group , partly highly trained ulama , which developed into a professional body . The effectiveness of this professional financial body stands behind the success of many great Ottoman statesmen . The Ottoman Bank was founded in 1856 in Istanbul ; in August 1896 , the bank was captured by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation . Modern Ottoman studies indicate that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes .", "31": "It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself . The Anglo - Ottoman Treaty , also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors , would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development . By developing commercial centres and routes , encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions , the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire . But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant . Within the social and political system they were living in , Ottoman administrators could not have seen the desirability of the dynamics and principles of the capitalist and mercantile economies developing in Western Europe . In the early 19th century , Ottoman Egypt had an advanced economy , with a per - capita income comparable to that of leading Western European countries such as France , and higher than the overall average income of Europe and Japan . Economic historian Jean Barou estimated that , in terms of 1960 dollars , Egypt in 1800 had a per - capita income of $232 ( $1,025 in 1990 dollars ) . In comparison , per - capita income in terms of 1960 dollars for France in 1800 was $240 ( $1,060 in 1990 dollars ) , for Eastern Europe in 1800 was $177 ( $782 in 1990 dollars ) , and for Japan in 1800 was $180 ( $795 in 1990 dollars ) . Economic historian Paul Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire . In contrast to the protectionism of China , Japan , and Spain , the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy , open to foreign imports . This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire , dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740 , which lowered duties to 3 % for imports and exports . The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J.R.", "32": "McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce ( 1834 ) , but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , who cited the Ottoman Empire as `` an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition '' in the 1846 Corn Laws debate . There has been free trade in Turkey , and what has it produced ? It has destroyed some of the finest manufactures of the world . As late as 1812 these manufactures existed ; but they have been destroyed . That was the consequences of competition in Turkey , and its effects have been as pernicious as the effects of the contrary principle in Spain . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Ottoman Empire A population estimate for the empire of 11,692,480 for the 1520 -- 1535 period was obtained by counting the households in Ottoman tithe registers , and multiplying this number by 5 . For unclear reasons , the population in the 18th century was lower than that in the 16th century . An estimate of 7,230,660 for the first census held in 1831 is considered a serious undercount , as this census was meant only to register possible conscripts . Smyrna under Ottoman rule in 1900 Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century . Figures from 1831 onwards are available as official census results , but the censuses did not cover the whole population . For example , the 1831 census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire . For earlier periods estimates of size and distribution of the population are based on observed demographic patterns . However , it began to rise to reach 25 -- 32 million by 1800 , with around 10 million in the European provinces ( primarily the Balkans ) , 11 million in the Asiatic provinces and around 3 million in the African provinces . Population densities were higher in the European provinces , double those in Anatolia , which in turn were triple the population densities of Iraq and Syria and five times the population density of Arabia . View of Galata ( Karaköy ) and the Galata Bridge on the Golden Horn , c.", "33": "1880 -- 1893 Towards the end of the empire 's existence life expectancy was 49 years , compared to the mid-twenties in Serbia at the beginning of the 19th century . Epidemic diseases and famine caused major disruption and demographic changes . In 1785 around one sixth of the Egyptian population died from plague and Aleppo saw its population reduced by twenty percent in the 18th century . Six famines hit Egypt alone between 1687 and 1731 and the last famine to hit Anatolia was four decades later . The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads . Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922 , with towns and cities growing . Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in . Port cities like Salonica , in Greece , saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914 . Some regions conversely had population falls -- Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife . Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire . For example , the Russian and Austria - Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees -- 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja . Between 1783 and 1913 , approximately 5 -- 7 million refugees flooded into the Ottoman Empire , at least 3.8 million of whom were from Russia . Some migrations left indelible marks such as political tension between parts of the empire ( e.g. Turkey and Bulgaria ) whereas centrifugal effects were noticed in other territories , simpler demographics emerging from diverse populations . Economies were also impacted with the loss of artisans , merchants , manufacturers and agriculturists . Since the 19th century , a large proportion of Muslim peoples from the Balkans emigrated to present - day Turkey . These people are called Muhacir . By the time the Ottoman Empire came to an end in 1922 , half of the urban population of Turkey was descended from Muslim refugees from Russia .", "34": "Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of the Ottoman Empire 1911 Ottoman calendar in Ottoman Turkish , Arabic , Greek , Armenian , Hebrew , French and Bulgarian Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire . It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic . The Ottomans had several influential languages : Turkish , spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia ; Persian , only spoken by the educated ; Arabic , spoken mainly in Arabia , North Africa , Iraq , Kuwait , the Levant and parts of the Horn of Africa ; and Somali throughout the Horn of Africa . In the last two centuries , usage of these became limited , though , and specific : Persian served mainly as a literary language for the educated , while Arabic was used for religious rites . Turkish , in its Ottoman variation , was a language of military and administration since the nascent days of the Ottomans . The Ottoman constitution of 1876 did officially cement the official imperial status of Turkish . Because of a low literacy rate among the public ( about 2 -- 3 % until the early 19th century and just about 15 % at the end of the 19th century ) , ordinary people had to hire scribes as `` special request - writers '' ( arzuhâlcis ) to be able to communicate with the government . The ethnic groups continued to speak within their families and neighborhoods ( mahalles ) with their own languages ( e.g. , Jews , Greeks , Armenians , etc . ) . In villages where two or more populations lived together , the inhabitants would often speak each other 's language . In cosmopolitan cities , people often spoke their family languages ; many of those who were not ethnic Turks spoke Turkish as a second language . Religion ( edit ) This section 's representation of one or more viewpoints about a controversial issue may be unbalanced or inaccurate . Please improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( November 2010 ) Abdülmecid II was the last caliph of Islam and a member of the Ottoman dynasty . In the Ottoman imperial system , even though there existed an hegemonic power of Muslim control over the non-Muslim populations , non-Muslim communities had been granted state recognition and protection in the Islamic tradition .", "35": "The officially accepted state Dīn ( Madh'hab ) of the Ottomans was Sunni ( Hanafi jurisprudence ) . Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority , under the rule of a Muslim minority . In the late 19th century , the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably , not only due to secession , but also because of migratory movements . The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60 % in the 1820s , gradually increasing to 69 % in the 1870s and then to 76 % in the 1890s . By 1914 , only 19.1 % of the empire 's population was non-Muslim , mostly made up of Jews and Christian Greeks , Assyrians , and Armenians . Islam ( edit ) Main articles : Islam in the Ottoman Empire , Ottoman Caliphate , and Ottoman persecution of Alevis Calligraphic writing on a fritware tile , depicting the names of God , Muhammad and the first caliphs , c. 1727 Turkic peoples practiced a variety of shamanism before adopting Islam . Abbasid influence in Central Asia was ensured through a process that was greatly facilitated by the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana . Many of the various Turkic tribes -- including the Oghuz Turks , who were the ancestors of both the Seljuks and the Ottomans -- gradually converted to Islam , and brought the religion with them to Anatolia beginning in the 11th century . Muslim sects regarded as heretical , such as the Druze , Ismailis , Alevis , and Alawites , ranked below Jews and Christians . In 1514 , Sultan Selim I ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis ( Qizilbash ) , whom he considered a fifth column for the rival Safavid empire . Selim was also responsible for an unprecedented and rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Middle East , especially through his conquest of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt . With these conquests , Selim further solidified the Ottoman claim for being an Islamic caliphate , although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the 14th century starting with Murad I ( reigned 1362 to 1389 ) .", "36": "The caliphate would remain held by Ottoman sultans for the rest of the office 's duration , which ended with its abolition on 3 March 1924 by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the exile of the last caliph , Abdülmecid II , to France . Christianity and judaism ( edit ) Main articles : Christianity in the Ottoman Empire and History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire Mehmed the Conqueror and Patriarch Gennadius II In the Ottoman Empire , in accordance with the Muslim dhimmi system , Christians were guaranteed limited freedoms ( such as the right to worship ) . They were forbidden to carry weapons or ride on horseback , their houses could not overlook those of Muslims , in addition to various other legal limitations . Many Christians and Jews voluntarily converted to secure full status in the society . Most , however , continued to practice their old religions without restriction . Under the millet system , non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire , but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law . The Orthodox millet , for instance , was still officially legally subject to Justinian 's Code , which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years . Also , as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects ( or zimmi ) of the Islamic Ottoman state , the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce , and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects . Similar millets were established for the Ottoman Jewish community , who were under the authority of the Haham Başı or Ottoman Chief rabbi ; the Armenian Orthodox community , who were under the authority of a head bishop ; and a number of other religious communities as well . The millet system has been called an example of pre-modern religious pluralism . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Ottoman Empire Depiction of a hookah shop in Lebanon , Ottoman Empire The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions , art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered , and added new dimensions to them . Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires ( in fields such as architecture , cuisine , music , leisure and government ) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks , who elaborated them into new forms , resulting in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity .", "37": "Despite newer added amalgamations , the Ottoman dynasty , like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire , were thoroughly Persianised in their culture , language , habits and customs , and therefore the empire has been described as a Persianate empire . Intercultural marriages also played a part in creating the characteristic Ottoman elite culture . When compared to the Turkish folk culture , the influence of these new cultures in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite was clear . Yeni Cami and Eminönü bazaar , Constantinople , c. 1895 Slavery was a part of Ottoman society , with most slaves employed as domestic servants . Agricultural slavery , such as that which was widespread in the Americas , was relatively rare . Unlike systems of chattel slavery , slaves under Islamic law were not regarded as movable property , but maintained basic , though limited , rights . This gave them a degree of protection against abuse . Female slaves were still sold in the Empire as late as 1908 . During the 19th century the Empire came under pressure from Western European countries to outlaw the practice . Policies developed by various Sultans throughout the 19th century attempted to curtail the slave trade but , since slavery did have centuries of religious backing and sanction , they never directly abolished the institution outright . Plague remained a major scourge in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century . `` Between 1701 and 1750 , 37 larger and smaller plague epidemics were recorded in Istanbul , and 31 between 1751 and 1801 . '' Literature ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman literature The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose . Poetry was by far the dominant stream . Until the 19th century , Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction : there were no counterparts to , for instance , the European romance , short story , or novel . Analogue genres did exist , though , in both Turkish folk literature and in Divan poetry . Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form .", "38": "From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it , it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships -- both of similitude ( مراعات نظير mura'ât - i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb ) and opposition ( تضاد tezâd ) were more or less prescribed . Divan poetry was composed through the constant juxtaposition of many such images within a strict metrical framework , thus allowing numerous potential meanings to emerge . The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature : either gazels ( which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition ) , or kasîdes . There were , however , other common genres , most particularly the mesnevî , a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry ; the two most notable examples of this form are the Leyli and Majnun of Fuzûlî and the Hüsn ü Aşk of Şeyh Gâlib . Ahmet Nedîm Efendi , one of the most celebrated Ottoman poets Until the 19th century , Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did . A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec ( سجع , also transliterated as seci ) , or rhymed prose , a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj ' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words , such as a sentence , there must be a rhyme . Nevertheless , there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time , though exclusively non-fictional in nature . One apparent exception was Muhayyelât ( `` Fancies '' ) by Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi , a collection of stories of the fantastic written in 1796 , though not published until 1867 . The first novel published in the Ottoman Empire was by an Armenian named Vartan Pasha . Published in 1851 , the novel was entitled The Story of Akabi ( Turkish : Akabi Hikyayesi ) and was written in Turkish but with Armenian script . Due to historically close ties with France , French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century .", "39": "As a result , many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents : in the developing Ottoman prose tradition , for instance , the influence of Romanticism can be seen during the Tanzimat period , and that of the Realist and Naturalist movements in subsequent periods ; in the poetic tradition , on the other hand , it was the influence of the Symbolist and Parnassian movements that became paramount . Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously : for instance , the poet Namık Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ( `` Awakening '' ) , while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing , in 1860 , the first modern Turkish play , the one - act comedy `` Şair Evlenmesi '' ( `` The Poet 's Marriage '' ) . An earlier play , a farce entitled `` Vakâyi ' - i ' Acibe ve Havâdis - i Garibe - yi Kefşger Ahmed '' ( `` The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed '' ) , dates from the beginning of the 19th century , but there remains some doubt about its authenticity . In a similar vein , the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements : Romanticism ( Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr , 1873 ; `` Hasan the Sailor , or The Mystery Within the Mystery '' ) , Realism ( Henüz On Yedi Yaşında , 1881 ; `` Just Seventeen Years Old '' ) , and Naturalism ( Müşâhedât , 1891 ; `` Observations '' ) . This diversity was , in part , due to the Tanzimat writers ' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible , in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures . Architecture ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman architecture Photo of the main entrance of Dolmabahçe Palace in 1862 , taken by Francis Bedford Ottoman architecture was influenced by Persian , Byzantine Greek and Islamic architectures . During the Rise period the early or first Ottoman architecture period , Ottoman art was in search of new ideas . The growth period of the Empire become the classical period of architecture , when Ottoman art was at its most confident .", "40": "During the years of the Stagnation period , Ottoman architecture moved away from this style , however . Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge , completed in 1577 by Mimar Sinan , the greatest architect of the classical period of Ottoman architecture During the Tulip Era , it was under the influence of the highly ornamented styles of Western Europe ; Baroque , Rococo , Empire and other styles intermingled . Concepts of Ottoman architecture concentrate mainly on the mosque . The mosque was integral to society , city planning and communal life . Besides the mosque , it is also possible to find good examples of Ottoman architecture in soup kitchens , theological schools , hospitals , Turkish baths and tombs . Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period , besides Istanbul and Edirne , can also be seen in Egypt , Eritrea , Tunisia , Algiers , the Balkans and Romania , where mosques , bridges , fountains and schools were built . The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire . The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences , such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art . Decorative Arts ( edit ) Ottoman miniature painters The tradition of Ottoman miniatures , painted to illustrate manuscripts or used in dedicated albums , was heavily influenced by the Persian art form , though it also included elements of the Byzantine tradition of illumination and painting . A Greek academy of painters , the Nakkashane - i - Rum , was established in the Topkapi Palace in the 15th century , while early in the following century a similar Persian academy , the Nakkashane - i - Irani , was added . Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums , as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature . It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature ( taswir ) , calligraphy ( hat ) , Islamic calligraphy , bookbinding ( cilt ) and paper marbling ( ebru ) . In the Ottoman Empire , illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court .", "41": "In Topkapi Palace , these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane , the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists . Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated . Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy ( hat ) of tughra , religious texts , verses from poems or proverbs , and purely decorative drawings . The art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire , carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings , rich in religious and other symbolism , and as a practical consideration , as it was customary to remove one 's shoes in living quarters . The weaving of such carpets originated in the nomadic cultures of central Asia ( carpets being an easily transportable form of furnishing ) , and eventually spread to the settled societies of Anatolia . Turks used carpets , rugs and kilims not just on the floors of a room , but also as a hanging on walls and doorways , where they provided additional insulation . They were also commonly donated to mosques , which often amassed large collections of them . Music and performing Arts ( edit ) Ottoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite . A number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves , such as Selim III , whose compositions are often still performed today . Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence of Byzantine music , Armenian music , Arabic music , and Persian music . Compositionally , it is organised around rhythmic units called usul , which are somewhat similar to meter in Western music , and melodic units called makam , which bear some resemblance to Western musical modes . The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments ( the saz , the bağlama , the kemence ) , other Middle Eastern instruments ( the ud , the tanbur , the kanun , the ney ) , and -- later in the tradition -- Western instruments ( the violin and the piano ) . Because of a geographic and cultural divide between the capital and other areas , two broadly distinct styles of music arose in the Ottoman Empire : Ottoman classical music , and folk music . In the provinces , several different kinds of folk music were created .", "42": "The most dominant regions with their distinguished musical styles are : Balkan - Thracian Türküs , North - Eastern ( Laz ) Türküs , Aegean Türküs , Central Anatolian Türküs , Eastern Anatolian Türküs , and Caucasian Türküs . Some of the distinctive styles were : Janissary Music , Roma music , Belly dance , Turkish folk music . The traditional shadow play called Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire and featured characters representing all of the major ethnic and social groups in that culture . It was performed by a single puppet master , who voiced all of the characters , and accompanied by tambourine ( def ) . Its origins are obscure , deriving perhaps from an older Egyptian tradition , or possibly from an Asian source . Sultan Abdülaziz was also a music composer . Miniature from Surname - i Vehbi showing the Mehteran , the music band of the Janissaries The shadow play Karagöz and Hacivat was widespread throughout the Ottoman Empire . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman cuisine Enjoying coffee at the harem Turkish women baking bread , 1790 Ottoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital , Istanbul , and the regional capital cities , where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared . This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace 's kitchens by chefs brought from certain parts of the Empire to create and experiment with different ingredients . The creations of the Ottoman Palace 's kitchens filtered to the population , for instance through Ramadan events , and through the cooking at the Yalıs of the Pashas , and from there on spread to the rest of the population . Much of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine , especially Turkish , and including Greek , Balkan , Armenian , and Middle Eastern cuisines .", "43": "Many common dishes in the region , descendants of the once - common Ottoman cuisine , include yogurt , döner kebab / gyro / shawarma , cacık / tzatziki , ayran , pita bread , feta cheese , baklava , lahmacun , moussaka , yuvarlak , köfte / keftés / kofta , börek / boureki , rakı / rakia / tsipouro / tsikoudia , meze , dolma , sarma , rice pilaf , Turkish coffee , sujuk , kashk , keşkek , manti , lavash , kanafeh , and more . Science and technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Imperial Museum , today the Istanbul Archaeology Museums Over the course of Ottoman history , the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures , as well as original manuscripts . A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century . Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes , a Greek scholar from Trabzon , to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy . Another example is Ali Qushji -- an astronomer , mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand -- who became a professor in two madrasas and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students , even though he only spent two or three years in Istanbul before his death . Istanbul observatory of Taqi ad - Din in 1577 Taqi al - Din built the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al - Din in 1577 , where he carried out observations until 1580 . He calculated the eccentricity of the Sun 's orbit and the annual motion of the apogee . However , the observatory 's primary purpose was almost certainly astrological rather than astronomical , leading to its destruction in 1580 due to the rise of a clerical faction that opposed its use for that purpose . He also experimented with steam power in Ottoman Egypt in 1551 , when he invented a steam jack driven by a rudimentary steam turbine .", "44": "In 1660 the Ottoman scholar Ibrahim Efendi al - Zigetvari Tezkireci translated Noël Duret 's French astronomical work ( written in 1637 ) into Arabic . Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu was the author of the first surgical atlas and the last major medical encyclopedia from the Islamic world . Though his work was largely based on Abu al - Qasim al - Zahrawi 's Al - Tasrif , Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations of his own . Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time . An example of a watch that measured time in minutes was created by an Ottoman watchmaker , Meshur Sheyh Dede , in 1702 . In the early 19th century , Egypt under Muhammad Ali began using steam engines for industrial manufacturing , with industries such as ironworks , textile manufacturing , paper mills and hulling mills moving towards steam power . Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions existed in Egypt for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century . In the 19th century , Ishak Efendi is credited with introducing the then current Western scientific ideas and developments to the Ottoman and wider Muslim world , as well as the invention of a suitable Turkish and Arabic scientific terminology , through his translations of Western works . Sports ( edit ) Ottoman wrestlers in the gardens of Topkapı Palace , in the 19th century The main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish wrestling , hunting , Turkish archery , horseback riding , equestrian javelin throw , arm wrestling , and swimming . European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople . The leading clubs , according to timeline , were Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club ( 1903 ) , Galatasaray Sports Club ( 1905 ) , Fenerbahçe Sports Club ( 1907 ) , MKE Ankaragücü ( formerly Turan Sanatkaragücü ) ( 1910 ) in Istanbul .", "45": "Football clubs were formed in other provinces too , such as Karşıyaka Sports Club ( 1912 ) , Altay Sports Club ( 1914 ) and Turkish Fatherland Football Club ( later Ülküspor ) ( 1914 ) of İzmir . See also ( edit ) Ottoman Empire portal Turkey portal Mediterranean portal 16 Great Turkic Empires Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire Gaza Thesis Gunpowder Empires Historiography of the fall of the Ottoman Empire History of the Turks Index of Ottoman Empire - related articles List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire List of Ottoman Grand Viziers List of Ottoman conquests , sieges and landings List of Turkic dynasties and countries Outline of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Decline Thesis Ottoman dynasty Ottoman Caliphate Ottoman Tunisia Superpowers of the past Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the Republic of Turkey was established on 29 October 1923 . For further information , see Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire . Jump up ^ In Ottoman Turkish the city was known with various names , among which were Kostantiniyye ( قسطنطينيه ‎ ) ( replacing the suffix - polis with the Arabic nisba ) , Dersaadet ( در سعادت ‎ ) and Istanbul ( استانبول ‎ ) . Names other than Istanbul gradually became obsolete in Turkish , and after Turkey 's transition to Latin script in 1928 , the city 's Turkish name attained international usage . Jump up ^ Mehmed VI , the last Sultan , was expelled from Constantinople on 17 November 1922 . Jump up ^ The Treaty of Sèvres ( 10 August 1920 ) afforded a small existence to the Ottoman Empire . On 1 November 1922 , the Grand National Assembly ( GNAT ) abolished the sultanate and declared that all the deeds of the Ottoman regime in Istanbul were null and void as of 16 March 1920 , the date of the occupation of Constantinople under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres .", "46": "The international recognition of the GNAT and the Government of Ankara was achieved through the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne on 24 July 1923 . The Grand National Assembly of Turkey promulgated the Republic on 29 October 1923 , which ended the Ottoman Empire in history . Jump up ^ The empire also temporarily gained authority over distant overseas lands through declarations of allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan and Caliph , such as the declaration by the Sultan of Aceh in 1565 , or through temporary acquisitions of islands such as Lanzarote in the Atlantic Ocean in 1585 , Turkish Navy Official Website : `` Atlantik'te Türk Denizciliği '' Jump up ^ A lock - hold on trade between western Europe and Asia is often cited as a primary motivation for Isabella I of Castile to fund Christopher Columbus 's westward journey to find a sailing route to Asia and , more generally , for European seafaring nations to explore alternative trade routes ( e.g. K.D. Madan , Life and travels of Vasco Da Gama ( 1998 ) , 9 ; I. Stavans , Imagining Columbus : the literary voyage ( 2001 ) , 5 ; W.B. Wheeler and S. Becker , Discovering the American Past . A Look at the Evidence : to 1877 ( 2006 ) , 105 ) . This traditional viewpoint has been attacked as unfounded in an influential article by A.H. Lybyer ( `` The Ottoman Turks and the Routes of Oriental Trade '' , English Historical Review , 120 ( 1915 ) , 577 -- 588 ) , who sees the rise of Ottoman power and the beginnings of Portuguese and Spanish explorations as unrelated events . His view has not been universally accepted ( cf . K.M. Setton , The Papacy and the Levant ( 1204 -- 1571 ) , Vol. 2 : The Fifteenth Century ( Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society , Vol. 127 ) ( 1978 ) , 335 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stanford Shaw , History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey ( Cambridge : University Press , 1976 ) , vol. 1 p.", "47": "13 ^ Jump up to : `` In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne , although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance . '' Ottoman Capital Bursa . Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey . Retrieved 26 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lambton , Ann ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1995 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam : The Indian sub-continent , South - East Asia , Africa and the Muslim west . 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 22310 - 2 . Jump up ^ Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( December 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 223 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 498 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . JSTOR 2600793 . Jump up ^ Dündar , Orhan ; Dündar , Erhan , 1. Dünya Savaşı , Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları , 1999 , ISBN 975 - 11 - 1643 - 0 Jump up ^ Erickson , Edward J. ( 2003 ) . Defeat in Detail : The Ottoman Army in the Balkans , 1912 -- 1913 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97888 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hamish Scott ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History , 1350 -- 1750 : Volume II . p. 612 . ISBN 9780191020001 .", "48": "`` The Ottoman Empire - also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire '' Jump up ^ Raphaela Lewis ( 1988 ) . Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey . Dorset Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 175 - 0 . Jump up ^ Godfrey Goodwin ( 1977 ) . Ottoman Turkey . Scorpion Publications . ^ Jump up to : Soucek , Svat ( 2015 ) . Ottoman Maritime Wars , 1416 -- 1700 . Istanbul : The Isis Press . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 975 - 428 - 554 - 3 . The scholarly community specializing in Ottoman studies has of late virtually banned the use of `` Turkey '' , `` Turks '' , and `` Turkish '' from acceptable vocabulary , declaring `` Ottoman '' and its expanded use mandatory and permitting its `` Turkish '' rival only in linguistic and philological contexts . Jump up ^ Finkel , Caroline . Osman 's Dream : The Story of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1923 . Basic Books . pp. 2 , 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02396 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quataert , Donald ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 -- 1922 ( 2 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83910 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hathaway , Jane ( 2008 ) . The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule , 1516 -- 1800 . Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41899 - 8 . historians of the Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation Tezcan , Baki ( 2010 ) . The Second Ottoman Empire : Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 9 .", "49": "ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 41144 - 9 . Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades , revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles , some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century . Thanks to these works , the conventional narrative of Ottoman history -- that in the late sixteenth century the Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption -- has been discarded . Woodhead , Christine ( 2011 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Christine Woodhead . The Ottoman World . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 44492 - 7 . Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 ' decline ' Jump up ^ Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . p. xxxii . Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1994 ) . `` Crisis and Change , 1590 -- 1699 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 553 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . In the past fifty years , scholars have frequently tended to view this decreasing participation of the sultan in political life as evidence for `` Ottoman decadence , '' which supposedly began at some time during the second half of the sixteenth century . But recently , more note has been taken of the fact that the Ottoman Empire was still a formidable military and political power throughout the seventeenth century , and that noticeable though limited economic recovery followed the crisis of the years around 1600 ; after the crisis of the 1683 -- 99 war , there followed a longer and more decisive economic upswing . Major evidence of decline was not visible before the second half of the eighteenth century . ^ Jump up to : Aksan , Virginia ( 2007 ) . Ottoman Wars , 1700 -- 1860 : An Empire Besieged .", "50": "Pearson Education Ltd . pp. 130 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30807 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quataert , Donald ( 1994 ) . `` The Age of Reforms , 1812 -- 1914 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . p. 762 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . Jump up ^ Findley , Carter Vaughn ( 2010 ) . Turkey , Islam , Nationalism and Modernity : A History , 1789 -- 2007 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15260 - 9 . Jump up ^ Quataert , Donald ( 2005 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 - 1922 . Cambridge University Press ( Kindle edition ) . p. 186 . Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . Jump up ^ Howard , Douglas A. ( 2016 ) . A History of the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge University Press . p. 318 . ISBN 9781108107471 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman banknote with Arabic script '' . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . p. xxvi . Imber , Colin ( 2009 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 3 .", "51": "By the seventeenth century , literate circles in Istanbul would not call themselves Turks , and often , in phrases such as ' senseless Turks ' , used the word as a term of abuse . Jump up ^ Moosa , Matti ( 28 October 1987 ) . `` Extremist Shiites : The Ghulat Sects '' . Syracuse University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stavrianos , Leften Stavros ( 28 October 2017 ) . `` The Balkans Since 1453 '' . Hurst -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Vucinich , Wayne S. ( 1 June 1979 ) . `` The Ottoman Empire , its record and legacy '' . R.E. Krieger Pub. Co. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kafadar , Cemal ( 2007 ) . `` A Rome of One 's Own : Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum '' . Muqarnas. 24 : 11 . Jump up ^ Kermeli , Eugenia ( 2009 ) . `` Osman I '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . p. 444 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Heath ( 2003 ) . The Nature of the Early Ottoman State . SUNY Press . p. 59 . Kafadar , Cemal ( 1995 ) . Between Two Worlds : The Construction of the Ottoman State . p. 127 . Jump up ^ Finkel , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Osman 's Dream : The History of the Ottoman Empire . Basic Books . pp. 5 , 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00850 - 6 . Lindner , Rudi Paul ( 2009 ) . `` Anatolia , 1300 -- 1451 '' . In Kate Fleet . The Cambridge History of Turkey . 1 , Byzantium to Turkey , 1071 -- 1453 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Robert Elsie ( 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of Kosova .", "52": "Scarecrow Press . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5309 - 6 . Jump up ^ David Nicolle ( 1999 ) . Nicopolis 1396 : The Last Crusade . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 918 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gábor Ágoston ; Bruce Alan Masters ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . Infobase Publishing . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1025 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mesut Uyar ; Edward J. Erickson ( 2009 ) . A Military History of the Ottomans : From Osman to Atatürk . ABC - CLIO . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98876 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' . In Mark Erickson , Ljubica Erickson . Russia War , Peace And Diplomacy : Essays in Honour of John Erickson . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84913 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson 2005 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Karpat , Kemal H. ( 1974 ) . The Ottoman state and its place in world history . Leiden : Brill . p. 111 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 03945 - 7 . Jump up ^ Savory , R.M. ( 1960 ) . `` The Principal Offices of the Ṣafawid State during the Reign of Ismā'īl I ( 907 - 30 / 1501 - 24 ) '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London . 23 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 105 . doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00149006 . JSTOR 609888 . Jump up ^ Hess , Andrew C.", "53": "( January 1973 ) . `` The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt ( 1517 ) and the Beginning of the Sixteenth - Century World War '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 4 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 76 . doi : 10.1017 / S0020743800027276 . JSTOR 162225 . Jump up ^ Lokman ( 1588 ) . `` Battle of Mohács ( 1526 ) '' . Archived from the original on 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Origins of the Magyars '' . Hungary . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Imber , Colin ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 61386 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bard ( 1996 ) . Humanists and Reformers : A History of the Renaissance and Reformation . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6348 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Ágoston and Alan Masters , Gábor and Bruce ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . Infobase Publishing . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1025 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent , 1520 -- 1566 , V.J. Parry , A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730 , ed . M.A. Cook ( Cambridge University Press , 1976 ) , 94 . Jump up ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East , Vol. II , ed . Spencer C. Tucker , ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . 516 . Jump up ^ Imber , Colin ( 2002 ) .", "54": "The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 61386 - 4 . Jump up ^ E.H.M. Clifford , `` The British Somaliland - Ethiopia Boundary '' , Geographical Journal , 87 ( 1936 ) , p. 289 Jump up ^ Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . `` Süleyman I '' . In Ágoston , Gábor ; Bruce Masters . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . p. 545 . Jump up ^ Mansel , Philip ( 1997 ) . Constantinople : city of the world 's desire 1453 -- 1924 . London : Penguin . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 026246 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deringil , Selim ( September 2007 ) . `` The Turks and ' Europe ' : The Argument from History '' . Middle Eastern Studies . 43 ( 5 ) : 709 -- 723 . doi : 10.1080 / 00263200701422600 . Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1994 ) . `` Crisis and Change , 1590 -- 1699 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 413 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hathaway , Jane ( 2008 ) . The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule , 1516 -- 1800 . Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41899 - 8 . Jump up ^ Şahin , Kaya ( 2013 ) . Empire and Power in the reign of Süleyman : Narrating the Sixteenth - Century Ottoman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 03442 - 6 .", "55": "Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1994 ) . `` Crisis and Change , 1590 -- 1699 '' . In İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . 2 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 507 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . Jump up ^ Davies , Brian L. ( 2007 ) . Warfare , State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe : 1500 -- 1700 . Routledge . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23986 - 8 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Orest Subtelny ( 2000 ) . Ukraine . University of Toronto Press . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8390 - 6 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Matsuki , Eizo . `` The Crimean Tatars and their Russian - Captive Slaves '' ( PDF ) . Mediterranean Studies Group at Hitotsubashi University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1979 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Fernand Braudel , The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II , vol. II ( University of California Press : Berkeley , 1995 ). Ottoman Empire Jump up ^ Kunt , Metin ; Woodhead , Christine ( 1995 ) . Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age : the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World . Longman . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 03827 - 1 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , pp. 90 -- 92 .", "56": "Jump up ^ Halil İnalcık ( 1997 ) . An Economic And Social History of the Ottoman Empire , Vol. 1 1300 -- 1600 . Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 57456 - 3 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kinross 1979 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Ga ́bor A ́goston , Bruce Alan Masters Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire pp. 23 Infobase Publishing , 1 jan. 2009 ISBN 1438110251 Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Armenians : Past and Present in the Making of National Identity '' . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Genocide and the Modern Age : Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death '' . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1979 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , pp. 83 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : Kinross 1979 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1979 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1979 , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1979 , p. 392 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Istanbul Technical University . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' . In Mark Erickson , Ljubica Erickson . Russia War , Peace And Diplomacy : Essays in Honour of John Erickson . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84913 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 .", "57": "^ Jump up to : `` Presentation of Katip Çelebi , Kitâb - i Cihân - nümâ li - Kâtib Çelebi '' . Utrecht University Library . 5 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , William J. ( 1968 ) . `` Ibrahim Muteferrika and Turkish Incunabula '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 88 ( 3 ) : 435 . doi : 10.2307 / 596868 . JSTOR 596868 . Jump up ^ Kinross 1979 , p. 405 . Jump up ^ `` Liberation , Independence And Union of Serbia And Montenegro '' . Serb Land of Montenegro . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berend , Tibor Iván ( 2003 ) . History Derailed : Central and Eastern Europe in the Long 19th Century . University of California Press . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 93209 - 8 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Karsh , Effraim Islamic Imperialism A History , New Haven : Yale University Press , 2006 page 95 . ^ Jump up to : Karsh , Effraim Islamic Imperialism A History , New Haven : Yale University Press , 2006 page 96 . Jump up ^ Karsh , Effraim Islamic Imperialism A History , New Haven : Yale University Press , 2006 pages 95 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Ishtiaq , Hussain . `` The Tanzimat : Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire '' ( PDF ) . Faith Matters . Jump up ^ `` PTT Chronology '' ( in Turkish ) . PTT Genel Müdürlüğü. 13 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Turkish Postal Service '' . Ptt.gov.tr . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beylerbeyi Palace '' .", "58": "Istanbul City Guide . Archived from the original on 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Abdülmecid : İlklerin Padişahı '' ( in Turkish ) ( July 2011 ) . NTV Tarih : 49 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Türk Telekom . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' . In Mark Erickson , Ljubica Erickson . Russia War , Peace And Diplomacy : Essays in Honour of John Erickson . Weidenfeld & Nicolson . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84913 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogan , Eugene ( 2011 ) . The Arabs : A History . Penguin . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Repin , Volume 1 ; Igor Emanuilovich Grabar ' ; 1948 ; p. 391 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Bulgaria today : Volume 15 , Issue 4 ; 1966 ; p. 35 Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bashi - Bazouk '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ V. Necla Geyikdagi ( 15 March 2011 ) . Foreign Investment in the Ottoman Empire : International Trade and Relations 1854 -- 1914 . I.B. Tauris . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 461 - 1 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas Arthur Howard ( 2001 ) . The History of Turkey . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 71 .", "59": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30708 - 9 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Bryan Glynn ( 2000 ) . `` Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth - century Russia to the Ottoman Empire '' . Cahiers du Monde russe. 41 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 108 . doi : 10.4000 / monderusse. 39 . Jump up ^ Memoirs of Miliutin , `` the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse ( ochistit ' ) the mountain zone of its indigenous population '' , per Richmond , W . The Northwest Caucasus : Past , Present , and Future . Routledge. 2008 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Walter ( 29 July 2008 ) . The Northwest Caucasus : Past , Present , Future . Taylor & Francis US . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77615 - 8 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse ( ochistit ' ) the mountain zone of its indigenous population Jump up ^ Amjad M. Jaimoukha ( 2001 ) . The Circassians : A Handbook . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 23994 - 7 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Mathilde Louise Hille ( 2010 ) . State building and conflict resolution in the Caucasus . BRILL . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 17901 - 1 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Chirot ; Clark McCauley ( 1 July 2010 ) . Why Not Kill Them All ? : The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder ( New in Paper ) . Princeton University Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 3485 - 3 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 .", "60": "Jump up ^ Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 page 95 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Rogan , Eugene ( 2011 ) . The Arabs : A History . Penguin . p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Rogan , Eugene ( 2011 ) . The Arabs : A History . Penguin . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Jelavich , Charles ; Jelavich , Barbara ( 1986 ) . The Establishment of the Balkan National States , 1804 -- 1920 . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 80360 - 9 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1955 ) . The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 228 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822101 - 2 . Jump up ^ Akmeșe , Handan Nezir The Birth of Modern Turkey The Ottoman Military and the March to World I , London : I.B Tauris page 24 Jump up ^ Akçam , Taner ( 2006 ) . A Shameful Act : The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility . New York : Metropolitan Books . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7932 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kemal H Karpat ( 2004 ) . Studies on Turkish politics and society : selected articles and essays . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 13322 - 8 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 1912 -- 1924 '' ( PDF ) .", "61": "NL : Universiteit Leiden : 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Justin McCarthy ( 1995 ) . Death and exile : the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims , 1821 -- 1922 . Darwin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87850 - 094 - 9 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Cathie ( 12 November 2012 ) . Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans : Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition . Routledge . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 47953 - 5 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . During the period from 1821 to 1922 alone , Justin McCarthy estimates that the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims led to the death of several million individuals and the expulsion of a similar number . Jump up ^ Buturovic , Amila ( 1 May 2010 ) . Islam in the Balkans : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide . Oxford University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 980381 - 1 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2011 , p. 1 Jump up ^ ( Erickson 2013 , p. 32 ) Jump up ^ Peter Balakian ( 13 October 2009 ) . The Burning Tigris . HarperCollins . p. xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 186017 - 1 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kieser , Hans - Lukas ; Schaller , Dominik J. ( 2002 ) , Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah ( The Armenian genocide and the Shoah ) ( in German ) , Chronos , p. 114 , ISBN 3 - 0340 - 0561 - X Jump up ^ Walker , Christopher J. ( 1980 ) , Armenia : The Survival of A Nation , London : Croom Helm , pp.", "62": "200 -- 3 Jump up ^ Bryce , Viscount James ; Toynbee , Arnold ( 2000 ) , Sarafian , Ara , ed. , The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire , 1915 -- 1916 : Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden ( uncensored ed . ) , Princeton , NJ : Gomidas Institute , pp. 635 -- 49 , ISBN 0 - 9535191 - 5 - 5 Jump up ^ Schaller , Dominik J ; Zimmerer , Jürgen ( 2008 ) . `` Late Ottoman genocides : the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies -- introduction '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genocide Research . 10 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 14 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623520801950820 . The genocidal quality of the murderous campaigns against Greeks and Assyrians is obvious Jump up ^ Hakan Ozoglu ( 24 June 2011 ) . From Caliphate to Secular State : Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic . ABC - CLIO . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37957 - 4 . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 pages 92 -- 93 ^ Jump up to : Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 page 93 Jump up ^ Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 pages 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Itzkowitz 1980 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Naim Kapucu ; Hamit Palabiyik ( 2008 ) .", "63": "Turkish Public Administration : From Tradition to the Modern Age . USAK Books . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 605 - 4030 - 01 - 9 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Black , Antony ( 2001 ) . The History of Islamic Political Thought : From the Prophet to the Present . Psychology Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93243 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard ( 1963 ) . Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 1060 - 8 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ottoman Palace School Enderun and the Man with Multiple Talents , Matrakçı Nasuh '' . Journal of the Korea Society of Mathematical Education , Series D. Research in Mathematical Education . 14 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . March 2010 . Jump up ^ Karpat , Kemal H. ( 1973 ) . Social Change and Politics in Turkey : A Structural - Historical Analysis . BRILL . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 03817 - 2 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Antony ( 2001 ) . The History of Islamic Political Thought : From the Prophet to the Present . Psychology Press . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93243 - 1 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Naim Kapucu ; Hamit Palabiyik ( 2008 ) . Turkish Public Administration : From Tradition to the Modern Age . USAK Books . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 605 - 4030 - 01 - 9 . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Balancing Sharia : The Ottoman Kanun '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 October 2013 .", "64": "^ Jump up to : Benton , Lauren ( 3 December 2001 ) . Law and Colonial Cultures : Legal Regimes in World History , 1400 -- 1900 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 109 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00926 - 3 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Selçuk Akşin Somel . `` Review of `` Ottoman Nizamiye Courts . Law and Modernity '' '' ( PDF ) . Sabancı Üniversitesi . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Lee ; O'Connor , Karen ; Grub , Diana . `` Middle East '' ( PDF ) . Legal Traditions and Systems : an International Handbook . Greenwood Press . pp. 223 -- 224 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Milner , Mordaunt ( 1990 ) . The Godolphin Arabian : The Story of the Matchem Line . Robert Hale Limited . pp. 3 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85131 - 476 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wall , John F. Famous Running Horses : Their Forebears and Descendants . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 163 - 19167 - 5 . Jump up ^ Murphey , Rhoads ( 1999 ) . Ottoman Warfare , 1500 -- 1700 . UCL Press . p. 10 . Ágoston , Gábor ( 2005 ) . Guns for the Sultan : Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 200 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Petition created for submarine name '' . Ellesmere Port Standard . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of Turkish Aviation '' . Turkey in the First World War . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Founding '' .", "65": "Turkish Air Force . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Imber , Colin ( 2002 ) . `` The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power '' ( PDF ) . pp. 177 -- 200 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Raymond Detrez ; Barbara Segaert ( 1 January 2008 ) . Europe and the historical legacies in the Balkans . Peter Lang . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5201 - 374 - 9 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Naim Kapucu ; Hamit Palabiyik ( 2008 ) . Turkish Public Administration : From Tradition to the Modern Age . USAK Books . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 605 - 4030 - 01 - 9 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Maḥmūd Yazbak ( 1998 ) . Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period 1864 -- 1914 : A Muslim Town in Transition . BRILL . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11051 - 9 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Mundy , Martha ; Smith , Richard Saumarez ( 15 March 2007 ) . Governing Property , Making the Modern State : Law , Administration and Production in Ottoman Syria . I.B. Tauris . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 291 - 2 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ( 1970 ) . `` The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy '' . In Cook , M.A. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East : from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day . Oxford University Press . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 713561 - 7 .", "66": "Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ( 1970 ) . `` The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy '' . In Cook , M.A. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East : from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day . Oxford University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 713561 - 7 . Jump up ^ Darling , Linda ( 1996 ) . Revenue - Raising and Legitimacy : Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire , 1560 -- 1660 . E.J. Brill . pp. 238 -- 9 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10289 - 2 . Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ; Quataert , Donald ( 1971 ) . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Donald Quataert , The Ottoman Empire 1700 -- 1922 '' ( 2005 ) p 24 Jump up ^ İnalcık , Halil ( 1970 ) . `` The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy '' . In Cook , M.A. Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East : from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day . Oxford University Press . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 713561 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . pp. 181 -- 196 . ISBN 9782600042932 . Jump up ^ Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . p. 189 . ISBN 9782600042932 . Jump up ^ M. Shahid Alam ( 2016 ) . Poverty From The Wealth of Nations : Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760 .", "67": "Springer Science + Business Media . p. 33 . ISBN 9780333985649 . Jump up ^ Paul Bairoch ( 1995 ) . Economics and World History : Myths and Paradoxes . University of Chicago Press . pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Kabadayı , M. Erdem ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Inventory for the Ottoman Empire / Turkish Republic '' ( PDF ) . Istanbul Bilgi University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Leila Erder and Suraiya Faroqhi ( October 1979 ) . `` Population Rise and Fall in Anatolia 1550 -- 1620 '' . Middle Eastern Studies . 15 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 345 . doi : 10.1080 / 00263207908700415 . Jump up ^ Shaw , S.J. ( 1978 ) . The Ottoman Census System and Population , 1831 -- 1914 . International Journal of Middle East Studies . Cambridge University Press . p. 325 . The Ottomans developed an efficient system for counting the empire 's population in 1826 , a quarter of a century after such methods were introduced in Britain , France and America . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Quataert 2000 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Pamuk , S ( August 1991 ) . `` The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy : The Nineteenth Century '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . Cambridge University Press . 23 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Quataert 2000 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Justin ( 1995 ) . Death and exile : the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims , 1821 -- 1922 . Darwin Press . p. .", "68": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 87850 - 094 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bertold Spuler ( 2003 ) . Persian Historiography And Geography . Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 9971 - 77 - 488 - 2 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ottoman Constitution , promulgated the 7th Zilbridge , 1293 ( 11 / 23 December , 1876 ) '' . The American Journal of International Law . 2 ( 4 ) : 376 . 1908 . JSTOR 2212668 . Jump up ^ Kemal H. Karpat ( 2002 ) . Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History : Selected Articles and Essays . BRILL . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 12101 - 0 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Içduygu , Ahmet ; Toktas , Şule ; Ali Soner , B. ( 1 February 2008 ) . `` The politics of population in a nation - building process : emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey '' . Ethnic and Racial Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 389 . doi : 10.1080 / 01419870701491937 . Jump up ^ Gunduz , Sinasi Change And Essence : Dialectical Relations Between Change And Continuity in the Turkish Inrtellectual Traditions Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change . Series IIA , Islam , V. 18 , p. 104 - 105 Jump up ^ `` Tile '' . Victoria & Albert Museum . 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Why there is more to Syria conflict than sectarianism '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Akçam , Taner ( 2006 ) . A shameful act : the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility . New York : Metropolitan Books . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7932 - 7 .", "69": "Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Krummerich , Sean ( 1998 -- 99 ) . `` The Divinely - Protected , Well - Flourishing Domain : The Establishment of the Ottoman System in the Balkan Peninsula '' . The Student Historical Journal . Loyola University New Orleans . 30 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Toleration '' . The American Forum for Global Education . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sachedina , Abdulaziz Abdulhussein ( 2001 ) . The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism . Oxford University Press . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513991 - 7 . The millet system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self - government . Jump up ^ Özgündenli , O. `` Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica ( online ed . ) . Archived from the original on 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Persian in service of the state : the role of Persophone historical writing in the development of an Ottoman imperial aesthetic '' , Studies on Persianate Societies , 2 , 2004 , pp. 145 -- 63 Jump up ^ `` Historiography . xi . Persian Historiography in the Ottoman Empire '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica. 12 , fasc. 4 . 2004 . pp. 403 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Walter , F. `` The Departure of Turkey from the ' Persianate ' Musical Sphere '' . Music of the Ottoman court . Jump up ^ Halil Inalcik . `` Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire '' . Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Fodor , Pál ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' .", "70": "In Dávid , Géza ; Pál Fodor . Ransom Slavery along the Ottoman Borders . Leiden : Brill . pp. XII -- XVII . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 15704 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Islam and slavery : Sexual slavery '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 1998 ) . `` Migration into Eighteenth - century ' Greater Istanbul ' as Reflected in the Kadi Registers of Eyüp '' . Turcica . Louvain : Éditions Klincksieck. 30 : 165 . doi : 10.2143 / TURC. 30.0. 2004296 . Jump up ^ Murat Belge ( 2005 ) . Osmanlı'da kurumlar ve kültür . İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları . p. 389 . ISBN 978 - 975 - 8998 - 03 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mignon , Laurent ( 2005 ) . Neither Shiraz nor Paris : papers on modern Turkish literature . Istanbul : ISIS . p. 20 . ISBN 9754283036 . Those words could have been readily adopted by Hovsep Vartanyan ( 1813 -- 1879 ) , the author , who preferred to remain anonymous , of The Story of Akabi ( Akabi Hikyayesi ) , the first novel in Turkish , published with Armenian characters in the same year as Hisarian 's novel . Jump up ^ Masters , Bruce ; Ágoston , Gábor ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire . New York , NY : Facts On File . p. 440 . ISBN 1438110251 . Written in Turkish using the Armenian alphabet , the Akabi History ( 1851 ) by Vartan Pasha is considered by some to be the first Ottoman novel . Jump up ^ Pultar , Gönül ( 2013 ) . Imagined identities : identity formation in the age of globalism ( First ed . ) . ( S.l. )", "71": ": Syracuse University Press . p. 329 . ISBN 0815633424 . In fact , one of the first Turkish works of fiction in Western - type novel form , Akabi Hikayesi ( Akabi 's Story ) , was written in Turkish by Vartan Pasha ( born Osep / Hovsep Vartanian / Vartanyan , 1813 -- 1879 ) and published in Armenian characters in 1851 . Jump up ^ Gürçaglar , Şehnaz ; Paker , Saliha ; Milton , John ( 2015 ) . Tradition , Tension and Translation in Turkey . John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 5 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 6847 - 9 . It is interesting that the first Ottoman novel in Turkish , Akabi Hikayesi ( 1851 , Akabi 's Story ) , was written and published in Armenian letters ( for Armenian communities who read in Turkish ) by Hovsep Vartanyan ( 1813 -- 1879 ) , known as Vartan Paşa , a leading Ottoman man of letters and journalist . Jump up ^ Moran , Berna . Türk Romanına Eleştirel Bir Bakış Vol. 1 . p. 19 . ISBN 975 - 470 - 054 - 0 . Jump up ^ Eli Shah . `` The Ottoman Artistic Legacy '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 2005 ) . Subjects of the Sultan : culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire ( New ed . ) . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 152 . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 760 - 2 . Jump up ^ Faroqhi , Suraiya ( 2005 ) . Subjects of the Sultan : culture and daily life in the Ottoman Empire ( New ed . ) . London : I.B. Tauris . p. 153 . ISBN 1 - 85043 - 760 - 2 .", "72": "Jump up ^ `` Karagöz and Hacivat , a Turkish shadow play '' . All About Turkey . 20 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Emin Şenyer . `` Karagoz , Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre '' . Karagoz.net . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bert Fragner , `` From the Caucasus to the Roof of the World : a culinary adventure '' , in Sami Zubaida and Richard Tapper , A Taste of Thyme : Culinary Cultures of the Middle East , London , Prague and New York , p. 52 Jump up ^ Ragep , F.J. ( 2005 ) . `` Ali Qushji and Regiomontanus : eccentric transformations and Copernican Revolutions '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . Science History Publications Ltd. 36 ( 125 ) : 359 -- 371 . Bibcode : 2005JHA ... 36 ... 359R . Jump up ^ Sevim Tekeli ( 1997 ) . `` Taqi al - Din '' . Encyclopaedia of the history of science , technology and medicine in non-western cultures . Encyclopaedia of the History of Science . Kluwer . Bibcode : 2008ehst. book ... S. ISBN 0 - 7923 - 4066 - 3 . Jump up ^ El - Rouayheb , Khaled ( 2015 ) . Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century : Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb . Cambridge University Press . pp. 18 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 04296 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ahmad Y Hassan ( 1976 ) , Taqi al - Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering , p. 34 -- 35 , Institute for the History of Arabic Science , University of Aleppo Jump up ^ Ben - Zaken , Avner ( 2004 ) . `` The Heavens of the Sky and the Heavens of the Heart : the Ottoman Cultural Context for the Introduction of Post-Copernican Astronomy '' . The British Journal for the History of Science .", "73": "Cambridge University Press . 37 : 1 -- 28 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007087403005302 . Jump up ^ Bademci , G. ( 2006 ) . `` First illustrations of female Neurosurgeons in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu '' . Neurocirugía. 17 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 5 . doi : 10.4321 / S1130 - 14732006000200012 . Jump up ^ Horton , Paul ( July -- August 1977 ) . `` Topkapi 's Turkish Timepieces '' . Saudi Aramco World : 10 -- 13 . Retrieved 12 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jean Batou ( 1991 ) . Between Development and Underdevelopment : The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery , 1800 - 1870 . Librairie Droz . pp. 193 -- 196 . ISBN 9782600042932 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire Library resources about Ottoman Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries General surveys ( edit ) The Cambridge History of Turkey Volume 1 : Kate Fleet ed. , `` Byzantium to Turkey 1071 -- 1453 . '' Cambridge University Press , 2009 . Volume 2 : Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds. , `` The Ottoman Empire as a World Power , 1453 -- 1603 . '' Cambridge University Press , 2012 . Volume 3 : Suraiya N. Faroqhi ed. , `` The Later Ottoman Empire , 1603 -- 1839 . '' Cambridge University Pres , 2006 . Volume 4 : Reşat Kasaba ed. , `` Turkey in the Modern World . '' Cambridge University Press , 2008 . Finkel , Caroline ( 2005 ) . Osman 's Dream : The Story of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1923 . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02396 - 7 .", "74": "Hathaway , Jane ( 2008 ) . The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule , 1516 -- 1800 . Pearson Education Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41899 - 8 . Howard , Douglas A. ( 2017 ) . A History of the Ottoman Empire . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 72730 - 3 . Imber , Colin ( 2009 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1650 : The Structure of Power ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 57451 - 9 . İnalcık , Halil ; Donald Quataert , eds. ( 1994 ) . An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire , 1300 -- 1914 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57456 - 0 . Two volumes . McCarthy , Justin . The Ottoman Turks : An Introductory History to 1923 . 1997 Questia.com , online edition . Quataert , Donald . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 -- 1922 . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54782 - 2 . Early Ottomans ( edit ) Kafadar , Cemal ( 1995 ) . Between Two Worlds : The Construction of the Ottoman State . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20600 - 7 . Lindner , Rudi P. ( 1983 ) . Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 933070 - 12 - 8 . Lowry , Heath ( 2003 ) . The Nature of the Early Ottoman State . Albany : SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 5636 - 6 . Military ( edit ) Ágoston , Gábor ( 2014 ) . `` Firearms and Military Adaptation : The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution , 1450 -- 1800 '' .", "75": "Journal of World History . 25 : 85 -- 124 . Aksan , Virginia ( 2007 ) . Ottoman Wars , 1700 -- 1860 : An Empire Besieged . Pearson Education Limited . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30807 - 7 . Rhoads , Murphey ( 1999 ) . Ottoman Warfare , 1500 -- 1700 . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 389 - 9 . Soucek , Svat ( 2015 ) . Ottoman Maritime Wars , 1416 -- 1700 . Istanbul : The Isis Press . ISBN 978 - 975 - 428 - 554 - 3 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Baram , Uzi and Lynda Carroll , editors . A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire : Breaking New Ground ( Plenum / Kluwer Academic Press , 2000 ) Barkey , Karen . Empire of Difference : The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective . ( 2008 ) 357pp Amazon.com , excerpt and text search Davison , Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire , 1856 -- 1876 ( New York : Gordian Press , 1973 ) Deringil , Selim . The well - protected domains : ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire , 1876 -- 1909 ( London : IB Tauris , 1998 ) Findley , Carter V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire : The Sublime Porte , 1789 -- 1922 ( Princeton University Press , 1980 ) Faroqhi , Suraiya . The Ottoman Empire : A Short History ( 2009 ) 196pp McMeekin , Sean . The Berlin - Baghdad Express : The Ottoman Empire and Germany 's Bid for World Power ( 2010 ) Nicolle , David . Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300 -- 1774 ( Osprey Publishing , 1983 ) Palmer , Alan . The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire . ( New York : Barnes and Noble , 1992 ) 306 p. , maps .", "76": "ISBN 0 - 87131 - 754 - 0 Pamuk , Sevket . A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire ( 1999 ) . pp. 276 Somel , Selcuk Aksin . Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire ( 2003 ) . pp. 399 Stone , Norman `` Turkey in the Russian Mirror '' pages 86 -- 100 from Russia War , Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson , Weidenfeld & Nicolson : London , 2004 ISBN 0 - 297 - 84913 - 1 . Uyar , Mesut ; Erickson , Edward ( 2009 ) . A Military History of the Ottomans : From Osman to Atatürk . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98876 - 0 . Historiography ( edit ) Hartmann , Daniel Andreas . `` Neo-Ottomanism : The Emergence and Utility of a New Narrative on Politics , Religion , Society , and History in Turkey '' ( PhD Dissertation , Central European University , 2013 ) online . Lieven , Dominic . Empire : The Russian empire and its rivals ( Yale UP , 2002 ) , comparisons with Russian , British , & Habsburg empires . excerpt Mikhail , Alan ; Philliou , Christine M. `` The Ottoman Empire and the Imperial Turn , '' Comparative Studies in Society & History ( 2012 ) 54 # 4 pp 721 -- 745 . Comparing the Ottomans to other empires opens new insights about the dynamics of imperial rule , periodization , and political transformation Olson , Robert , `` Ottoman Empire '' in Kelly Boyd , ed ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 892 -- 6 . ISBN 9781884964336 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Quataert , Donald . `` Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of ' Decline . ' '' History Compass 1 ( 2003 ) : 1 -- 9 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) .", "77": "`` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Ottoman Empire '' dated 2008 - 03 - 29 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutOttoman Empireat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Ottoman Text Archive Project -- University of Washington American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century Shapell Manuscript Foundation The Ottoman Empire : Resources -- University of Michigan Information about Ottomans Turkey in Asia , 1920 Ottoman Empire articles History Osman 's Dream Rise Gaza Thesis Interregnum Constantinople Classical Age Sultanate of Women Transformation Decline Thesis Köprülü Stagnation and reform Tulip Decline and modernization Tanzimat 1st Constitutional Defeat and dissolution 2nd Constitutional Partitioning Abolition Politics Foreign relations Law Constitution Armenian Constitution Electoral Civil codes Mecelle Halakha Government House of Osman Ottoman dynasty List of Ottoman sultans Ottoman Caliphate Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Imperial Harem Valide sultan Haseki sultan Kadınefendi Hanımefendi List of Ottoman sultans ' mothers List of Ottoman sultans ' consorts", "78": "Kizlar Agha Inner Palace Service Kapi Agha Palace Schools Central ( Porte ) Imperial Council ( Classic period ) Grand Vizier Viziers Kazaskers Defterdars / Ministers of Finance Nişancı Reis ül - Küttab Imperial Government ( constitutional period ) Assembly Senate Chamber of Deputies Millets Islam Shaykh al - Islām Christianity Rum Millet Bulgarian Millet Orthodox Armenian Syriac Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Judaism Hakham Bashi Provincial Eyalets Beylerbeys Vilayets Sanjaks Sanjakbeys Mutasarrifates Kazas / Kadiluks Vassal and tributary states Military Army Classic period army Reform period Nizam - i Djedid Sekban - i Djedid Mansure Army Hamidiye Modernized army Navy Kapudan Pasha List Imperial Arsenal Admirals Naval battles Ships Other Aviation Conscription Weapons Economy By era Enlargement Reformation Agriculture Central bank Currency Akçe Para Sultani Kuruş Lira Taxation Transport Society Social structure Devshirme Ottomanism Ottoman court Court Positions Languages Ottoman Turkish", "79": "Slavery Culture Architecture Mosques Art Miniature Music Clothing Cuisine Literature Prose Poetry Science and technology Demographics Armenians Greeks Jews Religion Islam Christianity and Judaism Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Tughra Outline Index Bibliography Category Portal Links to related articles Former monarchies List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th and 21st centuries List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 19th century Africa Ethiopia Libya Tunisia Egypt Madagascar South Africa Burundi Central Africa Zanzibar Ghana Nigeria Sierra Leone Tanganyika Uganda Kenya Rhodesia The Gambia Mauritius Wituland Asia China Korea Vietnam Georgia India Manchukuo Iran Iraq Syria Yemen Afghanistan Turkey Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Tibet Nepal Mongolia Europe Germany Bavaria Prussia Saxony Württemberg Austria - Hungary Russia France Portugal Italy Two Sicilies Hungary Bulgaria Romania Yugoslavia Serbia Montenegro Greece Albania Lithuania Hanover Iceland Tuscany Polish - Lithuania Malta Papal States Finland Oceania Bora Bora Fiji", "80": "Hawaii Rarotonga Tahiti Americas Brazil Mexico Haiti Trinidad and Tobago Guyana Suriname Turkic topics Languages Afshar Altay Äynu Azerbaijani Bashkir Bulgar Chagatai Chulym Chuvash Crimean Tatar Cuman Dolgan Fuyü Gïrgïs Gagauz Ili Turki Karachay - Balkar Karaim Karakalpak Karamanli Turkish Kazakh Khakas Khalaj Khazar Khorasani Turkic Kipchak Krymchak Kumyk Kipchak languages Kyrgyz Nogai Old Turkic Ottoman Turkish Pecheneg Qashqai Sakha / Yakut Salar Shor Siberian Tatar Tatar Tofa Turkish Turkmen Tuvan Urum Uyghur Uzbek Western Yugur Peoples Afshar Ahiska Altays Azerbaijanis Balkars Bashkirs Bulgars Chulyms Chuvash Crimean Tatars Cumans Dolgans Dughlats Gagauz Iraqi Turkmens Karachays Karaites Karakalpaks Karluks Kazakhs Khakas Khalajs Khazars Khorasani Turks Kimek Kipchaks Krymchaks Kumandins Kumyks Kyrgyz Nogais Oghuz Turks Qarapapaqs", "81": "Qashqai Salar Shatuo Shors Sybyrs Syrian Turkmen Tatars Telengits Teleuts Tofalar Turgesh Turkish people in Bulgaria Turkish Cypriots in Kosovo in the Republic of Macedonia in Romania in Western Thrace Turkmens Tuvans Uyghurs Uzbeks Western Yugurs Yakuts Yueban Politics Grey Wolves Kemalism Burkhanism Pan-Turkism Turanism Origins Turkestan History Timeline of the Göktürks Timeline 500 -- 1300 migration Nomadic empire Tian Shan / Altai Mountains Otuken Locations Sovereign states Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Autonomous areas Altai Republic Bashkortostan Chuvashia Gagauzia Kabardino - Balkaria Karachay - Cherkessia Karakalpakstan Khakassia Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Sakha Republic Tatarstan Tuva Xinjiang Studies Old Turkic alphabet Proto - Turkic language Turkology Religions Turkic mythology Tengrism Shamanism Islam Alevism Batiniyya Bayramiye Bektashi Order Christianity Hurufism Kadiri Khalwati order Malamatiyya Qalandariyya Qizilbash Rifa'i * Safaviyya Zahediyeh Vattisen Yaly", "82": "Traditional sports Kyz kuu Jereed Kokpar Dzhigit Chovgan Organizations Turkic Council International Organization of Turkic Culture ( TÜRKSOY ) Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status ( TAKM ) World Turks Qurultai State with limited international recognition . Turkey articles History Pre-Turkish era Prehistory of Anatolia & Thrace Classical Anatolia & Thrace Neo-Assyrian Empire Byzantine Anatolia Seljuq era Sultanate of Rum Mongol invasions of Anatolia Ilkhanate Ottoman era Osman 's Dream Rise Interregnum Conquest of Constantinople Classical Age Transformation Sultanate of Women Köprülü era Old Regime Tulip period Decline and modernization Tanzimat First Constitutional Era Defeat and dissolution Second Constitutional Era Partition Republican era War of Independence One - party period Multi-party period By topic Ancient Anatolians Constitutional Economic Military Thracians Timeline of Turkish history Turkic migration Geography Capes Cities Districts Earthquakes Environmental issues Gulfs and bays Islands Lakes Metropolitan municipalities Mountains Peninsulas Provinces Regions Rivers Places Anatolia Thrace ( Eastern ) Turkish Riviera Çukurova Politics Cabinet Elections Foreign relations Military Parliament President Prime Minister", "83": "Legal system Constitution Constitutional Court Law enforcement Official gazette Controversies Deep state Conspiracy theories in Turkey EU accession Kemalism Neo-Ottomanism Ottomanism Political parties Secularism Northern Syria Security Belt Northern Cyprus Economy Banks central bank Borsa Istanbul ( stock exchange ) Companies EU Customs Union Industries Lira ( currency ) Southeastern Anatolia Project Tourism Transport aviation railways Rankings Society Crime Education Languages Turkish Culture Architecture Ottoman architecture Art Cinema Cuisine wine Dance Drama ( TV ) Festivals Folklore Human rights LGBT Literature Media newspapers radio stations TV Music Names Public holidays Religion Islam Smoking Sport Theatre Demographics Turkish people list Population diaspora immigration Muhacir Minorities Arabs Armenians Bosniaks Circassians Kurds Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Motto Presidential seal Outline Index Book Category Portal History of Turkey Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei", "84": "Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le", "85": "Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers States in late medieval Anatolia ( after 1071 ) Muslim states Ahis Akkoyunlu Alaiye Artuqids Aydınids Canik Chobanids Çubukoğulları Danishmends Dilmaç Beylik of Dulkadir Eretnids Erzincan Eshrefids Germiyanids Hacıemir Hamidids İnal Isfendiyarids Kadi Burhan al", "86": "- Din Kara Koyunlu Karamanids Karasids Ladik Mengujekids Menteshe Ottoman Empire Pervâneoğlu Ramazanids Shah - Armens Sultanate of Rum Sahib Ataids Saltukids Sarukhanids Tacettinids Tanrıbermiş Teke Tzachas Christian states Byzantine Empire Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Empire of Nicaea Empire of Trebizond Knights Hospitaller Latin Empire Philaretos Brachamios Zaccaria family VIAF : 305102586 GND : 4075720 - 1 NDL : 00573333 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire&oldid=822196022 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe Former countries in Asia Former countries in Africa States and territories disestablished in 1923 Ottoman Empire Historical Turkic states 1299 establishments in Asia 1923 disestablishments in Asia 1923 disestablishments in Europe States and territories established in 1299 Hidden categories : Articles containing Ottoman Turkish - language text CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters", "87": "Articles containing Turkish - language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2013 Articles with obsolete information from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2016 Lang and lang - xx template errors Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with failed verification from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2017 Articles needing more viewpoints from November 2010 Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch", "88": "አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური", "89": "مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Romani Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro", "90": "文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 75, 8, 23, 74, 76, 28, 54, 12, 63, 35, 25, 0, 3, 24, 57, 50, 49, 73, 77, 15, 64, 27, 52, 14, 68, 21, 4, 86, 53, 18, 45, 78, 6, 58, 46, 29, 55, 37, 19, 9, 11, 22, 66, 30, 17, 44, 1, 41, 20, 60, 5, 10, 65, 83, 51, 33, 36, 7, 70, 82, 69, 47, 34, 32, 85, 16, 62, 56, 2, 48, 38, 13, 84, 67, 81, 42, 79, 61, 43, 31, 26, 40, 39, 59, 72, 71, 87, 89, 88, 90, 80 ]	[ 8, 75, 23, 74, 76 ]
-3939652612303896549	is aluminium a ferrous or non ferrous metal	[ "non-ferrous", "non-ferrous", "non-ferrous", "non-ferrous", "non-ferrous" ]	{ "0": "Non-ferrous metal - wikipedia Non-ferrous metal Jump to : navigation , search In metallurgy , a non-ferrous metal is a metal , including alloys , that does not contain iron ( ferrite ) in appreciable amounts . Generally more expensive than ferrous metals , non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable properties such as low weight ( e.g. aluminium ) , higher conductivity ( e.g. copper ) , non-magnetic property or resistance to corrosion ( e.g. zinc ) . Some non-ferrous materials are also used in the iron and steel industries . For example , bauxite is used as flux for blast furnaces , while others such as wolframite , pyrolusite and chromite are used in making ferrous alloys . Important non-ferrous metals include aluminium , copper , lead , nickel , tin , titanium and zinc , and alloys such as brass . Precious metals such as gold , silver and platinum and exotic or rare metals such as cobalt , mercury , tungsten , beryllium , bismuth , cerium , cadmium , niobium , indium , gallium , germanium , lithium , selenium , tantalum , tellurium , vanadium , and zirconium are also non-ferrous . They are usually obtained through minerals such as sulfides , carbonates , and silicates . Non-ferrous metals are usually refined through electrolysis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recycling and pollution control 2 Ancient history 3 Mechanical and structural use 4 References Recycling and pollution control ( edit ) Due to their extensive use , non-ferrous scrap metals are usually recycled . The secondary materials in scrap are vital to the metallurgy industry , as the production of new metals often needs them . Some recycling facilities re-smelt and recast non-ferrous materials ; the dross is collected and stored onsite while the metal fumes are filtered and collected . Non-ferrous scrap metals are sourced from industrial scrap materials , particle emissions and obsolete technology ( for example , copper cables ) scrap . Ancient history ( edit ) See also : Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy Non-ferrous metals were the first metals used by humans for metallurgy .", "1": "Gold , silver and copper existed in their native crystalline yet metallic form . These crystals , though rare , are enough to attract the attention of humans . Less susceptible to oxygen than most other metals , they can be found even in weathered outcroppings . Copper was the first metal to be forged ; it was soft enough to be fashioned into various objects by cold forging and could be melted in a crucible . Gold , silver and copper replaced some of the functions of other resources , such as wood and stone , owing to their ability to be shaped into various forms for different uses . Due to their rarity , these gold , silver and copper artifacts were treated as luxury items and handled with great care . The use of copper also heralded the transition from the Stone Age to the Copper Age . The Bronze Age , which succeeded the Copper Age , was again heralded by the invention of bronze , an alloy of copper with the non-ferrous metal tin . Mechanical and structural use ( edit ) It is used in residential , commercial , industrial industry . Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations , including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertently altered in the process . Depending on the end use , metals can be simply cast into the finished part , or cast into an intermediate form , such as an ingot , then worked , or wrought , by rolling , forging , extruding , or other deformation process . Although the same operations are used with ferrous as well as nonferrous metals and alloys , the reaction of nonferrous metals to these forming processes is often more severe . Consequently , properties may differ considerably between the cast and wrought forms of the same metal or alloy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fahlman , Bradley D. ( 2011 - 03 - 18 ) . Materials chemistry ( 2 . ed . ) . Dordrecht ( u.a. ) : Springer . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 0692 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Ferrous Metals '' . Engineers Handbook . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Gupta , R.C. ( 2010 ) . Theory and laboratory experiments in ferrous metallurgy .", "2": "New Delhi : PHI Learning Private Ltd. p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3924 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Commonly Recycled Metals and Their Sources '' ( PDF ) . Occupational Safety and Health Administration . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , Courtney A. , ed. ( 2008 ) . Hydrometallurgy 2008 : proceedings of the sixth international symposium ( 1st ed . ) . Littleton , Colo. : Society for Mining , Metallurgy , and Exploration . p. 416 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 266 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 82 -- Metal Processing and Metal Working Industry '' . Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety , 4th Edition . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Ferrous Metals '' . Bureau of International Recycling . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department of the Environment Industry Profile : Waste recycling , treatment and disposal sites '' ( PDF ) . Environment Agency . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Noyes ( 1993 ) . Pollution Prevention Technology Handbook . Noyes Publications . ISBN 978 - 0815513117 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil ed. , Ian ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . London : Routledge . pp. 47 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 19211 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Forbes , R.J. ( 1971 ) . Studies in Ancient Technology , Volume 3 ; Volume 1965 . BRILL . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 02652 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Non-ferrous Metal Applications '' . All Metals & Forge Group . Retrieved 1 October 2013 .", "3": "NDL : 00563284 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-ferrous_metal&oldid=810175941 '' Categories : Metals Alloys Metallurgy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español 한국어 Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Polski Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 3, 2, 1 ]	[ 0, 3, 2, 1 ]
-8893900507056497370	who won the king of dance season 2	[ "LAAB Crew From Team Sherif", "LAAB Crew From Team Sherif", "LAAB Crew From Team Sherif", "LAAB Crew From Team Sherif", "LAAB Crew From Team Sherif" ]	{ "0": "Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) Tamil கிங்ஸ் ஆப் டான்ஸ் சீசன் 2 Genre Dance Show Reality Judges Raju Sundaram Sheriff Sandy Jeffrey Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Tamil No. of seasons No. of episodes 41 Production Location ( s ) Tamil Nadu Camera setup Multi-camera Running time approx. 40 - 45 minutes per episode Release Original network Vijay TV Original release 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) -- 4 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) External links Website Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) ( Tamil : கிங்ஸ் ஆப் டான்ஸ் சீசன் 2 ) is a 2017 - 2018 Tamil language reality Dance show which aired on Star Vijay on every Saturday and Sunday at 21 : 30 ( IST ) starting from 7 October 2017 . Tamil Film Dancer choreographers Raju Sundaram , Sheriff , Sandy and Jeffrey are the judges of this season . The show ended with 41 Episodes from 4 March 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Audition 3 Finalist 4 Winners 5 Judges 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The show is a dance competition for contestants of any age as individuals or in a team .", "1": "Audition ( edit ) Thoothukudi Madurai Coimbatore Chennai Finalist ( edit ) Velammal Kids from Team Jeffery Ashwin Scott from Team Jeffery Yobu and Mercyna from Team Jeffery ADS kids from Team Sherif Laab crew from Team Sherif Bipin princy from Team Jeffery O2 from Team Sandy Vignesh from Team Sherif Winners ( edit ) Title Winner : LAAB Crew From Team Sherif 1st Runner - up : ADS kids From Team Sherif 2nd Runner - up : Bipin and Princy From Team Jeffery 3rd Runner - up : Ashwin Scott From Team Jeffery Consolation Prize : o2 From Sandy Team Judges ( edit ) Raju Sundaram : is a National Award - winning Indian choreographerd actor who has primarily worked on Tamil and Telugu language films. A few Films - Jeans ( 1998 ) , Quick Gun Murugan ( 2009 ) . Sheriff : a Tamil cinema choreographer , who recently choreographed for the blockbuster actor Vijay 's Theri . He was the title winner in dance reality show like a Ungalil yar adutha Prabhudeva . Sandy or Santhosh Kumar debut season of Maanada Mayilada Dance show choreographed movie poda podi , gethu etc . Jeffrey # hotshoe # dance club owner , southindia profesional certified salsa dancer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Watch Star Vijay Reality Show Kings of Dance 2 -- Every Saturday and Sunday at 9.30 P.M '' . www.tholaikatchi.in . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` விஜய் டிவியில் ' கிங்ஸ் ஆப் டான்ஸ் ' சீசன் 2 ஆரம்பம் '' ( in Tamil ) . www.screen4screen.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 .", "2": "Jump up ^ `` கிங்ஸ் ஆப் டான்ஸ் சீசன் 2 அக்டோபர் 7ஆம் திகதி முதல் '' ( in Tamil ) . cinema.dinamalar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Time to put on your dancing shoes for Kings of Dance '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Gear up for the semi finals of Kings Of Dance 2 '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Yobu - Mercyna are the third finalists of Kings of Dance 2 '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Vijay TV Official Website on Hotstar Vijay TV : Saturday - Sunday @ 21 : 30 shows Previous program Kings of Dance ( season 2 ) ( 7 October 2017 - 4 March 2018 ) Next program Bigg Boss Tamil ( 25 June -- 30 September 2017 ) Villa To Village ( 10 March - Present ) ( hide ) Programs broadcast by Star Vijay Reality show Super Singer 6 Villa To Village Soap opera serials Avalum Naanum Chinna Thambi Kalyanamam Kalyanam Mouna Ragam Nenjam Marappathillai Ninaika Therintha Manamae Pagal Nilavu Ponmagal Vanthal Raja Rani Saravanan Meenatchi ( season 3 ) Talk shows Neeya Naana Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat Sitcoms & Game shows Adhu Idhu Edhu ( season 2 ) Kalakka Povathu Yaaru ? ( season 7 ) Kalakka Povathu Yaaru ?", "3": "Champions Ready Steady Po Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kings_of_Dance_(season_2)&oldid=833027975 '' Categories : Vijay TV television series Tamil reality television series Tamil dance television shows Tamil game shows 2010s Tamil television series 2017 Tamil - language television series debuts Tamil - language television programs 2018 Tamil - language television seasons 2018 Tamil - language television series endings Hidden categories : CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) Articles containing Tamil - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 08 : 23 . About Wikipedia", "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 3, 2, 0 ]	[ 1, 3, 2, 0 ]
-2315398743302009652	where is lord's prayer found in bible	[ "the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount, and the short form in the Gospel of Luke", "the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount", "the Gospel of Luke when \"one of his disciples said to him, 'Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught his disciples.'\"", "in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount", "in the Gospel of Luke" ]	{ "0": "Lord 's Prayer - wikipedia Lord 's Prayer Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Lord 's Prayer ( disambiguation ) , Our Father ( disambiguation ) and Pater Noster ( disambiguation ) . `` Hallowed Be Thy Name '' redirects here . For the Iron Maiden song , see Hallowed Be Thy Name ( song ) . James Tissot -- The Lord 's Prayer ( Le Pater Noster ) -- Brooklyn Museum The Lord 's Prayer ( also called the Our Father or Pater Noster , among other names ) is a venerated Christian prayer which , according to the New Testament , Jesus taught as the way to pray : Pray then in this way ... ( Matthew 6 : 9 NRSV ) When you pray , say ... ( Luke 11 : 2 NRSV ) Two versions of this prayer are recorded : the long form in the Gospel of Matthew in the middle of the Sermon on the Mount , and the short form in the Gospel of Luke when `` one of his disciples said to him , ' Lord , teach us to pray , as John taught his disciples . ' '' The first three of the seven petitions in Matthew address God ; the other four are related to human needs and concerns . The Matthew account alone includes the `` Your will be done '' and the `` Rescue us from the evil one '' ( or `` Deliver us from evil '' ) petitions . Both original Greek texts contain the adjective epiousios , which does not appear in any other classical or Koine Greek literature ; while controversial , `` daily '' has been the most common English - language translation of this word . Some Christians , particularly Protestants , conclude the prayer with a doxology , a later addendum appearing in some manuscripts of Matthew . Matthew 6 : 9 - 13 ( RSV - 2CE ) Our Father who art in heaven , hallowed be thy name . Thy kingdom come . Thy will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread ; and forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive those who trespass against us ; and lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . Luke 11 : 2 - 4 ( RSV - 2CE ) Father , hallowed be your name .", "1": "Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread ; and forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us ; and lead us not into temptation . Initial words on the topic from the Catechism of the Catholic Church teach that it `` is truly the summary of the whole gospel '' . The prayer is used by most Christian churches in their worship ; with few exceptions , the liturgical form is the Matthean . Although theological differences and various modes of worship divide Christians , according to Fuller Seminary professor Clayton Schmit , `` there is a sense of solidarity in knowing that Christians around the globe are praying together ... and these words always unite us . '' In biblical criticism , the prayer 's absence in the Gospel of Mark together with its occurrence in Matthew and Luke has caused scholars who accept the two - source hypothesis ( against other document hypotheses ) to conclude that it is probably a logion original to Q . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation 1.2 Liturgical Greek and Latin texts 1.3 English versions 2 Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 First Petition 2.3 Second Petition 2.4 Third Petition 2.5 Fourth Petition 2.6 Fifth Petition 2.7 Sixth Petition 2.8 Seventh Petition 2.9 Doxology 3 Use as a language comparison tool 4 Relation to Jewish prayer 5 Musical settings 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.", "2": "2 Bibliography 8 External links Text ( edit ) The Lord 's Prayer in Gregorian chant Pater Noster The Lord 's Prayer in Latin sung in Gregorian chant Original Greek text and Vulgate Latin translation ( edit ) Standard edition of Greek text Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ .", "3": "Vulgate Latin translation Pater noster , qui es in caelis , sanctificetur nomen tuum , adveniat regnum tuum , fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . Panem nostrum supersubstantialem da nobis hodie ; et dimitte nobis debita nostra , sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; et ne inducas nos in tentationem ; sed libera nos a Malo .", "4": "Liturgical Greek and Latin texts ( edit ) Patriarchal Edition 1904 Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου , ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ , καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν , ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν , ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ . ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν .", "5": "Roman Missal Pater noster , qui es in caelis : sanctificetur nomen tuum ; adveniat regnum tuum ; fiat voluntas tua , sicut in caelo , et in terra . Panem nostrum cotidianum da nobis hodie ; et dimitte nobis debita nostra , sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris ; et ne nos inducas in tentationem ; sed libera nos a malo . English versions ( edit ) Main article : History of the Lord 's Prayer in English A crucifix on an open Bible showing an English translation of the prayer ( from Matthew ) There are several different English translations of the Lord 's Prayer from Greek or Latin , beginning around AD 650 with the Northumbrian translation . Of those in current liturgical use , the three best - known are : The translation in the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) of the Church of England The slightly modernized form used in the 1928 version of the Prayer Book of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America ( along with the doxology ) and in the English vernacular translation of the Catholic Mass The 1988 translation of the ecumenical English Language Liturgical Consultation ( ELLC ) The square brackets in three of the texts below indicate the doxology often added at the end of the prayer by Protestants and , in a slightly different form , by the Byzantine Rite ( `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory : of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever , and unto ages of ages . Amen . '' ) , among whom the prayer proper is usually recited by the cantors and congregation in unison , and the doxology by the priest as the conclusion of the prayer . The Anglican Book of Common Prayer adds it in some services but not in all . Older English translations of the Bible , based on late Byzantine Greek manuscripts , included it , but it is excluded in critical editions of the New Testament , such as that of the United Bible Societies . It is absent in the oldest manuscripts and is not considered to be part of the original text of Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 .", "6": "The Catholic Church has never attached it to the Lord 's Prayer , but has included it in the Roman Rite Mass as revised in 1969 , not as part of the Our Father but separated from it by a prayer called the embolism spoken or sung by the priest ( in the official ICEL English translation : `` Deliver us , Lord , we pray , from every evil , graciously grant peace in our days , that , by the help of your mercy , we may be always free from sin and safe from all distress , as we await the blessed hope and the coming of our Saviour , Jesus Christ . '' ) that elaborates on the final petition , `` Deliver us from evil . '' For more information on this doxology , see Doxology , below . When Reformers set out to translate the King James Bible , they assumed that a Greek manuscript they possessed was ancient and therefore adopted the phrase `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory forever '' into the Lord 's Prayer . Later scholarship demonstrated that the manuscript was actually a late addition based on Eastern liturgical tradition . 1928 Episcopal BCP ( with doxology ) ; Catholic version ( without doxology ) Our Father who art in heaven , Hallowed be thy name . Thy kingdom come . Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread , and forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive those who trespass against us , and lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . ( The 1928 BCP adds : For thine is the kingdom , and the power , and the glory , for ever and ever Amen . ) 1662 Anglican BCP Our Father , which art in heaven , Hallowed be thy Name ; Thy kingdom come ; Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven : Give us this day our daily bread ; And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us ; And lead us not into temptation , But deliver us from evil : When before the Collect the priest alone recites the prayer , the people here respond : Amen .", "7": "When after all have communicated the people repeat each petition after the priest , the prayer ends : For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , For ever and ever . Amen . 1988 ELLC Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name , your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as in heaven . Give us today our daily bread . Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us . Save us from the time of trial and deliver us from evil . For the kingdom , the power , and the glory are yours now and for ever . Amen . Other English translations are also used . Though Matthew 6 : 12 uses the term debts , the older English versions of the Lord 's Prayer uses the term trespasses , while ecumenical versions often use the term sins . The latter choice may be due to Luke 11 : 4 , which uses the word sins , while the former may be due to Matthew 6 : 14 ( immediately after the text of the prayer ) , where Jesus speaks of trespasses . As early as the third century , Origen of Alexandria used the word trespasses ( παραπτώματα ) in the prayer . Although the Latin form that was traditionally used in Western Europe has debita ( debts ) , most English - speaking Christians ( except Scottish Presbyterians and some others of the Reformed tradition ) use trespasses . The Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) , the Established Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as the Congregational denomination follow the version found in Matthew 6 in the Authorized Version ( known also as the King James Version ) , which in the prayer uses the words `` debts '' and `` debtors '' . All these versions are based on the text in Matthew , rather than Luke , of the prayer given by Jesus : Matthew 6 : 9 -- 13 ( ESV ) `` Pray then like this : ' Our Father in heaven , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come , your will be done , on earth as it is in heaven . Give us this day our daily bread , and forgive us our debts , as we also have forgiven our debtors . And lead us not into temptation , but deliver us from evil . '", "8": "'' Luke 11 : 2 -- 4 ( ESV ) And he said to them , `` When you pray , say : ' Father , hallowed be your name . Your kingdom come . Give us each day our daily bread , and forgive us our sins , for we ourselves forgive everyone who is indebted to us . And lead us not into temptation . ' '' Analysis ( edit ) The Lord 's Prayer in Greek Subheadings use 1662 Book of Common Prayer ( BCP ) ( see above ) Introduction ( edit ) `` Our Father , which art in heaven '' This explains that God , the Father , rests in Heaven , and the plural word `` Our '' indicates that there are a group of God 's children who call him Father . Augustine interpreted `` heaven '' ( coelum , sky ) in this context as meaning `` in the hearts of the righteous , as it were in His holy temple '' . First petition ( edit ) `` Hallowed be thy Name ; '' See also : Names of God in Christianity and Matthew 6 : 9 Former Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams explains this phrase as a petition that people may look upon God 's name as holy , as something that inspires awe and reverence , and that they may not trivialize it by making God a tool for their purposes , to `` put other people down , or as a sort of magic to make themselves feel safe '' . He sums up the meaning of the phrase by saying : `` Understand what you 're talking about when you 're talking about God , this is serious , this is the most wonderful and frightening reality that we could imagine , more wonderful and frightening than we can imagine . '' Second petition ( edit ) `` Thy kingdom come ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 10 `` This petition has its parallel in the Jewish prayer , ' May he establish his Kingdom during your life and during your days . ' In the gospels Jesus speaks frequently of God 's kingdom , but never defines the concept : `` He assumed this was a concept so familiar that it did not require definition . '' Concerning how Jesus ' audience in the gospels would have understood him , G.E.", "9": "Ladd turns to the concept 's Hebrew Biblical background : `` The Hebrew word malkuth ( ... ) refers first to a reign , dominion , or rule and only secondarily to the realm over which a reign is exercised . ( ... ) When malkuth is used of God , it almost always refers to his authority or to his rule as the heavenly King . '' This petition looks to the perfect establishment of God 's rule in the world in the future , an act of God resulting in the eschatological order of the new age . The request for God 's kingdom to come is commonly interpreted at the most literal level : as a reference to the belief , common at the time , that a Messiah figure would bring about a kingdom of God . Traditionally , the coming of God 's kingdom is seen as a divine gift to be prayed for , not a human achievement . This idea is frequently challenged by groups who believe that the Kingdom will come by the hands of those faithful who work for a better world . These believe that Jesus ' commands to feed the hungry and clothe the needy are the kingdom to which he was referring . Hilda C. Graef notes that the operative Greek word , basileia , means both kingdom and kingship ( i.e. , reign , dominion , governing , etc . ) , but that the English word kingdom loses this double meaning . Kingship adds a psychological meaning to the petition : one is also praying for the condition of soul where one follows God 's will . Third petition ( edit ) `` Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven : '' See also : Matthew 6 : 10 John Ortberg interprets this phrase as follows : `` Many people think our job is to get my afterlife destination taken care of , then tread water till we all get ejected and God comes back and torches this place . But Jesus never told anybody -- neither his disciples nor us -- to pray , ' Get me out of here so I can go up there . ' His prayer was , ' Make up there come down here . ' Make things down here run the way they do up there . '' The request that `` thy will be done '' is God 's invitation to `` join him in making things down here the way they are up there . ''", "10": "Fourth petition ( edit ) `` Give us this day our daily ( epiousios ) bread ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 11 See also : Epiousios As mentioned earlier in this article , the original word ἐπιούσιος ( epiousios ) , commonly characterized as daily , is unique to the Lord 's Prayer in all of ancient Greek literature . The word is almost a hapax legomenon , occurring only in Luke and Matthew 's versions of the Lord 's Prayer , and nowhere else in any other extant Greek texts . While epiousios is often substituted by the word `` daily , '' all other New Testament translations from the Greek into `` daily '' otherwise reference hemeran ( ἡμέραν , `` the day '' ) , which does not appear in this usage . Via linguistic parsing , Jerome translated `` ἐπιούσιον '' ( epiousios ) as `` supersubstantialem '' in the Gospel of Matthew , but chose `` cotidianum '' ( `` daily '' ) in the Gospel of Luke . This wide - ranging difference with respect to meaning of epiousios is discussed in detail in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church by way of an inclusive approach toward tradition as well as a literal one for meaning : `` Taken in a temporal sense , this word is a pedagogical repetition of `` this day , '' to confirm us in trust `` without reservation . '' Taken in the qualitative sense , it signifies what is necessary for life , and more broadly every good thing sufficient for subsistence . Taken literally ( epi - ousios : `` super-essential '' ) , it refers directly to the Bread of Life , the Body of Christ , the `` medicine of immortality , '' without which we have no life within us . '' Epiousios is translated as supersubstantialem in the Vulgate ( Matthew 6 : 11 ) and accordingly as supersubstantial in the Douay - Rheims Bible ( Matthew 6 : 11 ) .", "11": "Barclay M. Newman 's A Concise Greek - English Dictionary of the New Testament , published in a revised edition in 2010 by the United Bible Societies has the following entry : ἐπι ούσιος , ον ( εἰμί ) of doubtful meaning , for today ; for the coming day ; necessary for existence It thus derives the word from the preposition ἐπί ( epi ) and the verb εἰμί ( eimi ) , from the latter of which are derived words such as οὐσία ( ousia ) , the range of whose meanings is indicated in A Greek - English Lexicon . Fifth petition ( edit ) `` And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us ; '' See also : Matthew 6 : 12 The Presbyterian and other Reformed churches tend to use the rendering `` forgive us our debts , as we forgive our debtors '' . Roman Catholics , Anglicans and Methodists are more likely to say `` trespasses ... those who trespass against us '' . The `` debts '' form appears in the first English translation of the Bible , by John Wycliffe in 1395 ( Wycliffe spelling `` dettis '' ) . The `` trespasses '' version appears in the 1526 translation by William Tyndale ( Tyndale spelling `` treaspases '' ) . In 1549 the first Book of Common Prayer in English used a version of the prayer with `` trespasses '' . This became the `` official '' version used in Anglican congregations . After the request for bread , Matthew and Luke diverge slightly . Matthew continues with a request for debts to be forgiven in the same manner as people have forgiven those who have debts against them . Luke , on the other hand , makes a similar request about sins being forgiven in the manner of debts being forgiven between people . The word `` debts '' ( ὀφειλήματα ) does not necessarily mean financial obligations , as shown by the use of the verbal form of the same word ( ὀφείλετε ) in passages such as Romans 13 : 8 . The Aramaic word ḥôbâ can mean `` debt '' or `` sin '' .", "12": "This difference between Luke 's and Matthew 's wording could be explained by the original form of the prayer having been in Aramaic . The generally accepted interpretation is thus that the request is for forgiveness of sin , not of supposed loans granted by God . Asking for forgiveness from God was a staple of Jewish prayers . It was also considered proper for individuals to be forgiving of others , so the sentiment expressed in the prayer would have been a common one of the time . Anthony C. Deane , Canon of Worcester Cathedral , suggested that the choice of the word `` ὀφειλήματα '' ( debts ) , rather than `` ἁμαρτίας '' ( sins ) , indicates a reference to failures to use opportunities of doing good . He linked this with the parable of the sheep and the goats ( also in Matthew 's Gospel ) , in which the grounds for condemnation are not wrongdoing in the ordinary sense , but failure to do right , missing opportunities for showing love to others . `` As we forgive ... '' . Divergence between Matthew 's `` debts '' and Luke 's `` sins '' is relatively trivial compared to the impact of the second half of this statement . The verses immediately following the Lord 's Prayer , show Jesus teaching that the forgiveness of our sin / debt ( by God ) is contingent on how we forgive others . Later , Matthew elaborates with Jesus ' Parable of the Unforgiving Servant . In this parable , forgiveness from the king ( God ) is conditional on the servant 's forgiveness of a small debt owed to him . Sixth petition ( edit ) `` And lead us not into temptation , '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 Interpretations of the penultimate petition of the prayer -- not to be led by God into peirasmos -- vary considerably . The range of meanings of the Greek word `` πειρασμός '' ( peirasmos ) is illustrated in New Testament Greek lexicons . In different contexts it can mean temptation , testing , trial , experiment .", "13": "Although the traditional English translation uses the word `` temptation '' and Carl Jung saw God as actually leading people astray , Christians generally interpret the petition as not contradicting James 1 : 13 -- 14 : `` Let no one say when he is tempted , ' I am being tempted by God ' , for God can not be tempted with evil , and he himself tempts no one . But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire . '' Some see the petition as an eschatological appeal against unfavourable Last Judgment , a theory supported by the use of the word `` peirasmos '' in this sense in Revelation 3 : 10 . Others see it as a plea against hard tests described elsewhere in scripture , such as those of Job . It is also read as : `` Do not let us be led ( by ourselves , by others , by Satan ) into temptations '' . Since it follows shortly after a plea for daily bread ( i.e. , material sustenance ) , it is also seen as referring to not being caught up in the material pleasures given . A similar phrase appears in Matthew 26 : 41 and Luke 22 : 40 in connection with the prayer of Jesus in Gethsemane . Joseph Smith , the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , in a translation of the Holy Bible which was not completed before his death , used this wording : `` And suffer us not to be led into temptation '' . In 2017 , Pope Francis , speaking on the Italian TV channel TV2000 , proposed that the wording be changed to `` do not let us fall into temptation '' , explaining that `` it is I who fall , it is not God who throws me into temptation '' . Seventh petition ( edit ) `` But deliver us from evil : '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 Translations and scholars are divided over whether the final word here refers to `` evil '' in general or `` the evil one '' ( the devil ) in particular . In the original Greek , as well as in the Latin translation , the word could be either of neuter ( evil in general ) or masculine ( the evil one ) gender . Matthew 's version of the prayer appears in the Sermon on the Mount , in earlier parts of which the term is used to refer to general evil .", "14": "Later parts of Matthew refer to the devil when discussing similar issues . However , the devil is never referred to as the evil one in any known Aramaic sources . While John Calvin accepted the vagueness of the term 's meaning , he considered that there is little real difference between the two interpretations , and that therefore the question is of no real consequence . Similar phrases are found in John 17 : 15 and 2 Thessalonians 3 : 3 . Doxology ( edit ) `` For thine is the kingdom , the power , and the glory , For ever and ever . Amen . '' See also : Matthew 6 : 13 The doxology of the prayer is not contained in Luke 's version , nor is it present in the earliest manuscripts of Matthew , representative of the Alexandrian text , although it is present in the manuscripts representative of the later Byzantine text . Most scholars do not consider it part of the original text of Matthew . New translations generally omit it . The first known use of the doxology , in a less lengthy form ( `` for yours is the power and the glory forever '' ) , as a conclusion for the Lord 's Prayer ( in a version slightly different from that of Matthew ) is in the Didache , 8 : 2 . It has similarities with 1 Chronicles -- `` Yours , O LORD , is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty , for all that is in the heavens and in the earth is yours . Yours is the kingdom , O LORD , and you are exalted as head above all . '' In the Byzantine Rite , a similar doxology is sung within the context of the Divine Liturgy . Following the last line of the prayer , the priest sings `` For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory , of the Father , and of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit , now and ever and unto ages of ages . '' Latin Church Roman Catholics do not use the doxology when reciting the Lord 's Prayer , because it is not part of their received liturgical tradition and is not found in the Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome . Since 1970 it is included in the Roman Rite Mass as an independent item , not as part of the Lord 's Prayer .", "15": "The Anglican Book of Common Prayer sometimes gives the Lord 's Prayer with the doxology , sometimes without . Most Protestants append it to the Lord 's Prayer . Use as a language comparison tool ( edit ) Detail of the Europa Polyglotta published with Synopsis Universae Philologiae in 1741 ; the map gives the first phrase of the Lord 's Prayer in 33 different languages of Europe . In the course of Christianization , one of the first texts to be translated between many languages has historically been the Lord 's Prayer , long before the full Bible would be translated into the respective languages . Since the 16th century , collections of translations of the prayer have often been used for a quick comparison of languages . The first such collection , with 22 versions , was Mithridates de differentis linguis by Conrad Gessner ( 1555 ; the title refers to Mithridates VI of Pontus who according to Pliny the Elder was an exceptional polyglot ) . Gessner 's idea of collecting translations of the prayer was taken up by authors of the 17th century , including Hieronymus Megiserus ( 1603 ) and Georg Pistorius ( 1621 ) . Thomas Lüdeken in 1680 published an enlarged collection of 83 versions of the prayer , of which three were in fictional philosophical languages . Lüdeken quotes as a Barnum Hagius as his source for the exotic scripts used , while their true ( anonymous ) author was Andreas Müller . In 1700 , Lübeck 's collection was re-edited by B. Mottus as Oratio dominica plus centum linguis versionibus aut characteribus reddita et expressa . This edition was comparatively inferior , but a second , revised edition was published in 1715 by John Chamberlain . This 1715 edition was used by Gottfried Hensel in his Synopsis Universae Philologiae ( 1741 ) to compile `` geographico - polyglot maps '' where the beginning of the prayer was shown in the geographical area where the respective languages were spoken . Johann Ulrich Kraus also published a collection with more than 100 entries .", "16": "Lord 's Prayer in Classical Chinese These collections continued to be improved and expanded well into the 19th century ; Johann Christoph Adelung and Johann Severin Vater in 1806 -- 1817 published the prayer in `` well - nigh five hundred languages and dialects '' . Samples of scripture , including the Lord 's Prayer , were published in 52 oriental languages , most of them not previously found in such collections , translated by the brethren of the Serampore Mission and printed at the mission press there in 1818 . Relation to Jewish Prayer ( edit ) There are similarities between the Lord 's Prayer and both biblical and post-biblical material in Jewish prayer especially Kiddushin 81a ( Babylonian ) . `` Hallowed be thy name '' is reflected in the Kaddish . `` Lead us not into sin '' is echoed in the `` morning blessings '' of Jewish prayer . A blessing said by some Jewish communities after the evening Shema includes a phrase quite similar to the opening of the Lord 's Prayer : `` Our God in heaven , hallow thy name , and establish thy kingdom forever , and rule over us for ever and ever . Amen . '' There are parallels also in 1 Chronicles 29 : 10 -- 18 . Rabbi Aron Mendes Chumaceiro has said that nearly all the elements of the prayer have counterparts in the Jewish Bible and Deuterocanonical books : the first part in Isaiah 63 : 15 -- 16 ( `` Look down from heaven and see , from your holy and beautiful habitation ... For you are our Father ... '' ) and Ezekiel 36 : 23 ( `` I will vindicate the holiness of my great name ... '' ) and Ezekiel 38 : 23 ( `` I will show my greatness and my holiness and make myself known in the eyes of many nations ... '' ) , the second part in Obadiah 1 : 21 ( `` Saviours shall go up to Mount Zion to rule Mount Esau , and the kingdom shall be the LORD 's '' ) and 1 Samuel 3 : 18 ( `` ... It is the LORD .", "17": "Let him do what seems good to him '' ) , the third part in Proverbs 30 : 8 ( `` ... feed me with my apportioned bread '' ) , the fourth part in Sirach 28 : 2 ( `` Forgive your neighbour the wrong he has done , and then your sins will be pardoned when you pray '' ) . `` Deliver us from evil '' can be compared with Psalm 119 : 133 ( `` ... let no iniquity get dominion over me . '' ) . Chumaceiro says that , because the idea of God leading a human into temptation contradicts the righteousness and love of God , `` Lead us not into temptation '' has no counterpart in the Jewish Bible / Christian Old Testament . The word `` πειρασμός '' , which is translated as `` temptation '' , could also be translated as `` test '' or `` trial '' , making evident the attitude of someone 's heart . Well - known examples in the Old Testament are God 's test of Abraham ( Genesis 22 : 1 ) , his `` moving '' ( the Hebrew word means basically `` to prick , as by weeds , thorns '' ) David to do ( numbering Israel ) what David later acknowledged as sin ( 2 Samuel 24 : 1 -- 10 ; see also 1 Chronicles 21 : 1 -- 7 ) , and the Book of Job . Musical settings ( edit ) In modern times , various composers have incorporated The Lord 's Prayer into a musical setting for utilization during liturgical services for a variety of religious traditions as well as interfaith ceremonies . Included among them are : 9th - 10th century : Gregorian chant 1878 : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky -- Otche Nash ( Отче наш ; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , op . 41 ) 1883 : Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov -- Otche Nash 1910 : Sergei Rachmaninoff -- Otche Nash ( Отче наш ; Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom , op . 31 ) 1926 : Igor Stravinsky -- Otche Nash ( 1926 ) , arr .", "18": "Pater Noster ( Latin , some time later ) 1935 : The Lord 's Prayer ( Albert Hay Malotte song ) 1974 : The Lord 's Prayer ( Sister Janet Mead song ) -- 1974 hit song 1992 : John Serry Sr . -- The Lord 's Prayer for Organ & Chorus 1999 : John Tavener -- The Lord 's Prayer 2005 : Christopher Tin -- Baba Yetu 2016 : Chris M. Allport -- The Lord 's Prayer See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Amen Didache , an early book of rituals which mentions saying the prayer three times daily Discourse on ostentation , a portion of the Sermon on the Mount Five Discourses of Matthew High Priestly Prayer Prayer in the New Testament Novum Testamentum Graece , the primary source for most contemporary New Testament translations Textus Receptus Church of the Pater Noster on the Mount of Olives , Jerusalem References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luke 11 : 1 NRSV Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - The summary of the whole Gospel '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kang , K. Connie . `` Across the globe , Christians are united by Lord 's Prayer . '' Los Angeles Times , in Houston Chronicle , p . A13 , April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Farmer , William R. , The Gospel of Jesus : The Pastoral Relevance of the Synoptic Problem , Westminster John Knox Press ( 1994 ) , p. 49 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25514 - 5 Jump up ^ The text given here is that of the latest edition of Greek New Testament of the United Bible Societies and in the Nestle - Aland Novum Testamentum Graece . Most modern translations use a text similar to this one .", "19": "Most older translations are based on a Byzantine - type text with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς in line 5 ( verse 10 ) instead of ἐπὶ γῆς , and ἀφίεμεν in line 8 ( verse 12 ) instead of ἀφήκαμεν , and adding at the end ( verse 13 ) the doxology ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας . ἀμήν . Jump up ^ Three editions of the Vulgate : the Clementine edition of the Vulgate , which varies from the Nova Vulgata only in punctuation and in having `` ne nos inducas '' in place of `` ne inducas nos '' , and another edition of the Vulgate , which has `` qui in caelis es '' in place of `` qui es in caelis '' ; `` veniat '' in place of `` adveniat '' ; `` dimisimus '' in place of `` dimittimus '' ; `` temptationem '' in place of `` tentationem '' . Jump up ^ In the Nova Vulgata , the official Latin Bible of the Catholic Church , the last word is capitalized , indicating that it is a reference to Malus ( the Evil One ) , not to malum ( evil ) . Jump up ^ The doxology associated with the Lord 's Prayer in Byzantine Greek texts is found in four Vetus Latina manuscripts , only two of which give it in its entirety . The other surviving manuscripts of the Vetus Latina Gospels do not have the doxology . The Vulgate translation also does not include it , thus agreeing with critical editions of the Greek text . Jump up ^ The Greek Orthodox Church uses a slightly different Greek version. which can be found in the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom ( ( 1 ) Greek Orthodox Liturgy of St.", "20": "John Chrysostom ) ) , as presented in the ( 2 ) 1904 text of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople ) and various Greek prayer books and liturgies . This is the Greek version of the Lord 's Prayer most widely used for prayer and liturgy today , and is similar to other texts of the Byzantine text - type used in older English Bible translations , with ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς instead of ἐπὶ γῆς on line 5 and ἀφίεμεν instead of ἀφήκαμεν ( present rather than aorist tense ) in line 8 . The last part , ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἀμήν , is said by the priest after the prayer . Jump up ^ 2002 edition ; 1962 edition , pp. 312 − 313 Jump up ^ The version of the Lord 's Prayer most familiar to Christians until the Protestant Reformation , and beyond for Catholics , is that in the Roman Missal , which has had cultural and historical importance for most regions where English is spoken . The text is used in the Roman Rite liturgy ( Mass , Liturgy of the Hours , etc . ) . It differs from the Vulgate in having cotidianum in place of supersubstantialem . It does not add the Byzantine doxology : this is never joined immediately to the Lord 's Prayer in the Latin liturgy or the Latin Bible , but it appears , in the form quia tuum est regnum , et potestas , et gloria , in saecula , in the Mass of the Roman Rite , as revised in 1969 , separated from the Lord 's Prayer by the prayer , Libera nos , quaesumus ... ( the embolism ) , which elaborates on the final petition , libera nos a malo ( deliver us from evil ) .", "21": "Others have translated the Byzantine doxology into Latin as quia tuum est regnum ; et potentia et gloria ; per omnia saecula or in saecula saeculorum . Jump up ^ In editions of the Roman Missal prior to that of 1962 ( the edition of Pope John XXIII ) the word cotidianum was spelled quotidianum . Jump up ^ In Greek : Ὅτι σοῦ ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων . Ἀμήν . Jump up ^ `` The 1928 Book of Common Prayer : Family Prayer '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church Jump up ^ `` The Communion '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Praying Together Jump up ^ Augustine , On the Sermon on the Mount , Book II , Chapter 5 , 17 -- 18 ; original text Jump up ^ Rowan Williams , The Lord 's Prayer Jump up ^ G. Dalman , The Words of Jesus ( 1909 ) , 99 . As cited in G.E. Ladd , The Presence of the Future ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans 1974 ) , 137 Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd , The Presence of the Future : The Eschatology of Biblical Realism , Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids : 1974 ) , 45 .", "22": "Jump up ^ George Eldon Ladd , The Presence of the Future : The Eschatology of Biblical Realism , Eerdmans ( Grand Rapids : 1974 ) , 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ G.E. Ladd , The Presence of the Future ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans 1974 ) , 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Hilda C. Graef , St. Gregory of Nyssa : The Lord 's Prayer and the Beatitudes ( Ancient Christin Writers , No. 18 ) , Paulist Press ( New York : 1954 ) , n. 68 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Ortberg , John Ortberg . `` God is Closer Than You Think '' . Zondervan , 2005 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew 6 : 11 Interlinear : ' Our appointed bread give us to - day '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The New Greek - English Interlinear New Testament , 1993 , The United Bible Societies , ( basis : UBS4 Greek text ) , page x of Introduction Jump up ^ `` Matthew 20 : 2 Interlinear : and having agreed with the workmen for a denary a day , he sent them into his vineyard '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luke 9 : 23 Interlinear : And he said unto all , ' If any one doth will to come after me , let him disown himself , and take up his cross daily , and follow me ; '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 6 : 1 Interlinear : And in these days , the disciples multiplying , there came a murmuring of the Hellenists at the Hebrews , because their widows were being overlooked in the daily ministration , '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 17 : 11 Interlinear : and these were more noble than those in Thessalonica , they received the word with all readiness of mind , every day examining the Writings whether those things were so ; '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` Acts 17 : 17 Interlinear : therefore , indeed , he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews , and with the worshipping persons , and in the market - place every day with those who met with him '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acts 19 : 9 Interlinear : and when certain were hardened and were disbelieving , speaking evil of the way before the multitude , having departed from them , he did separate the disciples , every day reasoning in the school of a certain Tyrannus '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Corinthians 11 : 28 Interlinear : apart from the things without -- the crowding upon me that is daily -- the care of all the assemblies '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrews 3 : 13 Interlinear : but exhort ye one another every day , while the To - day is called , that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of the sin , '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hebrews 10 : 11 Interlinear : and every priest , indeed , hath stood daily serving , and the same sacrifices many times offering , that are never able to take away sins '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - The seven petitions '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Cf. ( 3 ) Barclay M. Newman , A Concise Greek - English Dictionary of the New Testament , Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft , United Bible Societies 2010 ISBN 978 - 3 - 438 - 06019 - 8 . Partial preview ) Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon : οὐσία Jump up ^ Chaignot , Mary Jane . Questions and Answers .", "24": "< http://biblewise.com/archives/2005/september/overview/questions.htm#trespasses > Accessed : 11 Feb 2013 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Nathan Eubank , Wages of Cross-Bearing and Debt of Sin ( Walter de Gruyter 2013 ISBN 978 - 31 - 1030407 - 7 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) John S. Kloppenborg , Q , the Earliest Gospel ( Westminster John Knox Press 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61164058 - 8 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ See : Theological Dictionary of the New Testament , edited by Kittel and Friedrich , Abridged in One Volume by Goeoffrey W. Bromiley ; William B. Eeerdmans Publishing Company , Grand Rapids , Mich ; 1985 ; Pages 746 -- 750 : Gives use of ὸφείλω opheilo ( to owe , be under obligation ) , ὸφειλή opheile ( debt , obligation ) and two other word forms as used in the New Testament and outside the New Testament , including use in Judaism . Jump up ^ Deane , Anthony C. ( 1926 ) . `` Our Father : A Study of the Lord 's Prayer . Chapter VI . Forgiveness '' . abcog.org . Archived from the original on 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Entry for Strong 's # 3986 : πειρασμός '' . StudyLight.org . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl , `` Answer to Job '' Jump up ^ Psalm 26 : 2 and Psalm 139 : 23 are respectful challenges for a test to prove the writer 's innocence and integrity . Jump up ^ Clontz , T.E. and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament '' , Cornerstone Publications ( 2008 ) , pp. 451 -- 452 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Jump up ^ JST Matthew 6 : 14 Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis wants Lord 's Prayer changed '' . BBC News .", "25": "December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 452 Jump up ^ Nicholas Ayo , The Lord 's Prayer : A Survey Theological and Literary , University of Notre Dame Press ( 1993 ) , p. 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 268 - 01292 - 2 Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 8 Jump up ^ David E. Aune , The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament ( Blackwell 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland , The Text of the New Testament ( Eerdmans 1998 ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4098 - 1 ) , p. 306 . Jump up ^ The doxology is not included in the following modern translations : American Standard Version Contemporary English Version English Standard Version GOD 'S WORD Translation Good News Translation New International Reader 's Version New International Version New Living Translation Today 's New International Version . It is enclosed in square brackets in Holman Christian Standard Bible New American Standard Bible New Century Version . Two publications that are updates of the Authorized King James Version rather than new translations keep it : 21st Century King James Version and New King James Version ; but the second of these adds a note : `` `` NU - Text omits For Yours through Amen . '' Jump up ^ `` Early Christian Fathers - Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ For instance , in Morning Prayer the doxology is included in the Lord 's Prayer in the Introduction , but not in the Prayers after the Apostles ' Creed . Jump up ^ Augustin Backer , Alois Backer , Bibliothèque des écrivains de la compagnie de Jésus ou notices bibliographiques , vol. 5 , 1839 , 304f . Jump up ^ Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde mit dem Vater Unser als Sprachprobe in bey nahe fünf hundert Sprachen und Mundarten , 1806 -- 1817 , Berlin , Vossische Buchlandlung , 4 volumes .", "26": "Facsimile edition , Hildesheim - Nueva York , Georg Olms Verlag , 1970 . Jump up ^ Clontz , p. 451 Jump up ^ Clontz , pp. 8 , 451 Jump up ^ `` Verdediging is geen aanval '' pp. 121 -- 122 Jump up ^ Library of Congress Copyright Office. The Lord 's Prayer , Composer : John Serry Sr. , September 2 , 1992 , # PAU 1 - 665 - 838 Bibliography ( edit ) Clark , D . The Lord 's Prayer . Origins and Early Interpretations ( Studia Traditionis Theologiae , 21 ) Turnhout : Brepols Publishers , 2016 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 503 - 56537 - 8 Albright , W.F. and C.S. Mann . `` Matthew . '' The Anchor Bible Series . New York : Doubleday & Company , 1971 . Augsburger , Myron . Matthew . Waco , Texas : Word Books , 1982 . Barclay , William . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume 1 Chapters 1 -- 10 . Edinburgh : Saint Andrew Press , 1975 . Beare , Francis Wright . The Gospel According to Matthew . Oxford : B. Blackwell , 1981 . Brown , Raymond E. The Pater Noster as an Eschatological Prayer , article in Theological Studies ( 1961 ) Volume 22 , pages 175 - 208 : available online as a PDF file from the website of Marquette University ; also reprinted in New Testament Essays ( 1965 ) Clontz , T.E.", "27": "and J. , `` The Comprehensive New Testament with complete textual variant mapping and references for the Dead Sea Scrolls , Philo , Josephus , Nag Hammadi Library , Pseudepigrapha , Apocrypha , Plato , Egyptian Book of the Dead , Talmud , Old Testament , Patristic Writings , Dhammapada , Tacitus , Epic of Gilgamesh '' , Cornerstone Publications , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9778737 - 1 - 5 Filson , Floyd V. A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew . London : A. & C. Black , 1960 . Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Hendriksen , William . The Gospel of Matthew . Edinburgh : Banner of Truth Trust , 1976 Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 `` Lilies in the Field . '' A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . David Lyle Jeffrey , general editor . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Lewis , Jack P . The Gospel According to Matthew . Austin , Texas : R.B. Sweet , 1976 ... Luz , Ulrich . Matthew 1 -- 7 : A Commentary . trans . Wilhlem C. Linss . Minneapolis : Augsburg Fortress , 1989 . Morris , Leon . The Gospel According to Matthew . Grand Rapids : W.B. Eerdmans , 1992 . Schweizer , Eduard . The Good News According to Matthew . Atlanta : John Knox Press , 1975 Underhill , Evelyn , Abba . A meditation on the Lord 's Prayer ( 1940 ) ; reprint 2003 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord 's Prayer Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lord 's Prayer .", "28": "Wikisource has original text related to this article : Our Father Text Pater Noster : a chirographic opus in one hundred and twenty - six languages , by Z.W. Wolkowski Jewish Encyclopedia Max Heindel : Rosicrucian view Jehovah 's Witnesses view Rudolf Steiner lecture Lord 's Prayer Life of Jesus : Sermon on the Mount or on the Plain Preceded by Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount New Testament Events Succeeded by The Birds of Heaven in the Sermon on the Mount Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity", "29": "pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Prayers of the Catholic Church Prayers of the Mass Agnus Dei Confiteor Creeds Apostles ' Creed Athanasian Creed Nicene Creed Gloria in excelsis Deo Gloria Patri Kyrie Eleison Pater Noster Sanctus Signum Crucis Marian prayers Alma Redemptoris Mater Angelus Ave Maria Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Fatima Prayer Litany Loreto Magnificat Maria Mater Gratiae Memorare Regina Coeli Rosary Salve Regina Sub Tuum Praesidium Three Hail Marys Other prayers Act of Contrition Adoro te devote Angele Dei Anima Christi Ave Verum Corpus Benedictus Chaplets Come ,", "30": "Holy Spirit Jesus Prayer Mental prayer Laudes Divinae Litanies Litany of the Saints Morning offering Novena Nunc Dimittis O Salutaris Hostia Penitential Psalms 51 : Miserere mei 130 : De Profundis Prayer before a Crucifix Prayer of Saint Francis Prayer to Saint Joseph Prayer to Saint Michael Requiem Aeternam Spiritual Communion Tantum Ergo Te Deum Thanksgiving after Communion Veni Creator Spiritus Veni Sancte Spiritus Visit to the Blessed Sacrament Way of the Cross Note : For prayers listed in italics , indulgences are normally granted .", "31": "Catholicism portal Structure of the Mass of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church Forms Pre-Tridentine Mass Tridentine Mass Extraordinary form Mass of Paul VI Types Low Mass Missa Cantata Solemn Mass Pontifical High Mass Papal Mass Ritual Masses Blue Mass Chapter and Conventual Mass Coronation Mass Nuptial Mass Red Mass Requiem Mass sine populo Votive Mass Order of Mass Pre-Mass Vesting prayers in the sacristy Asperges me Vidi aquam in Eastertide Liturgy of the Word Sign of the Cross Psalm 43 Entrance Antiphon Penitential Rite Confiteor / Kyrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Collect Oremus First Reading Responsorial Psalm or Gradual Epistle Alleluia Gospel verse / sequence Gospel Homily Credo Niceno - Constantinopolitan Creed or Apostles ' Creed General Intercessions Liturgy of the Eucharist Offertory Orate fratres / prayer over the gifts Preface Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna Eucharistic Prayer / Canon of the Mass oblation / epiclesis / Words of Institution / elevation / anamnesis texts and rubrics Roman Canon history Eucharistic Prayer II Memorial Acclamation Lord 's Prayer embolism / doxology Pax Sign of peace Agnus Dei Fraction Holy Communion Communion antiphon Ablutions Postcommunion Dismissal Ite , missa est / Benedicamus Domino Last Gospel Post-Mass Leonine Prayers Recessional hymn Participants Acolyte Altar server female Bishop Boat boy Cantor Choir Crucifer Deacon Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion Laity Eucharistic Congress Lector Priest Subdeacon Usher Parts of the Sanctuary /", "32": "Altar Altar crucifix Altar rails Ambo Communion bench Credence table Kneeler Lavabo Misericord Piscina Tabernacle Altar cloths Altar linens Antependium Burse Chalice veil Corporal Lavabo towel Pall Purificator Candles and lamps Altar candle Altar candlestick Paschal candle Sanctuary lamp Triple candlestick Votive candle Liturgical objects Altar bell Aspergillum Censer Chalice Ciborium Collection basket Cruet Flabellum Funghellino Holy water Incense use Manuterge Paten Processional cross Pyx Sacramental bread wafer Sacramental wine ( or must ) Thurible Water Liturgical books of the Roman Rite Ceremonial of Bishops Evangeliary Gospel Book Graduale Lectionary Roman Missal Vestments Alb Amice Chasuble Dalmatic Episcopal sandals Liturgical colours Headcover Humeral veil Pallium Pontifical Stole Surplice Tunicle Vimpa Liturgical year ( Roman Calendar ) Advent Christmastide Ordinary Time Septuagesima Lent Passiontide Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Ascensiontide Eucharistic discipline Abstemius Anima Christi Concelebration Church etiquette Closed communion Communion and the developmentally disabled Communion under both kinds", "33": "Denial of Communion Canon 915 Eucharistic fast First Communion Frequent Communion Genuflection Host desecration Infant communion Intinction Reserved sacrament Thanksgiving after Communion Viaticum Eucharistic theology Body and Blood of Christ Corpus Christi ( feast ) Crucifixion of Jesus and substitutionary atonement Epiousios Grace ex opere operato In persona Christi Historical roots of Catholic Eucharistic theology Koinonia Last Supper Mirae caritatis Mysterium fidei ( encyclical ) Origin of the Eucharist Real presence Transubstantiation Year of the Eucharist Stercoranism Regulations and concepts Ad orientem and versus populum Calendar of saints Canon law Code of Rubrics Commemoration Ecclesiastical Latin General Instruction of the Roman Missal Holy day of obligation Intercession of saints Ordinary and propers Pro multis Sunday Lord 's Day Vernacular Related Agape feast Catholic liturgy Christian prayer effects of prayer Congregation for Divine Worship Council of Trent Ecclesia de Eucharistia Eucharistic adoration and benediction Dominicae Cenae / Holy Hour Eucharistic miracle Fermentum Fourth Council of the Lateran Gelineau psalmody Gregorian chant History of the Roman Canon Lex orandi ,", "34": "lex credendi Liturgical Movement Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII Mediator Dei Missale Romanum ( apostolic constitution ) Pope Paul VI Catholic theology Sacraments of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Sacrosanctum Concilium Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Catholicism portal Order of the Divine Service in Lutheranism Preparatory Service Entrance hymn and Trinitarian formula ( known as the Invocation ) Penitential Rite including the Confiteor and Declaration of Grace ( or Asperges on Easter ) The Service of the Word Introit Gloria Patri Kýrie Gloria Dominus vobiscum Oremus Collect Old Testament reading gradual ( or Responsorial Psalm ) Epistle Alleluia ( tract during Lent ) Gospel Hymn of the day Homily or Postil ( Sermon ) Nicene Creed ( Athanasian Creed on Trinity Sunday ) Offertory Prayers of the Faithful The Service of the Eucharist Preface ( Sursum corda / Sanctus / Hosanna ) Eucharistic Prayer ( Epiclesis / Words of Institution / Memorial Acclamation ) Lord 's Prayer Sign of peace / pax ( elevation ) Agnus Dei Distribution Nunc dimittis Postcommunion Benedicamus Domino Benediction Dismissal Ite ,", "35": "missa est Participants Acolyte bishop cantor choir crucifer deacon elder laity lector Pastor ( or Priest ) usher Parts of the Sanctuary altar altar bell altar crucifix altar rails kneeler piscina processional cross tabernacle Candles altar candle paschal candle sanctuary lamp votive candle Liturgical vessels ciborium chalice cruet Liturgical objects collection basket holy water incense ( use ) paten sacramental bread ( wafer ) sacramental wine thurible Vestments alb chasuble dalmatic geneva gown humeral veil stole surplice tunicle Liturgical books and hymnals Agenda Christian Worship ( Supplement ) Evangelical Lutheran Hymn - Book Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary Evangelical Lutheran Worship Lutheran Book of Worship Lutheran Hymnal Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement Lutheran Service Book Lutheran Worship Service Book and Hymnal Lutheranism portal VIAF : 175787845 LCCN : n80004245 GND : 7794291 - 7 SUDOC : 027414337 BNF : cb11946098p ( data ) BNE : XX3572498 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord%27s_Prayer&oldid=838473948 '' Categories : Lord 's Prayer Biblical phrases Christian prayer Gospel of Matthew Latin religious phrases Rosary Sayings of Jesus Sermon on the Mount United States National Recording Registry recordings Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk", "36": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն", "37": "हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Iñupiak IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori Bahasa Melayu Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Pangasinan Перем Коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Ripoarisch Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Gagana Samoa Sardu Scots Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ", "38": "Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Xitsonga 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 149 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 07 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 26, 12, 27, 1, 7, 28, 8, 0, 20, 14, 19, 5, 22, 25, 24, 17, 15, 4, 10, 18, 9, 16, 6, 2, 21, 11, 35, 13, 23, 31, 34, 3, 30, 29, 32, 33, 37, 36, 38 ]	[ 0, 26, 12, 27, 1, 7 ]
2884377448854647000	how are leaders of the two parties in congress chosen	[ "Senate Democratic Caucus", "Senate Republican Conference", "elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses, the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference" ]	{ "0": "Party leaders of the United States Senate - wikipedia Party leaders of the United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Current leaders Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Majority Whip John Cornyn ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Minority Whip Dick Durbin ( D ) Party Leaders of the U.S. Senate This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate . These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate , and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate . They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses , the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference . By rule , the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate . The Majority Leader customarily serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate , and sometimes even in all of Congress if the House of Representatives and thus the office of Speaker of the House is controlled by the opposition party .", "1": "The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate ( commonly called Senate Majority and Minority Whips ) are the second - ranking members of each party 's leadership . The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues . Because they are the second ranking members of the Senate , if there is no floor leader present , the whip may become acting floor leader . Before 1969 , the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current floor leaders 2 History 3 List of party leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Current floor leaders ( edit ) The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans , 47 Democrats , and 2 independents , both of whom caucus with the Democrats . The current leaders are long - time Senators Mitch McConnell ( R ) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer ( D ) from New York . The current Assistant Leaders / Whips are long - time Senators John Cornyn ( R ) from Texas and Dick Durbin ( D ) from Illinois . History ( edit ) The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority . John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana . While the title was not official , he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917 ( and in turn , the first Senate Democratic Leader ) , while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus . In 1925 the majority ( at the time ) Republicans also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first ( official ) Majority Leader , although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first ( unofficial ) Senate Majority Leader . The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate . The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate ( the Vice President ) is absent . In practice , neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore -- customarily the most senior ( longest - serving ) Senator in the majority party -- actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis ; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party .", "2": "Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline , the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role . For these reasons , it is the Majority Leader who , in practice , manages the Senate . This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills . List of party leaders ( edit ) The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920 . The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 . Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip 63rd May 28 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1915 J. Hamilton Lewis None Democratic ← Majority None None 64th March 4 , 1915 -- December 6 , 1915 December 6 , 1915 -- December 13 , 1915 James Wadsworth December 13 , 1915 -- March 4 , 1917 Charles Curtis 65th March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1919 66th March 4 , 1919 -- April 27 , 1920 Peter Gerry Republican Majority → Henry Cabot Lodge Unofficial April 27 , 1920 -- March 4 , 1921 Oscar Underwood 67th March 4 , 1921 -- March 4 , 1923 68th March 4 , 1923 -- December 3 , 1923 December 3 , 1923 -- November 9 , 1924 Joseph Taylor Robinson November 9 , 1924 -- March 4 , 1925 Charles Curtis Acting Wesley Jones Acting 69th March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1927 Charles Curtis Wesley Jones 70th March 4 , 1927 -- March 4 , 1929 71st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1931 Morris Sheppard James E. Watson Simeon Fess 72nd March 4 ,", "3": "1931 -- March 4 , 1933 73rd March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1935 J. Hamilton Lewis Democratic ← Majority Charles L. McNary Felix Hebert 74th January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1937 None 75th January 3 , 1937 -- July 14 , 1937 July 22 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1939 Alben W. Barkley 76th January 3 , 1939 -- April 9 , 1939 April 9 , 1939 -- January 3 , 1940 Sherman Minton January 3 , 1940 -- January 3 , 1941 Warren Austin Acting 77th January 3 , 1941 -- January 3 , 1943 J. Lister Hill Charles L. McNary 78th January 3 , 1943 -- February 25 , 1944 Kenneth Wherry February 25 , 1944 -- January 3 , 1945 Wallace H. White Jr . Acting 79th January 3 , 1945 -- January 3 , 1947 Wallace H. White Jr . 80th January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Scott W. Lucas Republican Majority → 81st January 3 , 1949 -- January 3 , 1951 Francis Myers Scott W. Lucas Democratic ← Majority Kenneth S. Wherry Leverett Saltonstall 82nd January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1952 Lyndon B. Johnson Ernest McFarland January 3 , 1952 -- January 3 , 1953 Styles Bridges 83rd January 3 , 1953 -- July 31 , 1953 Earle Clements Lyndon B. Johnson Republican Majority → Robert A. Taft August 3 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1955 William F. Knowland 84th January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 ,", "4": "1957 Democratic ← Majority 85th January 3 , 1957 -- January 3 , 1959 Mike Mansfield Everett Dirksen 86th January 3 , 1959 -- January 3 , 1961 Everett Dirksen Thomas Kuchel 87th January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1963 Hubert Humphrey Mike Mansfield 88th January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1965 89th January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Russell B. Long 90th January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1969 91st January 3 , 1969 -- September 7 , 1969 Ted Kennedy Hugh Scott September 24 , 1969 -- January 3 , 1971 Hugh Scott Robert Griffin 92nd January 3 , 1971 -- January 3 , 1973 Robert Byrd 93rd January 3 , 1973 -- January 3 , 1975 94th January 3 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1977 95th January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1979 Alan Cranston Robert Byrd Howard Baker Ted Stevens 96th January 3 , 1979 -- November 1 , 1979 November 1 , 1979 -- March 5 , 1980 Ted Stevens Acting March 5 , 1980 -- January 3 , 1981 Howard Baker 97th January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1983 Republican Majority → 98th January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1985 99th January 3 , 1985 -- January 3 , 1987 Bob Dole Alan Simpson 100th January 3 , 1987 -- January 3 , 1989 Democratic ← Majority 101st January 3 , 1989 -- January 3 , 1991 George Mitchell 102nd January 3 , 1991 -- January 3 ,", "5": "1993 Wendell H. Ford 103rd January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1995 104th January 3 , 1995 -- June 12 , 1996 Tom Daschle Republican Majority → Trent Lott June 12 , 1996 -- January 3 , 1997 Trent Lott Don Nickles 105th January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 1999 106th January 3 , 1999 -- January 3 , 2001 Harry Reid 107th January 3 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2001 Democratic ← Majority January 20 , 2001 -- June 6 , 2001 Republican Majority → June 6 , 2001 -- January 3 , 2003 Democratic ← Majority 108th January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican Majority → Bill Frist Mitch McConnell 109th January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007 Dick Durbin Harry Reid 110th January 3 , 2007 -- December 18 , 2007 Democratic ← Majority Mitch McConnell Trent Lott December 19 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2009 Jon Kyl 111th January 3 , 2009 -- January 3 , 2011 112th January 3 , 2011 -- January 3 , 2013 113th January 3 , 2013 -- January 3 , 2015 John Cornyn 114th January 3 , 2015 -- January 3 , 2017 Republican Majority → 115th January 3 , 2017 -- January 3 ,", "6": "2019 Chuck Schumer Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip See also ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives President pro tempore of the United States Senate Vice President of the United States ( President of the United States Senate ) Party divisions of United States Congresses List of political parties in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No Republican whips were appointed from 1935 to 1944 since only 17 Republicans were in the Senate following the landslide reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936 . Accordingly , the minutes of the Republican Conference for the period state : `` On motion of Senator Hastings , duly seconded and carried , it was agreed that no Assistant Leader or Whip be elected but that the chairman be authorized to appoint Senators from time to time to assist him in taking charge of the interests of the minority . ''", "7": "A note attached to the conference minutes added : `` The chairman of the conference , Senator McNary , apparently appointed Senator Austin of Vermont as assistant leader in 1943 and 1944 , until the conference adopted Rules of Organization . '' Source : Party Whips Archived 2010 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , via Senate.gov Jump up ^ Democrats remained in control after November 25 , 2002 , despite a Republican majority resulting from Jim Talent 's special election victory in Missouri . There was no reorganization as the Senate was no longer in session . Party Division in the Senate , 1789 -- present , via Senate.gov External links ( edit ) Majority and Minority Leaders and Party Whips , via Senate.gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority Current leadership of the United States Senate President : Mike Pence ( R ) President pro tempore : Orrin Hatch ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) Minority ( Democratic ) Mitch McConnell ( Leader ) John Cornyn ( Whip ) John Thune ( Conference Chair ) John Barrasso ( Policy Committee Chair ) Roy Blunt ( Conference Vice Chair ) Cory Gardner ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Mike Lee ( Steering Committee Chair ) Mike Crapo ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Chuck Schumer ( Leader and Caucus Chair ) Dick Durbin ( Whip ) Patty Murray ( Assistant Leader ) Debbie Stabenow ( Policy Committee Chair ) Mark Warner and Elizabeth Warren ( Caucus Vice Chair ) Amy Klobuchar ( Steering Committee Chair ) Bernie Sanders ( Outreach Committee Chair ) Joe Manchin ( Policy Committee Vice Chair ) Tammy Baldwin ( Caucus Secretary ) Chris Van Hollen ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Jeff Merkley ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Patrick Leahy ( Senate President pro tempore emeritus ) United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S.", "8": "House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history ,", "9": "and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Congressional apportionment Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness ,", "10": "and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway ` Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "11": "php?title=Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=832195445 '' Categories : Leaders of the United States Senate Lists of United States Senators Political whips Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking sources from February 2016 All articles lacking sources Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 8, 7, 0, 6, 1, 2, 11, 9, 5, 3, 4, 10 ]	[ 0, 8, 7, 6, 1 ]
-8845728821520703165	three act puccini opera first performed in 1900	[ "Tosca", "Tosca", "Tosca", "Tosca", "Tosca" ]	{ "0": "Tosca - wikipedia Tosca Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tosca ( disambiguation ) . Tosca Opera by Giacomo Puccini Original poster , depicting the death of Scarpia ( act 2 ) Librettist Luigi Illica Giuseppe Giacosa Language Italian Based on La Tosca by Victorien Sardou Premiere 14 January 1900 ( 1900 - 01 - 14 ) Teatro Costanzi , Rome Tosca ( Italian pronunciation : ( ˈtoska ; ˈtɔska ) ) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa . It premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome on 14 January 1900 . The work , based on Victorien Sardou 's 1887 French - language dramatic play , La Tosca , is a melodramatic piece set in Rome in June 1800 , with the Kingdom of Naples 's control of Rome threatened by Napoleon 's invasion of Italy . It contains depictions of torture , murder and suicide , as well as some of Puccini 's best - known lyrical arias . Puccini saw Sardou 's play when it was touring Italy in 1889 and , after some vacillation , obtained the rights to turn the work into an opera in 1895 . Turning the wordy French play into a succinct Italian opera took four years , during which the composer repeatedly argued with his librettists and publisher . Tosca premiered at a time of unrest in Rome , and its first performance was delayed for a day for fear of disturbances . Despite indifferent reviews from the critics , the opera was an immediate success with the public . Musically , Tosca is structured as a through - composed work , with arias , recitative , choruses and other elements musically woven into a seamless whole . Puccini used Wagnerian leitmotifs to identify characters , objects and ideas .", "1": "While critics have often dismissed the opera as a facile melodrama with confusions of plot -- musicologist Joseph Kerman called it a `` shabby little shocker '' -- the power of its score and the inventiveness of its orchestration have been widely acknowledged . The dramatic force of Tosca and its characters continues to fascinate both performers and audiences , and the work remains one of the most frequently performed operas . Many recordings of the work have been issued , both of studio and live performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Roles 3 Synopsis 3.1 Historical context 3.2 Act 1 3.3 Act 2 3.4 Act 3 4 Adaptation and writing 5 Reception and performance history 5.1 Premiere 5.2 Subsequent productions 5.3 Critical reception 6 Music 6.1 General style 6.2 Act 1 6.3 Act 2 6.4 Act 3 7 List of arias and set numbers 8 Recordings 9 Editions and amendments 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : La Tosca Punch cartoon depicting the end of Sardou 's La Tosca , 1888 The French playwright Victorien Sardou wrote more than 70 plays , almost all of them successful , and none of them performed today . In the early 1880s Sardou began a collaboration with actress Sarah Bernhardt , whom he provided with a series of historical melodramas . His third Bernhardt play , La Tosca , which premiered in Paris on 24 November 1887 , and in which she starred throughout Europe , was an outstanding success , with more than 3,000 performances in France alone . Puccini had seen La Tosca at least twice , in Milan and Turin . On 7 May 1889 he wrote to his publisher , Giulio Ricordi , begging him to get Sardou 's permission for the work to be made into an opera : `` I see in this Tosca the opera I need , with no overblown proportions , no elaborate spectacle , nor will it call for the usual excessive amount of music . ''", "2": "Ricordi sent his agent in Paris , Emanuele Muzio , to negotiate with Sardou , who preferred that his play be adapted by a French composer . He complained about the reception La Tosca had received in Italy , particularly in Milan , and warned that other composers were interested in the piece . Nonetheless , Ricordi reached terms with Sardou and assigned the librettist Luigi Illica to write a scenario for an adaptation . In 1891 , Illica advised Puccini against the project , most likely because he felt the play could not be successfully adapted to a musical form . When Sardou expressed his unease at entrusting his most successful work to a relatively new composer whose music he did not like , Puccini took offence . He withdrew from the agreement , which Ricordi then assigned to the composer Alberto Franchetti . Illica wrote a libretto for Franchetti , who was never at ease with the assignment . When Puccini once again became interested in Tosca , Ricordi was able to get Franchetti to surrender the rights so he could recommission Puccini . One story relates that Ricordi convinced Franchetti that the work was too violent to be successfully staged . A Franchetti family tradition holds that Franchetti gave the work back as a grand gesture , saying , `` He has more talent than I do . '' American scholar Deborah Burton contends that Franchetti gave it up simply because he saw little merit in it and could not feel the music in the play . Whatever the reason , Franchetti surrendered the rights in May 1895 , and in August Puccini signed a contract to resume control of the project .", "3": "Roles ( edit ) Role Voice type Premiere cast , 14 January 1900 ( Conductor : Leopoldo Mugnone ) Floria Tosca , a celebrated singer soprano Hariclea Darclée Mario Cavaradossi , a painter tenor Emilio De Marchi Baron Scarpia , chief of police baritone Eugenio Giraldoni Cesare Angelotti , former Consul of the Roman Republic bass Ruggero Galli A Sacristan baritone Ettore Borelli Spoletta , a police agent tenor Enrico Giordano Sciarrone , another agent bass Giuseppe Gironi A Jailer bass Aristide Parassani A Shepherd boy boy soprano Angelo Righi Soldiers , police agents , altar boys , noblemen and women , townsfolk , artisans Synopsis ( edit ) Historical Context ( edit ) See also : French Revolutionary Wars The Battle of Marengo , as painted by Louis - François Lejeune According to the libretto , the action of Tosca occurs in Rome in June 1800 . Sardou , in his play , dates it more precisely ; La Tosca takes place in the afternoon , evening , and early morning of 17 and 18 June 1800 . Italy had long been divided into a number of small states , with the Pope in Rome ruling the Papal States in central Italy . Following the French Revolution , a French army under Napoleon invaded Italy in 1796 , entering Rome almost unopposed on 11 February 1798 and establishing a republic there . This republic was ruled by seven consuls ; in the opera this is the office formerly held by Angelotti , whose character may be based on the real - life consul Libero Angelucci . In September 1799 the French , who had protected the republic , withdrew from Rome . As they left , troops of the Kingdom of Naples occupied the city . In May 1800 Napoleon , by then the undisputed leader of France , brought his troops across the Alps to Italy once again . On 14 June his army met the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo ( near Alessandria ) .", "4": "Austrian troops were initially successful ; by mid-morning they were in control of the field of battle . Their commander , Michael von Melas , sent this news south towards Rome . However , fresh French troops arrived in late afternoon , and Napoleon attacked the tired Austrians . As Melas retreated in disarray with the remains of his army , he sent a second courier south with the revised message . The Neapolitans abandoned Rome , and the city spent the next fourteen years under French domination . Act 1 ( edit ) Inside the church of Sant'Andrea della Valle The Te Deum scene which concludes act 1 ; Scarpia stands at left . Photograph of a pre-1914 production at the old Metropolitan Opera House , New York Cesare Angelotti , former consul of the Roman Republic and now an escaped political prisoner , runs into the church and hides in the Attavanti private chapel -- his sister , the Marchesa Attavanti , has left a key to the chapel hidden at the feet of the statue of the Madonna . The elderly Sacristan enters and begins cleaning . The Sacristan kneels in prayer as the Angelus sounds . The painter Mario Cavaradossi arrives to continue work on his picture of Mary Magdalene . The Sacristan identifies a likeness between the portrait and a blonde - haired woman who has been visiting the church recently ( unknown to him , it is Angelotti 's sister the Marchesa ) . Cavaradossi describes the `` hidden harmony '' ( `` Recondita armonia '' ) in the contrast between the blonde beauty of his painting and his dark - haired lover , the singer Floria Tosca . The Sacristan mumbles his disapproval before leaving . Angelotti emerges and tells Cavaradossi , an old friend who has republican sympathies , that he is being pursued by the Chief of Police , Baron Scarpia . Cavaradossi promises to assist him after nightfall . Tosca 's voice is heard , calling to Cavaradossi . Cavaradossi gives Angelotti his basket of food and Angelotti hurriedly returns to his hiding place . Tosca enters and suspiciously asks Cavaradossi what he has been doing -- she thinks that he has been talking to another woman .", "5": "Cavaradossi reassures her and Tosca tries to persuade him to take her to his villa that evening : `` Non la sospiri , la nostra casetta '' ( `` Do you not long for our little cottage '' ) . She then expresses jealousy over the woman in the painting , whom she recognises as the Marchesa Attavanti . Cavaradossi explains the likeness ; he has merely observed the Marchesa at prayer in the church . He reassures Tosca of his fidelity and asks her what eyes could be more beautiful than her own : `` Qual'occhio al mondo '' ( `` What eyes in the world '' ) . After Tosca has left , Angelotti reappears and discusses with the painter his plan to flee disguised as a woman , using clothes left in the chapel by his sister . Cavaradossi gives Angelotti a key to his villa , suggesting that he hide in a disused well in the garden . The sound of a cannon signals that Angelotti 's escape has been discovered . He and Cavaradossi hasten out of the church . The Sacristan re-enters with choristers , celebrating the news that Napoleon has apparently been defeated at Marengo . The celebrations cease abruptly with the entry of Scarpia , his henchman Spoletta and several police agents . They have heard that Angelotti has sought refuge in the church . Scarpia orders a search , and the empty food basket and a fan bearing the Attavanti coat of arms are found in the chapel . Scarpia questions the Sacristan , and his suspicions are aroused further when he learns that Cavaradossi has been in the church ; Scarpia mistrusts the painter , and believes him complicit in Angelotti 's escape . When Tosca arrives looking for her lover , Scarpia artfully arouses her jealous instincts by implying a relationship between the painter and the Marchesa Attavanti . He draws Tosca 's attention to the fan and suggests that someone must have surprised the lovers in the chapel . Tosca falls for his deceit ; enraged , she rushes off to confront Cavaradossi . Scarpia orders Spoletta and his agents to follow her , assuming she will lead them to Cavaradossi and Angelotti .", "6": "He privately gloats as he reveals his intentions to possess Tosca and execute Cavaradossi . A procession enters the church singing the Te Deum ; exclaiming ' Tosca , you make me forget even God ! ' , Scarpia joins the chorus in the prayer . Act 2 ( edit ) Tosca reverently lays a crucifix on Scarpia 's body . Photograph of a pre-1914 production at the old Metropolitan Opera House , New York Scarpia 's apartment in the Palazzo Farnese , that evening Scarpia , at supper , sends a note to Tosca asking her to come to his apartment . He has been unable to find Angelotti , but has arrested Cavaradossi . As Cavaradossi is brought in and questioned , the voice of Tosca , singing a celebratory cantata in another room in the Palace , can be heard . Cavaradossi denies knowing anything about Angelotti 's escape . Tosca arrives in time to see her lover taken to an antechamber to be tortured . He is able to speak briefly with her , telling her to say nothing . Tosca is told by Scarpia that she can save her lover from indescribable pain if she reveals Angelotti 's hiding place . She resists , but hearing Cavaradossi 's cries of agony , eventually tells Scarpia that Angelotti is in the well in the garden of Cavaradossi 's villa . Scarpia orders the torture of Cavaradossi to cease and the wounded painter is brought back in . He recovers consciousness and , learning of Tosca 's betrayal , is furious with her . Sciarrone , a police agent , enters with news of Napoleon 's victory at Marengo ; Cavaradossi gloats , telling Scarpia that his rule of terror will soon be at an end , before being dragged away by Scarpia 's men . Scarpia , left with Tosca , proposes a bargain : if she gives herself to him , Cavaradossi will be freed . She is revolted , and repeatedly rejects his advances .", "7": "Outside she hears the drums that announce an execution ; as Scarpia awaits her decision , she prays to God for help , asking why He has abandoned her : `` Vissi d'arte '' ( `` I lived for art '' ) . Scarpia remains adamant despite her pleas . When Spoletta brings news that Angelotti has killed himself , and that everything is in place for Cavaradossi 's execution , Tosca , in despair , agrees to submit to Scarpia in return for Cavaradossi 's freedom . Scarpia tells his deputy Spoletta to arrange a mock execution , both recalling that it will be `` as we did with Count Palmieri '' . Following Spoletta 's departure , Tosca imposes the further condition that Scarpia provide a safe - conduct out of Rome for herself and her lover . While he is signing the document , Tosca quietly takes a knife from the supper table . As Scarpia triumphantly embraces her , she stabs him , crying `` this is Tosca 's kiss ! '' . As Scarpia falls dead , she declares that she now forgives him . She removes the safe - conduct from his pocket , lights candles in a gesture of piety and places a crucifix on the body before leaving . Act 3 ( edit ) The upper parts of the Castel Sant'Angelo , early the following morning The Castel Sant'Angelo , ( right ) , scene of the Tosca denouement , as painted in the 18th century A shepherd boy sings ( in Romanesco dialect ) `` Io de ' sospiri '' ( `` I give you sighs '' ) as church bells sound for matins . Cavaradossi is led in by guards and informed that he has one hour to live . He refuses to see a priest , but asks permission to write a letter to Tosca . He begins to write , but is soon overwhelmed by memories : `` E lucevan le stelle '' ( `` And the stars shone '' ) . Tosca enters and shows him the safe - conduct . She tells him that she has killed Scarpia and that the imminent execution is a sham : Cavaradossi must feign death , but afterwards they can leave Rome together , before Scarpia 's body is discovered .", "8": "Cavaradossi is amazed at the courage shown by one so gentle and tender : `` O dolci mani '' ( `` Oh sweet hands '' ) . The pair ecstatically plan the life they will live away from Rome . Tosca then anxiously instructs Cavaradossi on how to play his part in the mock execution convincingly . She tells him that he will be shot with blanks by the firing squad and instructs him to fall down as if dead . He agrees to act `` like Tosca in the theatre '' . Cavaradossi is led away , and Tosca watches with increasing impatience as the execution is prepared . The men fire , Cavaradossi falls , and Tosca exclaims `` Ecco un artista ! '' ( `` What an actor ! '' ) . When the soldiers have all left , she hurries towards Cavaradossi , only to find that he is really dead ; Scarpia has betrayed her . Heartbroken , she clasps his lifeless body and weeps . The voices of Spoletta , Sciarrone and soldiers are heard , indicating that Scarpia 's body has been found , and that Tosca is known to have killed him . As Spoletta , Sciarrone and the soldiers rush in , Tosca rises , evades their clutches , and runs to the parapet . Crying `` O Scarpia , Avanti a Dio ! '' ( `` O Scarpia , we meet before God ! '' ) , she hurls herself over the edge to her death . Adaptation and writing ( edit ) Sardou 's five - act play La Tosca contains a large amount of dialogue and exposition . While the broad details of the play are present in the opera 's plot , the original work contains many more characters and much detail not present in the opera . In the play the lovers are portrayed as though they were French : the character Floria Tosca is closely modelled on Bernhardt 's personality , while her lover Cavaradossi , of Roman descent , is born in Paris . Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa , the playwright who joined the project to polish the verses , needed not only to cut back the play drastically , but to make the characters ' motivations and actions suitable for Italian opera .", "9": "Giacosa and Puccini repeatedly clashed over the condensation , with Giacosa feeling that Puccini did not really want to complete the project . Front cover of the original 1899 libretto The first draft libretto that Illica produced for Puccini resurfaced in 2000 after being lost for many years . It contains considerable differences from the final libretto , relatively minor in the first two acts but much more appreciable in the third , where the description of the Roman dawn that opens the third act is much longer , and Cavaradossi 's tragic aria , the eventual `` E lucevan le stelle '' , has different words . The 1896 libretto also offers a different ending , in which Tosca does not die but instead goes mad . In the final scene , she cradles her lover 's head in her lap and hallucinates that she and her Mario are on a gondola , and that she is asking the gondolier for silence . Sardou refused to consider this change , insisting that as in the play , Tosca must throw herself from the parapet to her death . Puccini agreed with Sardou , telling him that the mad scene would have the audiences anticipate the ending and start moving towards the cloakrooms . Puccini pressed his librettists hard , and Giacosa issued a series of melodramatic threats to abandon the work . The two librettists were finally able to give Puccini what they hoped was a final version of the libretto in 1898 . Little work was done on the score during 1897 , which Puccini devoted mostly to performances of La bohème . The opening page of the autograph Tosca score , containing the motif that would be associated with Scarpia , is dated January 1898 . At Puccini 's request , Giacosa irritably provided new lyrics for the act 1 love duet . In August , Puccini removed several numbers from the opera , according to his biographer , Mary Jane Phillips - Matz , `` cut ( ting ) Tosca to the bone , leaving three strong characters trapped in an airless , violent , tightly wound melodrama that had little room for lyricism '' .", "10": "At the end of the year , Puccini wrote that he was `` busting his balls '' on the opera . Puccini asked clerical friends for words for the congregation to mutter at the start of the act 1 Te Deum ; when nothing they provided satisfied him , he supplied the words himself . For the Te Deum music , he investigated the melodies to which the hymn was set in Roman churches , and sought to reproduce the cardinal 's procession authentically , even to the uniforms of the Swiss Guards . He adapted the music to the exact pitch of the great bell of St. Peter 's Basilica , and was equally diligent when writing the music that opens act 3 , in which Rome awakens to the sounds of church bells . He journeyed to Rome and went to the Castel Sant'Angelo to measure the sound of matins bells there , as they would be heard from its ramparts . Puccini had bells for the Roman dawn cast to order by four different foundries . This apparently did not have its desired effect , as Illica wrote to Ricordi on the day after the premiere , `` the great fuss and the large amount of money for the bells have constituted an additional folly , because it passes completely unnoticed '' . Nevertheless , the bells provide a source of trouble and expense to opera companies performing Tosca to this day . In act 2 , when Tosca sings offstage the cantata that celebrates the supposed defeat of Napoleon , Puccini was tempted to follow the text of Sardou 's play and use the music of Giovanni Paisiello , before finally writing his own imitation of Paisello 's style . It was not until 29 September 1899 that Puccini was able to mark the final page of the score as completed . Despite the notation , there was additional work to be done , such as the shepherd boy 's song at the start of act 3 . Puccini , who always sought to put local colour in his works , wanted that song to be in Roman dialect . The composer asked a friend to have a `` good romanesco poet '' write some words ; eventually the poet and folklorist Luigi `` Giggi '' Zanazzo ( it ) wrote the verse which , after slight modification , was placed in the opera .", "11": "In October 1899 , Ricordi realized that some of the music for Cavaradossi 's act 3 aria , `` O dolci mani '' was borrowed from music Puccini had cut from his early opera , Edgar and demanded changes . Puccini defended his music as expressive of what Cavaradossi must be feeling at that point , and offered to come to Milan to play and sing act 3 for the publisher . Ricordi was overwhelmed by the completed act 3 prelude , which he received in early November , and softened his views , though he was still not completely happy with the music for `` O dolci mani '' . In any event time was too short before the scheduled January 1900 premiere to make any further changes . Reception and performance history ( edit ) Premiere ( edit ) Enrico Caruso as Cavaradossi . Passed over for the role at the premiere , he sang it many times subsequently By December 1899 , Tosca was in rehearsal at the Teatro Costanzi . Because of the Roman setting , Ricordi arranged a Roman premiere for the opera , even though this meant that Arturo Toscanini could not conduct it as Puccini had hoped -- Toscanini was fully engaged at La Scala in Milan . Leopoldo Mugnone was appointed to conduct . The accomplished ( but temperamental ) soprano Hariclea Darclée was selected for the title role ; Eugenio Giraldoni , whose father had originated many Verdi roles , became the first Scarpia . The young Enrico Caruso had hoped to create Cavaradossi , but was passed over in favour of the more experienced Emilio De Marchi . The performance was to be directed by Nino Vignuzzi , with stage designs by Adolfo Hohenstein . At the time of the premiere , Italy had experienced political and social unrest for several years . The start of the Holy Year in December 1899 attracted the religious to the city , but also brought threats from anarchists and other anticlericals . Police received warnings of an anarchist bombing of the theatre , and instructed Mugnone ( who had survived a theatre bombing in Barcelona ) , that in an emergency he was to strike up the royal march . The unrest caused the premiere to be postponed by one day , to 14 January .", "12": "By 1900 , the premiere of a Puccini opera was a national event . Many Roman dignitaries attended , as did Queen Margherita , though she arrived late , after the first act . The Prime Minister of Italy , Luigi Pelloux was present , with several members of his cabinet . A number of Puccini 's operatic rivals were there , including Franchetti , Pietro Mascagni , Francesco Cilea and Ildebrando Pizzetti . Shortly after the curtain was raised there was a disturbance in the back of the theatre , caused by latecomers attempting to enter the auditorium , and a shout of `` Bring down the curtain ! '' , at which Mugnone stopped the orchestra . A few moments later the opera began again , and proceeded without further disruption . The performance , while not quite the triumph that Puccini had hoped for , was generally successful , with numerous encores . Much of the critical and press reaction was lukewarm , often blaming Illica 's libretto . In response , Illica condemned Puccini for treating his librettists `` like stagehands '' and reducing the text to a shadow of its original form . Nevertheless , any public doubts about Tosca soon vanished ; the premiere was followed by twenty performances , all given to packed houses . Subsequent productions ( edit ) Antonio Scotti , an early exponent of the role of Scarpia The Milan premiere at La Scala took place under Toscanini on 17 March 1900 . Darclée and Giraldoni reprised their roles ; the prominent tenor Giuseppe Borgatti replaced De Marchi as Cavaradossi . The opera was a great success at La Scala , and played to full houses . Puccini travelled to London for the British premiere at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , on 12 July , with Milka Ternina and Fernando De Lucia as the doomed lovers and Antonio Scotti as Scarpia . Puccini wrote that Tosca was `` ( a ) complete triumph '' , and Ricordi 's London representative quickly signed a contract to take Tosca to New York . The premiere at the Metropolitan Opera was on 4 February 1901 , with De Lucia 's replacement by Giuseppe Cremonini the only change from the London cast .", "13": "For its French premiere at the Opéra - Comique on 13 October 1903 , the 72 - year - old Sardou took charge of all the action on the stage . Puccini was delighted with the public 's reception of the work in Paris , despite adverse comments from critics . The opera was subsequently premiered at venues throughout Europe , the Americas , Australia and the Far East ; by the outbreak of war in 1914 it had been performed in more than 50 cities worldwide . Among the prominent early Toscas was Emmy Destinn , who sang the role regularly in a long - standing partnership with the tenor Enrico Caruso . Maria Jeritza , over many years at the Met and in Vienna , brought her own distinctive style to the role , and was said to be Puccini 's favorite Tosca . Jeritza was the first to deliver `` Vissi d'arte '' from a prone position , having fallen to the stage while eluding the grasp of Scarpia . This was a great success , and Jeritza sang the aria while on the floor thereafter . Of her successors , opera enthusiasts tend to consider Maria Callas as the supreme interpreter of the role , largely on the basis of her performances at the Royal Opera House in 1964 , with Tito Gobbi as Scarpia . This production , by Franco Zeffirelli , remained in continuous use at Covent Garden for more than 40 years until replaced in 2006 by a new staging , which premiered with Angela Gheorghiu . Callas had first sung Tosca at age 18 in a performance given in Greek , in the Greek National Opera in Athens on 27 August 1942 . Tosca was also her last on - stage operatic role , in a special charity performance at the Royal Opera House on 7 May 1965 . Among non-traditional productions , Luca Ronconi , in 1996 at La Scala , used distorted and fractured scenery to represent the twists of fate reflected in the plot . Jonathan Miller , in a 1986 production for the 49th Maggio Musicale Fiorentino , transferred the action to Nazi - occupied Rome in 1944 , with Scarpia as head of the fascist police .", "14": "In Philipp Himmelmann 's production on the Lake Stage at the Bregenz Festival in 2007 the act 1 set , designed by Johannes Leiacker , was dominated by a huge Orwellian `` Big Brother '' eye . The iris opens and closes to reveal surreal scenes beyond the action . This production updates the story to a modern Mafia scenario , with special effects `` worthy of a Bond film '' . Roberto Alagna as Cavaradossi , Royal Opera House , 2014 In 1992 a television version of the opera was filmed at the locations prescribed by Puccini , at the times of day at which each act takes place . Featuring Catherine Malfitano , Plácido Domingo and Ruggero Raimondi , the performance was broadcast live throughout Europe . Luciano Pavarotti , who sang Cavaradossi from the late 1970s , appeared in a special performance in Rome , with Plácido Domingo as conductor , on 14 January 2000 , to celebrate the opera 's centenary . Pavarotti 's last stage performance was as Cavaradossi at the Met , on 13 March 2004 . Early Cavaradossis played the part as if the painter believed that he was reprieved , and would survive the `` mock '' execution . Beniamino Gigli , who performed the role many times in his forty - year operatic career , was one of the first to assume that the painter knows , or strongly suspects , that he will be shot . Gigli wrote in his autobiography : `` he is certain that these are their last moments together on earth , and that he is about to die '' . Domingo , the dominant Cavaradossi of the 1970s and 1980s , concurred , stating in a 1985 interview that he had long played the part that way . Gobbi , who in his later years often directed the opera , commented , `` Unlike Floria , Cavaradossi knows that Scarpia never yields , though he pretends to believe in order to delay the pain for Tosca . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The enduring popularity of Tosca has not been matched by consistent critical enthusiasm .", "15": "After the premiere , Ippolito Valetta of Nuova antologia wrote , `` ( Puccini ) finds in his palette all colours , all shades ; in his hands , the instrumental texture becomes completely supple , the gradations of sonority are innumerable , the blend unfailingly grateful to the ear . '' However , one critic described act 2 as overly long and wordy ; another echoed Illica and Giacosa in stating that the rush of action did not permit enough lyricism , to the great detriment of the music . A third called the opera `` three hours of noise '' . The critics gave the work a generally kinder reception in London , where The Times called Puccini `` a master in the art of poignant expression '' , and praised the `` wonderful skill and sustained power '' of the music . In The Musical Times , Puccini 's score was admired for its sincerity and `` strength of utterance . '' After the 1903 Paris opening , the composer Paul Dukas thought the work lacked cohesion and style , while Gabriel Fauré was offended by `` disconcerting vulgarities '' . In the 1950s , the young musicologist Joseph Kerman described Tosca as a `` shabby little shocker . '' ; in response the conductor Thomas Beecham remarked that anything Kerman says about Puccini `` can safely be ignored '' . Writing half a century after the premiere , the veteran critic Ernest Newman , while acknowledging the `` enormously difficult business of boiling ( Sardou 's ) play down for operatic purposes '' , thought that the subtleties of Sardou 's original plot are handled `` very lamely '' , so that `` much of what happens , and why , is unintelligible to the spectator '' . Overall , however , Newman delivered a more positive judgement : `` ( Puccini 's ) operas are to some extent a mere bundle of tricks , but no one else has performed the same tricks nearly as well '' . Opera scholar Julian Budden remarks on Puccini 's `` inept handling of the political element '' , but still hails the work as `` a triumph of pure theatre '' .", "16": "Music critic Charles Osborne ascribes Tosca 's immense popularity with audiences to the taut effectiveness of its melodramatic plot , the opportunities given to its three leading characters to shine vocally and dramatically , and the presence of two great arias in `` Vissi d'arte '' and `` E lucevan le stelle '' . The work remains popular today : according to Operabase , it ranks as fifth in the world with 540 performances given in the five seasons 2009 / 10 to 2013 / 14 . Music ( edit ) The setting for Robert Dornhelm 's production of Tosca at the Opera Festival of St. Margarethen , 2015 General style ( edit ) By the end of the 19th century the classic form of opera structure , in which arias , duets and other set - piece vocal numbers are interspersed with passages of recitative or dialogue , had been largely abandoned , even in Italy . Operas were `` through - composed '' , with a continuous stream of music which in some cases eliminated all identifiable set - pieces . In what critic Edward Greenfield calls the `` Grand Tune '' concept , Puccini retains a limited number of set - pieces , distinguished from their musical surroundings by their memorable melodies . Even in the passages linking these `` Grand Tunes '' , Puccini maintains a strong degree of lyricism and only rarely resorts to recitative . Budden describes Tosca as the most Wagnerian of Puccini 's scores , in its use of musical leitmotifs . Unlike Wagner , Puccini does not develop or modify his motifs , nor weave them into the music symphonically , but uses them to refer to characters , objects and ideas , and as reminders within the narrative . The most potent of these motifs is the sequence of three very loud and strident chords which open the opera and which represent the evil character of Scarpia -- or perhaps , Charles Osborne proposes , the violent atmosphere that pervades the entire opera . Budden has suggested that Scarpia 's tyranny , lechery and lust form `` the dynamic engine that ignites the drama '' .", "17": "Other motifs identify Tosca herself , the love of Tosca and Cavaradossi , the fugitive Angelotti , the semi-comical character of the sacristan in act 1 and the theme of torture in act 2 . Act 1 ( edit ) The opera begins without any prelude ; the opening chords of the Scarpia motif lead immediately to the agitated appearance of Angelotti and the enunciation of the `` fugitive '' motif . The sacristan 's entry , accompanied by his sprightly buffo theme , lifts the mood , as does the generally light - hearted colloquy with Cavaradossi which follows after the latter 's entrance . This leads to the first of the `` Grand Tunes '' , Cavaradossi 's `` Recondita armonia '' with its sustained high B flat , accompanied by the sacristan 's grumbling counter-melody . The domination , in that aria , of themes which will be repeated in the love duet make it clear that though the painting may incorporate the Marchesa 's features , Tosca is the ultimate inspiration of his work . Cavaradossi 's dialogue with Angelotti is interrupted by Tosca 's arrival , signalled by her motif which incorporates , in Newman 's words , `` the feline , caressing cadence so characteristic of her . '' Though Tosca enters violently and suspiciously , the music paints her devotion and serenity . According to Budden , there is no contradiction : Tosca 's jealousy is largely a matter of habit , which her lover does not take too seriously . After Tosca 's `` Non la sospiri '' and the subsequent argument inspired by her jealousy , the sensuous character of the love duet `` Qual'occhio '' provides what opera writer Burton Fisher describes as `` an almost erotic lyricism that has been called pornophony '' . The brief scene in which the sacristan returns with the choristers to celebrate Napoleon 's supposed defeat provides almost the last carefree moments in the opera ; after the entrance of Scarpia to his menacing theme , the mood becomes sombre , then steadily darker . As the police chief interrogates the sacristan , the `` fugitive '' motif recurs three more times , each time more emphatically , signalling Scarpia 's success in his investigation .", "18": "In Scarpia 's exchanges with Tosca the sound of tolling bells , interwoven with the orchestra , creates an almost religious atmosphere , for which Puccini draws on music from his then unpublished Mass of 1880 . The final scene in the act is a juxtaposition of the sacred and the profane , as Scarpia 's lustful reverie is sung alongside the swelling Te Deum chorus . He joins with the chorus in the final statement `` Te aeternum Patrem omnis terra veneratur '' ( `` Everlasting Father , all the earth worships thee '' ) , before the act ends with a thunderous restatement of the Scarpia motif . Act 2 ( edit ) Emmy Destinn in the role of Tosca , c. 1910 Fisher has observed that Puccini 's was a tragic muse ; in the second act of Tosca , according to Newman , he rises to his greatest height as a master of the musical macabre . The act begins quietly , with Scarpia musing on the forthcoming downfall of Angelotti and Cavaradossi , while in the background a gavotte is played in a distant quarter of the Farnese Palace . For this music Puccini adapted a fifteen - year - old student exercise by his late brother , Michele , stating that in this way his brother could live again through him . In the dialogue with Spoletta , the `` torture '' motif -- an `` ideogram of suffering '' , according to Budden -- is heard for the first time as a foretaste of what is to come . As Cavaradossi is brought in for interrogation , Tosca 's voice is heard with the offstage chorus singing a cantata , `` ( its ) suave strains contrast ( ing ) dramatically with the increasing tension and ever - darkening colour of the stage action '' . The cantata is most likely the Cantata a Giove , in the literature referred to as a lost work of Puccini 's from 1897 . Osborne describes the scenes that follow -- Cavaradossi 's interrogation , his torture , Scarpia 's sadistic tormenting of Tosca -- as Puccini 's musical equivalent of grand guignol to which Cavaradossi 's brief `` Vittoria ! Vittoria ! ''", "19": "on the news of Napoleon 's victory gives only partial relief . Scarpia 's aria `` Già , mi dicon venal '' ( `` Yes , they say I am venal '' ) is closely followed by Tosca 's `` Vissi d'arte '' . A lyrical andante based on Tosca 's act 1 motif , this is perhaps the opera 's best - known aria , yet was regarded by Puccini as a mistake ; he considered eliminating it since it held up the action . Fisher calls it `` a Job - like prayer questioning God for punishing a woman who has lived unselfishly and righteously '' . In the act 's finale , Newman likens the orchestral turmoil which follows Tosca 's stabbing of Scarpia to the sudden outburst after the slow movement of Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony . After Tosca 's contemptuous `` E avanti a lui tremava tutta Roma ! '' ( `` All Rome trembled before him '' ) , sung on a middle C ♯ monotone ( sometimes spoken ) , the music gradually fades , ending what Newman calls `` the most impressively macabre scene in all opera . '' The final notes in the act are those of the Scarpia motif , softly , in a minor key . Act 3 ( edit ) The execution of Cavaradossi at the end of act 3 . Soldiers fire , as Tosca looks away . Photograph of a pre-1914 production by the Metropolitan Opera The third act 's tranquil beginning provides a brief respite from the drama . An introductory 16 - bar theme for the horns will later be sung by Cavaradossi and Tosca in their final duet . The orchestral prelude which follows portrays the Roman dawn ; the pastoral aura is accentuated by the shepherd boy 's song , and the sounds of sheep bells and church bells , the authenticity of the latter validated by Puccini 's early morning visits to Rome . Themes reminiscent of Scarpia , Tosca and Cavaradossi emerge in the music , which changes tone as the drama resumes with Cavaradossi 's entrance , to an orchestral statement of what becomes the melody of his aria `` E lucevan le stelle '' .", "20": "Mario Cavaradossi ( modelled on tenor Giancarlo Monsalve ) singing `` E lucevan le stelle '' in a painting by Riccardo Manci This is a farewell to love and life , `` an anguished lament and grief built around the words ' muoio disperato ' ( I die in despair ) '' . Puccini insisted on the inclusion of these words , and later stated that admirers of the aria had treble cause to be grateful to him : for composing the music , for having the lyrics written , and `` for declining expert advice to throw the result in the waste - paper basket '' . The lovers ' final duet `` Amaro sol per te '' , which concludes with the act 's opening horn music , did not equate with Ricordi 's idea of a transcendental love duet which would be a fitting climax to the opera . Puccini justified his musical treatment by citing Tosca 's preoccupation with teaching Cavaradossi to feign death . In the execution scene which follows , a theme emerges , the incessant repetition of which reminded Newman of the Transformation Music which separates the two parts of act 1 in Wagner 's Parsifal . In the final bars , as Tosca evades Spoletta and leaps to her death , the theme of `` E lucevan le stelle '' is played tutta forze ( as loudly as possible ) . This choice of ending has been strongly criticised by analysts , mainly because of its specific association with Cavaradossi rather than Tosca . Joseph Kerman mocked the final music , `` Tosca leaps , and the orchestra screams the first thing that comes into its head . '' Budden , however , argues that it is entirely logical to end this dark opera on its blackest theme . According to historian and former opera singer Susan Vandiver Nicassio : `` The conflict between the verbal and the musical clues gives the end of the opera a twist of controversy that , barring some unexpected discovery among Puccini 's papers , can never truly be resolved . ''", "21": "List of arias and set numbers ( edit ) `` Recondita armonia '' Enrico Caruso , 1908 Act 1 finale Pasquale Amato , as Scarpia , performs the act 1 finale with the Metropolitan Opera chorus , in this 1914 recording for the Victor Talking Machine Company . ( From `` Tre sbirri , una carrozza '' to the end of the act . ) `` Vissi d'arte '' Emmy Destinn , 1914 `` E lucevan le stelle '' Leo Slezak in 1913 for Edison Records `` Gia mi dicon venal '' Antonio Scotti in 1908 for Victor Records Problems playing these files ? See media help . First lines Performed by Act 1 `` Recondita armonia '' ( `` Hidden harmony '' ) Cavaradossi `` Non la sospiri , la nostra casetta '' ( `` Do you not long for our little house '' ) Tosca , Cavaradossi `` Qual'occhio '' ( `` What eyes in the world '' ) Cavaradossi , Tosca `` Va , Tosca ! '' ( `` Go , Tosca ! '' ) Scarpia , Chorus Te Deum laudamus ( `` We praise thee , O God '' ) Scarpia , Chorus Act 2 `` Ha più forte sapore '' ( `` For myself the violent conquest '' ) Scarpia `` Vittoria ! Vittoria ! '' ( `` Victory ! Victory ! ''", "22": ") Cavaradossi `` Già , mi dicon venal '' ( `` Yes , they say that I am venal '' ) Scarpia `` Vissi d'arte '' ( `` I lived for art , I lived for love '' ) Tosca Act 3 `` Io de ' sospiri '' ( `` I give you sighs '' ) Voice of a shepherd boy `` E lucevan le stelle '' ( `` And the stars shone '' ) Cavaradossi `` O dolci mani '' ( `` Oh , sweet hands '' ) Cavaradossi `` Amaro sol per te m'era il morire '' ( `` Only for you did death taste bitter for me '' ) Cavaradossi , Tosca Recordings ( edit ) Further information : Tosca discography The first complete Tosca recording was made in 1918 , using the acoustic process . The conductor , Carlo Sabajno , had been the Gramophone Company 's house conductor since 1904 ; he had made early complete recordings of several operas , including Verdi 's La traviata and Rigoletto , before tackling Tosca with a largely unknown cast , featuring the Italian soprano Lya Remondini in the title role . The next year , in 1919 , Sabajno recorded Tosca again , this time with more well - known singers , including Valentina Bartolomasi and Attilio Salvaneschi as Tosca and Cavaradossi . Ten years later , in 1929 , Sabajno returned to the opera for the third time , recording it , by the electrical process , with the orchestra and chorus of the Teatro alla Scala and with stars Carmen Melis and Apollo Granforte in the roles of Tosca and Scarpia . In 1938 HMV secured the services of the renowned tenor Beniamino Gigli , together with the soprano Maria Caniglia as Tosca and conductor Oliviero De Fabritiis , for a `` practically complete '' recording that extended over 14 double - sided shellac discs . In the post-war period , following the invention of long - playing records , Tosca recordings were dominated by Maria Callas .", "23": "In 1953 , with conductor Victor de Sabata and the La Scala forces , she made the recording for EMI which for decades has been considered the best of all the recorded performances of the opera . She recorded the role again for EMI in stereo in 1964 . A number of Callas 's live stage performances of Tosca were also preserved . The earliest were two performances in Mexico City , in 1950 and 1952 , and the last was in London in 1965 . The first stereo recording of the opera was made in 1957 by RCA Victor . Erich Leinsdorf conducted the Rome Opera House orchestra and chorus with Zinka Milanov as Tosca , Jussi Björling as Cavaradossi and Leonard Warren as Scarpia . Herbert von Karajan 's acclaimed performance with the Vienna State Opera was in 1963 , with Leontyne Price , Giuseppe Di Stefano and Giuseppe Taddei in the leading roles . The 1970s and 1980s saw a proliferation of recordings , many of live performances . Plácido Domingo first recorded Cavaradossi in 1973 , and continued to do so at regular intervals until 1994 . In 1976 he was joined by his son , Plácido Domingo Jr. , who sang the shepherd boy 's song in a British recording with the New Philharmonia Orchestra . More recent commended recordings have included Antonio Pappano 's 2000 Royal Opera House version with Angela Gheorghiu , Roberto Alagna and Ruggero Raimondi . Recordings of Tosca in languages other than Italian are rare but not unknown ; over the years versions in French , German , Spanish , Hungarian and Russian have been issued . An admired English language version was released in 1995 in which David Parry led the Philharmonia Orchestra and a largely British cast . Since the late 1990s numerous video recordings of the opera have been issued on DVD and Blu - ray disc ( BD ) . These include recent productions and remastered versions of historic performances . Editions and amendments ( edit ) The orchestral score of Tosca was published in late 1899 by Casa Ricordi .", "24": "Despite some dissatisfaction expressed by Ricordi concerning the final act , the score remained relatively unchanged in the 1909 edition . An unamended edition was published by Dover Press in 1991 . The 1909 score contains a number of minor changes from the autograph score . Some are changes of phrase : Cavaradossi 's reply to the sacristan when he asks if the painter is doing penance is changed from `` Pranzai '' ( `` I have eaten . '' ) to `` Fame non ho '' ( `` I am not hungry . '' ) , which William Ashbrook states , in his study of Puccini 's operas , accentuates the class distinction between the two . When Tosca comforts Cavaradossi after the torture scene , she now tells him , `` Ma il giusto Iddio lo punirá '' ( `` But a just God will punish him '' ( Scarpia ) ) ; formerly she stated , `` Ma il sozzo sbirro lo pagherà '' ( `` But the filthy cop will pay for it . '' ) . Other changes are in the music ; when Tosca demands the price for Cavaradossi 's freedom ( `` Il prezzo ! '' ) , her music is changed to eliminate an octave leap , allowing her more opportunity to express her contempt and loathing of Scarpia in a passage which is now near the middle of the soprano vocal range . A remnant of a `` Latin Hymn '' sung by Tosca and Cavaradossi in act 3 survived into the first published score and libretto , but is not in later versions . According to Ashbrook , the most surprising change is where , after Tosca discovers the truth about the `` mock '' execution and exclaims `` Finire così ? Finire così ? '' ( `` To end like this ? To end like this ? '' ) , she was to sing a five - bar fragment to the melody of `` E lucevan le stelle '' .", "25": "Ashbrook applauds Puccini for deleting the section from a point in the work where delay is almost unendurable as events rush to their conclusion , but points out that the orchestra 's recalling `` E lucevan le stelle '' in the final notes would seem less incongruous if it was meant to underscore Tosca 's and Cavaradossi 's love for each other , rather than being simply a melody which Tosca never hears . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Kerman , p. 205 Jump up ^ Walsh , Stephen . `` Tosca , Longborough Festival '' . theartsdesk.com . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicassio , p. 11 Jump up ^ Nicassio , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 181 Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 21 Jump up ^ Phillips - Matz , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Philips - Matz , pp. 107 -- 108 ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Matz , p. 109 Jump up ^ Budden , pp. 182 -- 183 Jump up ^ Nicassio , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Matz , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : `` Tosca : Performance history '' . Stanford University . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Osborne , p. 115 Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 31 Jump up ^ Burton , p. 86 Jump up ^ Nicassio , pp. 32 -- 34 Jump up ^ Nicassio , p. 35 Jump up ^ Nicassio , p. 46 Jump up ^ Nicassio , pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Nicassio , pp. 169 -- 170 Jump up ^ Nicassio , p. 47 Jump up ^ Nicassio , pp. 204 -- 205 Jump up ^ Nicassio , p. 18 Jump up ^ Phillips - Matz , p. 112 Jump up ^ Nicassio , pp. 272 -- 274 ^ Jump up to : Nicassio , p.", "26": "227 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Budden , p. 185 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Matz , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , pp. 20 , 23 Jump up ^ Burton , p. 278 Jump up ^ Nicassio , p. 306 ^ Jump up to : Osborne , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Budden , p. 194 Jump up ^ Budden , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 195 Jump up ^ Phillips - Matz , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Budden , p. 197 Jump up ^ Casaglia , Gherardo ( 2005 ) . `` Tosca , 14 January 1900 '' . Almanacco Amadeus ( in Italian ) . ^ Jump up to : Phillips - Matz , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Budden , p. 198 ^ Jump up to : Ashbrook , p. 77 Jump up ^ Greenfeld , H. pp. 122 -- 123 ^ Jump up to : Budden , p. 199 Jump up ^ Phillips - Matz , p. 120 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 225 Jump up ^ Greenfeld , H. pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ `` Emmy Destinn ( 1878 -- 1930 ) '' . The Kapralova Society . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Neef ( ed . ) , pp. 462 -- 467 Jump up ^ Phillips - Matz , p. 121 Jump up ^ Petsalēs - Diomēdēs , pp. 291 -- 293 ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Frank ( 2009 ) . `` Maria Callas : Performance Annals and Discography '' ( PDF ) . frankhamilton.org . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Girardi , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ `` Tosca , Bregenzer Festspiele -- Seebühne '' .", "27": "The Financial Times . 30 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( 1 January 1993 ) . `` A ' Tosca ' performed on actual location '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Elizabeth ( 7 September 2007 ) . `` Luciano Pavarotti ( Obituary ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nicassio , pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Valetta ( 1900 ) . `` Rassegna Musicale '' . Nuova Antologia. 85 of 169 . Jump up ^ Phillips - Matz , p. 119 Jump up ^ Greenfeld , H. pp. 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Opera : Puccini 's opera La Tosca '' . The Musical Times . London : 536 -- 537 . 1 August 1900 . Jump up ^ Greenfeld , H. , pp. 125 -- 126 , 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ Carner , Mosco , Puccini : a Critical Biography , Gerald Duckworth , 1958 p. 460 Jump up ^ Newman , pp. 188 , 230 -- 231 Jump up ^ Newman ( 1958 ) , p. 465 ^ Jump up to : Budden , p. 222 Jump up ^ Osborne , p. 143 Jump up ^ `` Statistics 2013 / 14 '' , Operabase Jump up ^ Greenfield , pp. 148 -- 150 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , pp. 27 -- 28 ^ Jump up to : Osborne , pp. 137 -- 138 ^ Jump up to : Budden , Julian . `` Tosca '' . Oxford Music Online . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Fisher , pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Burton , p. 201 Jump up ^ Newman . p. 114 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , p.", "28": "20 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 207 Jump up ^ Newman , p. 191 Jump up ^ Newman , p. 221 Jump up ^ Newman , p. 235 ^ Jump up to : Burton , pp. 130 -- 131 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 212 Jump up ^ Newman , pp. 233 -- 234 ^ Jump up to : Osborne , pp. 140 -- 143 Jump up ^ Greenfield , p. 136 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 216 Jump up ^ Newman , p. 244 Jump up ^ In the first edition the line was recited later , on the D ♯ before rehearsal 65 . See Appendix 2g ( Ricordi 1995 , p . LXIV ) Jump up ^ Newman , p. 245 Jump up ^ Budden , p. 217 Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 26 Jump up ^ Ashbrook , p. 82 Jump up ^ Newman , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Nicassio , pp. 253 -- 254 ^ Jump up to : `` There are 250 recordings of Tosca by Giacomo Puccini on file '' . Operadis . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Gaisberg , F.W. ( June 1944 ) . `` The Recording of Tosca '' . Gramophone . London : Haymarket . p. 15 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Complete Recordings of Two Puccini Operas : Tosca and Turandot '' . Gramophone . London : Haymarket . December 1938 . p. 23 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Roberts , pp. 761 -- 762 Jump up ^ Greenfield et al. ( 1993 ) , pp. 314 -- 318 Jump up ^ Hope - Wallace , Philip ( February 1960 ) . `` Puccini : Tosca complete '' . Gramophone . London : Haymarket . p. 71 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 .", "29": "( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Puccini : Tosca ( Sung in English ) '' . Gramophone . London : Haymarket . June 1996 . p. 82 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` DVD videos , Puccini 's Tosca '' . Presto Classical . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tosca '' . University of Rochester . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tosca in Full Score '' . Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 26937 - X . Jump up ^ Tosca , revised vocal score by Rodger Parker ( Ricordi 1995 ) , critical notes on p . XL Jump up ^ Ashbrook , pp. 92 -- 93 Jump up ^ Nicassio , p. 245 Jump up ^ Ashbrook , p. 93 Sources Ashbrook , William ( 1985 ) . The Operas of Puccini . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9309 - 6 . Budden , Julian ( 2002 ) . Puccini : His Life and Works ( paperback ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 57971 - 9 . Burton , Deborah ; Nicassio , Susan Vandiver ; Züno , Agostino , eds. ( 2004 ) . Tosca 's Prism : Three Moments of Western Cultural History . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 616 - 9 . Fisher , Burton D. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Opera Classics Library Presents Tosca ( revised ed . ) . Boca Raton , Florida : Opera Journeys Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930841 - 41 - 3 . Girardi , Michele ( 2000 ) . Puccini : His International Art . Chicago : Chicago University Press .", "30": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 29757 - 6 . Greenfeld , Howard ( 1980 ) . Puccini . London : Robert Hale . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7091 - 9368 - 5 . Greenfield , Edward ( 1958 ) . Puccini : Keeper of the Seal . London : Arrow Books . Greenfield , Edward ; March , Ivan ; Layton , Robert , eds. ( 1993 ) . The Penguin Guide to Opera on Compact Discs . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 046957 - 8 . Kerman , Joseph ( 2005 ) . Opera as Drama . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24692 - 8 . ( Note : this book was first published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1956 ) Neef , Sigrid , ed. ( 2000 ) . Opera : Composers , Works , Performers ( English ed . ) . Cologne : Könemann . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8290 - 3571 - 2 . Newman , Ernest ( 1954 ) . More Opera Nights . London : Putnam . Nicassio , Susan Vandiver ( 2002 ) . Tosca 's Rome : The Play and the Opera in Historical Context ( paperback ed . ) . Oxford : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517974 - 3 . Osborne , Charles ( 1990 ) . The Complete Operas of Puccini . London : Victor Gollancz . ISBN 978 - 0 - 575 - 04868 - 3 . Petsalēs - Diomēdēs , N. ( 2001 ) . The Unknown Callas : The Greek Years . Cleckheaton ( UK ) : Amadeus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57467 - 059 - 2 . Phillips - Matz , Mary Jane ( 2002 ) . Puccini : A Biography .", "31": "Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 530 - 8 . Roberts , David , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Classic Good CD & DVD Guide 2006 . London : Haymarket . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86024 - 972 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Gruber , Paul , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Metropolitan Opera Guide to Recorded Opera . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03444 - 8 . Zeffireli , Franco ; John Tooley ( Interviews by Anna Tims ) , `` How we made : Franco Zeffirelli and John Tooley on Tosca ( 1964 ) '' , . The Guardian ( London ) , 23 July 2012 on theguardian.com . Retrieved 11 August 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tosca . Tosca : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Libretto Full piano score with notes Susan Vandiver Nicassio : `` Ten Things You Did n't Know about Tosca '' ,", "32": "University of Chicago Press Giacomo Puccini Operas Le Villi ( 1884 ) Edgar ( 1889 ) Manon Lescaut ( 1893 ) La bohème ( 1896 ) discography Tosca ( 1900 ) discography Madama Butterfly ( 1904 ) discography La fanciulla del West ( 1910 ) La rondine ( 1917 ) Il trittico ( 1918 ) Il tabarro Suor Angelica Gianni Schicchi discography Turandot ( 1924 ) discography Arias `` Torna ai felici dì '' `` Donna non vidi mai '' `` Quando m'en vo ' '' `` E lucevan le stelle '' `` Recondita armonia '' `` Vissi d'arte '' `` Ch'ella mi creda '' `` O mio babbino caro '' `` In questa reggia '' `` Nessun dorma '' `` Non piangere ,", "33": "Liù '' `` Tu che di gel sei cinta '' Other works Messa di Gloria ( 1880 ) Film adaptations La Bohème ( 1926 film ) La Bohème ( 1965 film ) La Bohème ( 1988 film ) La Bohème ( 2008 film ) Tosca ( 2001 film ) Family Jacopo Puccini ( great - great - grandfather ) Domenico Puccini ( grandfather ) Related articles Festival Puccini Giulio Ricordi Puccini Spur List of compositions by Giacomo Puccini Category : Giacomo Puccini La Tosca by Victorien Sardou ( 1887 ) Films La Tosca ( 1909 ) La Tosca ( 1918 ) La Tosca ( 1973 ) Tosca ( 2001 ) Operas Tosca Tosca discography `` Recondita armonia '' `` Vissi d'arte '' `` E lucevan le stelle '' Opera portal VIAF : 178595470 LCCN : n93081951 GND : 300122470 SUDOC : 148420508 BNF : cb13917267v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "34": "php?title=Tosca&oldid=820501136 '' Categories : Operas by Giacomo Puccini Verismo operas Italian - language operas 1900 operas Operas set in Italy Operas based on plays Operas Adaptations of works by Victorien Sardou 1800 in fiction Suicide in fiction Fictional singers Hidden categories : Articles with Italian - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Interlanguage link template link number Articles with hAudio microformats Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 29, 27, 34, 0, 30, 22, 6, 33, 16, 19, 23, 24, 18, 26, 1, 3, 28, 32, 21, 31, 2, 10, 9, 7, 13, 8, 12, 17, 25, 20, 5, 15, 11, 14, 4 ]	[ 29, 27, 34, 0, 30 ]
-6047989319894692111	who has a ring of power in lotr	[ "Sauron" ]	{ "0": "Sauron - wikipedia Sauron Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character from J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth writings . For the board game based on the character , see Middle Earth ( board game ) . For other uses , see Sauron ( disambiguation ) . Sauron Tolkien 's legendarium character J.R.R. Tolkien 's watercolour illustration of Sauron Aliases See Names and titles below Race Maiar Book ( s ) The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The Children of Húrin Sauron / ˈsaʊrɒn / is the title character and main antagonist of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . In the same work , he is identified as the Necromancer , mentioned in Tolkien 's earlier novel The Hobbit . In Tolkien 's The Silmarillion ( published posthumously by Tolkien 's son Christopher Tolkien ) , he is also described as the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord , Morgoth . Tolkien noted that the Ainur , the `` angelic '' powers of his constructed myth , `` were capable of many degrees of error and failing '' , but by far the worst was `` the absolute Satanic rebellion and evil of Morgoth and his satellite Sauron '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Before creation of the world 1.2 First Age 1.2. 1 Sauron 's fall 1.2. 2 The Lieutenant of Morgoth 1.3 Second Age 1.3. 1 The Rings of Power 1.3. 2 Resurgence from Mordor 1.3. 3 Destruction of Númenor 1.3. 4 War against the Last Alliance 1.4 Third Age 1.4. 1 The Necromancer of Dol Guldur 1.4.", "1": "2 The War of the Ring 2 Names and titles 3 Appearance 3.1 Tolkien 's illustration of Sauron 3.2 Eye of Sauron 4 Concept and creation 5 Adaptations 6 Allusions in other works 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Biography ( edit ) Before creation of the world ( edit ) The Ainulindalë , the cosmological myth prefixed to The Silmarillion , explains how the supreme being Eru initiated his creation by bringing into being innumerable spirits , `` the offspring of his thought '' , who were with him before anything else had been made . The being later known as Sauron originated among these as an `` immortal ( angelic ) spirit '' . In his origin , Sauron therefore perceived the Creator directly . As Tolkien noted : `` Sauron could not , of course , be a ' sincere ' atheist . Though one of the minor spirits created before the world , he knew Eru , according to his measure . '' In the terminology of Tolkien 's invented language of Quenya , these angelic spirits were called Ainur . Those who entered the physical world were called Valar , especially the most powerful ones . The lesser Ainur who entered the world , of whom Sauron was one , were called Maiar . In Tolkien 's letters , the author noted that Sauron `` was of course a ' divine ' person ( in the terms of this mythology ; a lesser member of the race of Valar ) '' . Tolkien noted that he was of a `` far higher order '' than the Maiar who later came to Middle - earth as the Wizards Gandalf , Radagast , and Saruman . As created by Eru , the Ainur were all good and uncorrupt , as Elrond stated in The Lord of the Rings : `` Nothing is evil in the beginning . Even Sauron was not so . '' Rebellion originated with the Vala Melkor ( as Morgoth was called before he turned to darkness ) . According to a story meant as a parable of events beyond Elvish comprehension , Eru let his spirit - children perform a great Music , the Music of the Ainur , developing a theme revealed by Eru himself .", "2": "For a while the cosmic choir made wondrous music , but then Melkor tried to increase his own glory by weaving into his song thoughts and ideas that were not in accordance with the original theme . `` Straightway discord arose around him , and many that sang nigh him grew despondent ... but some began to attune their music to his rather than to the thought which they had at first . '' The discord Melkor created would have dire consequences , as this singing was a kind of template for the world : `` The evils of the world were not at first in the great Theme , but entered with the discords of Melkor . '' However , `` Sauron was not a beginner of discord ; and he probably knew more of the Music than did Melkor , whose mind had always been filled with his own plans and devices . '' Apparently Sauron was not even one of the spirits that immediately began to attune their music to that of Melkor , since it is noted elsewhere that his fall occurred later ( see below ) . The cosmic Music now represented the conflict between good and evil . Finally , Eru abruptly brought the Song of Creation to an end . To show the spirits , faithful or otherwise , what they had done , Eru gave independent being to the now - marred Music . This resulted in the manifestation of the material World , Eä , where the drama of good and evil would play out and be resolved . First Age ( edit ) Entering Eä at the beginning of time , the Valar and Maiar tried to build and organize the world according to the will of Eru . Each Maia was associated with one of the powerful Valar whom they served ; for example , Sauron was prominent among the Maiar who served Aulë the Smith , the great craftsman of the Valar . As a result , Sauron came to possess great knowledge of the physical substances of the world , forging , and all manner of craftsmanship -- emerging as `` a great craftsman of the household of Aulë '' . Sauron would always retain the `` scientific '' knowledge he derived from the great Vala of Craft : `` In his beginning he was of the Maiar of Aulë , and he remained mighty in the lore of that people . ''", "3": "Sauron 's original Elvish name in Valinor was Mairon ( Quenya for `` the Admirable '' ) , but this name was not used anymore after he joined Melkor . In Beleriand , he was called in Sindarin Gorthu `` Mist of Fear '' and Gorthaur `` The Cruel '' . However , during the Second Age , Sauron continued to call himself Tar - Mairon ( Quenya `` King Excellent '' ) . Sauron 's fall ( edit ) Melkor opposed the other Valar , who remained faithful to Eru and tried to carry out the Creator 's designs . Within the larger universe , they eventually focused on developing the world of Arda ( Earth , or the entire solar system ) . Around this time , Sauron fell victim to Melkor 's corrupting influence : `` In the beginning of Arda , Melkor seduced him to his allegiance . '' As for Sauron 's motives , Tolkien noted that `` it had been his virtue ( and therefore also the cause of his fall ... ) that he loved order and coordination , and disliked all confusion and wasteful friction '' . Thus , `` it was the apparent will and power of Melkor to effect his designs quickly and masterfully that had first attracted Sauron to him '' . For a while , Sauron apparently kept up the pretence that he was a faithful servant of the Valar , all the while feeding Melkor information about their doings . Thus , when the Valar made Almaren as their first physical abode in the world , `` Melkor knew of all that was done ; for even then he had secret friends and spies among the Maiar whom he had converted to his cause , and of these the chief , as after became known , was Sauron . '' Melkor soon destroyed Almaren , and the Valar established a new abode in the Uttermost West : the Blessed Realm of Valinor . They still did not perceive Sauron 's treachery , for he too became `` a being of Valinor '' . At some point , Sauron left the Blessed Realm and went to Middle - earth , the central continent of Arda , where Melkor had established his stronghold .", "4": "In one text , Tolkien wrote of Sauron that `` in Valinor he had dwelt among the people of the gods , but there Morgoth had drawn him to evil and to his service '' . Sauron deserted his service to the Valar and openly joined their great enemy : `` Because of his admiration of Strength he had become a follower of Morgoth and fell with him down into the depths of evil . '' The lieutenant of Morgoth ( edit ) After joining his new master in Middle - earth , Sauron proved to be a devoted and capable servant : `` While Morgoth still stood , Sauron did not seek his own supremacy , but worked and schemed for another , desiring the triumph of Melkor , whom in the beginning he had adored . He thus was often able to achieve things , first conceived by Melkor , which his master did not or could not complete in the furious haste of his malice . '' `` In all the deeds of Melkor the Morgoth upon Arda , in his vast works and in the deceits of his cunning , Sauron had a part . '' In chapter three of The Silmarillion , Tolkien writes that by the time the Elves awoke in the world , Sauron had become Melkor 's lieutenant and was given command over the newly built stronghold of Angband . To protect the Elves , the Valar made war on Melkor and captured him , but could not find Sauron . Thus , `` when Melkor was made captive , Sauron escaped and lay hid in Middle - earth ; and it can in this way be understood how the breeding of the Orcs ( no doubt already begun ) went on with increasing speed '' . In the Blessed Realm , Melkor feigned reform , but eventually escaped back to Middle - earth , holding the Silmarils of Fëanor . By then , Sauron had `` secretly repaired Angband for the help of his Master when he returned ; and there the dark places underground were already manned with hosts of the Orcs before Melkor came back at last , as Morgoth the Black Enemy '' . Shortly after the return of Morgoth , the Noldorin Elves also left the Blessed Realm of Valinor in the Uttermost West , against the counsel of the Valar , to wage war on Morgoth , who had stolen the Silmarils .", "5": "In that war , Sauron served as Morgoth 's chief lieutenant , surpassing all others in rank , such as Gothmog , the Lord of Balrogs . Known as Gorthaur the Cruel , Sauron was at that time a master of illusions and shapeshifting ; werewolves and vampires were his servants , chief among them Draugluin , Father of Werewolves , and his vampire herald Thuringwethil . When Morgoth left Angband to corrupt the newly discovered Men , Sauron directed the war against the Elves . He conquered the Elvish island of Tol Sirion and its watchtower Minas Tirith , so that it became known as Tol - in - Gaurhoth , the Isle of Werewolves . Ten years later , Finrod Felagund , the king of Nargothrond and former lord of Tol Sirion , came there with Beren and ten Elves , disguised as Orcs . However Sauron had them brought before him . Finrod had a magical battle with Sauron , but was defeated ( in part because of the curse of Fëanor ) . All 12 were thrown into Sauron 's dungeons and the 10 Elves were devoured by wolves . Finrod died fighting a wolf to save Beren . Soon afterwards Lúthien and Huan the Wolfhound arrived , hoping to rescue Beren . Sauron sent werewolves against them , including their sire Draugluin , but Huan slew them all . Aware of a prophecy to the effect that Huan would be killed by the greatest wolf ever , Sauron himself assumed a monstrous wolf - like form and attacked him . But the prophecy actually applied to the still - unborn Carcharoth , and Sauron could not prevail against Huan , despite transforming into a serpent and his own form . Eventually , Huan had Sauron by the throat . Lúthien gave Sauron two options : either surrender to her the magical control he had established over Tol - in - Gaurhoth , or have his body destroyed so that his naked ghost would have to endure the scorn of Morgoth . Sauron yielded , and Huan let him go . Lúthien destroyed the tower and rescued Beren from the dungeons .", "6": "Sauron fled in the form of a huge vampiric bat , and spent some time as a vampire in the woods of Taur - nu - Fuin . Nothing is told of his subsequent activities in the First Age until the end . Following the voyage of Eärendil to the Blessed Realm , the Valar finally moved against Morgoth . In the resulting War of Wrath , the Dark Lord was defeated and cast into the Outer Void beyond the world . But `` Sauron fled from the Great Battle and escaped '' . Chastened , Sauron assumed his fairest form and approached Eönwë , emissary of the Valar , who nevertheless could not pardon a Maia like himself . Through Eönwë , Manwë as Lord of the Valar `` commanded Sauron to come before him for judgement , but ( he ) had left room for repentance and ultimate rehabilitation '' . Although Sauron 's repentance before Eönwë was genuine , if out of fear , he was ashamed to return to Valinor and receive a judgement or sentence due to his long service to Morgoth . Furthermore , the influence of his former master was still strong , so he escaped and hid in Middle - earth . Second Age ( edit ) About 500 years into the Second Age , Sauron reappeared . `` Bereft of his lord ... ( he ) fell into the folly of imitating him '' . `` Very slowly , beginning with fair motives : the reorganizing and rehabilitation of Middle - earth , ' neglected by the gods , ' he becomes a reincarnation of Evil , and a thing lusting for Complete Power '' , eventually rising to become `` master and god of Men '' . As for Sauron 's `` fair motives '' , Tolkien emphasized that at this time he `` was not indeed wholly evil , not unless all ' reformers ' who want to hurry up with ' reconstruction ' and ' reorganization ' are wholly evil , even before pride and the lust to exert their will eat them up '' .", "7": "`` Though the only real good in , or rational motive for , all this ordering and planning and organization was the good of all inhabitants of Arda ( even admitting Sauron 's right to be their supreme lord ) , his ' plans ' , the idea coming from his own isolated mind , became the sole object of his will , and an end , the End , in itself ... ( H ) is capability of corrupting other minds , and even engaging their service , was a residue from the fact that his original desire for ' order ' had really envisaged the good estate ( especially physical well - being ) of his ' subjects ' . '' The Rings of power ( edit ) As part of a plan to seduce the Elves into his service , Sauron assumed a fair appearance as Annatar , `` Lord of Gifts '' , befriended the Elven - smiths of Eregion , led by Celebrimbor , and counselled them in arts and magic . Sauron hinted that he was an emissary of the Valar , specifically of Aulë , whom the Noldor in Exile held in high regard . Some of the Elves distrusted him , especially Galadriel and Gil - galad , the High King of the Noldor . The Elves in Eregion , however , did not heed their warnings . With Sauron 's assistance , the Elven - smiths forged the Rings of Power , which conferred great power upon their bearers . He then secretly forged the One Ring in the volcanic Mount Doom in Mordor . This `` One Ring to rule them all '' had the power to dominate the other Rings and enslave their wearers to Sauron 's will . The Rings of Power were extremely potent , however ; to create an instrument that could dominate even them , Sauron was forced to transfer a great part of his native power into it . Yet `` while he wore it , his power on earth was actually enhanced '' . Sauron 's plan would have succeeded had the Elves not detected his influence when he put on the One Ring . It was then the Elves saw him for who he really was , removed their Rings , and did not use them for as long as Sauron retained the One Ring . Enraged , Sauron initiated a great war and conquered much of the land west of Anduin .", "8": "The Three Rings , however , had been forged by Celebrimbor himself without Sauron 's help . These rings were saved and remained in the hands of the Elves , specifically Gil - galad , Círdan , and Galadriel . This began the Dark Years . Sauron overran Eregion , killed Celebrimbor , leader of the Elven - smiths , and seized the Seven and the Nine Rings of Power that had been previously forged with his assistance . Sauron besieged Imladris , battled Moria and Lothlórien , and pushed further into Gil - galad 's realm . The Elves were hard pressed to defend Lindon and the Havens , but in the nick of time the powerful army from Númenor arrived to their aid , defeating Sauron 's forces and driving the remnant back to Mordor . The Númenóreans were descended from the Three Houses of the Edain who helped the Elves in their war against Morgoth . They lived on the island of Númenor in the seas between Middle - earth and Valinor , a reward for their service from the Valar , and theirs was the most powerful kingdom of Men at this time . In Unfinished Tales , `` The History of Galadriel and Celeborn '' states that Sauron and his bodyguard were all that was left of his original army . Gil - galad 's power after the War was such that Sauron was unable to move out of Mordor for some time . Resurgence from Mordor ( edit ) From this time on , Sauron became known as the Dark Lord of Mordor . Sauron fortified Mordor and completed the Dark Tower of Barad - dûr , already centuries in the building . He distributed the remaining rings of the Seven and the Nine to lords of Dwarves and Men . Dwarves proved too resilient to bend to his will , but the Men were enslaved by Sauron as the Nazgûl , his most feared servants . Well aware of the strength of the Númenóreans after his earlier defeat , Sauron withdrew from the coasts and for a long time avoided directly challenging them , although he managed to use some of the Nine rings to snare three of their great lords .", "9": "Sauron regained control over most of the creatures that had served Morgoth in the First Age ( such as Orcs and Trolls ) . Sauron also gained power over most of the Men in the East and the South , becoming their god - king . Toward the end of the Second Age , as the Númenóreans withdrew from the coasts after their people were divided by strife over the fear of death , Sauron began assailing their Middle - earth strongholds and assumed the titles of Lord of the Earth and King of Men . Destruction of Númenor ( edit ) Main article : Akallabêth Toward the end of the Second Age , Ar - Pharazôn , who would turn out to be the last and most powerful of the Númenórean kings , had just ascended to the throne when he was angered by reports of Sauron 's increasing power . In a show of force , Ar - Pharazôn led a massive army to Middle - earth to reassert Númenórean dominance . Sauron , realizing he could not defeat the Númenóreans with military strength , surrendered . Clad in a beautiful incarnation , he came to Ar - Pharazôn 's camp to swear fealty to the king , and allowed himself to be taken as a prisoner to Númenor . This was part of his plan to corrupt Númenórean civilization from inside . `` Sauron 's personal ' surrender ' was voluntary and cunning : he got free transport to Númenor . '' When Ar - Pharazôn in his arrogance took Sauron hostage , he failed to realise with whom he was dealing : Sauron `` was of course a ' divine ' person ... and thus far too powerful to be controlled in this way . He steadily got Arpharazôn 's ( sic ) mind under his own control , and in the event corrupted many of the Númenóreans . '' The Akallabêth , the account of the history of Númenor , does not specifically mention the One Ring much , and it has been suggested that Sauron left it at Barad - dûr before he became a hostage of Ar - Pharazôn .", "10": "In his letters , however , Tolkien noted that Sauron `` naturally had the One Ring , and so very soon dominated the minds and wills of most of the Númenóreans '' . Through the power of the Ring , Sauron soon became an advisor of the king , and he used his influence to undermine the religion of Númenor . He represented Eru as an invention of the Valar that they used to justify their decrees , and substituted the worship of Melkor , with himself as high priest , for that of Eru . The worship of Melkor , with human sacrifice , became mandatory in Númenor . But there was seen the effect of Melkor upon Sauron : he spoke of Melkor in Melkor 's own terms , as a god , or even as God . This may have been the residue of a state which was in a sense a shadow of good : the ability once in Sauron at least to admire or admit the superiority of a being other than himself ... But it may be doubted whether even such a shadow of good was still sincerely operative in Sauron by that time . His cunning motive is probably best expressed thus . To wean one of the God - fearing from their allegiance it is best to propound another unseen object of allegiance and another hope of benefits ; propound to him a Lord who will sanction what he desires and not forbid it . Sauron , apparently a defeated rival for world - power , now a mere hostage , can hardly propound himself ; but as the former servant and disciple of Melkor , the worship of Melkor will raise him from hostage to high priest . Besides introducing the worship of Melkor , Sauron also helped the people to design greater engines and amass more wealth , and soon the Númenóreans returned to Middle - earth where they cruelly hunted and enslaved the Men there for eventual sacrifice . While Sauron ruled behind the scenes , Ar - Pharazôn became the mightiest tyrant in the world since Melkor - Morgoth himself . Ar - Pharazôn , despite his power , eventually became fearful of his approaching death .", "11": "Sauron convinced the king that he now had the status to take what was rightfully his , and suggested that the Númenóreans send a great armada upon Aman in order to seize immortality by force from the Valar . While he led the King to believe that it was actually possible to conquer the Blessed Realm , Sauron knew well that the godlike Valar would utterly defeat any mortal army . Sauron did expect the Valar to respond by destroying Ar - Pharazôn and his naval might , thus removing Sauron 's greatest obstacle to dominance of Middle - earth . But the Valar had no direct dominance over the Children of Eru , so in the face of this challenge they laid down their guardianship of the world and appealed to Eru for a solution . Eru 's divine intervention did indeed bury the king 's armies and drown the armada ; but Númenor itself was swallowed by the sea , and the Blessed Realm was removed from the physical world . Sauron had not foreseen this , and his body was destroyed in the cataclysm . Having expended much effort in the corruption of Númenor , he was diminished , particularly as he forever lost the ability to take a fair form . Yet his spirit rose out of the abyss , and he was able to carry with him the one thing that mattered most . Wrote Tolkien , `` I do not think one need boggle at this spirit carrying off the One Ring , upon which his power of dominating minds now largely depended . '' In `` Akallabêth '' , Tolkien wrote that Sauron `` took up '' the Ring after his spirit returned to Middle - earth . According to `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' , Sauron then realized that Gil - galad 's power had grown great during his absence and now spread across the Misty Mountains and Greenwood the Great , drawing nigh to places that Sauron initially thought secure before leaving for Númenór . War against the last Alliance ( edit ) Led by Elendil , nine ships carrying the faithful Númenóreans were saved from the Downfall and escaped the cataclysm . These Númenórean exiles founded the kingdoms of Gondor and Arnor in Middle - earth .", "12": "At first they believed that Sauron had perished in the Downfall , but it soon became evident that the Dark Lord had returned to Mordor when Mount Doom erupted . The Appendices in The Return of the King recount that while Sauron 's power had not yet been fully rebuilt , he had decided to attack the Númenóreans before they could become too strong in their new realms . Sauron struck first , capturing Minas Ithil and destroying the White Tree , although Isildur managed to escape down the Anduin and seek Elendil , while Anárion defended Osgiliath and for a time drove Sauron 's forces back to the mountains . In `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' and The Fellowship of the Ring , Tolkien wrote that Elendil and his sons forged the Last Alliance of Elves and Men with Gil - galad , as they realized that unless they united , Sauron would destroy them each individually . A great battle ensued between the Alliance and the Host of Sauron on the battle plain of Dagorlad . The Alliance emerged victorious and invaded Mordor , laying siege to Barad - dûr for seven years . Finally , Sauron was forced to emerge from his tower and fight against the Last Alliance himself . During the final challenge on the slopes of Mount Doom , Sauron was slain by Gil - galad and Elendil , who themselves perished in the act . When Elendil fell , his sword Narsil broke beneath him . Isildur , Elendil 's surviving son , took up the hilt - shard of Narsil and cut the One Ring from Sauron 's hand . `` Then Sauron was for that time vanquished , and he forsook his body , and his spirit fled far away and hid in waste places . '' Elrond and Círdan , Gil - galad 's lieutenants , urged Isildur to destroy the Ring by casting it into Mount Doom , but he refused and kept it for his own : `` This I will have as weregild for my father 's death , and my brother 's . Was it not I that dealt the Enemy his death - blow ? ''", "13": "Third Age ( edit ) The traumatic loss of the Ring greatly weakened Sauron ; he spent the first thousand years of the Third Age as a shapeless , dormant evil . Nonetheless , his servants were involved in several events that gradually weakened the Númenórean exile kingdoms , although it is unclear if Sauron was actively involved in directing them . A few years after the War of the Last Alliance , Isildur 's army , while marching to Rivendell , was ambushed and overwhelmed by a band of Orcs in what became known as the Disaster of the Gladden Fields . Isildur put on the Ring and attempted to escape by swimming across Anduin , but the Ring -- which had a will of its own and a desire to return to Sauron -- slipped from his finger . He was spotted and killed by Orc archers . The Ring would remain lost beneath the water for about 2461 years ( from year 2 of the Third Age until Déagol found it in 2463 ) . The Necromancer of Dol Guldur ( edit ) Around the year 1050 , a shadow of fear fell on the forest later called Mirkwood . As would later become known , this was the first sign of Sauron 's remanifestation , but for many years he was not recognized . He was known ( as in The Hobbit ) as the Necromancer . He established a stronghold called Dol Guldur , `` Hill of Sorcery '' , in the southern part of the forest not far from Lórien . Shortly after the shadow fell upon the forest , the Valar sent five Maiar to oppose this growing power . They took the form of Wizards , the most prominent being Gandalf and Saruman . By about 1100 , `` the Wise '' ( the Wizards and the chief Elves ) became aware that an evil power had made a stronghold at Dol Guldur . Initially , it was assumed that this was one of the Nazgûl rather than Sauron himself . About the year 1300 , the Nazgûl did indeed reappear .", "14": "In the ensuing centuries , the chief of the Nazgûl , the Witch - king of Angmar , repeatedly attacked the northern realm of Arnor , first in 1409 and finally overrunning and effectively destroying the realm in 1974 . Though driven from the north in the following year by the Elves and forces from Gondor , the Witch - king retreated to Mordor and gathered the Nazgûl there . In 2000 , the Nazgûl issued from Mordor to besiege the city of Minas Ithil , in the mountains bordering Mordor . The city fell in 2002 , and became known as Minas Morgul . With the city the Nazgûl also captured the palantír of Minas Ithil , one of the seven seeing stones that Elendil 's people had brought with them from Númenor at the eve of the Downfall . As the power of Dol Guldur grew , the Wise came to suspect that the controlling force behind the Witch - king and the other Nazgûl was indeed their original master , Sauron . In 2063 , Gandalf went to Dol Guldur and made the first attempt to learn the truth , but Sauron retreated and hid in the East . It would be almost 400 years before he returned to his stronghold in Mirkwood , and his identity remained undetermined . Sauron finally reappeared with increased strength in 2460 . About the same time , the long - lost Ruling Ring was finally recovered from the River Anduin , found by a Stoor Hobbit named Déagol . Déagol 's friend and relative , Sméagol , coveted the Ring and killed Déagol to get it , and was swiftly corrupted by it . Banished by his family , Smeagol took the Ring , which he called his `` Precious '' . His life unnaturally prolonged by the Ring , he hid in the Misty Mountains for centuries , becoming further corrupted and eventually degenerating into the creature Gollum . In 2850 , Gandalf made a second attempt to spy out Dol Guldur . Stealing into the stronghold , he was finally able to confirm the identity of its lord .", "15": "He reported this to the White Council of Elves and Wizards , but Saruman , hoping to acquire the One Ring for himself , dissuaded the Council from acting against Sauron . Eventually , the Wise put forth their might and drove Sauron from Mirkwood in 2941 . During the White Council 's delay he had , however , prepared his next move , and was willing to abandon Dol Guldur . Just before Sauron fled Dol Guldur , the hobbit Bilbo Baggins , on an improbable adventure with a party of Dwarves , stumbled across the Ring deep within the Misty Mountains . After his quest was over , Bilbo brought the Ring back to Hobbiton in the Shire . Decades later , he passed it on to his heir , Frodo . By then , Sauron 's power had recovered to the point that he was able to extend his will over Middle - earth . The Eye of Sauron , as his attention and force of will was perceived , became a symbol of oppression and fear . Following his expulsion from Dol Guldur , he returned to Mordor in 2942 , openly declared himself nine years later , and started raising Barad - dûr anew . In preparation for a final war against Men and Elves , he bred armies of monstrous orcs , known as Uruks . The war of the Ring ( edit ) The three volumes of The Lord of the Rings tell the story of Sauron 's last attempt at achieving world dominion , as the Third Age reached its climax in the years 3018 and 3019 . In The Fellowship of the Ring , Gandalf deduced that the ring that Bilbo had found in Gollum 's cave was indeed Sauron 's lost Master - ring . He informed Frodo about the true nature of the heirloom Bilbo had left for him , and its terrible potential if Sauron should ever regain it : `` The Enemy still lacks one thing to give him strength and knowledge to beat down all resistance , break the last defences , and cover all the lands in a second darkness . He lacks the One Ring ... So he is seeking it , seeking it , and all his thought is bent on it . ''", "16": "Gandalf went to Saruman for advice , but discovered that he had been corrupted by his long studies of Sauron . Using the palantír in the tower of Orthanc , Saruman was now in communication with the Dark Lord and acted as his ally , though he also secretly hoped to take the Ring for himself and use its power to supplant Sauron . Gandalf was held captive atop Orthanc for a time , but soon escaped with the help of one of the giant Eagles of Manwë . Having captured and tortured Gollum , Sauron learned that the Ring had been found by a Hobbit named `` Baggins '' . Sauron sent the Nazgûl to the Shire , Bilbo 's home , where they found that both Bilbo and Frodo had left . The Nazgûl pursued and nearly killed Frodo , but they were defeated near Rivendell by the Elf - lord Glorfindel and by Aragorn , Isildur 's heir , whom Gandalf had sent to protect the Hobbits . In Rivendell , Elrond convened a high council of the peoples of Middle - earth to decide how to handle the crisis . The council determined that the Ring must be destroyed where it was forged , since it was utterly impervious to any other flame than the volcanic fires at its place of making , Orodruin . Frodo and Sam joined the Fellowship of the Ring , accepting the council 's mission to cast it into the volcano . The Fellowship was eventually broken when one of its members , Boromir , tried to take the Ring from Frodo ; in the ensuing chaos , Boromir was killed by Orcs , and Frodo and Sam went out on their own toward Mordor . In The Two Towers , Saruman used his own army on Sauron 's behalf and invaded Rohan . Gandalf , Théoden King of Rohan , and the Ents , led by Treebeard , finally defeated Saruman 's forces . His stronghold at Isengard was overthrown and Saruman left trapped within the Tower of Orthanc . Thus , one of Sauron 's most powerful allies was neutralized .", "17": "During Saruman 's confrontation with Gandalf , the palantír of Orthanc fell into the hands of the Fellowship , and Gandalf handed it over to Aragorn . In The Return of the King , Aragorn used it to show himself to Sauron ( who still controlled another Seeing Stone , presumably the one captured from Minas Ithil centuries earlier ) . Aragorn was leading Sauron to think that he now had the Ring and was preparing to turn its power against its maker . The Dark Lord was troubled by this revelation , and therefore attacked sooner than he had planned by sending an army to overthrow Minas Tirith , capital of Gondor . ( See Battle of the Pelennor Fields ) Immediately after the huge army left Mordor from the fortress of Minas Morgul , which was formerly Minas Ithil , Frodo and Sam attempted to enter Mordor through the pass of Cirith Ungol in the mountains above . They had been previously met by Gollum , whom Sauron had earlier released from captivity . For a while , Gollum had acted as a guide for Frodo and Sam . However , he finally betrayed them to Shelob -- a monstrous , spider - like creature that guarded the pass . ( Sauron is said to have called Shelob his `` cat '' , sending her the occasional prisoner to be devoured . ) In the end , Sam drove off both Gollum and Shelob , but Frodo had been stung by Shelob and appeared to have died from her venom . The Orcs found Frodo 's body and stripped him of his gear , but Sam ( thinking his friend dead ) had already secured the Ring . Frodo regained consciousness and was freed from the orcs by Sam , and the two started the grueling journey across the plains of Mordor towards Mount Doom . Aragorn marched on the Black Gate of Mordor with 7,000 men , knowing this force was far too small to actually defeat Sauron , but intending to cause a diversion to draw Sauron 's armies away while Frodo and Sam journeyed to Mount Doom . After a brief encounter with the Mouth of Sauron , the battle was joined and went very poorly for the outnumbered Gondor / Rohan armies .", "18": "Now wrongly convinced that Aragorn had the Ring , Sauron apparently reacted just as Gandalf had thought he would : `` I will crush him , and what he has taken in his insolence shall be mine again for ever . '' Even as the Captains of the West were about to be utterly defeated by the superior might of Sauron 's grand armies , Frodo reached his goal , entering the fiery interior of Mount Doom . However , his will failed at the last moment ; unable to resist the growing power of the Ring , he put it on his finger and claimed it for his own . Sauron was instantly aware of him , and his gaze turned immediately to the Door in the Mountain . Recalling his remaining Nazgûl from the ongoing battle , he commanded them to hasten to Mount Doom in a desperate attempt to secure the Ring . It was too late , however : Gollum attacked Frodo , bit the Ring from his finger , then lost his footing and fell with the Ring into the fire . With `` a roar and a great confusion of noise '' , the One Ring perished along with all the power Sauron had invested in it . Tolkien later commented in one of his letters that Gollum 's convenient slip was an immediate intervention by Eru himself : Gollum 's fate was `` bound up with that of the ring '' , as Gandalf predicted in the Mines of Moria . At the Ring 's destruction , Sauron 's power was immediately broken and his form in Middle - earth was destroyed . His departing spirit towered above Mordor like a black cloud , but was blown away by a powerful wind from the West ( the direction of the Blessed Realm and the Valar ) . His vast empires collapsed , his armies were defeated , the Dark Tower of Barad - dûr crumbled and the Nazgûl were consumed in a hail of fire from the Mountain as they flew towards it trying to save the Ring . Sauron himself was crippled beyond repair , putting an end to his long reign of terror . Gandalf had predicted what the destruction of the Ring would mean to Sauron : `` If it is destroyed , then he will fall , and his fall will be so low that none can foresee his arising ever again .", "19": "For he will lose the best part of the strength that was native to him in his beginning , and all that was made or begun with that power will crumble , and he will be maimed for ever , becoming a mere spirit of malice that gnaws itself in the shadows , but can not again grow or take shape . And so a great evil of this world will be removed . '' Names and titles ( edit ) In some of Tolkien 's notes , it is said that Sauron 's original name was Mairon or `` the admirable '' , `` but this was altered after he was suborned by Melkor . But he continued to call himself Mairon the Admirable , or Tar - Mairon `` King Excellent '' , until after the downfall of Númenor . '' The name Sauron ( from an earlier form Thauron ) originates from the adjective saura `` foul , putrid '' in Tolkien 's invented language of Quenya , and can be translated as `` the Abhorred '' or `` the Abomination '' . In Sindarin ( another Elf - language created by Tolkien ) he is called Gorthaur , `` the Abhorred Dread '' or `` the Dread Abomination '' . He is also called the Nameless Enemy . The Dúnedain ( the descendants of the Númenóreans ) call him `` Sauron the Deceiver '' due to his role in the Downfall of Númenor and the forging of the Rings of Power . In the Númenórean ( Adûnaic ) tongue he was also known as Zigûr , The Wizard . His two most common titles , the `` Dark Lord of Mordor '' and the `` Lord of the Rings '' , appear only a few times in The Lord of the Rings . His other titles or variants thereof include `` Base Master of Treachery '' , `` The Great Deceiver '' , the `` Dark Lord '' , the `` Dark Power '' , `` Lord of Barad - dûr '' , the `` Red Eye '' , the `` Ring - maker '' and the `` Sorcerer '' . In the First Age ( as detailed in The Silmarillion ) he was called the `` Lord of Werewolves '' of Tol - in - Gaurhoth .", "20": "In the Second Age he assumed the name Annatar , which means `` Lord of Gifts '' , and Aulendil , meaning `` Friend of Aulë '' , as well as Artano , meaning `` High - Smith '' , with which he assumed a new identity and tricked the Elves into working with him to create the Rings . In the Third Age he was known for a time as the Necromancer of Dol Guldur because his true identity was still unknown . Appearance ( edit ) Nowhere does Tolkien provide a detailed description of Sauron 's appearance during any of his incarnations . According to The Silmarillion , Sauron was initially able to change his appearance at will . In the beginning he assumed a beautiful form , but after switching his allegiance to Morgoth , he took a sinister shape . In the First Age , Gorlim was at one point brought into `` the dreadful presence of Sauron '' , but the only concrete hint about his appearance is a reference to his daunting eyes . As part of a plan to destroy Huan , Sauron took the form of the greatest werewolf in Middle - earth 's history . When the plan backfired , he assumed a serpent - like form , and finally changed back `` from monster to his own accustomed form '' . The implication is that his `` accustomed form '' was not , at least , overtly monstrous . It is understood to have been humanoid . Sauron took a beautiful appearance once again at the end of the First Age in an effort to charm Eönwë , near the beginning of the Second Age when appearing as Annatar to the Elves , and again near the end of the Second Age when corrupting the men of Númenor . One version of the story describes , in general terms , the impression Sauron made on the Númenóreans . He appeared `` as a man , or one in man 's shape , but greater than any even of the race of Númenor in stature ... And it seemed to men that Sauron was great , though they feared the light of his eyes . To many he appeared fair , to others terrible ; but to some evil . '' Like Morgoth , Sauron eventually lost the ability to change his physical form ( his hröa ) .", "21": "After the destruction of his fair form in the fall of Númenor , Sauron was unable to take a pleasing appearance or veil his power again . Thereafter , at the end of the Second Age and again in the Third , he always took the shape of a terrible dark lord . His first incarnation after the Downfall of Númenor was extremely hideous , `` an image of malice and hatred made visible '' . Isildur recorded that Sauron 's hand `` was black , and yet burned like fire ... '' . Gil - galad perished from Sauron 's heat . In one of his letters Tolkien states that Sauron had a physical form in the Third Age : ... in a tale which allows the incarnation of great spirits in a physical and destructible form their power must be far greater when actually physically present ... Sauron should be thought of as very terrible . The form that he took was that of a man of more than human stature , but not gigantic . Tolkien 's illustration of Sauron ( edit ) J.R.R. Tolkien : Artist and Illustrator includes a watercolour illustration of Sauron made by Tolkien himself ( shown at the top of the article ) . It appears to show a moment in the book occurring immediately after the destruction of the Ring , when the armies of the West saw a towering , dark shape above Mordor , stretching out a threatening arm towards them before the figure dissolved . Since the illustration refers to a more - or-less visionary moment and is moreover highly sketchy ( a second sketch of Sauron 's arm appears beneath the arm itself ) , the image should not necessarily be pressed too hard for details about Sauron 's appearance . The head , right arm and upper torso of an apparently humanoid figure are seen . The arm is black , the rest of the body is grey , except for a red eye . No other facial features can be made out . A series of spikes are visible on Sauron 's head , possibly suggesting a crown . The mountains of Mordor are seen under the outstretched arm , confirming the enormous size of Sauron 's final apparition . Eye of Sauron ( edit ) `` Eye of Sauron '' redirects here . For other uses , see Eye of Sauron ( disambiguation ) .", "22": "A flag displaying the Red Eye of Sauron ( based on a design by Tolkien ) Throughout The Lord of the Rings , `` the Eye '' ( the Red Eye , the Evil Eye , the Lidless Eye , the Great Eye ) is the image most often associated with Sauron . Sauron 's Orcs bore the symbol of the Eye on their helmets and shields , and referred to him as the `` Eye '' because he did not allow his name to be written or spoken , according to Aragorn ( a notable exception to this rule was his emissary , the Mouth of Sauron ) . Also , the Lord of the Nazgûl threatened Éowyn with torture before the `` Lidless Eye '' at the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . Frodo had a vision of the Eye in the Mirror of Galadriel : The Eye was rimmed with fire , but was itself glazed , yellow as a cat 's , watchful and intent , and the black slit of its pupil opened on a pit , a window into nothing . Later , Tolkien writes as if Frodo and Sam really glimpse the Eye directly . The mists surrounding Barad - dûr are briefly withdrawn , and : one moment only it stared out ... as from some great window immeasurably high there stabbed northward a flame of red , the flicker of a piercing Eye ... The Eye was not turned on them , it was gazing north ... but Frodo at that dreadful glimpse fell as one stricken mortally . This raises the question of whether an `` Eye '' was Sauron 's actual manifestation , or whether he had a body beyond the Eye . Gollum ( who was tortured by Sauron in person ) tells Frodo that Sauron has , at least , a `` Black Hand '' with four fingers . The missing finger was cut off when Isildur took the Ring , and the finger was still missing when Sauron reappeared centuries later . Tolkien writes in The Silmarillion that `` the Eye of Sauron the Terrible few could endure '' even before his body was lost in the War of the Last Alliance .", "23": "In the draft text of the climactic moments of The Lord of the Rings , `` the Eye '' stands for Sauron 's very person , with emotions and thoughts : The Dark Lord was suddenly aware of him ( Frodo ) , the Eye piercing all shadows ... Its wrath blazed like a sudden flame and its fear was like a great black smoke , for it knew its deadly peril , the thread upon which hung its doom ... ( I ) ts thought was now bent with all its overwhelming force upon the Mountain ... '' Christopher Tolkien comments : `` The passage is notable in showing the degree to which my father had come to identify the Eye of Barad - dûr with the mind and will of Sauron , so that he could speak of ' its wrath , its fear , its thought ' . In the second text ... he shifted from ' its ' to ' his ' as he wrote out the passage anew . '' Most adaptations of the story to visual media depict the Eye as visibly present . The film adaptations directed by Peter Jackson depict the Eye of Sauron as an all - seeing eye , and his prequel adaptation shows it as an extended aura about Sauron 's spiritual essence , which is a silhouette of his physical form and appears as the eye 's slit pupil . Concept and creation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Since the earliest versions of The Silmarillion legendarium as detailed in the History of Middle - earth series , Sauron underwent many changes . The prototype or precursor Sauron - figure was a giant monstrous cat , the Prince of Cats . Called Tevildo , Tifil and Tiberth among other names , this character played the role later taken by Sauron in the earliest version of the story of Beren and Tinúviel in The Book of Lost Tales . The Prince of Cats was later replaced by Thû , the Necromancer . The name was then changed to Gorthû , Sûr , and finally to Sauron . Gorthû , in the form Gorthaur remained in The Silmarillion ; both Thû and Sauron name the character in the Lay of Leithian .", "24": "The story of Beren and Lúthien also features the heroic hound Huan and involved the subtext of cats versus dogs in its earliest form . Later the cats were changed to wolves or werewolves , with the Sauron - figure becoming the Lord of Werewolves . Prior to the publication of The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) , Sauron 's origins and true identity were unclear to those without full access to Tolkien 's notes . In early editions of Robert Foster 's The Complete Guide to Middle - earth , Sauron is described as `` probably of the Eldar elves '' . Yet there were other critics who essentially hit the mark . As early as 1967 , W.H. Auden conjectured that Sauron might have been a Vala , long before it became known that Tolkien had indeed described him as `` a lesser member of the race of Valar '' ( see full quote above ) . Adaptations ( edit ) Sauron , portrayed by Sala Baker , in Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring In film versions of The Lord of the Rings , Sauron has been portrayed as either a humanoid creature ( as in Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated version , The Lord of the Rings ) or a physical , disembodied Eye ( as in the 1980 animated The Return of the King ) , or both . This last option is shown in the 2001 -- 2003 film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson , with Sauron voiced by Alan Howard . Here , Sauron is shown to have a large humanoid form during the forging of the Ring and up to his losing it , then being `` limited '' to the disembodied Eye form throughout the rest of the storyline . The 2014 video game Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor presents a related version of this premise . In the game , he regains his physical form sometime after his defeat at Dol Guldur , losing it once more . This depiction preserves continuity with Jackson 's film adaptations , at least -- if not with Tolkien canon .", "25": "Though the 1978 animated film and the 2001 live - action film both contain a prologue featuring the forging of the Rings of Power , the War of the Elves and Sauron goes unmentioned and the films jump straight to the much later War of the Last Alliance . In both , Sauron does not have the form he wore as `` Annatar '' when he forges the One Ring , but rather the one reflecting his identity as Dark Lord , and he is defeated by Isildur alone . In Jackson 's series , Sauron is originally portrayed as a towering `` black knight '' wielding a huge black mace ( reminiscent of Tolkien 's descriptions as well as conceptual artist John Howe 's illustrations of Morgoth ) ; in this form , he is portrayed by Sala Baker . While Tolkien never specifically discussed the type of armour , Sauron is shown in spiky plate armour of very high quality : it has very ornate filigree but is also quite functional . In the DVD commentary , the production team explained their intent was to represent Sauron 's great skill as a craftsman and ring - maker : Sauron was originally a maia spirit in service to the smith - vala Aulë , and thus was very wise in the lore of physical construction . Sauron may have fallen from his previously angelic state , but a shadow of his great skill in forging and construction remains , even though it has been twisted to making weapons of war . Thus they chose to depict Sauron as wearing frightening , but very high quality and ornate armour of his own creation . Sauron 's body disintegrates with explosive force after Isildur cuts off the Ring with the hilt - shard of the sword Narsil . Sauron 's spiritual essence remained intact as it eventually consolidates into the Eye of Sauron by the time of Barad - dûr 's restoration , stationing himself between the twin horn - like spires above the tower to scan Mordor like a searchlight . The effect in Mordor is seen as a red beam that moves across the land , forever probing . It also seems to be visible to Frodo ( and to see him in turn ) any time that he is wearing the Ring .", "26": "Pippin has a brief encounter with the Eye , after gazing into the palantír of Orthanc . In the extended edition of The Return of the King , Sauron 's humanoid form appears when Aragorn looks into the palantír . When the Ring is destroyed , the Eye of Sauron collapses in on itself , causing a massive shock wave that destroys his entire kingdom . In earlier versions of Jackson 's script , Sauron does indeed `` come forth '' at Aragorn 's challenge , and does battle with him : The extra materials published together with the extended DVD version of the third movie indicate as much . Scenes of the fight were shot , but later this idea was discarded and was replaced by a scene ( in the extended version ) where Aragorn kills the `` Mouth of Sauron '' ( a representative of Sauron ) before fighting a Mordor troll . In fact , the footage of the battle with the troll was the same footage of Aragorn fighting Sauron , with the CGI troll mapped over a painted - out Sauron , as seen in the DVD special features . In this abandoned scene , when Sauron first emerges from the Black Gate , he appears in his fair and seductive form as `` Annatar the Lord of Gifts '' , trying to entice Aragorn and the other leaders with offers of peace and dominion . When they reject him , he reverts to his true form , as seen in the prologue. Jackson said he removed the scene when he realized it was too much of a departure from the source material and thematically missed the point : the battle was supposed to be a selfless sacrifice by Aragorn and his army , and making it into a duel between Aragorn and Sauron made it more about personal glory . Sauron appears as The Necromancer ( a figure only incidentally mentioned by Gandalf in the original novel ) and one of the main antagonists in Jackson 's The Hobbit film adaptations where he is portrayed through voice and motion capture by Benedict Cumberbatch . The Necromancer appears briefly in The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey when Radagast the Brown enters Dol Guldur .", "27": "In The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , Jackson moves Gandalf 's decisive expedition to Dol Guldur forward in time to coincide with the Quest of Erebor . Sauron appears an amorphous entity of shadowy mist floating around in the ruins before he assumes his semi-physical form , and then manifests the Eye of Sauron while capturing Gandalf . In The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , and the extended edition of The Desolation of Smaug , Sauron is shown to have been behind Smaug 's actions as part of a grand scheme to restore the Kingdom of Angmar . However , the actions of Thorin Oakenshield and company forces Sauron to dispatch his Orc army to capture Erebor . During the third film , as his Orc army is nearing Erebor , Sauron appears before the White Council after they battle the nine Nazgûl and rescue Gandalf from Dol Guldur . He is rendered formless by Galadriel , who uses Eärendil 's Light to banish him and the Nazgûl back to Mordor . Sauron appears in merchandise of the Jackson films , including computer and video games . These include The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II ( where he was voiced by Fred Tatasciore ) , The Lord of the Rings : Tactics , and The Lord of the Rings : The Third Age . Sauron also appears as a playable character in the game The Lord of the Rings : Conquest , voiced by Jon Olson . Sauron is a playable character in Lego The Lord of the Rings . His Necromancer form is playable in Lego The Hobbit . He is further alluded to in Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor as the Black Hand of Sauron , the aspect of himself that resided within the hand cut off by Isildur during the War of the Last Alliance . While Sauron was voiced by Steven Blum , the Black Hand of Sauron was voiced by Nolan North . Sauron returns in the sequel Middle - earth : Shadow of War . Sauron appears as a boss in Lego Dimensions with the voice provided by Steve Blum once again .", "28": "He is one the villains serving Lord Vortech , and he takes over Superman 's hometown , Metropolis . He is stopped by Batman , Gandalf , and Wyldstyle , with Gandalf noting that his power is significantly decreased since he is not in his home realm , and is cleansed of the Locate Keystone . Similar to the movie , his armour crumbles up when he is defeated . The only difference is that he crumbles into a cube that is teleported back to Lord Vortech 's lair . The Lego Batman Movie portrays Sauron in his eye form , voiced by comedian Jemaine Clement . He appears as one of the villains imprisoned in the Phantom Zone who join with Joker to take over Gotham City . The Eye of Sauron causes mayhem in the city by spreading lava , and supports the takeover by being able to find anyone anywhere . He is accidentally destroyed by fire blast from the Kraken from Clash of the Titans when it was trying to shoot down the Batwing . Joker was devastated at this loss while Kraken sheepishly slips away quoting `` Nothing to see here . '' Allusions in other works ( edit ) The Eye of Sauron is mentioned in The Stand , a post-apocalyptic novel written by Stephen King . The villain Randall Flagg possesses an astral body in the form of an `` Eye '' akin to the Lidless Eye . The novel itself was conceived by King as a `` fantasy epic like The Lord of the Rings , only with an American setting '' . The idea of Sauron as a sleepless eye that watches and seeks the protagonists also influenced King 's epic fantasy series The Dark Tower ; its villain , the Crimson King , is a similarly disembodied evil presence whose icon is also an eye . In the Marvel Comics Universe , the supervillain Sauron , an enemy of the X-Men , names himself after the Tolkien character . In the comic series Fables , by Bill Willingham , one character is called `` The Adversary '' , an ambiguous figure of immense evil and power believed to be responsible for much of the misfortune in the Fables ' overall history . Willingham has stated `` The Adversary '' , in name and in character , was inspired by Sauron .", "29": "See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Fictional characters portal Akallabêth Dagor Bragollach `` Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age '' Morgoth War of the Ring Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is made clear in the chapter `` The Council of Elrond '' , where Glorfindel states that `` soon or late the Lord of the Rings would learn of its hiding place and would bend all his power towards it '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` the first syllable of Sauron is like English sour , not sore '' : J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1977 ) , The Silmarillion , London : George Allen & Unwin , Note on Pronunciation , p. 310 entry ' AU ' ; ISBN 0 04 823139 8 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , The Council of Elrond , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Monroe , Caroline . `` How Much Was Rowling Inspired by Tolkien ? '' . GreenBooks . TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 115 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 202 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 243 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed.", "30": ", Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 397 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 205 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 243 , footnote , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , from the chapter The Council of Elrond . Jump up ^ The story of the Song of Creation was presented by the Valar `` according to our ( the Elves ' ) modes of thought and our imagination of the visible world , in symbols that were intelligible to us '' . Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 407 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 Jump up ^ Ainulindalë Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 413 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 395 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p.", "31": "52 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Valaquenta , prefixed to The Silmarillion ^ Jump up to : Parma Eldalamberon # 17 , 2007 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age , in The Silmarillion Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 396 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 151 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1994 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The War of the Jewels , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 239 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 71041 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 420 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Valaquenta , `` Of the Enemies '' Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , pp. 420 -- 421 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Lost Road and Other Writings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 333 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 45519 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p.", "32": "404 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 190 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , pp. 397 -- 398 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 287 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 Jump up ^ Letters # 131 . Jump up ^ Letters , # 183 , p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 279 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1993 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Morgoth 's Ring , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 398 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 68092 - 1 Jump up ^ Letters , # 156 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Letters , # 211 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Letters , # 131 : Elendil and Gil - galad were `` slain in the act of slaying Sauron '' . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age , p. 294 . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Unfinished Tales , `` The disaster of the Gladden Fields '' , p. 275 . Jump up ^ All years here mentioned are based on the chronology set out in Appendixes A and B of LotR .", "33": "Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Unfinished Tales , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , Part III. IV , p. 353 , note 9 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 29917 - 9 . Christopher Tolkien quotes a letter by Tolkien describing Déagol and Sméagol as Stoors . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 214 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , `` The Council of Elrond '' , and Appendix B . Jump up ^ The Return of the King , Appendix A , `` The Stewards '' : `` In the last years of Denethor I the race of Uruks , black orcs of great strength , first appeared out of Mordor . '' ( Denethor I died in TA 2477 . ) Jump up ^ The Fellowship of the Ring , `` The Shadow of the Past '' ^ Jump up to : The Return of the King , `` The Last Debate '' . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , entry for thaur in the Appendix on Elvish names , p. 364 . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , chapter 19 Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , chapter 20 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1987 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Lost Road and Other Writings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , p. 67 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 45519 - 7 Jump up ^ Akallabêth Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 246 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Jump up ^ Hammond , Wayne G. ; Scull , Christina ( 1995 ) , J.R.R.", "34": "Tolkien : Artist and Illustrator , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 74816 - X Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Departure of Boromir '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Battle of the Pelennor Fields '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Mirror of Galadriel '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1955 ) , The Return of the King , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` Mount Doom '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08256 - 0 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` The Black Gate is Closed '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` Akallabêth '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1992 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , Sauron Defeated , Boston , New York , & London : Houghton Mifflin , , p. 38 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 60649 - 7 Jump up ^ W.H.", "35": "Auden , `` Good and Evil in The Lord of the Rings '' , Tolkien Journal , III : I ( 1967 ) , pp. 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ The Eye of Sauron -- J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Return of the King Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTDJyCUAvdA Jump up ^ http://www.sherlockology.com/news/2012/10/7/cheltenham-festival-07102012 Jump up ^ King , Stephen . `` Stand : The Complete & Uncut Edition , The '' . stephenking.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Magistrale , Tony ( December 21 , 2009 ) . Stephen King : America 's Storyteller . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0313352287 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ X-Men # 60 ( September , 1969 ) Jump up ^ O'Shea , Tom ( 2003 ) . `` '' This is a Wonderful Job `` : An Orca Q&A with Fables ' Bill Willingham '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Interview with Bill Willingham External links ( edit ) Sauron on IMDb `` Sauron '' . Tolkien Gateway . Sauron at the Encyclopedia of Arda Sauron at The Thain 's Book Sauron at the Ardapedia Ainur from J.R.R.", "36": "Tolkien 's legendarium Ainulindalë ( Music of the Ainur ) Valaquenta ( Tale of the Valar ) Lords of the Valar Manwë Ulmo Aulë Oromë Mandos ( Námo ) Lórien ( Irmo ) Tulkas Queens of the Valar Varda Yavanna Nienna Estë Vairë Vána Nessa The Enemy Morgoth ( Melkor ) Maiar Eönwë Ilmarë Ossë Uinen Salmar Sauron Melian Arien Tilion Wizards Saruman ( Curunír ) Gandalf ( Olórin ) Radagast ( Aiwendil ) Blue Wizards Balrogs Gothmog Durin 's Bane J.R.R.", "37": "Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship !", "38": "( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "39": "php?title=Sauron&oldid=837577978 '' Categories : Bearers of the One Ring The Lord of the Rings characters Characters in The Silmarillion Fictional characters introduced in 1937 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional dictators Fictional necromancers Fictional warlords Literary villains Middle - earth Maiar Middle - earth rulers Fictional demons and devils Fictional mass murderers Video game bosses Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English Oxford spelling from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 18 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 39, 0, 5, 27, 10, 25, 24, 19, 22, 36, 18, 37, 6, 13, 8, 14, 29, 12, 1, 15, 9, 26, 21, 11, 28, 16, 20, 4, 35, 7, 3, 17, 23, 32, 34, 2, 33, 30, 31, 38 ]	[ 39, 0, 5, 27, 10 ]
-6280343799051483232	philadelphia is known as the city of what	[ "Brotherly Love", "Brotherly Love", "Brotherly Love", "City of Brotherly Love", "Brotherly Love" ]	{ "0": "Philadelphia - wikipedia Philadelphia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Pennsylvania city . For other uses , see Philadelphia ( disambiguation ) . `` Philly '' redirects here . For other uses , see Philly ( disambiguation ) . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Consolidated city - county City of Philadelphia Clockwise from top : Philadelphia skyline ( 2015 ) ; City Hall ; Elfreth 's Alley ; paifang in Chinatown ; Ben Franklin Bridge ; SS United States at Port of Philadelphia ; College Hall at Penn ; Museum of Art ; Liberty Bell and Independence Hall Flag Seal Etymology : Ancient Greek : φίλος phílos ( beloved , dear ) and ἀδελφός adelphós ( brother , brotherly ) Nickname ( s ) : `` Philly '' , `` City of Brotherly Love '' , `` The Athens of America '' more ... Motto ( s ) : `` Philadelphia maneto '' ( `` Let brotherly love endure '' or `` ... continue '' ) Location of Philadelphia in Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania . Philadelphia Location in the United States Philadelphia Philadelphia ( the US ) Show map of Pennsylvania Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.009376 ° N 75.133346 ° W / 40.009376 ; - 75.133346 Coordinates : 40 ° 00 ′ 34 '' N 75 ° 08 ′ 00 '' W / 40.009376 ° N 75.133346 ° W / 40.009376 ; - 75.133346 Country United States Commonwealth Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Historic countries Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain Historic colony Province of Pennsylvania Founded October 27 , 1682 Incorporated October 25 , 1701 Founded by William Penn Government Type Mayor -- Council Body Philadelphia City Council Mayor Jim Kenney ( D ) Area Consolidated city - county 142.71 sq mi ( 369.62 km ) Land 134.18 sq mi ( 347.52 km ) Water 8.53 sq mi ( 22.", "1": "09 km ) Elevation 39 ft ( 12 m ) Population ( 2016 ) Consolidated city - county 1,567,872 Estimate ( 2016 ) 1,567,872 Rank US : 6th Density 11,685.02 / sq mi ( 4,511.61 / km ) Metro 6,069,875 ( US : 7th ) CSA 7,183,479 ( US : 8th ) Demonym Philadelphian Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 19092 - 19093 , 19099 , 191xx Area code ( s ) 215 , 267 , 445 FIPS code 42 - 60000 GNIS feature ID 1215531 Website www.phila.gov Philadelphia ( / ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə / ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the sixth-most populous city in the United States , with an estimated population of 1,567,872 and more than 6 million in the seventh - largest metropolitan statistical area , as of 2016 . Philadelphia is the economic and cultural anchor of the Delaware Valley , located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers , within the Northeast megalopolis . The Delaware Valley 's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth - largest combined statistical area in the United States . William Penn , an English Quaker , founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony . Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States , who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress , and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 . Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress , the preservation of the Liberty Bell , the Battle of Germantown , and the Siege of Fort Mifflin . Philadelphia was one of the nation 's capitals during the revolution , and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington , D.C. , was under construction .", "2": "In the 19th century , Philadelphia became a major industrial center and a railroad hub . The city grew from an influx of European immigrants , most of whom came from Ireland , Italy and Germany -- the three largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015 . In the early 20th century , Philadelphia became a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration after the Civil War , as well as Puerto Ricans . The city 's population doubled from one million to two million people between 1890 and 1950 . The Philadelphia area 's many universities and colleges make it a top study destination , as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub . According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis , the Philadelphia area had a gross domestic product of US $431 billion in 2016 , the eighth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and is home to five Fortune 1000 companies . The Philadelphia skyline is expanding , with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 , including several nationally prominent skyscrapers . Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city . Fairmount Park , when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The city is known for its arts , culture , and colonial history which attracted 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent $6.8 billion , generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania . Philadelphia has also emerged as a biotechnology hub . Philadelphia is the birthplace of the United States Marine Corps , and is also the home of many U.S. firsts , including the first library ( 1731 ) , hospital ( 1751 ) , medical school ( 1765 ) , national capital ( 1774 ) , stock exchange ( 1790 ) , zoo ( 1874 ) , and business school ( 1881 ) . Philadelphia contains 67 National Historic Landmarks and the World Heritage Site of Independence Hall . The city became a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities in 2015 , as the first World Heritage City in the United States .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Cityscape 2.2. 1 City planning 2.2. 2 Architecture 2.3 Climate 2.3. 1 Air quality 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 3.2 Languages 3.3 Dialect 4 Economy 5 Culture 5.1 Arts 5.2 Music 5.3 Cuisine 6 Sports 6.1 Olympic bidding 7 Parks 8 Law and government 8.1 Courts 8.2 Politics 8.3 Crime 9 Education 9.1 Primary and secondary education 9.2 Higher education 10 Media 10.1 Newspapers 10.2 Radio 10.3 Television 11 Infrastructure 11.1 Transportation 11.1. 1 Airports 11.1. 2 Roads 11.1. 3 Bus service 11.1. 4 Rail 11.1. 5 Walk Score ranks 11.2 Utilities 12 Notable people 13 Sister Cities 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links History Main articles : History of Philadelphia and Timeline of Philadelphia An 18th - century map of Philadelphia , circa 1752 Before Europeans arrived , the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape ( Delaware ) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon . The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government . They are also called Delaware Indians , and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed , western Long Island , and the Lower Hudson Valley . Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies , exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts . Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases , mainly smallpox , and violent conflict with Europeans . Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape . Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin . The American Revolutionary War and United States ' independence pushed them further west .", "4": "In the 1860s , the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma and surrounding territory ) under the Indian removal policy . In the 21st century , most Lenape reside in Oklahoma , with some communities living also in Wisconsin , Ontario ( Canada ) and their traditional homelands . Europeans came to the Delaware Valley in the early 17th century , with the first settlements founded by the Dutch , who in 1623 built Fort Nassau on the Delaware River opposite the Schuylkill River in what is now Brooklawn , New Jersey . The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony . In 1638 , Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina ( present - day Wilmington , Delaware ) and quickly spread out in the valley . In 1644 , New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their military defeat of the English colony of Maryland . In 1648 , the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware , south of the Schuylkill near the present - day Eastwick neighborhood , to reassert their dominion over the area . The Swedes responded by building Fort Nya Korsholm , or New Korsholm , after a town in Finland with a Swedish majority . In 1655 , a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director - General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony , ending its claim to independence . The Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to have their own militia , religion , and court , and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch . The English conquered the New Netherland colony in 1664 , though the situation did not change substantially until 1682 when the area was included in William Penn 's charter for Pennsylvania . In 1681 , in partial repayment of a debt , Charles II of England granted Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony . Despite the royal charter , Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony . Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon , in what is now the city 's Fishtown neighborhood .", "5": "Penn named the city Philadelphia , which is Greek for brotherly love , derived from the Ancient Greek terms φίλος phílos ( beloved , dear ) and ἀδελφός adelphós ( brother , brotherly ) . As a Quaker , Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely . This tolerance , far more than afforded by most other colonies , led to better relations with the local native tribes and fostered Philadelphia 's rapid growth into America 's most important city . Benjamin Franklin , 1777 Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government . Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city , Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart , with areas for gardens and orchards . The city 's inhabitants did not follow Penn 's plans , however , as they crowded by the Delaware River port , and subdivided and resold their lots . Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time , he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city . Though poor at first , the city became an important trading center with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s . Benjamin Franklin , a leading citizen , helped improve city services and founded new ones , such as fire protection , a library , and one of the American colonies ' first hospitals . A number of philosophical societies were formed , which were centers of the city 's intellectual life : the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture ( 1785 ) , the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts ( 1787 ) , the Academy of Natural Sciences ( 1812 ) , and the Franklin Institute ( 1824 ) . These societies developed and financed new industries , attracting skilled and knowledgeable immigrants from Europe . Philadelphia 's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for America 's revolutionaries . By the 1750s , Philadelphia had surpassed Boston to become the largest city and busiest port in British America , and second in the British Empire after London .", "6": "The city hosted the First Continental Congress ( 1774 ) before the Revolutionary War ; the Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 76 ) , which signed the United States Declaration of Independence , during the war ; and the Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) after the war . Several battles were fought in and near Philadelphia as well . President 's House -- the presidential mansion of George Washington and John Adams , 1790 -- 1800 Philadelphia served as the temporary capital of the United States while the new capital was under construction in the District of Columbia from 1790 to 1800 . In 1793 , the largest yellow fever epidemic in U.S. history killed approximately 4,000 to 5,000 people in Philadelphia , or about 10 % of the city 's population . The state capital was moved to Lancaster in 1799 , then Harrisburg in 1812 , while the federal government was moved to Washington , D.C. in 1800 upon completion of the White House and U.S. Capitol building . The city remained the young nation 's largest until the late 18th century , being both a financial and a cultural center for America . In 1816 , the city 's free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) , the first independent black denomination in the country , and the first black Episcopal Church . The free black community also established many schools for its children , with the help of Quakers . New York City surpassed Philadelphia in population by 1790 . Large - scale construction projects for new roads , canals , and railroads made Philadelphia the first major industrial city in the United States . Throughout the 19th century , Philadelphia hosted a variety of industries and businesses , the largest being textiles . Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the Baldwin Locomotive Works , William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company , and the Pennsylvania Railroad . Industry , along with the U.S. Centennial , was celebrated in 1876 with the Centennial Exposition , the first official World 's Fair in the United States . Immigrants , mostly from Ireland and Germany , settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts . These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835 , in which workers in the city won the ten - hour workday .", "7": "The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s ; housing for them was developed south of South Street and later occupied by succeeding immigrants . They established a network of Catholic churches and schools and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades . Anti-Irish , anti-Catholic nativist riots erupted in Philadelphia in 1844 . The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854 , which extended the city limits from the 2 square miles ( 5.2 km ) of Center City to the roughly 134 square miles ( 350 km ) of Philadelphia County . In the latter half of the century , immigrants from Russia , Eastern Europe and Italy , and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city . Philadelphia was represented by the Washington Grays in the American Civil War . The African - American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 between 1880 and 1930 . Twentieth - century black newcomers were part of the Great Migration out of the rural south to northern and midwestern industrial cities . The Birth of Pennsylvania , 1680 , by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris - William Penn , holding paper , and King Charles II Penn 's Treaty with the Indians by Benjamin West John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence - the Committee of Five presents their draft in Independence Hall , June 28 , 1776 . Opening day ceremonies at the Centennial Exhibition at Memorial Hall , 1876 - first World 's Fair in the United States By the 20th century , Philadelphia had become known as `` corrupt and contented '' , with an entrenched Republican political machine and a complacent population . The first major reform came in 1917 when outrage over the election - year murder of a police officer led to the shrinking of the City Council from two houses to just one . In July 1919 , Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot of ethnic whites against blacks during Red Summer , in post-World War I unrest , as recent immigrants competed with blacks for jobs . In the 1920s , the public flouting of Prohibition laws , organized crime , mob violence , and police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brig. Gen. Smedley Butler of the U.S.", "8": "Marine Corps as director of public safety , but political pressure prevented any long - term success in fighting crime and corruption . In 1940 , non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8 % of the city 's population . The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950 , then began to decline with the restructuring of industry , which led to the loss of many middle - class union jobs . In addition , suburbanization had enticed many of the more affluent residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing . The resulting reduction in Philadelphia 's tax base and the resources of local government caused the city to struggle through a long period of adjustment , with it approaching bankruptcy by the late 1980s . Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century , with much of the development occurring in the Center City and University City neighborhoods . After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down , the city started attracting service businesses and began to market itself more aggressively as a tourist destination . Glass - and - granite skyscrapers were built in Center City beginning in the 1980s . Historic areas such as Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s , making those areas among the most desirable neighborhoods in Center City . These developments have begun a reversal of the city 's population decline between 1950 and 2000 during which it lost about one - quarter of its residents . The city eventually began experiencing a growth in its population in 2007 , which has continued with gradual yearly increases to the present . Geography Landsat simulated - color image of Philadelphia and the Delaware River Topography The geographic center of Philadelphia is located approximately at 40 ° 0 ′ 34 '' north latitude and 75 ° 8 ′ 0 '' west longitude . The 40th parallel north passes through neighborhoods in Northeast Philadelphia , North Philadelphia , and West Philadelphia including Fairmount Park . The city encompasses 142.71 square miles ( 369.62 km ) , of which 134.18 square miles ( 347.52 km ) is land and 8.53 square miles ( 22.09 km ) , or 6 % , is water .", "9": "Natural bodies of water include the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers , the lakes in Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park , and Cobbs , Wissahickon , and Pennypack creeks . The largest artificial body of water is the East Park Reservoir in Fairmount Park . The lowest point is 10 feet ( 3 m ) above sea level , while the highest point is in Chestnut Hill , about 445 feet ( 136 m ) above sea level near the intersection of Germantown Avenue and Bethlehem Pike . Philadelphia is situated on the Fall Line that separates the Atlantic coastal plain from the Piedmont . The rapids on the Schuylkill River at East Falls were inundated by the completion of the dam at the Fairmount Water Works . The city is the seat of its own county . The adjacent counties are Montgomery to the northwest ; Bucks to the north and northeast ; Burlington County , New Jersey , to the east ; Camden County , New Jersey , to the southeast ; Gloucester County , New Jersey , to the south ; and Delaware County to the southwest . Cityscape Center City skyline from the east across the Delaware River in Camden , New Jersey , 2018 ( annotated version ) Skyline at twilight from the southwest on the South Street Bridge , 2016 ( annotated version ) Skyline at night from the northwest at Boathouse Row , 2017 ( annotated version ) City planning See also : List of Philadelphia neighborhoods A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia , by Thomas Holme -- the first map of Philadelphia , ca . 1683 Philadelphia 's central city was created in the 17th century following the plan by William Penn 's surveyor Thomas Holme . Center City is structured with long straight streets running nearly due east - west and north - south , forming a grid pattern between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers that is aligned with their courses . The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire . Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824 ( new names in parenthesis ) : Centre Square ( Penn Square ) , Northeast Square ( Franklin Square ) , Southeast Square ( Washington Square ) , Southwest Square ( Rittenhouse Square ) , and Northwest Square ( Logan Circle / Square ) .", "10": "Center City had an estimated 183,240 residents as of 2015 , making it the second-most populated downtown area in the United States , after Midtown Manhattan in New York City . Philadelphia 's neighborhoods are divided into large sections -- North , Northeast , South , Southwest Philadelphia , West , and Northwest -- surrounding Center City , which corresponds closely with the city 's limits before consolidation in 1854 . Each of these large areas contains numerous neighborhoods , some of whose boundaries derive from the boroughs , townships , and other communities that constituted Philadelphia County before their inclusion within the city . The City Planning Commission , tasked with guiding growth and development of the city , has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan . Much of the city 's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 to 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter . The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning maps in order to facilitate future community development , as the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs will be added by 2035 . The Philadelphia Housing Authority is the largest landlord in Pennsylvania . Established in 1937 , it is the nation 's fourth - largest housing authority , housing about 84,000 people and employing 1,250 . In 2013 , its budget was $371 million . The Philadelphia Parking Authority works to ensure adequate parking for city residents , businesses and visitors . Architecture Main articles : Architecture of Philadelphia and List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia Juxtaposition of architectural styles in Center City , showing One Liberty Place and City Hall Philadelphia 's architectural history dates back to colonial times and includes a wide range of styles . The earliest structures were constructed with logs , but brick structures were common by 1700 . During the 18th century , the cityscape was dominated by Georgian architecture , including Independence Hall and Christ Church . In the first decades of the 19th century , Federal and Greek Revival architecture were the dominant styles produced by Philadelphia architects such as Benjamin Latrobe , William Strickland , John Haviland , John Notman , Thomas Walter , and Samuel Sloan . Frank Furness is considered Philadelphia 's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century . His contemporaries included John McArthur Jr.", "11": ", Addison Hutton , Wilson Eyre , the Wilson Brothers , and Horace Trumbauer . In 1871 , construction began on the Second Empire - style Philadelphia City Hall . The Philadelphia Historical Commission was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city . The commission maintains the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places , adding historic buildings , structures , sites , objects and districts as it sees fit . In 1932 , Philadelphia became home to the first modern International Style skyscraper in the United States , the PSFS Building , designed by George Howe and William Lescaze . The 548 ft ( 167 m ) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when One Liberty Place was completed . Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Center City beginning in the late 1980s . In 2007 , the Comcast Center surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city 's tallest building . The Comcast Technology Center is under construction in Center City with an expected completion in 2018 . The new tower will reach a height of 1,121 ft ( 342 m ) , and will be the tallest building in the United States outside of Manhattan and Chicago . For much of Philadelphia 's history , the typical home has been the row house . The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and , for a time , row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as `` Philadelphia rows '' . A variety of row houses are found throughout the city , from Federal - style continuous blocks in Old City and Society Hill to Victorian - style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia . While newer homes have been built recently , much of the housing dates to the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries , which has created problems such as urban decay and vacant lots . Some neighborhoods , including Northern Liberties and Society Hill , have been rehabilitated through gentrification .", "12": "Elfreth 's Alley , `` Our nation 's oldest residential street '' , dating to 1702 Second Bank of the United States exhibiting Greek Revival architecture , 1824 Second Empire - style Philadelphia City Hall , 1871 -- 1901 , from N. Broad Street Delancey Street row homes in Society Hill exhibiting Federal architecture Climate Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 40 26 2.7 44 28 3.8 53 34 3.6 64 44 3.7 74 54 3.4 83 64 4.4 87 69 3.5 85 68 3.8 78 60 3.2 67 48 56 39 3.6 45 30 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 77 5 − 4 67 7 − 2 96 12 90 18 7 94 23 12 87 28 18 110 31 21 89 30 20 96 26 16 81 19 9 76 13 90 7 − 1 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm According to the Köppen climate classification , Philadelphia falls under the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone ( Köppen Cfa ) , whereas according to the Trewartha climate classification , the city has a temperate maritime climate ( Do ) . Summers are typically hot and muggy , fall and spring are generally mild , and winter is moderately cold . The plant life hardiness zones are 7a and 7b , representing an average annual extreme minimum temperature between 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) and 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) . Snowfall is highly variable with some winters having only light snow while others include major snowstorms .", "13": "The normal seasonal snowfall averages 22.4 in ( 57 cm ) , with rare snowfalls in November or April , and rarely any sustained snow cover . Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from trace amounts in 1972 -- 73 to 78.7 inches ( 200 cm ) in the winter of 2009 -- 10 . The city 's heaviest single - storm snowfall was 30.7 in ( 78 cm ) which occurred in January 1996 . Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year , with eight to eleven wet days per month , at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches ( 1,050 mm ) , but historically ranging from 29.31 in ( 744 mm ) in 1922 to 64.33 in ( 1,634 mm ) in 2011 . The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28 , 2013 when 8.02 in ( 204 mm ) fell at Philadelphia International Airport . Philadelphia has a moderately sunny climate with an average of 2,500 hours of sunshine annually , and a percentage of sunshine ranging from 47 % in December to 61 % in June , July , and August . The January daily average temperature is 33.0 ° F ( 0.6 ° C ) , though the temperature frequently rises to 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) during thaws and dips to 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) for 2 or 3 nights in a normal winter . July averages 78.1 ° F ( 25.6 ° C ) , although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent , with highs reaching or exceeding 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on 27 days of the year . The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2 , allowing a growing season of 217 days . Early fall and late winter are generally dry with February having the lowest average precipitation at 2.64 inches ( 67 mm ) . The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 ° F ( 15 ° C ) and 64.5 ° F ( 18 ° C ) .", "14": "The highest recorded temperature was 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on August 7 , 1918 , but temperatures at or above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) are not common . The lowest officially recorded temperature was − 11 ° F ( − 24 ° C ) on February 9 , 1934 . Temperatures at or below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) are rare with the last such occurrence being January 19 , 1994 . The record low maximum is 5 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) on February 10 , 1899 , and December 30 , 1880 , while the record high minimum is 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) on July 23 , 2011 , and July 24 , 2010 . ( show ) Climate data for Philadelphia ( Philadelphia Airport ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1872 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 74 ( 23 ) 79 ( 26 ) 87 ( 31 ) 95 ( 35 ) 97 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 104 ( 40 ) 106 ( 41 ) 102 ( 39 ) 96 ( 36 ) 84 ( 29 ) 73 ( 23 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 62.7 ( 17.1 ) 73.6 ( 23.1 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 89.1 ( 31.7 ) 94.2 ( 34.6 ) 96.4 ( 35.8 ) 94.7 ( 34.8 ) 89.8 ( 32.1 ) 81.7 ( 27.6 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 63.5 ( 17.5 ) 97.5 ( 36.4 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 40.3 ( 4.", "15": "6 ) 43.8 ( 6.6 ) 52.7 ( 11.5 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 73.8 ( 23.2 ) 82.7 ( 28.2 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 85.3 ( 29.6 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 64.6 ( 18.1 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 33.0 ( 0.6 ) 35.7 ( 2.1 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.9 ( 17.7 ) 73.3 ( 22.9 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 76.6 ( 24.8 ) 69.1 ( 20.6 ) 57.5 ( 14.2 ) 47.6 ( 8.7 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 55.9 ( 13.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 25.6 ( − 3.6 ) 27.7 ( − 2.4 ) 34.4 ( 1.3 ) 44.1 ( 6.7 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 69.2 ( 20.7 ) 67.9 ( 19.9 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 39.2 ( 4 ) 30.1 ( − 1.1 ) 47.1 ( 8.4 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 8.7 ( − 12.9 ) 12.7 ( − 10.7 ) 19.4 ( − 7 ) 31.6 ( − 0.2 ) 42.", "16": "0 ( 5.6 ) 52.2 ( 11.2 ) 59.8 ( 15.4 ) 57.8 ( 14.3 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 26.0 ( − 3.3 ) 15.8 ( − 9 ) 6.4 ( − 14.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 7 ( − 22 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) 5 ( − 15 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 44 ( 7 ) 51 ( 11 ) 44 ( 7 ) 35 ( 2 ) 25 ( − 4 ) 8 ( − 13 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) − 11 ( − 24 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.03 ( 77 ) 2.65 ( 67.3 ) 3.79 ( 96.3 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 3.71 ( 94.2 ) 3.43 ( 87.1 ) 4.35 ( 110.5 ) 3.50 ( 88.9 ) 3.78 ( 96 ) 3.18 ( 80.8 ) 2.99 ( 75.9 ) 3.56 ( 90.4 ) 41.53 ( 1,054.9 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 6.5 ( 16.5 ) 8.8 ( 22.4 ) 2.9 ( 7.4 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 3.4 ( 8.6 ) 22.4 ( 56.9 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.", "17": "6 9.4 10.5 11.3 11.1 9.8 9.9 8.4 8.7 8.6 9.3 10.6 118.2 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 4.4 3.6 1.8 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.8 12.2 Average relative humidity ( % ) 66.2 63.6 61.7 60.4 65.4 67.8 69.6 70.4 71.6 70.8 68.4 67.7 67.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.7 154.7 202.8 217.0 245.1 271.2 275.6 260.1 219.3 204.5 154.7 137.7 2,498.4 Percent possible sunshine 52 52 55 55 55 61 61 61 59 59 52 47 56 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Air quality Philadelphia County received an ozone grade of F and a 24 - hour particle pollution rating of D in the American Lung Association 's 2017 State of the Air report , which analyzed data from 2013 -- 15 . The city was ranked 22nd for ozone , 20th for short - term particle pollution , and 11th for year - round particle pollution . According to the same report , the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001 -- from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10 -- along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000 -- from about 19 days per year to about 3 -- and an approximate 30 % reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000 .", "18": "Five of the ten largest combined statistical areas ( CSAs ) were ranked higher for ozone : Los Angeles ( 1st ) , New York City ( 9th ) , Houston ( 12th ) , Dallas ( 13th ) , and San Jose ( 18th ) . Many smaller CSAs were also ranked higher for ozone including Sacramento ( 8th ) , Las Vegas ( 10th ) , Denver ( 11th ) , El Paso ( 16th ) , and Salt Lake City ( 20th ) ; however , only two of those same ten CSAs -- San Jose and Los Angeles -- were ranked higher than Philadelphia for both year - round and short - term particle pollution . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Philadelphia See also : History of the Irish Americans in Philadelphia , History of the Italian Americans in Philadelphia , History of the Jews in Philadelphia , and LGBT culture in Philadelphia Historical population Year Pop .", "19": "± % 1683 600 -- 1731 12,000 + 1900.0 % 1790 28,522 + 137.7 % 1800 41,220 + 44.5 % 1810 53,722 + 30.3 % 1820 63,802 + 18.8 % 1830 80,462 + 26.1 % 1840 93,665 + 16.4 % 1850 121,376 + 29.6 % 1860 565,529 + 365.9 % 1870 674,022 + 19.2 % 1880 847,170 + 25.7 % 1890 1,046,964 + 23.6 % 1900 1,293,697 + 23.6 % 1910 1,549,008 + 19.7 % 1920 1,823,779 + 17.7 % 1930 1,950,961 + 7.0 % 1940 1,931,334 − 1.0 % 1950 2,071,605 + 7.3 % 1960 2,002,512 − 3.3 % 1970 1,948,609 − 2.7 % 1980 1,688,210 − 13.4 % 1990 1,585,577 − 6.1 % 2000 1,517,550 − 4.3 % 1,526,006 + 0.6 % 2016 1,567,872 + 2.7 % Populations for City of Philadelphia , not for Philadelphia County .", "20": "Population for Philadelphia County was 54,388 ( including 42,520 urban ) in 1790 ; 81,009 ( including 69,403 urban ) in 1800 ; 111,210 ( including 91,874 urban ) in 1810 ; 137,097 ( including 112,772 urban ) in 1820 ; 188,797 ( including 161,410 urban ) in 1830 ; 258,037 ( including 220,423 urban ) in 1840 ; and 408,762 ( including 340,045 urban ) in 1850 . Under Act of Consolidation , 1854 , City of Philadelphia absorbed the various districts , boroughs , townships , other suburbs , and remaining rural area in Philadelphia County as the consolidated City and County of Philadelphia . Source : According to the 2016 United States Census Bureau estimate , there were 1,567,872 people residing in Philadelphia , representing a 2.7 % increase from the 2010 census . After the 1950 Census , when a record high of 2,071,605 was recorded , the city 's population began a long decline . The population dropped to a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again . From 2006 to 2016 , Philadelphia added 79,162 residents . In 2015 , the Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of the city was 41.5 % Black ( non-Hispanic ) , 35.8 % White ( non-Hispanic ) , 13.4 % Hispanic or Latino , 6.8 % Asian , 0.2 % Native Americans , 0.03 % Pacific Islanders , and 2.0 % multiracial .", "21": "( hide ) Census racial composition 2015 * 2000 1990 1980 1970 Black ( includes Black Hispanics ) 42.8 % 43.4 % 43.2 % 39.9 % 37.8 % 33.6 % -- non-Hispanic Black 41.5 % 42.2 % 42.6 % 39.3 % 37.5 % 33.3 % White ( includes White Hispanics ) 41.7 % 41.0 % 45.0 % 53.5 % 58.2 % 65.6 % -- non-Hispanic White 35.8 % 36.9 % 42.5 % 52.1 % 57.1 % 63.8 Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 13.4 % 12.3 % 8.5 % 5.6 % 3.8 % 2.4 % Asian 6.8 % 6.3 % 4.5 % 2.7 % 1.1 % 0.3 % Pacific Islanders 0.03 % 0.05 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Native Americans 0.2 % 0.5 % 0.3 % 0.2 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races 2.0 % 2.8 % 2.2 % n / a n / a n / a * 2015 figures are estimates Map of racial distribution in Philadelphia , 2010 Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic , or Other .", "22": "The 2010 Census redistricting data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 644,287 ( 42.2 % ) Black ( non-Hispanic ) , 562,585 ( 36.9 % ) White ( non-Hispanic ) , 96,405 ( 6.3 % ) Asian ( 2.0 % Chinese , 1.2 % Indian , 0.9 % Vietnamese , 0.4 % Korean , 0.3 % Filipino , 0.1 % Japanese , and 1.4 % other ) , 6,996 ( 0.5 % ) Native Americans , 744 ( 0.05 % ) Pacific Islanders , and 43,070 ( 2.8 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons ( 12.3 % ) ; 8.0 % of Philadelphia is Puerto Rican , 1.0 % Mexican , 0.3 % Cuban , and 3.0 % other . The racial breakdown of Philadelphia 's Hispanic / Latino population was 63,636 ( 33.9 % ) White , 17,552 ( 9.4 % ) Black , 3,498 ( 1.9 % ) Native American , 884 ( 0.47 % ) Asian , 287 ( 0.15 % ) Pacific Islander , 86,626 ( 46.2 % ) from other races , and 15,128 ( 8.1 % ) from two or more races . The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 Census included Irish ( 13.0 % ) , Italian ( 8.3 % ) , German ( 8.2 % ) , Polish ( 3.9 % ) , and English ( 3.1 % ) . The average population density was 11,457 people per square mile ( 4,405.4 / km2 ) . The Census Bureau reported that 1,468,623 people ( 96.2 % of the population ) lived in households , 38,007 ( 2.5 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 19,376 ( 1.3 % ) were institutionalized .", "23": "In 2013 , the city reported having 668,247 total housing units , down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010 . As of 2013 , 87 percent of housing units were occupied , while 13 percent were vacant , a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied , or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant , or 70,435 . Of the city 's residents , 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available , as of 2013 . In 2010 , 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them , 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present , 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present , and 43.2 percent were non-families . The city reported 34.1 percent of all households were made up of individuals while 10.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20 . In 2013 , the percentage of women who gave birth in the previous 12 months who were unmarried was 56 percent . Of Philadelphia 's adults , 31 percent were married or lived as a couple , 55 percent were not married , 11 percent were divorced or separated , and 3 percent were widowed . According to the Census Bureau , the median household income in 2013 was $36,836 , down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the median household income was $40,008 ( in 2013 dollars ) . For comparison , the median household income among metropolitan areas was $60,482 , down 8.2 percent in the same period , and the national median household income was $55,250 , down 7.0 percent from 2008 . The city 's wealth disparity is evident when neighborhoods are compared . Residents in Society Hill had a median household income of $93,720 while residents in one of North Philadelphia 's districts reported the lowest median household income , $14,185 . During the last decade , Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile .", "24": "In 2000 , the city 's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape . In 2013 , the city took on an expansive pyramid shape , with an increase in the three millennial age groups , 20 to 24 , 25 to 29 , and 30 to 34 . The city 's 25 - to 29 - year - old age group was the city 's largest age cohort . According to the 2010 Census , 343,837 ( 22.5 % ) were under the age of 18 ; 203,697 ( 13.3 % ) from 18 to 24 ; 434,385 ( 28.5 % ) from 25 to 44 ; 358,778 ( 23.5 % ) from 45 to 64 ; and 185,309 ( 12.1 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33.5 years . For every 100 females there were 89.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 85.7 males . The city had 22,018 births in 2013 , down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008 . Philadelphia 's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half - century , 13,691 deaths in 2013 . Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia 's immigration rate . In 2013 , 12.7 percent of residents were foreign - born , just shy of the national average , 13.1 percent . `` Leacht Quimhneachain Na Gael '' , an Irish famine memorial at Penn 's Landing honors the large Irish community ( 14.2 % of the city 's population ) . Irish , Italian , German , Polish , English , Russian , Ukrainian and French are the largest ethnic European groups in the city . Philadelphia has the second - largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States , after New York City . South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market . The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray 's Ferry section of South Philadelphia , home to many Mummer clubs , are well known as Irish neighborhoods .", "25": "The Kensington , Port Richmond , and Fishtown neighborhoods have historically been heavily Irish and Polish . Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish - American community in Philadelphia , and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants . Northeast Philadelphia , although known for its Irish and Irish - American population , is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population . Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community , while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo - Saxon Protestant community . Gayborhood street sign Philadelphia is also home to a significant gay and lesbian population . Philadelphia 's Gayborhood , which is located near Washington Square , is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses , restaurants , and bars . The Black American population in Philadelphia is the third - largest in the country , after New York City and Chicago . Historically , West Philadelphia and North Philadelphia were largely black neighborhoods , but many are leaving those areas in favor of the Northeast and Southwest sections of Philadelphia . There is a higher proportion of Muslims in the Black American population than most cities in America . West Philadelphia also has significant Caribbean and African immigrant populations . The Puerto Rican population in Philadelphia is the second - largest after New York City , and the second fastest - growing after Orlando . There are large Puerto Rican and Dominican populations in North Philadelphia and the Northeast , as well as a significant Mexican population in South Philadelphia . Philadelphia 's Asian American population originated mainly from China , India , Vietnam , South Korea and the Philippines . Chinatown and the Northeast have the largest Asian populations , with a large Korean community in the North Philadelphia neighborhood of Olney . South Philadelphia is also home to large Cambodian , Vietnamese , and Chinese communities . Philadelphia has the fifth largest Muslim population among American cities . Religion Interior of the Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 68 % of the population of the city identified themselves as Christian , with 41 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , 26 % professing Catholic beliefs , and less than 1 % are Mormons , while the remaining 24 % claim no religious affiliation . The same study says that other religions collectively compose about 8 % of the population , including Judaism , Buddhism , Islam , and Hinduism .", "26": "The Philadelphia metropolitan area 's Jewish population was estimated at 206,000 in 2001 , which was the sixth largest in the United States at that time . Other religious groups in Philadelphia include Buddhism in Chinatown , and Caribbean and traditional African religions in North and West Philadelphia . Historically , the city has strong connections to the Quakers , Unitarian Universalism , and the Ethical Culture movement , all of which continue to be represented in the city . The Quaker Friends General Conference is based in Philadelphia . African diasporic religions are practiced in some Hispanic and Caribbean communities in North and West Philadelphia . Languages Italian Market , part of South Philadelphia 's Italian heritage As of 2010 , 79.12 % ( 1,112,441 ) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language , while 9.72 % ( 136,688 ) spoke Spanish , 1.64 % ( 23,075 ) Chinese , 0.89 % ( 12,499 ) Vietnamese , 0.77 % ( 10,885 ) Russian , 0.66 % ( 9,240 ) French , 0.61 % ( 8,639 ) other Asian languages , 0.58 % ( 8,217 ) African languages , 0.56 % ( 7,933 ) Cambodian ( Mon - Khmer ) , and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55 % ( 7,773 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 20.88 % ( 293,544 ) of Philadelphia 's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English . Dialect Main article : Philadelphia English The Philadelphia accent is considered by some to be the most distinctive accent in North America . The dialect , which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey , is part of Mid-Atlantic American English , a designation that also includes the Baltimore dialect . Additionally , it shares many similarities with the New York accent . Thanks to over a century of linguistic data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania under sociolinguist William Labov , the Philadelphia dialect has been one of the best - studied forms of American English . The accent is traditionally found within the Irish American and Italian American working - class neighborhoods .", "27": "Philadelphia also has its own unique collection of neologisms and slang terms . Economy Main articles : Economy of Philadelphia and List of companies based in the Philadelphia area Top publicly traded companies headquartered in Philadelphia Corporation Rank Revenue Comcast 31 80.4 Aramark 192 14.4 Crown Holdings 333 8.3 Urban Outfitters 645 3.5 FMC 681 3.3 Revenue in billions for FY 2016 Source : Fortune Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania with the headquarters of five Fortune 1000 companies located within city limits . According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis , the Philadelphia area had a total gross domestic product of $431 billion in 2016 , the eighth - largest metropolitan economy in the United States . Philadelphia was rated by the GaWC as a ' Beta ' city in its 2016 ranking of world cities . Philadelphia 's economic sectors include financial services , health care , biotechnology , information technology , manufacturing , oil refining , food processing , and tourism . Financial activities account for the largest economic sector of the metropolitan area , which is also one of the largest health education and research centers in the United States . Philadelphia Stock Exchange , the oldest stock exchange in the United States The city is home to the Philadelphia Stock Exchange and some of the area 's largest companies including cable television and internet provider Comcast , insurance companies Cigna , Colonial Penn , and Independence Blue Cross , energy company Sunoco , food services company Aramark , packaging company Crown Holdings , chemical makers FMC and Rohm and Haas , pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline , Boeing Rotorcraft Systems , apparel retailer Urban Outfitters , and automotive parts retailer Pep Boys . Philadelphia 's annualized unemployment rate was 7.8 % in 2014 , down from 10 % the previous year . This is higher than the national average of 6.2 % . Similarly , the rate of new jobs added to the city 's economy lagged behind the national job growth . In 2014 , about 8,800 jobs were added to the city 's economy . Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health care , leisure and hospitality , and professional and business services .", "28": "Declines were seen in the city 's manufacturing and government sectors . About 31.9 % of the city 's population was not in the labor force in 2015 , the second highest percentage after Detroit . The city 's two largest employers are the federal and city governments . Philadelphia 's largest private employer is the University of Pennsylvania followed by the Children 's Hospital of Philadelphia . A study commissioned by the city 's government in 2011 projected 40,000 jobs would be added to the city within 25 years , raising the number of jobs from 675,000 in 2010 to an estimated 715,000 by 2035 . Philadelphia 's history attracts many tourists , with the Independence National Historical Park ( which includes the Liberty Bell , Independence Hall , and other historic sites ) receiving over 5 million visitors in 2016 . The city welcomed 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent $6.8 billion -- mostly on lodging and food -- generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania . Culture Main article : Culture of Philadelphia See also : Cultural depictions of Philadelphia , List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia , and List of sites of interest in Philadelphia Independence Hall , where the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were adopted . Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States . Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country 's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Independence Hall , where the Declaration of Independence was signed , and the Liberty Bell are the city 's most famous attractions . Other national historic sites include the homes of Edgar Allan Poe and Thaddeus Kosciuszko , early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States , Fort Mifflin , and the Gloria Dei ( Old Swedes ' ) Church . Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks , the third most of any city in the country . Philadelphia 's major science museums include the Franklin Institute , which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial ; the Academy of Natural Sciences ; the Mütter Museum ; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology .", "29": "History museums include the National Constitution Center , the Museum of the American Revolution , the Philadelphia History Museum , the National Museum of American Jewish History , the African American Museum in Philadelphia , the Historical Society of Pennsylvania , the Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania in the Masonic Temple , and the Eastern State Penitentiary . Philadelphia is home to the United States ' first zoo and hospital , as well as Fairmount Park , one of America 's oldest and largest urban parks , founded in 1855 . The city is home to important archival repositories , including the Library Company of Philadelphia , established in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin , and the Athenaeum of Philadelphia , founded in 1814 . The Presbyterian Historical Society is the country 's oldest denominational historical society , organized in 1852 . Arts See also : List of public art in Philadelphia Philadelphia Museum of Art , informally called the Art Museum The city contains many art museums , such as the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Rodin Museum , which holds the largest collection of work by Auguste Rodin outside France . The city 's major art museum , the Philadelphia Museum of Art , is one of the largest art museums in the world . The long flight of steps to the Art Museum 's main entrance became famous after the film Rocky ( 1976 ) . The city is home to the Philadelphia Sketch Club , one of the country 's oldest artists ' clubs , and The Plastic Club , started by women excluded from the Sketch Club . Many Old City art galleries stay open late on the First Friday event of each month . Annual events include film festivals and parades , the most famous being the Thanksgiving Day Parade and the Mummers Parade on New Year 's Day . Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life . The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters , such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts , home of the Philadelphia Orchestra , and the Academy of Music , home of Opera Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet . The Wilma Theatre and the Philadelphia Theatre Company at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre produce a variety of new plays . Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre , claimed to be America 's oldest and most subscribed - to theater in the world , and the Lantern Theater Company at St. Stephens Episcopal Church .", "30": "Keys To Community , a bust of Ben Franklin by James Peniston , 2007 Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city . In 1872 , the Association for Public Art ( formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association ) was created as the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning . In 1959 , lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance , the first for a U.S. city . The program , which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art , is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture , the city 's art agency . Philadelphia has more murals than any other U.S. city , thanks in part to the 1984 creation of the Department of Recreation 's Mural Arts Program , which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for graffiti artists . The program has funded more than 2,800 murals by professional , staff and volunteer artists and educated more than 20,000 youth in underserved neighborhoods throughout Philadelphia . Music See also : Music of Philadelphia Philadelphia has played a prominent role in the music of the United States . The culture of American popular music has been influenced by significant contributions of Philadelphia area musicians and producers , in both the recording and broadcasting industries . In 1952 , the teen dance party program called Bandstand premiered on local television , hosted by Bob Horn . The show was renamed American Bandstand in 1957 when it began national syndication on ABC , hosted by Dick Clark and produced in Philadelphia until 1964 when it moved to Los Angeles . Promoters marketed youthful musical artists known as teen idols to appeal to the young audience . Philadelphia - born singers such as Frankie Avalon , James Darren , Eddie Fisher , Fabian Forte , and Bobby Rydell , along with South Philly - raised Chubby Checker , topped the music charts , establishing a clean - cut rock and roll image . Philly soul music of the late 1960s -- 1970s is a highly produced version of soul music which led to later forms of popular music such as disco and urban contemporary rhythm and blues . On July 13 , 1985 , John F. Kennedy Stadium was the American venue for the Live Aid concert .", "31": "The city also hosted the Live 8 concert , which attracted about 700,000 people to the Benjamin Franklin Parkway on July 2 , 2005 . Famous rock and pop musicians from Philadelphia or its suburbs include Bill Haley & His Comets , Todd Rundgren and Nazz , Hall & Oates , The Hooters , Ween , Cinderella , and Pink . Local hip - hop artists include The Roots , DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince , The Goats , Schoolly D , Lisa `` Left Eye '' Lopes , and Meek Mill . The Philadelphia Orchestra is generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States . The orchestra performs at the Kimmel Center and has a summer concert series at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts . Opera Philadelphia performs at the nation 's oldest continually operating opera house -- the Academy of Music . The world - renowned Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale has performed its music all over the world . The Philly Pops plays orchestral versions of popular jazz , swing , Broadway , and blues songs at the Kimmel Center and other venues within the mid-Atlantic region . Kimmel Center , home of the Philadelphia Orchestra Academy of Music , home of Opera Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet Walnut Street Theatre , the oldest continuously operating theatre in the English - speaking world The atrium of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts , the nation 's oldest art school and art museum Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Philadelphia Pat 's Steaks and Geno 's Steaks The city is known for its hoagies , stromboli , scrapple , soft pretzels , water ice , Irish potato candy , Tastykakes , and the cheesesteak sandwich which was developed by Italian immigrants . The Philadelphia area has many establishments that serve cheesesteaks , including restaurants , taverns , delicatessens and pizza parlors . The originator of the thinly - sliced steak sandwich in the 1930s , initially without cheese , is Pat 's King of Steaks , which faces its rival Geno 's Steaks , founded in 1966 , across the intersection of 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue in the Italian Market of South Philadelphia .", "32": "McGillin 's Olde Ale House , opened in 1860 on Drury Street in Center City , is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city . The City Tavern is a replica of a historic 18th - century building first opened in 1773 , demolished in 1854 after a fire , and rebuilt in 1975 on the same site as part of Independence National Historical Park . The tavern offers authentic 18th - century recipes , served in seven period dining rooms , three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden . The Reading Terminal Market is a historic food market founded in 1893 in the Reading Terminal building , a designated National Historic Landmark . The enclosed market is one of the oldest and largest markets in the country , hosting over a hundred merchants offering Pennsylvania Dutch specialties , artisan cheese and meat , locally grown groceries , and specialty and ethnic foods . Sports Main article : Sports in Philadelphia See also : U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports Citizens Bank Park , home of the Phillies Philadelphia 's first professional sports team was baseball 's Athletics , organized in 1860 . The Athletics were initially an amateur league team that turned professional in 1871 , and then became a founding team of the current National League in 1876 . The city is one of 13 U.S. cities to have teams in all four major league sports : the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League of Major League Baseball , the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League , the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League , and the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association . The Phillies , formed in 1883 as the Quakers and renamed in 1884 , are the oldest team continuously playing under the same name in the same city in the history of American professional sports . The Philadelphia metro area is also home to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer . The Union began playing their home games at Talen Energy Stadium in 2010 , a soccer - specific stadium in Chester , Pennsylvania . The Flyers play at the Wells Fargo Center The city 's professional teams and their fans endured 25 years without a championship , from the 76ers 1983 NBA Finals win until the Phillies 2008 World Series win .", "33": "The lack of championships was sometimes attributed in jest to the Curse of Billy Penn after One Liberty Place became the first building to surpass the height of the William Penn statue on top of City Hall 's tower in 1987 . After ten years passed without another championship , the Eagles won their first Super Bowl in 2018 . In 2004 , ESPN placed Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities . Fans of the Eagles and Phillies were singled out as the worst fans in the country by GQ magazine in 2011 , which used the subtitle of `` Meanest Fans in America '' to summarize incidents of drunken behavior and a history of booing . Major professional sports teams that originated in Philadelphia but which later moved to other cities include the Golden State Warriors basketball team -- in Philadelphia from 1946 to 1962 -- and the Oakland Athletics baseball team -- originally the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 to 1954 ( a different Athletics team than the one mentioned above ) . Philadelphia is home to professional , semi-professional and elite amateur teams in cricket , rugby league ( Philadelphia Fight ) , and rugby union . Major running events in the city include the Penn Relays ( track and field ) , the Philadelphia Marathon , and the Broad Street Run . The Philadelphia International Cycling Classic was held annually from 1985 to 2016 , but not in 2017 due to insufficient sponsorship . The Collegiate Rugby Championship is played every June at Talen Energy Stadium in Chester , Pennsylvania . Historic Boathouse Row at night on the Schuylkill , a symbol of the city 's rich rowing history Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century . Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia 's rich rowing history , and each Big Five member has its own boathouse . Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions , including the annual Dad Vail Regatta , which is the largest intercollegiate rowing event in North America with more than 100 U.S and Canadian colleges and universities participating ; the annual Stotesbury Cup Regatta , which is billed as the world 's oldest and largest rowing event for high school students ; and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta .", "34": "The regattas are held on the Schuylkill River and organized by the Schuylkill Navy , an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers . The Philadelphia Spinners were a professional ultimate team in Major League Ultimate ( MLU ) until 2016 . The Spinners were one of the original eight teams of the American Ultimate Disc League ( AUDL ) that began in 2012 . They played at Franklin Field and won the inaugural AUDL championship and the final MLU championship in 2016 . The MLU was suspended indefinitely by its investors in December 2016 . As of 2018 , the Philadelphia Phoenix continue to play in the AUDL . Philadelphia is home to the Philadelphia Big 5 , a group of five NCAA Division I college basketball programs . The Big 5 are La Salle , Penn , Saint Joseph 's , Temple , and Villanova universities . The sixth NCAA Division I school in Philadelphia is Drexel University . Villanova won the 2016 and the 2018 championship of the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament . Team League Sport Venue Capacity Founded Championships Philadelphia Phillies MLB Baseball Citizens Bank Park 46,528 1883 1980 , 2008 Philadelphia Eagles NFL American football Lincoln Financial Field 69,176 1933 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 2017 Philadelphia 76ers NBA Basketball Wells Fargo Center 21,600 1963 1966 -- 67 , 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia Flyers NHL Ice hockey Wells Fargo Center 19,786 1967 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 Philadelphia Soul AFL Arena football Wells Fargo Center 17,597 2008 , 2016 Philadelphia Union MLS Soccer Talen Energy Stadium 18,500 none Olympic bidding The city of Philadelphia placed four bids for Olympic Games in the 20th century -- 1920 , 1948 , 1952 , and 1956 -- but lost each time .", "35": "In April 2013 , Mayor Michael Nutter 's office declared Philadelphia 's interest in bidding for the 2024 Summer Olympics . The city had earlier expressed interest in hosting the 2016 Olympics , but was not chosen as a finalist by the USOC . In May 2015 , Philadelphia withdrew from consideration for the 2024 Olympics . The cited reasons included scheduling difficulties as the 2015 World Meeting of Families and the 2016 Democratic National Convention were already in the planning stages , as well as the USOC 's estimate of more than $3 billion in costs for an Olympics host city . Parks Fairmount Park , ca . 1900 Main article : Fairmount Park See also : List of parks in Philadelphia As of 2014 , the total city parkland , including municipal , state and federal parks within the city limits , amounts to 11,211 acres ( 17.5 sq mi ) . Philadelphia 's largest park is Fairmount Park which includes the Philadelphia Zoo and encompasses 2,052 acres ( 3.2 sq mi ) of the total parkland , while the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park contains 2,042 acres ( 3.2 sq mi ) . Fairmount Park , when combined with Wissahickon Valley Park , is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States . The two parks , along with the Colonial Revival , Georgian and Federal - style mansions contained in them , have been listed as one entity on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972 . Law and government Old City Hall served as Philadelphia 's town hall from 1800 to 1854 . From a governmental perspective , Philadelphia County is a legal nullity , as all county functions were assumed by the city in 1952 . The city has been coterminous with the county since 1854 . Philadelphia 's 1952 Home Rule Charter was written by the City Charter Commission , which was created by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in an act of April 21 , 1949 , and a city ordinance of June 15 , 1949 . The existing city council received a proposed draft on February 14 , 1951 , and the electors approved it in an election held April 17 , 1951 .", "36": "The first elections under the new Home Rule Charter were held in November 1951 , and the newly elected officials took office in January 1952 . The city uses the strong - mayor version of the mayor -- council form of government , which is led by one mayor in whom executive authority is vested . The mayor has the authority to appoint and dismiss members of all boards and commissions without the approval of the city council . Elected at - large , the mayor is limited to two consecutive four - year terms , but can run for the position again after an intervening term . James A. Byrne United States Courthouse , houses the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania . Courts The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas ( the First Judicial District of Pennsylvania ) is the trial court of general jurisdiction for the city , hearing felony - level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $10,000 . The court also has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts , and some administrative agencies and boards . The trial division has 70 commissioned judges elected by the voters , along with about one thousand other employees . The court also has a family division with 25 judges and an orphans ' court with three judges . As of 2018 , the city 's District Attorney is Larry Krasner , a Democrat . The last Republican to hold the office is Ronald D. Castille , who left in 1991 and later served as the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 2008 to 2014 . The Philadelphia Municipal Court handles misdemeanor and felony criminal cases with maximum incarceration of five years , and civil cases involving $12,000 or less ( $15,000 in real estate and school tax cases ) , and all landlord - tenant disputes . The municipal court has 27 judges elected by the voters . Philadelphia Traffic Court is a court of special jurisdiction that hears violations of traffic laws . As with magisterial district judges , the judges need not be lawyers , but must complete the certifying course and pass the qualifying examination administered by the Minor Judiciary Education Board . Pennsylvania 's three appellate courts also have sittings in Philadelphia . The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania , the court of last resort in the state , regularly hears arguments in Philadelphia City Hall .", "37": "The Superior Court of Pennsylvania and the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania also sit in Philadelphia several times a year . Judges for these courts are elected at large . The state Supreme Court and Superior Court have deputy prothonotary offices in Philadelphia . Additionally , Philadelphia is home to the federal United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , both of which are housed in the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse . Politics See also : List of mayors of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania § Politics Jim Kenney , the current and 99th Mayor of Philadelphia The current mayor is Jim Kenney who won the election in November , 2015 . Kenney 's predecessor was Michael Nutter who had served two terms from 2009 to January 2016 . Kenney is a member of the Democratic Party as all Philadelphia mayors have been since 1952 . Philadelphia City Council is the legislative branch which consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at - large , all of whom are elected to four - year terms . Democrats currently hold 14 seats including nine of the ten districts and five at - large seats , while Republicans hold two at - large seats and the Northeast - based Tenth District . The current council president is Darrell L. Clarke . As of December 31 , 2016 , there were 1,102,620 registered voters in Philadelphia . Registered voters constitute 70.3 % of the total population .", "38": "Democratic : 853,140 ( 77.4 % ) Republican : 125,530 ( 11.4 % ) Other parties and unaffiliated : 123,950 ( 11.2 % ) Presidential Elections Results Year Republican Democratic Third Parties 2016 15.3 % 108,748 82.3 % 584,025 2.4 % 16,845 2012 14.0 % 96,467 85.2 % 588,806 0.8 % 5,503 2008 16.3 % 117,221 83.0 % 595,980 0.7 % 4,824 19.3 % 130,099 80.4 % 542,205 0.3 % 1,765 2000 18.0 % 100,959 80.0 % 449,182 2.0 % 11,039 ... 1936 36.9 % 329,881 60.5 % 539,757 2.6 % 23,310 1932 54.5 % 331,092 42.9 % 260,276 2.6 % 15,651 ... 1892 57.5 % 116,685 41.6 % 84,470 1.0 % 1,947 1888 54.2 % 111,358 45.2 % 92,786 0.6 % 1,300 Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party from the American Civil War until the mid-1930s . The city hosted the first Republican National Convention in 1856 . Democratic registrations increased after the Great Depression ; however , the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 as Pennsylvania was one of only six states won by Republican Herbert Hoover . Voter turnout surged from 600,000 in 1932 to nearly 900,000 in 1936 and Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60 % of the vote . The city has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1936 .", "39": "In 2008 , Democrat Barack Obama drew 83 % of the city 's vote . Obama 's win was even greater in 2012 , capturing 85 % of the vote . In 2016 , Democrat Hillary Clinton won 82 % of the vote . As a result of the declining population in the city and state , Philadelphia has only three congressional districts of the 18 districts in Pennsylvania , based on the 2010 Census apportionment : the 1st district , represented by Bob Brady ; the 2nd , represented by Dwight Evans ; and the 13th , represented by Brendan Boyle . All three representatives are Democrats though Republicans still have some support in the city , primarily in the Northeast . Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in 1999 and 2003 , losing to Democrat John Street both times . Pennsylvania 's longest - serving Senator , Arlen Specter , was an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania who opened his first law practice in Philadelphia . Specter served as a Republican from 1981 and as a Democrat from 2009 , losing that party 's primary in 2010 and leaving office in January 2011 . He had also been assistant counsel on the Warren Commission in 1964 and the city 's district attorney from 1966 to 1974 . Philadelphia has hosted various national conventions , including in 1848 ( Whig ) , 1856 ( Republican ) , 1872 ( Republican ) , 1900 ( Republican ) , 1936 ( Democratic ) , 1940 ( Republican ) , 1948 ( Republican ) , 1948 ( Progressive ) , 2000 ( Republican ) , and 2016 ( Democratic ) . Philadelphia has been home to one vice president , George M. Dallas , and one Civil War general , George B. McClellan , who won his party 's nomination for president but lost in the general election to Abraham Lincoln in 1864 .", "40": "Crime Main article : Crime in Philadelphia Police Administration Building ( the Roundhouse ) in Center City east of Chinatown The police districts with the highest rates of violent crime are Frankford ( 15th district ) and Kensington ( 24th district ) in the Near Northeast , and districts to the North ( 22nd , 25th , and 35th districts ) , West ( 19th district ) and Southwest ( 12th district ) of Center City . Philadelphia had 525 murders in 1990 , a rate of 31.5 per 100,000 . An average of about 600 murders occurred each year for most of the 1990s . The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288 , then rose to 406 by 2006 , before dropping slightly to 392 in 2007 . A few years later , Philadelphia began to see a rapid decline in homicides and violent crime . In 2013 , the city had 246 murders , which is a decrease of nearly 40 % since 2006 . In 2014 , 248 homicides were committed . The homicide rate rose to 280 in 2015 , then fell slightly to 277 in 2016 , before rising again to 317 in 2017 . In 2006 , Philadelphia 's homicide rate of 27.7 per 100,000 people was the highest of the country 's 10 most populous cities . In 2012 , Philadelphia had the fourth - highest homicide rate among the country 's most populous cities . The rate dropped to 16 homicides per 100,000 residents by 2014 placing Philadelphia as the sixth - highest city in the country . Mounted police officer in Center City , 1973 In 2004 , there were 7,513.5 crimes per 200,000 people in Philadelphia . Among its neighboring mid-Atlantic cities in the same population group , Baltimore and Washington , D.C. were ranked second - and third-most dangerous cities in the United States , respectively . Camden , New Jersey , a city directly across the Delaware River from Center City , was ranked as the most dangerous city in the United States . The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly since the early years of the 21st century .", "41": "Shooting incidents peaked at 1,857 in 2006 before declining nearly 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014 . Major crimes have decreased gradually since a peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported . The number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent in three years to 68,815 occurrences in 2014 . Violent crimes , which include homicide , rape , aggravated assault , and robbery , decreased 14 percent in three years to 15,771 occurrences in 2014 . Philadelphia was ranked as the 76th most dangerous city in a 2018 report based on FBI data from 2016 for the rate of violent crimes per 1,000 residents in American cities with 25,000 or more people . The latest four years of reports indicate a steady reduction in violent crime as the city placed 67th in the 2017 report , 65th in 2016 , and 54th in 2015 . In 2014 , Philadelphia decriminalized small amounts of marijuana , reducing penalties for possession and public use to minor fines and community service . The move makes Philadelphia the largest city in the United States to decriminalize pot . Education Main article : Education in Philadelphia Primary and secondary education William Penn Charter School , established in 1689 , is the oldest Quaker school in the nation Education in Philadelphia is provided by many private and public institutions . The School District of Philadelphia runs the city 's public schools . The Philadelphia School District is the eighth largest school district in the United States with 142,266 students in 218 public schools and 86 charter schools as of 2014 . The city 's K - 12 enrollment in district run schools has dropped in the last five years from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015 . During the same time period , the enrollment in charter schools has increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015 . This consistent drop in enrollment has led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013 . During the 2014 school year , the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil , below the average among comparable urban school districts .", "42": "Graduation rates among district - run schools , meanwhile , have steadily increased in the last ten years . In 2005 , Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52 % . This number has increased to 65 % in 2014 , still below the national and state averages . Scores on the state 's standardized test , the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment ( PSSA ) have trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but have decreased since . In 2005 , the district - run schools scored an average of 37.4 % on math and 35.5 % on reading . The city 's schools reached its peak scores in 2011 with 59.0 % on math and 52.3 % on reading . In 2014 , the scores dropped significantly to 45.2 % on math and 42.0 % on reading . Of the city 's public high schools , including charter schools , only four performed above the national average on the SAT ( 1497 out of 2400 ) in 2014 : Masterman , Central , Girard , and MaST Community Charter School . All other district - run schools were below average . Higher education Quadrangle at the University of Pennsylvania , one of the highest ranked universities in the world Perelman School of Medicine , the oldest medical school in the United States Philadelphia has the third - largest student concentration on the East Coast , with over 120,000 college and university students enrolled within the city and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area . There are over 80 colleges , universities , trade , and specialty schools in the Philadelphia region . One of the founding members of the Association of American Universities is in the city , the University of Pennsylvania , an Ivy League institution with claims to being the oldest university in the country . The city 's largest private school by number of students is Temple University , followed by Drexel University . The University of Pennsylvania , Temple University and Drexel University comprise the city 's major research universities . Philadelphia is also home to five schools of medicine : Drexel University College of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine , Temple University School of Medicine , and the Thomas Jefferson University .", "43": "Hospitals , universities , and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia 's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015 . Other institutions of higher learning within the city 's borders include : Community College of Philadelphia Saint Joseph 's University La Salle University Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia University Chestnut Hill College Holy Family University Peirce College University of the Sciences University of the Arts The Art Institute of Philadelphia Moore College of Art and Design Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Curtis Institute of Music The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College Media See also : Media in Philadelphia Newspapers Inquirer Building - the newspaper 's home until 2012 Philadelphia 's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer , first published in 1829 -- the third - oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country -- and the Philadelphia Daily News , first published in 1925 . The Daily News has been published as an edition of the Inquirer since 2009 . Recent owners of the Inquirer and Daily News have included Knight Ridder , The McClatchy Company , and Philadelphia Media Holdings , with the latter organization declaring bankruptcy in 2010 . After two years of financial struggle , the newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012 . The two newspapers had a combined daily circulation of 306,831 and a Sunday circulation of 477,313 in 2013 -- the eighteenth largest circulation in the country -- while the website of the newspapers , Philly.com , was ranked thirteenth in popularity among online U.S. newspapers by Alexa Internet for the same year . Smaller publications include the Philadelphia Tribune published five days each week for the African - American community ; Philadelphia magazine , a monthly regional magazine ; Philadelphia Weekly , a weekly alternative newspaper ; Philadelphia Gay News , a weekly newspaper for the LGBT community ; The Jewish Exponent , a weekly newspaper for the Jewish community ; Al Día , a weekly newspaper for the Latino community ; and Philadelphia Metro , a free daily newspaper . Student - run newspapers include the University of Pennsylvania 's The Daily Pennsylvanian , Temple University 's The Temple News , and Drexel University 's The Triangle . Radio The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph 's College .", "44": "The first commercial AM radio stations began broadcasting in 1922 : first WIP , then owned by Gimbels department store , followed by WFIL , then owned by Strawbridge & Clothier department store , and WOO , a defunct station owned by Wanamaker 's department store , as well as WCAU and WDAS . As of 2018 , the FCC lists 28 FM and 11 AM stations for Philadelphia . As of December 2017 , the ten highest - rated stations in Philadelphia were adult contemporary WBEB - FM ( 101.1 ) , sports talk WIP - FM ( 94.1 ) , classic rock WMGK - FM ( 102.9 ) , urban adult contemporary WDAS - FM ( 105.3 ) , classic hits WOGL - FM ( 98.1 ) , album - oriented rock WMMR - FM ( 93.3 ) , country music WXTU - FM ( 92.5 ) , all - news KYW - AM ( 1060 ) , talk radio WHYY - FM ( 90.9 ) , and urban adult contemporary WRNB - FM ( 100.3 ) . Philadelphia is served by three non-commercial public radio stations : WHYY - FM ( NPR ) , WRTI - FM ( classical and jazz ) , and WXPN - FM ( adult alternative music ) . Television Original WCAU studio at 1622 Chestnut Street In the 1930s , the experimental station W3XE , owned by Philco , became the first television station in Philadelphia . The station became NBC 's first affiliate in 1939 , and later became KYW - TV ( currently a CBS affiliate ) . WCAU - TV , WFIL - TV , and WHYY - TV were all founded by the 1960s . In 1952 , WFIL ( renamed WPVI ) premiered the television show Bandstand , which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark . Each commercial network has an affiliate , and call letters have been replaced by corporate branding for promotional purposes : CBS3 , 6ABC , NBC10 , PHL17 , Fox29 , The CW Philly 57 , UniMás Philadelphia , Telemundo62 , and Univision65 .", "45": "The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WPPT - TV ( Philadelphia ) , WHYY - TV ( Wilmington , Delaware and Philadelphia ) , WLVT - TV ( Lehigh Valley ) , and NJTV ( New Jersey ) . Philadelphia has owned - and - operated stations for all five major English - language broadcast networks : NBC -- WCAU - TV , CBS -- KYW - TV , ABC -- WPVI - TV , Fox -- WTXF - TV , and The CW -- WPSG - TV . The major Spanish - language networks are Univision -- WUVP - DT , UniMás -- WFPA - CD , and Telemundo -- WWSI - TV . As of 2018 , the city is the nation 's fourth - largest consumer in media market , as ranked by the Nielsen Media Research firm , with nearly 2.9 million TV households . Infrastructure Transportation 30th Street Station in 2016 . Main article : Transportation in Philadelphia Philadelphia is served by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) which operates buses , trains , rapid transit ( subway and elevated trains ) , trolleys , and trackless trolleys ( electric buses ) throughout Philadelphia , the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of Bucks , Chester , Delaware , and Montgomery , in addition to service to Mercer County , New Jersey ( Trenton ) and New Castle County , Delaware ( Wilmington and Newark , Delaware ) . The city 's subway system consists of two routes : the subway section of the Market -- Frankford Line running east -- west under Market Street which opened in 1905 to the west and 1908 to the east of City Hall , and the Broad Street Line running north -- south beneath Broad Street which opened in stages from 1928 to 1938 . Market -- Frankford Line train departing 52nd Street station . Beginning in the 1980s , large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to a lack of funding for equipment and infrastructure maintenance . Philadelphia 's 30th Street Station is a major railroad station on Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor with 4.4 million passengers in 2017 making it the third - busiest station in the country after New York City 's Pennsylvania Station and Washington 's Union Station .", "46": "30th Street Station offers access to Amtrak , SEPTA , and NJ Transit lines . Over 12 million SEPTA and NJ Transit rail commuters use the station each year , and more than 100,000 people on an average weekday . The PATCO Speedline provides rapid transit service to Camden , Collingswood , Westmont , Haddonfield , Woodcrest ( Cherry Hill ) , Ashland ( Voorhees ) , and Lindenwold , New Jersey , from stations on Locust Street between 16th and 15th , 13th and 12th , and 10th and 9th Streets , and on Market Street at 8th Street . Airports Control tower at Philadelphia International Airport Two airports serve Philadelphia : the Philadelphia International Airport ( PHL ) is located 7 mi ( 11 km ) south - southwest of Center City on the boundary with Delaware County , providing scheduled domestic and international air service , while Northeast Philadelphia Airport ( PNE ) is a general aviation relief airport in Northeast Philadelphia serving general and corporate aviation . Philadelphia International Airport is among the busiest airports in the world measured by traffic movements ( i.e. , takeoffs and landings ) . More than 30 million passengers pass through the airport annually on 25 airlines , including all major domestic carriers . The airport has nearly 500 daily departures to more than 120 destinations worldwide . SEPTA 's Airport Regional Rail Line provides direct service between Center City railroad stations and Philadelphia International Airport . Roads William Penn planned Philadelphia with numbered streets traversing north and south , and streets named for trees , such as Chestnut , Walnut , and Mulberry , traversing east and west . The two main streets were named Broad Street ( the north - south artery , since designated Pennsylvania Route 611 ) and High Street ( the east - west artery , since renamed Market Street ) converging at Centre Square which later became the site of City Hall . Traffic heading into Philadelphia on Interstate 95 during the morning rush hour . Interstate 95 ( the Delaware Expressway ) traverses the southern and eastern edges of the city along the Delaware River as the main north - south controlled - access highway .", "47": "The city is also served by Interstate 76 ( the Schuylkill Expressway ) which runs along the Schuylkill River , intersecting the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia and providing access to Harrisburg and points west . Interstate 676 ( the Vine Street Expressway ) links I - 95 and I - 76 through Center City by running below street level between the eastbound and westbound lanes of Vine Street . Entrance and exit ramps for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge are near the eastern end of the expressway , just west of the I - 95 interchange . The Roosevelt Boulevard and Expressway ( U.S. 1 ) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City via I - 76 through Fairmount Park . Woodhaven Road ( Route 63 ) and Cottman Avenue ( Route 73 ) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia , running between I - 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard . The Fort Washington Expressway ( Route 309 ) extends north from the city 's northern border , serving Montgomery County and Bucks County . U.S. Route 30 ( Lancaster Avenue ) extends westward from West Philadelphia to Lancaster . Ben Franklin Bridge at sunrise Interstate 476 ( locally referred to as the Blue Route ) traverses Delaware County , bypassing the city to the west and serving the city 's western suburbs , as well as providing a link to Allentown and points north . Interstate 276 ( the Pennsylvania Turnpike 's Delaware River extension ) acts as a bypass and commuter route to the north of the city as well as a link to the New Jersey Turnpike and New York City . The Delaware River Port Authority operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area across the Delaware River to New Jersey : the Walt Whitman Bridge ( I - 76 ) , the Benjamin Franklin Bridge ( I - 676 and U.S. 30 ) , the Betsy Ross Bridge ( New Jersey Route 90 ) , and the Commodore Barry Bridge ( U.S. 322 in Delaware County , south of the city ) . The Burlington County Bridge Commission maintains two bridges across the Delaware River : the Tacony -- Palmyra Bridge which connects PA Route 73 in the Tacony section of Northeast Philadelphia with New Jersey Route 73 in Palmyra , Camden County , and the Burlington -- Bristol Bridge which connects NJ Route 413 / U.S.", "48": "Route 130 in Burlington , New Jersey with PA Route 413 / U.S. 13 in Bristol Township , north of Philadelphia . Bus service Philadelphia is a hub for Greyhound Lines . The Greyhound terminal is located at 1001 Filbert Street ( at 10th Street ) in Center City , southeast of the Pennsylvania Convention Center and south of Chinatown . Several other bus operators provide service at the Greyhound terminal including Bieber Transportation Group , Fullington Trailways , Martz Trailways , Peter Pan Bus Lines , and New Jersey Transit buses . Other intercity bus services include Megabus with stops at 30th Street Station and the visitor center for Independence Hall , and BoltBus ( operated by Greyhound ) at 30th Street Station . Rail Main article : History of rail transport in Philadelphia Suburban Station with Art Deco architecture Since the early days of rail transportation in the United States , Philadelphia has served as a hub for several major rail companies , particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad . The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station , then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station , and the Reading Railroad operated Reading Terminal , now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center . The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area . The two systems now operate as a single system under the control of SEPTA , the regional transit authority . Additionally , the PATCO Speedline subway system and NJ Transit 's Atlantic City Line operate successor services to southern New Jersey . In 1911 , Philadelphia had nearly 4,000 electric trolleys running on 86 lines . In 2005 , SEPTA reintroduced trolley service to the Girard Avenue Line , Route 15 . SEPTA operates six `` subway - surface '' trolleys that run on street - level tracks in West Philadelphia and subway tunnels in Center City , along with two surface trolleys in adjacent suburbs . Philadelphia is a regional hub of the federally owned Amtrak system , with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington - Boston Northeast Corridor and the Keystone Corridor to Harrisburg and Pittsburgh . 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad 's former Pennsylvania Main Line to Chicago . As of 2017 , 30th Street is Amtrak 's third - busiest station in the country , after New York City and Washington .", "49": "Walk Score ranks A 2017 study by Walk Score ranked Philadelphia the fifth most walkable major city in the United States with a score of 79 out of 100 , in the middle of the `` very walkable '' range . The city was just edged out by fourth place Miami ( 79.2 ) , with the top three cities being New York , San Francisco , and Boston . Philadelphia placed fifth in the public transit friendly category , behind Washington , D.C. , with the same three cities for walkability topping this category . The city ranked tenth in the bike friendly cities category , with the top three cities being Minneapolis , San Francisco and Portland . The readers of USA Today newspaper voted the Schuylkill River Trail the best urban trail in the nation in 2015 . Utilities Fairmount Water Works , Philadelphia 's second municipal waterworks In 1815 , Philadelphia began sourcing its water via the Fairmount Water Works located on the Schuylkill River , the nation 's first major urban water supply system . In 1909 , the Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods . Today , the Philadelphia Water Department ( PWD ) provides drinking water , wastewater collection , and stormwater services for Philadelphia , as well as surrounding counties . PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River . The city has two filtration plants on the Schuylkill River and one on the Delaware River . The three plants can treat up to 546 million gallons of water per day , while the total storage capacity of the combined plant and distribution system exceeds one billion gallons . The wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants , 21 pumping stations , and about 3,657 miles ( 5,885 km ) of sewers . Exelon subsidiary PECO Energy Company , founded as the Brush Electric Light Company of Philadelphia in 1881 and renamed Philadelphia Electric Company ( PECO ) in 1902 , provides electricity to about 1.6 million customers and more than 500,000 natural gas customers in the southeastern Pennsylvania area including the city of Philadelphia and most of its suburbs .", "50": "PECO is the largest electric and natural gas utility in the state with 472 power substations and nearly 23,000 miles ( 37,000 km ) of electric transmission and distribution lines , along with 12,000 miles ( 19,000 km ) of natural gas transmission , distribution & service lines . Philadelphia Gas Works ( PGW ) , overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission , is the nation 's largest municipally - owned natural gas utility . PGW serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area . Founded in 1836 , the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits . In 2014 , the City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW , part of a two - year effort that was proposed by the mayor . The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer . Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the Bell System went into effect . The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created , with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215 . Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997 , and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999 . A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas ( area code 445 to 215 , area code 835 to 610 ) was delayed and later rescinded . In 2005 , a low - cost , citywide Wi - Fi service was approved for installation in the city . Wireless Philadelphia would have been the first municipal internet utility in a large U.S. city , but the plan was abandoned in 2008 as EarthLink pushed back the completion date several times . Mayor Nutter 's administration closed the project in 2009 after an attempt to revitalize it failed .", "51": "Notable people Main article : List of people from Philadelphia Sister cities Chinatown Gate at 10th and Arch ( 2013 ) , a symbol of Philadelphia 's friendship with Tianjin Philadelphia has eight official sister cities designated by the Citizen Diplomacy International of Philadelphia : City Country Date Florence Italy 1964 Tel Aviv Israel 1966 Toruń Poland 1976 Tianjin China 1979 Incheon South Korea 1984 Douala Cameroon 1986 Nizhny Novgorod Russia Frankfurt Germany 2015 Philadelphia also has three partnership cities or regions : City Country Date Kobe Japan 1986 Abruzzo Italy Aix - en - Provence France 1999 Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities . The Sister Cities Park , a site of 0.5 acres ( 2,400 sq yd ) located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway within Logan Square , was dedicated in June 1976 . The park was built to commemorate Philadelphia 's first two sister city relationships , with Tel Aviv and Florence . The Toruń Triangle , honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń , Poland , was constructed in 1976 , west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway . Sister Cities Park was redesigned and reopened in 2012 , featuring an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia 's sister and partnership cities , a café and visitor 's center , children 's play area , outdoor garden , and boat pond , as well as a pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards . The Chinatown Gate , erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans of Tianjin , stands astride 10th Street , on the north side of its intersection with Arch Street , as a symbol of the sister city relationship . The CDI of Philadelphia has participated in the U.S. Department of State 's `` Partners for Peace '' project with Mosul , Iraq , as well as accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries . Gallery Assembly Room , Independence Hall Carpenters ' Hall Senate Chamber , Congress Hall Merchants ' Exchange Building New Market and Head House See additional Media related to Philadelphia at Wikimedia Commons .", "52": "See also Pennsylvania portal Philadelphia portal Metropolitan areas in the United States Metropolitan areas in the Americas National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia Notes Jump up ^ Description of the Lenape peoples ( Delaware nations ) historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous landforms flanking the Delaware River 's drainage basin . These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise : the shores from the east - shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island ( all of both colonial New Amsterdam and New Sweden ) , and portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today 's boundaries -- making the eastern bounds of their influence , thence their region extended : westerly past the region around Albany , NY to the Susquehanna River side of the Catskills , then southerly through the eastern Poconos outside the rival Susquehannock lands past Eastern Pennsylvania then southerly past the site of Colonial Philadelphia past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial Delaware . The Susquehanna - Delaware watershed divides bound the frequently contested ' hunting grounds ' between the rival Susquehannock peoples and the Lenape peoples , whilst the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range . Jump up ^ See North American blizzard of 2009 # Snowfall ( December 19 -- 20 , 2009 ) , February 5 -- 6 , 2010 North American blizzard # Snowfall ( February 5 -- 6 , 2010 ) , and February 9 -- 10 , 2010 North American blizzard # Impact ( February 9 -- 10 , 2010 ) . The February 2010 storms contributed to a single month record accumulation of 51.5 in ( 131 cm ) . If no snow fell outside of February that season , 2009 -- 10 would still rank as 5th - snowiest . See the Franklin Institute for a visual representation of seasonal snowfall . Jump up ^ The last occurrence of such a temperature was July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e.", "53": "the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official temperature and precipitation measurements for Philadelphia were taken at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from January 1872 to 19 June 1940 , and at Philadelphia Int'l from 20 June 1940 to the present . Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 January 1884 and 1 October 1948 , respectively . In 2006 , snowfall measurements were moved to National Park , New Jersey directly across the Delaware River from the airport . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ E.g. , in the opening chapter of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change ( ed . Chambers et al. , Blackwell 2002 ) , J.K. Chambers writes that `` variationist sociolinguistics had its effective beginnings only in 1963 , the year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report '' ; the dedication page of the Handbook says that Labov 's `` ideas imbue every page '' . Jump up ^ 1,102,620 / 1,567,872 = 70.3 % ( registered voters divided by 2016 population estimate ) References Jump up ^ `` Art & Artifacts : Discover the Library Company 's Art and Artifact Collection - Athens of America '' . librarycompany.org . The Library Company of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Sam ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Behind Philadelphia Maneto : Dissecting The City Seal '' . hiddencityphila.org . Hidden City Philadelphia . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , John ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Plaque Dedication Marks 120th Anniversary of Creation of Philadelphia 's Flag '' . philadelphia.cbslocal.com . CBS Broadcasting Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 .", "54": "^ Jump up to : `` Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings : July 1 , 2014 to July 1 , 2015 -- United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings : July 1 , 2014 to July 1 , 2015 -- United States -- Combined Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More , Ranked by July 1 , 2015 Population '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brookes , Karin ( 2005 ) . Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second Edition ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . pp. 21 -- 22 . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- People Reporting Ancestry '' . factfinder.census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Click on ' Add / Remove Geographies ' , enter ' Philadelphia ' , select city or county ( same result either way ) , click on ' Show Table ' . Jump up ^ Great Migration - Black History - HISTORY.com , History.com , retrieved April 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Puerto Rican Diaspora : Historical Perspectives , by Carmen Whalen and Víctor Vázquez - Hernández , Temple University Press , 2008 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Laura ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Philadelphia '' . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited .", "55": "Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sisak , Michael A. ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Philadelphia Becomes First World Heritage City in US '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gross Metropolitan Product '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia PA '' . CrediFi . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 's Newest Skyscraper : The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gateway to Public Art in Philadelphia '' . fpaa.org . Fairmount Park Art Association . August 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . according to the Smithsonian Institution , Philadelphia has more outdoor sculpture than any other city in the country ( Save Outdoor Sculpture ! program ) . Jump up ^ `` Mural Arts Philadelphia -- Press kit '' ( PDF ) . muralarts.org . Mural Arts Philadelphia . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Mural Arts Philadelphia is the nation 's largest public art program ... creating nearly 4,000 artworks that have transformed public spaces . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 City Park Facts '' ( PDF ) . tpl.org . The Trust for Public Land . pp. 9 , 25 , 28 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visit Philadelphia 2017 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . visitphilly.com . Visit Philadelphia . p. 6 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amy He ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Chinese company helps boost Philadelphia as biotech sector '' . China Daily .", "56": "Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Decade Timeline '' . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps marks its founding in Philly in 1775 '' . Philadelphia Media Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia Firsts 1681 -- 1899 '' . USHistory . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Morgan ( 1735 -- 1789 ) '' . Penn in the 18th Century . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Nine Capitals of the United States '' . United States Senate . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the Philadelphia Zoo '' . Philadelphia Zoo . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Wharton '' . The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Hall '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 's new branding as World Heritage City '' . ovpm.org . Organization of World Heritage Cities . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pritzker 422 ^ Jump up to : Josephy 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Brookes , Karin ; John Gattuso , Lou Harry , Edward Jardim , Donald Kraybill , Susan Lewis , Dave Nelson and Carol Turkington ( 2005 ) . Zoë Ross , ed . Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings ( Second Edition ( Updated ) ed . ) . APA Publications . p. 21 . ISBN 1 - 58573 - 026 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Weigley RF ( eds ) ; et al. ( 1982 ) . Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01610 - 2 .", "57": "CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Avery , Ron ( 1999 ) . A Concise History of Philadelphia . Philadelphia : Otis Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 9658825 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 7 , 14 -- 16 Jump up ^ `` Explore PA History website '' . Explorepahistory.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lew , Alan A. ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 4 -- The Mid-Atlantic and Megalopolis '' . Geography : USA . Northern Arizona University . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rappleye , Charles ( 2010 ) . Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution . New York City : Simon and Schuster . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 7091 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` View of Philadelphia , Circa 1770 '' . Library of Congress . World Digital Library . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 30 -- 33 Jump up ^ `` Part 3 : Philadelphia / The Yellow Fever Epidemic '' . Africans in America . PBS Online . 1998 . Jump up ^ Arnebeck , Bob ( January 30 , 2008 ) . `` A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US '' . Benjamin Rush , Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 214 , 218 , 428 -- 429 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Philadelphia '' . Philadelphia History . ushistory.org . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consolidation Act of 1854 '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 .", "58": "Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ `` Notes on the historical development of population in West Philadelphia '' , University of Pennsylvania . Jump up ^ `` Detroit and the Great Migration , 1916 -- 1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin '' . Bentley Historical Library , University of Michigan . July 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's - Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography - Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 535 , 537 Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 563 -- 564 Jump up ^ Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History , pages 578 -- 581 Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Continuing Economic Decline : A Foreboding Future for Philadelphia '' ( PDF ) . White Paper . October 15 , 1996 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 's Changing Middle Class : After Decades of Decline , Prospects for Growth '' . www.pewtrusts.org . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings , pages 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ A Concise History of Philadelphia , page 78 Jump up ^ `` Census : Phila . keeps on growing '' ( archive ) . by Dylan Purcell and Karie Simmons . March 14 , 2013 . philly.com . Interstate General Media , LLC . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Geography : The National Map '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . ( Example coordinates of high point : Latitude : 40 ° 04 ′ 37 '' , Longitude : − 75 ° 12 ′ 29 '' . )", "59": "Jump up ^ Railsback , Bruce . `` The Fall Line . '' GEOL 1122 : Earth 's History of Global Change . University of Georgia Department of Geology . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Neighborhoods and Place Names , A -- K '' . Philadelphia Information Locator System . ^ Jump up to : Daly , Molly ( February 4 , 2011 ) . `` A Guide To Philadelphia 's ' Squares ' '' . CBS Philly . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia City Hall location '' . philadelphiabuildings.org . The Athenaeum of Philadelphia . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Square History '' . Historic Philadelphia . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maria Panaritis ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` ( Greater ) Center City 's population second only to Midtown Manhattan 's '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Insight Guides : Philadelphia and Surroundings . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` About Philadelphia2035 '' . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 2035 : The Comprehensive Plan '' . Philadelphia City Planning Commission . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Housing Authority '' . Pha.phila.gov . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Parking Authority : History '' . Philapark.org . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Philadelphia : A 300 - Year History . pp. 11 , 41 , 174 -- 175 , 251 -- 253 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Historical Commission '' . Phila.gov . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aitken , Joanne ( June 3 -- 19 , 2004 ) . `` Breaking Ground '' . Philadelphia City Paper . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2016 .", "60": "Jump up ^ Mark Alan Hughes ( June 1 , 2000 ) . `` Dirt Into Dollars ; Converting Vacant Land Into Valuable Development '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Historical marker on Elfreth 's Alley Jump up ^ `` Climate Summary for Philadelphia , Pennsylvania '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trewartha GT , Horn LH ( 1980 ) Introduction to climate , 5th edn . McGraw Hill , New York , NY Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . usda.gov . United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Note : high resolution map , may be slow to download . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lipman , Don ( 2013 - 01 - 07 ) . `` One wild storm : A look back at the ' Blizzard of ' 96 ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Average Days of Precipitation , . 01 Inches or more '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` WMO Climate Normals for PHILADELPHIA / INT'L ARPT PA 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Station Name : PA PHILADELPHIA INTL AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia Record Highs and Lows '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ThreadEx ; search for location = `` PA - Philadelphia '' , variable = `` Station thread '' Jump up ^ Wood , Anthony R. `` Snow total at airport gets a boost A new measuring station and technique likely contributed to two 8 - inch - plus readings '' . Philly.com .", "61": "The Inquirer . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Air 2017 -- Methodology and Acknowledgements '' . American Lung Association . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia County -- State of the Air 2017 '' . American Lung Association . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Polluted Cities '' . American Lung Association . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census '' ( PDF ) . United States Census . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2010 . page 36 Jump up ^ Campbell Gibson . `` Population of the 100 largest cities and other urban places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 '' . United States Bureau of the Census . Jump up ^ `` Historical , demographic , economic , and social data : the United States , 1790 -- 1970 '' . Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research , Ann Arbor , Michigan . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Pennsylvania 's 2010 Census Population Totals , Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census : Phila . keeps on growing '' . philly.com . Interstate General Media , LLC . March 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File '' . U.S. Census Bureau , 2010 Census .", "62": "Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pennsylvania -- Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` How Does the Census 2000 Question on Race Differ from the 1990 Question ? '' . census.gov . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2001 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` People Reporting Ancestry : 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 2015 : The State of the City '' ( PDF ) . The Pew Charitable Trusts . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trulia ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` America 's Most Irish Towns '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Gay Philadelphia '' . Visit Philadelphia . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Philadelphia 's Gayborhood '' . CBS Local Media . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia immigration '' . Philadelphia immigration . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Laura Sanchez Ubanell ( January 3 , 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's population continues to decline as the economic plague persists '' . Voxxi . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latino Philadelphia at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . Latino Philadelphia . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 .", "63": "Jump up ^ Overcoming the World Missions Crisis : Thinking Strategically to Reach the World , Russell Penney , page 110 , 2001 Jump up ^ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles , Pew Research Center Jump up ^ `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Levitt , Ross ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Group : Remains of more than 500 animals found at Philadelphia home '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Joseph A. Slobodzian ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` Man gets life sentence in killing over Santeria '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer -- via NorthIowaToday.com . Jump up ^ `` The Italian Market ; A South Philadelphia mainstay since the 19th Century '' . Visit Philadelphia . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times Sunday Review , Loose Ends `` The Sound of Philadelphia Fades Out '' Daniel Nester March 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gordon , Matthew J. ( 2006 ) . `` Interview with William Labov '' . Journal of English Linguistics. 34 ( 4 ) : 332 -- 51 . doi : 10.1177 / 0075424206294308 . Jump up ^ Tom Avril ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Penn linguist Labov wins Franklin Institute award '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rocca , Mo ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` An earful and accent that 's distinctly Philly '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philly Slang '' . PhillyTalk.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 2017 '' . Fortune .", "64": "Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World According to GaWC 2016 '' . Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Citywide Vision Philadelphia2035 '' ( PDF ) . City of Philadelphia Planning Committee . June 2011 . p. 34 ( 38 in the PDF file ) . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Park Statistics '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State -- Pennsylvania ( 169 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . January 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Zoo : About '' . Philadelphia Zoo . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Penn Medicine : History '' . Penn Medicine . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Park System History '' . City of Philadelphia . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Library Company of Philadelphia : Overview '' . librarycompany.org . The Library Company of Philadelphia . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Athenaeum of Philadelphia : Mission and History '' . philaathenaeum.org . The Athenaeum of Philadelphia . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Presbyterian Historical Society : About '' . history.pcusa.org . The Presbyterian Historical Society . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weeks , Jerome ( August 2006 ) . `` Philly goes the distance '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Art : Windfall '' . Time . January 15 , 1940 . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Hook , Bailey ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) .", "65": "`` The Early Career of Violet Oakley , Illustrator '' . Woman 's Art Journal . 30 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 38 . JSTOR 40605220 . Jump up ^ Jillian Wilson ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` What To Do For First Friday In Philly This January '' . uwishunu.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wilma Theater history '' . wilmatheater.org . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Theatre Company at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre '' . philadelphiatheatrecompany.org . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Walnut Street Theatre Historical Marker '' . ExplorePAhistory.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lantern Theater Company '' . lanterntheater.org . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Public Art '' . Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aitken , Joanne ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Forget Paris '' . City paper . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wetenhall , John . `` About A Brief History of Percent - For - Art in America '' ( PDF ) . Public Art Review . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Art and Culture '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mural Arts Program About page '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rodney Buxton `` American Bandstand : U.S. Music Program '' . museum.tv . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R&B '' Soul '' Philly Soul `` . allmusic.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live Aid 1985 : A day of magic '' .", "66": "CNN . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodney Kim ( July 2 , 2005 ) . `` Live 8 Philadelphia Review '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Kimmel Center : Home of The Philadelphia Orchestra '' . philorch.org . The Philadelphia Orchestra Association . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Home of The Philadelphia Orchestra : Mann Center for the Performing Arts '' . philorch.org . The Philadelphia Orchestra Association . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Philadelphia Boys Choir . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About The Philly POPS '' . phillypops.org . Encore Series , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stuhldreher , Katie ( 30 July 2007 ) . `` Rick 's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court '' . philly.com . Archived from the original on 24 January 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Spots for Authentic Philly Cheesesteaks '' . visitphilly.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Cheesesteaks in Philadelphia '' . foodnetwork.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Find Philadelphia cheesesteak shops near you and order online for free '' . grubhub.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About us : Geno 's Steaks '' . genosteaks.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pat 's King Of Steaks '' . philly.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` McGillin 's History '' . McGillin 's Olde Ale House . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` City Tavern Timeline '' . citytavern.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 .", "67": "Jump up ^ `` City Tavern : Private Affairs '' . citytavern.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reading Terminal Market : About the market '' . Reading Terminal Market . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan , David M ( 1999 ) . The Athletics of Philadelphia : Connie Mack 's White Elephants , 1901 -- 1954 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0620 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Athletics ( Philadelphia ) ( 1871 - 1876 ) '' . retrosheet.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Purdy , Dennis ( 2006 ) . The Team - by - Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball . New York City : Workman . ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3943 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` History : Phillies Timeline ( 1800s ) '' . Philadelphia Phillies . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLS awards Philadelphia 2010 expansion team '' . February 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 NBA Finals : Lakers vs. 76ers '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 World Series : Philadelphia Phillies over Tampa Bay Rays ( 4 - 1 ) '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chairusmi , Jim ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Does the Curse of Billy Penn Continue to Haunt Philadelphia ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matza , Michael ( October 22 , 2008 ) . `` Lifting the curse of William Penn '' . philly.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 .", "68": "Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sal Paolantonio . `` The 15 Most Tortured Sports Cities '' . espn.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baichwal , Ravi ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Philly reels from loss to Blackhawks '' . WLS . abclocal.go.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adam Winer ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` The Worst Sports Fans in America '' . gq.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles , Phillies top GQ list of ' Worst Fans in America ' '' . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . National Basketball Association . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burgoyne , Tom ( 2004 ) . Movin ' on Up : Baseball and Phialdephia Then , Now , and Always . B B& A Publishers . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 9754419 - 3 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Philadelphia International Cycling Classic Cancels 2017 Race '' ( archive ) . philadelphiainternationalcyclingclassic.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Penn Mutual Collegiate Rugby Championship '' . usasevenscrc.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Westcott , Rich . `` The Early Years of Philadelphia Baseball '' . SABR . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boathouse Row '' . A View on Cities . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Dad Vail Regatta '' .", "69": "Dad Vail Regatta Organizing Committee . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( May . 13 , 2007 ) . `` Stotesbury expecting record field '' ( archive ) . philly.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About The Stotesbury Cup Regatta '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Schuylkill Regatta History and Growth '' . Head of the Schuylkill Regatta ® . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boathouse Row Clubs '' . Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Charlie Eisenhood ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` A Philly Talent Skirmish Highlights Waning Battle Between AUDL , MLU '' . ultiworld.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Charlie Eisenhood ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Major League Ultimate Suspends Operations : The league 's investors pulled funding '' . ultiworld.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phoenix history '' . theaudl.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : A Family of Philadelphia Rivals '' . philadelphiabig5.org . Philadelphia Big 5 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mike DeCourcy ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Villanova beating UNC was the greatest NCAA championship game ever , period '' . sportingnews.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schonbrun , Zach ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Juggernaut Villanova Crushes Michigan for N.C.A.A. Championship '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 .", "70": "Jump up ^ `` Past Olympic Host City Election Results '' . gamesbids.com . Games Bids Inc . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Warner , Bob . `` Philadelphia voices interest in the 2024 Olympics '' . Philly.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Claudia Vargas ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Phila . wo n't bid to host 2024 Summer Olympics '' . Philly.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The City of Philadelphia , Emerald Ash Borer Management Plan '' ( PDF ) . dcnr.state.pa.us . The City of Philadelphia . 2012 . p. 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . The City contains approximately 6,781 acres of watershed parks including East / West Fairmount Parks ( 2052 ac . ) , Wissahickon Valley Park ( 2042 ac . ) Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places -- Fairmount Park -- # 72001151 '' . focus.nps.gov . National Park Service . February 7 , 1972 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Locations : Philadelphia ; Both banks of Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek , from Spring Garden St. to Northwestern Ave . ^ Jump up to : `` City Charter Commission '' . Agency History . City of Philadelphia , Department of Records . November 8 , 2000 . Retrieved April 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Charter Commission ( 1967 ) ( 1951 ) . `` Philadelphia Home Rule Charter , Annotated '' ( PDF ) . City of Philadelphia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Judicial Circuit '' . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court , Eastern District of Pennsylvania '' .", "71": "Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trial Division '' . courts.phila.gov . First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Family Division '' . courts.phila.gov . First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orphans ' Court '' . courts.phila.gov . First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Brennan & Aubrey Whelan ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Larry Krasner wins race for Philly DA '' . philly.com . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter Hall ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Retiring Chief Justice Castille says he kept faith in fellow jurists '' . mcall.com . The Morning Call . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MunicipalCourt '' . The Philadelphia Courts , First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Court '' . The Philadelphia Courts , First Judicial District of Pennsylvania . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Traffic Court '' . Pennsylvania Unified Judicial System . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Membership requirements for the Minor Judiciary Education Board '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Courts > Supreme Court > Calendar '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Courts > Superior Court > Calendar '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Courts > Commonwealth Court > Calendar '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Judges Are Elected '' .", "72": "pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Prothonotary 's Addresses '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Superior Court Prothonotary 's Addresses '' . pacourts.us . The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Court Info '' Court Locations - Philadelphia `` . uscourts.gov . United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About the Court '' Court Location - Philadelphia `` . uscourts.gov . United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cuellar , Dann ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Kenney elected mayor of Philadelphia '' . 6abc.com . ABC Inc. , WPVI - TV . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Nutter easily wins a second term in City Hall '' . The Economist . November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Philadelphia Code Philadelphia Home Rule Charter Article II Legislative Branch The Council - Its Election , Organization , Powers and Duties Chapter 1 The Council § 2 - 100 . Number , Terms and Salaries of Councilmen '' . library.amlegal.com . American Legal Publishing Corp . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Council Members '' . phlcouncil.com . The Council of the City of Philadelphia . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Administration of Voter Registration in Pennsylvania - 2016 Report to the General Assembly '' ( PDF ) . PA Department of State . June 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections '' . uselectionatlas.org . Jump up ^ Keels , Thomas H.", "73": "( 2016 ) . `` Contractor Bosses ( 1880s to 1930s ) '' . philadelphiaencyclopedia.org . The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Long before 2016 craziness , there was Philadelphia 1935 '' . philly.com . The Philadelphia Inquirer . September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth Of The Republican Party '' . republicanviews.org . Republican Views . August 29 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kristin D. Burnett ( November 2011 ) . `` Congressional Apportionment 2010 Census Briefs '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania is currently represented by 18 individuals in the 435 - member United States House of Representatives . Three districts cover parts of Philadelphia . '' Archived March 1 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine ... seventy.org . Committee of Seventy . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Congress / Members of Congress / Pennsylvania '' . govtrack.us . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Councilman Brian J. O'Neill District 10 Minority Leader '' . phlcouncil.com . The Council of the City of Philadelphia . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clines , Francis X . ( November 4 , 1999 ) . `` Democrat Wins in a Squeaker Election for Mayor of Philadelphia '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clemetson , Lynette ( November 5 , 2003 ) . `` Philadelphia Easily Gives Second Term to Its Mayor '' . nytimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Arlen Specter to Teach At Penn Law '' . News and Stories . The University of Pennsylvania School of Law .", "74": "Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Specter , Arlen , ( 1930 - 2012 ) '' . bioguide.congress.gov . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Toeplitz , Shira ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` The admiral sinks Arlen Specter '' . politico.com . Politico . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madonna , G. Terry ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Politically Uncorrected : Presidential nominees and Philadelphia conventions '' . Daily Local News . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) -- Vice President '' . millercenter.org . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Election Results : Electoral College Box Scores 1789 - 1996 '' . archives.gov . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bewley , Joel ; Jan Hefler ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` Four killings put 2006 total over ' 05 top '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Murder : 2013 Marks a Historic Low for Many Cities '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Crime Maps & Stats -- Philadelphia Police Department '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Homicides in 2007 '' . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia PA Crime Statistics ( 2005 Crime Data ) '' . AreaConnect LLC . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rankings by Population Group ( Top 10 / Bottom 10 ) '' . Morgan Quitno Awards .", "75": "Archived from the original on December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` NeighborhoodScout 's Most Dangerous Cities - 2018 : Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S. '' neighborhoodscout.com . Location Inc . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 : Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S. '' ( archive ) . neighborhoodscout.com Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 : Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S. '' ( archive ) . neighborhoodscout.com Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 : Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in the U.S. '' ( archive ) . neighborhoodscout.com Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia becomes largest US city to decriminalize marijuana '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- The School District of Philadelphia '' . Philadelphia School District . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us -- Schools -- The School District of Philadelphia '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hurdle , Jon ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Philadelphia Officials Vote to Close 23 Schools '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Peter ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Average SAT Score Last Year Was Just Under 1500 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` America 's Leading College Towns '' . The Atlantic : City Lab . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brownlee , David B. ; Thomas , George E. ( 2000 ) . Building America 's First University : An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .", "76": "ISBN 0812235150 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Sharon ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Phila . area 's biggest colleges '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIH Awards by Location & Organization '' . April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Gerry . `` The History of the Philadelphia Inquirer '' . Philadelphia Press Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Davies , Dave ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Daily News to be labeled edition of Inquirer ; no change to content , staff '' . Philly.com . ^ Jump up to : Launder , William ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Philadelphia Newspapers Sold Yet Again '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ philly.com . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top Media Outlets : Newspapers , Blogs , Consumer Magazines , Social Networks , Websites , and Broadcast Media '' ( PDF ) . BurrellesLuce . June 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Tribune . phillytrib.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia magazine . phillymag.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Weekly . philadelphiaweekly.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Gay News . epgn.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Exponent . jewishexponent.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Al Día . aldianews.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Metro . metro.us . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Daily Pennsylvanian . thedp.com .", "77": "Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Temple News . temple-news.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Triangle . thetriangle.org . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Todd ( January 7 , 2000 ) . `` The Media : One revolution after another '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` FM Query Results '' ( archive ) . fcc.gov . FCC . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AM Query Results '' ( archive ) . fcc.gov . FCC . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # 9 Philadelphia PA '' ( archive ) . radio-online.com . Radio Online . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Venta , Lance ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` WRNB Drops Old School 100.3 Branding `` . radioinsight.com . RadioBB Networks . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . `` ... the station 's playlist had shifted back towards Urban AC . '' Jump up ^ `` WHYY Radio & Podcasts '' whyy.org . WHYY Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WRTI 90.1 Your Classical and Jazz Source '' wrti.org . WRTI - FM / Temple University . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WXPN 88.5 FM : : Public Radio from the University of Pennsylvania '' . xpn.org . WXPN - FM / The Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Christopher ( 1999 ) . Legacy : A Biography of Moses and Walter Annenberg . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 63379 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Market Name : Philadelphia , PA '' . tvb.org . Television Bureau of Advertising , Inc . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 .", "78": "Jump up ^ `` Nielsen 2017 - 18 TV Household DMA Ranks : Local Television Market Universe Estimates '' ( PDF ) . tvb.org . Television Bureau of Advertising , Inc . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Clickable Regional Rail & Rail Transit Map '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cox ( 1967 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Renovations to City Hall and 15th Street Stations History '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Matthew ( April 1992 ) . `` SEPTA Budget for Fiscal 1993 : Continued Rail Retrenchment '' . The Delaware Valley Association of Railroad Passengers . Jump up ^ `` The Delaware Valley Rail Passenger '' . dvarp.org . Delaware Valley Association of Railroad Passengers . June 8 , 1992 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Abandoned Rails : The Newtown Branch '' . www.abandonedrails.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Commonwealth of Pennsylvania FY2017 Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . amtrak.com . Amtrak / National Railroad Passenger Corporation . November 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak : Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , 30th Street Station '' . amtrak.com . Amtrak / National Railroad Passenger Corporation . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting Transit Services '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NJ Transit : Philadelphia 30th Street '' . njtransit.com . NJ Transit . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PATCO Maps & Stations '' . ridepatco.org . Port Authority Transit Corporation . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia International Airport : About Us '' . phl.org . Philadelphia International Airport .", "79": "Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northeast Philadelphia Airport '' . phl.org . Philadelphia International Airport . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aircraft Movements : Landing and take - off of an aircraft '' . aci.aero . Airports Council International . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SEPTA Airport Line Regional Rail Schedule '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` William Penn Plans the City '' . virginia.edu . The University of Virginia . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` OpenStreetMap '' . openstreetmap.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Blue Route '' . I - 476 Improvement Project . Pennsylvania Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware River Port Authority : Our Bridges '' . drpa.org . Delaware River Port Authority . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Burlington County Bridge Commission : About Our Bridges '' . bcbridges.org . Burlington County Bridge Commission . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Bus Station '' . greyhound.com . Greyhound . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bieber Transportation Group '' . biebergroup.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trailways : Visit Philadelphia , PA '' . trailways.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Martz Group : Locations ( enter Philadelphia , PA ) '' . martztrailways.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan : Philadelphia , PA Station '' . peterpanbus.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NJ Transit : South Jersey to Philly ( Market Street , Greyhound Bus Terminal and on weekdays at 30th Street Station ) '' .", "80": "njtransit.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Megabus Stops : Philadelphia , PA '' . megabus.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BoltBus Buy Tickets '' . boltbus.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City with service to ... '' ( PDF ) . ( 218 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Trolley Lines '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 's PCCs Return to Service . '' Railway Age . Vol. 205 , No. 10 , p. 30 . October 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Trolley Schedules '' . septa.org . SEPTA . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most Walkable Cities in the United States : 2017 '' . Walk Score . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schuylkill River Trail Named Best Urban Trail in the Nation '' . Metro Corp . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fairmount Water Works : Our Story '' . Fairmount Water Works . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Philadelphia Water '' . City of Philadelphia . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PECO : Company Information '' . PECO Energy Company . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PECO_Investing_in_our_Community_Booklet '' . page 2 . peco.com . PECO Energy Company . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PGW : About Us '' . Philadelphia Gas Works . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maykuth , Andrew ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` $1.86 B sale of Philadelphia Gas Works is dead '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer .", "81": "Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hepp , Chris ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` PGW deal latest casualty in Philly 's Nutter - and - Clarke soap opera '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PA 445 Implementation for 215 / 267 NPA Rescinded -- 445 NPA Code Reclaimed '' ( PDF ) . ( 64.5 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Wireless Philadelphia '' . Technically . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia Sister Cities Program '' . cdiphila.org . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Florence , Italy '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tel Aviv , Israel '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Torun , Poland '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tianjin , China '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Incheon , Korea '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Douala , Cameroon '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod , Russia '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frankfurt am Main , Germany '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe , Japan '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 .", "82": "Jump up ^ `` Abruzzo , Italy '' . International Visitors Council of Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aix - en - Provence , France '' . Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities Park '' . ivc.org . International Visitors Council of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities Park History '' . centercityphila.org . Center City District Central Philadelphia Development Corporation Center City District Foundation . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IVC of Philadelphia Partners with Mosul , Iraq in Groundbreaking Program Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Inbound delegations visiting Philadelphia Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Further Reading Main article : Bibliography of Philadelphia Cox , Harold E. ( 1967 ) . May , Jack , ed . The Road from Upper Darby . The Story of the Market Street Subway - Elevated . New York , NY : Electric Railroaders ' Association . OCLC 54770701 .", "83": "External links Find more aboutPhiladelphiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity City of Philadelphia government Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia -- historical encyclopedia Historic Philadelphia -- over 2 million photographs dating back to the late 1800s Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network -- historical maps and atlases philly.com -- The Philadelphia Inquirer and Daily News Convention & Visitors Bureau Pennsylvania Convention Center 10 Towns that Changed America -- WTTW ; segment from 7 : 23 -- 12 : 00 of 56 minute video Places adjacent to Philadelphia Philadelphia Main Line Cheltenham Bensalem Upper Darby Philadelphia Camden , New Jersey Tinicum Township ( Delco ) West Deptford Township , New Jersey Cherry Hill , New Jersey Articles Relating to Philadelphia and Philadelphia County ( hide ) City of Philadelphia Nickname ( s ) : City of Brotherly Love Topics History Timeline Accent Architecture Bibliography Companies Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Education Media Music Notable people Sites of interest Historic Landmarks Skyscrapers Transit Government City Hall Mayors City Council District Attorney Airport Fire Department Free Library Police Department School district Sister cities Federal : U.S. Mint U.S. District Court for the Eastern Dist. of Pa . U.S.", "84": "Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit Neighborhoods Center City North Philadelphia Lower North Upper North Northwest Northeast Philadelphia South Philadelphia Southwest Philadelphia West Philadelphia Museums Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University African American Museum in Philadelphia American Philosophical Society American Swedish Historical Museum Athenaeum of Philadelphia Barnes Foundation Bartram 's Garden Belmont Mansion Betsy Ross House Civil War Museum Cliveden Eastern State Penitentiary Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site Elfreth 's Alley Fabric Workshop and Museum Fairmount Water Works Fort Mifflin Franklin Institute Germantown White House Glen Foerd on the Delaware Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library Grumblethorpe Hill - Physick - Keith House Historic Strawberry Mansion Historical Society of Frankford Historical Society of Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Independence Seaport Museum Insectarium Institute of Contemporary Art John Johnson House John Ruan House La Salle University Art Museum Lemon Hill Marian Anderson Residence Museum Masonic Temple , Library ,", "85": "and Museum Museum of the American Revolution Mütter Museum National Constitution Center National Liberty Museum National Museum of American Jewish History Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Philadelphia History Museum Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia 's Magic Gardens Please Touch Museum Powel House RittenhouseTown Rodin Museum Rosenbach Museum and Library Ryerss Museum and Library Science History Institute Shofuso Japanese House and Garden Stenton Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Wagner Free Institute of Science Woodmere Art Museum Wyck House Sports 76ers Eagles Flyers Phillies Soul Union Squares Centre Franklin Logan Rittenhouse Washington Wards 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Related articles Delaware Valley Independence Hall Liberty Bell Commons Portal Municipalities and communities of Philadelphia in Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania ,", "86": "United States Sections and Neighborhoods Center City Avenue of the Arts Broad Street Chinatown Fitler Square Franklin Square Jewelers ' Row Logan Square Old City Penn 's Landing Rittenhouse Square Society Hill South Street Washington Square West South Bella Vista Central South Philadelphia Devil 's Pocket Dickinson Square West East Passyunk Crossing Fabric Row FDR Park Girard Estate Graduate Hospital Grays Ferry Greenwich Hawthorne Industrial Italian Market Little Saigon Lower Moyamensing Marconi Plaza Moyamensing Newbold Packer Park Passyunk Square Pennsport Point Breeze Queen Village Schuylkill Southern Boulevard Parkway Southwark Southwest Center City South Philadelphia / East South Philadelphia / West Sports Complex Tasker West Passyunk Wharton Whitman Wilson Park Southwest Angora Bartram Village Clearview Eastwick Elmwood Park Hog Island Kingsessing Mount Moriah Paschall Penrose Southwest Schuylkill West Avenue of Technology Belmont Village Carroll Park Cathedral Park Centennial District Cedar Park Cobbs Creek Dunlap Garden Court Haddington Haverford North Mantua Mill Creek Overbrook Overbrook Farms Overbrook Park Parkside Powelton Village Saunders Park Spruce Hill Squirrel Hill 30th Street Station University City Walnut Hill Woodland Terrace Wynnefield Wynnefield Heights North Lower North Badlands Belfield Brewerytown Cabot Callowhill Cecil B.", "87": "Moore El Centro de Oro / Fairhill Fairmount Francisville Hartranft Ivy Hill Ludlow N3RD Street North Central Northern Liberties North Philadelphia / East North Philadelphia / West Poplar Reading Viaduct Sharswood South Lehigh Spring Garden Stanton Strawberry Mansion Yorktown Upper North Allegheny West Badlands Franklinville Glenwood Hunting Park Nicetown -- Tioga Olde Kensington Swampoodle West Kensington Olney - Oak Lane East Oak Lane Feltonville Fern Rock Koreatown Logan Ogontz Olney West Oak Lane Northwest Lower Northwest Andorra East Falls Manayunk Parkland Roxborough Wissahickon Upper Northwest Beggarstown Chestnut Hill Germantown Morton Mount Airy Wister Cedarbrook Northeast Near Northeast Burholme Castor Gardens Crescentville Fox Chase Frankford Holme Circle Holmesburg Juniata Lawndale Lexington Park Mayfair Oxford Circle Rhawnhurst Ryers Tacony Wissinoming Far Northeast Academy Gardens Ashton - Woodenbridge Bustleton Byberry Crestmont Farms Millbrook Modena Park Morrell Park Normandy Parkwood Pennypack Somerton Torresdale Upper Holmesburg Winchester Park River Wards Bridesburg Fishtown Harrowgate Kensington Olde Richmond Port Richmond Former Municipalities Cities Philadelphia ( Center City ) Boroughs Aramingo Bridesburg Frankford Germantown Manayunk West Philadelphia Whitehall Districts Belmont Kensington Moyamensing Northern Liberties Penn Richmond Southwark Spring Garden Townships Blockley Bristol Byberry Delaware Germantown Kingsessing Lower Dublin Moreland Northern Liberties Oxford Passyunk Penn Roxborough Footnotes As a consolidated city - county Philadelphia is its own county seat . Delaware Valley Counties Atlantic Berks Bucks Burlington Camden Cape May Cecil Chester", "88": "Cumberland Delaware Gloucester Kent Mercer Montgomery New Castle Ocean Philadelphia Salem Major cities Philadelphia Cities and towns 50k - 99k Abington Bensalem Brandywine Hundred Bristol Camden Cherry Hill Gloucester Township Hamilton Lower Merion New Castle Hundred Pennsauken Reading Trenton Upper Darby Vineland Wilmington Cities and towns 30k - 50k Atlantic City Cheltenham Chester Deptford Dover Egg Harbor Evesham Ewing Falls Galloway Haverford Lawrence Lower Makefield Middletown Millville Monroe Mount Laurel Newark Norristown Northampton Radnor Ridley Warminster Washington Willingboro Winslow Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg ( capital ) Topics Index Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Agriculture Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Baltimore - Washington Erie Harrisburg -- Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton ‐ Wilkes - Barre State College Williamsport York - Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg", "89": "Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Largest municipalities Abington Bensalem Bethel Park Bristol Cheltenham Cranberry Darby Falls Hampden Haverford Hempfield Lower Macungie Lower Makefield Lower Merion Lower Paxton Manheim McCandless Middletown Millcreek Township Monroeville Mount Lebanon Norristown Northampton North Huntingdon Penn Hills Radnor Ridley Ross Shaler Spring State College Tredyffrin Upper Darby Upper Merion Warminster West Chester Whitehall York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Atlantic Coastal Plain Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Central Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Eastern Endless Mountains Great Valley Mahoning Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Moshannon Valley Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier Northwestern North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Penns Valley Philicon Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley Saucon Valley South Central Southeastern Southern Southwestern Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester", "90": "Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside - San Bernardino , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville ,", "91": "FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 All - America City Award : Hall of Fame Akron , Ohio Anchorage , Alaska Asheville , North Carolina Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus , Ohio Dayton , Ohio Des Moines , Iowa Edinburg , Texas Fayetteville , North Carolina Fort Wayne , Indiana Fort Worth , Texas Gastonia , North Carolina Grand Island , Nebraska Grand Rapids , Michigan Hickory , North Carolina Independence , Missouri Kansas City , Missouri Laurinburg , North Carolina New Haven , Connecticut Peoria , Illinois Philadelphia Phoenix , Arizona Roanoke , Virginia Rockville , Maryland Saint Paul , Minnesota San Antonio Seward , Alaska Shreveport , Louisiana Tacoma , Washington Toledo , Ohio Tupelo , Mississippi Wichita , Kansas Worcester ,", "92": "Massachusetts County seats of Pennsylvania Cities Allentown Butler Chester ( 1682 - 1851 ) Easton Erie Franklin Greensburg Harrisburg Lancaster Lebanon Lock Haven Meadville New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Uniontown Warren Washington Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Boroughs Beaver Bedford Bellefonte Brookville Carlisle Chambersburg Clarion Clearfield Coudersport Danville Doylestown Ebensburg Emporium Gettysburg Hollidaysburg Honesdale Huntingdon Indiana Jim Thorpe Kittanning Laporte Lewisburg Lewistown McConnellsburg Media Mercer Middleburg Mifflintown Milford Montrose New Bloomfield Norristown Ridgway Smethport Somerset Stroudsburg Tionesta Towanda Tunkhannock Waynesburg Wellsboro West Chester Town Bloomsburg Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Pennsylvania State capital : Eric Papenfuse ( Harrisburg ) Jim Kenney ( Philadelphia ) Bill Peduto ( Pittsburgh ) Ray O'Connell ( Allentown ) Joseph Schember ( Erie ) Home Rule Municipalities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania First Class Township of Cheltenham Township of Haverford Township of McCandless Township of Mt . Lebanon Township of O'Hara Township of Penn Hills City of Philadelphia Township of Plymouth Township of Radnor Township of Upper Darby Township of Upper St.", "93": "Clair Township of Whitehall Township of Wilkes - Barre Second Class Township of Chester Township of Elk Township of Ferguson Township of Hampton Township of Hanover Township of Horsham Borough of Kingston Township of Middletown Township of Peters Township of Pine City of Pittsburgh Township of Richland Township of Tredyffrin Township of Upper Providence Township of West Deer Township of Whitemarsh Third Class City of Allentown City of Carbondale City of Chester City of Clairton City of Coatesville City of Farrell City of Franklin City of Greensburg City of Hermitage City of Johnstown Borough of Latrobe City of Lebanon City of McKeesport City of Reading City of St. Marys City of Warren City of Wilkes - Barre N / A Borough of Bellevue Borough of Bethel Park Borough of Bradford Woods Borough of Bryn Athyn Borough of Cambridge Springs Borough of Chalfont City of DuBois Borough of Edinboro Borough of Greentree City of Hazleton Township of Kingston Borough of Monroeville Borough of Murrysville Borough of Norristown Borough of Portage Township of Salisbury City of Scranton Borough of State College Borough of Tyrone Borough of West Chester Borough of Whitehall Borough of Youngsville Northeast megalopolis Major metropolitan areas ( over 1,000,000 ) New York city Philadelphia city Washington city Boston city Baltimore city Providence city Hartford city Other cities ( over 100,000 ) Newark Jersey City Yonkers Worcester Springfield Alexandria Paterson Bridgeport Elizabeth New Haven Stamford Allentown Manchester Waterbury Cambridge Lowell Cheesesteak Toppings Cheese Cheez Whiz American Provolone Fried onions Contributors Pat Olivieri Harry Olivieri Tony Luke Jr .", "94": "Joey Vento Restaurants in Philadelphia Pat 's King of Steaks Geno 's Steaks Jim 's Steaks Tony Luke 's Steve 's Prince of Steaks John 's Roast Pork Dalessandro 's Steaks Joe 's Steaks Miscellaneous Steak sandwich Preceded by none Capital of Pennsylvania 1682 -- 1799 Succeeded by Lancaster VIAF : 180363010 LCCN : n78095520 GND : 4103331 - 0 BNF : cb11940713z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&oldid=838254563 '' Categories : Philadelphia 1682 establishments in Pennsylvania Cities in Pennsylvania Consolidated city - counties in the United States County seats in Pennsylvania Former capitals of the United States Former state capitals in the United States Planned cities in the United States Populated places established in 1682 Populated places on the Schuylkill River Port cities and towns of the United States Atlantic coast Ukrainian communities in the United States Populated places on the Delaware River Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk", "95": "View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া", "96": "মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Romani Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots", "97": "Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 138 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 83, 0, 25, 5, 82, 91, 90, 81, 87, 96, 86, 95, 18, 51, 84, 11, 89, 7, 58, 26, 2, 46, 55, 57, 24, 93, 30, 10, 59, 97, 63, 73, 22, 61, 9, 72, 29, 8, 49, 94, 50, 65, 75, 88, 85, 62, 6, 33, 32, 68, 56, 40, 70, 45, 80, 54, 27, 1, 69, 71, 66, 77, 92, 31, 36, 60, 67, 3, 64, 79, 78, 20, 53, 28, 4, 47, 35, 76, 52, 37, 19, 44, 74, 43, 41, 23, 34, 48, 21, 39, 12, 38, 42, 13, 17, 15, 14, 16 ]	[ 83, 0, 25, 5, 82, 91 ]
-3480201839505834005	who is currently serving as president of the senate	[ "Orrin Hatch", "Orrin Hatch", "Patrick Leahy" ]	{ "0": "Seniority in the United States Senate - wikipedia Seniority in the United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President Pro Tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) Seniority in the United States Senate is valuable as it confers a number of benefits and is based on length of continuous service , with ties broken by a series of factors . Customarily , the terms `` senior senator '' and `` junior senator '' are used to distinguish the two senators representing a particular state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benefits of seniority 2 Determining the beginning of a term 3 Determining length of seniority 4 Current seniority list 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Benefits of seniority ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power , but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority . Generally , senior senators will have more power , especially within their own caucuses . In addition , by custom , senior senators from the president 's party control federal patronage appointments in their states . The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party . There are several benefits , including the following : Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority . Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee , which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate .", "1": "Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position , it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee , and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee . The ranking member of a committee ( called the vice-chairman in some select committees ) is elected in the same way . Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber . Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated . Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence although other factors , such as being a former President or First Spouse , can place an individual higher in the order of precedence . Determining the beginning of a term ( edit ) The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new Senator is sworn in . In the case of Senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress , their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress . Since 1935 , that means January 3 of odd - numbered years . The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment , although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office . An incoming Senator who holds another office , including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives , must resign from that office before becoming a Senator . Determining length of seniority ( edit ) A senator 's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service ; for example , a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years . Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress , seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service . These tiebreakers in order are : Former Senator Former Vice President Former House member Former Cabinet secretary Former state Governor Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office Alphabetical by last name ( in case two senators came from the same state on the same day and have identical credentials ) When more than one senator has served in the same previous role , length of time in that prior office is used to break the tie .", "2": "For instance , Ben Cardin , Bernie Sanders , Sherrod Brown , Bob Casey , Bob Corker , Claire McCaskill , Amy Klobuchar , Sheldon Whitehouse and Jon Tester took office on January 3 , 2007 , and the first three senators mentioned had previously served in the House of Representatives . Cardin , having served 20 years , is more senior than Sanders , who served 16 years , who in turn is more senior than Brown who served 14 years . Casey is more senior than Corker because as of the 2000 census , Pennsylvania 's population outranks that of Tennessee 's ; McCaskill is more senior than Klobuchar because Missouri 's population outranked that of Minnesota , and Klobuchar is more senior than Whitehouse because Minnesota 's population outranked Rhode Island 's population ; meanwhile , Tester 's home state of Montana had the least population among the freshmen class of 2006 , so he was ranked 100 in seniority when the 110th Congress convened . Current seniority list ( edit ) Only relevant factors are listed below . For senators whose seniority is based on their state 's respective population , the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States Census current at the time they first took their seat . Republican R ( 51 ) Democratic D ( 47 ) Independent I ( 2 ) Current rank Historical rank Senator Party - State Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions 1692 Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy D -- Vermont January 3 , 1975 Ranking Member : Appropriations President pro tempore emeritus 1708 Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch R -- Utah January 3 , 1977 President pro tempore Chair : Finance 1719 Cochran , Thad Thad Cochran R -- Mississippi December 27 , 1978 Chair : Appropriations 1745 Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley R -- Iowa January 3 , 1981 Chair : Judiciary 5 1766 McConnell , Mitch Mitch McConnell R -- Kentucky January 3 , 1985 Majority Leader 6 1775 Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby R -- Alabama January 3 ,", "3": "1987 Former Representative ( 8 years ) Chair : Rules 7 1777 McCain , John John McCain R -- Arizona Former Representative ( 4 years ) Chair : Armed Services 8 1801 Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein D -- California November 4 , 1992 Ranking Member : Judiciary 9 1810 Murray , Patty Patty Murray D -- Washington January 3 , 1993 Ranking Member : HELP Assistant Minority Leader 10 1816 Inhofe , Jim Jim Inhofe R -- Oklahoma November 16 , 1994 11 1827 Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden D -- Oregon February 6 , 1996 Ranking Member : Finance 12 1830 Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts R -- Kansas January 3 , 1997 Former Representative ( 16 years ) Chair : Agriculture 13 1831 Durbin , Dick Dick Durbin D -- Illinois Former Representative ( 14 years ) Minority Whip 14 1835 Reed , Jack Jack Reed D -- Rhode Island Former Representative ( 6 years ) Ranking Member : Armed Services 15 1842 Collins , Susan Susan Collins R -- Maine Maine 38th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Aging 16 1843 Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi R -- Wyoming Wyoming 50th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Budget 17 1844 Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer D -- New York January 3 , 1999 Former Representative ( 18 years ) Minority Leader 18 1846 Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo R -- Idaho Former Representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Banking 19 1854 Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson D -- Florida January 3 , 2001 Former Representative ( 12 years ) Ranking Member : Commerce 20 1855 Carper , Tom Tom Carper D -- Delaware Former Representative ( 10 years ) Ranking Member : Environment 21 1856 Stabenow ,", "4": "Debbie Debbie Stabenow D -- Michigan Former Representative ( 4 years ) Ranking Member : Agriculture Democratic Policy Committee Chair 22 1859 Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell D -- Washington Former Representative ( 2 years ) Ranking Member : Energy 23 1873 Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski R -- Alaska December 20 , 2002 Chair : Energy 24 1867 Graham , Lindsey Lindsey Graham R -- South Carolina January 3 , 2003 Former Representative 25 1869 Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander R -- Tennessee Former Cabinet member Chair : HELP 26 1871 Cornyn , John John Cornyn R -- Texas Majority Whip 27 1876 Burr , Richard Richard Burr R -- North Carolina January 3 , 2005 Former Representative ( 10 years ) Chair : Intelligence 28 1879 Thune , John John Thune R -- South Dakota Former Representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Commerce Republican Conference Chair 29 1880 Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson R -- Georgia Former Representative ( 5 yrs. , 10 mos . ) Chair : Veterans ' Affairs Chair : Ethics 30 1885 Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez D -- New Jersey January 17 , 2006 31 1886 Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin D -- Maryland January 3 , 2007 Former Representative ( 20 years ) Ranking Member : Foreign Relations 32 1887 Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders I -- Vermont Former Representative ( 16 years ) Ranking Member : Budget 33 1888 Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown D -- Ohio Former Representative ( 14 years ) Ranking Member : Banking 34 1890 Casey Jr. , Bob Bob Casey Jr . D -- Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 6th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Aging 35 1891 Corker , Bob Bob Corker R -- Tennessee Tennessee 16th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Foreign Relations 36 1892 McCaskill ,", "5": "Claire Claire McCaskill D -- Missouri Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Homeland Security 37 1893 Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar D -- Minnesota Minnesota 21st in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Rules 38 1894 Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse D -- Rhode Island Rhode Island 43rd in population ( 2000 ) 39 1895 Tester , Jon Jon Tester D -- Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Veterans ' Affairs 40 1896 Barrasso , John John Barrasso R -- Wyoming June 22 , 2007 Chair : Environment Republican Policy Committee Chair 41 1897 Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker R -- Mississippi December 31 , 2007 42 1899 Udall , Tom Tom Udall D -- New Mexico January 3 , 2009 Former Representative Vice Chair : Indian Affairs 43 1901 Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen D -- New Hampshire Former Governor ( 6 years ) Ranking Member : Small Business 44 1902 Warner , Mark Mark Warner D -- Virginia Former Governor ( 4 years ) Vice Chair : Intelligence Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 45 1903 Risch , Jim Jim Risch R -- Idaho Former Governor ( 7 months ) Chair : Small Business 46 1905 Merkley , Jeff Jeff Merkley D -- Oregon 47 1909 Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet D -- Colorado January 21 , 2009 48 1910 Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand D -- New York January 26 , 2009 49 1916 Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin D -- West Virginia November 15 , 2010 Former Governor 50 1917 Coons , Chris Chris Coons D -- Delaware Vice Chair : Ethics 51 1919 Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt R -- Missouri January 3 ,", "6": "2011 Former Representative ( 14 years ) Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Republican Conference Vice Chair 52 1920 Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran R -- Kansas Kansas 33rd in population ( 2000 ) 53 1921 Portman , Rob Rob Portman R -- Ohio Former Representative ( 12 years ) 54 1922 Boozman , John John Boozman R -- Arkansas Former Representative ( 10 years ) 55 1923 Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey R -- Pennsylvania Former Representative ( 6 years ) 56 1924 Hoeven , John John Hoeven R -- North Dakota Former Governor Chair : Indian Affairs 57 1925 Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio R -- Florida Florida 4th in population ( 2000 ) 58 1926 Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson R -- Wisconsin Wisconsin 20th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Homeland Security 59 1927 Paul , Rand Rand Paul R -- Kentucky Kentucky 25th in population ( 2000 ) 60 1928 Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal D -- Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2000 ) 61 1929 Lee , Mike Mike Lee R -- Utah Utah 34th in population ( 2000 ) 62 1931 Heller , Dean Dean Heller R -- Nevada May 9 , 2011 63 1932 Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz D -- Hawaii December 26 , 2012 64 1933 Scott , Tim Tim Scott R -- South Carolina January 2 , 2013 65 1934 Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin D -- Wisconsin January 3 , 2013 Former Representative ( 14 years ) Democratic Caucus Secretary 66 1935 Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake R -- Arizona Former Representative ( 12 years ) 67 1936 Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly D -- Indiana Former Representative ( 6 years ) Indiana 15th in population ( 2010 ) 68 1937 Murphy ,", "7": "Chris Chris Murphy D -- Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2010 ) 69 1938 Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono D -- Hawaii Hawaii 40th in population ( 2010 ) 70 1939 Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich D -- New Mexico Former Representative ( 4 years ) 71 1940 King , Angus Angus King I -- Maine Former Governor ( 8 years ) 72 1941 Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine D -- Virginia Former Governor ( 4 years ) 73 1942 Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz R -- Texas Texas 2nd in population ( 2010 ) 74 1943 Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren D -- Massachusetts Massachusetts 14th in population ( 2010 ) Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 75 1944 Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer R -- Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 76 1945 Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp D -- North Dakota North Dakota 48th in population ( 2010 ) 77 1948 Markey , Ed Ed Markey D -- Massachusetts July 16 , 2013 78 1949 Booker , Cory Cory Booker D -- New Jersey October 31 , 2013 79 1951 Capito , Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito R -- West Virginia January 3 , 2015 Former Representative ( 14 years ) 80 1952 Peters , Gary Gary Peters D -- Michigan Former Representative ( 6 years ) Michigan 8th in population ( 2010 ) 81 1953 Cassidy , Bill Bill Cassidy R -- Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 82 1954 Gardner , Cory Cory Gardner R -- Colorado Former Representative ( 4 years ) Colorado 22nd in population ( 2010 ) NRSC Chair 83 1955 Lankford , James James Lankford R -- Oklahoma Oklahoma 28th in population ( 2010 ) 84 1956 Cotton ,", "8": "Tom Tom Cotton R -- Arkansas Former Representative ( 2 years ) Arkansas 32nd in population ( 2010 ) 85 1957 Daines , Steve Steve Daines R -- Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2010 ) 86 1958 Rounds , Mike Mike Rounds R -- South Dakota Former Governor 87 1959 Perdue , David David Perdue R -- Georgia Georgia 9th in population ( 2010 ) 88 1960 Tillis , Thom Thom Tillis R -- North Carolina North Carolina 10th in population ( 2010 ) 89 1961 Ernst , Joni Joni Ernst R -- Iowa Iowa 30th in population ( 2010 ) 90 1962 Sasse , Ben Ben Sasse R -- Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 91 1963 Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan R -- Alaska Alaska 47th in population ( 2010 ) 92 1964 Van Hollen , Chris Chris Van Hollen D -- Maryland January 3 , 2017 Former Representative ( 14 years ) DSCC Chair 93 1965 Young , Todd Todd Young R -- Indiana Former Representative ( 6 years ) 94 1966 Duckworth , Tammy Tammy Duckworth D -- Illinois Former Representative ( 4 years ) 95 1967 Hassan , Maggie Maggie Hassan D -- New Hampshire Former Governor 96 1968 Harris , Kamala Kamala Harris D -- California California 1st in population ( 2010 ) 97 1969 Kennedy , John Neely John Neely Kennedy R -- Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 98 1970 Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto D -- Nevada Nevada 35th in population ( 2010 ) 99 1972 Smith , Tina Tina Smith D -- Minnesota January 3 , 2018 Minnesota 21st in population ( 2010 ) 100 1973 Jones ,", "9": "Doug Doug Jones D -- Alabama Alabama 23rd in population ( 2010 ) Rank Historical rank Senator Party - State Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions See also ( edit ) Current members of the United States Senate Seniority in the United States House of Representatives List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The seniority date for an appointed senator is the date of the appointment , not necessarily the date of taking the oath of office . See Determining the beginning of a term , above . Jump up ^ Richard Shelby 's 1994 party change did not break his service or seniority . Jump up ^ Maria Cantwell ( # 22 ) is the Senate 's most senior junior senator . Jump up ^ John Cornyn 's predecessor , Phil Gramm , resigned early , effective November 30 , 2002 , so that Senator - elect Cornyn could take office early , and move into Gramm 's office suite in order to begin organizing his staff . Cornyn did not , however , gain seniority , owing to a 1980 Rules Committee policy that no longer gave seniority to senators who entered Congress early for the purpose of gaining advantageous office space . Jump up ^ Although Sanders was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President in 2016 , and has voted with the Democratic Party for organizational purposes throughout his time in Congress , he has never been a Democratic Senator . Jump up ^ Bill Cassidy ( # 81 ) is the Senate 's most junior senior senator . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Senators of the United States 1789 -- present , A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Senate Historical Office . April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` 2000 Census State Population Rankings '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 .", "10": "Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data ( Text Version ) -- 2010 Census , by state and census region '' . Jump up ^ `` Historical rank '' refers to the Senator 's seniority over the entire history of the Senate since 1789 . This is an absolute number that does not change from one Congress to the next . ( hide ) Lists of United States Senators in Congress by seniority 1 ( 1789 ) 2 ( 1791 ) 3 ( 1793 ) 4 ( 1795 ) 5 ( 1797 ) 6 ( 1799 ) 7 ( 1801 ) 8 ( 1803 ) 9 ( 1805 ) 10 ( 1807 ) 11 ( 1809 ) 12 ( 1811 ) 13 ( 1813 ) 14 ( 1815 ) 15 ( 1817 ) 16 ( 1819 ) 17 ( 1821 ) 18 ( 1823 ) 19 ( 1825 ) 20 ( 1827 ) 21 ( 1829 ) 22 ( 1831 ) 23 ( 1833 ) 24 ( 1835 ) 25 ( 1837 ) 26 ( 1839 ) 27 ( 1841 ) 28 ( 1843 ) 29 ( 1845 ) 30 ( 1847 ) 31 ( 1849 ) 32 ( 1851 ) 33 ( 1853 ) 34 ( 1855 ) 35 ( 1857 ) 36 ( 1859 ) 37 ( 1861 ) 38 ( 1863 ) 39 ( 1865 ) 40 ( 1867 ) 41 ( 1869 ) 42 ( 1871 ) 43 ( 1873 ) 44 ( 1875 ) 45 ( 1877 ) 46 ( 1879 ) 47 ( 1881 ) 48 ( 1883 ) 49 ( 1885 ) 50 ( 1887 ) 51 ( 1889 ) 52 ( 1891 ) 53 ( 1893 ) 54 ( 1895 )", "11": "55 ( 1897 ) 56 ( 1899 ) 57 ( 1901 ) 58 ( 1903 ) 59 ( 1905 ) 60 ( 1907 ) 61 ( 1909 ) 62 ( 1911 ) 63 ( 1913 ) 64 ( 1915 ) 65 ( 1917 ) 66 ( 1919 ) 67 ( 1921 ) 68 ( 1923 ) 69 ( 1925 ) 70 ( 1927 ) 71 ( 1929 ) 72 ( 1931 ) 73 ( 1933 ) 74 ( 1935 ) 75 ( 1937 ) 76 ( 1939 ) 77 ( 1941 ) 78 ( 1943 ) 79 ( 1945 ) 80 ( 1947 ) 81 ( 1949 ) 82 ( 1951 ) 83 ( 1953 ) 84 ( 1955 ) 85 ( 1957 ) 86 ( 1959 ) 87 ( 1961 ) 88 ( 1963 ) 89 ( 1965 ) 90 ( 1967 ) 91 ( 1969 ) 92 ( 1971 ) 93 ( 1973 ) 94 ( 1975 ) 95 ( 1977 ) 96 ( 1979 ) 97 ( 1981 ) 98 ( 1983 ) 99 ( 1985 ) 100 ( 1987 ) 101 ( 1989 ) 102 ( 1991 ) 103 ( 1993 ) 104 ( 1995 ) 105 ( 1997 ) 106 ( 1999 ) 107 ( 2001 ) 108 ( 2003 ) 109 ( 2005 ) 110 ( 2007 ) 111 ( 2009 ) 112 ( 2011 ) 113 ( 2013 ) 114 ( 2015 ) 115 ( 2017 ) Current United States Senate elections 1788 / 89 1790 / 91 1792 /", "12": "93 1794 / 95 1796 / 97 1798 / 99 1800 / 01 1802 / 03 1804 / 05 1806 / 07 1808 / 09 1810 / 11 1812 / 13 1814 / 15 1816 / 17 1818 / 19 1820 / 21 1822 / 23 1824 / 25 1826 / 27 1828 / 29 1830 / 31 1832 / 33 1834 / 35 1836 / 37 1838 / 39 1840 / 41 1842 / 43 1844 / 45 1846 / 47 1848 / 49 1850 / 51 1852 / 53 1854 / 55 1856 / 57 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 / 67 1868 / 69 1870 / 71 1872 / 73 1874 / 75 1876 / 77 1878 / 79 1880 / 81 1882 / 83 1884 / 85 1886 / 87 1888 / 89 1890 / 91 1892 / 93 1894 / 95 1896 / 97 1898 / 99 1900 / 01 1902 / 03 1904 / 05 1906 / 07 1908 / 09 1910 / 11 1912 / 13 1914 / 15 1916 1918", "13": "1920 / 21 1922 / 23 1924 / 25 1926 1928 1930 / 31 1932 / 33 1934 1936 / 37 1938 1940 / 41 1942 1944 1946 / 47 1948 / 49 1950 1952 1954 1956 / 57 1958 / 59 1960 / 61 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 / 75 1976 1978 1980 1982 / 83 1984 1986 1990 / 91 1992 / 93 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 / 13 2014 2016 / 17 2018 2020 2022 Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of elections in the United States House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S.", "14": "Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history ,", "15": "and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness ,", "16": "and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Websites House of Representatives Senate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=820188974 '' Categories : Lists of United States Senators by seniority Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 ,", "17": "at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 8, 2, 4, 5, 7, 6, 14, 9, 3, 13, 16, 10, 1, 15, 11, 17, 12, 0 ]	[ 2, 8, 4, 5, 7 ]
7811042716922165429	what's the largest city park in the united states	[ "Franklin Mountains State Park", "Franklin Mountains State Park", "Franklin Mountains State Park", "Franklin Mountains State Park", "Franklin Mountains State Park" ]	{ "0": "List of urban parks by size - wikipedia List of urban parks by size Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A list of international urban parks larger than 1,000 acres ( 405 hectares ; 4 square kilometres ; 2 square miles ) and contained entirely within a city 's municipal or metropolitan boundary . City Region / State Country Park name Size in acres Size in hectares Moscow Moscow Russia Losiny Ostrov National Park 7008116213575882060 ♠ 28,717.0 7008115999901862958 ♠ 11,600.0 El Paso Texas United States Franklin Mountains State Park 7007981281745303552 ♠ 24,248.0 7007981281745303552 ♠ 9,812.8 Edmonton Alberta Canada North Saskatchewan River valley parks system 7007728434156032000 ♠ 18,000.0 7007728434156032000 ♠ 7,284.3 Sydney New South Wales Australia Western Sydney Parklands 7007527999832400803 ♠ 13,047.2 7007527999832400803 ♠ 5,280.0 Lahore and Kasur Punjab Pakistan Changa Manga 7007502740973354752 ♠ 12,423.0 7007502740973354752 ♠ 5,027.4 Toronto Ontario Canada Rouge Park 7007500029579551744 ♠ 12,356.0 7007500029579551744 ♠ 5,000.3 Dallas Texas United States Trinity River Project 7007404685642240000 ♠ 10,000.0 7007404685642240000 ♠ 4,046.9 London Greater London United Kingdom Lee Valley Park 7007404685642240000 ♠ 10,000.0 7007404685642240000 ♠ 4,", "1": "046.9 Houston Texas United States Cullen Park 7007375143590356480 ♠ 9,270.0 7007375143590356480 ♠ 3,751.4 Ulsan Yeongnam South Korea Ulsan Grand Park 7007364014735194880 ♠ 8,995.0 7007364014735194880 ♠ 3,640.1 Los Angeles California United States Topanga State Park 7007362598335447040 ♠ 8,960.0 7007362598335447040 ♠ 3,626.0 Seongnam and Gwangju Gyeonggi - do South Korea Namhansanseong 7007344499984154782 ♠ 8,512.8 7007344499984154782 ♠ 3,445.0 Moscow Moscow Russia Izmaylovsky Park 7007159999753001144 ♠ 3,953.7 7007160404438643384 ♠ 1,604.0 Jacksonville Florida United States Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve 7007318487600442880 ♠ 7,870.0 7007318487600442880 ♠ 3,184.9 Houston Texas United States George Bush Park 7007315654800947200 ♠ 7,800.0 7007315654800947200 ♠ 3,156.5 Phoenix Arizona United States North Mountain Preserve 7007303514231680000 ♠ 7,500.0 7007303514231680000 ♠ 3,035.1 Louisville Kentucky United States Jefferson Memorial Forest 7007243256539550464 ♠ 6,011.0 7007243256539550464 ♠ 2,432.6 San Diego California United States Mission Trails Regional Park 7007292142565133056 ♠ 7,219.0 7007292142565133056 ♠ 2,921.4 Raleigh North Carolina United States William B.", "2": "Umstead State Park 7007225774119805696 ♠ 5,579.0 7007225774119805696 ♠ 2,257.7 Moscow Moscow Russia Bitsa Park 7007220836954970368 ♠ 5,457.0 7007220836954970368 ♠ 2,208.4 Brescia Lombardy Italy Brescia Hills Park ( part ) 7007218299575993523 ♠ 5,394.3 7007218299575993523 ♠ 2,183.0 Mexico City State of Mexico Mexico Sierra de Guadalupe 7007215373698800128 ♠ 5,322.0 7007215373698800128 ♠ 2,153.7 Honolulu Hawaii United States Ahupua ʻa O Kahana State Park 7007211610122327296 ♠ 5,229.0 7007211610122327296 ♠ 2,116.1 Portland Oregon United States Forest Park 7007208696385703168 ♠ 5,157.0 7007208696385703168 ♠ 2,087.0 Indianapolis Indiana United States Eagle Creek Park and Golf Course 7007192873177091584 ♠ 4,766.0 7007192873177091584 ♠ 1,928.7 Memphis Tennessee United States Shelby Farms 7007182108539008000 ♠ 4,500.0 7007182108539008000 ♠ 1,821.1 Anchorage Alaska United States Far North Bicentennial Park 7007182108539008000 ♠ 4,500.0 7007182108539008000 ♠ 1,821.1 Santiago Santiago Metropolitan Region Chile Parque Metropolitano de Santiago 7007178466368227840 ♠ 4,410.0 7007178466368227840 ♠ 1,784.7 Halifax Nova Scotia Canada Blue Mountain Birch Cove Wilderness Area 4,366.4 1,767.", "3": "0 Virginia Beach Virginia United States False Cape State Park and Natural Area Preserve 7007174864666011904 ♠ 4,321.0 7007174864666011904 ♠ 1,748.6 Madrid Madrid Spain Casa de Campo 7007172234209337344 ♠ 4,256.0 7007172234209337344 ♠ 1,722.3 Los Angeles California United States Griffith Park 7007170655935332608 ♠ 4,217.0 7007170655935332608 ♠ 1,706.6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States Fairmount Park ( proper ) 7007168632507121408 ♠ 4,167.0 7007168632507121408 ♠ 1,686.3 Lethbridge Alberta Canada Oldman River valley parks system 7007161874256896000 ♠ 4,000.0 7007161874256896000 ♠ 1,618.7 Jacksonville Florida United States Pumpkin Hill Creek Preserve 7007157665526216704 ♠ 3,896.0 7007157665526216704 ♠ 1,576.7 Austin Texas United States Walter E. Long Park 7007150340716092160 ♠ 3,715.0 7007150340716092160 ♠ 1,503.4 Chico California United States Bidwell Park 7007148519630702080 ♠ 3,670.0 7007148519630702080 ♠ 1,485.2 Fort Worth Texas United States Fort Worth Nature Center / Wildlife Refuge 7007148195882188288 ♠ 3,662.0 7007148195882188288 ♠ 1,482.0 Dallas Texas United States Mountain Creek Lake Park 7007147426979468032 ♠ 3,643.0 7007147426979468032 ♠ 1,474.3 Kingsport Tennessee United States Bays Mountain Park 7007145079802743040 ♠ 3,", "4": "585.0 7007145079802743040 ♠ 1,450.8 Meridian Mississippi United States Bonita Lakes Park 7007140102169343488 ♠ 3,462.0 7007140102169343488 ♠ 1,401.0 Virginia Beach Virginia United States North Landing River State Natural Area Preserve 7007139211860930560 ♠ 3,440.0 7007139211860930560 ♠ 1,392.1 St. John 's Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Pippy Park 7007137593118361600 ♠ 3,400.0 7007137593118361600 ♠ 1,375.9 Calgary Alberta Canada Fish Creek Provincial Park 7007134800787430144 ♠ 3,331.0 7007134800787430144 ♠ 1,348.0 Dallas Texas United States Trinity River Park 7007128406754282752 ♠ 3,173.0 7007128406754282752 ♠ 1,284.1 Nashville Tennessee United States Warner Parks 7007126868948842240 ♠ 3,135.0 7007126868948842240 ♠ 1,268.7 Tulsa Oklahoma United States Mohawk Park and Golf Course 7007125452549094400 ♠ 3,100.0 7007125452549094400 ♠ 1,254.5 Brecksville Ohio United States Brecksville Reservation ( part ) 7007122457875341824 ♠ 3,026.0 7007122457875341824 ♠ 1,224.6 Łodz Łódź Voivodeship Poland Las Łagiewnicki 7007120500006204666 ♠ 2,977.6 7007120500006204666 ♠ 1,205.0 Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil Natal Dunes State Park 7007117196961992704 ♠ 2,896.", "5": "0 7007117196961992704 ♠ 1,172.0 Jacksonville Florida United States Cecil Field Greenway 7007115982905065984 ♠ 2,866.0 7007115982905065984 ♠ 1,159.8 Fortaleza Ceará Brazil Cocó Park 7007115537750859520 ♠ 2,855.0 7007115537750859520 ♠ 1,155.4 Calgary Alberta Canada Nose Hill Park 7007112704951363840 ♠ 2,785.0 7007112704951363840 ♠ 1,127.0 New York City New York United States Pelham Bay Park 7007111895580079360 ♠ 2,765.0 7007111895580079360 ♠ 1,119.0 Newport News Virginia United States Newport News Park ( part ) 7007108779500634112 ♠ 2,688.0 7007108779500634112 ♠ 1,087.8 Lisbon Lisboa Region Portugal Monsanto Forest Park 7006999978221975040 ♠ 2,471.0 7006999978221975040 ♠ 1,000.0 Paris Île - de-France France Bois de Vincennes 7006993907937341440 ♠ 2,456.0 7006993907937341440 ♠ 993.9 San Diego California United States Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve 7006973268969587200 ♠ 2,405.0 7006973268969587200 ♠ 973.3 Birmingham West Midlands United Kingdom Sutton Park 7006971245541376000 ♠ 2,400.0 7006971245541376000 ♠ 971.2 Kansas City Missouri United States Longview Lake Park ( part ) 7006963556514173440 ♠ 2,381.0 7006963556514173440 ♠ 963.", "6": "6 London Greater London United Kingdom Richmond Park 7006955058115686400 ♠ 2,360.0 7006955058115686400 ♠ 955.1 Kansas City Missouri United States Blue River Parkway 7006938466004354560 ♠ 2,319.0 7006938466004354560 ♠ 938.5 Regina Saskatchewan Canada Wascana Centre 7006930776977152000 ♠ 2,300.0 7006930776977152000 ♠ 930.8 Strongsville Ohio United States Mill Stream Run Reservation ( part ) 7006905686467333120 ♠ 2,238.0 7006905686467333120 ♠ 905.7 Lee 's Summit Missouri United States Fleming Park ( part ) 7006902044296552960 ♠ 2,229.0 7006902044296552960 ♠ 902.0 Bristol Tennessee United States Steele Creek Park 7006900020868341760 ♠ 2,224.0 7006900020868341760 ♠ 900.0 Lynn Massachusetts United States Lynn Woods Reservation 7006890308412928000 ♠ 2,200.0 7006890308412928000 ♠ 890.3 Saint John New Brunswick Canada Rockwood Park 7006890308412928000 ♠ 2,200.0 7006890308412928000 ♠ 890.3 Houston Texas United States Bear Creek Pioneers Park 7006877358472376320 ♠ 2,168.0 7006877358472376320 ♠ 877.4 Paris Île - de-France France Bois de Boulogne 7006845792992281600 ♠ 2,090.0 7006845792992281600 ♠ 845.8 Berkeley California United States Tilden Regional Park 7006841341450216960 ♠ 2,079.0 7006841341450216960 ♠ 841.", "7": "3 Los Angeles California United States Sepulveda Basin Recreation Area 7006821916539389440 ♠ 2,031.0 7006821916539389440 ♠ 821.9 Galveston Texas United States Galveston Island State Park 7006814632197829120 ♠ 2,013.0 7006814632197829120 ♠ 814.6 Belgrade Serbia Ada Ciganlija 7006799658829066240 ♠ 1,976.0 7006799658829066240 ♠ 799.7 Portland Oregon United States Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area 7006798444772139520 ♠ 1,973.0 7006798444772139520 ♠ 798.4 Dallas Texas United States White Rock Lake Park 7006789946373652480 ♠ 1,952.0 7006789946373652480 ♠ 789.9 Vancouver British Columbia Canada Pacific Spirit Regional Park 7006762832435622400 ♠ 1,885.0 7006762832435622400 ♠ 762.8 Kansas City Missouri United States Swope Park 7006730457584243200 ♠ 1,805.0 7006730457584243200 ♠ 730.5 San Diego California United States Torrey Pines State Reserve 7006728434156032000 ♠ 1,800.0 7006728434156032000 ♠ 728.4 Meriden Connecticut United States Hubbard Park 7006728434156032000 ♠ 1,800.0 7006728434156032000 ♠ 728.4 San Jose California United States Calero County Park 7006721149814471680 ♠ 1,782.0 7006721149814471680 ♠ 721.1 New York City New York United States Greenbelt Park 7006719531071902720 ♠ 1,778.", "8": "0 7006719531071902720 ♠ 719.5 Austin Texas United States Barton Creek Greenway 7006716698272407040 ♠ 1,771.0 7006716698272407040 ♠ 716.7 Jacksonville Florida United States Little Talbot Island State Park 7006715484215480320 ♠ 1,768.0 7006715484215480320 ♠ 715.5 Dublin Leinster Ireland Phoenix Park 7006712246730342400 ♠ 1,760.0 7006712246730342400 ♠ 712.2 San Diego California United States Mission Bay Park 7006710627987773440 ♠ 1,756.0 7006710627987773440 ♠ 710.6 Washington , D.C. District of Columbia United States Rock Creek Park 7006709818616488960 ♠ 1,754.0 7006709818616488960 ♠ 709.8 San Diego California United States Tijuana River Valley San Diego 7006692012448230400 ♠ 1,710.0 7006692012448230400 ♠ 692.0 Jacksonville Florida United States Big Talbot Island State Park 7006691203076945920 ♠ 1,708.0 7006691203076945920 ♠ 691.2 Monza Lombardy Italy Monza Park 7006688002013515801 ♠ 1,700.1 7006688002013515801 ♠ 688.0 North Little Rock Arkansas United States Burns Park 7006687965591808000 ♠ 1,700.0 7006687965591808000 ♠ 688.0 Mexico City Federal District Mexico Chapultepec Park 7006685942163596800 ♠ 1,695.0 7006685942163596800 ♠ 685.9 Wheeling West Virginia United States Oglebay Park 7006667731309696000 ♠ 1,", "9": "650.0 7006667731309696000 ♠ 667.7 Lawrence Indiana United States Fort Harrison State Park 7006663684453273600 ♠ 1,640.0 7006663684453273600 ♠ 663.7 Eureka Springs Arkansas United States Lake Leatherwood Park 7006655590740428800 ♠ 1,620.0 7006655590740428800 ♠ 655.6 Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States Pennypack Park 7006654781369144320 ♠ 1,618.0 7006654781369144320 ♠ 654.8 Madrid Madrid Spain Parque Lineal del Manzanares 7006649925141437440 ♠ 1,606.0 7006649925141437440 ♠ 649.9 Claremont California United States Claremont Hills Wilderness Park 7006643045485519360 ♠ 1,589.0 7006643045485519360 ♠ 643.0 Chorzów Silesia Poland Silesian Culture and Recreation Park 7006619978403911680 ♠ 1,532.0 7006619978403911680 ♠ 620.0 Phoenix Arizona United States Adobe Dam Recreation Area 7006617550290058240 ♠ 1,526.0 7006617550290058240 ♠ 617.6 Riverside California United States Hidden Valley Wildlife Area 7006611075319782400 ♠ 1,510.0 7006611075319782400 ♠ 611.1 Des Moines Iowa United States Water Works Park 7006607028463360000 ♠ 1,500.0 7006607028463360000 ♠ 607.0 Birmingham Alabama United States Red Mountain Park 7006607028463360000 ♠ 1,500.0 7006607028463360000 ♠ 607.0 Vienna Vienna Austria Prater 7006607028463360000 ♠ 1,500.", "10": "0 7006607028463360000 ♠ 607.0 Nashville Tennessee United States Beaman Park 7006604195663864320 ♠ 1,493.0 7006604195663864320 ♠ 604.2 San Francisco California United States Presidio of San Francisco Park 7006603386292579840 ♠ 1,491.0 7006603386292579840 ♠ 603.4 Chennai Tamil Nadu India Arignar Anna Zoological Park 7006602981606937600 ♠ 1,490.0 7006602981606937600 ♠ 603.0 Lincoln Nebraska United States Wilderness Park 7006595697265377280 ♠ 1,472.0 7006595697265377280 ♠ 595.7 Cincinnati Ohio United States Mount Airy Forest 7006595292579735040 ♠ 1,471.0 7006595292579735040 ♠ 595.3 Houston Texas United States Memorial Park 7006593269151523840 ♠ 1,466.0 7006593269151523840 ♠ 593.3 Omaha Nebraska United States Glenn Cunningham Lake 7006582342639183360 ♠ 1,439.0 7006582342639183360 ♠ 582.3 Los Angeles California United States Hansen Dam Recreation Center 7006581533267898880 ♠ 1,437.0 7006581533267898880 ♠ 581.5 Virginia Beach Virginia United States Stumpy Lake Park 7006580723896614400 ♠ 1,435.0 7006580723896614400 ♠ 580.7 Lee 's Summit Missouri United States Longview Lake Park ( part ) 7006578295782760960 ♠ 1,429.0 7006578295782760960 ♠ 578.3 Riverside California United States Sycamore Canyon Wilderness Park 7006576272354549760 ♠ 1,424.", "11": "0 7006576272354549760 ♠ 576.3 Quito Pichincha Ecuador Parque Metropolitano Guangüiltagua 7006573998021240371 ♠ 1,418.4 7006573998021240371 ♠ 574.0 Anchorage Alaska United States Kincaid Park 7006571011441200640 ♠ 1,411.0 7006571011441200640 ♠ 571.0 Munich Bavaria Germany Englischer Garten 7006566559899136000 ♠ 1,400.0 7006566559899136000 ♠ 566.6 San Antonio Texas United States Rancho Diana 7006563322413998080 ♠ 1,392.0 7006563322413998080 ♠ 563.3 Honolulu Hawaii United States Sacred Falls State Park 7006556038072437760 ♠ 1,374.0 7006556038072437760 ♠ 556.0 Huntersville North Carolina United States Latta Plantation Nature Preserve 7006543492817528320 ♠ 1,343.0 7006543492817528320 ♠ 543.5 Colorado Springs Colorado United States Garden of the Gods Park 7006533780362114560 ♠ 1,319.0 7006533780362114560 ♠ 533.8 New Orleans Louisiana United States New Orleans City Park 7006526091334912000 ♠ 1,300.0 7006526091334912000 ♠ 526.1 St.", "12": "Louis Missouri United States Forest Park 7006523258535416320 ♠ 1,293.0 7006523258535416320 ♠ 523.3 San Diego California United States Black Mountain Park 7006519616364636160 ♠ 1,284.0 7006519616364636160 ♠ 519.6 Colorado Springs Colorado United States North Cheyenne Cañon Park 7006509903909222400 ♠ 1,260.0 7006509903909222400 ♠ 509.9 New York City New York United States Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park 7006507880481011200 ♠ 1,255.0 7006507880481011200 ♠ 507.9 Toronto Ontario Canada Tommy Thompson Park 7006499786768166400 ♠ 1,235.0 7006499786768166400 ♠ 499.8 Oakland California United States Martin Luther King , Jr . Shoreline Park 7006493716483532800 ♠ 1,220.0 7006493716483532800 ♠ 493.7 Chicago Illinois United States Lincoln Park 7006492097740963840 ♠ 1,216.0 7006492097740963840 ♠ 492.1 Washington , D.C.", "13": "District of Columbia United States Anacostia Park 7006491693055321600 ♠ 1,215.0 7006491693055321600 ♠ 491.7 Phoenix Arizona United States Cave Buttes Recreation Area I & II 7006485622770688000 ♠ 1,200.0 7006485622770688000 ♠ 485.6 Baltimore Maryland United States Gwynns Falls Leakin Park 7006485622770688000 ♠ 1,200.0 7006485622770688000 ♠ 485.6 Jersey City New Jersey United States Liberty State Park 7006480766542981120 ♠ 1,188.0 7006480766542981120 ♠ 480.8 Madrid Madrid Spain Parque de Valdebebas 7006479957171696640 ♠ 1,186.0 7006479957171696640 ♠ 480.0 Glendale Arizona United States Thunderbird Conservation Park 7006479552486054400 ♠ 1,185.0 7006479552486054400 ♠ 479.6 Tallahassee Florida United States Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park 7006477124372200960 ♠ 1,179.0 7006477124372200960 ♠ 477.1 Columbus Ohio United States Three Creeks Parks 7006467816602429440 ♠ 1,156.0 7006467816602429440 ♠ 467.8 Mesa Arizona United States Red Mountain Park 7006463891151699712 ♠ 1,146.3 7006463891151699712 ♠ 463.9 New York City New York United States Van Cortlandt Park 7006463769746007040 ♠ 1,146.0 7006463769746007040 ♠ 463.8 Memphis Tennessee United States T.O. Fuller State Park 7006460532260869120 ♠ 1,138.", "14": "0 7006460532260869120 ♠ 460.5 Austin Texas United States Emma Long Metropolitan Park 7006460127575226880 ♠ 1,137.0 7006460127575226880 ♠ 460.1 Huntsville Alabama United States Monte Sano Nature Preserve 7006447987005959680 ♠ 1,107.0 7006447987005959680 ♠ 448.0 Winnipeg Manitoba Canada Assiniboine Park 7006445154206464000 ♠ 1,100.0 7006445154206464000 ♠ 445.2 Detroit Michigan United States Rouge Park 7006445154206464000 ♠ 1,100.0 7006445154206464000 ♠ 445.2 London Greater London United Kingdom Bushy Park 7006444749520821760 ♠ 1,099.0 7006444749520821760 ♠ 444.7 Charlotte North Carolina United States McDowell Nature Preserve 7006444344835179520 ♠ 1,098.0 7006444344835179520 ♠ 444.3 San Diego California United States Balboa Park 7006522449164131840 ♠ 1,291.0 7006522449164131840 ♠ 522.4 Colorado Springs Colorado United States Cheyenne Mountain State Park 7006428966780774400 ♠ 1,060.0 7006428966780774400 ♠ 429.0 Brasília Federal District Brazil Parque da Cidade Dona Sarah Kubitschek 7006419998946942361 ♠ 1,037.8 7006419998946942361 ♠ 420.0 Bedford Ohio United States Bedford Reservation ( part ) 7006418040268433920 ♠ 1,033.0 7006418040268433920 ♠ 418.0 Dallas Texas United States Rochester Park 7006417635582791680 ♠ 1,032.", "15": "0 7006417635582791680 ♠ 417.6 Arlington Texas United States River Legacy Park 7006417230897149440 ♠ 1,031.0 7006417230897149440 ♠ 417.2 San Francisco California United States Golden Gate Park 7006415612154580480 ♠ 1,027.0 7006415612154580480 ♠ 415.6 San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico Parque Tangamanga I 7006410755926873600 ♠ 1,015.0 7006410755926873600 ♠ 410.8 Birmingham Alabama United States Ruffner Mountain Park 7006409137184304640 ♠ 1,011.0 7006409137184304640 ♠ 409.1 San Antonio Texas United States Olmos Basin 7006408732498662400 ♠ 1,010.0 7006408732498662400 ♠ 408.7 Willoughby Hills Ohio United States North Chagrin Reservation ( part ) 7006406304384808960 ♠ 1,004.0 7006406304384808960 ♠ 406.3 Perth Western Australia Australia Kings Park 7006405899699166720 ♠ 1,003.0 7006405899699166720 ♠ 405.9 Vancouver British Columbia Canada Stanley Park 7006404685642240000 ♠ 1,000.0 7006404685642240000 ♠ 404.7 See also ( edit ) Lists of urban parks by country or region ( edit ) Urban parks in Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Western Sydney Regional Park Draft Plan of Management '' ( PDF ) . NSW Government . Retrieved 16 May 2013 ... It is approximately 5,280 hectares in size and is the largest urban park in Australia ... Jump up ^ `` 조성 배경 '' . ulsanpark.com ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 12 March 2015 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Ulsan Grand Park ( 울산 대공원 ) '' . Official Site of Korea Tourism Org . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1075373&cid=40942&categoryId=31925 Jump up ^ Environment , Nova Scotia ( 2009 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Blue Mountain - Birch Cove Lakes Wilderness Area Protected Areas Nova Scotia Environment '' . www.novascotia.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairmount Park '' is officially the name of Philadelphia 's entire municipal park system , consisting of 63 units . The system is named after the original Fairmount Park , the system 's oldest unit , which occupies nearly half of the system 's area . Jump up ^ Recent acquisition of the Hill Tract has added 451 acres to the existing 2684 acres http://www.nashville.gov/Parks-and-Recreation/Nature-Centers-and-Natural-Areas/Warner-Park-Nature-Center.aspx http://www.friendsofwarnerparks.com/ht_about.html Jump up ^ `` Walk 1 - A Place for People ! '' . Wascana Centre Authority . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Lynn Woods ! '' . Friends of Lynn Woods . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwood Park '' . Tourism New Brunswick . Archived from the original on 30 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden Jump up ^ `` Burns Park '' . Jump up ^ `` Parque Metropolitano '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 .", "17": "Jump up ^ http://www.vcpark.org/ Jump up ^ http://tnstateparks.com/parks/about/t-o-fuller Jump up ^ http://austinparks.org/our-parks.html?parkid=247 Jump up ^ http://landtrustnal.org/properties/monte-sano-preserve/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_urban_parks_by_size&oldid=830235582 '' Categories : Lists by area Lists of parks Urban public parks Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Use dmy dates from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 16 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 13, 2, 16, 10, 9, 1, 7, 3, 11, 4, 8, 6, 14, 12, 5, 15, 17, 0 ]	[ 0, 13, 2, 16 ]
-7347094240747004920	what year is it for the jewish calendar	[ "AM 5778", "AM 5778", "AM 5778", "5778", "5778" ]	{ "0": "Hebrew calendar - wikipedia Hebrew calendar Jump to : navigation , search Jewish calendar , showing Adar II between 1927 and 1948 Today Tuesday 9 January 2018 CE 22 Tevet AM 5778 ( refresh ) The Hebrew or Jewish calendar ( הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי ‬ , Ha - Luah ha - Ivri ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances . It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions , yahrzeits ( dates to commemorate the death of a relative ) , and daily Psalm readings , among many ceremonial uses . In Israel , it is used for religious purposes , provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes , although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar . The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution , including a Babylonian influence . Until the Tannaitic period ( approximately 10 -- 220 CE ) , the calendar employed a new crescent moon , with an additional month normally added every two or three years to correct for the difference between twelve lunar months and the solar year . The year in which it was added was based on observation of natural agriculture - related events in Israel . Through the Amoraic period ( 200 -- 500 CE ) and into the Geonic period , this system was gradually displaced by the mathematical rules used today . The principles and rules were fully codified by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah in the 12th century . Maimonides ' work also replaced counting `` years since the destruction of the Temple '' with the modern creation - era Anno Mundi . The Hebrew lunar year is about eleven days shorter than the solar year and uses the 19 - year Metonic cycle to bring it into line with the solar year , with the addition of an intercalary month every two or three years , for a total of seven times per 19 years .", "1": "Even with this intercalation , the average Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 40 seconds than the current mean tropical year , so that every 216 years the Hebrew calendar will fall a day behind the current mean tropical year ; and about every 231 years it will fall a day behind the mean Gregorian calendar year . The era used since the Middle Ages is the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for `` in the year of the world '' ; Hebrew : לבריאת העולם ‬ , `` from the creation of the world '' ) . As with Anno Domini ( A.D. or AD ) , the words or abbreviation for Anno Mundi ( A.M. or AM ) for the era should properly precede the date rather than follow it . AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Components 1.1 Day and hours 1.2 Weeks 1.2. 1 Names of weekdays 1.2. 2 Days of week of holidays 1.3 Months 1.3. 1 Importance of lunar months 1.3. 2 Names of months 1.3. 3 Leap months 1.3. 4 Constellations 1.4 Years 1.4. 1 Anno Mundi 1.4. 2 Previous systems 1.4. 3 New year 1.4. 4 Leap years 1.4. 5 Rosh Hashanah postponement rules 1.4. 6 Deficient , regular , and complete years 1.4. 7 Four gates 1.4.", "2": "8 Holidays 2 History 2.1 Mishnaic period 2.2 Modern calendar 2.3 Usage in contemporary Israel 3 Other practices 3.1 Karaite calendar 3.2 Samaritan calendar 3.3 The Qumran calendar 3.4 Persian civil calendar 4 Astronomical calculations 4.1 Synodic month -- the molad interval 4.2 Seasonal drift 4.3 Implications for Jewish ritual 4.4 Worked example 5 Rectifying the Hebrew calendar 6 Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links 10.1 Date converters Components ( edit ) Day and hours ( edit ) Further information : Zmanim The Jewish day is of no fixed length . The Jewish day is modeled on the reference to `` ... there was evening and there was morning ... '' in the creation account in the first chapter of Genesis . Based on the classic rabbinic interpretation of this text , a day in the rabbinic Hebrew calendar runs from sunset ( start of `` the evening '' ) to the next sunset . In most populated parts of the world this is always approximately 24 standard hours , but , depending on the season of the year , it can be slightly less or slightly more . Halachically , a day ends and a new one starts when three stars are visible in the sky . The time between true sunset and the time when the three stars are visible ( known as ' tzait ha'kochavim ' ) is known as ' bein hashmashot ' , and there are differences of opinion as to which day it falls into for some uses . This may be relevant , for example , in determining the date of birth of a child born during that gap . There is no clock in the Jewish scheme , so that the local civil clock is used . Though the civil clock , including the one in use in Israel , incorporates local adoptions of various conventions such as time zones , standard times and daylight saving , these have no place in the Jewish scheme . The civil clock is used only as a reference point -- in expressions such as : `` Shabbat starts at ... '' .", "3": "The steady progression of sunset around the world and seasonal changes results in gradual civil time changes from one day to the next based on observable astronomical phenomena ( the sunset ) and not on man - made laws and conventions . In Judaism , an hour is defined as 1 / 12 of the time from sunrise to sunset , so , during the winter , an hour can be much less than 60 minutes , and during the summer , it can be much more than 60 minutes . This proportional hour is known as a sha'ah z'manit ( lit . a timely hour ) . A Jewish hour is divided into 1080 halakim ( singular : helek ) or parts . A part is 31⁄3 seconds or / minute . The ultimate ancestor of the helek was a small Babylonian time period called a barleycorn , itself equal to / of a Babylonian time degree ( 1 ° of celestial rotation ) . These measures are not generally used for everyday purposes . Instead of the international date line convention , there are varying opinions as to where the day changes . One opinion uses the antimeridian of Jerusalem . ( Jerusalem is 35 ° 13 ' east of the prime meridian , so the antimeridian is at 144 ° 47 ' W , passing through eastern Alaska . ) Other opinions exist as well . ( See International date line in Judaism . ) The weekdays start with Sunday ( day 1 , or Yom Rishon ) and proceed to Saturday ( day 7 ) , Shabbat . Since some calculations use division , a remainder of 0 signifies Saturday . While calculations of days , months and years are based on fixed hours equal to / of a day , the beginning of each halachic day is based on the local time of sunset . The end of the Shabbat and other Jewish holidays is based on nightfall ( Tzeth haKochabim ) which occurs some amount of time , typically 42 to 72 minutes , after sunset . According to Maimonides , nightfall occurs when three medium - sized stars become visible after sunset . By the 17th century , this had become three - second - magnitude stars . The modern definition is when the center of the sun is 7 ° below the geometric ( airless ) horizon , somewhat later than civil twilight at 6 ° .", "4": "The beginning of the daytime portion of each day is determined both by dawn and sunrise . Most halachic times are based on some combination of these four times and vary from day to day throughout the year and also vary significantly depending on location . The daytime hours are often divided into Sha'oth Zemaniyoth or `` Halachic hours '' by taking the time between sunrise and sunset or between dawn and nightfall and dividing it into 12 equal hours . The nighttime hours are similarly divided into 12 equal portions , albeit a different amount of time than the `` hours '' of the daytime . The earliest and latest times for Jewish services , the latest time to eat chametz on the day before Passover and many other rules are based on Sha'oth Zemaniyoth . For convenience , the modern day using Sha'oth Zemaniyoth is often discussed as if sunset were at 6 : 00 pm , sunrise at 6 : 00 am and each hour were equal to a fixed hour . For example , halachic noon may be after 1 : 00 pm in some areas during daylight saving time . Within the Mishnah , however , the numbering of the hours starts with the `` first '' hour after the start of the day . Weeks ( edit ) Shavua ( שבוע ) is a weekly cycle of seven days , mirroring the seven - day period of the Book of Genesis in which the world is created . The names for the days of the week , like those in the creation account , are simply the day number within the week , with Shabbat being the seventh day . Each day of the week runs from sunset to the following sunset and is figured locally . Names of weekdays ( edit ) A bronze Shabbat candlestick holder made in British Mandate Palestine in the 1940s . The Hebrew calendar follows a seven - day weekly cycle , which runs concurrently with but independently of the monthly and annual cycles . The names for the days of the week are simply the day number within the week .", "5": "In Hebrew , these names may be abbreviated using the numerical value of the Hebrew letters , for example יום א ׳ ‬ ( Day 1 , or Yom Rishon ( יום ראשון ‬ ) ) : Yom Rishon -- יום ראשון ‬ ( abbreviated יום א ׳ ‬ ) , meaning `` first day '' ( corresponds to Sunday ) ( starting at preceding sunset of Saturday ) Yom Sheni -- יום שני ‬ ( abbr . יום ב ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` second day '' ( corresponds to Monday ) Yom Shlishi -- יום שלישי ‬ ( abbr . יום ג ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` third day '' ( corresponds to Tuesday ) Yom Reviʻi -- יום רביעי ‬ ( abbr . יום ד ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` fourth day '' ( corresponds to Wednesday ) Yom Chamishi -- יום חמישי ‬ ( abbr . יום ה ׳ ‬ ) = `` fifth day '' ( corresponds to Thursday ) Yom Shishi -- יום ששי ‬ ( abbr . יום ו ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` sixth day '' ( corresponds to Friday ) Yom Shabbat -- יום שבת ‬ ( abbr . יום ש ׳ ‬ ) , or more usually , simply Shabbat -- שבת ‬ meaning `` rest day '' ( corresponds to Saturday ) Yom Shabbat ( יום שבת ‬ ) is also known as Yom Shabbat Kodesh -- יום שבת קודש ‬ meaning `` holy rest day . '' The names of the days of the week are modeled on the seven days mentioned in the creation story . For example , Genesis 1 : 5 `` ... And there was evening and there was morning , one day '' .", "6": "One day ( יוֹם אֶחָד ‬ ) in Genesis 1 : 15 is translated in JPS as first day , and in some other contexts ( including KJV ) as day one . In subsequent verses , the Hebrew refers to the days using ordinal numbers , e.g. , ' second day ' , ' third day ' , and so forth , but with the sixth and seventh days the Hebrew includes the definite article ( `` the '' ) . The rest day , Shabbat , has a special role in the Jewish weekly cycle as being a special and set apart day , where no work is done . There are many special rules that relate to Shabbat , discussed more fully in the Talmudic tractate Shabbat . In ( Talmudic ) Hebrew , the word Shabbat ( שַׁבָּת ‬ ) can also mean `` week '' , so that in ritual liturgy a phrase like `` Yom Reviʻi bəShabbat '' means `` the fourth day in the week '' . Days of week of holidays ( edit ) Main article : Days of week on Hebrew calendar The period from 1 Adar ( or Adar II , in leap years ) to 29 Marcheshvan contains all of the festivals specified in the Bible -- Purim ( 14 Adar ) , Pesach ( 15 Nisan ) , Shavuot ( 6 Sivan ) , Rosh Hashanah ( 1 Tishrei ) , Yom Kippur ( 10 Tishrei ) , Sukkot ( 15 Tishrei ) , and Shemini Atzeret ( 22 Tishrei ) . This period is fixed , during which no adjustments are made .", "7": "Purim Passover ( first day ) Shavuot ( first day ) 17 Tammuz / Tisha B'Av Rosh Hashanah / Sukkot / Shmini Atzeret / ( first day ) Yom Kippur Chanukah ( first day ) 10 Tevet Tu Bishvat Thu Sat Sun Sun * Mon Wed Sun or Mon Sun or Tue Sat or Mon Fri Sun Mon Sun Tue Thu Mon Tue Mon Sun Tue Wed Tue Thu Sat Wed or Thu Wed , Thu , or Fri Tue , Wed , or Thu Tue Thu Fri Thu Sat Mon Fri or Sat Fri or Sun Thu or Sat * Postponed from Shabbat There are additional rules in the Hebrew calendar to prevent certain holidays from falling on certain days of the week . ( See Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , below . ) These rules are implemented by adding an extra day to Marcheshvan ( making it 30 days long ) or by removing one day from Kislev ( making it 29 days long ) . Accordingly , a common Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 353 , 354 or 355 days , while a leap Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 383 , 384 or 385 days . Months ( edit ) The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar , meaning that months are based on lunar months , but years are based on solar years . The calendar year features twelve lunar months of twenty - nine or thirty days , with an intercalary lunar month added periodically to synchronize the twelve lunar cycles with the longer solar year . ( These extra months are added seven times every nineteen years . See Leap months , below . ) The beginning of each Jewish lunar month is based on the appearance of the new moon . Although originally the new lunar crescent had to be observed and certified by witnesses , the moment of the true new moon is now approximated arithmetically as the molad , which is the mean new moon to a precision of one part . The mean period of the lunar month ( precisely , the synodic month ) is very close to 29.5 days .", "8": "Accordingly , the basic Hebrew calendar year is one of twelve lunar months alternating between 29 and 30 days : No . Hebrew months Length Nisan 30 Iyar 29 Sivan 30 Tammuz 29 5 Av 30 6 Elul 29 7 Tishrei 30 8 Marcheshvan ( or Cheshvan ) 29 / 30 9 Kislev 30 / 29 10 Tevet 29 11 Shevat 30 12 Adar 29 Total 353 , 354 or 355 In leap years ( such as 5774 ) an additional month , Adar I ( 30 days ) is added after Shevat , while the regular Adar is referred to as `` Adar II . '' The insertion of the leap month mentioned above is based on the requirement that Passover -- the festival celebrating the Exodus from Egypt , which took place in the spring -- always occurs in the ( northern hemisphere 's ) spring season . Since the adoption of a fixed calendar , intercalations in the Hebrew calendar have been assigned to fixed points in a 19 - year cycle . Prior to this , the intercalation was determined empirically : The year may be intercalated on three grounds : ' aviv ( i.e. the ripeness of barley ) , fruits of trees , and the equinox . On two of these grounds it should be intercalated , but not on one of them alone . Importance of lunar months ( edit ) From very early times , the Mesopotamian lunisolar calendar was in wide use by the countries of the western Asia region . The structure , which was also used by the Israelites , was based on lunar months with the intercalation of an additional month to bring the cycle closer to the solar cycle , although there is no evidence of a thirteenth month mentioned anywhere in the Hebrew Bible .", "9": "Num 10 : 10 stresses the importance in Israelite religious observance of the new month ( Hebrew : ראש חודש ‬ , Rosh Chodesh , `` beginning of the month '' ) : `` ... in your new moons , ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt - offerings ... '' Similarly in Num 28 : 11 . `` The beginning of the month '' meant the appearance of a new moon , and in Exod 12 : 2 . `` This month is to you '' . According to the Mishnah and Tosefta , in the Maccabean , Herodian , and Mishnaic periods , new months were determined by the sighting of a new crescent , with two eyewitnesses required to testify to the Sanhedrin to having seen the new lunar crescent at sunset . The practice in the time of Gamaliel II ( c. 100 CE ) was for witnesses to select the appearance of the moon from a collection of drawings that depicted the crescent in a variety of orientations , only a few of which could be valid in any given month . These observations were compared against calculations . At first the beginning of each Jewish month was signaled to the communities of Israel and beyond by fires lit on mountaintops , but after the Samaritans began to light false fires , messengers were sent . The inability of the messengers to reach communities outside Israel before mid-month High Holy Days ( Succot and Passover ) led outlying communities to celebrate scriptural festivals for two days rather than one , observing the second feast - day of the Jewish diaspora because of uncertainty of whether the previous month ended after 29 or 30 days . In his work Mishneh Torah ( 1178 ) , Maimonides included a chapter `` Sanctification of the New Moon '' , in which he discusses the calendrical rules and their scriptural basis . He notes , `` By how much does the solar year exceed the lunar year ? By approximately 11 days . Therefore , whenever this excess accumulates to about 30 days , or a little more or less , one month is added and the particular year is made to consist of 13 months , and this is the so - called embolismic ( intercalated ) year .", "10": "For the year could not consist of twelve months plus so - and - so many days , since it is said : throughout the months of the year ( Num 28 : 14 ) , which implies that we should count the year by months and not by days . '' Names of months ( edit ) Both the Syrian calendar , currently used in the Arabic - speaking countries of the Fertile crescent , and the modern Assyrian calendar share many of the names for months with the Hebrew calendar , such as Nisan , Iyyar , Tammuz , Ab , Elul , Tishri and Adar , indicating a common origin . The origin is thought to be the Babylonian calendar . The modern Turkish calendar includes the names Şubat ( February ) , Nisan ( April ) , Temmuz ( July ) and Eylul ( September ) . The former name for October was Tesrin . Biblical references to the pre-exilic calendar include ten months identified by number rather than by name . In parts of the Torah portion Noach ( `` Noah '' ) ( specifically , Gen 7 : 11 , 8 : 3 -- 4 , 8 : 13 -- 14 ) it is implied that the months are thirty days long . There is also an indication that there were twelve months in the annual cycle ( 1 Kings 4 : 7 , 1 Chronicles 27 : 1 -- 15 ) . Prior to the Babylonian exile , the names of only four months are referred to in the Tanakh : Aviv -- first month -- literally `` spring '' ( Exodus 12 : 2 , 13 : 4 , 23 : 15 , 34 : 18 , Deut. 16 : 1 ) ; Ziv -- second month -- literally `` light '' ( 1 Kings 6 : 1 , 6 : 37 ) ; Ethanim -- seventh month -- literally `` strong '' in plural , perhaps referring to strong rains ( 1 Kings 8 : 2 ) ; and Bul -- eighth month ( 1 Kings 6 : 38 ) . All of these are believed to be Canaanite names . These names are only mentioned in connection with the building of the First Temple .", "11": "Håkan Ulfgard suggests that the use of what are rarely used Canaanite ( or in the case of Ethanim perhaps Northwest - semitic ) names indicates that `` the author is consciously utilizing an archaizing terminology , thus giving the impression of an ancient story ... '' . In a regular ( kesidran ) year , Marcheshvan has 29 days and Kislev has 30 days . However , because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules ( see below ) Kislev may lose a day to have 29 days , and the year is called a short ( chaser ) year , or Marcheshvan may acquire an additional day to have 30 days , and the year is called a full ( maleh ) year . The calendar rules have been designed to ensure that Rosh Hashanah does not fall on a Sunday , Wednesday or Friday . This is to ensure that Yom Kippur does not directly precede or follow Shabbat , which would create practical difficulties , and that Hoshana Rabbah is not on a Shabbat , in which case certain ceremonies would be lost for a year . Hebrew names and romanized transliteration may somewhat differ , as they do for Marcheshvan / Cheshvan ( חשוון ‬ ) or Kislev ( כסלו ‬ ) : the Hebrew words shown here are those commonly indicated , for example , in newspapers . Hebrew names of the months with their Babylonian analogs # Hebrew Tiberian Academy Common / Other Length Babylonian analog Holidays / Notable days Notes נִיסָן ‬ Nīsān Nisan Nissan 30 days Nisanu Passover Called Abib ( Exodus 13 : 4 , 23 : 15 , 34 : 18 , Deut. 16 : 1 ) and Nisan ( Esther 3 : 7 ) in the Tanakh . אִיָּר / אייר ‬ ʼIyyār Iyyar Iyar 29 days Ayaru Pesach Sheni Lag B'Omer Called Ziv in 1 Kings 6 : 1 , 6 : 37 .", "12": "סִיוָן / סיוון ‬ Sīwān Sivan Siwan 30 days Simanu Shavuot תַּמּוּז ‬ Tammūz Tammuz Tamuz 29 days Dumuzu Seventeenth of Tammuz Named for the Babylonian god Dumuzi 5 אָב ‬ ʼĀḇ Av Ab 30 days Abu Tisha B'Av Tu B'Av 6 אֱלוּל ‬ ʼĔlūl Elul 29 days Ululu 7 תִּשׁרִי ‬ Tišrī Tishri Tishrei 30 days Tashritu Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur Sukkot Shemini Atzeret Simchat Torah Called Ethanim in 1 Kings 8 : 2 . First month of civil year . 8 מַרְחֶשְׁוָן / מרחשוון ‬ Marḥešwān Marẖeshvan Marcheshvan Cheshvan Marẖeshwan 29 or 30 days Arakhsamna Called Bul in 1 Kings 6 : 38 .", "13": "9 כִּסְלֵו / כסליו ‬ Kislēw Kislev Kislev Chisleu Chislev 29 or 30 days Kislimu Hanukkah 10 טֵבֵת ‬ Ṭēḇēṯ Tevet Tebeth 29 days Tebetu Tenth of Tevet 11 שְׁבָט ‬ Šəḇāṭ Shvat Shevat Shebat Sebat 30 days Shabatu Tu Bishvat 12L אֲדָר א ׳ ‬ Adar I 30 days Only in Leap years . 12 אֲדָר / אֲדָר ב ׳ * ‬ ʼĂḏār Adar / Adar II 29 days Adaru Purim Leap months ( edit ) The solar year is about eleven days longer than twelve lunar months . The Bible does not directly mention the addition of `` embolismic '' or intercalary months . However , without the insertion of embolismic months , Jewish festivals would gradually shift outside of the seasons required by the Torah . This has been ruled as implying a requirement for the insertion of embolismic months to reconcile the lunar cycles to the seasons , which are integral to solar yearly cycles . When the observational form of the calendar was in use , whether or not an embolismic month was announced after the `` last month '' ( Adar ) depended on ' aviv ( i.e. , the ripeness of barley ) , fruits of trees , and the equinox . On two of these grounds it should be intercalated , but not on one of them alone . It may be noted that in the Bible the name of the first month , Aviv , literally means `` spring '' . Thus , if Adar was over and spring had not yet arrived , an additional month was observed .", "14": "Traditionally , for the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars , the years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 are the long ( 13 - month ) years of the Metonic cycle . This cycle forms the basis of the Christian ecclesiastical calendar and the Hebrew calendar and is used for the computation of the date of Easter each year During leap years Adar I ( or Adar Aleph -- `` first Adar '' ) is added before the regular Adar . Adar I is actually considered to be the extra month , and has 30 days . Adar II ( or Adar Bet -- `` second Adar '' ) is the `` real '' Adar , and has the usual 29 days . For this reason , holidays such as Purim are observed in Adar II , not Adar I . Constellations ( edit ) Main articles : Hebrew astronomy and Jewish views on astrology Chronology was a chief consideration in the study of astronomy among the Jews ; sacred time was based upon the cycles of the Sun and the Moon . The Talmud identified the twelve constellations of the zodiac with the twelve months of the Hebrew calendar . The correspondence of the constellations with their names in Hebrew and the months is as follows : Aries -- Taleh -- Nisan Taurus -- Shor -- Iyar Gemini -- Teomim -- Sivan Cancer -- Sartan -- Tammuz Leo -- Arye -- Av Virgo -- Betulah -- Elul Libra -- Moznayim -- Tishrei Scorpio -- ' Akrab -- Marcheshvan Sagittarius -- Keshet -- Kislev Capricorn -- Gdi -- Tevet Aquarius -- Dli -- Shevat Pisces -- Dagim -- Adar Some scholars identified the 12 signs of the zodiac with the 12 sons of Jacob / twelve tribes of Israel . It should be noted that the 12 lunar months of the Hebrew calendar are the normal months from new moon to new : the year normally contains twelve months averaging 29.52 days each . The discrepancy compared to the mean synodic month of 29.53 days is due to Adar I in a leap year always having thirty days .", "15": "This means that the calendar year normally contains 354 days . Year 5778 since the creation of the world , according to the traditional count . This year has 354 days , making it a regular ( כסדרה ) year . In 5778 , Rosh Hashanah is on Thursday , while Passover is on Saturday . According to the Machzor Katan , the 19 - year ( Metonic ) cycle used to keep the Hebrew calendar aligned with the solar year : This year is the 2nd year of the 305th cycle . It is not a leap year . According to the Machzor Gadol , a 28 - year solar cycle used to calculate the date to recite Birkat Hachama , a blessing on the sun : This year is the 10th year of the 207th cycle . According to the current reckoning of sabbatical ( shmita ) years : This year is the 3rd year of the cycle . It is a maaser ani year . Years ( edit ) The Hebrew calendar year conventionally begins on Rosh Hashanah . However , other dates serve as the beginning of the year for different religious purposes . There are three qualities that distinguish one year from another : whether it is a leap year or a common year , on which of four permissible days of the week the year begins , and whether it is a deficient , regular , or complete year . Mathematically , there are 24 ( 2 × 4 × 3 ) possible combinations , but only 14 of them are valid . Each of these patterns is called a keviyah ( Hebrew קביעה for `` a setting '' or `` an established thing '' ) , and is encoded as a series of two or three Hebrew letters . See Four gates . In Hebrew there are two common ways of writing the year number : with the thousands , called לפרט גדול ‬ ( `` major era '' ) , and without the thousands , called לפרט קטן ‬ ( `` minor era '' ) .", "16": "Thus , the current year is written as ה'תשע `` ח ‎ ( 5778 ) using the `` major era '' and תשע `` ח ‎ ( 778 ) using the `` minor era '' . Anno Mundi ( edit ) Further information : Anno Mundi The Jewish calendar 's reference point is traditionally held to be about one year before the Creation of the world . In 1178 CE , Maimonides wrote in the Mishneh Torah , Sanctification of the Moon ( 11.16 ) , that he had chosen the epoch from which calculations of all dates should be as `` the third day of Nisan in this present year ... which is the year 4938 of the creation of the world '' ( March 22 , 1178 ) . He included all the rules for the calculated calendar and their scriptural basis , including the modern epochal year in his work , and beginning formal usage of the anno mundi era . From the eleventh century , anno mundi dating became dominant throughout most of the world 's Jewish communities . Today , the rules detailed in Maimonides ' calendrical code are those generally used by Jewish communities throughout the world . Since the codification by Maimonides in 1178 , the Jewish calendar has used the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for `` in the year of the world , '' abbreviated AM or A.M. , Hebrew לבריאת העולם ‬ ) , sometimes referred to as the `` Hebrew era '' , to distinguish it from other systems based on some computation of creation , such as the Byzantine calendar . There is also reference in the Talmud to years since the creation based on the calculation in the Seder Olam Rabbah of Rabbi Jose ben Halafta in about 160 CE . By his calculation , based on the Masoretic Text , Adam was created in 3760 BCE , later confirmed by the Muslim chronologist al - Biruni as 3448 years before the Seleucid era . An example is the c. 8th century Baraita of Samuel .", "17": "According to rabbinic reckoning , the beginning of `` year 1 '' is not Creation , but about one year before Creation , with the new moon of its first month ( Tishrei ) to be called molad tohu ( the mean new moon of chaos or nothing ) . The Jewish calendar 's epoch ( reference date ) , 1 Tishrei AM 1 , is equivalent to Monday , 7 October 3761 BC / BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar , the equivalent tabular date ( same daylight period ) and is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1 , based upon the Seder Olam Rabbah . Thus , adding 3760 before Rosh Hashanah or 3761 after to a Julian year number starting from 1 CE ( AD 1 ) will yield the Hebrew year . For earlier years there may be a discrepancy ( see : Missing years ( Jewish calendar ) ) . The Seder Olam Rabbah also recognized the importance of the Jubilee and Sabbatical cycles as a long - term calendrical system , and attempted at various places to fit the Sabbatical and Jubilee years into its chronological scheme . Occasionally , Anno Mundi is styled as Anno Hebraico ( AH ) , though this is subject to confusion with notation for the Islamic Hijri year . Previous systems ( edit ) Before the adoption of the current AM year numbering system , other systems were in use . In early times , the years were counted from some significant historic event . ( e.g. , 1 Kings 6 : 1 ) During the period of the monarchy , it was the widespread practice in western Asia to use era year numbers according to the accession year of the monarch of the country involved . This practice was also followed by the united kingdom of Israel ( e.g. , 1 Kings 14 : 25 ) , kingdom of Judah ( e.g. , 2 Kings 18 : 13 ) , kingdom of Israel ( e.g. , 2 Kings 17 : 6 ) , Persia ( e.g. , Nehemiah 2 : 1 ) and others . Besides , the author of Kings coordinated dates in the two kingdoms by giving the accession year of a monarch in terms of the year of the monarch of the other kingdom , ( e.g.", "18": ", 2 Kings 8 : 16 ) though some commentators note that these dates do not always synchronise . Other era dating systems have been used at other times . For example , Jewish communities in the Babylonian diaspora counted the years from the first deportation from Israel , that of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE , ( e.g. , Ezekiel 1 : 1 -- 2 ) . The era year was then called `` year of the captivity of Jehoiachin '' . ( e.g. , 2 Kings 25 : 27 ) During the Hellenistic Maccabean period , Seleucid era counting was used , at least in the Greek - influenced area of Israel . The Books of the Maccabees used Seleucid era dating exclusively ( e.g. , 1 Maccabees 1 : 54 , 6 : 20 , 7 : 1 , 9 : 3 , 10 : 1 ) . Josephus writing in the Roman period also used Seleucid era dating exclusively . During the Talmudic era , from the 1st to the 10th century , the center of world Judaism was in the Middle East , primarily in the Talmudic Academies of Iraq and Palestine . Jews in these regions used Seleucid era dating ( also known as the `` Era of Contracts '' ) . The Avodah Zarah states : Rav Aha b . Jacob then put this question : How do we know that our Era ( of Documents ) is connected with the Kingdom of Greece at all ? Why not say that it is reckoned from the Exodus from Egypt , omitting the first thousand years and giving the years of the next thousand ? In that case , the document is really post-dated ! Said Rav Nahman : In the Diaspora the Greek Era alone is used . He ( the questioner ) thought that Rav Nahman wanted to dispose of him anyhow , but when he went and studied it thoroughly he found that it is indeed taught ( in a Baraita ) : In the Diaspora the Greek Era alone is used . The use of the era of documents ( i.e. , Seleucid era ) continued till the 16th century in the East , and was employed even in the 19th century among the Jews of Yemen .", "19": "Occasionally in Talmudic writings , reference was made to other starting points for eras , such as destruction era dating , being the number of years since the 70 CE destruction of the Second Temple . In the 8th and 9th centuries , as the center of Jewish life moved from Babylonia to Europe , counting using the Seleucid era `` became meaningless '' . There is indication that Jews of the Rhineland in the early Middle Ages used the `` years after the destruction of the Temple '' ( e.g. , Mainz Anonymous ) . New year ( edit ) A shofar made from a ram 's horn is traditionally blown in observance of Rosh Hashanah , the beginning of the Jewish civic year . Exodus 12 : 2 and Deut 16 : 1 set Aviv ( now Nisan ) as `` the first of months '' : this month shall be unto you the beginning of months ; it shall be the first month of the year to you . Nisan 1 is referred to as the ecclesiastical new year . In ancient Israel , the start of the ecclesiastical new year for the counting of months and festivals ( i.e. , Nisan ) was determined by reference to Passover . Passover is on 15 Nisan , ( Leviticus 23 : 4 -- 6 ) which corresponds to the full moon of Nisan . As Passover is a spring festival , it should fall on a full moon day around , and normally just after , the vernal ( northward ) equinox . If the twelfth full moon after the previous Passover is too early compared to the equinox , a leap month is inserted near the end of the previous year before the new year is set to begin . According to normative Judaism , the verses in Exodus 12 : 1 -- 2 require that the months be determined by a proper court with the necessary authority to sanctify the months . Hence the court , not the astronomy , has the final decision . According to some Christian and Karaite sources , the tradition in ancient Israel was that 1 Nisan would not start until the barley is ripe , being the test for the onset of spring . If the barley was not ripe , an intercalary month would be added before Nisan .", "20": "The day most commonly referred to as the `` New Year '' is 1 Tishrei , which actually begins in the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year . On that day the formal New Year for the counting of years ( such as Shmita and Yovel ) , Rosh Hashanah ( `` head of the year '' ) is observed . ( see Ezekiel 40 : 1 , which uses the phrase `` beginning of the year '' . ) This is the civil new year , and the date on which the year number advances . Certain agricultural practices are also marked from this date . In the 1st century , Josephus stated that while -- Moses ... appointed Nisan ... as the first month for the festivals ... the commencement of the year for everything relating to divine worship , but for selling and buying and other ordinary affairs he preserved the ancient order ( i.e. the year beginning with Tishrei ) . '' Edwin Thiele has concluded that the ancient northern Kingdom of Israel counted years using the ecclesiastical new year starting on 1 Aviv ( Nisan ) , while the southern Kingdom of Judah counted years using the civil new year starting on 1 Tishrei . The practice of the Kingdom of Israel was also that of Babylon , as well as other countries of the region . The practice of Judah is still followed . In fact the Jewish calendar has a multiplicity of new years for different purposes . The use of these dates has been in use for a long time . The use of multiple starting dates for a year is comparable to different starting dates for civil `` calendar years '' , `` tax or fiscal years '' , `` academic years '' , `` religious cycles '' , etc . By the time of the redaction of the Mishnah , Rosh Hashanah 1 : 1 ( c.", "21": "200 CE ) , jurists had identified four new - year dates : The 1st of Nisan is the new year for kings and feasts ; the 1st of Elul is the new year for the tithe of cattle ... the 1st of Tishri is the new year for years , of the years of release and jubilee years , for the planting and for vegetables ; and the 1st of Shevat is the new year for trees - so the school of Shammai ; and the school of Hillel say : On the 15th thereof . The month of Elul is the new year for counting animal tithes ( ma'aser behemah ) . Tu Bishvat ( `` the 15th of Shevat '' ) marks the new year for trees ( and agricultural tithes ) . For the dates of the Jewish New Year see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 or calculate using the section `` Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars '' . Leap years ( edit ) The Jewish calendar is based on the Metonic cycle of 19 years , of which 12 are common ( non-leap ) years of 12 months and 7 are leap years of 13 months . To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year , one must find its position in the 19 - year Metonic cycle . This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder . For example , the Jewish year 5778 divided by 19 results in a remainder of 2 , indicating that it is year 2 of the Metonic cycle . Since there is no year 0 , a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle . Years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 of the Metonic cycle are leap years . To assist in remembering this sequence , some people use the mnemonic Hebrew word GUCHADZaT `` גוחאדז '' ט `` ‬ , where the Hebrew letters gimel - vav - het aleph - dalet - zayin - tet are used as Hebrew numerals equivalent to 3 , 6 , 8 , 1 , 4 , 7 , 9 .", "22": "The keviyah records whether the year is leap or common : פ for peshuta ( פשוטה ) , meaning simple and indicating a common year , and מ indicating a leap year ( me'uberet , מעוברת ) . Another memory aid notes that intervals of the major scale follow the same pattern as do Jewish leap years , with do corresponding to year 19 ( or 0 ) : a whole step in the scale corresponds to two common years between consecutive leap years , and a half step to one common year between two leap years . This connection with the major scale is more plain in the context of 19 equal temperament : counting the tonic as 0 , the notes of the major scale in 19 equal temperament are numbers 0 ( or 19 ) , 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , the same numbers as the leap years in the Hebrew calendar . A simple rule for determining whether a year is a leap year has been given above . However , there is another rule which not only tells whether the year is leap but also gives the fraction of a month by which the calendar is behind the seasons , useful for agricultural purposes . To determine whether year n of the calendar is a leap year , find the remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × n ) + 1 ) by 19 . If the remainder is 6 or less it is a leap year ; if it is 7 or more it is not . For example , the remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × 5778 ) + 1 ) by 19 is 15 , so the year 5778 is not a leap year . The remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × 5779 ) + 1 ) by 19 is 3 , so the year 5779 is a leap year . This works because as there are seven leap years in nineteen years the difference between the solar and lunar years increases by 7 / 19 - month per year . When the difference goes above 18 / 19 - month this signifies a leap year , and the difference is reduced by one month .", "23": "Rosh Hashanah postponement rules ( edit ) Day of week Number of days Monday 353 355 383 385 Tuesday 354 384 Thursday 354 355 383 385 Saturday 353 355 383 385 To calculate the day on which Rosh Hashanah of a given year will fall , it is necessary first to calculate the expected molad ( moment of lunar conjunction or new moon ) of Tishrei in that year , and then to apply a set of rules to determine whether the first day of the year must be postponed . The molad can be calculated by multiplying the number of months that will have elapsed since some ( preceding ) molad whose weekday is known by the mean length of a ( synodic ) lunar month , which is 29 days , 12 hours , and 793 parts ( there are 1080 `` parts '' in an hour , so that one part is equal to 3 ⁄ seconds ) . The very first molad , the molad tohu , fell on Sunday evening at 11.11 ⁄ , or in Jewish terms Day 2 , 5 hours , and 204 parts . In calculating the number of months that will have passed since the known molad that one uses as the starting point , one must remember to include any leap month ( s ) that falls within the elapsed interval , according to the cycle of leap years . A 19 - year cycle of 235 synodic months has 991 weeks 2 days 16 hours 595 parts , a common year of 12 synodic months has 50 weeks 4 days 8 hours 876 parts , while a leap year of 13 synodic months has 54 weeks 5 days 21 hours 589 parts . The two months whose numbers of days may be adjusted , Marcheshvan and Kislev , are the eighth and ninth months of the Hebrew year , whereas Tishrei is the seventh month ( in the traditional counting of the months , even though it is the first month of a new calendar year ) . Any adjustments needed to postpone Rosh Hashanah must be made to the adjustable months in the year that precedes the year of which the Rosh Hashanah will be the first day .", "24": "Just four potential conditions are considered to determine whether the date of Rosh Hashanah must be postponed . These are called the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , or deḥiyyot : If the molad occurs at or later than noon , Rosh Hashanah is postponed a day . This is called deḥiyyah molad zaken ( literally , `` old birth '' , i.e. , late new moon ) . If the molad occurs on a Sunday , Wednesday , or Friday , Rosh Hashanah is postponed a day . If the application of deḥiyyah molad zaken would place Rosh Hashanah on one of these days , then it must be postponed a second day . This is called deḥiyyah lo ADU , an acronym that means `` not ( weekday ) one , four , or six . '' The first of these rules ( deḥiyyah molad zaken ) is referred to in the Talmud . Nowadays , molad zaken is used as a device to prevent the molad falling on the second day of the month . The second rule , ( deḥiyyah lo ADU ) , is applied for religious reasons . Another two rules are applied much less frequently and serve to prevent impermissible year lengths . Their names are Hebrew acronyms that refer to the ways they are calculated : If the molad in a common year falls on a Tuesday after 9 hours and 204 parts , Rosh Hashanah is postponed to Thursday . This is deḥiyyah GaTaRaD , where the acronym stands for `` 3 ( Tuesday ) , 9 , 204 . '' If the molad following a leap year falls on a Monday , more than 15 hours and 589 parts after the Hebrew day began ( for calculation purposes , this is taken to be 6 pm Sunday ) , Rosh Hashanah is postponed to Tuesday . This is deḥiyyah BeTUTeKaPoT , where the acronym stands for `` 2 ( Monday ) , 15 , 589 . ''", "25": "At the innovation of the sages , the calendar was arranged to ensure that Yom Kippur would not fall on a Friday or Sunday , and Hoshana Rabbah would not fall on Shabbat . These rules have been instituted because Shabbat restrictions also apply to Yom Kippur , so that if Yom Kippur were to fall on Friday , it would not be possible to make necessary preparations for Shabbat ( such as candle lighting ) . Similarly , if Yom Kippur fell on a Sunday , it would not be possible to make preparations for Yom Kippur because the preceding day is Shabbat . Additionally , the laws of Shabbat override those of Hoshana Rabbah , so that if Hoshana Rabbah were to fall on Shabbat certain rituals that are a part of the Hoshana Rabbah service ( such as carrying willows , which is a form of work ) could not be performed . To prevent Yom Kippur ( 10 Tishrei ) from falling on a Friday or Sunday , Rosh Hashanah ( 1 Tishrei ) can not fall on Wednesday or Friday . Likewise , to prevent Hoshana Rabbah ( 21 Tishrei ) from falling on a Saturday , Rosh Hashanah can not fall on a Sunday . This leaves only four days on which Rosh Hashanah can fall : Monday , Tuesday , Thursday , and Saturday , which are referred to as the `` four gates '' . Each day is associated with a number ( its order in the week , beginning with Sunday as day 1 ) . Numbers in Hebrew have been traditionally denominated by Hebrew letters . Thus the keviyah uses the letters ה , ג , ב and ז ( representing 2 , 3 , 5 , and 7 , for Monday , Tuesday , Thursday , and Saturday ) to denote the starting day of the year . Deficient , regular , and complete years ( edit ) The postponement of the year is compensated for by adding a day to the second month or removing one from the third month . A Jewish common year can only have 353 , 354 , or 355 days . A leap year is always 30 days longer , and so can have 383 , 384 , or 385 days .", "26": "A chaserah year ( Hebrew for `` deficient '' or `` incomplete '' ) is 353 or 383 days long . Both Cheshvan and Kislev have 29 days . The Hebrew letter ח `` het '' is used in the keviyah . A kesidrah year ( `` regular '' or `` in - order '' ) is 354 or 384 days long . Cheshvan has 29 days while Kislev has 30 days . The Hebrew letter כ `` kaf '' is used in the keviyah . A shlemah year ( `` complete '' or `` perfect '' , also `` abundant '' ) is 355 or 385 days long . Both Cheshvan and Kislev have 30 days . The Hebrew letter ש `` shin '' is used in the keviyah . Whether a year is deficient , regular , or complete is determined by the time between two adjacent Rosh Hashanah observances and the leap year . While the keviyah is sufficient to describe a year , a variant specifies the day of the week for the first day of Pesach ( Passover ) in lieu of the year length . A Metonic cycle equates to 235 lunar months in each 19 - year cycle . This gives an average of 6939 days , 16 hours , and 595 parts for each cycle . But due to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules ( preceding section ) a cycle of 19 Jewish years can be either 6939 , 6940 , 6941 , or 6942 days in duration . Since none of these values is evenly divisible by seven , the Jewish calendar repeats exactly only following 36,288 Metonic cycles , or 689,472 Jewish years . There is a near - repetition every 247 years , except for an excess of about 50 minutes ( 905 parts ) . Four gates ( edit ) The annual calendar of a numbered Hebrew year , displayed as 12 or 13 months partitioned into weeks , can be determined by consulting the table of Four gates , whose inputs are the year 's position in the 19 - year cycle and its molad Tishrei . The resulting type ( keviyah ) of the desired year in the body of the table is a triple consisting of two numbers and a letter ( written left - to - right in English ) .", "27": "The left number of each triple is the day of the week of 1 Tishrei , Rosh Hashanah ( 2 3 5 7 ) ; the letter indicates whether that year is deficient ( D ) , regular ( R ) , or complete ( C ) , the number of days in Chesvan and Kislev ; while the right number of each triple is the day of the week of 15 Nisan , the first day of Passover or Pesach ( 1 3 5 7 ) , within the same Hebrew year ( next Julian / Gregorian year ) . The keviyah in Hebrew letters are written right - to - left , so their days of the week are reversed , the right number for 1 Tishrei and the left for 15 Nisan . The year within the 19 - year cycle alone determines whether that year has one or two Adars . This table numbers the days of the week and hours for the limits of molad Tishrei in the Hebrew manner for calendrical calculations , that is , both begin at 6 pm , thus 7d 18h 0p is noon Saturday . The years of a 19 - year cycle are organized into four groups : common years after a leap year but before a common year ( 1 4 9 12 15 ) ; common years between two leap years ( 7 18 ) ; common years after a common year but before a leap year ( 2 5 10 13 16 ) ; and leap years ( 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 ) , all between common years . The oldest surviving table of Four gates was written by Saadia Gaon ( 892 -- 942 ) . It is so named because it identifies the four allowable days of the week on which 1 Tishrei can occur . Comparing the days of the week of molad Tishrei with those in the keviyah shows that during 39 % of years 1 Tishrei is not postponed beyond the day of the week of its molad Tishrei , 47 % are postponed one day , and 14 % are postponed two days . This table also identifies the seven types of common years and seven types of leap years . Most are represented in any 19 - year cycle , except one or two may be in neighboring cycles .", "28": "The most likely type of year is 5R7 in 18.1 % of years , whereas the least likely is 5C1 in 3.3 % of years . The day of the week of 15 Nisan is later than that of 1 Tishrei by one , two or three days for common years and three , four or five days for leap years in deficient , regular or complete years , respectively . Four gates molad Tishrei ≥ Year of 19 - year cycle 1 4 9 12 15 7 18 2 5 10 13 16 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 7d 18h 0p 2D3 בחג 2D5 בחה 1d 9h 204p 1d 20h 491p 2C5 בשה 2C7 בשז 2d 15h 589p 2d 18h 0p 3R5 גכה 3R7 גכז 3d 9h 204p 5R7 הכז 3d 18h 0p 5D1 החא 4d 11h 695p 5d 9h 204p 5C1 השא 5C3 השג 5d 18h 0p 6d 0h 408p 7D1 זחא 7D3 זחג 6d 9h 204p 6d 20h 491p", "29": "7C3 זשג 7C5 זשה Holidays ( edit ) See Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 History ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Israel Ancient Israel and Judah Natufian culture Prehistory Canaan Israelites United monarchy Northern Kingdom Kingdom of Judah Babylonian rule Second Temple period ( 530 BC -- AD 70 ) Persian rule Hellenistic period Hasmonean dynasty Herodian dynasty Kingdom Tetrarchy Roman Judea Middle Ages ( 70 -- 1517 ) Roman Palaestina Byzantine Palaestina Prima Secunda Revolt against Constantius Gallus Samaritan revolts Revolt against Heraclius Caliphates Filastin Urdunn Crusades Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Modern history ( 1517 -- 1948 ) Ottoman rule Eyalet Mutasarrifate Old Yishuv Zionism OETA British mandate State of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) Independence Timeline Years Arab -- Israeli conflict Start - up Nation History of the Land of Israel by topic Judaism Jerusalem Zionism Jewish leaders Jewish warfare Nationality Related Jewish history Hebrew calendar Archaeology Museums Israel portal Mishnaic period ( edit ) The Trumpeting Place inscription , a stone ( 2.", "30": "43 × 1 m ) with Hebrew inscription `` To the Trumpeting Place '' is believed to be a part of the Second Temple . The Tanakh contains several commandments related to the keeping of the calendar and the lunar cycle , and records changes that have taken place to the Hebrew calendar . It has been noted that the procedures described in the Mishnah and Tosefta are all plausible procedures for regulating an empirical lunar calendar . Fire - signals , for example , or smoke - signals , are known from the pre-exilic Lachish ostraca . Furthermore , the Mishnah contains laws that reflect the uncertainties of an empirical calendar . Mishnah Sanhedrin , for example , holds that when one witness holds that an event took place on a certain day of the month , and another that the same event took place on the following day , their testimony can be held to agree , since the length of the preceding month was uncertain . Another Mishnah takes it for granted that it can not be known in advance whether a year 's lease is for twelve or thirteen months . Hence it is a reasonable conclusion that the Mishnaic calendar was actually used in the Mishnaic period . The accuracy of the Mishnah 's claim that the Mishnaic calendar was also used in the late Second Temple period is less certain . One scholar has noted that there are no laws from Second Temple period sources that indicate any doubts about the length of a month or of a year . This led him to propose that the priests must have had some form of computed calendar or calendrical rules that allowed them to know in advance whether a month would have 30 or 29 days , and whether a year would have 12 or 13 months . Modern calendar ( edit ) The Arch of Titus depicting the objects from the Temple being carried through Rome . Between 70 and 1178 CE , the observation - based calendar was gradually replaced by a mathematically calculated one . Except for the epoch year number , the calendar rules reached their current form by the beginning of the 9th century , as described by the Persian Muslim astronomer al - Khwarizmi ( c. 780 -- 850 CE ) in 823 .", "31": "One notable difference between the calendar of that era and the modern form was the date of the epoch ( the fixed reference point at the beginning of year 1 ) , which at that time was one year later than the epoch of the modern calendar . Most of the present rules of the calendar were in place by 823 , according to a treatise by al - Khwarizmi . Al - Khwarizmi 's study of the Jewish calendar , Risāla fi istikhrāj taʾrīkh al - yahūd `` Extraction of the Jewish Era '' describes the 19 - year intercalation cycle , the rules for determining on what day of the week the first day of the month Tishrī shall fall , the interval between the Jewish era ( creation of Adam ) and the Seleucid era , and the rules for determining the mean longitude of the sun and the moon using the Jewish calendar . Not all the rules were in place by 835 . In 921 , Aaron ben Meïr proposed changes to the calendar . Though the proposals were rejected , they indicate that all of the rules of the modern calendar ( except for the epoch ) were in place before that date . In 1000 , the Muslim chronologist al - Biruni described all of the modern rules of the Hebrew calendar , except that he specified three different epochs used by various Jewish communities being one , two , or three years later than the modern epoch . There is a tradition , first mentioned by Hai Gaon ( died 1038 CE ) , that Hillel b . R. Yehuda `` in the year 670 of the Seleucid era '' ( i.e. , 358 -- 359 CE ) was responsible for the new calculated calendar with a fixed intercalation cycle . Later writers , such as Nachmanides , explained Hai Gaon 's words to mean that the entire computed calendar was due to Hillel b . Yehuda in response to persecution of Jews . Maimonides , in the 12th century , stated that the Mishnaic calendar was used `` until the days of Abaye and Rava '' , who flourished c. 320 -- 350 CE , and that the change came when `` the land of Israel was destroyed , and no permanent court was left . '' Taken together , these two traditions suggest that Hillel b .", "32": "Yehuda ( whom they identify with the mid-4th - century Jewish patriarch Ioulos , attested in a letter of the Emperor Julian , and the Jewish patriarch Ellel , mentioned by Epiphanius ) instituted the computed Hebrew calendar because of persecution . H. Graetz linked the introduction of the computed calendar to a sharp repression following a failed Jewish insurrection that occurred during the rule of the Christian emperor Constantius and Gallus . A later writer , S. Lieberman , argued instead that the introduction of the fixed calendar was due to measures taken by Christian Roman authorities to prevent the Jewish patriarch from sending calendrical messengers . Both the tradition that Hillel b . Yehuda instituted the complete computed calendar , and the theory that the computed calendar was introduced due to repression or persecution , have been questioned . Furthermore , two Jewish dates during post-Talmudic times ( specifically in 506 and 776 ) are impossible under the rules of the modern calendar , indicating that its arithmetic rules were developed in Babylonia during the times of the Geonim ( 7th to 8th centuries ) . The Babylonian rules required the delay of the first day of Tishrei when the new moon occurred after noon . The Talmuds do , however , indicate at least the beginnings of a transition from a purely empirical to a computed calendar . According to a statement attributed to Yose , an Amora who lived during the second half of the 3rd century , the feast of Purim , 14 Adar , could not fall on a Sabbath nor a Monday , lest 10 Tishrei ( Yom Kippur ) fall on a Friday or a Sunday . This indicates that , by the time of the redaction of the Jerusalem Talmud ( c. 400 CE ) , there were a fixed number of days in all months from Adar to Elul , also implying that the extra month was already a second Adar added before the regular Adar . In another passage , a sage is reported to have counseled `` those who make the computations '' not to set the first day of Tishrei or the Day of the Willow on the sabbath . This indicates that there was a group who `` made computations '' and were in a position to control , to some extent , the day of the week on which Rosh Hashanah would fall .", "33": "Usage in contemporary Israel ( edit ) Early Zionist pioneers were impressed by the fact that the calendar preserved by Jews over many centuries in far - flung diasporas , as a matter of religious ritual , was geared to the climate of their original country : the Jewish New Year marks the transition from the dry season to the rainy one , and major Jewish holidays such as Sukkot , Passover , and Shavuot correspond to major points of the country 's agricultural year such as planting and harvest . Accordingly , in the early 20th century the Hebrew calendar was re-interpreted as an agricultural rather than religious calendar . After the creation of the State of Israel , the Hebrew calendar became one of the official calendars of Israel , along with the Gregorian calendar . Holidays and commemorations not derived from previous Jewish tradition were to be fixed according to the Hebrew calendar date . For example , the Israeli Independence Day falls on 5 Iyar , Jerusalem Reunification Day on 28 Iyar , and the Holocaust Commemoration Day on 27 Nisan . Nevertheless , since the 1950s usage of the Hebrew calendar has steadily declined , in favor of the Gregorian calendar . At present , Israelis -- except for the religiously observant -- conduct their private and public life according to the Gregorian calendar , although the Hebrew calendar is still widely acknowledged , appearing in public venues such as banks ( where it is legal for use on cheques and other documents , though only rarely do people make use of this option ) and on the mastheads of newspapers . The Jewish New Year ( Rosh Hashanah ) is a two - day public holiday in Israel . However , since the 1980s an increasing number of secular Israelis celebrate the Gregorian New Year ( usually known as `` Silvester Night '' -- `` ליל סילבסטר '' ) on the night between 31 December and 1 January . Prominent rabbis have on several occasions sharply denounced this practice , but with no noticeable effect on the secularist celebrants . Wall calendars commonly used in Israel are hybrids . Most are organised according to Gregorian rather than Jewish months , but begin in September , when the Jewish New Year usually falls , and provide the Jewish date in small characters . Other practices ( edit ) Outside of Rabbinic Judaism , evidence shows a diversity of practice .", "34": "Karaite calendar ( edit ) Karaites use the lunar month and the solar year , but the Karaite calendar differs from the current Rabbinic calendar in a number of ways . The Karaite calendar is identical to the Rabbinic calendar used before the Sanhedrin changed the Rabbinic calendar from the lunar , observation based , calendar to the current , mathematically based , calendar used in Rabbinic Judaism today . In the lunar Karaite calendar , the beginning of each month , the Rosh Chodesh , can be calculated , but is confirmed by the observation in Israel of the first sightings of the new moon . This may result in an occasional variation of a maximum of one day , depending on the inability to observe the new moon . The day is usually `` picked up '' in the next month . The addition of the leap month ( Adar II ) is determined by observing in Israel the ripening of barley at a specific stage ( defined by Karaite tradition ) ( called aviv ) , rather than using the calculated and fixed calendar of rabbinic Judaism . Occasionally this results in Karaites being one month ahead of other Jews using the calculated rabbinic calendar . The `` lost '' month would be `` picked up '' in the next cycle when Karaites would observe a leap month while other Jews would not . Furthermore , the seasonal drift of the rabbinic calendar is avoided , resulting in the years affected by the drift starting one month earlier in the Karaite calendar . Also , the four rules of postponement of the rabbinic calendar are not applied , since they are not mentioned in the Tanakh . This can affect the dates observed for all the Jewish holidays in a particular year by one or two days . In the Middle Ages many Karaite Jews outside Israel followed the calculated rabbinic calendar , because it was not possible to retrieve accurate aviv barley data from the land of Israel . However , since the establishment of the State of Israel , and especially since the Six Day War , the Karaite Jews that have made aliyah can now again use the observational calendar . Samaritan calendar ( edit ) The Samaritan community 's calendar also relies on lunar months and solar years . Calculation of the Samaritan calendar has historically been a secret reserved to the priestly family alone , and was based on observations of the new crescent moon .", "35": "More recently , a 20th - century Samaritan High Priest transferred the calculation to a computer algorithm . The current High Priest confirms the results twice a year , and then distributes calendars to the community . The epoch of the Samaritan calendar is year of the entry of the Children of Israel into the Land of Israel with Joshua . The month of Passover is the first month in the Samaritan calendar , but the year number increments in the sixth month . Like in the Rabbinic calendar , there are seven leap years within each 19 year cycle . However , the Rabbinic and Samaritan calendars ' cycles are not synchronized , so Samaritan festivals -- notionally the same as the Rabbinic festivals of Torah origin -- are frequently one month off from the date according to the Rabbinic calendar . Additionally , as in the Karaite calendar , the Samaritan calendar does not apply the four rules of postponement , since they are not mentioned in the Tanakh . This can affect the dates observed for all the Jewish holidays in a particular year by one or two days . The Qumran calendar ( edit ) See also : Enoch calendar and Qumran calendrical texts Many of the Dead Sea ( Qumran ) Scrolls have references to a unique calendar , used by the people there , who are often assumed to be Essenes . The year of this calendar used the ideal Mesopotamian calendar of twelve 30 - day months , to which were added 4 days at the equinoxes and solstices ( cardinal points ) , making a total of 364 days . There was some ambiguity as to whether the cardinal days were at the beginning of the months or at the end , but the clearest calendar attestations give a year of four seasons , each having three months of 30 , 30 , and 31 days with the cardinal day the extra day at the end , for a total of 91 days , or exactly 13 weeks . Each season started on the 4th day of the week ( Wednesday ) , every year . ( Ben - Dov , Head of All Years , pp. 16 -- 17 ) With only 364 days , it is clear that the calendar would after a few years be very noticeably different from the actual seasons , but there is nothing to indicate what was done about this problem . Various suggestions have been made by scholars .", "36": "One is that nothing was done and the calendar was allowed to change with respect to the seasons . Another suggestion is that changes were made irregularly , only when the seasonal anomaly was too great to be ignored any longer . ( Ben - Dov , Head of All Years , pp. 19 -- 20 ) The writings often discuss the moon , but the calendar was not based on the movement of the moon any more than indications of the phases of the moon on a modern western calendar indicate that that is a lunar calendar . Persian civil calendar ( edit ) Calendrical evidence for the postexilic Persian period is found in papyri from the Jewish colony at Elephantine , in Egypt . These documents show that the Jewish community of Elephantine used the Egyptian and Babylonian calendars . The Sardica paschal table shows that the Jewish community of some eastern city , possibly Antioch , used a calendrical scheme that kept Nisan 14 within the limits of the Julian month of March . Some of the dates in the document are clearly corrupt , but they can be emended to make the sixteen years in the table consistent with a regular intercalation scheme . Peter , the bishop of Alexandria ( early 4th century CE ) , mentions that the Jews of his city `` hold their Passover according to the course of the moon in the month of Phamenoth , or according to the intercalary month every third year in the month of Pharmuthi '' , suggesting a fairly consistent intercalation scheme that kept Nisan 14 approximately between Phamenoth 10 ( March 6 in the 4th century CE ) and Pharmuthi 10 ( April 5 ) . Jewish funerary inscriptions from Zoar , south of the Dead Sea , dated from the 3rd to the 5th century , indicate that when years were intercalated , the intercalary month was at least sometimes a repeated month of Adar . The inscriptions , however , reveal no clear pattern of regular intercalations , nor do they indicate any consistent rule for determining the start of the lunar month . In 1178 , Maimonides included all the rules for the calculated calendar and their scriptural basis , including the modern epochal year in his work , Mishneh Torah .", "37": "Today , the rules detailed in Maimonides ' code are those generally used by Jewish communities throughout the world . Astronomical calculations ( edit ) Synodic month -- the molad interval ( edit ) A `` new moon '' ( astronomically called a lunar conjunction and , in Hebrew , a molad ) is the moment at which the sun and moon are aligned horizontally with respect to a north - south line ( technically , they have the same ecliptical longitude ) . The period between two new moons is a synodic month . The actual length of a synodic month varies from about 29 days 6 hours and 30 minutes ( 29.27 days ) to about 29 days and 20 hours ( 29.83 days ) , a variation range of about 13 hours and 30 minutes . Accordingly , for convenience , a long - term average length , identical to the mean synodic month of ancient times ( also called the molad interval ) is used . The molad interval is 765433 25920 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 765433 ) ( 25920 ) ) ) days , or 29 days , 12 hours , and 793 `` parts '' ( 1 `` part '' = / minute ; 3 `` parts '' = 10 seconds ) ( i.e. , 29.530594 days ) , and is the same value determined by the Babylonians in their System B about 300 BCE and was adopted by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus in the 2nd century BCE and by the Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy in the Almagest four centuries later ( who cited Hipparchus as his source ) . Its remarkable accuracy ( less than one second from the true value ) is thought to have been achieved using records of lunar eclipses from the 8th to 5th centuries BCE . This value is as close to the correct value of 29.530589 days as it is possible for a value to come that is rounded off to whole `` parts '' . The discrepancy makes the molad interval about 0.6 seconds too long . Put another way , if the molad is taken as the time of mean conjunction at some reference meridian , then this reference meridian is drifting slowly eastward .", "38": "If this drift of the reference meridian is traced back to the mid-4th century , the traditional date of the introduction of the fixed calendar , then it is found to correspond to a longitude midway between the Nile and the end of the Euphrates . The modern molad moments match the mean solar times of the lunar conjunction moments near the meridian of Kandahar , Afghanistan , more than 30 ° east of Jerusalem . Furthermore , the discrepancy between the molad interval and the mean synodic month is accumulating at an accelerating rate , since the mean synodic month is progressively shortening due to gravitational tidal effects . Measured on a strictly uniform time scale , such as that provided by an atomic clock , the mean synodic month is becoming gradually longer , but since the tides slow Earth 's rotation rate even more , the mean synodic month is becoming gradually shorter in terms of mean solar time . Seasonal drift ( edit ) The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar is 365 days 5 hours 55 minutes and 25 + / seconds ( 365.2468 days ) -- computed as the molad / monthly interval of 29.530594 days × 235 months in a 19 - year metonic cycle ÷ 19 years per cycle . In relation to the Gregorian calendar , the mean Gregorian calendar year is 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes and 12 seconds ( 365.2425 days ) , and the drift of the Hebrew calendar in relation to it is about a day every 231 years . Implications for Jewish ritual ( edit ) This figure , in a detail of a medieval Hebrew calendar , reminded Jews of the palm branch ( Lulav ) , the myrtle twigs , the willow branches , and the citron ( Etrog ) to be held in the hand and to be brought to the synagogue during the holiday of sukkot , near the end of the autumn holiday season . Although the molad of Tishrei is the only molad moment that is not ritually announced , it is actually the only one that is relevant to the Hebrew calendar , for it determines the provisional date of Rosh Hashanah , subject to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules . The other monthly molad moments are announced for mystical reasons .", "39": "With the moladot on average almost 100 minutes late , this means that the molad of Tishrei lands one day later than it ought to in ( 100 minutes ) ÷ ( 1440 minutes per day ) = 5 of 72 years or nearly 7 % of years . Therefore , the seemingly small drift of the moladot is already significant enough to affect the date of Rosh Hashanah , which then cascades to many other dates in the calendar year and sometimes , due to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , also interacts with the dates of the prior or next year . The molad drift could be corrected by using a progressively shorter molad interval that corresponds to the actual mean lunar conjunction interval at the original molad reference meridian . Furthermore , the molad interval determines the calendar mean year , so using a progressively shorter molad interval would help correct the excessive length of the Hebrew calendar mean year , as well as helping it to `` hold onto '' the northward equinox for the maximum duration . When the 19 - year intercalary cycle was finalised in the 4th century , the earliest Passover ( in year 16 of the cycle ) coincided with the northward equinox , which means that Passover fell near the first full moon after the northward equinox , or that the northward equinox landed within one lunation before 16 days after the molad of Nisan . This is still the case in about 80 % of years ; but , in about 20 % of years , Passover is a month late by these criteria ( as it was in AM 5765 and 5768 , the 8th and 11th years of the 19 - year cycle = Gregorian 2005 and 2008 CE ) . Presently , this occurs after the `` premature '' insertion of a leap month in years 8 , 11 , and 19 of each 19 - year cycle , which causes the northward equinox to land on exceptionally early Hebrew dates in such years . This problem will get worse over time , and so beginning in AM 5817 ( 2057 CE ) , year 3 of each 19 - year cycle will also be a month late .", "40": "If the calendar is not amended , then Passover will start to land on or after the summer solstice around AM 16652 ( 12892 CE ) . ( The exact year when this will begin to occur depends on uncertainties in the future tidal slowing of the Earth rotation rate , and on the accuracy of predictions of precession and Earth axial tilt . ) The seriousness of the spring equinox drift is widely discounted on the grounds that Passover will remain in the spring season for many millennia , and the text of the Torah is generally not interpreted as having specified tight calendrical limits . Of course , the Hebrew calendar also drifts with respect to the autumn equinox , and at least part of the harvest festival of Sukkot is already more than a month after the equinox in years 1 , 9 , and 12 of each 19 - year cycle ; beginning in AM 5818 ( 2057 CE ) , this will also be the case in year 4 . ( These are the same year numbers as were mentioned for the spring season in the previous paragraph , except that they get incremented at Rosh Hashanah . ) This progressively increases the probability that Sukkot will be cold and wet , making it uncomfortable or impractical to dwell in the traditional succah during Sukkot . The first winter seasonal prayer for rain is not recited until Shemini Atzeret , after the end of Sukkot , yet it is becoming increasingly likely that the rainy season in Israel will start before the end of Sukkot . No equinox or solstice will ever be more than a day or so away from its mean date according to the solar calendar , while nineteen Jewish years average 6939d 16h 33m 03 ⁄ s compared to the 6939d 14h 26m 15s of nineteen mean tropical years . This discrepancy has mounted up to six days , which is why the earliest Passover currently falls on 26 March ( as in AM 5773 / 2013 CE ) . Worked example ( edit ) Given the length of the year , the length of each month is fixed as described above , so the real problem in determining the calendar for a year is determining the number of days in the year . In the modern calendar , this is determined in the following manner .", "41": "The day of Rosh Hashanah and the length of the year are determined by the time and the day of the week of the Tishrei molad , that is , the moment of the average conjunction . Given the Tishrei molad of a certain year , the length of the year is determined as follows : First , one must determine whether each year is an ordinary or leap year by its position in the 19 - year Metonic cycle . Years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 are leap years . Secondly , one must determine the number of days between the starting Tishrei molad ( TM1 ) and the Tishrei molad of the next year ( TM2 ) . For calendar descriptions in general the day begins at 6 p.m. , but for the purpose of determining Rosh Hashanah , a molad occurring on or after noon is treated as belonging to the next day ( the first deḥiyyah ) . All months are calculated as 29d , 12h , 44m , 3 ⁄ s long ( MonLen ) . Therefore , in an ordinary year TM2 occurs 12 × MonLen days after TM1 . This is usually 354 calendar days after TM1 , but if TM1 is on or after 3 : 11 : 20 a.m. and before noon , it will be 355 days . Similarly , in a leap year , TM2 occurs 13 × MonLen days after TM1 . This is usually 384 days after TM1 , but if TM1 is on or after noon and before 2 : 27 : 16 ⁄ p.m. , TM2 will be only 383 days after TM1 . In the same way , from TM2 one calculates TM3 . Thus the four natural year lengths are 354 , 355 , 383 , and 384 days . However , because of the holiday rules , Rosh Hashanah can not fall on a Sunday , Wednesday , or Friday , so if TM2 is one of those days , Rosh Hashanah in year 2 is postponed by adding one day to year 1 ( the second deḥiyyah ) . To compensate , one day is subtracted from year 2 .", "42": "It is to allow for these adjustments that the system allows 385 - day years ( long leap ) and 353 - day years ( short ordinary ) besides the four natural year lengths . But how can year 1 be lengthened if it is already a long ordinary year of 355 days or year 2 be shortened if it is a short leap year of 383 days ? That is why the third and fourth deḥiyyahs are needed . If year 1 is already a long ordinary year of 355 days , there will be a problem if TM1 is on a Tuesday , as that means TM2 falls on a Sunday and will have to be postponed , creating a 356 - day year . In this case , Rosh Hashanah in year 1 is postponed from Tuesday ( the third deḥiyyah ) . As it can not be postponed to Wednesday , it is postponed to Thursday , and year 1 ends up with 354 days . On the other hand , if year 2 is already a short year of 383 days , there will be a problem if TM2 is on a Wednesday . because Rosh Hashanah in year 2 will have to be postponed from Wednesday to Thursday and this will cause year 2 to be only 382 days long . In this case , year 2 is extended by one day by postponing Rosh Hashanah in year 3 from Monday to Tuesday ( the fourth deḥiyyah ) , and year 2 will have 383 days . Rectifying the Hebrew calendar ( edit ) The attribution of the fixed arithmetic Hebrew calendar solely to Hillel II has , however , been questioned by a few authors , such as Sasha Stern , who claim that the calendar rules developed gradually over several centuries . Given the importance in Jewish ritual of establishing the accurate timing of monthly and annual times , some futurist writers and researchers have considered whether a `` corrected '' system of establishing the Hebrew date is required . The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar has `` drifted '' an average of 7 -- 8 days late relative to the equinox relationship that it originally had . It is not possible , however , for any individual Hebrew date to be a week or more `` late '' , because Hebrew months always begin within a day or two of the molad moment .", "43": "What happens instead is that the traditional Hebrew calendar `` prematurely '' inserts a leap month one year before it `` should have been '' inserted , where `` prematurely '' means that the insertion causes the spring equinox to land more than 30 days before the latest acceptable moment , thus causing the calendar to run `` one month late '' until the time when the leap month `` should have been '' inserted prior to the following spring . This presently happens in 4 years out of every 19 - year cycle ( years 3 , 8 , 11 , and 19 ) , implying that the Hebrew calendar currently runs `` one month late '' more than 21 % of the time . Dr. Irv Bromberg has proposed a 353 - year cycle of 4366 months , which would include 130 leap months , along with use of a progressively shorter molad interval , which would keep an amended fixed arithmetic Hebrew calendar from drifting for more than seven millennia . It takes about 3 ⁄ centuries for the spring equinox to drift an average of ⁄ th of a molad interval earlier in the Hebrew calendar . That is a very important time unit , because it can be cancelled by simply truncating a 19 - year cycle to 11 years , omitting 8 years including three leap years from the sequence . That is the essential feature of the 353 - year leap cycle ( ( 9 × 19 ) + 11 + ( 9 × 19 ) = 353 years ) . Religious questions abound about how such a system might be implemented and administered throughout the diverse aspects of the world Jewish community . Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars ( edit ) The list below gives a time which can be used to determine the day the Jewish ecclesiastical ( spring ) year starts over a period of nineteen years : 20 : 18 15 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 15 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Monday , 31 March 2014 05 : 07 9 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 21 March 2015 02 : 40 4 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 4 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday ,", "44": "8 April 2016 11 : 28 16 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 16 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Tuesday , 28 March 2017 20 : 17 10 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 10 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 17 March 2018 17 : 50 5 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 5 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 5 April 2019 02 : 38 17 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 17 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday , 25 March 2020 11 : 27 11 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 11 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 14 March 2021 09 : 00 6 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 6 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 2 April 2022 17 : 49 Wednesday , 22 March 2023 15 : 21 13 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 13 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Tuesday , 9 April 2024 00 : 10 7 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 7 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 30 March 2025 08 : 59 1 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Thursday , 19 March 2026 06 : 31 14 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 14 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday , 7 April 2027 15 : 20 8 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 8 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 26 March 2028 00 : 09 2 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 16 March 2029 21 : 41 15 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 15 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday ,", "45": "3 April 2030 06 : 30 9 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Monday , 24 March 2031 15 : 19 3 18 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 12 March 2032 Every nineteen years this time is 2 days , 16 hours , 33 1 / 18 minutes later in the week . That is either the same or the previous day in the civil calendar , depending on whether the difference in the day of the week is three or two days . If 29 February is included fewer than five times in the nineteen -- year period the date will be later by the number of days which corresponds to the difference between the actual number of insertions and five . If the year is due to start on Sunday , it actually begins on the following Tuesday if the following year is due to start on Friday morning . If due to start on Monday , Wednesday or Friday it actually begins on the following day . If due to start on Saturday , it actually begins on the following day if the previous year was due to begin on Monday morning . The table below lists , for a Jewish year commencing on 23 March , the civil date of the first day of each month . If the year does not begin on 23 March , each month 's first day will differ from the date shown by the number of days that the start of the year differs from 23 March . The correct column is the one which shows the correct starting date for the following year in the last row . If 29 February falls within a Jewish month the first day of later months will be a day earlier than shown .", "46": "Jewish month Civil date of first day of Jewish month Length of year 353 days 354 days 355 days 383 days 384 days 385 days First 23 March 23 March 23 March 23 March 23 March 23 March Second 22 April 22 April 22 April 22 April 22 April 22 April Third 21 May 21 May 21 May 21 May 21 May 21 May Fourth 20 June 20 June 20 June 20 June 20 June 20 June Fifth 19 July 19 July 19 July 19 July 19 July 19 July Sixth 18 August 18 August 18 August 18 August 18 August 18 August Seventh 16 September 16 September 16 September 16 September 16 September 16 September Eighth 16 October 16 October 16 October 16 October 16 October 16 October Ninth 14 November 14 November 15 November 14 November 14 November 15 November Tenth 13 December 14 December 15 December 13 December 14 December 15 December Eleventh 11 January 12 January 13 January 11 January 12 January 13 January Added month 10 February 11 February 12 February Twelfth 10 February 11 February 12 February 12 March 13 March 14 March First 11 March 12 March 13 March 10 April 11 April 12 April For long period calculations , dates should be reduced to the Julian calendar and converted back to the civil calendar at the end of the calculation . The civil calendar used here ( Exigian ) is correct to one day in 44,000 years and omits the leap day in centennial years which do not give remainder 200 or 700 when divided by 900 .", "47": "It is identical to the Gregorian calendar between 15 October 1582 CE and 28 February 2400 CE ( both dates inclusive ) . To find how many days the civil calendar is ahead of the Julian in any year from 301 BCE ( the calendar is proleptic ( assumed ) up to 1582 CE ) add 300 to the year , multiply the hundreds by 7 , divide by 9 and subtract 4 . Ignore any fraction of a day . When the difference between the calendars changes the calculated value applies on and from March 1 ( civil date ) for conversions to Julian . For earlier dates reduce the calculated value by one . For conversions to the civil date the calculated value applies on and from February 29 ( Julian date ) . Again , for earlier dates reduce the calculated value by one . The difference is applied to the calendar one is converting into . A negative value indicates that the Julian date is ahead of the civil date . In this case it is important to remember that when calculating the civil equivalent of February 29 ( Julian ) , February 29 is discounted . Thus if the calculated value is − 4 the civil equivalent of this date is February 24 . Before 1 CE use astronomical years rather than years BCE . The astronomical year is ( year BCE ) -- 1 . Up to the 4th century CE , these tables give the day of the Jewish month to within a day or so and the number of the month to within a month or so . From the 4th century , the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well . In the Julian calendar , every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14 / 18m earlier , and 3d 18h 12 4 / 18m later in the week . Example calculation On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874 - 5 ? 20874 = 2026 + ( 248x76 ) .", "48": "In ( 248x76 ) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start ( 248x3d 18h 12 4 / 18m ) later in the week , which is 932d 2h 31 2 / 18m or 1d 2h 31 2 / 18m later after removing complete weeks . Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars , the Julian date is 13 + ( 248x0d 5h 47 4 / 18m ) earlier , which is 72d 21h 28 16 / 18m earlier . Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula . 20874 + 300 = 21174 211x7 = 1477 1477 / 9 = 164 remainder 1 164 - 4 = 160 . 160d - 72d 21h 28 16 / 18m = 87d 2h 31 2 / 18m . So , in 20874 CE , the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2 / 18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2 / 18m later in the week . In 20874 CE , therefore , the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3 / 18 A.M. on Friday , 14 June . Because of the displacements , it actually begins on Saturday , 15 June . Odd months have 30 days and even months 29 , so the starting dates are 2 , 15 July ; 3 , 13 August ; 4 , 12 September ; 5 , 11 October ; 6 , 10 November ; 7 , 9 December , and 8 , 8 January .", "49": "The rules are based on the theory that Maimonides explains in his book `` Rabbinical Astronomy '' -- no allowance is made for the secular ( centennial ) decrease of 1⁄2 second in the length of the mean tropical year and the increase of about four yards in the distance between the earth and the moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century ( when Maimonides wrote his book ) to detect this . See also ( edit ) Judaism portal Assyrian calendar Babylonian calendar Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement Chol HaMoed , the intermediate days during Passover and Sukkot . Chronology of the Bible Counting of the Omer Islamic calendar Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 Lag BaOmer , 33rd day of counting the Omer . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Specifically , the ripening of the barley crop ; the age of the kids , lambs , and doves ; the ripeness of the fruit trees ; and the relation of the date to the tekufah ( seasons ) . See the Talmud , Sanhedrin 11b Jump up ^ `` Tishrei , 5777 '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gen 1 : 5 , Gen 1 : 8 , Gen 1 : 13 , Gen 1 : 19 , Gen 1 : 23 , Gen 1 : 31 and Gen 2.2 . Jump up ^ Kurzweil , Arthur ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` The Torah For Dummies '' . John Wiley & Sons -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Otto Neugebauer , `` The astronomy of Maimonides and its sources '' , Hebrew Union College Annual 23 ( 1949 ) 322 -- 363 . Jump up ^ See Willie Roth 's essay The International Date Line and Halacha . Jump up ^ `` Appendix II : Baal HaMaor 's Interpretation of 20b and its Relevance to the Dateline '' in Talmud Bavli , Schottenstein Edition , Tractate Rosh HaShanah , Mesorah Publications Ltd .", "50": "( `` ArtScroll '' ) 1999 , where `` 20b '' refers to the 20th page 2nd folio of the tractate . Jump up ^ See , for example , Berachot chapter 1 , Mishnah 2 . Jump up ^ See Genesis 1 : 8 , 1 : 13 , 1 : 19 , 1 : 23 , 1 : 31 and 2.2 . Jump up ^ For example , according to Morfix מילון מורפיקס , Morfix Dictionary , which is based upon Prof. Yaakov Choeka 's Rav Milim dictionary . But the word meaning a non-Talmudic week is שָׁבוּע ( shavuʻa ) , according to the same `` מילון מורפיקס '' . Jump up ^ For example , when referring to the daily psalm recited in the morning prayer ( Shacharit ) . Jump up ^ In contrast , the Gregorian calendar is a pure solar calendar , while the Islamic calendar is a pure lunar calendar . Jump up ^ Under the fixed , calculated calendar , this is only loosely true . Because the calculations are based on mean lunar months , not observed ones -- and because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules -- a given month may not begin on the same day as its astronomical conjunction . See Bromberg , Dr. Irv ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Moon and the Molad of the Hebrew Calendar '' . utoronto.ca . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ This practice continues to be used in Karaite Judaism as well as in the Islamic calendar . ^ Jump up to : Tosefta Sanhedrin 2.2 , Herbert Danby , Trans. , Tractate Sanhedrin Mishnah and Tosefta , Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , London and New York , 1919 , p. 31 . Also quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE - Tenth Century CE , Oxford University Press , 2001 , p. 70 .", "51": "^ Jump up to : Ancient Israel : Its Life and Institutions ( 1961 ) by Roland De Vaux , John McHugh , Publisher : McGraw -- Hill , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4278 - 7 , p. 179 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 1.7 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 2.6 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : b . Rosh Hashanah 20b : `` This is what Abba the father of R. Simlai meant : ' We calculate the new moon 's birth . If it is born before midday , then certainly it will have been seen shortly before sunset . If it was not born before midday , certainly it will not have been seen shortly before sunset . ' What is the practical value of this remark ? R. Ashi said : Confuting the witnesses . '' I. Epstein , Ed. , The Babylonian Talmud Seder Mo'ed , Soncino Press , London , 1938 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 2.2 Jump up ^ b . Betzah 4b Jump up ^ Sanctification of the New Moon . Archived 2010 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Translated from the Hebrew by Solomon Gandz ; supplemented , introduced , and edited by Julian Obermann ; with an astronomical commentary by Otto Neugebauer . Yale Judaica Series , Volume 11 , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1956 Jump up ^ Gen 7 : 11 says `` ... on the seventeenth day of the second month -- on that day all the springs of the great deep burst forth ... '' and 8 : 3 -- 4 says `` ... At the end of the hundred and fifty days the water had gone down , ( 4 ) and on the seventeenth day of the seventh month the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat ... '' There is an interval of 5 months and 150 days , making each month 30 days long . Jump up ^ Hachlili , Rachel ( 2013 ) . Ancient Synagogues -- Archaeology and Art : New Discoveries and Current Research . Brill . p.", "52": "342 . ISBN 978 - 9004257733 . Jump up ^ Ulfgard , Håkan ( 1998 ) . The Story of Sukkot : the Setting , Shaping and Sequel of the Biblical Feast of Tabernacles . Mohr Siebeck . p. 99 . ISBN 3 - 16 - 147017 - 6 . Jump up ^ ( 12 Signs , 12 Sons : Astrology in the Bible , David Womack , Harper & Row , San Francisco 1978 , pg 43 ) Jump up ^ Solomon , Gandz ( 1947 -- 1948 ) . `` Date of the Composition of Maimonides ' Code '' . Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research , Vol. 17 , pp. 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 3622160 . JSTOR 3622160 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chronology of the Old Testament , Dr. Floyd Nolen Jones `` When the center of Jewish life moved from Babylonia to Europe during the 8th and 9th centuries CE , calculations from the Seleucid era became meaningless . Over those centuries , it was replaced by that of the anno mundi era of the Seder Olam . From the 11th century , anno mundi dating became dominant throughout most of the world 's Jewish communities . '' Jump up ^ Alden A. Mosshammer . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Jump up ^ p. 107 , Kantor ^ Jump up to : See The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries . Jump up ^ A minority opinion places Creation on 25 Adar AM 1 , six months earlier , or six months after the modern epoch . Jump up ^ Fisher Saller , Carol ; Harper , Russell David , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` 9.34 : Eras '' . The Chicago Manual of Style ( 16th ed . ) . Chicago : Univiversity of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10420 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Edwin Thiele , The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings , ( 1st ed.", "53": "; New York : Macmillan , 1951 ; 2d ed. ; Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1965 ; 3rd ed. ; Grand Rapids : Zondervan / Kregel , 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3825 - X , 9780825438257 Jump up ^ Adsole , Atenebris . `` Babylonian Talmud : ' Abodah Zarah 10 '' . www.come-and-hear.com . ^ Jump up to : Avodah Zarah , tractate 9 Footnote : `` The Eras in use among Jews in Talmudic Times are : ( a ) ERA OF CONTRACTS ( H ) dating from the year 380 before the Destruction of the Second Temple ( 312 -- 1 BCE ) when , at the Battle of Gaza , Seleucus Nicator , one of the followers of Alexander the Great , gained dominion over Palestine . It is also termed Seleucid or Greek Era ( H ) . Its designation as Alexandrian Era connecting it with Alexander the Great ( Maim . Yad , Gerushin 1 , 27 ) is an anachronism , since Alexander died in 323 BCE -- eleven years before this Era began ( v. E. Mahler , Handbuch der judischen Chronologie , p. 145 ) . This Era , which is first mentioned in Mac . I , 10 , and was used by notaries or scribes for dating all civil contracts , was generally in vogue in eastern countries till the 16th cent , and was employed even in the 19th cent , among the Jews of Yemen , in South Arabia ( Eben Saphir , Lyck , 1866 , p. 62b ) . ( b ) THE ERA OF THE DESTRUCTION ( of the Second Temple ) ( H ) the year 1 of which corresponds to 381 of the Seleucid Era , and 69 -- 70 of the Christian Era . This Era was mainly employed by the Rabbis and was in use in Palestine for several centuries , and even in the later Middle Ages documents were dated by it . One of the recently discovered Genizah documents bears the date 13 Tammuz 987 after the Destruction of the Temple -- i.e.", "54": ", 917 C.E. ( Op . cit . p. 152 , also Marmorstein ZDMG , Vol . VI , p. 640 ) . The difference between the two Eras as far as the tens and units are concerned is thus 20 . If therefore a Tanna , say in the year 156 Era of Dest. ( 225 CE ) , while remembering , naturally , the century , is uncertain about the tens and units , he should ask the notary what year it is according to his -- Seleucid -- era . He will get the answer 536 ( 156 + 380 ) , on adding 20 to which he would get 556 , the last two figures giving him the year ( 1 ) 56 of the Era of Destruction . '' Jump up ^ Scherman , Nosson ( 2005 ) . Artscroll Chumash . Jump up ^ The barley had to be `` eared out '' ( ripe ) in order to have a wave - sheaf offering of the first fruits according to the Law . Jones , Stephen ( 1996 ) . Secrets of Time . Jump up ^ See Maaser Rishon , Maaser Sheni , Maaser Ani . Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities 1.81 , Loeb Classical Library , 1930 . Jump up ^ The Chronology of the Old Testament , 16th ed. , Floyd Nolan Jones , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89051 - 416 - 0 , pp. 118 -- 123 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 1 , in Herbert Danby , trans. , The Mishnah , Oxford University Press , 1933 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ See also Golden number . Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Calendar : A Closer Look '' . Judaism 101 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Dershowitz , Nachum ; Reingold , Edward M. ( December 2007 ) . Calendrical Calculations ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 91 . Jump up ^ R. Avraham bar Chiya ha - nasi .", "55": "Sefer ha - Ibbur ( part 2 , chapters 9 , 10 ) . Jump up ^ Tur , O.C. ( section 428 ) . Jump up ^ Rambam . Hilchos Kiddush ha - Chodesh ( chapters 6 , 7 , 8 ) . Jump up ^ W.M. Feldman ( 1965 ) . `` Chapter 17 : The Fixed Calendar '' . Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy ( 2nd ed . ) . Hermon Press . Jump up ^ Hugo Mandelbaum ( 1986 ) . `` Introduction : Elements of the Calendar Calculations '' . In Arthur Spier . The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar ( 3rd ed . ) . Jump up ^ Landau , Remy . `` Hebrew Calendar Science and Myth : ' The Debatable Dehiyah Molad Zaquen ' '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ This is the reason given by most halachic authorities , based on the Talmud , Rosh Hashanah 20b and Sukkah 43b . Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah , Kiddush Hachodesh 7 : 7 ) , however , writes that the arrangement was made ( possible days alternating with impossible ones ) in order to average out the difference between the mean and true lunar conjunctions . Jump up ^ The Talmud ( Rosh Hashanah 20b ) puts it differently : over two consecutive days of full Shabbat restrictions , vegetables would wilt ( since they ca n't be cooked ) , and unburied corpses would putrefy . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi , Sukkah 54b . Jump up ^ Bushwick , Nathan ( 1989 ) . Understanding the Jewish Calendar . New York / Jerusalem : Moznaim . pp. 95 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 940118 - 17 - 3 . Jump up ^ Poznanski , Samuel ( 1910 ) . `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' . In Hastings , James . Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. 3 . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Resnikoff , Louis A.", "56": "( 1943 ) . `` Jewish Calendar Calculations '' . Scripta Mathematica. 9 : 276 . Jump up ^ In the Four gates sources ( keviyot cited here are in Hebrew in sources ) : Bushwick forgot to include 5D for leap years . Poznanski forgot to include 5D for a limit in his table although he did include it in his text as 5D1 ; for leap years he incorrectly listed 5C7 instead of the correct 5C3 . Resnikoff 's table is correct . Jump up ^ Robert Schram , Kalendariographische und Chronologische Tafeln , 1908 , pp. XXIII - XXVI , 190 -- 238 . Schram gives the type of Hebrew year for all years 1 -- 6149 AM ( − 3760 -- 2388 Julian / Gregorian ) in a main table ( 3946 + ) and its adjunct ( 1 + , 1742 + ) on pages 191 -- 234 in the form 2d , 2a , 3r , 5r , 5a , 7d , 7a for common years and 2D , 2A , 3R , 5D , 5A , 7D , 7A for leap years . The type of year 1 AM , 2a , is on page 200 at the far right . ^ Jump up to : Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , Oxford University Press , 2001 , pp. 162ff . Jump up ^ James B. Pritchard , ed. , The Ancient Near East : An Anthology of Texts and Pictures , Vol. 1 , Princeton University Press , p. 213 . Jump up ^ M. Sanhedrin 5.3 : `` If one testifies , ' on the second of the month , and the other , ' on the third of the month : ' their evidence is valid , for one may have been aware of the intercalation of the month and the other may not have been aware of it . But if one says , ' on the third ' , and the other ' on the fifth ' , their evidence is invalid . '' Jump up ^ M. Baba Metzia 8.8 .", "57": "Jump up ^ Solomon Gandz , `` The origin of the Two New Moon Days '' , Jewish Quarterly Review ( New Series ) , v. 40 , 1949 -- 50 . Reprinted in Shlomo Sternberg , ed. , Studies in Hebrew Astronomy and Mathematics by Solomon Gandz , KTAV , New York , 1970 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community . ^ Jump up to : E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Khwarizmi on the Jewish calendar '' , Scripta Mathematica 27 ( 1964 ) 55 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : `` al - Khwarizmi '' , Dictionary of Scientific Biography , VII : 362 , 365 . Jump up ^ Stern , Sacha . Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE - Tenth Century CE . Oxford , 2001 . ISBN 9780198270348 . Jump up ^ Julian , Letter 25 , in John Duncombe , Select Works of the Emperor Julian and some Pieces of the Sophist Libanius , Vol. 2 , Cadell , London , 1784 , pp. 57 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses 30.4. 1 , in Frank Williams , trans. , The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Book I ( Sections 1 -- 46 ) , Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1987 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ H. Graetz , Popular History of the Jews , ( A.B. Rhine , trans. , ) Hebrew Publishing Company , New York , 1919 , Vol. II , pp. 410 -- 411 . Quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , p. 216 . Jump up ^ S Lieberman , `` Palestine in the 3rd and 4th Centuries '' , Jewish Quarterly Review , New Series 36 , pp. 329 -- 370 ( 1946 ) . Quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , pp. 216 -- 217 .", "58": "Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE - Tenth Century CE , Oxford University Press , 2001 . In particular section 5.1. 1 , discussion of the `` Persecution theory . '' Jump up ^ Samuel Poznanski , `` Ben Meir and the Origin of the Jewish Calendar '' , Jewish Quarterly Review , Original Series , Vol. 10 , pp. 152 -- 161 ( 1898 ) . Jump up ^ `` While it is not unreasonable to attribute to Hillel II the fixing of the regular order of intercalations , his full share in the present fixed calendar is doubtful . '' Entry `` Calendar '' , Encyclopedia Judaica , Keter , Jerusalem , 1971 . Jump up ^ Samuel Poznanski , `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' , Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics , vol. 3 . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Megillah 70b . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Sukkah 54b . Jump up ^ David Lev ( 23 December 2012 ) . `` Rabbinate : New Year 's Eve Parties ' Not Kosher ' '' . Arutz Sheva . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karaite Korner - New Moon and the Hebrew Month '' . www.karaite-korner.org . Jump up ^ `` Aviv Barley in the Biblical Calendar - Nehemia 's Wall '' . 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Samaritan Calendar '' ( PDF ) . www.thesamaritanupdate.com. 2008 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benyamim , Tzedaka . `` Calendar '' . www.israelite-samaritans.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , `` The Babylonian Calendar at Elephantine '' , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 130 , 159 -- 171 ( 2000 ) .", "59": "Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe , A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period , Volume 1 : Yehud : A History of the Persian Province of Judah , T&T Clark , London , 2004 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Eduard Schwartz , Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln , ( Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Philologisch - Historische Klasse . Neue Folge , Band viii , Berlin , 1905 . Jump up ^ Peter of Alexandria , quoted in the Chronicon Paschale . Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae , Chronicon Paschale Vol. 1 , Weber , Bonn , 1832 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , pp. 87 -- 97 , 146 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Astronomical cuneiform texts , Vol 1 , pp 271 -- 273 Jump up ^ G.J. Toomer , Hipparchus ' Empirical Basis for his Lunar Mean Motions , Centaurus , Vol 24 , 1980 , pp. 97 -- 109 Jump up ^ Weinberg , I. , Astronomical Aspects of the Jewish Calendar , Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa , Vol. 15 , p. 86 ; available at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The following description is based on the article `` Calendar '' in Encyclopaedia Judaica ( Jerusalem : Ketter , 1972 ) . It is an explanatory description , not a procedural one , in particular explaining what is going on with the third and fourth deḥiyyot Jump up ^ So for example if the Tishrei molad is calculated as occurring from noon on Wednesday ( the 18th hour of the fourth day ) up until noon on Thursday , Rosh Hashanah falls on a Thursday , which of course starts Wednesday at sunset wherever one happens to be . Jump up ^ This will happen if TM1 is on or after 3 : 11 : 20 a.m. and before noon on a Tuesday .", "60": "If TM1 is Monday , Thursday or Saturday , Rosh Hashanah in year 2 does not need to be postponed . If TM1 is Sunday , Wednesday or Friday , Rosh Hashanah in year 1 is postponed , so year 1 is not the maximum length . Jump up ^ TM2 will be between noon and 2 : 27 : 16 ⁄ p.m. on Tuesday , and TM3 will be between 9 : 32 : 43 ⁄ and noon on Monday . Jump up ^ Bromberg , Irv . `` The Rectified Hebrew Calendar '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Committee concerning the fixing of the Calendar - The Sanhedrin English '' . www.thesanhedrin.org . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Simon . `` Re : How long is a year ... EXACTLY ? East Carolina University Calendar discussion List CALNDR - L '' . 25 October 1996 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Feldman , W M. Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy : Judaic Studies Library ; no . SHP 4 . New York , 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0872030268 . Bibliography ( edit ) al - Biruni . The Chronology of Ancient Nations , Chapter VII . tr. C. Edward Sachau . London , 1879 . Ari Belenkiy . `` A Unique Feature of the Jewish Calendar -- Dehiyot '' . Culture and Cosmos 6 ( 2002 ) 3 -- 22 . Jonathan Ben - Dov . Head of All Years : Astronomy and Calendars at Qumran in their Ancient Context . Leiden : Brill , 2008 . Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens . The Oxford Companion to the Year : An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time - reckoning . Oxford University Press ; USA , 2000 . Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby . Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan Calendars . George Bell and Sons , London , 1901 . Nathan Bushwick . Understanding the Jewish Calendar . Moznaim , New York / Jerusalem , 1989 .", "61": "ISBN 0 - 940118 - 17 - 3 William Moses Feldman . Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy , 3rd edition , Sepher - Hermon Press , New York , 1978 . Eduard Mahler , Handbuch der jüdischen Chronologie . Buchhandlung Gustav Fock , Leipzig , 1916 . Helen R. Jacobus . ' Zodiac Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Reception : Ancient Astronomy and Astrology in Early Judaism . ' Leiden : Brill , 2014 . ISBN 9789004284050 Otto Neugebauer . Ethiopic astronomy and computus . Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , philosophisch - historische Klasse , Sitzungsberichte 347 . Vienna , 1979 . The Code of Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah ) , Book Three , Treatise Eight : Sanctification of the New Moon . Translated by Solomon Gandz . Yale Judaica Series Volume XI , Yale University Press , New Haven , Conn. , 1956 . Samuel Poznanski . `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' . Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics . T. & T. Clark , Edinburgh , 1910 , vol. 3 , pp. 117 -- 124 . Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz . Calendrical Calculations : The Millennium Edition . Cambridge University Press ; 2 edition ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77752 - 6 723 -- 730 . Louis A. Resnikoff . `` Jewish Calendar Calculations '' , Scripta Mathematica 9 ( 1943 ) 191 -- 195 , 274 -- 277 . Eduard Schwartz , Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln ( Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Philologisch - Historische Klasse . Neue Folge , Band viii ) , Berlin , 1905 . Arthur Spier . The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar : Twentieth to the Twenty - Second Century 5660 -- 5860 / 1900 -- 2100 .", "62": "Feldheim Publishers , Jerusalem / New York , 1986 . Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar 2nd Century BCE to 10th Century CE . Oxford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 9780198270348 . Ernest Wiesenberg . `` Appendix : Addenda and Corrigenda to Treatise VIII '' . The Code of Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah ) , Book Three : The Book of Seasons . Yale Judaica Series Volume XIV , Yale University Press , New Haven , Conn. , 1961 . pp. 557 -- 602 . Francis Henry Woods . `` Calendar ( Hebrew ) '' , Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics . T. & T. Clark , Edinburgh , 1910 , vol. 3 , pp. 108 -- 109 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Perpetual Hebrew / Civil Calendar The Jewish Controversy about Calendar Postponements Jewish Calendar with Zmanim -- Halachic times and date converter chabad.org Jewish calendar scientific explanation at the NASA web site Karaite Holidays Karaite website Hebrew Calendar Dates and Holydays ( Diaspora or Israel ) for both the Traditional and the Rectified calendars Hebrew -- Gregorian Calendar with options Bet Ha Bracha Hebrew Calendar Hebrew Calendar Science and Myths Chelm. org 's explanation of the Jewish calendar Jewish Calendar with Halachic times date converter and daf yomi yeshiva.co Date converters ( edit ) Jewish Holidays Online -- List of all Jewish holidays for the current year ( or any given year ) . Molad -- Jewish Calendar with Zmanim and holidays for Mobiles .", "63": "Jewish Calendar for many platforms Kaluach -- Hebrew / civil calendars Hebcal Hebrew Date Converter Sample VB.Net and Javascript code to convert the Hebrew Date to the Gregorian Date at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 25 , 2007 ) Jewish / Civil Date Converter Software program that converts Hebrew dates to the civil calendar and vice versa Gregorian - Mayan -- Julian -- Islamic - Persian - Hebrew Calendar Converter Kalendis Calendar Calculator Firefox Add - ons . Hebrew Calendar Lisp calendar calculator which accompanies Dershowitz & Reingold 's Calendrical Calculations 3rd ed . Click `` Ancillary materials '' tab . Hebrew / Gregorian converter , including a full Hebrew calendar . Hebrew / Gregorian Calendar converter , including a full Jewish Calendar . Calendars Systems Lunar Lunisolar Solar In wide use Astronomical Bengali Chinese Ethiopian Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Iranian Islamic ISO Unix time In more limited use Akan Armenian Assyrian Bahá'í ( Badí ' ) Balinese pawukon Balinese saka Berber Buddhist Burmese Chinese Coptic Gaelic Germanic Heathen Georgian Hebrew Hindu or Indian Vikram Samvat Saka Igbo Iranian Jalali ( medieval ) Hijri ( modern ) Zoroastrian Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Malayalam Mongolian Melanau Nanakshahi Nepal Sambat Nisg̱a'a Oromo Romanian Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Vietnamese Xhosa", "64": "Yoruba Types Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round Christian variants Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints Historical Attic Aztec Tonalpohualli Xiuhpohualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Egyptian Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Macedonian Maya Haab ' Tzolk'in Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Rapa Nui Roman calendar Rumi Soviet Swedish Turkmen By specialty Holocene ( anthropological ) Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian ( historiographical ) Darian ( Martian ) Dreamspell ( New Age ) Discordian / Pataphysical ( surreal ) Proposals Calendar reform Hanke -- Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 Tranquility World New Earth Time Fictional Discworld Greyhawk Middle - earth Stardate Star Wars ( Galactic Standard Calendar ) Displays and applications Electronic Perpetual Wall Year naming and numbering Terminology Era Epoch Regnal name Regnal year Year zero Systems Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo Human Era Japanese Korean Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya", "65": "Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese List of calendars Jews and Judaism Outline of Judaism Index of Jewish history - related articles History Timeline Israelites Origins of Judaism Ancient Israel and Judah Second Temple period Rabbinic Judaism Middle Ages Haskalah Zionism Population Assimilation Diaspora Ashkenazi Sephardi Mizrahi Languages Hebrew Lists of Jews Persecution Antisemitism Philosophy Beliefs Mitzvah Chosen people Conversion Eschatology Messiah Ethics God Halakha Kabbalah Land of Israel Who is a Jew ? Schisms Religious movements Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Conservative Reform Karaite relations Secularism Literature Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Kabbalah texts Zohar Shulchan Aruch Siddur Hebrew literature Culture Calendar Holidays Cuisine Kashrut Education Leadership Rabbi Marriage Music Names Politics Prayer Synagogue Symbolism Studies Ashkenazi intelligence Genetics Jew ( word ) Jewish Virtual Library Relations with other Abrahamic religions Christianity Islam Category : Jews and Judaism Judaism portal Judaism -- Wikipedia book", "66": "Jewish and Israeli holidays and observances Jewish holidays and observances Shabbat Shabbat High Holy Days Rosh Hashanah Fast of Gedalia Ten Days of Repentance Yom Kippur Three Pilgrimage Festivals Passover Fast of the Firstborn Pesach Sheni Shavuot Sukkot Hoshana Rabbah Shemini Atzeret Simchat Torah Yom tov sheni shel galuyot Chol HaMoed Isru chag Rosh Chodesh Hanukkah Tenth of Tevet Tu BiShvat Fast of Esther Purim Purim Katan Counting of the Omer Lag BaOmer 17th of Tammuz The Three Weeks The Nine Days Tisha B'Av Tu B'Av Rosh Hashanah LaBehema Holidays / memorial days of the State of Israel Yom HaAtzmaut ( Independence Day ) Yom HaZikaron ( Memorial Day ) Yom HaShoah ( Holocaust Remembrance Day ) Yom Yerushalayim ( Jerusalem Day ) Yom HaAliyah ( Aliyah Day ) Ethnic minority holidays Mimouna Seharane Sigd Hebrew calendar months Tishrei Cheshvan Kislev Tevet Shevat Adar and Adar Sheni Nisan Iyar Sivan Tammuz Av Elul Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050", "67": "Time in religion and mythology Time and fate deities Eternity Eschatology Golden Age Divination Prophecy Calendar Fate Chronology Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Paleontology Time Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Spanish era Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab ' Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count ( Plains Indians ) Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth", "68": "Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ( GSSA ) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( GSSP ) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium -- neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium -- lead Potassium -- argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Periodization Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_calendar&oldid=819021002 '' Categories : Hebrew calendar Lunisolar calendars Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2012 Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2012 Talk", "69": "Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский", "70": "Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 44, 4, 27, 3, 67, 1, 54, 37, 57, 59, 38, 64, 28, 68, 45, 56, 15, 23, 61, 41, 2, 60, 22, 24, 42, 39, 26, 5, 48, 49, 69, 21, 51, 14, 63, 47, 46, 16, 62, 13, 58, 50, 6, 52, 30, 55, 20, 7, 18, 12, 66, 11, 35, 25, 9, 17, 8, 10, 36, 29, 65, 53, 19, 70, 43, 32, 31, 0, 40, 33, 34 ]	[ 1, 44, 4, 27, 3, 67 ]
6848877582744849076	first dynasty to issue gold coins in india	[ "The Gupta Empire", "The Gupta Empire" ]	{ "0": "Coinage of India - Wikipedia Coinage of India Jump to : navigation , search Hoard of mostly Maurya Empire coins . Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BC ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BC ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BC ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BC ) Edakkal Culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BC ) ( show ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BC ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BC ) Malwa Culture ( 1600 -- 1300 BC ) Jorwe Culture ( 1400 -- 700 BC ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BC ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BC ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BC ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BC ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BC ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BC ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BC ) Iron Age ( 1200 -- 200 BC ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 1500 -- 500 BC ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BC ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BC ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BC ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BC ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BC ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BC ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c.", "1": "600 BC -- AD 1600 ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BC ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BC ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BC -- AD 489 ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BC ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BC ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BC ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BC ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BC ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1345 ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BC - AD 1102 ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BC -- AD 1279 ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BC -- AD 800 ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BC -- c . AD 500 ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BC -- AD 224 ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BC -- AD 1206 ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BC -- AD 220 ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BC -- AD 300 ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 -- c. 50 BC ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BC ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BC -- AD 10 ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BC ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BC -- AD 400 ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( AD 21 -- c. 130 ) Western Satrap Empire ( AD 35 -- 405 ) Kushan Empire ( AD 60 -- 240 ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c.", "2": "600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 ) Late Medieval Period ( 1206 --", "3": "1526 ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early Modern Period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom", "4": "( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial States ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Sri Lankan Kingdoms ( 544 BC -- AD 1948 ) ( show ) Kingdom of Tambapanni ( 543 -- 505 BC ) Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara ( 505 -- 377 BC ) Anuradhapura Kingdom ( 377 BC -- AD 1017 ) Kingdom of Ruhuna ( 200 ) Kingdom of Polonnaruwa ( 300 -- 1310 ) Jaffna Kingdom ( 1215 -- 1624 ) Kingdom of Dambadeniya ( 1220 -- 1272 ) Kingdom of Yapahuwa ( 1272 -- 1293 ) Kingdom of Kurunegala ( 1293 -- 1341 ) Kingdom of Gampola ( 1341 --", "5": "1347 ) Kingdom of Raigama ( 1347 -- 1415 ) Kingdom of Kotte ( 1412 -- 1597 ) Kingdom of Sitawaka ( 1521 -- 1594 ) Kingdom of Kandy ( 1469 -- 1815 ) Portuguese Ceylon ( 1505 -- 1658 ) Dutch Ceylon ( 1656 -- 1796 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Agriculture Architecture Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Education Indology Influence on Southeast Asia Language Literature Maritime Metallurgy Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Philosophy Religion Science & Technology Timeline Coinage of India , issued by imperial dynasties and middle kingdoms , began anywhere between 6th century BCE to 1st millennium BCE and consisted mainly of copper and silver coins in its initial stage . Scholars remain divided over the origins of Indian coinage . Cowry shells was first used in India as commodity money . In recent discoveries punched mark ' Mudras ' ( coins ) of stone have been found in lost city of Dwaraka , which is said to have existed at least 5,000 years ago . The Indus Valley Civilization dates back between 2500 BCE and 1750 BCE .", "6": "What is known , however , is that metal currency was minted in India well before the Mauryan Empire ( 322 -- 185 BCE ) , and as radio carbon dating indicates , before the 5th century BCE . The practice of minted coins spread to the Indo - Gangetic Plain from West Asia . The coins of this period were called Puranas , Karshapanas or Pana . These earliest Indian coins , however , are unlike those circulated in West Asia , were not disk - shaped but rather stamped bars of metal , suggesting that the innovation of stamped currency was added to a pre-existing form of token currency which had already been present in the Mahajanapada kingdoms of the Indian Iron Age . Mahajanapadas that minted their own coins included Gandhara , Kuntala , Kuru , Panchala , Shakya , Surasena and Surashtra . The tradition of Indian coinage was further influenced by the coming of Turkic and Mughal invaders in India . The East India Company introduced uniform coinage in the 19th century CE , and these coins were later imitated by the modern nation states of Republic of India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , and Bangladesh . Numismatics plays a valuable role in determining certain period of Indian history .", "7": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Post Maha Janapadas period ( 600 BCE -- 200 BCE ) 2 Classical period ( 300 BCE -- 1100 CE ) 2.1 Coins of the Mauryas 2.2 Introduction of cast die - struck technique ( end of 3rd century BCE ) 2.3 Coins of the Indo - Greeks 2.4 Coins of the Sakas and the Pahlavas ( 200 BCE -- 400 CE ) 2.5 Coins of Kanishka and Huvishka ( 100 CE -- 200 CE ) 2.6 Coinage of the Guptas Empire ( 320 CE -- 480 CE ) 2.7 Coinage of the Rajputs ( 900 CE -- 1400 CE ) 3 Late Middle Ages -- contemporary history ( 1300 CE -- 2000 CE ) 3.1 The Alf Coins of King Akbar ( 1582 CE -- 1610 CE ) 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Post maha janapadas period ( 600 BCE -- 200 BCE ) ( edit ) See also : Punch - marked coins Magadha kingdom , circa 430 -- 320 BCE , Karshapana . Magadha Kingdom coin , circa 350 BCE , Karshapana . Punch - marked coins are a type of early Coinage of India , dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BCE . The first coins in India were minted around the 6th century BCE by the Mahajanapadas of the Indo - Gangetic Plain , and certainly before the invasion of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE . The coins of this period were punch - marked coins called Puranas , Karshapanas or Pana . Several of these coins had a single symbol , for example , Saurashtra had a humped bull , and Dakshin Panchala had a Swastika , others , like Magadha , had several symbols . These coins were made of silver of a standard weight but with an irregular shape . This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin .", "8": "They are mentioned in the Manu , Panini , and Buddhist Jataka stories and lasted three centuries longer in the south than the north ( 600 BCE -- 300 CE ) . Shurasena Surashtra Early coins of India ( 400 BCE -- 100 CE ) were made of silver and copper , and bore animal and plant symbols on them . Classical period ( 300 BCE -- 1100 CE ) ( edit ) Coins of the mauryas ( edit ) The Mauryan Empire coins were punch marked with the royal standard to ascertain their authenticity . The Arthashastra , written by Kautilya , mentions minting of coins but also indicates that the violation of the Imperial Maurya standards by private enterprises may have been an offence . Kautilya also seemed to advocate a theory of bimetallism for coinage , which involved the use of two metals , copper and silver , under one government . Maurya Empire coinage Hoard of mostly Mauryan coins . Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire , with symbols of wheel and elephant . 3rd century BCE . Mauryan coin with arched hill symbol on reverse . Mauryan Empire coin . Circa late 4th - 2nd century BCE . Mauryan Empire , Emperor Salisuka or later . Circa 207 - 194 BCE . Introduction of cast die - struck technique ( end of 3rd century BCE ) ( edit ) Main article : Post-Mauryan coinage Ancient Indian Coin from Taxila , India , dating back to the 304 - 232 BC . One of the earliest style coins from ancient India . On the obverse , it has an Elephant advancing right , and on the reverse , a Lion standing left , with hill to left and swastika above . Punch marked coins were replaced at the fall of the Maurya Empire by cast , die - struck coins . Each individual coins was first cast by pouring a molten metal , usually copper or silver , into a cavity formed by two molds . These were then usually die - struck while still hot , first on just one side , and then later on the two sides .", "9": "The coin devices are Indian , but it is thought that this coin technology was introduced from the West , either from the Achaemenid Empire or from the neighboring Greco - Bactrian kingdom . Coins of the Indo - Greeks ( edit ) Silver tetradrachm of Indo - Greek king Philoxenus . Obv : Helmetted , diademed and draped bust of Philoxenus . Greek legend BASILEOS ANIKETOU PHILOXENOU `` Of the Invincible King Philoxenus '' Rev : King on prancing horse in military dress . Kharoshti legend MAHARAJASA APADIHATASA PHILASINASA `` Undefeatable King Philoxenus '' . Coin of Apollodotus I , with a nandipada taurine symbol on the hump of the zebu bull . Further information : Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara The Indo - Greek kings introduced Greek types , and among them the portrait head , into the Indian coinage , and their example was followed for eight centuries . Every coin has some mark of authority in it , this is what known as `` types '' . It appears on every Greek and Roman coin . Demetrios was the first Bactrian king to strike square copper coins of the Indian type , with a legend in Greek on the obverse , and in Kharoshthi on the reverse . Copper coins , square for the most part , are very numerous . The devices are almost entirely Greek , and must have been engraved by Greeks , or Indians trained in the Greek traditions . The rare gold staters and the splendid tetradrachms of Bactria disappear . The silver coins of the Indo - Greeks , as these later princes may conveniently be called , are the didrachm and the hemidrachm . With the exception of certain square hemidrachms of Apollodotos and Philoxenos , they are all round , are struck to the Persian ( or Indian ) standard , and all have inscriptions in both Greek and Kharoshthi characters . Coinage of Indo - Greek kingdom began to increasingly influence coins from other regions of India by the 1st century BCE .", "10": "By this time a large number of tribes , dynasties and kingdoms began issuing their coins ; Prākrit legends began to appear . The extensive coinage of the Kushan empire ( 1st -- 3rd centuries CE ) continued to influence the coinage of the Guptas ( 320 to 550 CE ) and the later rulers of Kashmir . During the early rise of Roman trade with India up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India . Gold coins , used for this trade , was apparently being recycled by the Kushan empire for their own coinage . In the 1st century CE , the Roman writer Pliny the Elder complained about the vast sums of money leaving the Roman empire for India : `` India , China and the Arabian peninsula take one hundred million sesterces from our empire per annum at a conservative estimate : that is what our luxuries and women cost us . For what percentage of these imports is intended for sacrifices to the gods or the spirits of the dead ? - Pliny , Historia Naturalis 12.41. 84 . '' The trade was particularly focused around the regions of Gujarat , ruled by the Western Satraps , and the tip of the Indian peninsular in Southern India . Large hoards of Roman coins have been found and especially in the busy maritime trading centers of South India . The South Indian kings reissued Roman - like coinage in their own name , either producing their own copies or defacing real ones in order to signify their sovereignty . Coins of the Sakas and the Pahlavas. ( 200 BCE -- 400 CE ) ( edit ) Coin of Indo - Scythian Northern Satrap Rajuvula . Obv . Bust of king and Greek legend . Rev. Athena Alkidemos and Kharoshthi legend chatrapasa apratihatachakrasa rajuvulasa `` the Satrap Rajuvula whose discus ( cakra ) is irresistible ''. The coins are derived from the Indo - Greek types of Strato II .", "11": "During the Indo - Scythians period whose era begins from 200 BCE to 400 CE , a new kind of the coins of two dynasties were very popular in circulation in various parts of the then India and parts of central and northern South Asia ( Sogdiana , Bactria , Arachosia , Gandhara , Sindh , Kashmir , Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh and Bihar ) . These dynasties were Saka and The Pahlavas. After the conquest of Bactria by the Sakas in 135 BCE there must have been considerable intercourse sometimes of a friendly , sometimes of a hostile character , between them and the Parthians , who occupied the neighboring territory . Maues , whose coins are found only in the Punjab , was the first king of what may be called the Azes group of princes . His silver is not plentiful ; the finest type is that with a `` biga '' ( two - horsed chariot ) on the obverse , and this type belongs to a square Hemi drachm , the only square aka silver coin known . His most common copper coins , with an elephant 's head on the obverse and a `` Caduceus '' ( staff of the god Hermes ) on the reverse are imitated from a round copper coin of Demetrius . On another copper square coin of Maues the king is represented on horseback . This striking device is characteristic both of the Saka and Pahlava coinage ; it first appears in a slightly different form on coins of the Indo - Greek Hippostratos ; the Gupta kings adopted it for their `` horseman '' type , and it reappears in Medieval India on the coins of numerous Hindu kingdoms until the 14th century CE . Coins of Kanishka and Huvishka ( 100 CE -- 200 CE ) ( edit ) Coin of Kanishka in Greek script , with illustration of the Buddha on the reverse . Kanishka 's copper coinage which came into the scene during 100 -- 200 CE was of two types : one had the usual `` standing king '' obverse , and on the rarer second type the king is sitting on a throne .", "12": "At about the same time there was Huvishka 's copper coinage which was more varied ; on the reverse , as on Kanishka 's copper , there was always one of the numerous deities ; on the obverse the king was portrayed ( 1 ) riding on an elephant , or ( 2 ) reclining on a couch , or ( 3 ) seated cross-legged , or ( 4 ) seated with arms raised . Coinage of the Guptas Empire ( 320 CE -- 480 CE ) ( edit ) Silver coin of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire , in the style of the Western Satrap , with pseudo-Greek script on the obverse , 400 CE . Gold coins of Chandragupta II of Gupta Empire , 400 CE . The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of gold coins depicting the Gupta kings performing various rituals , as well as silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II . The splendid gold coinage of Guptas , with its many types and infinite varieties and its inscriptions in Sanskrit , are the finest examples of the purely Indian art that we possess . Their era starts from around 320 with Chandragupta I 's accession to the throne. Son of Chandragupta I - Samudragupta , the real founder of the Gupta Empire had coinage made of gold only . There were seven different varieties of coins that appeared during his reign . Out of them the archer type is the most common and characteristic type of the Gupta dynasty coins , which were struck by at least eight succeeding kings and was a standard type in the kingdom . The silver coinage of Guptas starts with the overthrow of the Western Satraps by Chandragupta II . Kumaragupta and Skandagupta continued with the old type of coins ( the Garuda and the Peacock types ) and also introduced some other new types . The copper coinage was mostly confined to the era of Chandragupta II and was more original in design . Eight out of the nine types known to have been struck by him have a figure of Garuda and the name of the King on it . The gradual deterioration in design and execution of the gold coins and the disappearance of silver money , bear ample evidence to their curtailed territory .", "13": "The percentage of gold in Indian coins under the reign of Gupta rulers showed a steady financial decline over the centuries as it decreases from 90 % pure gold under Chandragupta I ( 319 - 335 ) to a mere 75 - 80 % under Skandagupta ( 467 ) . Coinage of the rajputs ( 900 CE -- 1400 CE ) ( edit ) The coins of various Rajput princes 's ruling in Hindustan and Central India were usually of gold , copper or billon , very rarely silver . These coins had the familiar goddess of wealth , Lakshmi on the obverse . In these coins , the Goddess was shown with four arms than the usual two arms of the Gupta coins ; the reverse carried the Nagari legend . The seated bull and horseman were almost invariable devices on Rajput copper and bullion coins . Late middle ages -- contemporary history ( 1300 CE -- 2000 CE ) ( edit ) The Alf coins of king Akbar ( 1582 CE -- 1610 CE ) ( edit ) Silver coin of Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith , the declaration reads : `` There is no god but Allah , and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah . '' Political orders in Medieval India were based on a relationship and association of power by which the supreme ruler , especially a monarch was able to influence the actions of the subjects . In order for the relationship to work , it had to be expressed and communicated in the best possible way . In other words , power was by nature declarative from the point of view of its intelligibility and comprehensibility to the audience and required modes of communication to take effect by means of which sovereign power was articulated in the 16th century India . An examination was done of a series of coins officially issued and circulated by the Mughal emperor Akbar ( r 1556 - 1605 ) to illustrate and project a particular view of time , religion , and political supremacy being fundamental and co-existing in nature . Coins constitute part of the evidence that project the transmission of religious and political ideas in the last quarter of the 16th century . The word ' Alf ' refers to the millennium . The following are the extraordinary decisions , though bizarre , were taken by King Akbar . The date in coins were written in words and not in figures .", "14": "If the intention was to refer to the year 1000 ( yak hazar ) of the Islamic calendar ( hijri era ) as is traditionally believed , the expression adopted for it ( Alf ) was unorthodox and eccentric . Akbar , ultimately and more importantly , commanded Alf to be imprinted on the coins in 990 hijri ( 1582 CE ) , or ten years before the date ( 1000 hijri ) was due . The order was a major departure and extremely unconventional and eccentric from the norm of striking coins in medieval India . Till the advent of Alf , all gold and silver coins had been stuck with figure of the current hijri year . Akbar 's courtier and critic , Abdul Badani , presents and explains in brevity the motive for these unconventional decisions while describing the events that took place in 990 hijri ( 1582 CE ) : And having thus convinced himself that the thousand years from the prophethood of the apostle ( B'isat I Paighambar ) the duration for which Islam ( lit . religion ) would last was now over , and nothing prevented him from articulating the desires he so secretly held in his heart , and the space became empty of the theologians ( ulema ) and mystics ( mashaikh ) who had carried awe and dignity and no need was felt for them : he ( Akbar ) felt himself at liberty to refute the principles of Islam and to institute new regulations , obsolete and corrupt but considered precious by his pernicious beliefs . The first order , which was given to write the date Alf on coins ( Dar Sikka tank half Navisand ) and to write the Tarikh - i - Alfi ( history of the millennium ) from the demise ( Rihlat ) of the prophet ( Badauni II : 301 ) . The evidence , both textual and numismatic , actually makes it clear that Akbar 's decisions to mint the Alf coins and commission the Tarikh - i - Alfi were based on a new communication and interpretation of the terminal dates of the Islamic millennium . What the evidence does n't explain is the source of the idea as well as the reason for persisting with the same date on the imperial coinage even after the critical year had passed .", "15": "Gallery ( edit ) Queen Kumaradevi and King Chandragupta I on a coin of their son Samudragupta 380 CE . Gold coin of Gupta era , depicting a Gupta king holding a bow , 300 CE . Alf coin of king Akbar Maratha Empire , Chhatrapati Shivaji , Gold hon , c. 1674 -- 80 CE . Silver Rupee coin of Rudra Simha of Ahom kingdom , 1696 CE . Maratha Kingdom of Baroda , Sayaji Rao III , 1870 CE . Gold coin of Raja Raja Chola I , 985 -- 1014 CE . See also ( edit ) Coinage of Asia History of the rupee Indian rupee Modern Indian coins Pre-modern coinage in Sri Lanka Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Allan & Stern ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Dhavalikar ( 1975 ) Jump up ^ Kramer , History Begins at Sumer , pp. 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html Jump up ^ Sellwood ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Dhavalikar , M.K. ( 1975 ) , `` The beginning of coinage in India '' , World Archaeology , 6 ( 3 ) : 330 - 338 , Taylor & Francis , Ltd . Jump up ^ See P.L. Gupta : Coins , New Delhi , National Book Trust , 1996 , Chapter II . Jump up ^ `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Gandhara Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Kuntala Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Kuru Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Panchala Janapada '' . Coinindia.com .", "16": "Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Shakya Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Shurasena Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . `` The COININDIA Coin Galleries : Surashtra Janapada '' . Coinindia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Śrīrāma Goyala ( 1994 ) . The Coinage of Ancient India . Kusumanjali Prakashan . Jump up ^ `` Puranas or Punch - Marked Coins ( circa 600 BC -- circa 300 AD ) '' . Government Museum Chhennai . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html Accessed 06 / 03 / 2007 ^ Jump up to : Prasad , 168 Jump up ^ Prasad , 166 Jump up ^ CNG Coins ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History Book Review Trust , New Delhi , Popular Prakashan , 1995 , p. 151 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ The Coins Of India , by Brown , C.J. p. 13 - 20 ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Brown C.J ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ `` The Geography of Strabo published in Vol . I of the Loeb Classical Library edition , 1917 '' . Jump up ^ Curtin , 100 Jump up ^ Kulke & Rothermund , 108 Jump up ^ The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans , by John M. Rosenfield , University of California Press , 1967 p. 135 ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Himanshu , P.R.", "17": "( 2006 ) References ( edit ) Himanshu Prabha Ray ( 2006 ) , `` Coins in India '' , ISBN 81 - 85026 - 73 - 4 . Allan , J. & Stern , S.M. ( 2008 ) , coin , Encyclopædia Britannica . Agrawal , Ashvini ( 1989 ) , Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0592 - 5 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1985 ) , Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 28542 - 9 . Curtin , Philip DeArmond etc . ( 1984 ) , Cross-Cultural Trade in World History , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26931 - 8 . Dhavalikar , M.K. ( 1975 ) , `` The beginning of coinage in India '' , World Archaeology , 6 ( 3 ) : 330 - 338 , Taylor & Francis , Ltd . Kulke , Hermann & Rothermund , Dietmar ( 2004 ) , A History of India , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32919 - 1 . Prasad , P.C. ( 2003 ) , Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India , Abhinav Publications , ISBN 81 - 7017 - 053 - 2 . Sellwood , D.G.J. ( 2008 ) , coin , Encyclopædia Britannica . Srivastava , A.L. & Alam , Muzaffar ( 2008 ) , India , Encyclopædia Britannica . Sutherland , C.H.V. ( 2008 ) , coin , Encyclopædia Britannica . Himanshu , P.R. ( 2006 ) , Coins in India : Power and Communication , J.J. Bhabha Marg Publication , ISBN 81 - 85026 - 73 - 4 . Brown , C.J.", "18": "( 1992 ) , The Coins of India , Association Press ( Y.M.C.A ) , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8090 - 192 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of India . British India Coins Wiki Persian & Devanagari Legends on Silver Rupees of India India Coin News & Forums Indian Coins Encyclopedia Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum ( RBI ) Oriental Coins Database at Zeno.ru Indian Coins - Numismatics Forum - Coins of India CoinIndia : The Virtual Museum of Indian Coins ( hide ) Historic currencies of India Overview Coinage of Asia History of the rupee Indian coinage Ancient and medieval Chinese Cash Punch marked coins Post-Mauryan coinage ( Gandhara ) Narwar coinage Kushan coinage Pallava coinage Pandya coinage Yansheng Vijayanagara coinage Near modern Hyderabadi rupee Travancore rupee Modern Indian rupee Pakistani rupee Sri Lankan rupee Nepalese rupee Bhutanese ngultrum Maldivian rufiyaa Denomination Madras fanam Dam Cash Kutch kori Pagoda Paisa Indian pie See also : Economy of India Economy of Pakistan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coinage_of_India&oldid=820182680 '' Categories : Coins of India Ancient currencies Economic history of India Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 12, 2, 13, 15, 1, 10, 11, 16, 17, 0, 8, 6, 9, 7, 18, 14, 5, 4, 3 ]	[ 12, 2, 13, 15, 1 ]
4448657589160490300	who played bubba in the heat of the night	[ "Carlos Alan Autry Jr.", "Carlos Alan Autry Jr.", "Carlos Alan Autry Jr.", "Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown", "Carlos Alan Autry Jr. (also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown" ]	{ "0": "Alan Autry - wikipedia Alan Autry Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alan Autry 23rd Mayor of Fresno , California In office January 5 , 2001 -- January 6 , 2009 Preceded by Jim Patterson Succeeded by Ashley Swearengin Personal details Carlos Alan Autry Jr . ( 1952 - 07 - 31 ) July 31 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Shreveport , Louisiana , U.S. Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Vicky Brown ( 1980 -- 1986 ; divorced ) ; 1 child Kimberlee Autry ( 1994 -- present ) ; 2 children Residence Fresno , California , U.S. Occupation NFL football player , actor , radio host , politician Carlos Alan Autry Jr. ( also known for a period of time as Carlos Brown ; born July 31 , 1952 ) , is an American actor , politician , and former National Football League player . During his brief football career , he was known as Carlos Brown . He played the role of Captain Bubba Skinner on the NBC television series , In the Heat of the Night , starring Carroll O'Connor . He has also appeared in films and other television shows . In November 2000 , he was elected mayor of Fresno , California , and served for two four - year terms through January 2009 . In 2008 , Autry was hosting a radio news talk show on KYNO AM 940 in Fresno , but left the station in 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Football career 3 Acting career 4 Other 4.1 Filmography 4.1. 1 Television 4.1. 1.1 Starring roles 4.1. 1.2 Guest starring roles 4.1. 1.3 Appearances 4.1.", "1": "2 Films 5 Politics 6 Electoral history 7 Dirt Road Productions 8 Music 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Alan Autry '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Autry was born in Shreveport , Louisiana , the son of Carl and Verna ( née Brown ) Autry . His name was changed to Carlos Brown when he was a year old , after his parents divorced . Autry is a distant cousin of Gene Autry . He worked alongside his mother and stepfather , Joe Duty , in California 's San Joaquin Valley , where they planted and harvested cotton , grapes , and other crops . They traveled around the valley living in migrant worker camps . When he was twelve , they settled in Riverdale , California . Football career ( edit ) In high school , he was a star quarterback for the Riverdale Cowboys . He received an athletic scholarship to the University of the Pacific , Stockton , California , where he was a second - string tight end in his senior year for the Tigers . In 1975 , he was drafted by the Green Bay Packers , where he ended up in 1976 , as the starting quarterback for three games . His football career ended quickly when he was cut from the team by then Coach Bart Starr . He then went to Hollywood to become an actor . He made a football comeback attempt , playing for the B.C. Lions of the CFL in 1979 ( as Carlos Brown ) . He was the third - string quarterback behind Joe Paopao and another ex-Green Bay Packer , Jerry Tagge . Acting career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately .", "2": "Find sources : `` Alan Autry '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) He made his film debut in the 1978 motion picture Remember My Name . He met his father , Carl Autry Sr. , for the first time in 1982 , while on location in Shreveport for the motion picture Southern Comfort after he found Carl 's name in the telephone book . Afterwards , he made the decision to return to his birth surname of Autry . During his acting years , he struggled with his drug and alcohol use , according to an interview he did with Pat Robertson 's The 700 Club in 2007 . Other ( edit ) After nine years in Hollywood , he returned home and left his career . `` I realized that God had moved in my life like never before . I really realized what God and the power of Jesus Christ was , '' he said on The 700 Club . By 1986 , he was divorced and became a born - again Christian and began to devote much of his time to working with charitable causes . He is married to his second wife , Kimberlee Autry ; the couple have three children . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Starring roles ( edit ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1988 -- 95 ) as Officer / Sergeant / Lieutenant / Captain Bubba Skinner Grace Under Fire ( 1995 -- 96 ) as Rick Bradshaw Style & Substance ( 1998 ) as Earl Sons of Thunder ( 1999 ) as Butch McMann Guest starring roles ( edit ) Cheers - `` The Boys in the Bar '' ( 1983 ) as Tom Kenderson The Mississippi -- `` Murder at Mt . Parnassus '' ( 1983 ) The A-Team `` Labor Pains '' ( 1983 ) as Gary Crenshaw `` Quarterback Sneak '' ( 1986 ) as Mike `` The Hammer '' Horn The Dukes of Hazzard `` Dr. Jekyll and Mr.", "3": "Duke '' ( 1984 ) as Hurley `` 10 Million Dollar Sheriff '' ( Parts 1&2 ) ( 1981 ) as Dawson ( Credited as Carlos Brown ) Hunter -- `` High Bleacher Man '' ( 1984 ) as Whitey McVee Newhart -- `` Will the Real Dick Loudon Please Shut Up ? '' ( 1986 ) as Ed McKendrick St. Elsewhere -- `` Out on a Limb '' ( 1986 ) as John Corzinsky The Facts of Life -- `` Peekskill Law '' ( 1988 ) as Clark Darrin Hello , Larry -- `` The Final Papers '' ( 1979 ) as Max ( Credited as Carlos Brown ) Seven Brides for Seven Brothers -- `` Gold Fever '' ( 1982 ) as J.T. ( Credited as Carlos Brown ) Best of the West -- `` The Funeral '' ( 1982 ) ( Credited as Carlos Brown ) Hart of Dixie ( 2015 ) -- as Mayor Todd Gainey Sr.", "4": "of rival town Fillmore , AL Appearances ( edit ) 26th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards ( 1991 ) as Himself / Presenting George & Alana -- ( 1995 ) as Himself ( interview ) 30th Annual Victor Awards ( 1996 ) as Himself / Presenting 34th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards ( 1999 ) as Himself / Presenting Get Away Right Away Child Safety Video - ( 1999 ) as Himself / Host Billy Graham Central Valley Crusade -- ( 2001 ) as Himself California 911 Memorial Video -- ( 2001 ) as Himself ( Master of Ceremonies ) CNN 'S Lou Dobbs Tonight -- ( 6 / 2 / 05 ) as Himself ( interview ) Hannity & Colmes -- ( 6 / 10 / 05 ) as Himself ( interview ) Praise the Lord ( April 6 , 2006 ) as Himself ( interview ) ( January , 2003 ) as Himself ( interview ) ( March , 2003 ) as Himself ( interview ) ( March , 2004 ) as Himself ( Guest Host ) Newshour with Jim Lehrer -- ( July 28 , 2006 ) as Himself ( interview ) The 700 Club -- ( January 9 , 2006 ) as Himself ( interview ) Films ( edit ) Credited as Alan Autry Roadhouse 66 ( 1984 ) as Hoot O.C. and Stiggs ( 1985 ) Eagle and the Bear ( 1985 ) Brewster 's Millions ( 1985 ) as Biff Brown Nomads ( 1986 ) as Olds House ( 1986 ) as Cop # 3 Blue de Ville ( 1986 ) apms Sgt .", "5": "Auggie Johnson At Close Range ( 1986 ) as Ernie Proud Men ( 1987 ) as Brian Winoon Destination America ( 1987 ) as Larry Leathergood Amazing Grace and Chuck ( 1987 ) as George World Gone Wild ( 1988 ) as Hank Street of Dreams ( 1988 ) as Maury Fields The Big One : The Great Los Angeles Earthquake ( 1990 ) as Matt Intruders ( 1992 ) as Joe Wilkes The Legend of Jake Kincaid ( 2002 ) as Jake Kincaid Forgiven ( 2011 ) as Jake Kincaid Victory by Submission ( 2016 ) as Hank Hendricks Credited as Carlos Brown Remember My Name ( 1978 ) as Rusty North Dallas Forty ( 1979 ) as Balford Rage ! ( 1980 ) as Man # B Southern Comfort ( 1981 ) as Cpl . Nolan ( Coach ) Bowden Dangerous Company ( 1982 ) as Donald Robinette Popeye ( 1980 ) as Slug ( a bully ) Politics ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Alan Autry '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Autry was elected in 2000 to succeed Jim Patterson as the mayor of Fresno . He defeated former Mayor Dan Whitehurst . He was re-elected to a second term ( 2005 - 2009 ) on March 2 , 2004 with more than 72 percent of the vote . He is a Republican . Because of term limits , he was ineligible to run for re-election . In November 2008 , he endorsed Ashley Swearengin , who was elected to succeed him as mayor . As mayor , Autry was a strong supporter of initiatives to ban gay marriage , and at least twice appeared at a large rally on the steps of City Hall , where he issued impassioned pleas in support of his position . In October 2008 , he appeared alongside Rev.", "6": "Jim Franklin of Cornerstone Church , to oppose gay marriage and support Proposition 8 , the California same - sex marriage ban . Opponents of Prop 8 gathered at City Hall to protest his actions . Autry worked successfully to maintain a balanced city budget . He left the city with an $18 million reserve . Electoral history ( edit ) City of Fresno Mayoral Primary Election 2000 Candidate Votes Percentage ALAN AUTRY 22,951 28.75 % DAN WHITEHURST 22,177 27.78 % CHRIS MATHYS 10,503 13.16 % GARRY BREDEFELD 10,029 12.56 % DANIEL RONQUILLO 7,929 9.93 % SAL QUINTERO 5,046 6.32 % CHRIS PETERSEN 699 . 88 % BENJERMAN J. RAYA 214 . 27 % MICHAEL EAGLES 203 . 25 % Write - in Votes 86 . 11 % Total votes 79,837 100.00 % City of Fresno Mayoral General Election 2000 Candidate Votes Percentage ALAN AUTRY 66,555 61.23 % DAN WHITEHURST 41,920 38.57 % Total votes 108,689 100.00 % City of Fresno Mayoral Primary Election 2004 Candidate Votes Percentage ALAN AUTRY 48,744 72.53 % SUE SAIGAL 13,904 20.69 % JOHNNY W. NELUM SR . 2,348 3.49 % BENJERMAN JUNIOR RA 1,159 1.72 % TONY FARMER 813 1.21 % BARBARA ANN HUNT WI 8 . 01 % Write - in Votes 225 .", "7": "33 % Total votes 67,201 100.00 % Dirt Road Productions ( edit ) In 1997 , Autry launched his own production company Dirt Road Productions . In 2002 , he released The Legend of Jake Kincaid , a western based on a story he wrote . He was also the director of this film . Music ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Autry and his In the Heat of the Night co-star Randall Franks joined forces under the banner of Autry - Franks Productions to produce the charity `` In the Heat of the Night '' CD `` Christmas Time 's A Comin ' '' featuring the cast of the show . The project raised funds for drug abuse prevention charities . With Franks producing , Autry performed his rendition of `` Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer '' in homage to Gene Autry . The duo both performed on `` Jingle Bells '' and `` Christmas Time 's A Comin ' '' . Franks and Autry were able to include many music legends , including Kitty Wells , Jimmy Dickens , and Pee Wee King , as well as many legends from the Bluegrass genre , from Jim & Jesse to The Lewis Family . The `` Christmas Time 's A Comin ' '' CD released on Sonlite and MGM / UA was one of the most popular Christmas releases of 1991 and 1992 with Southern retailers . Autry and Randall Franks formed Autry - Franks Productions . Crimson Records released `` Alan Autry and Randall Franks Mississippi Moon : Country Traditions '' in 2013 , an Americana CD featuring both actors vocally on various classic and original songs . The project which incorporates country , bluegrass and Southern gospel includes special appearances by Bluegrass Hall of Fame members Jim and Jesse McReynolds and three - time Dove Award nominee Mark Wheeler .", "8": "Louisiana portal Los Angeles portal California portal Film portal Television portal Radio portal Music portal American football portal Politics portal Conservatism portal Christianity portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carlos Brown '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leon , David ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Actor - turned - Fresno - mayor roots against old pal Carroll '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ The 700 Club -- Alan Autry : A New Sheriff in Town , cbn.com ; accessed July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` County of Fresno - County Clerk Registrar of Voters - March 7 , 2000 Presidential Primary Election '' . Co.fresno.ca.us. 2000 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated General Election '' . County of Fresno - County Clerk Registrar of Voters . November 7 , 2000 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` County of Fresno - County Clerk Registrar of Voters - March 2 , 2004 Consolidated Presidential Primary Election '' . fresno.ca.us. 2004 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Jake Kincaid ( TV Movie 2002 ) '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ `` A Musical `` Mississippi Moon '' Shines for Two American Actors `` . Cybergrass.com. 2013 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Alan Autry on IMDb Alan Autry at AllMovie Alan Autry 's The Legend of Jake Kincaid Fresno Mayor 's official city government web page Just Sports Stats NFL.com player page Political offices Preceded by Jim Patterson 23rd Mayor of Fresno , California January 2001 -- January 6 , 2009 Succeeded by Ashley Swearengin Mayors of Fresno ,", "9": "California Stephens Lyon Bush Rowell Snow Toomey Hart Sunderland Leymel Homan Devore Dunn Evans Selland Henderson Wills Whitehurst Doig Humphrey Patterson Autry Swearengin Brand Green Bay Packers 1975 NFL draft selections Bill Bain Willard Harrell Steve Luke Tony Giaquinto Jay Lynn Hodgin Bill Cooke Bob Martin Carlos Brown Bob Fuhriman Stan Blackmon Randy Allen Bob McCaffrey Tom Ray Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks Norman Barry ( 1921 ) Charlie Mathys ( 1922 -- 1926 ) Curly Lambeau ( 1925 ) Pid Purdy ( 1926 ) Red Dunn ( 1927 -- 1931 ) Bullet Baker ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Jack Evans ( 1929 ) Arnie Herber ( 1930 -- 1940 ) Paul Fitzgibbon ( 1931 ) Roger Grove ( 1931 ) Cecil Isbell ( 1938 -- 1942 ) Hal Van Every ( 1940 ) Tony Canadeo ( 1942 -- 1943 ) Irv Comp ( 1943 -- 1948 ) Roy McKay ( 1945 ) Cliff Aberson ( 1946 ) Jack Jacobs ( 1947 -- 1949 ) Perry Moss ( 1948 ) Earl Girard ( 1949 ) Stan Heath ( 1949 ) Tobin Rote ( 1950 -- 1956 ) Bobby Thomason ( 1951 ) Babe Parilli ( 1952 -- 1953 , 1957 -- 1958 ) Bart Starr ( 1956 -- 1971 ) Joe Francis ( 1958 ) Lamar McHan ( 1959 -- 1960 ) John Roach ( 1963 ) Zeke Bratkowski ( 1966 -- 1968 ,", "10": "1971 ) Don Horn ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Scott Hunter ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Jerry Tagge ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Jim Del Gaizo ( 1973 ) John Hadl ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Jack Concannon ( 1974 ) Don Milan ( 1975 ) Lynn Dickey ( 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1985 ) Carlos Brown ( 1976 ) Randy Johnson ( 1976 ) David Whitehurst ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1981 ) Randy Wright ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Jim Zorn ( 1985 ) Don Majkowski ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Alan Risher ( 1987 ) Anthony Dilweg ( 1990 ) Blair Kiel ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1991 ) Brett Favre ( 1992 -- 2007 ) Aaron Rodgers ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Matt Flynn ( 2010 -- 2011 , 2013 ) Seneca Wallace ( 2013 ) Scott Tolzien ( 2013 ) Brett Hundley ( 2017 -- present ) VIAF : 87321578 ISNI : 0000 0000 8398 8237 BNF : cb16222639x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Autry&oldid=817901264 '' Categories : 1952 births Living people American actor - politicians American athlete - politicians American actor - athletes American male film actors American male television actors American football quarterbacks California Republicans Green Bay Packers players Louisiana Republicans Mayors of Fresno , California Pacific Tigers football players People from Louisiana People from Shreveport , Louisiana Sportspeople from Shreveport ,", "11": "Louisiana University of the Pacific ( United States ) alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2011 BLP articles lacking sources from July 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources BLP articles lacking sources from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 BLP articles lacking sources from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 06 : 26 . About Wikipedia", "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1, 5, 2, 3, 10, 8, 4, 7, 6, 11, 9 ]	[ 0, 1, 5, 2, 3, 10 ]
2264251197395960172	when was the last bear killed in the uk	[ "c. 1000 AD", "c. 1000 AD", "c. 1000 AD", "c. 1000 AD" ]	{ "0": "List of extinct animals of the British Isles - wikipedia List of extinct animals of the British Isles Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : List of endangered species of the British Isles This is a list of extinct animals of the British Isles . Only a small number of these are globally extinct , most famously the Irish elk , great auk and woolly mammoth . Most of the remainder survive to some extent outside the islands . The list includes introduced species only in cases where they were able to form self - sustaining colonies for a time . Only species extinct since Great Britain was separated from mainland Europe are included . The date beside each species is the last date when a specimen was observed in the wild or , where this is not known , the approximate date of extinction . The list is complete for mammals , reptiles , freshwater fish and amphibians . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mammals 2 Birds 3 Fish 4 Amphibians 5 Reptiles 6 Insects 6.1 Beetles 6.2 Bees , wasps and ants 6.3 Flies 6.4 Butterflies and moths 6.5 Dragonflies and damselflies 6.6 Caddisflies 7 Crustaceans 7.1 Molluscs 7.1. 1 Land snails 8 Reintroduction and re-establishment 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Mammals ( edit ) Arctic lemming -- c. 8000 BC Arctic fox - c. ( unknown ) † Eurasian aurochs -- c. 1000 BC Barbary macaque - c. 30,000 BC † Cave bear -- c. 15,000 BC Coypu -- 1978 ( nonnative ) Elk Alces alces Eurasian beaver -- 1526 ( reintroduced ) Eurasian brown bear -- c. 1000 AD Eurasian lynx -- c .", "1": "AD 400 Grey whale -- c. 598 BC Eurasian wolf -- AD 1680 in Britain , AD 1786 in Ireland † Irish elk -- c. 6000 BC Narrow - headed vole -- c. 8000 BC Steppe pika -- c. 8000 BC Root vole -- c. 1500 BC Saiga antelope -- c. 10,000 BC Steppe lemming -- c. 8000 BC † Tarpan -- c. 7000 BC Walrus -- c. 1000 BC ( Occasional Visitor ) Wild Boar -- c. 1400 ( Reintroduced ) Wisent -- c. 3000 BC Wolverine -- c. 6000 BC † Woolly mammoth -- c. 10,000 BC † Woolly rhinoceros -- c. 10,000 BC † Cave lion -- c. 10,000 BC † Scimitar cat - c. 30,000 BC † Cave hyena - c. 11,000 BC † European jaguar - c. ( unknown ) † European Ice Age leopard - c. 24,000 BC † European gazelle - c. ( unknown ) Birds ( edit ) Fea 's petrel -- Iron Age Dalmatian pelican -- c.", "2": "1000 BC Eurasian spoonbill -- 15th century ( re-established ) Little egret -- late medieval period ( re-established ) Osprey -- 1916 ( re-established ) White - tailed eagle -- 1916 ( reintroduced ) Western marsh harrier -- late 19th century ( re-established ) Northern goshawk -- late 19th century ( possibly reintroduced ) Western capercaillie -- 1780s ( reintroduced ) Great bustard -- 19th century ( reintroduced ) Common crane -- late medieval period ( now re-established ) Pied avocet -- 19th century ( re-established ) Kentish plover -- 20th century ( last breeding record 1979 ) † Great auk -- 1844 White stork -- 1416 Red - backed shrike -- 1989 ( as a regular breeding bird ) Wryneck ( as a regular breeding bird ) Fish ( edit ) † Houting Burbot Amphibians ( edit ) Agile frog -- c. 1000 AD Moor frog -- c.", "3": "1000 AD European tree frog -- 1986 Reptiles ( edit ) European pond terrapin -- ≤ 3000 BC Insects ( edit ) Beetles ( edit ) Agonum sahlbergi ( ground beetle ) -- 1914 Blue stag beetle -- 19th century Graphoderus bilineatus ( water beetle ) -- 1906 Harpalus honestus ( ground beetle ) -- 1905 Horned dung beetle -- 1957 Ochthebius aeneus ( water beetle ) -- 1913 Platydema violaceum ( tenebrionid ) -- 1957 Rhantus aberratus ( water beetle ) -- 1904 Scybalicus oblongiusculus ( ground beetle ) -- 1926 Teretrius fabricii ( histerid ) -- 1907 Bees , wasps and ants ( edit ) Andrena polita ( mining bee ) -- 1934 Bombus pomorum , apple bumblebee -- 1864 Bombus cullumanus , Cullum 's bumblebee -- 1941 Eucera tuberculata ( mining bee ) -- 1941 Halictus maculatus ( mining bee ) -- 1930 Mellinus crabroneus ( digger wasp ) -- c. 1950 Odynerus reniformis ( mason wasp ) -- 1915 Odynerus simillimus ( mason wasp ) -- 1905 Short - haired bumblebee -- 1989 Flies ( edit ) Merodon clavipes Butterflies and moths ( edit ) General reference : Waring et al. , 2009 . Aporia crataegi , black - veined white -- 1925 Borkhausenia minutella -- 1950 Conformist ( moth ) -- Euclemensia woodiella ( moth ) -- 1829 Flame brocade ( moth ) -- 1919 Frosted yellow ( moth ) -- 1914 Gypsy moth -- 1907 ; reappeared 1995 Isle of Wight wave ( moth ) -- 1931 Large chequered skipper -- c.", "4": "1989 ( non-native , Channel Islands ) Large copper -- 1865 Many - lined ( moth ) -- 1875 Map -- c. 1914 ( non-native ) Mazarine blue -- 1906 Orache moth -- 1915 Reed tussock ( moth ) -- 1875 Scarce black arches ( moth ) -- 1898 ( transitory resident ) Speckled beauty ( moth ) -- 1898 Union rustic ( moth ) -- 1919 Viper 's bugloss ( moth ) -- 1969 Dragonflies and damselflies ( edit ) Norfolk damselfly -- 1957 Orange - spotted emerald ( dragonfly ) -- 1957 Caddisflies ( edit ) Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum ( caddis fly ) -- 1926 Hydropsyche exocellata ( caddis fly ) -- 1901 Crustaceans ( edit ) Artemia salina ( brine shrimp ) -- after 1758 Molluscs ( edit ) Land snails ( edit ) Fruticicola fruticum Cernuella neglecta † -- Species is extinct worldwide Reintroduction and re-establishment ( edit ) Main article : Species reintroduction § United Kingdom The white - tailed eagle has been successfully re-established on the west coast of Scotland . Having clung on in parts of Wales , Red kites have been successfully re-established in parts of England and Scotland . Ongoing projects involve both these species : the corncrake into parts of England and Scotland , and the great bustard on Salisbury Plain . European beavers have been reintroduced to parts of Scotland , and there are plans to bring them back to other parts of Britain . A five - year trial reintroduction at Knapdale in Argyll started in 2009 and concluded in 2014 . A few hundred beavers live wild in the Tay river basin , as a result of escapes from a wildlife park . A similar reintroduction trial is being undertaken on the River Otter in Devon , England . In 2016 , beavers were recognised as a British native species , and will be protected under law .", "5": "In 2008 , moose were released into a fenced reserve on the Alladale Estate in the Highlands of Scotland . Reindeer were re-established in 1952 ; approximately 150 -- 170 reindeer live around the Cairngorms region in Scotland . In 1998 , MAFF , now known as DEFRA released a report concerning the presence of two populations of wild boar living freely in the UK . These boar are thought to have escaped from wildlife parks , zoos and from farms where they are farmed for their meat , and gone on to establish breeding populations . The northern clade pool frog was reintroduced from Swedish stock in 2005 , to a single site in Norfolk , England , following detailed research to prove that it had been native prior to its extinction around 1993 . The large blue butterfly has been successfully re-established from Swedish stock at a number of sites , but few of these are open - access . There are also several successful cases of the establishment of new populations of heath fritillary . There have been calls for the reintroduction of the lynx , brown bear and grey wolf to the UK . See also ( edit ) List of mammals of the British Isles Extinct animals from the Isle of Man List of extinct animals of Europe Introduced species of the British Isles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yalden , Derek ( 1999 ) , History of British Mammals , London : T. & A.D. Poyser Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 85661 - 110 - 7 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-21647421 Jump up ^ https://www.britishwildboar.org.uk/index.htm?britain.htm Jump up ^ `` The lost beasts that roamed Britain during the ice age '' . BBC . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Teale ( 2016 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Birdwatch : Rare appearance from Kentish plover '' . Yorkshire Post . Retrieved 26 May 2017 .", "6": "^ Jump up to : Bumblebee superfacts , BugLife , retrieved January 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Waring , P. ; et al. ( 2009 ) , Field Guide to the Moths of Great Britain and Ireland , Hook , Hampshire : British Wildlife Publishing , ISBN 0953139999 ; UK Moths , Ian Kimber https://ukmoths.org.uk/ , retrieved January 23 , 2013 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tilbury , Christine ( March 2007 ) , Gypsy Moth Advisory Note ( PDF ) , Forest Research : Tree Health Division , retrieved 6 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Viper 's Bugloss Hadena irregularis -- UK Moths '' , UK Moths , Ian Kimber , retrieved January 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gilbert Van Stappen ( 1996 ) , `` Artemia '' , in Patrick Lavens & Patrick Sorgeloos , Manual on the Production and Use of Live Food for Aquaculture , FAO Fisheries Technical Paper , 361 , Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization , pp. 79 -- 106 , ISBN 978 - 92 - 5 - 103934 - 2 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Fryer ( 2006 ) , `` The brine shrimp 's tale : a topsy turvy evolutionary fable '' ( PDF ) , Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 88 ( 3 ) : 377 -- 382 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2006. 00623. x Jump up ^ George Monbiot. `` 15 species that should be brought back to rewild Britain '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RSPB : Redkite Conservation '' . Jump up ^ `` The RSPB : Red kite '' . The RSPB . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioned Report No. 685 The Scottish Beaver Trial : Ecological monitoring of the European beaver Castor fiber and other riparian mammals 2009 - 2014 , final report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tay Beavers Origin '' .", "7": "Scottish Wild Beavers . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.devonwildlifetrust.org/river-otter-beavers Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/24/beavers-native-protected-species-status-reintroduction-scotland Jump up ^ `` Feral wild boar in England Status , impact and management A report on behalf of Defra European Wildlife Division '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs . Archived from the original on 1 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Feral wild boar in England Status , impact and management A report on behalf of Defra European Wildlife Division '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 1 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Wild Boar '' . The British Association for Shooting and Conservation . BASC . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Call for lynx and wolf reintroduction '' . BBC News . 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "8": "( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further reading ( edit ) A Short History of the British Mammal Fauna ( archived ) The History of British Birds Buglife on bumblebees Joint Nature Conservation Committee -- Invertebrates extinct in the last 100 years vvnoljv ; sfolzdfbionszfibkn sfn k ; l Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_extinct_animals_of_the_British_Isles&oldid=832106142 '' Categories : Lists of extinct animals by region Extinct animals of Europe Lists of British animals British Isles - related lists Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from August 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 21 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 2, 3, 0, 4, 8, 5, 7, 6 ]	[ 2, 1, 3, 0, 4, 8 ]
-5789423858312767304	who is the singer of kal ho na ho	[ "Sonu Nigam", "Sonu Nigam", "also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma", "Sonu Nigam", "Sonu Nigam", "Alka Yagnik", "Richa Sharma", "Sonu Nigam" ]	{ "0": "Kal Ho Naa Ho ( song ) - wikipedia Kal Ho Naa Ho ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' Single by Sonu Nigam from the album Kal Ho Naa Ho soundtrack Released 27 September 2003 ( India ) Genre Romance Length 5 : 23 Label Sony Music Songwriter ( s ) Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy ( music ) Javed Akhtar ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Karan Johar Audio sample file help Kal Ho Naa Ho ( Hindi : कल हो ना हो , English : Tomorrow May Never Come ) is a Hindi song from the 2003 Hindi film Kal Ho Naa Ho directed by Nikhil Advani . The song is one of the most popular Hindi film songs all time . The song was composed by Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar and sung by Sonu Nigam . It quickly became popular upon release . There is also a sad version of the song in the film on which Sonu Nigam is joined by Alka Yagnik and Richa Sharma . Sonu Nigam was busy when the song was to be recorded . Instead of opting for some other singer , Karan Johar decided to wait for a month before Sonu came back and recorded the song for the movie The song was featured in Outlook 's list of Bollywood 's Timeless Melodies , making it the only contemporary selection on the list . Contents ( hide ) 1 About the song 2 Legacy 3 Awards 4 References About the song ( edit ) The theme of the song was composed by Loy Mendonsa of the Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy trio and Shankar Mahadevan arranged the groove . In a later interview in the documentary `` Pancham unmixed '' , Shankar , Ehsaan and Loy revealed that the music of the segment `` har pal yahaan '' in the song was inspired by the music of R.D. Burman . Legacy ( edit ) The song was featured in Outlook magazine 's 20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever list .", "1": "The jury was composed of celebrities such as Gulzar , Hariharan , Javed Akhtar , Kumar Sanu and Shantanu Moitra . Each jury member was asked to nominate 10 favorites and the songs the winners were ranked according to the number of votes each song got . `` Kal Ho Naa Ho '' was ranked at 19 making it the only contemporary selection in the list . The track was featured in Hindustan Times 's `` Song of the Century '' list , which described the song as `` one of the most unforgettable tunes in recent times . '' Awards ( edit ) National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Sonu Nigam IIFA Best Male Playback Award - Sonu Nigam Filmfare Best Male Playback Award - Sonu Nigam IIFA Best Lyricist Award - Javed Akhtar Filmfare Best Lyricist Award - Javed Akhtar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Want to Sing ' Crap ' in Bollywood : Sonu Nigam '' . Jump up ^ `` Shankar Ehsaan Loy still making waves for Kal Ho Na Ho '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved July 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` I have to compliment Himesh . If we have 2 hits a year , he has 20 '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rajeev , Masand . `` To Catch a Star : Shankar , Ehsaan , Loy on music , masti '' . CNN IBN . Retrieved Mar 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Singh , Brahmanand S. `` Pancham unmixed - a documentary about R.D. Burman '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 20 Best Hindi Film Songs Ever '' . Outlook . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of the Century - Hindustan Times '' . 2012 - 08 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 .", "2": "this song one of the most unforgettable tunes in recent times . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho_(song)&oldid=829528571 '' Categories : Indian songs Hindi film songs Songs with music by Shankar -- Ehsaan -- Loy Songs with lyrics by Javed Akhtar Sonu Nigam songs Music videos featuring Shah Rukh Khan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Hindi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 05 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 2, 1 ]	[ 0, 2, 1 ]
-6450570765214926500	who is the minister of youth in namibia	[ "Erastus Utoni", "Erastus Utoni", "Erastus Utoni", "Erastus Utoni" ]	{ "0": "Cabinet of Namibia - wikipedia Cabinet of Namibia Jump to : navigation , search Namibia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Namibia Constitution ( show ) Constituent Assembly Executive ( show ) President Hage Geingob Vice-President Nangolo Mbumba Prime Minister Saara Kuugongelwa Cabinet Legislature ( show ) National Council Chairman : Asser K. Kapere National Assembly Speaker : Peter Katjavivi Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Chief Justice : Peter Shivute Administrative divisions ( show ) Regions Constituencies Elections ( show ) Recent elections General : 2004 2009 2014 Regional : 2004 2015 Political parties Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Other countries Atlas The Cabinet of Namibia is an appointed body that was established by the Chapter 6 ( Articles 35 - 42 ) of the Constitution of Namibia . It is mandated to include the following positions : the President of Namibia , the Prime Minister of Namibia and any positions that the President so appoints . All cabinet members also sit in the National Assembly . This situation has been criticised by Namibia 's civil society and the opposition as creating a significant overlap between executive and legislature , undermining the separation of powers . The seniority of cabinet members generally relegate ordinary MPs to the back benches . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lists of Cabinets of Namibia 1.1 Current Cabinet ( 2015 -- ) 1.2 2010 -- 2015 1.3 2005 -- 2010 2 References 2.1 Notes 2.2 Literature Lists of cabinets of Namibia ( edit ) Current Cabinet ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) The current Cabinet was announced on 19 March 2015 . The position of Vice-President was established for the first time , as well as five ministries with two Deputy Ministers each . While the deputies are not Cabinet members their double appointments still significantly increased the number of top positions in public administration .", "1": "A major Cabinet reshuffle occurred in February 2018 when two ministers were fired , the vice president retired on health grounds , and several other rotations took place . In the wake of the February Cabinet reshuffle the number of deputy ministers was reduced again to one per ministry , with the Office of the Vice-President the only exception . This move was announced as a cost - cutting measure . President : Hage Geingob Vice President : Nickey Iyambo ( until February 2018 ) , Nangolo Mbumba Prime Minister : Saara Kuugongelwa - Amadhila Deputy Prime Minister and Minster of Foreign Affairs : Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah Deputy : Peya Mushelenga ( until February 2018 ) , Christine ǁHoebes Deputy : Maureen Hinda ( until February 2018 ) Attorney - General : Albert Kawana Director General of the National Planning Commission and Minister of Economic Planning : Tom Alweendo ( until February 2018 ) , Obeth Kandjoze Deputy : Lucia Iipumbu ( until February 2018 ) , Piet van der Walt Minister of Agriculture , Water and Forestry : John Mutorwa ( until February 2018 ) , Alpheus ǃNaruseb Deputy : Theo Diergaardt Deputy : Anna Shiweda Minister of Defence : Penda ya Ndakolo Deputy : Billy Mwaningange Minister of Education , Arts and Culture : Katrina Hanse - Himarwa Deputy : Anna Nghipondoka Minister of Environment and Tourism : Pohamba Shifeta Deputy : Tommy Nambahu ( until February 2018 ) , Bernadette Jagger Minister of Finance : Calle Schlettwein Deputy : Natangwe Ithete Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources : Bernhard Esau Deputy : Chief Samuel Ankama ( until February 2018 ) , Sylvia Makgone Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare : Doreen Sioka Deputy : Lucia Witbooi Minister of Health and Social Services : Berhard Haufiku Deputy : Juliet Kavetuna Minister of Higher Education ,", "2": "Training and Innovation : Itah Murangi - Kandjii Deputy : Becky Ndoze - Ojo Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration : Pendukeni Iivula - Ithana ( until February 2018 ) , Frans Kapofi Deputy : Erastus Uutoni Minister of Industrialisation , Trade and SME Development : Immanuel Ngatjizeko ( until February 2018 ) , Tjekero Tweya Deputy : Piet van der Walt ( until February 2018 ) , Lucia Iipumbu Minister of Information and Communication Technology : Tjekero Tweya ( until February 2018 ) , Stanley Simataa Deputy : Stanley Simaata ( until February 2018 ) , Engel Nawatiseb Minister of Justice : Albert Kawana ( until February 2018 ) , Sackeus Shanghala Deputy : Lidwina Shapwa Minister of Labour , Industrial Relations and Employment Creation : Erkki Nghimtina Deputy : Alpheus Muheua ( until February 2018 ) , Tommy Nambahu Minister of Land Reform : Utoni Nujoma Deputy : Bernadus Swartbooi ( until December 2016 ) , Priscilla Boois ( from December 2016 ) Minister of Mines and Energy : Obeth Kandjoze ( until February 2018 ) , Tom Alweendo Deputy : Kornelia Shilunga Minister of Poverty Eradication and Social Welfare : Bishop Zephania Kameeta Deputy : Priscilla Beukes Deputy : Reverend Aino Kapewangolo Minister of Presidential Affairs : Frans Kapofi ( until February 2018 ) , Immanuel Ngatjizeko Deputy : Christine ǁHoebes ( until February 2018 ) Minister of Public Enterprises : Leon Jooste Deputy : Engel Nawatiseb ( until February 2018 ) , Veikko Nekundi Minister of Safety and Security : Charles Namoloh Deputy : Daniel Kashikolo Minister of Sport , Youth and National Service : Jerry Ekandjo ( until February 2018 ) , Erastus Utoni Deputy : Agnes Tjongarero Minister of Urban and Rural Development : Sophia Shaningwa ( until February 2018 ) ,", "3": "Peya Mushelenga Deputy : Derek Klazen Deputy : Sylvia Makgone ( until February 2018 ) , Chief Samuel Ankama Minister of Veterans ' Affairs : Nickey Iyambo Deputy for the recognition of the disabled : Alexia Manombe - Ncube Deputy for the recognition of marginalised people : Royal / Ui / o / oo Deputy for the recognition of veterans of the fight for independence : Hilma Nicanor Minister of Works and Transport : Alpheus ǃNaruseb ( until February 2018 ) , John Mutorwa Deputy : Sankwasa James Sankwasa Deputy : Kilus Nguvauva 2010 -- 2015 ( edit ) This Cabinet was appointed in 2010 . The SWAPO congress end of November 2012 resulted in `` one of the biggest Cabinet reshuffles the country has seen since independence '' . President : Hifikepunye Pohamba Prime Minister : Nahas Angula ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Hage Geingob ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy Prime Minister : Marco Hausiku Speaker of Parliament : Theo - Ben Gurirab Deputy Speaker : Loide Kasingo Minister of Trade and Industry : Hage Geingob ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Calle Schlettwein ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Tjekero Tweya Minister of Justice : Pendukeni Iivula - Ithana ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Utoni Nujoma ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Tommy Nambahu Minister of Safety and Security : Nangolo Mbumba ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Immanuel Ngatjizeko ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Erastus Uutoni Minister of Presidential Affairs and Attorney General : Albert Kawana Deputy : none Minister of Defence : Charles Namoloh ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Nahas Angula ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Lempy Lucas ( 2010 - 2012 ) ,", "4": "Petrus Iilonga ( 2012 - 2015 ) Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration : Rosalia Nghidinwa ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Pendukeni Iivula - Ithana ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Elia Kaiyamo Minister of Finance : Saara Kuugongelwa - Amadhila Deputy : Calle Schlettwein ( 2010 - 2012 ) , vacant as from 4 December 2012 Minister of Regional and Local Government , Housing and Rural Development : Jerry Ekandjo ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Charles Namoloh ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Priscilla Beukes Minister of Foreign Affairs : Utoni Nujoma ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah ( 2012 - ) Deputy : Peya Mushelenga Minister of Health : Richard Kamwi Deputy : Petrina Haingura Minister of Education : Abraham Iyambo ( until 2 February 2013 ) , David Namwandi ( from 21 February 2013 ) Deputy : David Namwandi ( until 20 February 2013 ) , Silvia Makgone ( from 21 February 2013 ) Minister of Lands and Resettlement : Alpheus ǃNaruseb Deputy : Theo Diergaardt ( appointed January 2011 ) Minister of Works and Transport : Erkki Nghimtina Deputy : Chief Samuel Ankama ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Chief Kilus Nguvauva ( 2012 - 2015 ) Minister of Agriculture , Water and Forestry : John Mutorwa Deputy : Petrus Iilonga ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Lempy Lucas ( 2012 - ) Minister of Environment and Tourism : Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Uahekua Herunga ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Uahekua Herunga ( 2010 - 2012 ) ,", "5": "Pohamba Shifeta ( 2012 - ) Minister of Labour and Social Welfare : Immanuel Ngatjizeko ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Doreen Sioka ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Alpheus Muheua Minister of Veterans ' Affairs : Nickey Iyambo Deputy : Hilma Nicanor ( appointed in January 2011 ) Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare : Doreen Sioka ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Rosalia Nghidinwa ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Angelika Muharukua Minister of Information and Information Technology : Joel Kaapanda Deputy : Stanley Simataa Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources : Bernard Esau Deputy : Chief Kilus Nguvauva ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Chief Samuel Ankama ( 2012 - 2015 ) Minister of Mines and Energy : Isak Katali Deputy : Willem Isaacks Minister of Youth , National Service , Sport and Culture : Kazenambo Kazenambo ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Jerry Ekandjo ( 2012 - 2015 ) Deputy : Pohamba Shifeta ( 2010 - 2012 ) , Juliet Kavetuna ( 2012 - 2015 ) Auditor General : Junias Kandjeke 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) Below is a list of the cabinet of the Republic of Namibia from appointment in 2005 until replacement in 2010 : President : Hifikepunye Pohamba Prime Minister : Nahas Angula Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs : Marco Hausiku Minister of Defense : Major General Charles Ndaxu Namoloh Minister of Veterans Affairs : Ngarikutuke Tjiriange Minister of Education : Nangolo Mbumba Deputy : Rebecca Ndjoze - Ojo Minister of Finance : Saara Kuugongelwa - Amadhila Minister of Safety and Security : Nickey Iyambo Minister of Trade and Industry : Immanuel Ngatjizeko ( 2005 - 2008 ) ,", "6": "Hage Geingob ( 2008 - 2010 ) Deputy : Bernhardt Esau Minister of Home Affairs and Immigration : Rosalia Nghidinwa Minister of Information and Broadcasting : Joel Kaapanda Deputy : Raphael Dinyando Minister of Justice : Pendukeni Iivula - Ithana Minister of Mines and Energy : Erkki Nghimtina Minister of Labour and Social Welfare : Immanuel Ngatjizeko Deputy : Petrus Iilonga Minister of Health and Social Service : Richard Kamwi Minister of Agriculture , Water , and Forestry : John Mutorwa Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources : Abraham Iyambo Minister of Environment and Tourism : Netumbo Nandi - Ndaitwah Minister of Lands and Resettlement : Alpheus ǃNaruseb Minister of Local and Regional Government , Housing and Rural Development : Jerry Ekandjo Deputy : Kazenambo Kazenambo Minister of Works , Transport and Communication : Helmut Angula Deputy : Paulus Kapia until October 2005 , then Steve Mogotsi Minister of Gender Equality and Child Welfare : Marlene Mungunda Deputy : Angelika Muharukua Minister of Youth , National Service , Sport , and Culture : Willem Konjore Deputy : Pohamba Shifeta Minister of Presidential Affairs : Albert Kawana National Planning Commission Director : Peter Katjavivi Namibia Central Intelligence Service Director : Lukas Hangula References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia Jump up ^ Sasman , Catherine ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` Mbumba 's presence in Cabinet under spotlight '' . The Namibian . Jump up ^ Immanuel , Shinovene ; Mongudhi , Tileni ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` Costly Democracy '' . The Namibian . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy ministers announced '' . New Era . 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthys , Donald ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` President reshuffles Cabinet -- Vice President relieved of duties '' . Namibia Economist .", "7": "Jump up ^ Immanuel , Shinovene ; Shapwanale , Ndapewoshali ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` Presidency keeps 3 deputies '' . The Namibian . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Nakale , Albertina ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Deputy ministers reduced '' . New Era . Jump up ^ `` Swartbooi resigned , not fired -- Kapofi '' . New Era . 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President appoints new deputy for lands '' . The Namibian. 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shipanga , Selma ; Immanuel , Shinovene ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Transition team picked '' . The Namibian . Jump up ^ Duddy , Jo - Mare ( 8 April 2013 ) . `` Karuaihe - Martin tipped for top finance job '' . The Namibian . Jump up ^ Immanuel , Shinovene ( 22 February 2013 ) . `` Pohamba confirms Namwandi '' . The Namibian . ^ Jump up to : Pohamba appoints 2 deputy ministers The Namibian , 21 January 2011 Jump up ^ Namibia 's new Cabinet announced 22 March 2010 ; The Namibian Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007 , Entry for Immanuel Ngatjizeko . Jump up ^ Kuvee Kangueehi , `` Cabinet Shake Up '' , New Era ( allAfrica.com ) , April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007 , Entry for Raphael Dinyando . Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007 , Entry for Kazenambo Kazenambo . Jump up ^ `` Stefanus Mogotsi nimmt Kapias Stelle ein '' ( Stefanus Mogotsi takes Kapia 's position ) . Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . 24 October 2005 . Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007 , Entry for Angelika Muharukua .", "8": "Jump up ^ Background Note : Namibia United States Department of State , update July 2008 Jump up ^ Hopwood 2007 , Entry for Pohamba Shifeta . Literature ( edit ) Hopwood , Graham ( 2007 ) . Guide to Namibian Politics . Windhoek : Konrad Adenauer Foundation . ISBN 99916 - 797 - 5 - 8 . Years in Namibia ( 1990 -- present ) Pre-1990 2017 2018 National cabinets of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabinet_of_Namibia&oldid=836903195 '' Categories : Government of Namibia Lists of political office - holders in Namibia National cabinets Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "9": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 7, 3, 2, 5, 4, 1, 9, 8, 0, 6 ]	[ 2, 7, 3, 5, 4 ]
8089046617604182051	where is the diaphragm located on the human body	[ "the inferior thoracic border", "the inferior thoracic border", "in the front of the body", "the thorax or chest region" ]	{ "0": "Thorax - wikipedia Thorax Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the anatomy concept . For other uses , see Thorax ( disambiguation ) . `` Chest '' redirects here . For the furniture used for storage , see Chest ( furniture ) . For other uses , see Chest ( disambiguation ) . Thorax Chest X-ray image of the chest showing the internal anatomy of the rib cage , lungs and heart as well as the inferior thoracic border -- made up of the diaphragm . Surface projections of the organs of the trunk , with the thorax or chest region seen stretching down to approximately the end of the oblique lung fissure anteriorly , but more deeply it its lower limit rather corresponds to the upper border of the liver . Details Identifiers Latin thorax Greek θώραξ TA A01. 1.00. 014 FMA 9576 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The thorax or chest ( from the Greek θώραξ thorax `` breastplate , cuirass , corslet '' via Latin : thorax ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen . The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall . It contains organs including the heart , lungs , and thymus gland , as well as muscles and various other internal structures . Many diseases may affect the chest , and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Contents 1.2 The chest 1.3 Bones 1.4 Anatomical landmarks 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Injury 2.2 Pain 2.2.", "1": "1 Non-cardiac causes of chest pain 2.3 Atelectasis 2.4 Pneumothorax 3 Other animals 3.1 In tetrapods 3.2 In arthropods 4 Additional Images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) In humans and other hominids , the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen , along with its internal organs and other contents . It is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage , spine , and shoulder girdle . Contents ( edit ) An X-ray of a human chest area , with some structures labeled The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs and the thymus gland ) ; the ( major and minor pectoral muscles , trapezius muscles and neck muscle ) ; internal structures such as the diaphragm , esophagus , trachea and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process ) . Arteries and veins are also contained -- ( aorta , superior vena cava , inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery ) ; bones ( the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus , the scapula , sternum , thoracic portion of the spine , collarbone , and the rib cage and floating ribs ) . External structures are the skin and nipples . The chest ( edit ) In the human body , the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest . The corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest . The shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs . All the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle , and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri . In the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above , while about three fingers ' breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt , which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum . Level with this line the second ribs join the sternum , and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted .", "2": "At the lower part of the sternum , where the seventh or last true ribs join it , the ensiform cartilage begins , and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach . Bones ( edit ) The bones of the thorax , called the `` thoracic skeleton '' is a component of the axial skeleton . It consists of the ribs and sternum. The ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1 - 12 . 11 & 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum , as 1 - 7 are , and therefore are termed `` floating '' . Whereas ribs 8 - 10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with the costal cartilage of the rib above . Anatomical landmarks ( edit ) The anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks . The nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below ; vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle ; in the female it is not so constant . A little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla ; in the female this is obscured by the breast , which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid-axillary line laterally . The female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc , the areola . The apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space , three and a half inches from the mid-line . Clinical significance ( edit ) High - resolution computed tomographs of a normal thorax , taken in the axial , coronal and sagittal planes , respectively . Click here to scroll through the image stacks . This type of investigation can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the lung parenchyma . Different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy , flail chest , atelectasis , and the most common condition , chest pain . These conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma .", "3": "Any condition that lowers the ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition . Injury ( edit ) Injury to the chest ( also referred to as chest trauma , thoracic injury , or thoracic trauma ) results in up to 1⁄4 of all deaths due to trauma in the United States . The major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air , blood , or both in combination . Sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents , as in esophageal perforations , also must be considered . Blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries ( e.g. , rib fractures ) . The pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult , and this may compromise ventilation . Direct lung injuries , such as pulmonary contusions ( see the image below ) , are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may impair ventilation by a similar mechanism . Pain ( edit ) Chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems , digestive issues , musculoskeletal complications . The pain can trigger cardiac issues as well . Not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart , but it should not be taken lightly either . Symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain . While cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back , neck and arms , pain that is felt due to non cardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted . Different people feel pains differently for the same condition . Only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious . Chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions . If this condition is present in the body , discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body . Sweating , shortness of breath , lightheadedness , and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced . If heart attack occurs , the bulk of damage is caused during the first six hours , so getting the proper treatment quickly as possible is important . Some people , especially those who are elderly or have diabetes , may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack . It is important that these patients and their care givers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms .", "4": "Non-cardiac causes of chest pain ( edit ) Just like with a heart attack , not all chest pain is suffered because of a condition involving the heart . Chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity . Persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning . It is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious . Pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection . This virus is also accompanied by fever and cough . Shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops . Injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain . It is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during cough . Atelectasis ( edit ) Another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis . It is a condition that suffered when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless . When bronchial tubes are blocked , this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath . The most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air . The blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus , such as a plug of mucus , a tumour , or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin , piece of food , or a toy . It is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage . Pneumothorax ( edit ) Pneumothorax is the condition where air or gas can build up in the pleural space . It can occur without a known cause or as the result of a lung disease or acute lung injury . The size of the pneumothorax changes as air or gas builds up , so a medical procedure can release the pressure with a needle . If it is untreated , blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax . It is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own . Symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lung or as a shortness of breath .", "5": "Other animals ( edit ) The trilobite body is divided into three major sections , a cephalon with eyes , mouthparts and sensory organs such as antennae , a thorax of multiple similar segments ( that in some species allowed them to roll up into a ball ) , and a pygidium , or tail section . In the worker ant , the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma , itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster . In tetrapods ( edit ) In mammals , the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum , the thoracic vertebrae , and the ribs . It extends from the neck to the diaphragm , and does not include the upper limbs . The heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity , as well as many blood vessels . The inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum . Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds , but not in reptiles . In arthropods ( edit ) Main article : Thorax ( insect anatomy ) In insects , crustaceans , and the extinct trilobites , the thorax is one of the three main divisions ( or tagmata ) of the creature 's body , each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments . It is the area where the wings and legs attach in insects , or an area of multiple articulating plates in trilobites . In most insects , the thorax itself is composed of three segments ; the prothorax , the mesothorax , and the metathorax . In extant insects , the prothorax never has wings , though legs are always present in adults ; wings ( when present ) are restricted to at least the mesothorax , and typically also the metathorax , though the wings may be reduced or modified on either or both segments . In the Apocritan Hymenoptera , the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax , where it forms a structure known as the propodeum . Accordingly , in these insects , the functional thorax is composed of four segments , and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the `` thorax '' of other insects .", "6": "Each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts , the most significant of which are the dorsal portion ( the notum ) , the lateral portion ( the pleuron ; one on each side ) , and the ventral portion ( the sternum ) . In some insects , each of these parts is composed of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with membrane between them ( called sclerites ) , though in many cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees . Additional images ( edit ) Volume rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax . The anterior thoracic wall , the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation . Thorax . Anterior view . Thorax . Anterior view . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Pectus carinatum Pectus excavatum Thoracic cavity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ θώραξ , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Digital Library Jump up ^ `` thorax '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Thorax at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ Shahani , Rohit , MD. ( 2005 ) . Penetrating Chest Trauma . eMedicine . Retrieved 2005 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Chest Diseases Retrieved on 2010 - 1 - 26 Jump up ^ Atelectasis Lung and Airway Disorders . Retrieved on 2010 - 1 - 26 Jump up ^ Pleurisy Lung Diseases . Retrieved on 2010 - 1 - 26 External links ( edit ) Look up thorax in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chests ( human torso ) . Sam Gon III . `` A guide to the Orders of Trilobites '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2005 .", "7": "Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Muscles of the thorax and back Back splenius capitis cervicis erector spinae iliocostalis longissimus spinalis transversospinales semispinalis thoracis semispinalis cervicis semispinalis capitis multifidus rotatores interspinales intertransversarii Vertebral column trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major minor levator scapulae Fascia thoracolumbar fascia Thorax Intercostal muscle external internal innermost subcostalis transversus thoracis levatores costarum serratus posterior inferior superior thoracic diaphragm Thoracic cavity pectoralis major pectoralis minor subclavius serratus anterior sternalis Fascia pectoral fascia", "8": "clavipectoral fascia Anatomy of the lymphatic system Head and neck Head Back Occipital Mastoid / retroauricular Parotid Superficial Deep preauricular infra - auricular intraglandular Front Facial buccinator nasolabial Mandibular Submandibular Submental Cervical Superficial anterior lateral Deep Deep anterior cervical pretracheal paratracheal prelaryngeal thyroid Deep lateral cervical superior deep cervical inferior deep cervical retropharyngeal jugulodigastric jugulo - omohyoid Other Anterior cervical Lateral cervical Supraclavicular Virchow 's Vessels Jugular trunk Arm and axilla Nodes Axillary Brachial Pectoral Subscapular Central Apical Arm Supratrochlear Deltopectoral Vessels Subclavian lymph trunk Chest Nodes Parasternal Intercostal Superior diaphragmatic Trachea and bronchi superior inferior bronchopulmonary paratracheal intrapulmonary Vessels Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duct Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk", "9": "Abdomen Nodes Paraaortic Retroaortic Lateral aortic Preaortic ( Celiac gastric hepatic splenic Superior mesenteric mesenteric ileocolic mesocolic Inferior mesenteric pararectal ) Other Iliac Common external internal Sacral Retroperitoneal lymph nodes Vessels Lumbar lymph trunk Intestinal trunk Cisterna chyli Leg Inguinal deep Cloquet 's node superficial Popliteal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "10": "php?title=Thorax&oldid=805307416 '' Categories : Thorax ( human anatomy ) Animal anatomy Trilobite anatomy Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ नेपाली Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 14 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1, 2, 6, 7, 5, 8, 10, 3, 4, 9 ]	[ 0, 1, 2, 6, 7 ]
8576065768686847484	where did the crown of thorns starfish come from	[ "Indo-Pacific" ]	{ "0": "Crown - of - thorns starfish - wikipedia Crown - of - thorns starfish Jump to : navigation , search Crown - of - thorns starfish Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Echinodermata Class : Asteroidea Order : Valvatida Family : Acanthasteridae Genus : Acanthaster Species : Acanthaster planci Binomial name Acanthaster planci ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) The crown - of - thorns starfish , Acanthaster planci , is a large , multiple - armed starfish that usually preys upon hard , or stony , coral polyps ( Scleractinia ) . The crown - of - thorns starfish receives its name from venomous thorn - like spines that cover its upper surface , resembling the biblical crown of thorns . It is one of the largest starfish in the world . A. planci has a very wide Indo - Pacific distribution . It is perhaps most common in Australia , but can occur at tropical and subtropical latitudes from the Red Sea and the east African coast across the Indian Ocean , and across the Pacific Ocean to the west coast of Central America . It occurs where coral reefs or hard coral communities occur in this region .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Family 2.2 Genus and species 2.3 Genetic studies 3 Biology 3.1 Toxins 3.2 Behaviour 3.3 Predators 4 Life - cycle 4.1 Gametes and embryos 4.2 Larval stages 4.3 Metamorphosis , development and growth 4.4 Field observations of life - cycle 5 Ecology 5.1 Ecological impact on reefs 5.2 Population outbreaks 5.3 Causes of population outbreaks 6 Population control 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Unusual brightly coloured crown - of - thorns starfish , Thailand The body form of the crown - of - thorns starfish is fundamentally the same as that of a typical starfish , with a central disk and radiating arms . Its special traits , however , include being disc - shaped , multiple - armed , flexible , prehensile , and heavily spined , and having a large ratio of stomach surface to body mass . Its prehensile ability arises from the two rows of numerous tube feet that extend to the tip of each arm . In being multiple - armed , it has lost the five-fold symmetry ( pentamerism ) typical of starfish , although it begins its life cycle with this symmetry . Adult crown - of - thorns starfish normally range in size from 25 to 35 cm ( 9.8 to 13.8 in ) . They have up to 21 arms . Although the body of the crown of thorns has a stiff appearance , it is able to bend and twist to fit around the contours of the corals on which it feeds . The underside of each arm has a series of closely fitting plates which form a groove and extend in rows to the mouth . They are usually of subdued colours , pale brown to grey - green , but they may be garish with bright warning colours in some parts of their wide range . The long , sharp spines on the sides of the starfish 's arms and upper ( aboral ) surface resemble thorns and create a crown - like shape , giving the creature its name .", "2": "The spines are stiff and very sharp , and readily pierce through soft surfaces . Despite the battery of sharp spines on the aboral surface and blunt spines on the oral surface , the crown - of - thorns starfish 's general body surface is membranous and soft . When the starfish is removed from the water , the body surface ruptures and the body fluid leaks out , so the body collapses and flattens . The spines bend over and flatten , as well . They recover their shape when reimmersed , if they are still alive . Taxonomy ( edit ) Family ( edit ) The family Acanthasteridae is monogeneric ; its position within the Asteroides is unsettled . It is generally recognised as a distinctly isolated taxon . Recently , Blake concluded from comparative morphology studies of Acanthaster planci that it has strong similarities with various members of the Oreasteridae . He transferred Acanthasteridae from the Spinulosida to the Valvatida and assigned it a position near to the Oreasteridae , from which it appears to be derived . He attributed Acanthaster morphology as possibly evolving in association with its locomotion over irregular coral surfaces in higher energy environments . There is a complication , however , in that Acanthaster is not a monospecific genus and any consideration of the genus must also take into account another species , Acanthaster brevispinus , which lives in a completely different environment . A. brevispinus lives on soft substrates , perhaps buried in the substrate at times like other soft substrate - inhabiting starfish , at moderate depths where presumably the surface is regular and there is little wave action . Genus and species ( edit ) Short - spined form from Gulf of California -- live specimen Acanthaster planci has a long history in the scientific literature with great confusion in the generic and species names from the outset , with a long list of complex synonyms . As a very distinctive starfish , it is not surprising that it was first described in 1705 . Rhumphius used the name Stella marina quindecium radiotorum .", "3": "Later , Linnaeus described it as Asterias planci , based on an illustration by Plancus and Gualtieri ( 1743 ) , when he introduced his system of binomial nomenclature . No type specimens are known ; the specimen described by Plancus and Gualtieri ( 1743 ) is no longer extant . Subsequent generic names used for the crown - of - thorns starfish included Stellonia , Echinaster and Echinites , before settling on Acanthaster ( Gervais 1841 ) . Species names included echintes , solaris , mauritensis , ellisii , and ellisii pseudoplanci ( with subspecies ) . Most of these names arose from confusion in the historical literature , but Acanthaster ellisii came to be used for the distinctive starfish in the eastern Pacific Gulf of California . The eastern Pacific Acanthaster is very distinctive ( see image to the right ) with its rather ' plump ' body , large disk to total diameter ratio and short , blunt spines . It gives the impression of living in a habitat where having sharp defenses against predators has little value , although it lives on coral reef and feeds on coral . Genetic studies ( edit ) Nishida and Lucas examined variation at 14 allozyme loci of ten population samples of A. planci using starch - gel electrophoresis . The samples were from localities across the Pacific : Ryukyu archipelago ( four locations ) , Micronesia ( two locations ) , and samples from one location each of the Great Barrier Reef , Fiji , Hawaii , and Gulf of California . A sample of 10 specimens of A. brevispinus from the Great Barrier Reef region was included for comparison . There was considerable genetic differentiation between the A. brevispinus and A. planci populations ( D = 0.20 + / - 0.02 ) ( D is genetic distance ) . The genetic differences between geographic populations of A. planci were , however , small ( D = 0.03 + / - 0.00 ; Fsr = 0.07 + 0.02 ) ( Fsr is standardized genetic variance for each polymorphic locus ) despite the great distances separating them .", "4": "A positive correlation was observed between degree of genetic differentiation and geographic distance , suggesting the genetic homogeneity among A. planci populations is due to gene flow by planktonic larval dispersion . The distance effect on genetic differentiation most probably reflects decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances . In view of the level of macrogeographic homogeneity , significant allele frequency differences were observed between adjacent populations separated by approximately 10 km . The Hawaiian population was most differentiated from other populations . Treating the morphologically distinctive , eastern Pacific Acanthaster as a separate species , A. ellisii , is not supported by these data . The lack of unique alleles in the central ( Hawaii ) and eastern Pacific ( Gulf of California ) populations suggests they were derived from those in the western Pacific . Further details of the genetic relationship between A. planci and Acanthaster brevispinus are presented in the entry for the latter species . These are clearly sibling species and it is suggested that A. planci , the specialised coral - feeding species arose from A. brevispinus , the less specialised soft - bottom inhabitant . In a very comprehensive geographic study , Benzie examined allozyme loci variation in 20 populations of A. planci , throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans . The most striking result was a very marked discontinuity between the Indian and Pacific Ocean populations . Those , however , off northern Western Australia had a strong Pacific affinity . With the exception of the very strong connection of southern Japanese populations to the Great Barrier Reef populations , the patterns of variation within regions were consistent with isolation by distance . Again , the pattern of decreasing levels of successful larval dispersal over long distances is apparent . Benzie suggests that the divergence between Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean populations began at least 1.6 million years ago and is likely to reflect responses to changes in climate and sea level . A more recent comprehensive geographic study of A. planci by Vogler et al. , using DNA analyses ( one mitochondrial gene ) , suggests it is actually a species complex consisting of four species or clades . The four cryptic species / clades are defined geographically : northern Indian Ocean , southern Indian Ocean , Red Sea and Pacific Ocean . These molecular data suggest the species / clades diverged 1.95 and 3.65 million years ago .", "5": "( The divergence of A. planci and A. brevispinus is not included in this time - scale . ) The authors suggest the differences between the four putative species in behaviour , diet or habitat may be important for the design of appropriate reef conservation strategies . There are , however , problems with this proposal of cryptic speciation ( cryptic species ) . The basis of these data from one mitochondrial gene . mtDNA data are , however , only one source of information about the status of taxa and the use of one mtDNA gene as a sole criterion for species identification is disputed . The allozyme data should also be taken into account . Three localities that were sampled by Vogler et al. are of particular interest : Palau Sebibu , UEA and Oman were found to have two clades / sibling species in sympatry . These are important to investigate the nature of the co-existence and barriers to introgression of genetic material . A. planci as a taxon is a generalist , being amongst the most ubiquitous of large coral predators on coral reefs , feeding on virtually all hard coral species , reproducing during summer without a pattern of spawning and often participating in mass multi-species spawnings , and releasing vast amounts of gametes that trigger spawning in other individuals . It is very difficult to conceive of two species / clades of A. planci in sympatry without habitat competition and introgression of genetic material , especially the latter . Biology ( edit ) Toxins ( edit ) Broken and regenerating spines Swollen right hand after punctured Frothing in water containing A. planci Starfish handled to avoid damaging it ( spines on the underside are blunt ) Starfish are characterised by having saponins known as asterosaponins in their tissues . They contain a mix of these saponins , and at least 15 chemical studies have been conducted seeking to characterise these saponins . The saponins have detergent - like properties , and keeping starfish in limited water volumes with aeration results in large amounts of foam at the surface . A. planci has no mechanism for injecting the toxin , but as the spines perforate tissue of a predator or unwary person , tissue containing the saponins is lost into the wound .", "6": "In humans , this immediately causes a sharp , stinging pain that can last for several hours , persistent bleeding due to the haemolytic effect of saponins , and nausea and tissue swelling that may persist for a week or more . The spines , which are brittle , may also break off and become embedded in the tissue where they must be removed surgically . Saponins seem to occur throughout the lifecycle of the crown - of - thorns starfish . The saponins in the eggs are similar to those in the adult tissues , and presumably these carry over to the larvae . The mouthing behaviour of predators of juvenile starfish with rejection suggests the juveniles contain saponins . Behaviour ( edit ) Juveniles concealed under coral rubble Feeding scars of white coral skeleton Feeding on branching Acropora coral Starfish ' competing ' for remaining live coral The adult crown - of - thorns is a corallivorous predator that usually preys on reef coral polyps . It climbs onto a section of living coral colony using the large number of tube feet on its oral surface and flexible body . It fits closely to the surface of the coral , even the complex surfaces of branching corals . It then extrudes its stomach out through its mouth over the surface to virtually its own diameter . The stomach surface secretes digestive enzymes that allow the starfish to absorb nutrients from the liquefied coral tissue . This leaves a white scar of coral skeleton which is rapidly infested with filamentous algae . An individual starfish can consume up to 6 square metres ( 65 sq ft ) of living coral reef per year . In a study of feeding rates on two coral reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef region , large starfish ( 40 cm and greater diameter ) killed about 61 cm2 / day in winter and 357 -- 478 cm2 / day in summer . Smaller starfish , 20 -- 39 cm , killed 155 and 234 cm2 / day in the equivalent seasons . The area killed by the large starfish is equivalent to about 10 m ( 110 sq ft ) from these observations .", "7": "Differences in feeding and locomotion rates between summer and winter reflect the fact that the crown - of - thorns , like all marine invertebrates , is a poikilotherm whose body temperature and metabolic rate are directly affected by the temperature of the surrounding water . In tropical coral reefs , crown - of - thorns specimens reach mean locomotion rates of 35 cm / min , which explains how outbreaks can damage large reef areas in relatively short periods . The starfish show preferences between the hard corals on which they feed . They tend to feed on branching corals and table - like corals , such as Acropora species , rather than on more rounded corals with less exposed surface area , such as Porites species . Avoidance of Porites and some other corals may also be due to resident bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms in the surface of the coral which discourage the starfish . Similarly , some symbionts , such as small crabs , living within the complex structures of branching corals , may ward off the starfish as it seeks to spread its stomach over the coral surface . In reef areas of low densities of hard coral , reflecting the nature of the reef community or due to feeding by high density crown - of - thorns , the starfish may be found feeding on soft corals ( Alcyonacea ) . The starfish are cryptic in behavior during their first two years , emerging at night to feed . They usually remain so as adults when solitary . The only evidence of a hidden individual may be white feeding scars on adjacent coral . However , their behavior changes under two circumstances : During the breeding season , which is typically during early to midsummer , the starfish may gather together high on a reef and synchronously release gametes to achieve high levels of egg fertilisation . This pattern of synchronised spawning is not at all unique , but it is very common amongst marine invertebrates that do not copulate . Solitary spawning gives no opportunity for fertilisation of eggs and wastes gametes and evidence exists of a spawning pheromone that causes the starfish to aggregate and release gametes synchronously . When the starfish are at high densities , they may move day and night , competing for living coral .", "8": "Predators ( edit ) A Triton 's trumpet ( Charonia tritonis ) , one of the main predators of A. planci . The elongated sharp spines covering nearly the entire upper surface of the crown - of - thorns serve as a mechanical defense against large predators . It also has a chemical defense . Saponins presumably serve as an irritant when the spines pierce a predator , in the same way as they do when they pierce the skin of humans . Saponins have an unpleasant taste . A study to test the predation rate on juvenile Acanthaster by appropriate fish species found that the starfish were often mouthed , tasted , and rejected . These defenses tend to make it an unattractive target for coral community predators . In spite of this , however , Acanthaster populations are typically composed of a proportion of individuals with regenerating arms . A variety of about 11 species have been reported to prey occasionally on uninjured and healthy adults of A. planci . All of these are generalist feeders and none of these , however , seems to specifically prefer the starfish as a food source . This number , however , is probably lower , as some of these presumed predators have not been witnessed reliably in the field . Some of those witnessed are : A species of pufferfish and two triggerfish have been observed to feed on crown - of - thorns starfish in the Red Sea , and , although they may have some effect on the A. planci population , no evidence exists of systematic predation . The Triton 's trumpet , a very large gastropod mollusc , is a known predator of Acanthaster in some parts of the starfish 's range . The triton has been described as tearing the starfish to pieces with its file - like radula . The small painted shrimp Hymenocera picta , a general predator of starfish , has been found to prey on A. planci at some locations . A polychaete worm , Pherecardia striata , was observed to be feeding on the starfish together with the shrimp on an east Pacific coral reef .", "9": "About 0.6 % of the starfish in the reef population were being attacked by both the shrimp and polychaete worm , killing the starfish in about a week . Glynn suggested this resulted in a balance between mortality and recruitment in this population , leading to a relatively stable population of starfish . Since P. striata can only attack a damaged A. planci and cause its death , it may be regarded as an ' impatient scavenger ' rather than a predator . As distinct from predators , dead and mutilated adults of A. planci attract a number of scavengers . Glynn lists two polychaete worms , a hermit crab , a sea urchin , and seven species of small reef fish . Apparently , they are able to tolerate the distasteful saponins for an easy meal . A large polyp - like creature of the cnidarian genus Pseudocorynactis was observed attacking , and then wholly ingesting a crown - of - thorns starfish of similar size . Continued studies revealed this polyp is able to completely ingest a crown - of - thorns specimen of up to 34 cm ( 13 in ) in diameter . Life - cycle ( edit ) Gametes and embryos ( edit ) Stained cross-section of ripe ovary full of ova Stained cross-section of testis ( sperm are blue ) Spawning First cell divisions within fertilised eggs , ca . 0.3 mm diam Free - living gastrula stage , ca . 0.5 mm long Gonads increase in size as the animals become sexually mature and at maturity fill the arms and extend into the disk region . The ripe ovaries and testes are readily distinguished with the former being more yellow and having larger lobes . In section they are very different with the ovaries densely filled with nutrient - packed ova ( see ovum and photograph ) and the testes densely filled with sperm , which consist of little more than a nucleus and flagellum .", "10": "Fecundity in female Crown - of - thorns starfish is related to size with large starfish committing proportionally more energy into ova production such that a : 200 mm diameter female produces 0.5 -- 2.5 million eggs representing 2 -- 8 % of its wet weight 300 mm diameter female produces 6.5 -- 14 million eggs representing 9 -- 14 % of its wet weight 400 mm diameter female produces 47 -- 53 million eggs representing 20 -- 25 % of its wet weight In coral reefs in the Philippines , female specimens were found with a gonadosomatic index ( ratio of gonad mass to body mass ) as high as 22 % , which underlines the high fecundity of this starfish . Babcock et al. ( 1993 ) monitored changes in fecundity and fertility ( fertilisation rate ) over the spawning season of the Crown - of - thorns starfish on Davies Reef , central Great Barrier Reef , from 1990 to 1992 . The starfish were observed to spawn ( photograph ) from December to January ( early to mid-summer ) in this region with most observations being in January . However , both gonadosomatic index and fertility peaked early and declined to low levels by late January , indicating that most successful reproductive events took place early in the spawning season . In northern hemisphere coral reefs however , crown - of - thorns populations reproduce in April and May , and were also observed spawning in the Gulf of Thailand in September . High rates of egg fertilisation may be achieved through the behaviour of proximate and synchronised spawning ( see above in Behaviour ) . Embryonic development begins about 1.5 hours after fertilisation , with the early cell divisions ( cleavage ) ( photograph ) . By 8 -- 9 hours it has reached the 64 - cell stage . Larval stages ( edit ) Bipinnaria larva SEM of bipinnaria larva Brachiolaria larva Late brachiolaria with starfish primordium SEM brachiolarian arms By Day 1 the embryo has hatched as a ciliated gastrula stage ( photograph ) . By Day 2 the gut is complete and the larva is now known as a bipinnaria ( photographs ) .", "11": "It has ciliated bands along the body and uses these to swim and filter feed on microscopic particles , particularly unicellular green flagellates ( phytoplankton ) . The SEM photograph is a scanning electron micrograph , which clearly shows the complex ciliated bands of the bipinnaria larva . By Day 5 it is an early brachiolaria larva . The arms of the bipinnaria have further elongated , there are two stump - like projections in the anterior ( not evident in the photograph ) and structures are developing within the posterior of the larva . In the late brachiolaria larva ( Day 11 ) ( photograph ) the larval arms are elongate and there are three distinctive arms at the anterior with small structures on their inner surfaces ( photographs ) . To this stage the larva has been virtually transparent , but the posterior section is now opaque with the initial development of a starfish . The late brachiolaria is 1 - 1.5 mm . It tends to sink to the bottom and test the substrate with its brachiolar arms , including flexing the anterior body to orient the brachiolar arms against the substrate . This description and assessment of optimum rate of development is based on early studies in the laboratory under attempted optimum conditions . However , not unexpectedly , there are large differences in growth rate and survival under various environmental conditions ( see Causes of population outbreaks ) . Metamorphosis , development and growth ( edit ) Settling brachiolaria larva 5 - armed juvenile starfish immediately after metamorphosis Early juvenile starfish feeding on coralline algae ( = > white feeding scars ) Very young coral - feeding juvenile with full set of arms and madreporites Young coral - feeding juvenile The late brachiolaria search substrates with their arms and , when offered a choice of substrates , tend to settle on coralline algae , which they will subsequently feed on . In the classic pattern for echinoderms , the bilaterally symmetrical larva is replaced by a pentamerously symmetrical stage at metamorphosis , with the latter 's body axis bearing no relationship to that of the larva . Thus the newly metamorphosed starfish are five - armed and are 0.4 -- 1 mm diameter .", "12": "( Note the size of the tube feet relative to the size of the animal . ) They feed on the thin coating layers of hard encrusting algae ( coralline algae ) on the undersides of dead coral rubble and other concealed surfaces . They extend their stomach over the surface of the encrusting algae and digest the tissue , as in the feeding by larger crown - of - thorns starfish on hard corals . The living tissue of the encrusting algae is approximately pink to dark red and feeding by these early juveniles results in white scars on the surface of the algae ( photograph ) . During the next months , the juveniles grow and add arms and associated madreporites in the pattern described by Yamaguchi until the adult numbers is attained 5 -- 7 months after metamorphosis . Two hard corals with small polyps , Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora acunimata , were included in the aquaria with the encrusting algae and at about the time the juvenile starfish achieved their full number of arms they began feeding on the corals . Juvenile A. planci that had reached the stage of feeding on coral were then reared for some years in the same large closed - circuit seawater system that was used for the early juveniles . They were moved to larger tanks and kept supplied with coral so that food was not a limiting factor on growth rate . The growth curves of size versus age were sigmoidal , as seen in majority marine invertebrates . There was an initial period of relatively slow growth while the starfish were feeding on coralline algae . This was followed by a phase of rapid growth which led to sexual maturity at the end of the second year . The starfish were in the vicinity of 200 mm diameter at this stage . They continued to grow rapidly and were in the order of 300 mm at 3 years of age . Then they reached a plateau between 3 and 4 years and tended to decline after 4 years . Gonad development was greater in the third and subsequent years than at 2 years and there was a seasonal pattern of gametogenesis and spawning with water temperature being the only apparent cue in the indoor aquarium . Most specimens of A. planci died from ' senility ' during the period 5 - 7.5 years , i.e.", "13": "they fed poorly and shrank . Field observations of life - cycle ( edit ) The data above are derived from laboratory studies of A. planci , which are much more readily obtained than equivalent data from the field . The laboratory observations , however , accord with the limited field observations of life - cycle . As in laboratory studies where A. planci larvae were found to select coralline algae for settlement , early juveniles ( < 20 mm diameter ) were found on subtidal coralline algae ( Porolithon onkodes ) on the windward reef front of Suva Reef ( Fiji ) . The juveniles were found in a variety of habitats where they were highly concealed : under coral blocks and rubble in the boulder zone of the exposed reef front ; on dead bases of Acropora species in more sheltered areas ; in narrow spaces within the reef crest ; and on the fore - reef slope to depths of 8 m . Growth rates on Suva Reef were found to be 2.6 , 16.7 and 5.3 mm / month increase in diameter in the pre-coral feeding , early coral feeding and adult phases , respectively . This is in accord with the sigmoidal pattern of size versus age observed in laboratory studies , i.e. slow initial growth , a phase of very rapid growth beginning at coral feeding and tapering off of growth after the starfish reaches sexual maturity . In reefs in the Philippines , female and male specimens matured at 13 and 16 cm respectively . Stump identified bands in the upper surface spines of A. planci and attributed these to annual growth bands . He did n't report growth rates based on these age determinations , and mark and recapture data , but he reported that the growth bands revealed 12 + year - old starfish : much older than those that became ' senile ' and died in the laboratory . In a small number of field studies , mortality rates of juvenile A. planci have to found to be very high , e.g. 6.5 % per day for month - old and 0.45 % per day for 7 - month - old . Most of the mortality comes from predators , such as small crabs , that occur in and on the substrate with the juveniles .", "14": "It is possible , however , that these rates may not reflect mortality over the range of habitats occupied by small juveniles . Ecology. ( edit ) Ecological impact on reefs ( edit ) Coral before A. planci predation Filamentous algae encrusting coral skeletons after A. planci predation Collapsed coral skeletons after A. planci predation and storm Popular anxiety to news of high densities of A. planci on the Great Barrier Reef was reflected in many newspaper reports and publications such as ' Requiem for the Reef ' , which also suggested that there was a cover - up of the extent of damage . There was a popular idea that the coral and with it whole reefs were being destroyed by the starfish . In fact , as described in section 3.2 Behaviour , the starfish preys on coral by digesting the surface of living tissue from the coral skeletons . These skeletons persist , together with the mass of coralline algae that is essential for reef integrity . The initial change ( first order effect ) is loss of the veneer of living coral tissue . A. planci is a component of the fauna of most coral reefs and the effects of A. planci populations on coral reefs are very dependent on the population density . At low densities ( 1 to perhaps 30 / hectare ) the rate at which coral is being preyed upon by the starfish , is less than the growth rate of the coral , i.e. the surface area of living coral is increasing . The starfish may , however , influence the coral community structure . Because the starfish do n't feed indiscriminately they may cause a distribution of coral species and colony sizes that differs from a pattern without them . This is evident by comparison of coral reefs where A. planci has n't been found to the more typical reefs with A. planci . Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity , driving ecological succession . Before overpopulation became a significant issue , crown - of - thorns prevented fast - growing coral from overpowering the slower growing coral varieties . At high densities ( ' outbreaks ' , ' plagues ' ) , which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply , coral cover goes into decline .", "15": "The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species , colony size and shape . The starfish often aggregate during feeding , even at low densities , but during high densities the cleared coral patches become almost continuous or completely continuous ( photograph ) . There are second - order effects of these large areas of predated coral . The bare coral skeletons are rapidly colonised by filamentous algae ( photograph ) Large stands of staghorn coral , Acropora species , may collapse and become rubble reducing the topographical complexity of the reef ( photograph ) Sometimes the predated surfaces are further invaded by macroalgae , soft coral and sponges . These tend to take over reef surfaces for long periods as alternatives to hard coral communities , as , once established , they limit recruitment by hard coral larvae . Aesthetically , in all the above cases , the reef surface is not as attractive as the living coral surface , but it is anything but dead . There is a third - order effect potentially arising from the invasion by filamentous algae . Animals that depend directly or indirectly on hard corals , e.g. for shelter and food , should lose out , and herbivores and less specialist feeders gain . It would be expected that this would be most conspicuous in the fish fauna and long - terms studies of coral reef fish communities confirm this expectation . Observations of species abundance of coral reef fish communities considered 210 fish species from 10 reefs on the Great Barrier Reef . Over a period of 11 years , major disturbances , including outbreaks of A. planci and severe storms , resulted in major declines in coral cover on all reefs . Species abundance of coral reef fishes persisted on nine of the disturbed reefs . Extensive loss of coral resulted in declines in the group of species which were heavily coral - dependent , but this loss of diversity was more than compensated for by increases in the number of species that feed on invertebrates , algae and detritus . Because of this , species abundance in coral reef fish communities was estimated to be greatest at approximately 20 % coral cover . Coral loss > 20 % , however , typically resulted in a decline in abundance of species in coral reef fish communities . The greatest impact , however , came from severe tropical storms , that resulted in an immediate loss of topographical complexity ( photograph ) .", "16": "Fish species from all trophic levels were more affected than by disturbances , such as A. planci predation , that kill corals but leave the reef framework intact . Population outbreaks ( edit ) Outbreak in French Polynesia Large populations of crown - of - thorns starfish ( sometime emotively known as ' plagues ' ) have been substantiated as occurring at twenty one locations of coral reefs during the 1960s to 1980s . These locations ranged from the Red Sea through the tropical Indo - Pacific region to French Polynesia . There were at least two substantiated repeated outbreaks at ten of these locations . Values of starfish density from 140 / ha to 1,000 / ha have been considered in various reports to be outbreak populations , while starfish densities less than 100 / ha have been considered to be low ; however , at densities below 100 / ha there may be feeding by A. planci that exceeds the growth of coral and there is net loss of coral . From the surveys of many reef locations throughout the starfish 's distribution large abundances of Acanthaster can be categorised as : Primary outbreaks where there are abrupt population increases of at least two magnitudes that can not be explained by the presence of a previous outbreak . Secondary outbreaks that can plausibly be related to previous outbreaks through the reproduction of a previous cohort of the starfish . These may appear as recruits to reefs down current from an existing outbreak population . Chronic situations where there is a persistent moderate to high density population at a reef location where the coral is sparse due to persistent feeding by the starfish . The Great Barrier Reef ( GBR ) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length , number of individual reefs and species diversity . When high densities of Acanthaster which were causing heavy mortality of coral were first seen about Green Island , off Cairns , in 1960 -- 65 , there was considerable alarm . High - density populations were subsequently found of a number of reefs to the south of Green Island , in the Central Great Barrier Reef region Some popular publications suggested that the whole Reef was in danger of dying : ' Requiem for the Reef ' and ' Crown of Thorns : The Death of the Barrier Reef ? ' .", "17": "They influenced and reflected some public alarm over the state and future of Great Barrier Reef . There have been a number of studies modeling the population outbreaks on the GBR as a means to understand the phenomenon , e.g. The Australian and Queensland governments funded research and set up advisory committees during the period of great anxiety about the nature of the starfish outbreaks on the GBR . They were regarded as not coming to terms with the unprecedented nature and magnitude of this problem and the two references above . Many scientists were criticised for not being able to give definitive but unsubstantiated answers . Others were more definitive in their answers Scientists were criticised for their reticence and for disagreeing on the nature and causes of the outbreaks on the GBR , hence the publication ' Starfish Wars ' ( cf . ' Star Wars ' ) . Causes of population outbreaks ( edit ) There was serious discussion and some strongly held views about the causes of this phenomenon . Some hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish - the `` predator removal hypothesis '' : over-collecting of tritons , a predator of the starfish overfishing of predators of the starfish decline in predator populations through habitat destruction warmer sea temperatures enhance larvae development Many of the reports of fish preying on Acanthaster are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish . For example , the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet . Individual puffer fish and trigger - fish have been observed to feed crown - of - thorns starfish in the Red Sea , but there is no evidence that they are a significant factor in population control . A study , however , based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of the starfish found no evidence of the starfish in the fish 's guts . These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets . One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they would n't keep still while being eaten . Also , they would need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die . 17 -- 60 % of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms .", "18": "Clearly the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation . When the damage includes a major section of the disk together with arms , the number of arms regenerating on the disk may be less than the number lost . Another hypothesis is the `` aggregation hypothesis '' , whereby large aggregations of A. planci appear as apparent outbreaks because they have consumed all the adjacent coral . This seems to imply that there is apparently a dense population outbreak when there has already been a more diffuse population outbreak that has been dense enough to comprehensively prey on large areas of hard coral . Female crown - of - thorns starfish are very fecund . Based on the eggs in ovaries , 200 , 300 and 400 mm diameter females potentially spawn approximately 4 , 30 and 50 million eggs , respectively ( see also Gametes and embryos ) . Lucas adopted a different approach , focusing on the survival of the larvae arising from the eggs . The rationale for this approach was that small changes in the survival of larvae and developmental stages would result in very large changes in the adult population . Considering two hypothetical situations . Twenty million eggs , from a female spawning and having a survival rate of about 0.00000001 % throughout development would replace two adult starfish in a low - density population where the larvae recruit . If , however , the survival rate increases to 0.1 % ( one in a thousand ) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited . Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development it is likely that changes in survival will be most importance during this phase of development . Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown - of - thorns larvae . However , abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton ( unicellular flagellates ) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth . The abundance of phytoplankton cells is especially important . As autotrophs , phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients , such as nitrogenous compounds . Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown - of - thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses .", "19": "These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought . He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of A. planci through input of nutrients . Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks : increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton ↑ → better larval survival → increased starfish populations There have been further conformations of these connections , however research by Olson ( 1987 ) , Kaufmann ( 2002 ) , and Byrne ( 2016 ) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival . The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff has been described as `` an inconvenient study '' . There is also a flow - on effect in that where there are large starfish populations producing large numbers of larvae , there is likely to be heavy recruitment on reefs downstream to which the larvae are carried and then settle . Population control ( edit ) Blue Acanthaster planci in Balicasag Island ( Philippines ) Population numbers for the crown - of - thorns have been increasing since the 1970s . However , historic records of distribution patterns and numbers are hard to come by , as SCUBA technology , necessary to conduct population censuses , had only been developed in the previous few decades . To prevent overpopulation of crown - of - thorns causing widespread destruction to coral reef habitats , humans have implemented a variety of control measures . Manual removals have been successful , but are relatively labour - intensive . Injecting sodium bisulphate into the starfish is the most efficient measure in practice . Sodium bisulphate is deadly to crown - of - thorns , but it does not harm the surrounding reef and oceanic ecosystems . To control areas of high infestations , teams of divers have had kill rates of up to 120 per hour per diver . The practice of dismembering them was shown to have a kill rate of 12 per hour per diver and the diver performing this test was spiked three times . Therefore , it is for this reason and not rumours that they might be able to regenerate that dismembering is not recommended .", "20": "An even more labour - intensive route , but less risky to the diver , is to bury them under rocks or debris . This route is only suitable for areas with low infestation and if materials are available to perform the procedure without damaging corals . A 2015 study by James Cook University showed that common household vinegar is also effective , as the acidity causes the starfish to disintegrate within days . Vinegar is also harmless to the environment , and is not restricted by regulations regarding animal products such as bile . A new successful method of population control is by the injection of thiosulfate - citrate - bile salts - sucrose agar ( TCBS ) . Only one injection is needed , leading to the organism 's death in 24 hours from a contagious disease marked by `` discoloured and necrotic skin , ulcerations , loss of body turgor , accumulation of colourless mucus on many spines especially at their tip , and loss of spines . Blisters on the dorsal integument broke through the skin surface and resulted in large , open sores that exposed the internal organs . '' An autonomous starfish - killing robot called COTSBot has been developed and as of September 2015 was close to being ready for trials on the Great Barrier Reef . The COTSbot , which has a neural net - aided vision system , is designed to seek out crown - of - thorns starfish and give them a lethal injection of bile salts . After it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area , human divers can move in and remove the survivors . Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system , according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin . There are no crown - of - thorns starfish in Moreton Bay , but when the navigation has been refined , the robot will be used on the reef . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Birkeland and Lucas ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : major management problem of coral reefs . Florida : CRC Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 6599 - 6 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , R.C.", "21": "( 1997 ) Invertebrate Predators and Grazers '' In : C. Birkeland , Life and death of coral reefs , Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 03541 - 8 . Jump up ^ Caso , M.J. ( 1974 ) . `` External morphology of Acanthaster planci ( Linnaeus ) '' . Journal of the Marine Biological Associataion of India . 16 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 93 . Jump up ^ `` Crown of Thorns Starfish ( Acanthaster Planci ) . '' Crown of Thorns Starfish Videos , Photos and Facts . Web . 5 November 2014 . < http://www.arkive.org/crown-of-thorns-starfish/acanthaster-planci/ > . Jump up ^ Shedd , John G. ( 2006 ) . `` Crown of Thorns Sea Star '' . Shedd Aquarium . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , J.S. ; Jones , M.M. ( 1976 ) . `` Hybrid crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci x A. Brevispinus ) reared to maturity in the laboratory '' . Nature . 263 ( 5576 ) : 409 -- 12 . Bibcode : 1976Natur. 263 ... 409L . doi : 10.1038 / 263409a0 . PMID 972678 . Jump up ^ Blake , DJ ( 1979 ) . `` The affinities and origins of the crown - of - thorns sea star Acanthaster Gervais '' . J. Nat . Hist. 13 ( 3 ) : 303 -- 314 . doi : 10.1080 / 00222937900770241 . Jump up ^ Birkeland C , Lucas JS ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . CRC Press . pp. 13 -- 19 .", "22": "Jump up ^ Lucas , JS ; Nash , WJ ; Nishida , M ( 1985 ) . Aspects of the evolution of Acanthaster planci ( L ) ( Echinodermata , Asteroidea ) . Proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress , Tahiti 27 May - 1 June 1985 , Vol. 5 : . Jump up ^ Benzie JAH ( 1999 ) . `` Major genetic differences between crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) populations in the Indian and Pacific Oceans '' . Evolution. 53 ( 6 ) : 1782 -- 1795 . doi : 10.2307 / 2640440 . JSTOR 2640440 . Jump up ^ Vogler , C. ; Benzie , J. ; Lessios , H. ; Barber , P. ; Worheide , G. ( 2008 ) . `` A threat to coral reefs multiplied ? Four species of crown - of - thorns starfish '' . Biology Letters. 4 ( 6 ) : 696 -- 9 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2008.0454 . PMC 2614177 . PMID 18832058 . Jump up ^ `` Coral - killing starfish turns out to be four species , not one '' . Yahoo ! News . AFP . 2008 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hudson R.R. ; Coyne J. ( 2002 ) . `` Mathematical consequences of the genealogical species concept '' . Evolution. 56 ( 8 ) : 1557 -- 1565 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0014 - 3820.2002. tb01467. x . Jump up ^ Rubinoff , D. ( 2006 ) . `` Utility of mitochondrial DNA barcodes in species conservation '' . Conserv. Biol. 20 ( 4 ) : 1026 -- 1033 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2006.", "23": "00372. x . PMID 16922219 . Jump up ^ Babcock , R. , Mundy , C. , Keesing , J. & Oliver , J ( 1992 ) . `` Predictable and unpredictable spawning events : in situ behavioural data from free - spawning coral reef invertebrates '' . Invertebrate Reproduction and Development . 22 : 213 -- 228 . doi : 10.1080 / 07924259.1992. 9672274 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Birkeland and Lucas ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . CRC Press . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 6599 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnett , D ; et al. ( 1968 ) . `` Determination of contents of steroidal saponins in starfish tissues and study of their biosynthesis '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 90 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 145 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 0491 ( 88 ) 90050 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cole , Andrew ; Pratchett , Morgan ; Jones , Geoffrey ( 2008 ) . `` Diversity and functional importance of coral - feeding fishes on tropical coral reefs '' . Fish and Fisheries. 9 : 286 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Belk , D ( 1975 ) . `` An observation of algal colonization on Acropora aspera killed by Acanthaster planci ' '' . Hydrobiologia. 46 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 32 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00038724 . Jump up ^ Pierre Madl ( 1998 ) . `` Acanthaster planci ( An overview of the crown of thorns starfish ) '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Keesing JK ; Lucas JS ( 1992 ) . `` Field measurement of feeding and movement rates of the crown - of - thorns starfish Acanthaster planci ( L . )", "24": "'' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 156 : 89 -- 104 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 ( 92 ) 90018 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mueller B ; AR Bos ; G Graf ; GS Gumanao ( 2011 ) . `` Size - specific locomotion rate and movement pattern of four common Indo - Pacific sea stars ( Echinodermata ; Asteroidea ) '' . Aquatic Biology . 12 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 164 . doi : 10.3354 / ab00326 . Jump up ^ Birkland and Lucas ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . CRC Press . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 6599 - 6 . Jump up ^ De Vantier ; Reichelt and Bradbury ( 1986 ) . `` Does ' Spirobranchus giganteus protect host Porites from predation by Acanthaster planci : predator pressure as a mechanism of coevolution ? '' . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 32 : 307 -- 310 . doi : 10.3354 / meps032307 . Jump up ^ Pratchett ( 2001 ) . `` Influence of coral symbionts on feeding preferences of crown - of - thorns starfish Acanthaster planci in the western Pacific '' . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 214 : 111 -- 119 . doi : 10.3354 / meps214111 . Jump up ^ Chansang , H ; et al. ( 1987 ) . Infestation of Acanthaster planci in the Andaman Sea . 2 . Int . Symp . on Indo - Pacific Marine Biology , Agana ( Guam ) . pp. Abstract . Jump up ^ Babcock ; Mundy and Whitehead ( 1994 ) . `` Sperm diffusion models and in situ confirmation of long - distance fertilization in the free - spawning asteroid Acanthaster planci '' . Biological Bulletin . 186 : 17 -- 28 .", "25": "doi : 10.2307 / 1542033 . JSTOR 1542033 . Jump up ^ Beach , DH ; Hanscomb , NJ ; Ormond , RFG. ( 1975 ) . `` Spawning pheromone in crown - of - thorns starfish '' . Nature . 254 ( 5496 ) : 135 -- 136 . Bibcode : 1975Natur. 254 ... 135B . doi : 10.1038 / 254135a0 . PMID 1117997 . Jump up ^ Sweatman , HPA. ( 1995 ) . `` A field study of fish predation on juvenile crown - of - thorns starfish '' . Coral Reefs. 14 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 53 . Bibcode : 1995CorRe ... 14 ... 47S . doi : 10.1007 / bf00304071 . Jump up ^ Moran , P ( 1986 ) . `` The Acanthaster phenomenon '' . Oceanogr . Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 24 : 379 -- 480 . Jump up ^ Ormond , R.F.G. ; Campbell , A.C. ( 1974 ) . `` Formation and breakdown of Acanthaster planci aggregations in the Red Sea '' . Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs. 1 . Jump up ^ Powell , G ( 1979 ) . `` Stars for kings '' . Sea Frontiers. 25 ( 5 ) : 282 -- 285 . ^ Jump up to : Glynn , P ( 1981 ) . Acanthaster population regulation by a shrimp and a worm . 4 . International Coral Reef Symposium , Manila ( Philippines ) , 18 -- 22 May 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Glynn , P ( 1984 ) . `` An amphinomid worm predator of the crown - of - thorns sea star and general predation on asteroids in eastern and western Pacific coral reefs '' . Bulletin of Marine Science . 35 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 71 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Birkeland C , Lucas JS ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 6599 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bos , A.R. ; Gumanao , G.S. ; Salac , F.N. ( 2008 ) . `` A newly discovered predator of the crown - of - thorns starfish '' . Coral Reefs. 27 ( 3 ) : 581 . Bibcode : 2008CorRe ... 27 ... 581B . doi : 10.1007 / s00338 - 008 - 0364 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bos AR ; B Mueller ; GS Gumanao ( 2011 ) . `` Feeding biology and symbiotic relationships of the Corallimorpharian Paracorynactis hoplites ( Anthozoa : Hexacorallia ) '' . The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 59 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Birkeland , C. ; J.S. Lucas ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Bos , Arthur R. ; Gumanao , Girley S. ; Mueller , Benjamin ; Saceda - Cardoza , Marjho M.E. ( 2013 ) . `` Management of crown - of - thorns sea star ( Acanthaster planci L . ) outbreaks : Removal success depends on reef topography and timing within the reproduction cycle '' . Ocean & Coastal Management . 71 : 116 -- 22 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ocecoaman. 2012.09. 011 . Jump up ^ Babcock , RC ; Mundy , CN ; Engelhardt , U ; Lassig , B. ( 1993 ) . `` Seasonal changes in fertility and fecundity in Acanthaster planci '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority , Townsville , Qld ( Australia ) .", "27": "Jump up ^ Scott , C.M. ; Mehrotra , R. ; Urgell , P. ( 2014 ) . `` Spawning observation of Acanthaster planci in the Gulf of Thailand '' . Marine Biodiversity. 45 ( 4 ) : 621 -- 2 . doi : 10.1007 / s12526 - 014 - 0300 - x . Jump up ^ Henderson JA ; Lucas JS ( 1971 ) . `` Larval development and metamorphosis of Acanthaster planci ( Asteroidea ) '' . Nature . 232 ( 5313 ) : 655 -- 657 . Bibcode : 1971Natur. 232 ... 655H . doi : 10.1038 / 232655a0 . Jump up ^ Lucas JS ( 1973 ) . `` Reproductive and larval biology and Acanthaster planci ( L . ) in Great Barrier Reef '' . Micronesica. 9 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , M. ( 1973 ) . Early life histories of coral reef asteroids , with special reference to Acanthaster planci ( L . ) . In , Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs Vol. 2 . Jones , A.O. and Endean , R. ( eds ) . Academic Press , New York . p. 369 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , M 1973 . Early life histories of coral reef asteroids , with special reference to Acanthaster planci ( L . ) . In , Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs Vol. 2 . Jones , A.O. and Endean , R. ( eds ) ... pp. 369 . Academic Press , New York . Jump up ^ Lucas , JS ( 1984 ) . `` Growth , maturation and effects of diet in Acanthaster planci ( L . ) ( Asteroidea ) and hybrids reared in the laboratory '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 79 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 147 .", "28": "doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 ( 84 ) 90214 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Zann , L Brodie , J ; Berryman , C ; Naqasima , M ( 1987 ) . Recruitment , ecology , growth and behavior of juvenile Acanthaster planci ( L . ) ( Echinodermata : Asteroidea ) . 2nd Int . Symp . on Indo - Pacific Marine Biology , Agana ( Guam ) , 23 -- 28 June 1986 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Stump , R. ( 1993 ) . Life history characteristics of Acanthaster planci ( L . ) populations , potential clues to causes of outbreaks . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority , Townsville , Qld , Australia . Jump up ^ Keesing , JK ; Halford , A R. ( 1992 ) . `` Field measurement of survival rates of juvenile Acanthaster planci : Techniques and preliminary results '' . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 85 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 107 -- 114 . doi : 10.3354 / meps085107 . Jump up ^ James , Peter ( 1976 ) . Requiem for the Reef : The Story of Official Distortion About the Crown - of - Thorns Starfish . Brisbane : Foundation Press . Jump up ^ Birkeland , C ; Lucas , JS ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . Florida : CRC Press . Jump up ^ Larry Zetlin ( 2004 ) . Predators of the Great Barrier Reef ( TV - Special ) . Queensland , Australia : Gulliver Media Australia . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Shaun K ; Graham , Nicholas AJ ; Pratchett , Morgan S ; Jones , Geoffrey P ; Polunin , Nicholas VC ( 2006 ) . `` Multiple disturbances and the global degradation of coral reefs : are reef fishes at risk or resilient ? '' . Global Change Biology .", "29": "12 ( 11 ) : 2220 -- 2234 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2006. 01252. x . Jump up ^ Wilson , SK ; Dolman , AM ; Cheal , AJ ; Emslie , MJ Pratchett ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Maintenance of fish diversity on disturbed coral reefs '' . Coral reefs. 28 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Bibcode : 2009CorRe ... 28 ... 3W . doi : 10.1007 / s00338 - 008 - 0431 - 2 . Jump up ^ Birkeland and Lucas ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . CRC Press . pp. 36 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 6599 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Moran , PJ ( 1986 ) . `` The Acanthaster phenomenon '' . Oceanogr . Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 24 : 379 -- 480 . ^ Jump up to : Birkeland and Lucas ( 1990 ) . Acanthaster planci : Major Management Problem of Coral Reefs . CRC Press . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 6599 - 6 . Jump up ^ Endean , R ( 1974 ) . Publication title Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs . Vol. 1 . The Great Barrier Reef Committee , Brisbane ( Australia ) . ISBN 0 - 909377 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ Endean , R ; Stablum , W ( 1973 ) . `` A study of some aspects of the crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) infestation of reefs of Australia is Great Barrier Reef '' . Atoll Research Bulletin . 167 : 60 ( Abstract ) . doi : 10.5479 / si. 00775630.167. 1 . Jump up ^ Kenchington , R ( 1978 ) .", "30": "`` The crown - of - thorns crisis in Australia : A retrospective analysis '' . Environmental Conservation. 5 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 20 . doi : 10.1017 / s0376892900005191 . Jump up ^ James , Peter ( 1976 ) . Requiem for the Reef . Brisbane : Foundation Press . ISBN 0 - 9597383 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brown , and Willey ( 1972 ) . Crown of Thorns : The Death of the Great Barrier Reef ? . Angus and Robertson . ISBN 0 - 207 - 12390 - X . Jump up ^ Reichelt , RE ; Bradbury , RH ; Moran , P J. ( 1990 ) . `` The crown - of - thorns starfish , Acanthaster planci , on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Mathematical and Computer Modelling. 13 ( 3 ) : 45 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / 0895 - 7177 ( 90 ) 90008 - b . Jump up ^ Scandol , J P. ( December 1999 ) . `` CotSim -- an interactive Acanthaster planci metapopulation model for the central Great Barrier Reef '' . Marine Models Online . 1 -- 4 : 39 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Raymond , Robert ( 1986 ) . Starfish Wars : Coral Death and the Crown - of - Thorns . Melbourne : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 43015 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Endean , R ; Cameron , AM ( 1985 ) . Ecocatastrophe on the great Barrier Reef . Antenne Museum - EPHE , Moorea ( French Polynesia ) : Proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress , Tahiti 27 May - 1 June 1985 , Vol. 5 : Miscellaneous papers ( A ) . pp. 309 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Vicente , N ( December 1999 ) . `` Natural treasures under heavy pressure '' . Oceanorama . Institut oceanographique Paul Ricard . Marseille.", "31": "30 : 7 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Bradbury , R. ( 1991 ) . `` Understanding Acanthaster '' . Coenoses. 6 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Chansang ; et al. ( 1987 ) . Infestation of Acanthaster planci in the Andaman Sea . 2 . Int . Symp . on Indo - Pacific Marine Biology , Agana ( Guam ) , . pp. Abstract only . Jump up ^ Uthicke , S. ; Logan , M. ; Liddy , M. ; Francis , D. ; Hardy , N. ; Lamare , M. ( 2015 ) . `` Climate change as an unexpected co-factor promoting coral eating seastar ( Acanthaster planci ) outbreaks '' . Scientific Reports . 5 : 8402 . Bibcode : 2015NatSR ... 5E8402U . doi : 10.1038 / srep08402 . PMC 4325318 . PMID 25672480 . Jump up ^ Randall , John E. ; Head , Stephen M. ; Sanders , Adrian P.L. ( 1978 ) . `` Food habits of the giant humphead wrasse , Cheilinus undulatus ( Labridae ) '' . Environmental Biology of Fishes. 3 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00691948 . Jump up ^ Ormond , RFG ; Campbell , AC ( 1974 ) . Formation and breakdown of Acanthaster planci aggregations in the Red Sea . Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Coral Reefs . Vol. 1 . Jump up ^ Mendonga , VM ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Persistent and Expanding Population Outbreaks of the Corallivorous Starfish Acanthaster planci in the Northwestern Indian Ocean : Are They Really a Consequence of Unsustainable Starfish Predator Removal through Overfishing in Coral Reefs , or a Response to a Changing Environment ? '' . Zoological Studies . 49 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 123 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Kettle , B ; Lucas , JS ( 1987 ) . `` Biometric relationships between organ indices , fecundity , oxygen consumption and body size in Acanthaster planci ( L . ) ( Echinodermata ; Asteroidea ) '' . Bulletin of Marine Science . 41 : 541 -- 561 . Jump up ^ Henderson , JA ; Lucas ( 1971 ) . `` Larval development and metamorphosis of Acanthaster planci ( Asteroidea ) '' . Nature . 232 ( 5313 ) : 655 -- 657 . Bibcode : 1971Natur. 232 ... 655H . doi : 10.1038 / 232655a0 . Jump up ^ Lucas , John ( 1973 ) . `` Reproductive and larval biology and Acanthaster planci ( L . ) in Great Barrier Reef '' . Micronesica. 9 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Lucas , J ( 1982 ) . `` Quantitative studies of feeding and nutrition during larval development of the coral reef asteroid ' Acanthaster planci ' ( L . ) '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 65 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 194 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 ( 82 ) 90043 - 0 . Jump up ^ Birkeland , C ( 1982 ) . `` Terrestrial runoff as a cause of outbreaks of Acanthaster planci ( Echinodermata : Asteroidea ) '' . Marine biology . Berlin , Heidelberg. 69 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 185 . doi : 10.1007 / bf00396897 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , Kennedy ; Graba - Landry , Alexia ; Dworjanyn , Symon A. ; Byrne , Maria ( 2017 ) . `` Superstars : Assessing nutrient thresholds for enhanced larval success of Acanthaster planci , a review of the evidence '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2016.12.", "33": "079 . Jump up ^ Brodie , Jon ; Fabricius , Katharina ; De'Ath , Glenn ; Okaji , Ken ( 2005 ) . `` Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown - of - thorns starfish ? An appraisal of the evidence '' . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 51 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 266 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2004.10. 035 . PMID 15757727 . Jump up ^ Fabricius , K.E. ; Okaji , K. ; De'Ath , G. ( 2010 ) . `` Three lines of evidence to link outbreaks of the crown - of - thorns seastar Acanthaster planci to the release of larval food limitation '' . Coral Reefs. 29 ( 3 ) : 593 -- 605 . Bibcode : 2010CorRe ... 29 ... 593F . doi : 10.1007 / s00338 - 010 - 0628 - z . Jump up ^ Kaufman , MG ; Goodfriend , W ; Kohler - Garrigan , A ; Walker , ED ; Klug , MJ ( 2002 ) . `` Soluble nutrient effects on microbial communities and mosquito production in Ochlerotatus triseriatus habitats '' . Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 29 : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.3354 / ame029073 . Jump up ^ Olson , Richard Randolph ( 1987 ) . `` In situ culturing as a test of the larval starvation hypothesis for the crown - of - thoms starfish , Acanthaster planci '' . Limnology and Oceanography. 32 ( 4 ) : 895 -- 904 . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 1987.32. 4.0895 . Jump up ^ Scientists : To save Great Barrier Reef , kill starfish . CNN News . October 2 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Controlling Crown - of Thorns Starfish '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . April 1995 .", "34": "Archived from the original on 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Household vinegar advances the fight against crown of thorns starfish threat on Great Barrier Reef '' . ABC News . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.int-res.com/articles/dao_oa/d097p085.pdf Jump up ^ McLeish , Kathy COTSBot : New robot aims to terminate crown - of - thorns starfish destroying Great Barrier Reef ABC News . September 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Espiner , Tom Starfish - killing robot close to trials on Great Barrier Reef BBC News . September 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ Griggs , Mary Beth Robot Designed To Kill Starfish Will Be Released On Australian Reefs Popular Science . September 4 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Aquatic robot seeks and destroys reef - killing starfish '' . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crown - of - thorns starfish . This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references .", "35": "( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An overview of the crown - of - thorns starfish as observed on the Great Barrier Reef Current status of crown - of - thorns starfish on Australia 's Great Barrier Reef History of outbreaks of crown - of - thorns starfish on Australia 's Great Barrier Reef since 1986 ( Animation ) Recent information on crown - of - thorns starfish on Australia 's Great Barrier Reef Controlling crown - of - thorns starfish Crown - of - thorn outbreak simulation Microdocs : Crown - of - thorns Acanthaster planci expedition 1969 to Eastern Caroline Islands An infographic relating to the crown - of - thorns starfish in the Great Barrier Reef Crown of Thorns starfish 1971 Fathom magazine ( Australia ) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q26634 ADW : Acanthaster_planci ARKive : acanthaster - planci BioLib : 422188 EoL : 598484 Fossilworks : 100993 GBIF : 2271208 iNaturalist : 50915 ITIS : 157194 NCBI : 133434 NZOR : 6cdc5489 - 6327 - 480d - a962 - 7122ba1ab2c3 uBio : 4780115 WoRMS : 213289 NDL : 01030270 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "36": "php?title=Crown-of-thorns_starfish&oldid=833123280 '' Categories : Acanthasteridae Fauna of Western Australia Animals described in 1758 Invasive echinoderm species Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : external links Articles needing more detailed references Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кырык мары Latina Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 4, 24, 29, 28, 5, 13, 19, 16, 30, 25, 3, 22, 9, 32, 27, 31, 23, 15, 10, 18, 12, 36, 7, 26, 20, 21, 14, 6, 0, 33, 17, 8, 11, 34, 35, 2, 1 ]	[ 4, 24, 29, 28, 5 ]
350873972182122769	when does the movie the star come out	[ "November 17, 2017", "November 17, 2017", "November 17, 2017", "November 17, 2017", "November 17, 2017" ]	{ "0": "The Star ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia The Star ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Star Theatrical release poster Directed by Timothy Reckart Produced by Jenni Magee Cook Screenplay by Carlos Kotkin Story by Carlos Kotkin Simon Moore Based on The Nativity of Jesus An original idea by Tom Sheridan Starring Steven Yeun Gina Rodriguez Zachary Levi Keegan - Michael Key Kelly Clarkson Patricia Heaton Kristin Chenoweth Tracy Morgan Tyler Perry Oprah Winfrey Music by John Paesano Production company Columbia Pictures Sony Pictures Animation The Jim Henson Company Franklin Entertainment Walden Media Affirm Films Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $61 million The Star is a 2017 American computer - animated Christian adventure comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart . Based on the Nativity of Jesus , and an original idea by Tom Sheridan , the screenplay was written by Carlos Kotkin and Simon Moore . It is produced by Sony Pictures Animation , with partnership from Walden Media , Affirm Films and The Jim Henson Company . It stars the voices of Steven Yeun , Gina Rodriguez , Zachary Levi , Keegan - Michael Key , Kelly Clarkson , Patricia Heaton , Kristin Chenoweth , Tracy Morgan , Tyler Perry , and Oprah Winfrey . The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17 , 2017 in the United States . It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide . The film received a nomination for Best Original Song ( `` The Star '' ) at the 75th Golden Globe Awards .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In `` 9 months B.C. '' , Mary is visited by an angel telling her she will bear the Messiah . A mouse named Abby overhears and tells the other animals as a star begins glowing brightly in the night . Six months later , a young donkey is tired of milling wheat and wishes to join a traveling caravan so that he may feel important . His father helps him escape the miller who owns them and he ends up with an injured ankle at the house of Mary and Joseph who just had their wedding dinner . Mary takes the donkey in and names him Boaz , Bo for short , and reveals to Joseph that she is pregnant , with Joseph accepting Mary 's situation after praying to God . During this time , Bo and his dove friend Dave , plot to escape despite Mary 's kindness , but end up staying three more months . Meanwhile , the three wise men and their camels , Felix , Cyrus and Deborah , arrive at the home of King Herod . The wise men reveal their gifts of gold , frankincense and myrrh , but when they reveal that it is for the `` new King '' , he sends them on their way to meet him , but secretly sends his head soldier and his two dogs , Thaddeus and Rufus , to find and kill the new King . As Mary and Joseph leave Nazareth in order to head to Bethlehem , Bo and Dave try another escape , but are confronted by Thaddeus and Rufus , who knew of the home by interrogating Abby . After learning that Mary and Joseph are not home , the soldier and his dogs leave to look for them . Feeling guilty , Bo decides to warn them with Dave joining him . Along the way they meet a friendly sheep named Ruth who left her flock when she saw the star but the others refused to follow her . They catch up to Mary and Joseph in time to warn them , and hide them in a market place where the soldier ties up his dogs .", "2": "Bo releases the cart Mary and Joseph were using to roll down and cause a chain reaction that knocks the soldier down a well . However , he creates severe damage to the market in the process , and Joseph instead berates Bo as he was unaware of the danger . Upset with the current outcome , Bo leaves and Dave follows until they arrive at the caravan . While happy to have found it , Bo realizes that he liked being with Mary and tells Dave that he wants to go back . Dave admits that he is n't upset and that he just wants Bo to be happy with his decision , and the two return and make up with Ruth . They convince a frustrated Joseph to talk to Mary , who admits that it has been difficult for her and that she is scared of the importance of the baby . Joseph and Mary make up when the latter begins having contractions . They arrive at Bethlehem where Joseph ca n't find an inn for Mary . The miller , who just so happened to be there too , kidnaps Bo with Dave and Ruth leaving to rescue him . The wise men arrive as well , but the camels , who are aware of Herod 's plot , are left tied to a post . Bo ends up in a barn where he meets a horse named Leah , a cow named Edith , and a goat named Zach . They reveal that they have n't been able to sleep because the star 's bright light has been shining through on their manger . Realizing that this is where the baby is supposed to be , the animals help Bo escape and he catches up with Dave and Ruth while spotting the soldier and his dogs . Bo finds Mary and Joseph and gets them back to the manger while Dave runs into Cyrus , Felix and Deborah and helps them escape . Ruth finds her flock and tries to convince them to follow her , but gets unexpected help from the angel who informs the shepherds and the sheep that the Savior is coming . Bo manages to fight off Thaddeus and Rufus , but is outdone by the soldier . Suddenly , Ruth and her flock , the camels and Dave arrive and dispatch with them by having them hang from a cliff . The soldier lets his dogs fall , but they are saved by Bo and the soldier himself falls to his death .", "3": "All of the animals ( who are now joined by Abby and assume the danger to be ongoing ) , shepherds , and three wise men arrive to see baby Jesus , and Bo realises that he has been carrying the new King the whole time . Deborah predicts that this event will be remembered around the world for years to come . During the credits , it is shown that Joseph buys Bo from the miller , and Bo helps him and Mary raise Jesus . Their flight into Egypt is also shown . It is also revealed that Bo 's father has escaped from the miller and is possibly looking for Bo . Cast ( edit ) Steven Yeun as Bo the donkey Gina Rodriguez as Mary Zachary Levi as Joseph Keegan - Michael Key as Dave the dove Kelly Clarkson as Leah the horse Patricia Heaton as Edith the cow Kristin Chenoweth as Abby the mouse Tracy Morgan as Felix the camel Tyler Perry as Cyrus the camel Oprah Winfrey as Deborah the camel Aidy Bryant as Ruth the sheep Anthony Anderson as Zach the goat Kris Kristofferson as Old Donkey Christopher Plummer as King Herod Ving Rhames as Thaddeus the dog Gabriel Iglesias as Rufus the dog Delilah as Elizabeth Mariah Carey as Rebecca the hen Joel Osteen as Caspar Joel McCrary as Angel , Zachariah Phil Morris as Balthazar , Miller Fred Tatasciore as Melchior , Pottery Vendor , Innkeeper Voice Lex Lang as Hunter Roger Craig Smith as Chamberlain , Innkeeper Voice Joe Whyte as Scribe , Innkeeper Voice William Townsend as Horse , Goat Gregg Berger as Innkeeper Voice Melissa Sturm as Innkeeper Voice Production ( edit ) In September 2014 , it was reported that DeVon Franklin would produce a faith - based film inspired by the Nativity story under his production company , Franklin Entertainment , in collaboration with Sony Pictures Animation . In April 2015 , Variety reported that Timothy Reckart would direct the film in his directing debut . On August 5 , 2015 , it was announced that the film , then titled The Lamb , was given an official release date of December 8 , 2017 .", "4": "On June 20 , 2016 , it was announced that Brian Henson and Lisa Henson from The Jim Henson Company would be executive producers for the film , now titled The Star . In an interview with Animation Magazine , Reckart expressed that he felt encouraged to direct the film , as he felt that there was a lack of Christmas films centering on the Nativity of Jesus : `` It felt like an opportunity to be part of a movie that has not been done before , that 's really going to fill a void . '' The animation was produced by Cinesite Studios . Animation work began on January 2017 . Casting ( edit ) On January 5 , 2017 , it was reported that Oprah Winfrey and Tyler Perry would be in the film . The rest of the cast was announced on January 19 , 2017 . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Star : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) was released on October 27 , 2017 , including contributions from Jessie James Decker , Jake Owen , Kelsea Ballerini , Zara Larsson , Casting Crowns , Kirk Franklin , Fifth Harmony , Yolanda Adams , Saving Forever and Mariah Carey . Pentatonix also contributes a bonus track to the digital release of the album . The Star : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` The Star '' Mariah Carey 4 : 01 2 . `` Children Go Where I Send You '' Kelsea Ballerini 2 : 40 3 . `` We Three Kings '' Kirk Franklin 4 : 06 4 . `` Can You See '' Fifth Harmony 3 : 57 5 . `` Life Is Good '' A Great Big World 3 : 16 6 . `` Mary , Did You Know '' Zara Larsson 3 : 23 7 . `` O Holy Night '' Yolanda Adams 4 : 20 8 . `` What Christmas Means to Me '' Saving Forever 3 : 03 9 . `` Breath of Heaven ( Mary 's Song ) '' Jessie James Decker 4 : 51 10 .", "5": "`` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Casting Crowns 4 : 19 11 . `` What Child Is This ? '' Jake Owen 3 : 16 12 . `` Carol of the Bells '' Pentatonix 3 : 13 Total length : 44 : 17 Release ( edit ) In July 2016 , the release date was set for November 10 , 2017 , but it was later pushed back to November 17 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer was released on July 26 , 2017 . On November 16 , 2017 , the official video for the song The Star , performed by Mariah Carey , was made available on her YouTube channel . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of January 7 , 2018 , The Star has grossed $40.4 million in the United States and Canada , and $20.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $61 million , against a production budget of $20 million . In the United States and Canada , The Star was released alongside Justice League and Wonder , and was projected to gross around $10 million from 2,800 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $2.8 million on its first day . It ended up grossing $9.8 million in its opening weekend , finishing 6th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an average rating of 44 % based on 45 reviews , with an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Star may not leave audiences singing ' Hallelujah ' , but its offbeat yet sincere approach to the nativity story makes for acceptably diverting holiday viewing . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . The A.V.", "6": "Club 's Ignatiy Vishnevetsky criticized The Star as a `` rote cartoon feature '' existing for purely commercial reasons : `` ... even the kid - friendliest , Sunday - school - iest kind of religious art ca n't spring from religion alone ; it needs artistry , too . Otherwise , you end up with a generic product aimed at a market segment who 'll buy anything as long as it seems sufficiently churchy . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song `` The Star '' Nominated Annie Awards Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Louie del Carmen Pending Best Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Pamela Ziegenhagen Pending Heartland Film Festival 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Timothy Reckart Won See also ( edit ) Christmas in the media The Night the Animals Talked References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Pictures Animation Reveals Slate through 2018 '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Paesano to Score ' The Star ' '' . Film Music Reporter . August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watson , Keith ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Star '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THE STAR ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Star ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Flores , Terry ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Oscar - Nommed Timothy Reckart to Make Feature Directing Debut on Sony Toon ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` First Look at the Stars of ' The Star ' from Sony Pictures Animation '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Studios ' 2017 Forecast : Big Bets , Franchise Fears and Executive Intrigue '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Sony Pictures Animation Developing Faith - Based Movie About Nativity Story ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sony Dates 16 Films Including Two More ' Bad Boys ' Sequels , ' Jumanji ' Remake '' . Variety . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sony Animation Dates ' Hotel Transylvania 3 ' , ' Emojimovie ' & More ; ' Ghostbusters ' TV Series Set '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Tom ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Star : In A Different Light '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Animation Teases Upcoming Slate '' . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://tasteofcountry.com/animated-christmas-movie-the-star-features-songs-from-kelsea-ballerini-jake-owen-jessie-james-decker/ Jump up ^ `` Release Schedule - New Dates & Changes '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 .", "8": "Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/schedule/?view=&release=&date=2017-11-03&showweeks=4&p=.htm Jump up ^ `` The Star - Official Teaser Trailer '' . Sony Pictures Animation 's official YouTube channel . July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey - The Star '' . YouTube . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` The Tale Of Two Films : Walden Media 's ' The Star ' & ' Wonder ' Bow On Same Day '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Star ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Star reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The animated trifle The Star passes the Nativity through its ass '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Globes nominations : Read the full list Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved December 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 .", "9": "External links ( edit ) Official website Official website at Sony Pictures Animation The Star on IMDb Sony Pictures Animation Feature films Computer - animated Open Season ( 2006 ) Surf 's Up ( 2007 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 ( 2013 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Live - action / animated The Smurfs ( 2011 ) The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) Goosebumps ( 2015 ) Produced with Aardman Animations Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) The Pirates ! In an Adventure with Scientists ! ( 2012 ) Upcoming films Peter Rabbit ( 2018 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Goosebumps : Horror Land ( 2018 ) Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video Open Season 2 ( 2009 ) Open Season 3 ( 2011 ) Open Season : Scared Silly ( 2016 ) Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania ( 2017 ) Television series Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2017 -- ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- ) Ghostbusters : Ecto Force ( TBA ) Online series Go ! Cartoons ( 2017 -- 18 ) Short films The ChubbChubbs ! ( 2002 ) Early Bloomer ( 2003 ) Boog and Elliot 's Midnight Bun Run ( 2007 ) The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas ( 2007 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) So You Want to Be a Pirate ! ( 2012 ) Goodnight Mr.", "10": "Foot ( 2012 ) The Smurfs : The Legend of Smurfy Hollow ( 2013 ) Super Manny ( 2013 ) Earl Scouts ( 2013 ) Steve 's First Bath ( 2014 ) Attack of the 50 - Foot Gummi Bear ( 2014 ) Puppy ! ( 2017 ) Franchises Open Season ( 2006 -- present ) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs ( 2009 -- present ) The Smurfs ( 2011 -- present ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 -- present ) See also Sony Pictures Imageworks Cartoon Hangover Screen Gems Cartoons The Jim Henson Company Henson Family Jim Henson Jane Henson Lisa Henson Cheryl Henson Brian Henson John Henson Heather Henson Major works The Muppets † Sesame Street ‡ TV series Fraggle Rock ( 1983 -- 1987 ) Fraggle Rock : The Animated Series ( 1987 -- 1988 ) The Storyteller ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) The Ghost of Faffner Hall ( 1989 ) Jim Henson 's Mother Goose Stories ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Dinosaurs ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Dog City ( 1992 -- 1993 ) CityKids ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Secret Life of Toys ( 1994 ) Jim Henson 's Animal Show ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Aliens in the Family ( 1996 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr.", "11": "Seuss ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Bear in the Big Blue House † ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Brats of the Lost Nebula ( 1998 ) Farscape ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Construction Site ( 1999 ) Family Rules ( 1999 ) Mopatop 's Shop ( 1999 -- 2005 ) The Fearing Mind ( 2000 ) The Hoobs ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola ( 2001 ) Animal Jam ( 2003 ) Five Minutes More ( 2006 ) Pajanimals ( 2008 , 2011 -- 2013 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Me and My Monsters ( 2010 -- 2011 ) That Puppet Game Show ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Doozers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Challenge ( 2014 ) Hi Opie ! ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( 2016 -- present ) Julie 's Greenroom ( 2017 -- present ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( 2019 ) TV specials The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas ( 1977 ) The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) Monster Maker ( 1989 ) The Song of the Cloud Forest ( 1989 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Theatrical films The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Buddy ( 1997 ) Rat ( 2000 ) Good Boy !", "12": "( 2003 ) Five Children and It ( 2004 ) MirrorMask ( 2005 ) Alexander and the Terrible , Horrible , No Good , Very Bad Day ( 2014 ) The Star ( 2017 ) Other projects Time Piece ( 1965 , short film ) The Cube ( 1969 , teleplay ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1996 , miniseries ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 , miniseries ) Farscape : The Peacekeeper Wars ( 2004 , miniseries ) The Sam Plenty Cavalcade of Action Show Plus Singing ! ( 2008 , web series ) Unstable Fables ( 2008 , DTV film ) Oscar 's Hotel for Fantastical Creatures ( 2015 , web series ) Turkey Hollow ( 2015 , TV film ) Henson Alternative Puppet Up ! ( 2006 -- present ) Late Night Liars ( 2010 ) Simian Undercover Detective Squad ( 2011 ) Neil 's Puppet Dreams ( 2012 -- 2013 ) No , You Shut Up !", "13": "( 2013 -- 2016 ) Good Morning Today ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Divisions Jim Henson 's Creature Shop Henson Recording Studios Jim Henson Home Entertainment Jim Henson Pictures Jim Henson Records Jim Henson Television Related Jim Henson Company Lot Jim Henson Foundation HIT Entertainment † Sold to The Walt Disney Company in 2004 , ‡ Muppet characters only ; sold to Sesame Workshop in 2000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star_(2017_film)&oldid=819398771 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films American films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American Christmas films Animated Christmas films Animated films about animals Films about donkeys Films about the Nativity of Jesus Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Walden Media films Sony Pictures Animation films The Jim Henson Company films Affirm Films films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 9, 2, 8, 3, 13, 7, 10, 12, 5, 11, 1, 0, 4, 6 ]	[ 9, 2, 8, 3, 13 ]
8871626316457705248	who did bette midler portray in the rose	[ "Mary Rose Foster", "Mary Rose Foster (Bette Midler) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose", "Mary Rose Foster", "Mary Rose Foster" ]	{ "0": "The Rose ( film ) - wikipedia The Rose ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Rose Theatrical release poster Directed by Mark Rydell Produced by Aaron Russo Marvin Worth Anthony Ray Screenplay by Bo Goldman Bill Kerby Story by Bill Kerby Starring Bette Midler Alan Bates Frederic Forrest Harry Dean Stanton Music by Paul A. Rothchild ( Mendelssohn - Piano concerto no 1 , 2nd movement , the Rose ) Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Edited by Robert L. Wolfe Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date November 9 , 1979 ( 1979 - 11 - 09 ) Running time 125 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $9.3 million Box office $29.2 million The Rose is a 1979 American drama film which tells the story of a self - destructive 1960s rock star who struggles to cope with the constant pressures of her career and the demands of her ruthless business manager . The film stars Bette Midler , Alan Bates , Frederic Forrest , Harry Dean Stanton , Barry Primus , and David Keith . The story is loosely based on the life of singer Janis Joplin . Originally titled Pearl , after Joplin 's nickname , and the title of her last album , it was fictionalized after her family declined to allow the producers the rights to her story . It was written by Bill Kerby and Bo Goldman from a story by Bill Kerby , and directed by Mark Rydell . The Rose was nominated for four Academy Awards including Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Bette Midler , in her screen debut ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Frederic Forrest ) , Best Film Editing and Best Sound . Midler performed the soundtrack album for the film , and the title track became one of her biggest hit singles .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Others 6 Home video 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In late 1969 , Mary Rose Foster ( Bette Midler ) is a famous rock and roll diva known as The Rose . Although a success , she is burnt out and lonely but is kept working by her gruff , greedy manager and promoter Rudge Campbell ( Alan Bates ) . Though loud and brassy , Rose is an insecure alcoholic and former drug user who seems to crave approval in her life . As such , she is determined to return to her hometown , now as a superstar . After being humiliated by a country singing star named Billy Ray ( Harry Dean Stanton ) whose songs she performs in her show , Rose takes off with a limousine driver named Huston Dyer ( Frederic Forrest ) and begins a romance with him . Rudge thinks Huston is just another hanger on , but Rose thinks she has finally met her true love . Huston tells her that he is actually an AWOL sergeant from the Army , and she tells him of her past in Florida . They have a rocky relationship and her lifestyle of `` Sex , Drugs , and Rock & Roll '' , constant touring , and Huston 's jealousy over Rose 's lesbian lover Sarah lead her to an inevitable breakdown at a tour stop in Memphis . Huston and Rose break up and she returns to her hometown of Jacksonville , Florida with PFC Mal , whom she met in Texas , as a security escort , telling him about her past . Arriving at the stadium for afternoon rehearsals for her concert , Rose repeats her intention to take a one - year break from performing , leading Rudge to tell her she will be in breach of contract and tells her she 's fired ( a ploy , his `` ace in the hole '' , to keep her performing ) . Dyer reappears and they realize that they can now leave and be together . she takes him on a tour of bars and music joints in her town .", "2": "Their reunion ends when Rudge reaches her on their car phone and convinces her to return for the concert , causing Dyer to give up and immediately grab a ride out - of - town with a trucker . Finally , Rose collapses on stage and dies ( from an overdose of alcohol , barbiturates and heroin ) in the opening minutes of her long - awaited homecoming concert . This is allusion to the oft - repeated story of a certain strain of Los Angeles heroin being especially potent as it circulated in late September and early October 1970 , claiming not only the life of Janis Joplin but many other people as well as leaving many others with permanent disabilities . Cast ( edit ) Bette Midler as Mary Rose Foster ( The Rose ) Alan Bates as Rudge Campbell Frederic Forrest as Huston Dyer Harry Dean Stanton as Billy Ray Barry Primus as Dennis David Keith as Pfc . Mal Sandra McCabe as Sarah Willingham Will Hare as Mr. Leonard James Keane as Sam Doris Roberts as Mrs. Foster Danny Weis as Danny , Band Leader and Guitarist of `` The Rose Band '' Steve Hunter - Guitar The Rose Band Sylvester as drag queen Michael Greer as Emcee ( `` Baby Jane '' ) Production ( edit ) The film was originally offered to Ken Russell , who chose instead to direct Valentino . Russell has described this decision as the biggest mistake of his career . At one point , Michael Cimino was also slated to direct . Reception ( edit ) The Rose has an 86 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 14 reviews . The film earned North American rentals of $19.1 million .", "3": "Awards and honors ( edit ) Wins Golden Globes : Best Actress - Musical / Comedy ( Bette Midler ) , Best Original Song - The Rose ( Amanda McBroom ) , New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture - Female ( Bette Midler ) National Society of Film Critics Awards : Best Supporting Actor ( Frederic Forrest ) Nominations Academy Awards : Best Actress ( Bette Midler ) , Best Supporting Actor ( Frederic Forrest ) , Best Editing ( Robert L. Wolfe and Carroll Timothy O'Meara ) and Best Sound ( Theodore Soderberg , Douglas O. Williams , Paul Wells , and Jim Webb ) Golden Globes : Best Picture - Musical / Comedy , Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture ( Frederic Forrest ) BAFTA Awards : Best Actress ( Bette Midler ) , Best Sound ( Theodore Soderberg , Douglas O. Williams , Paul Wells , James E. Webb ) César Awards : Best Foreign Film ( Mark Rydell ) Others ( edit ) The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` The Rose '' -- # 83 Home video ( edit ) The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu - ray and DVD on May 19 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) 1970s portal The Rose ( song ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aubrey Solomon , Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , Scarecrow Press , 1989 p259 Jump up ^ `` The Rose '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rose '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elan , Priya . `` Is the Janis Joplin biopic finally going to be filmed ? Do n't hold your breath '' , The Guardian , August 7 , 2010 . WebCitation archive . ^ Jump up to : `` The 52nd Academy Awards ( 1980 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sadie .", "4": "`` Ten big things I have learnt from my mistakes - Times Online '' . The Times . Registration required Jump up ^ Stempel , Tom ( 2000 ) . `` Framework : A History of Screenwriting in the American Film '' . ISBN 9780815606543 . Jump up ^ `` The Rose ( 1979 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Solomon p 234 Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Rose ( 1979 ) '' . The Criterion Collection . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 .", "5": "External links ( edit ) The Rose on IMDb The Rose at AllMovie The Rose at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Mark Rydell The Fox ( 1967 ) The Reivers ( 1969 ) The Cowboys ( 1972 ) Cinderella Liberty ( 1973 ) Harry and Walter Go to New York ( 1976 ) The Rose ( 1979 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) The River ( 1984 ) For the Boys ( 1991 ) Intersection ( 1994 ) Crime of the Century ( 1996 ) James Dean ( 2001 ) Even Money ( 2006 ) GND : 4830666 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rose_(film)&oldid=819539191 '' Categories : 1979 films English - language films 1970s drama films 1970s musical films American films American musical drama films American rock music films Films about drugs Films about music and musicians Films directed by Mark Rydell Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films set in 1969 Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New York City 20th Century Fox films Screenplays by Bo Goldman Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 0, 2, 3, 5, 4 ]	[ 1, 0, 2, 3, 5, 4 ]
-898855323088411182	what is the setting of the story sorry wrong number	[ "Manhattan", "Manhattan", "Manhattan", "Manhattan" ]	{ "0": "Sorry , Wrong Number - wikipedia Sorry , Wrong Number Jump to : navigation , search Sorry , Wrong Number Theatrical release poster Directed by Anatole Litvak Produced by Anatole Litvak Hal B. Wallis Screenplay by Lucille Fletcher Based on Sorry , Wrong Number 1943 the radio play by Lucille Fletcher Starring Barbara Stanwyck Burt Lancaster Ann Richards Wendell Corey Music by Franz Waxman Cinematography Sol Polito Edited by Warren Low Production company Hal Wallis Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date September 1 , 1948 ( 1948 - 09 - 01 ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $2,850,000 ( US rentals ) Sorry , Wrong Number is a 1948 American thriller film noir directed by Anatole Litvak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster . It tells the story of a woman who overhears a murder plot . The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play . It is one of the few pre-1950 Paramount Pictures films that remained in the studio 's library ( the rest are currently owned by Universal ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Radio play 5 Adaptations 5.1 1950 Lux Radio Theatre Version 5.2 1946 TV Broadcast 5.3 1954 TV Broadcast 5.4 1958 Australian TV Version 5.5 1989 US TV Movie 5.6 1948 Radio Parody 6 Other media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Streaming audio Plot ( edit ) Leona Stevenson ( Barbara Stanwyck ) is the spoiled , bedridden daughter of wealthy businessman James Cotterell ( Ed Begley ) . One day , while listening to what seems to be a crossed telephone connection , she hears two men planning a woman 's murder . The call cuts off without Leona learning very much other than it is scheduled for 11 : 15 p.m. , when a passing train will hide any sounds .", "1": "She calls the telephone company and the police , but with few concrete details , they can do nothing . Complicating matters , her husband Henry ( Lancaster ) is overdue and their servants have the night off , leaving her all alone in a Manhattan apartment . As she makes a number of phone calls trying to locate Henry , Leona inadvertently begins to piece together the mystery . The story is told mostly in flashbacks . When Leona reaches Henry 's secretary , Elizabeth Jennings ( Dorothy Neumann ) , she learns that he took an attractive Mrs. Lord to lunch and did not return to the office . Mrs. Lord turns out to be the former Sally Hunt ( Ann Richards ) . Leona stole then - drug - store - employee Henry from Sally , and married him against her father 's wishes . Sally is now the wife of Fred Lord ( Leif Erickson ) , a lawyer in the district attorney 's office . From overheard conversations , she learned that her husband was close to resolving an investigation that involves Henry somehow . Sally became so concerned that she followed her husband and two associates to a mysterious meeting in a seemingly abandoned house on Staten Island . The house , according to a `` no trespassing '' sign , belongs to a W. Evans . Sally arranged to meet Henry for lunch , but before she could warn him , he left the table and did not return . Later , Sally calls Leona with more news . The house on Staten Island has burned down , and three men , including someone named Morano ( William Conrad ) , have been arrested . Waldo Evans ( Harold Vermilyea ) , however , has escaped . Leona then receives a message from Henry stating he has gone out of town on business he had forgotten about and will not be back until Sunday . Leona next gets in touch with Dr. Alexander ( Wendell Corey ) , a specialist she had come to New York to see regarding her lifelong heart troubles . Alexander reveals that he gave Henry her prognosis 10 days before , something that Henry kept from her . Henry had married Leona without being aware of her health problems . He first found out when she had a heart attack after they quarreled about his attempt to get a job on his own , rather than being a do - nothing vice president in his father - in - law 's business .", "2": "( James Cotterell , however , sabotaged his job interview . ) Her attacks became more and more frequent , until she finally took to her bed about a year ago . Alexander , however , diagnosed Leona 's problems as purely psychosomatic ; nothing is wrong with her physically . Leona has got into hysterics and phones a hospital , asking to hire a nurse for the night . The receptionist tells her that they are short staffed and she can only have a nurse if the doctor feels it is n't an emergency . She thinks it is only 11 : 00pm but discovers her clock has stopped , sending her into worse hysterics . Then Leona receives a telephone call from Waldo Evans , a chemist working for her father . He reluctantly discloses that Henry recruited him to steal valuable chemicals from the Cotterell drug company to sell to Morano . Later , Henry decided to bypass Morano when Evans was transferred to the New Jersey plant . Morano , however , showed up with two thugs and intimidated Henry into signing an IOU for $200,000 for his lost profits , due in three months . When Henry protested that he did not have that much money , Morano pointed out that Leona must have a large insurance policy . However , with Morano now in custody , Evans stresses that Henry no longer has to raise the now - overdue sum . Waldo leaves Leona with a telephone number to call to locate Henry , but when she calls the number she discovers to her horror that it is for the city morgue . When Henry finally calls from a train station in New Haven , Connecticut , Leona gives him Evans ' message . Seeing that it is only minutes from 11 : 15 , he pleads with her to go to the balcony and scream for help , but she protests that she can not , though she can hear somebody downstairs . When the intruder enters her bedroom , she begs for her life , then screams . The intruder strangles and kills Leona . Unaware of the policemen about to apprehend him , Henry frantically calls back , only to have a man answer , `` Sorry , wrong number . '' Cast ( edit ) Barbara Stanwyck as Leona Stevenson Burt Lancaster as Henry J. Stevenson Ann Richards as Sally Hunt Lord Wendell Corey as Dr.", "3": "Philip Salvador Harold Vermilyea as Waldo Evans Ed Begley as James Cotterell Leif Erickson as Fred Lord William Conrad as Morano John Bromfield as Joe - Detective Jimmy Hunt as Peter Lord Dorothy Neumann as Elizabeth Ramsey Paul Fierro as Harpootlian Bill Cartledge as Page Boy ( uncredited ) Holmes Herbert as Wilkins Mineral ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Sorry , Wrong Number conforms to many of the conventions of film noir . The movie plays in real time , with many flashbacks to flesh out the story . Stanwyck 's bedroom window overlooks the night skyline of Manhattan . The film is shot very dark , with looming shadows and a circling camera used to maintain a high level of suspense . Hollywood 's Production Code Administration initially objected to elements of Fletcher 's screenplay , including its depiction of drug trafficking , and the script was significantly revised to win approval . For her role in the film , Stanwyck was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Radio play ( edit ) Lucille Fletcher 's play originally aired on the Suspense radio program on May 25 , 1943 , essentially a one - woman show with Agnes Moorehead as Mrs. Stevenson . The play was reprised seven times , each starring Moorehead . The final broadcast was on February 14 , 1960 . Orson Welles called Sorry , Wrong Number `` the greatest single radio script ever written '' . In 2015 , the May 25 , 1943 broadcast was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for inclusion in the National Recording Registry . Adaptations ( edit ) 1950 Lux Radio Theatre Version ( edit ) Another radio version -- an adaptation of the film -- was broadcast January 9 , 1950 , on Lux Radio Theatre . Barbara Stanwyck recreated her screen role 1946 TV broadcast ( edit ) Sorry , Wrong Number was made into a television play broadcast on station WCBW - TV ( now WCBS - TV ) in New York on January 30 , 1946 , starring Mildred Natwick and G. Swayne Gordon .", "4": "1954 TV broadcast ( edit ) A second live teleplay was broadcast on November 4 , 1954 , as the fourth episode of the CBS anthology series Climax ! , starring Lillian Bronson , adapted by Fletcher herself , with music provided by her then - husband , Bernard Herrmann . 1958 Australian TV version ( edit ) A version was produced for Australian television in 1958 starring Georgie Sterling . Sterling had performed in the play on radio in 1948 . 1989 us TV movie ( edit ) Another television version aired in 1989 , starring Loni Anderson , Patrick Macnee and Hal Holbrook . It was directed by Tony Wharmby and adapted by Ann Louise Bardach . 1948 radio parody ( edit ) On 17 October 1948 , Stanwyck did a parody of Sorry , Wrong Number on The Jack Benny Program . Other media ( edit ) Clips from Sorry , Wrong Number were used for the 1982 comedy - mystery Dead Men Do n't Wear Plaid , the 1991 thriller Dead Again and the 2014 action - thriller Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit . The latter two films were directed by Kenneth Branagh . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring home invasions Real time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1948 '' , Variety 5 January 1949 p 46 Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Film Noirs of All Time '' . Paste . August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1948 ) on IMDb . Jump up ^ Eifert , Steve . Sorry , Wrong Number , film analysis and review , Film Noir of the Week , June 29 , 2008 . Accessed : July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Passafiume , Andrea . Turner Classic Movies , Sorry , Wrong Number , film article , `` The Big Idea Behind Sorry , Wrong Number '' . Accessed : July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hitch - Hiker '' . The Mercury Summer Theatre on the Air , June 21 , 1946 , ( at 1 : 00 ) , at the Internet Archive .", "5": "Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1946 ) on IMDb . Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1954 ) on IMDb . Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1958 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Western heroes revolt '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . 26 , ( 2 ) . Australia , Australia . 18 June 1958 . p. 13 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` NEW FEATURE FOR 2AD '' . The Armidale Express And New England General Advertiser ( 3488 ) . New South Wales , Australia . 10 May 1948 . p. 2 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1989 ) on IMDb . Jump up ^ Benny , Jack . The Old Time Radio Network , at the OTR. Network Library web site , December 8 , 2011 . Accessed : July 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Sorry , Wrong Number at the American Film Institute Catalog Sorry , Wrong Number on IMDb Sorry , Wrong Number at AllMovie Sorry , Wrong Number at the TCM Movie Database Sorry , Wrong Number film trailer on YouTube Streaming audio ( edit ) Suspense and Lux Radio Theater broadcasts of Sorry , Wrong Number Sorry , Wrong Number on Lux Radio Theater : January 9 , 1950 . Starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster . ( hide ) Films directed by Anatole Litvak Dolly Gets Ahead ( 1930 ) Calais - Dover ( 1931 ) No More Love ( 1931 ) The Song of Night ( 1932 ) Tell Me Tonight ( 1932 ) Sleeping Car ( 1933 ) Mayerling ( 1936 ) The Woman I Love ( 1937 ) Tovarich ( 1937 ) The Amazing Dr.", "6": "Clitterhouse ( 1938 ) The Sisters ( 1938 ) Confessions of a Nazi Spy ( 1939 ) Castle on the Hudson ( 1940 ) All This , and Heaven Too ( 1940 ) City for Conquest ( 1940 ) Out of the Fog ( 1941 ) Blues in the Night ( 1941 ) This Above All ( 1942 ) The Long Night ( 1947 ) Sorry , Wrong Number ( 1948 ) The Snake Pit ( 1948 ) Decision Before Dawn ( 1951 ) Act of Love ( 1953 ) The Deep Blue Sea ( 1955 ) Anastasia ( 1956 ) Mayerling ( 1957 ) The Journey ( 1959 ) Goodbye Again ( 1961 ) Five Miles to Midnight ( 1962 ) The Night of the Generals ( 1967 ) The Lady in the Car with Glasses and a Gun ( 1970 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorry,_Wrong_Number&oldid=821809130 '' Categories : 1948 films English - language films 1943 plays 1946 television plays 1940s psychological thriller films American films American black - and - white films American thriller films Film noir Films scored by Franz Waxman Films based on radio series Films directed by Anatole Litvak Films produced by Hal B. Wallis Films set in New York City Paramount Pictures films Telephony in popular culture United States National Recording Registry recordings Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization .", "7": "About Wikipedia", "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 7, 6, 5, 1, 3, 0, 2, 4 ]	[ 1, 7, 6, 5, 3, 0 ]
8185245440398430688	where do they get the hair for a hair transplant	[ "back of the head", "chest", "back", "shoulders", "torso", "legs" ]	{ "0": "Hair transplantation - wikipedia Hair transplantation Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hair transplantation A graft transplantation to cover the scar of a Hidradenitis suppurativa operation on the back of the head ( edit on Wikidata ) Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body , called the ' donor site ' , to a bald or balding part of the body known as the ' recipient site ' . The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness . In this minimally invasive procedure , grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding , ( like the back of the head ) are transplanted to the bald scalp . Hair transplantation can also be used to restore eyelashes , eyebrows , beard hair , chest hair , pubic hair and to fill in scars caused by accidents or surgery such as face - lifts and previous hair transplants . Hair transplantation differs from skin grafting in that grafts contain almost all of the epidermis and dermis surrounding the hair follicle , and many tiny grafts are transplanted rather than a single strip of skin . Since hair naturally grows in groupings of 1 to 4 hairs , current techniques harvest and transplant hair `` follicular units '' in their natural groupings . Thus modern hair transplantation can achieve a natural appearance by mimicking original hair orientation . This hair transplant procedure is called follicular unit transplantation ( FUT ) . Donor hair can be harvested in two different ways : strip harvesting , and follicular unit extraction ( FUE ) .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Procedure 1.1 Pre-operative assessment and planning 1.2 Harvesting methods 1.2. 1 Strip harvesting 1.2. 2 Follicular unit extraction ( FUE ) 1.2. 3 Follicular unit transplant 1.2. 4 Robotic hair restoration 1.3 Types of surgery 1.4 Post-operative care 2 Side effects 3 History 4 Research and future techniques 5 References 6 External links Procedure Preoperative assessment and planning At an initial consultation , the surgeon analyzes the patient 's scalp , discusses their preferences and expectations , and advises them on the best approach ( e.g. single vs. multiple sessions ) and what results might reasonably be expected . Pre-operative folliscopy will help to know the actual existing density of hair , so that postoperative results of newly transplanted hair grafts can be accurately assessed . Some patients may benefit with preoperative topical minoxidil application and vitamins . For several days prior to surgery the patient refrains from using any medicines which might result in intraoperative bleeding and resultant poor grafting . Alcohol and smoking can contribute to poor graft survival . Post operative antibiotics are commonly prescribed to prevent wound or graft infections . Harvesting methods Transplant operations are performed on an outpatient basis , with mild sedation ( optional ) and injected local anesthesia . The scalp is shampooed and then treated with an antibacterial agent prior to the donor scalp being harvested . There are several different techniques for harvesting hair follicles , each with their own advantages and disadvantages . Regardless of the harvesting technique , proper extraction of the hair follicle is paramount to ensure the viability of the transplanted hair and avoid transection , the cutting of the hair shaft from the hair follicle . Hair follicles grow at a slight angle to the skin 's surface , so transplanted tissue must be removed at a corresponding angle . There are two main ways in which donor grafts are extracted today : strip excision harvesting , and follicular unit extraction . Strip harvesting Strip harvesting is the most common technique for removing hair and follicles from a donor site . The surgeon harvests a strip of skin from the posterior scalp , in an area of good hair growth .", "2": "A single - , double - , or triple - bladed scalpel is used to remove strips of hair - bearing tissue from the donor site . Each incision is planned so that intact hair follicles are removed . The excised strip is about 1 -- 1.5 x 15 -- 30 cm in size . While closing the resulting wound , assistants begin to dissect individual follicular unit grafts , which are small , naturally formed groupings of hair follicles , from the strip . Working with binocular Stereo - microscopes , they carefully remove excess fibrous and fatty tissue while trying to avoid damage to the follicular cells that will be used for grafting . The latest method of closure is called ' Trichophytic closure ' which results in much finer scars at the donor area . The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts , placing them in a predetermined density and pattern , and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern . The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure , inserting the individual grafts in place . Strip harvesting will leave a thin linear scar in the donor area , which is typically covered by a patient 's hair even at relatively short lengths . The recovery period is around 2 weeks and will require the stitches / staples to be removed by medical personnel or sub cuticular suturing can be done . Follicular unit extraction ( FUE ) With Follicular Unit Extraction or FUE harvesting , individual follicular units containing 1 to 4 hairs are removed under local anesthesia ; this micro removal typically uses tiny punches of between 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm in diameter . The surgeon then uses very small micro blades or fine needles to puncture the sites for receiving the grafts , placing them in a predetermined density and pattern , and angling the wounds in a consistent fashion to promote a realistic hair pattern . The technicians generally do the final part of the procedure , inserting the individual grafts in place . FUE takes place in a single long session or multiple small sessions . The FUE procedure is more time consuming than strip surgery . An FUE surgery time varies according to the surgeons experience , speed in harvesting and patient characteristics .", "3": "The procedue can take anywhere from a couple hours to extract 200 grafts for a scar correction to a surgery over two consecutive days for a megasession of 2,500 to 3,000 grafts . With the FUE Hair Transplant procedure there are restrictions on patient candidacy . Clients are selected for FUE based on a fox test , though there is some debate about the usefulness of this in screening clients for FUE . FUE can give very natural results . The advantage over strip harvesting is that FUE harvesting negates the need for large areas of scalp tissue to be harvested , so there is no linear incision on the back of the head and it does n't leave a linear scar . Because individual follicles are removed , only small , punctate scars remain which are virtually not visible and any post-surgical pain and discomfort is minimized . As no suture removal is required , recovery from Micro Grafting FUE is less than 7 days . Disadvantages include increased surgical times and higher cost to the patient . It is challenging for new surgeons because the procedure is physically demanding and the learning curve to acquire the skills necessary is lengthy and tough . Some surgeons note that FUE can lead to a lower ratio of successfully transplanted follicles as compared to strip harvesting . Follicular unit transplant Follicular unit transplant ( FUT ) is the traditional hair transplant method which involves extracting a linear strip of hair bearing skin from the back or the side of the scalp . The strip is then dissected to separate individual grafts . Robotic hair restoration Robotic hair restoration devices utilize cameras and robotic arms to assist the surgeon with the FUE procedure . In 2009 , NeoGraft became the first robotic surgical device FDA approved for hair restoration . The ARTAS System was FDA approved in 2011 for use in harvesting follicular units from brown - haired and black - haired men . Despite the advantages of robotic hair restoration systems , there are still some disadvantages such as the size of the punches being relatively large in comparison to what is used in other methods of FUE , and the high costs associated with the devices .", "4": "Types of surgery There are a number of applications for hair transplant surgery , including : Androgenetic alopecia Eyebrow transplant Frontal hair line lowering or reconstruction ( naturally high hairlines without an existing hair loss condition ) If donor hair numbers from the back of the head are insufficient , it is possible to perform body hair transplantation ( BHT ) on appropriate candidates who have available donor hair on the chest , back , shoulders , torso and / or legs . Body hair transplant surgery can only be performed by the FUE harvesting method and , so , requires the skills of an experienced FUE surgeon . However , there are several factors for a potential BHT candidate to consider prior to surgery . These include understanding the natural difference in textural characteristics between body hair and scalp hair , growth rates , and having realistic expectations about the results of BHT surgery . Postoperative care Advances in wound care allow for semi-permeable dressing , which allow seepage of blood and tissue fluid , to be applied and changed at least daily . The vulnerable recipient area must be shielded from the sun , and shampooing is started two days after the surgery . Some surgeons will have the patient shampoo the day after surgery . Shampooing is important to prevent scabs from forming around the hair shaft . Scabs adhere to the hair shaft and increase the risk of losing newly transplanted hair follicles during the first 7 to 10 days post-op . During the first ten days , some of the transplanted hairs , inevitably traumatized by their relocation , may fall out . This is referred to as `` shock loss '' . After two to three months new hair will begin to grow from the moved follicles . The patient 's hair will grow normally , and continue to thicken through the next six to nine months . Any subsequent hair loss is likely to be only from untreated areas . Some patients elect to use medications to retard such loss , while others plan a subsequent transplant procedure to deal with this eventuality . Side effects Hair thinning , known as `` shock loss '' , is a common side effect that is usually temporary . Bald patches are also common , as fifty to a hundred hairs can be lost each day . Post-operative hiccups have also been seen in around 5 % of transplant patients .", "5": "History The use of both scalp flaps , in which a band of tissue with its original blood supply is shifted to the continue bald area , and free grafts dates back to the 19th century . In 1897 , Menahem Hodara successfully implanted hair taken from the unaffected areas of the scalp on to the scars that were left bald by favus . Modern transplant techniques began in Japan in the 1930s , where surgeons used small grafts , and even `` follicular unit grafts '' to replace damaged areas of eyebrows or lashes , but not to treat baldness . Their efforts did not receive worldwide attention at the time , and the traumas of World War II kept their advances isolated for another two decades . The modern era of hair transplantation in the western world was ushered in the late 1950s , when New York dermatologist Norman Orentreich began to experiment with free donor grafts to balding areas in patients with male pattern baldness . Previously it had been thought that transplanted hair would thrive no more than the original hair at the `` recipient '' site . Orentreich demonstrated that such grafts were `` donor dominant , '' as the new hairs grew and lasted just as they would have at their original home . Advancing the theory of donor dominance , Walter P. Unger , M.D. defined the parameters of the `` Safe Donor Zone '' from which the most permanent hair follicles could be extracted for hair transplantation . As transplanted hair will only grow in its new site for as long as it would have in its original one , these parameters continue to serve as the fundamental foundation for hair follicle harvesting , whether by strip method or FUE . For the next twenty years , surgeons worked on transplanting smaller grafts , but results were only minimally successful , with 2 -- 4 mm `` plugs '' leading to a doll 's head - like appearance . In the 1980s , strip excisions began to replace the plug technique , and Carlos Uebel in Brazil popularized using large numbers of small grafts , while in the United States William Rassman began using thousands of `` micrografts '' in a single session . In the late 1980s , B.L. Limmer introduced the use of the stereo - microscope to dissect a single donor strip into small micrografts .", "6": "The follicular unit hair transplant procedure has continued to evolve , becoming more refined and minimally invasive as the size of the graft incisions have become smaller . These smaller and less invasive incisions enable surgeons to place a larger number of follicular unit grafts into a given area . With the new `` gold standard '' of ultra refined follicular unit hair transplantation , over 50 grafts can be placed per square centimeter , when appropriate for the patient . Surgeons have also devoted more attention to the angle and orientation of the transplanted grafts . The adoption of the `` lateral slit '' technique in the early 2000s , enabled hair transplant surgeons to orient 2 to 4 hair follicular unit grafts so that they splay out across the scalp 's surface . This enabled the transplanted hair to lie better on the scalp and provide better coverage to the bald areas . One disadvantage however , is that lateral incisions also tend to disrupt the scalp 's vascularity more than sagittals . Thus sagittal incisions transect less hairs and blood vessels assuming the cutting instruments are of the same size . One of the big advantages of sagittals is that they do a much better job of sliding in and around existing hairs to avoid follicle transection . This certainly makes a strong case for physicians who do not require shaving of the recipient area . The lateral incisions bisect existing hairs perpendicular ( horizontal ) like a T while sagittal incisions run parallel ( vertical ) alongside and in between existing hairs . The use of perpendicular ( lateral / coronal ) slits versus parallel ( sagittal ) slits , however , has been heavily debated in patient - based hair transplant communities . Many elite hair transplant surgeons typically adopt a combination of both methods based on what is best for the individual patient . Research and future techniques Stem cells and dermal papilla cells have been discovered in hair follicles . Research on these follicular cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication ( HM ) , also known as hair cloning . References Jump up ^ `` FUE Hair Transplant Procedure - International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery '' . ishrs.org . Jump up ^ Onda M , Igawa HH , Inoue K , Tanino R ( Dec 2008 ) .", "7": "`` Novel technique of follicular unit extraction hair transplantation with a powered punching device '' . Dermatol Surg. 34 : 1683 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1524 - 4725.2008. 34346. x . PMID 19018825 . Jump up ^ Rassman WR , Bernstein RM , McClellan R , Jones R , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Follicular Unit Extraction : Minimally invasive surgery for hair transplantation '' . Dermatol Surg. 28 ( 8 ) : 720 -- 7 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1524 - 4725.2002. 01320. x . Jump up ^ Harris JA ( Nov 2008 ) . `` Follicular unit extraction '' . Facial Plast Surg. 24 : 404 -- 13 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0028 - 1102904 . PMID 19034817 . Jump up ^ L. Williams , Ken ( 2013 ) . `` Current Practices and Controversies in Cosmetic Hair Restoration '' ( PDF ) . CONTROVERSIES IN COSMETIC HAIR RESTORATION . Jump up ^ http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0x57s71r Jump up ^ `` Hair transplant robot gets FDA approval , men with straight brown hair rejoice '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Parsa Mohebi , ( 2013 ) . MODERN HAIR RESTORATION - A Complete Hair Loss Guide For Men And Women . 1st ed . Jump up ^ Okuda S ( 1939 ) . `` The study of clinical experiments of hair transplantation '' . Jpn J Dermatolurol. 46 : 135 . Jump up ^ Orentreich , Norman ( 1959 ) . `` Autografts in Alopecia and Other Selected Dermatologic Conditions '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 83 : 463 -- 479 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1960. tb40920. x .", "8": "Jump up ^ Unger WP ( 1994 ) . `` Delineating the ' Safe ' Donor Area for Hair Transplanting '' . The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery . 11 : 239 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Rassman WR , Bernstein RM , McClellan R , Jones R , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Follicular Unit Extraction : Minimally invasive surgery for hair transplantation '' . Dermatol Surg. 28 ( 8 ) : 720 -- 7 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1524 - 4725.2002. 01320. x . Jump up ^ Alam , Murad . Evidence - Based Procedural Dermatology . Springer November 2011 ; 382 - 3 . External links Media related to Hair transplantation at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hair_transplantation&oldid=836861370 '' Categories : Hair transplantation Cosmetic surgery Transplantation medicine Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional medical references from July 2016 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar მარგალური Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 08 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "9": ", a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 4, 0, 7, 8, 2, 6, 5, 3, 1, 9 ]	[ 4, 0, 7, 8, 2 ]
9163642493279224316	when was the last time anyone was on the moon	[ "December 1972", "December 1972", "14 December 1972 UTC", "December 1972" ]	{ "0": "Moon landing - wikipedia Moon landing This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the general topic . For the first manned Moon landing , see Apollo 11 and Apollo program . For other uses , see Moon landing ( disambiguation ) . `` Race to the Moon '' redirects here . For the Cold War topic , see Space Race . Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time . A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon . This includes both manned and unmanned ( robotic ) missions . The first human - made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union 's Luna 2 mission , on 13 September 1959 . The United States ' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon , on 20 July 1969 . There have been six manned U.S. landings ( between 1969 and 1972 ) and numerous unmanned landings , with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013 . To date , the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon , with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Unmanned landings 2 Manned landings 3 Scientific background 4 Political background 5 Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6 Early U.S.", "1": "unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Pioneer missions 6.2 Ranger missions 7 Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) 8 U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 9 Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations 10 Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) 11 U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) 12 Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 13 Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) 13.1 US strategy 13.2 Soviet strategy 13.3 Apollo missions 13.4 Manned Moon landings 13.5 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings 14 Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings 14.1 Hiten ( Japan ) 14.2 Lunar Prospector ( USA ) 14.3 SMART - 1 ( ESA ) 14.4 SELENE ( Japan ) 14.5 Chang'e 1 ( China ) 14.6 Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) 14.7 LCROSS ( USA ) 14.8 GRAIL ( USA ) 14.9 LADEE ( USA ) 15 21st century unmanned soft landings 15.1 Chang'e 3 ( China ) 16 Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies 17 Proposed future missions 18 Historical empirical evidence 19 See also 20 References and notes 21 External links Unmanned landings After the unsuccessful attempt by the Luna 1 to land on the moon in 1959 , the Soviet Union performed the first hard ( unpowered ) moon landing later that same year with the Luna 2 spacecraft , a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with Ranger 4 . Since then , twelve Soviet and U.S. spacecraft have used braking rockets to make soft landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface , between 1966 and 1976 .", "2": "In 1966 the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the Luna 9 and Luna 13 missions . The U.S. followed with five unmanned Surveyor soft landings . The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970 . This was followed by Luna 20 and Luna 24 in 1972 and 1976 , respectively . Following the failure at launch in 1969 of the first Lunokhod , Luna E-8 No. 201 , the Luna 17 and Luna 21 were successful unmanned lunar rover missions in 1970 and 1973 . Many missions were failures at launch . In addition , several unmanned landing missions achieved the Lunar surface but were unsuccessful , including : Luna 15 , Luna 18 , and Luna 23 all crashed on landing ; and the U.S. Surveyor 4 lost all radio contact only moments before its landing . More recently , other nations have crashed spacecraft on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around 8,000 kilometres per hour ( 5,000 mph ) , often at precise , planned locations . These have generally been end - of - life lunar orbiters that , because of system degradations , could no longer overcome perturbations from lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) to maintain their orbit . Japan 's lunar orbiter Hiten impacted the Moon 's surface on 10 April 1993 . The European Space Agency performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter SMART - 1 on 3 September 2006 . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a controlled crash impact with its Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) on 14 November 2008 . The MIP was an ejected probe from the Indian Chandrayaan - 1 lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface . The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 . The rover mission Chang'e 3 was launched on 1 December 2013 and soft - landed on 14 December . Manned landings The lunar surface through a Lunar Module window shortly after landing A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon .", "3": "This was accomplished with two US pilot - astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41 - month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC , with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 , and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface . All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module . The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility . Scientific background In order to go to the Moon , a spacecraft must first leave the gravity well of the Earth . The only practical way of accomplishing this currently is with a rocket . Unlike other airborne vehicles such as balloons or jets , a rocket is the only known form of propulsion which can continue to increase its speed at high altitudes in the vacuum outside the Earth 's atmosphere . Upon approach of the target moon , a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity . In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) and be ruggedized to withstand a `` hard landing '' impact , or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a `` soft landing '' ( which is the only viable option with human occupants ) . The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard moon landing with a ruggedized seismometer package in 1962 all failed . The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966 , followed only months later by the first unmanned soft lunar landing by the U.S. The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100 % of the escape velocity of the target moon , and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon 's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur . For Earth 's Moon , the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second ( 1.48 mi / s ) . The change in velocity ( referred to as a delta - v ) is usually provided by a landing rocket , which must be carried into space by the original launch vehicle as part of the overall spacecraft .", "4": "An exception is the soft moon landing on Titan carried out by the Huygens probe in 2005 . As the moon with the thickest atmosphere , landings on Titan may be accomplished by using atmospheric entry techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability . The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959 . Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft , or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket . There have been many such moon crashes , often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface . For example , during the Apollo program the S - IVB third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the lunar module were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a moonquake on seismometers that had been left on the lunar surface . Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the internal structure of the Moon . To return to Earth , the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the gravity well of the Moon . Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space . Upon reaching Earth , atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the kinetic energy of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing . These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations . Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon 's surface by a moon landing rocket , increasing the latter 's required size . The Moon departure rocket , larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and parachutes must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle , greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree . Political background Main article : Space Race This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed .", "5": "Find sources : `` Moon landing '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intense efforts devoted in the 1960s to achieving first an unmanned and then ultimately a manned moon landing become easier to understand in the political context of its historical era . World War II had introduced many new and deadly innovations including blitzkrieg - style surprise attacks used in the invasion of Poland and in the attack on Pearl Harbor ; the V - 2 rocket , a ballistic missile which killed thousands in attacks on London and Antwerp ; and the atom bomb , which killed hundreds of thousands in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the 1950s , tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union that had emerged as victors in the conflict , particularly after the development by both countries of the hydrogen bomb . The first image of another world from space , returned by Luna 3 , showed the far side of the Moon in October 1959 . Willy Ley wrote in 1957 that a rocket to the Moon `` could be built later this year if somebody can be found to sign some papers '' . On 4 October 1957 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and so initiated the Space Race . This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S. , who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear - tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes . Also , the steady beeping of the radio beacon aboard Sputnik 1 as it passed overhead every 96 minutes was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to Third World countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet political system compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid - fire Soviet space achievements .", "6": "In 1959 , the R - 7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth 's gravity into a solar orbit , the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon and the first photography of the never - before - seen far side of the Moon . These were the Luna 1 , Luna 2 and Luna 3 spacecraft . A 1963 conceptual model of the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency , NASA . Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) that would bridge the so - called missile gap and enable a policy of deterrence to nuclear war with the Soviets known as mutual assured destruction or MAD . These newly developed missiles were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects ( which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload , guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets ) . While NASA stressed peaceful and scientific uses for these rockets , their use in various lunar exploration efforts also had secondary goal of realistic , goal - oriented testing of the missiles themselves and development of associated infrastructure , just as the Soviets were doing with their R - 7 . Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Luna 3 transmitted the first photos of the far side of the Moon After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts . Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch , the Soviets assigned a public `` Luna '' mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit . The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view . If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon , it was frequently ( but not always ) given a `` Sputnik '' or `` Cosmos '' Earth - orbit mission number to hide its purpose . Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all .", "7": "Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Semyorka -- 8K72 23 September 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 93 s Semyorka -- 8K72 12 October 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 104 s Semyorka -- 8K72 4 December 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 254 s Luna - 1 361 Semyorka -- 8K72 2 January 1959 Impact Partial success -- first spacecraft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby , solar orbit ; missed the Moon Semyorka -- 8K72 18 June 1959 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 153 s Luna - 2 390 Semyorka -- 8K72 12 September 1959 Impact Success -- first lunar impact Luna - 3 270 Semyorka -- 8K72 4 October 1959 Flyby Success -- first photos of lunar far side Semyorka -- 8K72 15 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K72 16 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 1 s Sputnik - 25 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 January 1963 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 3 February 1963 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 105 s Luna - 4 1422 Semyorka -- 8K78 2 April 1963 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi ) Semyorka -- 8K78 21 March 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 20 April 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction ,", "8": "failed to reach Earth orbit Cosmos - 60 Semyorka -- 8K78 12 March 1965 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 10 April 1965 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 5 1475 Semyorka -- 8K78 9 May 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 6 1440 Semyorka -- 8K78 8 June 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres ( 99,000 mi ) Luna - 7 1504 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 October 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 8 1550 Semyorka -- 8K78 3 December 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact during landing attempt Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Artist 's portrayal of a Ranger spacecraft right before impact One of the last photos of the Moon transmitted by Ranger 8 right before impact In contrast to Soviet lunar exploration triumphs in 1959 , success eluded initial U.S. efforts to reach the Moon with the Pioneer and Ranger programs . Fifteen consecutive U.S. unmanned lunar missions over a six - year period from 1958 to 1964 all failed their primary photographic missions ; however , Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions . Failures included three U.S. attempts in 1962 to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft . These surface packages were to use retrorockets to survive landing , unlike the parent vehicle , which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface . The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar reconnaissance photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second ( 9,400 and 9,600 km / h ) .", "9": "Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Pioneer 0 38 Thor - Able 17 August 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Pioneer 1 34 Thor - Able 11 October 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- software error ; reentry Pioneer 2 39 Thor - Able 8 November 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- third stage misfire ; reentry Pioneer 3 6 Juno 6 December 1958 Flyby Failure -- first stage misfire , reentry Pioneer 4 6 Juno 3 March 1959 Flyby Partial success -- first US craft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error ; solar orbit Pioneer P - 1 168 Atlas - Able 24 September 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- pad explosion ; destroyed Pioneer P - 3 168 Atlas - Able 29 November 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- payload shroud ; destroyed Pioneer P - 30 175 Atlas - Able 25 September 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- second stage anomaly ; reentry Pioneer P - 31 175 Atlas - Able 15 December 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Ranger 1 306 Atlas -- Agena 23 August 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 2 304 Atlas -- Agena 18 November 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 3 330 Atlas -- Agena 26 January 1962 Landing Failure -- booster guidance ; solar orbit Ranger 4 331 Atlas -- Agena 23 April 1962 Landing Partial success -- first U.S.", "10": "spacecraft to reach another celestial body ; crash impact -- no photos returned Ranger 5 342 Atlas -- Agena 18 October 1962 Landing Failure -- spacecraft power ; solar orbit Ranger 6 367 Atlas -- Agena 30 January 1964 Impact Failure -- spacecraft camera ; crash impact Ranger 7 367 Atlas -- Agena 28 July 1964 Impact Success -- returned 4308 photos , crash impact Ranger 8 367 Atlas -- Agena 17 February 1965 Impact Success -- returned 7137 photos , crash impact Ranger 9 367 Atlas -- Agena 21 March 1965 Impact Success -- returned 5814 photos , crash impact Pioneer missions Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs . Those flown on the Thor booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an infrared image scanning television system with a resolution of 1 milliradian to study the Moon 's surface , an ionization chamber to measure radiation in space , a diaphragm / microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites , a magnetometer , and temperature - variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions . The first , a mission managed by the United States Air Force , exploded during launch ; all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization . The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and 1,450 kilometres ( 900 mi ) , far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres ( 250,000 mi ) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon . NASA then collaborated with the United States Army 's Ballistic Missile Agency to fly two extremely small cone - shaped probes on the Juno ICBM , carrying only photocells which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger - Müller tube detector . The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) , serendipitously gathering data that established the presence of the Van Allen radiation belts before reentering Earth 's atmosphere .", "11": "The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) , twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on - board scientific instruments , yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a solar orbit . The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four `` paddlewheel '' solar panels extending from a one - meter diameter spherical spin - stabilized spacecraft body that was equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television - like system , estimate the Moon 's mass and topography of the poles , record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites , study radiation , measure magnetic fields , detect low frequency electromagnetic waves in space and use a sophisticated integrated propulsion system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well . None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its Atlas ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage . Following the unsuccessful Atlas - Able Pioneer probes , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory embarked upon an unmanned spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions . The interplanetary versions were known as Mariners ; lunar versions were Rangers . JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes : Block I prototypes , which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon ; Block II , which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package ; and Block III , which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide - area photographs of the Moon during their descent . Ranger missions See also : Ranger program The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical . Spacecraft experiments included a Lyman - alpha telescope , a rubidium - vapor magnetometer , electrostatic analyzers , medium - energy - range particle detectors , two triple coincidence telescopes , a cosmic - ray integrating ionization chamber , cosmic dust detectors , and scintillation counters . The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and a perigee of 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) .", "12": "From that vantage point , scientists could make direct measurements of the magnetosphere over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances . Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high - bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one - shot fifteen - minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents . Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch ; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days . The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3 , 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States . All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact - limiter , 650 mm in diameter , a mono - propellant mid-course motor , a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds - force ( 22.5 kN ) , and a gold - and chrome - plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter . This lander ( code - named Tonto ) was designed to provide impact cushioning using an exterior blanket of crushable balsa wood and an interior filled with incompressible liquid freon . A 42 kg ( 56 pounds ) 30 - centimetre - diameter ( 0.98 ft ) metal payload sphere floated and was free to rotate in a liquid freon reservoir contained in the landing sphere . This payload sphere contained six silver - cadmium batteries to power a fifty - milliwatt radio transmitter , a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures , and a seismometer that was designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 5 lb ( 2.3 kg ) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon . Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere . After landing , plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere . The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere .", "13": "Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator , which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch . No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers , and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission . Instead , the 3.1 metres ( 10 ft ) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200 - scan - line television camera which was to capture images during the free - fall descent to the lunar surface . The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds . Seconds before impact , at 5 and 0.6 kilometres ( 3.11 and 0.37 mi ) above the lunar surface , the Ranger mother ships took picture ( which may be viewed here ) . Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter . The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid - fueled braking rocket overboard from the Block II mother ship . The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres ( 1,080 ft ) above the surface and separate , allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface . On Ranger 3 , failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon . Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in - flight failure of the onboard flight computer . This was probably because of prior heat sterilization of the spacecraft by keeping it above the boiling point of water for 24 hours on the ground , to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms . Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in - flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power subsystem on Ranger 5 . Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon . Heat sterilization was discontinued for the final four Block III Ranger probes . These replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier , more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo manned Moon landing missions .", "14": "Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high - altitude photographs in the final twenty - minute period before crashing on the lunar surface . Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines , far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television . While Ranger 6 suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight , the subsequent Ranger 7 mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success . Breaking the six - year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range , the Ranger 7 mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the United States Congress intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo manned Moon landing program . Subsequent successes with Ranger 8 and Ranger 9 further buoyed U.S. hopes . Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander Model of Soviet Lunokhod automatic moon rover The Luna 9 spacecraft , launched by the Soviet Union , performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February , 1966 . Airbags protected its 99 kilograms ( 218 lb ) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) . Luna 13 duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966 . Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface . Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth . It represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union , and was the third lunar sample return mission overall , following the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions . This mission was later successfully repeated by Luna 20 ( 1972 ) and Luna 24 ( 1976 ) . In 1970 and 1973 two Lunokhod ( `` Moonwalker '' ) robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon , where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively , covering 10.5 km ( Lunokhod 1 ) and 37 km ( Lunokhod 2 ) .", "15": "These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby , orbiter and landing missions . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Luna - 9 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 31 January 1966 Landing Success -- first lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 7.13 ° N 64.37 ° W Luna - 13 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 21 December 1966 Landing Success -- second lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 18 ° 52'N 62 ° 3'W Proton 19 February 1969 Lunar rover Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 14 June 1969 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 15 5,700 Proton 13 July 1969 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Crisium unknown Cosmos - 300 Proton 23 September 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Cosmos - 305 Proton 22 October 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Proton 6 February 1970 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 16 5,600 Proton 12 September 1970 Sample return Success -- returned 0.10 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 000.68 S 056.30 E Luna - 17 5,700 Proton 10 November 1970 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 1 rover traveled 10.5 km across lunar surface Mare Imbrium 038.28 N 325.00 E Luna - 18 5,750 Proton 2 September 1971 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 20 5,", "16": "727 Proton 14 February 1972 Sample return Success -- returned 0.05 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 21 5,950 Proton 8 January 1973 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 2 rover traveled 37.0 km across lunar surface LeMonnier Crater 025.85 N 030.45 E Luna - 23 5,800 Proton 28 October 1974 Sample return Failure -- Moon landing achieved , but malfunction prevented sample return Mare Crisium 012.00 N 062.00 E Proton 16 October 1975 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 24 5,800 Proton 9 August 1976 Sample return Success -- returned 0.17 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Crisium 012.25 N 062.20 E U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Launch of Surveyor 1 . Pete Conrad , commander of Apollo 12 , stands next to Surveyor 3 lander . In the background is the Apollo 12 lander , Intrepid . The U.S. robotic Surveyor program was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the radar and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown . Five of Surveyor 's seven missions made successful unmanned Moon landings . Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12 . They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long - term exposure to the lunar environment . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned , first U.S.", "17": "Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction , placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble ; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned ; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown ; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned , first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned , robot arm & alpha scatter science , engine restart , second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned ; robot arm & alpha scatter science ; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with unmanned spacecraft . To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the Moon . These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming manned landers with their much greater weight .", "18": "However , the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) - per - hour ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) - per - hour impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar - controlled , adjustable - thrust retrorocket . While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments , only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a manned flight . Thus as of mid-1966 , the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so - called Space Race to land a man on the Moon . A timeline of the space race between 1957 and 1975 , with missions from the USA and USSR . Advances in other areas were necessary before manned spacecraft could follow unmanned ones to the surface of the Moon . Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit . Ranger , Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all utilized flight paths from Earth that traveled directly to the lunar surface without first placing the spacecraft in a lunar orbit . Such direct ascents use a minimum amount of fuel for unmanned spacecraft on a one - way trip . In contrast , manned vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew . Leaving this massive amount of required Earth - return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again , working against lunar gravity both ways . Such considerations lead logically to a lunar orbit rendezvous mission profile for a manned Moon landing . Accordingly , beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions which featured lunar orbit operations as a necessary prerequisite to a manned Moon landing . The primary goals of these initial unmanned orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of manned landing sites and , for the Soviets , the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings .", "19": "An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon 's maria . Such mass concentrations ( `` mascons '' ) can send a manned mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe . Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low - altitude satellites around the Moon , making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years . Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value . For example , in 1999 the NASA Lunar Prospector orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole . It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume that would be detectable from Earth . No such plume was observed . However , a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist Eugene Shoemaker was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor -- currently the only human remains on the Moon . Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) U.S.S.R.", "20": "mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Cosmos -- 111 Molniya - M 1 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Luna - 10 1,582 Molniya - M 31 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,738 km x 2,088 km x 72 deg orbit , 178 m period , 60 - day science mission Luna - 11 1,640 Molniya - M 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,931 km x 1,898 km x 27 deg orbit , 178 m period , 38 - day science mission Luna - 12 1,620 Molniya - M 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,938 km x 1,871 km x 10 deg orbit , 205 m period , 89 - day science mission Cosmos - 159 1,700 Molniya - M 17 May 1967 Prototype test Success -- high Earth orbit manned landing communications gear radio calibration test Molniya - M 7 February 1968 Lunar orbiter Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit -- attempted radio calibration test ? Luna - 14 1,700 Molniya - M 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter Success -- 870 km x 160 km x 42 deg orbit , 160 m period , unstable orbit , radio calibration test ? Luna - 19 5,700 Proton 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter Success -- 140 km x 140 km x 41 deg orbit , 121 m period , 388 - day science mission Luna - 22 5,700 Proton 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter Success -- 222 km x 219 km x 19 deg orbit , 130 m period , 521 - day science mission Luna 10 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966 . U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) U.S.", "21": "mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Lunar Orbiter 1 386 Atlas -- Agena 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,160 km X 189 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 80 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 2 386 Atlas -- Agena 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 339 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 3 386 Atlas -- Agena 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 21 deg orbit , 208 m period , 246 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 4 386 Atlas -- Agena 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,111 km X 2,706 km x 86 deg orbit , 721 m period , 180 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 5 386 Atlas -- Agena 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,023 km X 195 km x 85 deg orbit , 510 m period , 183 - day photography mission Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Main article : Soviet manned lunar programs Zond mounted on top stage of Proton booster in assembly hangar . It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so that it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit , following the so - called free return trajectory . Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required . However , a manned circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges above and beyond those found in a manned low - Earth - orbit mission , offering valuable lessons in preparation for a manned Moon landing . Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth 's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon .", "22": "Manned Earth - orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 17,000 miles per hour ( 27,000 km / h ; 7,600 m / s ) . Due to the effects of gravity , a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth 's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 25,000 miles per hour ( 40,000 km / h ; 11,000 m / s ) . The g - loading on astronauts during the resulting deceleration can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry . Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force . Achieving a manned circumlunar loop flight prior to a manned lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their Zond spacecraft program . The first three Zonds were unmanned planetary probes ; after that , the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate manned program . The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high - speed reentry techniques . This focus was not shared by the U.S. , who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a manned circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose . Initial manned spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet Vostok and U.S. Mercury programs . A two - flight extension of the Vostok program known as Voskhod effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965 . These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten Gemini low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966 , using a totally new second - generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury . These Gemini missions went on to prove critical techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking that were crucial to a manned lunar landing mission profile . After the end of the Gemini program , the Soviets Union began flying their second - generation Zond manned spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him immediately to Earth .", "23": "The Zond spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational Proton launch rocket , unlike the parallel Soviet manned Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third - generation Soyuz spacecraft requiring development of the advanced N - 1 booster . The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a manned Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. manned lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory . However , significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort . Like Zond , Apollo Moon flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop in the event that a Service Module malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit as planned . This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 , which is the only manned circumlunar loop mission flown to date .", "24": "U.S.S.R mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Payload Mission result Cosmos - 146 5,400 Proton 10 March 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Cosmos - 154 5,400 Proton 8 April 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Proton 28 September 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 22 November 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 4 5,140 Proton 2 March 1968 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- launched successfully to 300,000 km high Earth orbit , high speed reentry test guidance malfunction , intentional self - destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union Proton 23 April 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit ; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew Zond - 5 5,375 Proton 15 September 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned live biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond - 6 5,375 Proton 10 November 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Partial success -- looped around Moon , successful reentry , but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death , parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing Proton 20 January 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 7 5,979 Proton 8 August 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on - target inside Soviet Union .", "25": "Only Zond mission whose reentry G - forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard . Zond - 8 5,375 Proton 20 October 1970 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond 5 was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return , initiating the final lap of the Space Race with its payload of turtles , insects , plants and bacteria . Despite the failure suffered in its final moments , the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well . Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements , both of these Zond missions flew off - nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to human crewmembers had they been aboard . As a result , the Soviets secretly planned to continue unmanned Zond tests until their reliability to support manned flight had been demonstrated . However , due to NASA 's continuing problems with the lunar module , and because of CIA reports of a potential Soviet manned circumlunar flight in late 1968 , NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of Apollo 8 from an Earth - orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968 . In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in Baikonur , giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon . Cosmonauts went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first manned trip to the Moon . Ultimately , however , the Soviet Politburo decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond / Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a manned Soviet lunar mission . Their decision proved to be a wise one , since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another unmanned test when it was finally launched several weeks later . By this time flights of the third generation U.S. Apollo spacecraft had begun . Far more capable than the Zond , the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth .", "26": "The Apollo 8 mission carried out the first manned trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968 , certifying the Saturn V booster for manned use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth . Apollo 10 then performed a full dress rehearsal of a manned Moon landing in May 1969 . This mission orbited within 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) altitude above the lunar surface , performing necessary low - altitude mapping of trajectory - altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module that was too overweight to allow a successful landing . With the failure of the unmanned Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt Luna 15 in July 1969 , the stage was set for Apollo 11 . Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The U.S. Saturn V and the Soviet N1 . U.S. strategy Main article : Apollo program § Political pressure builds Plans for manned Moon exploration originated during the Eisenhower administration . In a series of mid-1950s articles in Collier 's magazine , Wernher von Braun had popularized the idea of a manned expedition to the Moon to establish a lunar base . A manned Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR . Besides guidance and weight management , atmospheric re-entry without ablative overheating was a major hurdle . After the Soviet Union 's launch of Sputnik , von Braun promoted a plan for the United States Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965 . After the early Soviet successes , especially Yuri Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy looked for a US project that would capture the public imagination . He asked Vice President Lyndon Johnson to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership . The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the Third World . The Soviets , at the time , had more powerful rockets than the United States , which gave them an advantage in some kinds of space mission . Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller , lighter warheads , and consequently , rockets with smaller payload capacities . By comparison , Soviet nuclear weapons were much heavier , and the powerful R - 7 rocket was developed to carry them .", "27": "More modest potential missions such as flying around the Moon without landing or establishing a space lab in orbit ( both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun ) were determined to offer too much advantage to the Soviets , since the US would have to develop a heavy rocket to match the Soviets . A Moon landing , however , would capture world imagination while functioning as propaganda . Apollo landing sites Johnson had championed the US manned space program ever since the Sputnik scare , sponsoring the legislation which created NASA when he was in the Senate in 1958 . When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best manned space achievement to counter the Soviets ' lead , Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating the USSR to a manned lunar landing , but not for anything less . Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space . He ensured continuing funding , shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut , but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects . This last dismayed NASA 's leader , James E. Webb , who perceived the need for NASA 's support from the scientific community . The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V launch vehicle , which achieved a perfect record of zero catastrophic failures or launch vehicle - caused mission failures , in thirteen launches . For the program to succeed , its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians on the left , who wanted more money spent on social programs , and on those on the right , who favored a more military project . By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance , Kennedy and Johnson managed to swing public opinion : by 1965 , 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo , up from 33 percent two years earlier . After Johnson became President in 1963 , his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969 , as Kennedy planned . Soviet strategy Main article : Soviet Moonshot Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said in October 1963 that the USSR was `` not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon , '' while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race . Only after another year would the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon - landing attempt , which ultimately failed . At the same time , Kennedy had suggested various joint programs , including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S.", "28": "astronauts and the development of better weather - monitoring satellites . Khrushchev , sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology , rejected the idea : if the USSR went to the Moon , it would go alone . Sergey Korolev , the Soviet space program 's chief designer , had started promoting his Soyuz craft and the N1 launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a manned Moon landing . Khrushchev directed Korolev 's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology , while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft , the Proton booster and the Zond , for a manned cislunar flight in 1966 . In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all manned projects under his direction . With Korolev 's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967 , the co-ordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled . The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for the mission that would have placed Aleksei Leonov on the Moon 's surface , but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969 , plans for a manned landing suffered first delay and then cancellation . Apollo missions In total , twenty - four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon . Three have made the trip twice , and twelve have walked on its surface . Apollo 8 was a lunar - orbit - only mission , Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion ( DOI ) , followed by LM staging to CSM redocking , while Apollo 13 , originally scheduled as a landing , ended up as a lunar fly - by , by means of free return trajectory ; thus , none of these missions made landings . Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth - orbit - only missions . Apart from the inherent dangers of manned Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13 , one reason for their cessation according to astronaut Alan Bean is the cost it imposes in government subsidies .", "29": "Manned Moon landings Mission name Lunar lander Lunar landing date Lunar liftoff date Lunar landing site Duration on lunar surface Crew Number of EVAs Total EVA Time ( HH : MM ) Apollo 11 Eagle 20 July 1969 21 July 1969 Sea of Tranquility 21 : 31 Neil Armstrong , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin 2 : 31 Apollo 12 Intrepid 19 November 1969 21 November 1969 Ocean of Storms 1 - day , 7 : 31 Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean 7 : 45 Apollo 14 Antares 5 February 1971 6 February 1971 Fra Mauro 1 - day , 9 : 30 Alan B. Shepard , Edgar Mitchell 9 : 21 Apollo 15 Falcon 30 July 1971 2 August 1971 Hadley Rille 2 days , 18 : 55 David Scott , James Irwin 18 : 33 Apollo 16 Orion 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 Descartes Highlands 2 days , 23 : 02 John Young , Charles Duke 20 : 14 Apollo 17 Challenger 11 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus -- Littrow 3 days , 2 : 59 Eugene Cernan , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt 22 : 04 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings Unlike other international rivalries , the Space Race has remained unaffected in a direct way regarding the desire for territorial expansion . After the successful landings on the Moon , the U.S. explicitly disclaimed the right to ownership of any part of the Moon . President Richard Nixon had speechwriter William Safire prepare a condolence speech for delivery in the event that Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon 's surface and could not be rescued . In 1951 , science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke forecast that man would reach the Moon by 1978 .", "30": "On 16 August 2006 , the Associated Press reported that NASA is missing the original Slow - scan television tapes ( which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV ) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk . Some news outlets have mistakenly reported that the SSTV tapes were found in Western Australia , but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package . Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation . Using LROC images , five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites , except Apollo 11 . Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11 . Late 20th -- 21st century unmanned crash landings Hiten ( japan ) Launched on 24 January 1990 , 11 : 46 UTC . At the end of its mission , the Japanese lunar orbiter Hiten was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18 : 03 : 25.7 UT ( 11 April 03 : 03 : 25.7 JST ) . Lunar Prospector ( USA ) Lunar Prospector was launched on 7 January 1998 . The mission ended on 31 July 1999 , when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected . SMART - 1 ( ESA ) Launched 27 September 2003 , 23 : 14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana . At the end of its mission , the ESA lunar orbiter SMART - 1 performed a controlled crash into the Moon , at about 2 km / s . The time of the crash was 3 September 2006 , at 5 : 42 UTC . Selene ( japan ) SELENE or Kaguya was launched on 14 September 2007 . After successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months , the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater Gill at 18 : 25 UTC on 10 June 2009 .", "31": "Chang'e 1 ( China ) The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 , launched 24 October 2007 , 10 : 05 UTC , executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 , 20 : 44 GMT , after a 16 - month mission . Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 UTC . The impactor , the Moon Impact Probe , impacted near Shackleton Crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008 , 20 : 31 IST . Chandrayaan - 2 is scheduled for launch in 2018 . LCROSS ( USA ) The LCROSS data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on 18 June 2009 on board an Atlas V rocket with a Centaur upper stage . On 9 October 2009 , at 11 : 31 UTC , the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) . Six minutes later at 11 : 37 UTC , the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface . GRAIL ( USA ) The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft : GRAIL A ( Ebb ) , and GRAIL B ( Flow ) . They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket . GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch , and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later . The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012 . The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012 . LADEE ( USA ) LADEE was launched on 7 September 2013 . The mission ended on 18 April 2014 , when the spacecraft 's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon , which , later , was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater .", "32": "21st century unmanned soft landings Chang'e 3 ( China ) On 14 December 2013 at 13 : 12 UTC Chang'e 3 soft - landed a rover on the Moon . This was the first lunar soft landing since Luna 24 on 22 August 1976 . Landings on moons of other solar system bodies Progress in space exploration has recently broadened the phrase moon landing to include other moons in the Solar System as well . The Huygens probe of the Cassini -- Huygens mission to Saturn performed a successful unmanned moon landing on Titan in 2005 . Similarly , the Soviet probe Phobos 2 came within 120 mi ( 190 km ) of performing an unmanned moon landing on Mars ' moon Phobos in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost . A similar Russian sample return mission called Fobos - Grunt ( `` grunt '' means `` soil '' in Russian ) launched in November 2011 , but stalled in low Earth orbit . There is widespread interest in performing a future moon landing on Jupiter 's Europa moon to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface . Proposed future missions Astronaut Buzz Aldrin , lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission , poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity ( EVA ) on the lunar surface . Main article : List of proposed missions to the Moon China is planning to land another rover and collect samples in the Chang'e 4 mission and return lunar soil samples by 2018 in the Chang'e 5 mission . ISRO , the Indian National Space agency , is planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan 2 . According to former ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair , `` The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) hopes to land two rovers -- one Indian and another Russian -- on the Moon in 2018 , as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , pick up samples of soil or rocks , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother - spacecraft Chandrayaan II , which will be orbiting above . Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth . '' The payloads have already been finalized .", "33": "ISRO has mentioned that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying any overseas payloads on this mission . The lander weight is projected to be 1,250 kg , and the spacecraft will be launched by the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle . Russia 's Luna - Glob 1 is expected to be launched in 2018 . In 2007 the head of the Russian Space Agency announced plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon by 2025 and establish a permanent robotically operated base there in 2027 -- 2032 . In 2015 , Roscosmos stated that Russia plans to place a cosmonaut on the Moon by 2030 , leaving Mars to NASA . The purpose is to work jointly with NASA and avoid another Space Race . The Lunar Precursor Robotic Program ( LPRP ) is a program of robotic spacecraft missions which NASA will use to prepare for future Moon landings . Three orbiters have been launched in the program , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) , the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) , and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) , launched in 2013 , but no Moon landings are scheduled yet . The Google Lunar X Prize competition offers a $20 million award for the first privately funded team to land a robotic probe on the Moon . Like the Ansari X Prize before it , the competition aims to advance the state of the art in private space exploration . Of the several competing teams , Puli Space Technologies at one time ( 2012 ) planned to launch in 2014 and Astrobotic Technology plans to launch in the second half of 2016 with their own rover plus another team 's lunar rovers from Hakuto . In 2019 , a consortium of Vodafone , Audi and PT Scientists are planning a moon landing . The mission is to launch a lander and two small rovers to the moon from Cape Canaveral , Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket during the 50th - anniversary year of NASA 's Apollo 11 moon landing . Nokia will assist to setup a LTE network in moon to manage lunar terrestrial communication system of the mission .", "34": "Historical empirical evidence Main article : Moon landing conspiracy theories Many conspiracy theorists hold that the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax ; however , empirical evidence is readily available to show that manned moon landings did indeed occur . Anyone on Earth with an appropriate laser and telescope system can bounce laser beams off three retroreflector arrays left on the Moon by Apollo 11 , 14 and 15 , verifying deployment of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment at historically documented Apollo Moon landing sites and so proving equipment constructed on Earth was successfully transported to the surface of the Moon . In addition , in August 2009 NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began to send back high resolution photos of the Apollo landing sites . These photos show not only the large Descent Stages of the lunar landers left behind but also tracks of the astronauts ' walking paths in the lunar dust . See also Spaceflight portal List of Apollo astronauts Lunar Escape Systems Robert Goddard Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond program First on the Moon ( disambiguation ) References and notes Jump up ^ `` Manned Space Chronology : Apollo_11 '' . spaceline.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing `` Inspired World '' `` . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 2 '' . NASA -- NSSDC . Jump up ^ NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 3 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Moon ! '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Lun 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage of V.V Pustynski for students of YFT0060 '' . Estonia : Tartu Observatory . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( July 1957 ) . `` For Your Information '' . Galaxy Science Fiction ( 61 -- 71 ) . p. 69 .", "35": "Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JPL Pioneer Mission Archived 28 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lunar Impact `` Lunar Missions 1958 through 1965 '' ( PDF ) . Nasa History Series . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 4 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 6 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 5 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 7 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 8 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 9 Details '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 1 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautix Luna E-6 '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moon Exploration '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrows , William E. ( 1999 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . Modern Library . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75485 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of the Moon '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` White House ' Lost In Space ' Scenarios '' . thesmokinggun.com . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Arthur C. Clarke '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo TV Tapes : The Search Continues '' . space.com . Retrieved 8 February 2008 .", "36": "Jump up ^ `` The American Flags On The Moon Have All Turned White -- Business Insider '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing , Photos Reveal '' . Space.com . Retrieved 10 October 2014 Jump up ^ Hiten , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka ! Ice Found At Lunar Poles '' . NASA . 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ SMART 1 , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KAGUYA Lunar Impact '' . JAXA . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese probe crashes into moon '' , BBC News , 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - I Impact Probe lands on the Moon '' . The Times of India . 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater '' . NASA . 2009 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ TheStar.com , `` NASA crashes rocket into moon '' . Jump up ^ `` Moon - bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success - EarthSky.org '' . Jump up ^ Spaceflight101 Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` First of NASA 's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) '' . National Space Science Data Center Master Catalog . NASA . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 18 April 2014 ) .", "37": "`` With Planned Crash , NASA Lunar Mission Comes to End '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA 's Moon - Orbiting Robot Crashes Down as Planned '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Neal - Jones , Nancy ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` NASA 's LRO Spacecraft Captures Images of LADEE 's Impact Crater '' . NASA . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dwayne ; Hoover , Rachel ; Washington , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA Completes LADEE Mission with Planned Impact on Moon 's Surface '' . NASA.gov . Release 14 -- 113 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China lands Jade Rabbit robot rover on Moon '' . BBC . 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Denyer ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` China carries out first soft landing on moon in 37 years '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` China to Launch Lunar Probe Chang'e - 2 before 2011 '' . english.cas.ac.cn . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Three new Indian payloads for Chandrayaan 2 , decides ISRO '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Payloads for Chandrayaan - 2 Mission Finalised '' . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . ISRO. 30 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ИКИ : РФ начнет запуск автоматических станций к Луне в 2018 году '' . Jump up ^ `` Lavochkin begins phase B work for Luna - Glob 1 orbiter '' . http://www.flightglobal.com . Retrieved 29 September 2009 .", "38": "External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ K , Jayalakshmi ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Russia to place man on Moon by 2030 leaving Mars to Nasa '' . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Precursor Robotic Program '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Google Lunar X prize '' . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Puli Space Technologies . 4 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two Google Lunar XPRIZE Teams Announce Rideshare Partnership For Mission To The Moon In 2016 '' . xprize.org . Xprize Foundation . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Hakuto ( ... and fellow competitor ) Astrobotic ( will ) carry a pair of rovers to the moon . Astrobotic plans to launch its Google Lunar XPRIZE mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral , Fla. , during the second half of 2016 . HAKUTO 's twin rovers , Moonraker and Tetris , will piggyback on Astrobotic 's Griffin lander to reach the lunar surface . Upon touchdown , the rovers will be released simultaneously ... in pursuit of the $20 M Google Lunar XPRIZE Grand Prize . Jump up ^ Loren Grush ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Race to Mine the Moon Heats Up '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Moon Will Get Its Own Mobile Phone Network in 2019 '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia is selected by Vodafone to be its technology partner for Mission to the Moon project Nokia '' . Nokia . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : 8 Moon - Landing Hoax Myths -- Busted '' . National Geographic . 16 July 2009 .", "39": "Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Experiment Still Going Strong after 35 Years '' , JPL 20 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` LRO Sees Apollo Landing Sites '' . NASA . 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . External links NASA 's page on moon landings , missions , etc. ( includes information on other space agencies ' missions . ) Moon missions ( United States ) at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Project Apollo Archive Flickr Gallery : an independently organized collection of high - res photos for the Moon Landing and the Apollo Missions . Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO Zond 3 5 6 7 8", "40": "Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 ) Luna 26 ( 2021 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) TESS ( 2018 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM", "41": "( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . Manned lunar spacecraft Orbiters Retired Apollo Command / Service Module Cancelled LK - 1 / LK - 700 ( VA ) Zond ( Soyuz 7K - L1 ) LOK ( Soyuz 7K - L3 ) Future Orion Federation Landers Retired Apollo Lunar Module Cancelled Lunniy Korabl Altair See also Moon landing conspiracy theories List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon People who have walked on the Moon Neil Armstrong ( CDR , Apollo 11 ) Buzz Aldrin ( LMP , Apollo 11 ) Pete Conrad ( CDR , Apollo 12 ) Alan Bean ( LMP , Apollo 12 ) Alan Shepard ( CDR , Apollo 14 ) Edgar Mitchell ( LMP , Apollo 14 ) David Scott ( CDR ,", "42": "Apollo 15 ) James Irwin ( LMP , Apollo 15 ) John Young ( CDR , Apollo 16 ) Charles Duke ( LMP , Apollo 16 ) Eugene Cernan ( CDR , Apollo 17 ) Harrison Schmitt ( LMP , Apollo 17 ) Moon landing Apollo program Apollo Lunar Module Lunar Roving Vehicle The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee & apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface & features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration", "43": "Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases & names New Full Names Crescent Super & micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Psychology Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal GND : 4170439 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "44": "php?title=Moon_landing&oldid=828241499 '' Categories : Exploration of the Moon History of television Missions to the Moon 1959 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español فارسی Français 贛語 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Patois Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 11 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 29, 44, 7, 17, 0, 16, 8, 38, 5, 20, 43, 12, 1, 41, 31, 42, 9, 32, 2, 18, 40, 22, 36, 37, 15, 3, 39, 13, 24, 30, 35, 19, 33, 21, 26, 28, 10, 6, 23, 14, 25, 11, 27, 4, 34 ]	[ 29, 44, 7, 17, 0 ]
1689396195793528553	where does what in the sam hill come from	[ "simple bowdlerization" ]	{ "0": "Sam Hill ( euphemism ) - wikipedia Sam Hill ( euphemism ) Jump to : navigation , search Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase , a euphemism or minced oath for `` the devil '' or `` hell '' personified ( as in , `` What in the Sam Hill is that ? '' ) . Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s ; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization , with , according to the Oxford English Dictionary , an unknown origin . Possible referents ( edit ) Candidate referents for the use date back to at least the 19th century . The following are possibilities of the term 's origin . H.L. Mencken suggested that the phrase derives from Samiel , the name of the Devil in Der Freischütz , an opera by Carl Maria von Weber that was performed in New York City in 1825 . The phrase `` Sam Hill '' can also be seen in the variant `` Samil . '' Sam Hill was a mercantile store owner who offered a vast and diverse inventory of goods . People began using the term `` what in the Sam Hill is that ? '' to describe something they found odd or unusual , just like the inventory found in Sam Hill 's store . The original Sam Hill Mercantile building still stands on Montezuma Street in Prescott , Arizona , and is listed on the register of Historic Places . An article in the New England Magazine in December 1889 entitled `` Two Centuries and a Half in Guilford , Connecticut '' mentioned that , `` Between 1727 and 1752 Mr. Sam . Hill represented Guilford in forty - three out of forty - nine sessions of the Legislature , and when he was gathered to his fathers , his son Nathaniel reigned in his stead '' and a footnote queried whether this might be the source of the `` popular Connecticut adjuration to ' Give ' em Sam Hill ' ? '' The millionaire Samuel Hill , a businessman and `` good roads '' advocate in the Pacific Northwest , became associated with the phrase in the 1920s . A reference appeared in Time magazine when Hill convinced Queen Marie of Romania to travel to rural Washington to dedicate Hill 's Maryhill Museum of Art .", "1": "The fact that `` Father of Good Roads '' Samuel Hill had n't been born when the figure of speech first appeared in a publication rules out the possibility that he was the original Sam Hill in question . A possible origin for the phrase `` Sam Hill '' is the surveyor Samuel W. Hill ( 1819 -- 1889 ) . Hill allegedly used such foul language that his name became a euphemism for swear words . In the words of Charles Eschbach , `` Back in the 1850s the Keweenaw 's copper mining boom was underway . There were about a dozen men who pretty much ran the Keweenaw . They were mining company agents , the ' go between ' for the investors from Boston and the actual mining production people . Their names were attached to every report sent back to eastern investors . Among these company agents was a man named Samuel W. Hill . Sam was a geologist , surveyor , and mining engineer and had considerable power in the Keweenaw . '' According to author Ellis W. Courter , Samuel Hill `` was an adventurer , explorer , miner , and surveyor . He had worked with Christopher C. Douglas and Douglas Houghton on the early State survey . His judgment was respected . Although he was a rough character , he possessed a big heart and in the fall of 1847 had risked his life to help avert a threatened food shortage in the Copper Harbor district . Generally he was regarded as a hero throughout the entire Copper Country , however , he was contemptuous of all the praise that was heaped upon him . Hill also gained a reputation as being one of the most blasphemous and obscene swearers in the Keweenaw Peninsula . Although he had a colorful vocabulary and told many a good story of his early adventures , his ubiquitous use of lurid cuss words became legendary . Whenever friends or neighbors retold his colorful tales in more polite society , they had to tame his unmentionables by substituting the sinless sounding words ' Sam Hill ' . In time the expression , ' What the Sam Hill ' spread far beyond the Copper Country . Today it has become a part of the American language . Few who utter these words ever heard of Samuel Hill , or know that he was the unconscious originator of a sinless synonym for profanity . ''", "2": "Another possibility involves the former adjutant general of Kentucky Samuel Ewing Hill , who was sent by the governor of Kentucky to see what was going on in reference to the Hatfields & McCoys family feud in 1887 . Between 1880 and 1891 , the feud claimed more than a dozen members of the two families , becoming headline news around the country , and compelling the governors of both Kentucky and West Virginia to call up their state militias to restore order . The governor of West Virginia once even threatened to have his militia invade Kentucky . Kentucky governor Simon Bolivar Buckner in response sent his adjutant general Sam Hill to Pike County , Kentucky to investigate the situation . Newspapers from around the country awaited word from Hill to find out `` what in the Sam Hill was going on up there '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Quinion ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) . `` World Wide Words : Sam Hill '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Issue of August 4 , 2001 : On a popsicle stick '' . The Word Detective. 2001 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Various ( 1900 ) . The New Dictionary of American Slang . Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. ( 1936 ) . The American Language ( 4th ed . ) . Alfred A. Knopf . Jump up ^ `` Hill , Sam , Hardware '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ TIME Magazine ( 1926 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Sam Hill '' . @ Time Archives . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Words to the Wise : Issue 156 , page 2 from the website of the Institute for Etymological Research and Education Jump up ^ Jill Livingston , 1999 , 2011 . `` Sam Hill Sign '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Charles Eshbach .", "3": "`` What the Sam Hill ? '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Courter , Ellis W. ( 2005 ) . Michigan 's Copper Country ( PDF ) . Republished by the State of Michigan , Office of Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` What in Sam Hill ... started the Hatfield and McCoy Feud ? '' . Kentucky.gov . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hatfields and McCoys : The Moran Connection '' . moranfamilytn.blogspot.com . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Hill_(euphemism)&oldid=795068968 '' Categories : Euphemisms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 20 : 15 . About Wikipedia", "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 2, 3, 1, 0 ]	[ 0, 2, 3, 1 ]
3297310095043146275	the vast interior rural area of australia is known as the	[ "The Outback", "The Outback", "The Outback", "The Outback", "Outback" ]	{ "0": "Outback - Wikipedia Outback Jump to : navigation , search Outback Area View across sand plains and salt pans to Mount Connor , Central Australia Country Australia Population Total undetermined For other uses , see Outback ( disambiguation ) . Tourism sign post Yalgoo , Western Australia The Outback is the vast , remote interior of Australia . The term `` the Outback '' is generally used to refer to locations that are comparatively more remote than those areas named `` the bush '' which , colloquially , can refer to any lands outside the main urban areas . While often envisaged as being arid , the Outback regions extend from the northern to southern Australian coastlines , and encompass a number of climatic zones ; including tropical and monsoonal climates in northern areas , arid areas in the ' red centre ' and semi-arid and temperate climates in southerly regions . Geographically , the Outback is unified by a combination of factors , most notably a low human population density , a largely intact , natural environment and , in many places , low - intensity land uses such as pastoralism ( livestock grazing ) in which production is reliant on the natural environment . Culturally , the Outback is deeply ingrained in Australian heritage , history and folklore . In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations , the Queensland Outback was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as a `` natural attraction '' . The Dingo Fence near Coober Pedy Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Environment 2.1 Global significance 2.2 Major ecosystems 2.3 Wildlife 3 Industry 3.1 Pastoralism 3.2 Tourism 3.3 Mining 4 Population 5 Medicine 6 Education 7 Terminology 8 Transport 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Indigenous Australians and European exploration of Australia Aerial view of Kata Tjuta Indigenous Australians have lived in the Outback for approximately 50,000 years and occupied all Outback regions , including the driest deserts , when Europeans first entered central Australia in the 1800s .", "1": "Many Indigenous Australians retain strong physical and cultural links to their traditional country and are legally recognised as the Traditional Owners of large parts of the Outback under Commonwealth Native Title legislation . Early European exploration of inland Australia was sporadic . More focus was on the more accessible and fertile coastal areas . The first party to successfully cross the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney was led by Gregory Blaxland in 1813 , 25 years after the colony was established . People starting with John Oxley in 1817 , 1818 and 1821 , followed by Charles Sturt in 1829 -- 1830 attempted to follow the westward - flowing rivers to find an `` inland sea '' , but these were found to all flow into the Murray River and Darling River which turn south . Over the period 1858 to 1861 , John McDouall Stuart led six expeditions north from Adelaide into the outback , culminating in successfully reaching the north coast of Australia and returning , without the loss of any of the party 's members ' lives . This contrasts with the ill - fated Burke and Wills expedition in 1860 -- 61 which was much better funded , but resulted in the deaths of three of the members of the transcontinental party . The Overland Telegraph line was constructed in the 1870s along the route identified by Stuart . In 1865 the surveyor George Goyder , using changes in vegetation patterns , mapped a line in South Australia , north of which he considered rainfall to be too unreliable to support agriculture . Exploration of the outback continued in the 1950s when Len Beadell explored , surveyed and built many roads in support of the nuclear weapons tests at Emu Field and Maralinga and rocket testing on the Woomera Prohibited Area . Mineral exploration continues as new mineral deposits are identified and developed . While the early explorers used horses to cross the outback , the first woman to make the journey riding a horse was Anna Hingley , who rode from Broome to Cairns in 2006 .", "2": "Aerial photography of Australia showing the large arid ( yellow / brown ) areas that are generally considered to be `` outback '' Environment ( edit ) Main article : Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia Global significance ( edit ) MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory are found in the centre of the country Fitzgerald River National Park in Western Australia A brumby in the Outback The paucity of industrial land use has led to the Outback being recognised globally as one of the largest remaining , intact natural areas on Earth . Global `` Human Footprint '' and wilderness reviews highlight the importance of Outback Australia as one of the world 's large natural areas , along with the Boreal forests and Tundra regions in North America , the Sahara and Gobi deserts and the tropical forests of the Amazon and Congo Basins . The savanna ( or grassy woodlands ) of northern Australia are the largest , intact savanna regions in the world . In the south , the Great Western Woodlands , which occupy 16,000,000 hectares ( 40,000,000 acres ) , an area larger than all of England , are the largest remaining temperate woodland left on Earth . Major ecosystems ( edit ) Reflecting the wide climatic and geological variation , the Outback contains a wealth of distinctive and ecologically - rich ecosystems . Major land types include : the Kimberley and Pilbara regions in northern Western Australia , sub-tropical savanna landscape of the Top End , ephemeral water courses of the Channel Country in western Queensland , the ten deserts in central and western Australia , the Inland Ranges , such as the MacDonnell Ranges , which provide topographic variation across the flat plains , the flat Nullarbor Plain north of the Great Australian Bight , and the Great Western Woodlands in southern Western Australia . Wildlife ( edit ) The Australian Outback is full of very important well - adapted wildlife , although much of it may not be immediately visible to the casual observer . Many animals , such as red kangaroos and dingoes , hide in bushes to rest and keep cool during the heat of the day . Birdlife is prolific , most often seen at waterholes at dawn and dusk . Huge flocks of budgerigars , cockatoos , corellas and galahs are often sighted .", "3": "On bare ground or roads during the winter , various species of snakes and lizards bask in the sun , but they are rarely seen during the summer months . Feral animals such as camels thrive in central Australia , brought to Australia by pastoralists and explorers , along with the early Afghan drivers . Feral horses known as ' brumbies ' are station horses that have run wild . Feral pigs , foxes , cats and rabbits are other imported animals also degrading the environment , so time and money is spent eradicating them in an attempt to help protect fragile rangelands . The Outback is home to a diverse set of animal species , such as the kangaroo , emu and dingo . The Dingo Fence was built to restrict movements of dingoes and wild dogs into agricultural areas towards the south east of the continent . The marginally fertile parts are primarily utilised as rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle grazing , on cattle stations which are leased from the Federal Government . While small areas of the outback consist of clay soils the majority has exceedingly infertile palaeosols . Riversleigh , in Queensland , is one of Australia 's most renowned fossil sites and was recorded as a World Heritage site in 1994 . The 100 km ( 39 sq mi ) area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals , birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age . Industry ( edit ) Pastoralism ( edit ) Gosses Bluff crater , one of a number of meteor impact craters that can be found across outback Australia The largest industry across the Outback , in terms of the area occupied , is pastoralism , in which cattle , sheep , and sometimes goats , are grazed in mostly intact , natural ecosystems . Widespread use of bore water , obtained from underground aquifers , including the Great Artesian Basin , has enabled livestock to be grazed across vast areas in which no permanent surface water exists naturally . Capitalising on the lack of pasture improvement and absence of fertiliser and pesticide use , many Outback pastoral properties are certified as organic livestock producers .", "4": "In 2014 , 17,000,000 hectares ( 42,000,000 acres ) , most of which is in Outback Australia , was fully certified as organic farm production , making Australia the largest certified organic production area in the world . Tourism ( edit ) `` Nothing says Australia quite like our Outback , '' states the national tourism web site . Tourism is a major industry across the Outback , and commonwealth and state tourism agencies explicitly target Outback Australia as a desirable destination for domestic and international travellers . There is no breakdown of tourism revenues for the `` Outback '' per se . However , regional tourism is a major component of national tourism incomes . Tourism Australia explicitly markets nature - based and Indigenous - led experiences to tourists . In the 2015 -- 2016 financial year , 815,000 visitors spent $988 million while on holidays in the Northern Territory alone . There are many popular tourist attractions in the Outback . Some of the well known destinations include : Alice Springs , Northern Territory Arkaroola and Wilpena Pound in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia Australian Stockman 's Hall of Fame Birdsville , Queensland Broken Hill , New South Wales Broome Coober Pedy , South Australia Devils Marbles Kakadu National Park Kalgoorlie - Boulder , Western Australia Kata Tjuta ( The Olgas ) Katherine Gorge Kings Canyon ( Watarrka ) MacDonnell Ranges Monkey Mia Mount Isa , Queensland Mount Augustus National Park Tennant Creek , Northern Territory Uluru ( Ayers Rock ) Willandra Lakes Region Mining ( edit ) Fossicking field in Lightning Ridge Other than agriculture and tourism , the main economic activity in this vast and sparsely settled area is mining . Owing to the almost complete absence of mountain building and glaciation since the Permian ( in many areas since the Cambrian ) ages , the outback is extremely rich in iron , aluminium , manganese and uranium ores , and also contains major deposits of gold , nickel , copper , lead and zinc ores . Because of its size , the value of grazing and mining is considerable .", "5": "Major mines and mining areas in the Outback include opals at Coober Pedy , Lightning Ridge and White Cliffs , metals at Broken Hill , Tennant Creek , Olympic Dam and the remote Challenger Mine . Oil and gas are extracted in the Cooper Basin around Moomba . In Western Australia the Argyle diamond mine in the Kimberley is the world 's biggest producer of natural diamonds and contributes approximately one - third of the world 's natural supply . The Pilbara region 's economy is dominated by mining and petroleum industries . Most of Australia 's iron ore is also mined in the Pilbara and it also has one of the world 's major manganese mines . View of dunefields and mesa , Central Australia Population ( edit ) Aboriginal communities in outback regions , such as the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands in northern South Australia , have not been displaced as they have been in areas of intensive agriculture and large cities , in coastal areas . The total population of the Outback in Australia declined from 700,000 in 1996 to 690,000 in 2006 . The largest decline was noted in the Outback Northern Territory , while the Kimberley and Pilbara showed population increases during the same period . The sex ratio is 1040 males for 1000 females and 17 % of the total population is indigenous . Medicine ( edit ) Sign on the Eyre Highway indicating that an RFDS emergency airstrip is ahead Main article : Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia The Royal Flying Doctor Service ( RFDS ) started service in 1928 and helps people who live in the outback of Australia . In former times , serious injuries or illnesses often meant death due to the lack of proper medical facilities and trained personnel . Education ( edit ) Main article : School of the Air In most outback communities , the number of children is too small for a conventional school to operate . Children are educated at home by the School of the Air . Originally the teachers communicated with the children via radio , but now satellite telecommunication is used instead . Some children attend boarding school , mostly only those in secondary school . Terminology ( edit ) The concept of ' back ' country , which initially meant land beyond the settled regions , was in existence in 1800 .", "6": "Crossing of the Blue Mountains and other exploration of the inland however gave a different dimension to the perception . The term `` outback '' was first used in print in 1869 , when the writer clearly meant west of Wagga Wagga , New South Wales . It is colloquially said that ' the outback ' is located `` beyond the Black Stump '' . The location of the black stump may be some hypothetical location or may vary depending on local custom and folklore . It has been suggested that the term comes from the Black Stump Wine Saloon that once stood about 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) out of Coolah , New South Wales on the Gunnedah Road . It is claimed that the saloon , named after the nearby Black Stump Run and Black Stump Creek , was an important staging post for traffic to north - west New South Wales and it became a marker by which people gauged their journeys . `` The Never - Never '' is a term referring to remoter parts of the Australian outback . The Outback can also be referred to as `` back of beyond '' , `` back o ' Bourke '' although these terms are more frequently used when referring to something a long way from anywhere , or a long way away . The well - watered north of the continent is often called the `` Top End '' and the arid interior `` The Red Centre '' , owing to its vast amounts of red soil and sparse greenery amongst its landscape . Transport ( edit ) Road sign warning of potentially dangerous conditions ahead The outback is criss - crossed by historic tracks . Most of the major highways have an excellent bitumen surface and other major roads are usually well - maintained dirt roads . Tracks in very sandy or exceedingly rocky areas may require high - clearance four wheel drives and spare fuel , tyres , food and water before attempting to travel them , however most outback roads are easily traversed in ordinary vehicles , provided care is taken . Drivers unused to dirt roads should be especially cautious -- it is recommended that drivers reduce their speed , drive with extra care , and avoid driving at night because animals can stray onto roads . Travelling in remote areas in northern Australia is not advisable during the wet season ( November to April ) , as heavy tropical downpours can quickly make dirt roads impassable .", "7": "In the remotest parts of Australia fuel sellers are located hundreds of kilometres apart , so spare fuel must be carried or refuelling spots calculated carefully in order not to run out of fuel in between towns . In addition , multiple trailer trucks ( known as Road Trains ) traverse these roads and extreme care must be taken when around these vehicles , due to their weight , length ( often three full trailers long ) and amount of dust thrown up by over 46 tyres . The Stuart Highway runs from north to south through the centre of the continent , roughly paralleled by the Adelaide -- Darwin railway . There is a proposal to develop some of the roads running from the south - west to the north - east to create an all - weather road named the Outback Highway , crossing the continent diagonally from Laverton , Western Australia ( north of Kalgoorlie , through the Northern Territory to Winton , in Queensland . Air transport is relied on for mail delivery in some areas , owing to sparse settlement and wet - season road closures . Most outback mines have an airstrip and many have a fly - in fly - out workforce . Most outback sheep stations and cattle stations have an airstrip and quite a few have their own light plane . Medical and ambulance services are provided by the Royal Flying Doctor Service . The School of the Air is a radio - based school using the RFDS radios . Visitors to the outback often drive their own or rented vehicles , or take organised tours . Travel through remote areas on main roads is easily done and requires no planning . However travel through very remote areas , on isolated tracks , requires planning and a suitable , reliable vehicle ( usually a four - wheel drive ) . On very remote routes considerable supplies and equipment may be required ; this can include prearranged caches . It is not advisable to travel into these especially remote areas with a single vehicle , unless fully equipped with good communication technology ( e.g. a satellite phone , EPIRB etc . ) . Many visitors prefer to travel in these areas in a convoy . Deaths of tourists and locals becoming stranded on outback trips occasionally occur , sometimes because insufficient water and food supplies were taken , or because people have walked away from their vehicle in search of help .", "8": "Travellers through very remote areas should always inform a reliable person of their route and expected destination arrival time , and remember that a vehicle is much easier to locate in an aerial search , than a person , so in the event of a breakdown , they must not leave their vehicle . Birdsville Track Burke Developmental Road Canning Stock Route Colson Track Connie Sue Highway French Line Gary Highway Gibb River Road Great Central Road Gunbarrel Highway K1 Line Kalumburu Road Kidman Way Kidson Track Lasseter Highway Oodnadatta Track Peninsula Developmental Road Plenty Highway Rig Road Sandover Highway Strzelecki Track Talawana Track Tanami Track WAA Line See also ( edit ) Australia portal Australian landmarks Central Australia Channel Country Australian outback literature of the 20th century References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Modern Outback '' . www.pewtrusts.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bligh , Anna ( 10 June 2009 ) . `` PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND 'S 150 ICONS '' . Queensland Government . Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamm , Giles ; Mitchell , Peter ; Arnold , Lee J. ; Prideaux , Gavin J. ; Questiaux , Daniele ; Spooner , Nigel A. ; Levchenko , Vladimir A. ; Foley , Elizabeth C. ; Worthy , Trevor H. ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia '' . Nature . 539 ( 7628 ) : 280 -- 283 . doi : 10.1038 / nature20125 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 .", "9": "Jump up ^ http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/overland-telegraph Jump up ^ First woman conquers Outback Jump up ^ Venter , Oscar ; Sanderson , Eric W. ; Magrach , Ainhoa ; Allan , James R. ; Beher , Jutta ; Jones , Kendall R. ; Possingham , Hugh P. ; Laurance , William F. ; Wood , Peter ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation '' . Nature Communications . 7 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms12558 . ISSN 2041 - 1723 . PMC 4996975 . PMID 27552116 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Brendan . `` Explainer : wilderness , and why it matters '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Brett . `` EcoCheck : Australia 's vast , majestic northern savannas need more care '' . The Conversation . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wild dog populations will be out of control within five years without dedicated dogger , former trapper says SA Country Hour , ABC News , 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Explainer : South Australia 's wild dog problem and sheep industry 's plea for dedicated doggers ABC Rural , 7 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Australia , Tourism ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The Outback -- Tourism Australia '' . www.australia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Australia , Tourism . `` Aboriginal Tourism -- Markets -- Tourism Australia '' . www.tourism.australia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Latest visitor data -- Tourism NT Corporate Site '' . www.tourismnt.com.au . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 .", "10": "Jump up ^ The Pilbara 's oil and gas industry is the region 's largest export industry earning $5.0 billion in 2004 / 05 accounting for over 96 % of the State 's production . source -- WA.gov.au Jump up ^ http://www.cdu.edu.au/thenortherninstitute/documents/publications/Brief2009037outback_australia_and_the_NT.pdf Jump up ^ Coupe , Sheena ( ed . ) , Frontier Country , Vol. 1 , Weldon Russell Publishing , Willoughby , 1989 , ISBN 1 - 875202 - 01 - 3 Jump up ^ Lewis , Daniel ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Outer limits '' . Travel . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 30 . Further reading ( edit ) Dwyer , Andrew ( 2007 ) . Outback -- Recipes and Stories from the Campfire Miegunyah Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 522 - 85380 - 3 Read , Ian G. ( 1995 ) . Australia 's central and western outback : the driving guide Crows Nest , N.S.W. Little Hills Press . Little Hills Press explorer guides ISBN 1 - 86315 - 061 - 7 Year of the Outback 2002 , Western Australia Perth , W.A. External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Outback . From this Broken Hill Beautiful Australian Outback -- slideshow by Life magazine Audio slideshow : Outback Australia - The royal flying doctor service . Carl Bridge , head of the Menzies Centre for Australian studies at KCL , outlines the history of the Royal Flying Doctor Service . The Royal Geography Society 's Hidden Journeys project Coordinates : 25 ° S 130 ° E / 25 ° S 130 ° E / - 25 ; 130 Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise", "11": "Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language", "12": "Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East", "13": "Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram", "14": "Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor", "15": "Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West", "16": "Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor", "17": "Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra", "18": "Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu", "19": "Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha", "20": "Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea", "21": "Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "22": "php?title=Outback&oldid=821856037 '' Categories : Rural geography Regions of Australia Australian English Q150 Icons Hidden categories : Use Australian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from April 2014 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Pälzisch Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 01 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 6, 0, 22, 8, 9, 1, 3, 2, 18, 7, 10, 4, 5, 19, 11, 17, 14, 15, 13, 16, 12, 20, 21 ]	[ 6, 0, 22, 8, 9, 1 ]
-2470596760323857939	where did the battle of freeman's farm take place	[ "Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York", "Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York", "an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman", "Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York" ]	{ "0": "Battles of Saratoga - wikipedia Battles of Saratoga Jump to : navigation , search Battles of Saratoga Part of the American Revolutionary War Saratoga campaign Surrender of General Burgoyne by John Trumbull , 1822 . This painting hangs in the United States Capitol Rotunda .", "1": "Date September 19 and October 7 , 1777 Location Stillwater , Saratoga County , New York 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Coordinates : 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Result Freeman 's Farm : British Pyrrhic victory Bemis Heights : Decisive American victory British surrender October 17 Belligerents United States Canadian Auxiliaries Great Britain Quebec Loyalists Hesse - Cassel Hesse - Hanau Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Commanders and leaders Horatio Gates Benedict Arnold Benjamin Lincoln Enoch Poor Ebenezer Learned Daniel Morgan James Livingston John Burgoyne Simon Fraser † Baron Riedesel Strength 9,000 ( first battle ) over 12,000 ( second battle ) over 15,000 ( at time of surrender ) 7,200 ( first battle ) 6,600 ( second battle ) Casualties and losses 90 killed 240 wounded 440 killed 695 wounded 6,222 captured Saratoga Campaign 1777 Fort Ticonderoga Hubbardton Fort Anne Slaying of Jane McCrea Fort Stanwix Oriskany Bennington 1st Saratoga ( Freeman 's Farm ) Forts Clinton and Montgomery 2nd Saratoga ( Bemis Heights ) Kingston The Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 , 1777 ) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign , giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War .", "2": "British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley , hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario ; the southern and western forces never arrived , and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York . He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Saratoga , New York . They both failed . Burgoyne found himself trapped by superior American forces with no relief in sight , so he retreated to Saratoga ( now Schuylerville ) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17 . His surrender , says historian Edmund Morgan , `` was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory . '' Burgoyne 's strategy to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due to logistical problems . He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman 's Farm at the cost of significant casualties . His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses . Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat , and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga , forcing him to surrender on October 17 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an American ally , although it had previously given supplies , ammunition , and guns , notably the de Valliere cannon which played an important role in Saratoga . This battle also resulted in Spain joining France in the war against Britain . The battle on September 19 began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights . Benedict Arnold anticipated the maneuver and placed significant forces in his way . Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman 's Farm , but it came at the cost of significant casualties . Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle , while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City .", "3": "Patriot militia forces continued to arrive , meanwhile , swelling the size of the American army . Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command . British General Sir Henry Clinton moved up from New York City and attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 , but his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent that he would not receive relieving aid in time . This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops . Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions that they held before the September 19 battle and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British situation 1.2 American situation 2 First Saratoga : Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) 2.1 Prelude 2.2 Battle 3 Interlude 4 Second Saratoga : Battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) 4.1 British foray 4.2 American attack 5 Aftermath 5.1 Armies and casualties 5.2 French aid 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Background Main article : Saratoga campaign The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two - year point , and the British changed their plans . They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies . The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three - way pincer movement in 1777 . The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York , following the Mohawk River , and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City . The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal , and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany , New York , severing New England from the other colonies .", "4": "British situation General John Burgoyne was referred to by some as `` Gentleman Johnny '' for his manners ( portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds , c. 1760 ) British General John Burgoyne moved south from the province of Quebec in June 1777 to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley . His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga . Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July , but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward . One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington . Furthermore , news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger 's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix . General William Howe had taken his army from New York City by sea on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne . Most of Burgoyne 's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington , and his situation was becoming difficult . He needed to reach defensible winter quarters , requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany , and he decided to advance . He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga , and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position . He ordered Baron Riedesel , who commanded the rear of the army , to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south , and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15 . American situation General Horatio Gates , portrait by Gilbert Stuart The Continental Army had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne 's capture of Ticonderoga early in July , under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler , and was encamped south of Stillwater , New York . On August 19 , Major General Horatio Gates assumed command from Schuyler , whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat .", "5": "Gates and Schuyler were from very different backgrounds and did not get along with each other ; they had previously argued over command issues in the army 's Northern Department . The army was growing in size because of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors , the success at Bennington , and widespread outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea , the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne 's army by Indians under Burgoyne 's command . General George Washington 's strategic decisions also improved the situation for Gates ' army . Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe . He was aware that Burgoyne was also moving , and he took some risks in July . He sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold , his most aggressive field commander , and Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia . He ordered 750 men from Israel Putnam 's forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates ' army in August , before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south . He also sent some of the best forces from his own army : Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps , which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Virginia , chosen for their sharpshooting ability . This unit came to be known as Morgan 's Riflemen . Map showing the movements of the opposing armies in the Saratoga campaign , and plan of the Battles of Saratoga ( inset ) On September 7 , Gates ordered his army to march north . A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights , just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Saratoga ; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko . The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany , where it passed through a defile between the heights and the Hudson River . To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army .", "6": "First Saratoga : battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) Prelude Moving cautiously , since the departure of his Native American support had deprived him of reliable reports on the American position , Burgoyne advanced to the south after crossing the Hudson . On September 18 the vanguard of his army had reached a position just north of Saratoga , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) from the American defensive line , and skirmishes occurred between American scouting parties and the leading elements of his army . The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold 's return from Fort Stanwix . While he and Gates had previously been on reasonably good terms in spite of their prickly egos , Arnold managed to turn Gates against him by taking on officers friendly to Schuyler as staff , dragging him into the ongoing feud between the two . These conditions had not yet reached a boil on September 19 , but the day 's events contributed to the situation . Gates had assigned the left wing of the defenses to Arnold , and assumed command himself of the right , which was nominally assigned to General Lincoln , whom Gates had detached in August with some troops to harass the British positions behind Burgoyne 's army . Initial dispositions and movements at the Battle of Freeman 's Farm , 19 September 1777 Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left , and the need to control the heights there . After the morning fog lifted around 10 am , Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns . Baron Riedesel led the left column , consisting of the German troops and the 47th Foot , on the river road , bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river . General James Inglis Hamilton commanded the center column , consisting of the 9th , 20th , 21st , and 62nd regiments , which would attack the heights , and General Simon Fraser led the right wing with the 24th Regiment and the light infantry and grenadier companies , to turn the American left flank by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights .", "7": "Arnold also realized such a flanking maneuver was likely , and petitioned Gates for permission to move his forces from the heights to meet potential movements , where the American skill at woodlands combat would be at an advantage . Gates , whose preferred strategy was to sit and wait for the expected frontal assault , grudgingly permitted a reconnaissance in force consisting of Daniel Morgan 's men and Henry Dearborn 's light infantry . When Morgan 's men reached an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman , they spotted British advance troops in the field . Fraser 's column was slightly delayed and had not yet reached the field , while Hamilton 's column had also made its way across a ravine and was approaching the field from the east through dense forest and difficult terrain . Riedesel 's force , while it was on the road , was delayed by obstacles thrown down by the Americans . The sound of gunfire to the west prompted Riedesel to send some of his artillery down a track in that direction . The troops Morgan 's men saw were an advance company from Hamilton 's column . Battle Map depicting the positions at 1 : 00 pm Morgan placed marksmen at strategic positions , who then picked off virtually every officer in the advance company . Morgan and his men then charged , unaware that they were headed directly for Burgoyne 's main army . While they succeeded in driving back the advance company , Fraser 's leading edge arrived just in time to attack Morgan 's left , scattering his men back into the woods . James Wilkinson , who had ridden forward to observe the fire , returned to the American camp for reinforcements . As the British company fell back toward the main column , the leading edge of that column opened fire , killing a number of their own men . Modern view of the battleground of Freeman 's Farm There was then a lull in the fighting around 1 : 00 pm as Hamilton 's men began to form up on the north side of the field , and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south .", "8": "Learning that Morgan was in trouble , Gates ordered out two more regiments ( 1st and 3rd New Hampshire ) to support him , with additional regiments ( 2nd New York , 4th New York , the 1st Canadian , and Connecticut militia ) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow . Burgoyne arrayed Hamilton 's men with the 21st on the right , the 20th on the left , and the 62nd in the center , with the 9th held in reserve . Map depicting the positions at 3 : 00 pm The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action . Morgan 's men had regrouped in the woods , and picked off officers and artillerymen . They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British field pieces , only to lose them in the next British charge . At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter ; it was instead one of Burgoyne 's aides , riding a richly dressed horse , who was the victim . The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point , and only the intervention of General Phillips , leading the 20th , made it possible for the 62nd to reform . In Roger Lamb 's memoir , ( a British soldier present at the battle ) , he wrote ' ' In this battle an unusual number of officers fell , as our army abounded with young men of respectability at this time , who after several years of general peace anterior to the American revolution , were attracted to the profession of arms . Three sulbalterns ( officers ) of the 20th regiment on this occasion , the oldest of whom did not exceed the age of seventeen years , were buried together ' ' The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British . Around 3 pm , Riedesel sent a messenger to Burgoyne for instructions . He returned two hours later with orders to guard the baggage train , but also to send as many men as he could spare toward the American right flank . In a calculated risk , Riedesel left 500 men to guard the vital supply train and marched off toward the action with the rest of his column .", "9": "Two of his companies advanced on the double and opened vicious fire on the American right , and Fraser 's force threatened to turn the American left flank . In response to the latter threat , Arnold requested more forces , and Gates allowed him to dispatch Ebenezer Learned 's brigade ( 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts ) . ( If Arnold had been on the field , these forces might have instead faced the larger danger posed by Riedesel 's force . ) Fortunately for the American right , darkness set in , bringing an end to the battle . The Americans retreated back to their defenses , leaving the British on the field . Map depicting the positions at 5 : 00 pm Burgoyne had gained the field of battle , but suffered nearly 600 casualties . Most of these were to Hamilton 's center column , where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company , and three quarters of the artillerymen were killed or wounded . American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously wounded . It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field , directing some of the action . However , John Luzader , a former park historian at the Saratoga National Historical Park , carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials , and that Arnold remained at Gates ' headquarters , receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers . Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin , however , disagrees with Luzader , arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman 's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates . Interlude ... an attack or even menace of an attack on Fort Montgomery must be of great use ... Burgoyne to Clinton , September 23 , 1777 Burgoyne 's council discussed whether to attack the next day , and a decision was reached to delay further action at least one day , to September 21 . The army moved to consolidate the position closer to the American line while some men collected their dead . The attack on the 21st was called off when Burgoyne received a letter dated September 12 from Henry Clinton , who was commanding the British garrison in New York City . Clinton suggested that he could `` make a push at ( Fort ) Montgomery in about ten days . ''", "10": "( Fort Montgomery was an American post on the Hudson River , in the New York Highlands south of West Point ) . If Clinton left New York on September 22 , `` about ten days '' after he wrote the letter , he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month . Burgoyne , running low on men and food , was still in a very difficult position , but he decided to wait in the hope that Clinton would arrive to save his army . Burgoyne wrote to Clinton on September 23 , requesting some sort of assistance or diversion to draw Gates ' army away . Clinton sailed from New York on October 3 , and captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6 . The furthest north any of his troops reached was Clermont , where they raided the estate of the prominent Patriot Livingston family on October 16 . Plan of battlefield of Saratoga , and views of John Neilson 's house ( which served as headquarters for Enoch Poor and Benedict Arnold ) from south , east and inside Unknown to either side at Saratoga , General Lincoln and Colonel John Brown had staged an attack against the British position at Fort Ticonderoga . Lincoln had collected 2,000 men at Bennington by early September . Brown and a detachment of 500 men captured poorly defended positions between Ticonderoga and Lake George , and then spent several days ineffectually bombarding the fort . These men , and some of the prisoners they freed along the way , were back in the American camp by September 29 . In the American camp , the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility . Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the Congress and Governor George Clinton of New York , but he failed to mention Arnold at all . The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success . Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold 's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent . Arnold protested , and the dispute escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln . Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington 's command , which Gates granted , but instead of leaving he remained in his tent .", "11": "There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp . During this period there were almost daily clashes between pickets and patrols of the two armies . Morgan 's sharpshooters , familiar with the strategy and tactics of woodland warfare , constantly harassed British patrols on the western flank . As September passed into October it became clear that Clinton was not coming to help Burgoyne , who put the army on short rations on October 3 . The next day , Burgoyne called a war council in which several options were discussed , but no conclusive decisions were made . When the council resumed the next day , Riedesel proposed retreat , in which he was supported by Fraser . Burgoyne refused to consider it , insisting that retreat would be disgraceful . They finally agreed to conduct an assault on the American left flank with two thousand men , more than one - third of the army , on October 7 . The army he was attacking , however , had grown in the interval . In addition to the return of Lincoln 's detachment , militiamen and supplies continued to pour into the American camp , including critical increases in ammunition , which had been severely depleted in the first battle . The army Burgoyne faced on October 7 was more than 12,000 men strong and was led by a man who knew how much trouble Burgoyne was in . Gates had received consistent intelligence from the stream of deserters leaving the British lines and had also intercepted Clinton 's response to Burgoyne 's plea for help . Second Saratoga : battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) See also : Second Saratoga order of battle British foray Benedict Arnold at Battle of Bemis Heights While Burgoyne 's troop strength was nominally higher , he likely had only about 5,000 effective , battle - ready troops on October 7 , as losses from the earlier battles in the campaign and desertions following the September 19 battle had reduced his forces . General Riedesel advised that the army retreat . Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible .", "12": "As an escort , the generals took Fraser 's Advanced Corps , with light troops and the 24th Foot on the right and the combined British grenadiers on the left , and a force drawn from all the German regiments in the army in the center . There were eight British cannon under Major Williams and two Hesse - Hanau cannon under Captain Pausch . Leaving their camp between 10 and 11 am , they advanced about three - quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) to Barber 's wheat field on a rise above Mill Brook , where they stopped to observe the American position . While the field afforded some room for artillery to work , the flanks were dangerously close to the surrounding woods . Gates , following the removal of Arnold from the field command , assumed command of the American left and gave the right to General Lincoln . When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne 's movement to Gates , he ordered Morgan 's riflemen out to the far left , with Poor 's men ( 1st , 2nd , and 3rd New Hampshire on the left ; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments ) on the right , and Learned 's ( 1st New York , 1st Canadian , 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments , plus militia companies ) in the center . A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned 's line . In all , more than 8,000 Americans took the field that day , including about 1,400 men from Lincoln 's command that were deployed when the action became particularly fierce . Benedict Arnold portrait by Thomas Hart The opening fire came between 2 and 2 : 30 pm from the British grenadiers . Poor 's men held their fire , and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective . When Major Acland led the British grenadiers in a bayonet charge , the Americans finally began shooting at close range . Acland fell , shot in both legs , and many of the grenadiers also went down . Their column was a total rout , and Poor 's men advanced to take Acland and Williams prisoner and capture their artillery . On the American left , things were also not going well for the British .", "13": "Morgan 's men swept aside the Canadians and Native Americans to engage Fraser 's regulars . Although slightly outnumbered , Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west . While General Fraser was mortally wounded in this phase of the battle , a frequently told story claiming it to be the work of Timothy Murphy , one of Morgan 's men , appears to be a 19th - century fabrication . The fall of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck 's large militia brigade ( which roughly equaled the entire British reconnaissance force in size ) , broke the British will , and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments . Burgoyne was also very nearly killed by one of Morgan 's marksmen ; three shots hit his horse , hat , and waistcoat . The first phase of the battle lasted about one hour and cost Burgoyne nearly 400 men , including the capture of most of the grenadiers ' command , and six of the ten field pieces brought to the action . American attack Troop dispositions and initial movements at the Battle of Bemis Heights At this point , the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant . General Arnold , who was `` betraying great agitation and wrath '' in the American camp , and may have been drinking , rode out to join the action . Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return ; Armstrong did not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over . ( A letter , written by a witness to proceedings in the camp , suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action . ) The defenses on the right side of the British camp were anchored by two redoubts . The outermost one was defended by about 300 men under the command of the Hessian Heinrich von Breymann , while the other was under the command of Lord Balcarres . A small contingent of Canadians occupied the ground between these two fortifications . Most of the retreating force headed for Balcarres ' position , as Breymann 's was slightly north and further away from the early action . Arnold led the American chase , and then led Poor 's men in an attack on the Balcarres redoubt .", "14": "Balcarres had set up his defenses well , and the redoubt was held , in action so fierce that Burgoyne afterwards wrote , `` A more determined perseverance than they showed ... is not in any officer 's experience '' . Seeing that the advance was checked , and that Learned was preparing to attack the Breymann redoubt , Arnold moved toward that action , recklessly riding between the lines and remarkably emerging unhurt . He led the charge of Learned 's men through the gap between the redoubts , which exposed the rear of Breymann 's position , where Morgan 's men had circled around from the far side . In furious battle , the redoubt was taken and Breymann was killed . Arnold 's horse was hit in one of the final volleys , and Arnold 's leg was broken by both shot and the falling horse . Major Armstrong finally caught up with Arnold to officially order him back to headquarters ; he was carried back in a litter . The capture of Breymann 's redoubt exposed the British camp , but darkness was setting in . An attempt by some Germans to retake the redoubt ended in capture as darkness fell and an unreliable guide led them to the American line . Aftermath For more details on Burgoyne 's movements and eventual surrender after these battles , see Saratoga campaign § Surrender . Burgoyne 's failed campaign , as may be seen by the titles of some of the books that cover it in detail , marked a major turning point in the war . After the battle , he withdrew his men 10 -- 15 miles north , near present - day Schuylerville , New York . General Burgoyne returned to England and was never given another commanding position in the British Army . Armies and casualties Boot Monument , depicting Arnold 's injured leg Burgoyne lost 1,000 men in the two battles , leaving him outnumbered by roughly 3 to 1 ; American losses came to about 500 killed and wounded . Burgoyne had also lost several of his most effective leaders , his attempts to capture the American position had failed , and his forward line was now breached . That night he lit fires at his remaining forward positions and withdrew under the cover of darkness .", "15": "On the morning of October 8 , he was back in the fortified positions he had held on September 16 . By October 13 he was surrounded at Saratoga , and on October 17 he surrendered his army . The remnants of his expedition retreated from Ticonderoga back to Quebec . The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively . Said one British officer : The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone , and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them , incapable of standing a regular engagement and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works . In recognition of his contribution to the battles at Saratoga , General Arnold had his seniority restored ( he had lost it after being passed over for promotion earlier in 1777 ) . His leg wound left Arnold bedridden for five months . Later , while still unfit for field service but serving as military governor of Philadelphia , Arnold entered into treasonous correspondence with the British . He received command of the fort at West Point and plotted to hand it over to the British , only to flee into the British lines when the capture of his contact John Andre led to the exposure of the plot . Arnold went on to serve under William Phillips , the commander of Burgoyne 's right wing , in a 1781 expedition into Virginia . Although he left the direction of the battle to subordinates , General Gates received a great deal of credit as the commanding general for the greatest American victory of the war to date . He may have conspired with others to replace George Washington as the commander - in - chief . Instead , he received the command of the main American army in the South . He led it to a disastrous defeat at the 1780 Battle of Camden , where he was at the forefront of a panicked retreat . Gates never commanded troops in the field again . In response to Burgoyne 's surrender , Congress declared December 18 , 1777 , as a national day `` for solemn Thanksgiving and praise '' ; it was the nation 's first official observance of a holiday with that name . French aid Once news of Burgoyne 's surrender reached France , King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco - American alliance and French entry into the war .", "16": "This moved the conflict onto a global stage . As a consequence , Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the West Indies and Europe , and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations . Being defeated by the British in the French and Indian War more than a decade earlier , France found an opportunity of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the Revolutionary War . Prior to the Battle of Saratoga , France did n't fully aid the colonists . However , after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists , France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war , and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers , donations , loans , military arms , and supplies . Legacy The battlefield and the site of Burgoyne 's surrender have been preserved , and are now administered by the National Park Service as the Saratoga National Historical Park , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The park preserves a number of the buildings in the area and contains a variety of monuments . The Saratoga Monument obelisk has four niches , three of which hold statues of American commanders : Gates and Schuyler and of Colonel Daniel Morgan . The fourth niche , where Arnold 's statue would go , is empty . A more dramatic memorial to Arnold 's heroism , that does not name him , is the Boot Monument . Donated by Civil War General John Watts de Peyster , it shows a boot with spurs and the stars of a major general . It stands at the spot where Arnold was shot on October 7 charging Breymann 's redoubt and is dedicated to `` the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army '' . Six Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 102nd Inf , 125th QM Co , 181st Inf , 182nd Inf and 192nd MP Bn ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Saratoga . There are now only thirty units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era .", "17": "There are a number of ships named after the battles including USS Saratoga ( 1842 ) , USS Saratoga ( CV - 3 ) , and USS Saratoga ( CV - 60 ) Saratoga Monument obelisk View of the battlefield from the visitor center of Saratoga National Historic Park Benjamin Franklin honored the victory in Saratoga by commissioning and designing an Augustin Dupré medallion . It was minted in Paris in 1783 . The Surrender of General Burgoyne depicted on a 1927 US Postage Stamp See also American Revolutionary War portal Capital District portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Saratoga National Historical Park References Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 355 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 395 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 436 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 371 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ Morgan , Edmund ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic : 1763 -- 1789 . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Springfield Armory Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 335 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 348 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 320 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 332 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 189 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 265 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 290 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p.", "18": "296 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 337 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 347 -- 48 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 300 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 351 -- 52 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 352 , 355 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 357 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 307 -- 08 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 358 -- 60 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 309 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 240 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 310 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hagist , Don ( 2004 ) . A British Soldier 's Story : Roger Lamb 's narrative of the American Revolution . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 391 -- 92 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 368 -- 69 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 319 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 515 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp.", "19": "388 -- 90 , describes the relevant primary sources , and shows how early historians , including Lossing and Stone , gave rise to the story , and its propagation by later historians , including Nickerson . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold , Revolutionary Hero : An American Warrior Reconsidered . New York University Press . pp. 378 -- 81 , 514 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 343 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 345 -- 51 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 376 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 377 -- 79 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 324 -- 26 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 385 -- 88 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 271 Jump up ^ Charles Kuralt , narrator ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Misfortunes of War '' . The Revolutionary War . The Military Channel . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 333 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 356 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 326 -- 27 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 353 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 358 Jump up ^ Bird p. 223 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 359 -- 60 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 284 -- 85 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 286 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p.", "20": "361 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 400 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxii ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 364 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 285 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Williams , Stephen ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Letters change view of Benedict Arnold , Gen. Gates '' . The Daily Gazette . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 365 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 287 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 291 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ See Ketchum , Morrissey , and Nickerson . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Saratoga -- A Major Turning Point of The Revolutionary War '' . Saratoga.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Victor Brooks ; Robert Hohwald ( 1999 ) . How America Fought Its Wars : Military Strategy from the American Revolution to the Civil War . Da Capo Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 372 Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2007 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 147 -- 51 Jump up ^ Historic Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxiii Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 106 -- 07 Jump up ^ `` States give thanks '' . History.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Washington , George ( 2002 ) . Grizzard , Jr. , Frank E. ; Hoth , David R. , eds .", "21": "General Orders , 17 December 1777 . The Original Papers of George Washington , Revolutionary War Series . 12 . Charlottesville , Va. : Univ Press of Virginia . pp. 620 -- 621 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 447 Jump up ^ Perkins , James . `` France in the Revolution '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Jump up ^ Saratoga activities Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 102nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 195 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 192nd Military Police Battalion . Jump up ^ Petty , Dan . `` The US Navy Aircraft Carriers '' . www.navy.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bennett ( 2008 ) , p. 456 Bibliography Bennett , William J ; Cribb , John ( 2008 ) . The American Patriot 's Almanac . Thomas Nelson Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 267 - 9 .", "22": "Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) . The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography , Volume 20 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania . OCLC 1762062 . Corbett , Theodore. ( 2012 ) No Turning Point : The Saratoga Campaign in Perspective . Norman OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . ( Paperback ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 1 ) Luzader , John F. Saratoga : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 44 - 9 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 2000 ) . Saratoga 1777 : Turning Point of a Revolution . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 862 - 4 . OCLC 43419003 . Murphy , Jim ( 2007 ) . The Real Benedict Arnold . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77609 - 4 . Nickerson , Hoffman ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ) . The Turning Point of the Revolution . Port Washington , NY : Kennikat . OCLC 549809 . Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7 . Randall , Willard Sterne ( 1990 ) . Benedict Arnold : Patriot and Traitor . William Morrow and Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55710 - 034 - 4 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications .", "23": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park -- Tour Stop 7 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Bird , Harrison ( 1963 ) . `` March To Saratoga General Burgoyne And The American Campaign 1777 '' . New York Oxford University Press . Further reading Creasy , Sir Edward ( 1908 ) . The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World . Furneaux , Rupert ( 1971 ) . The Battle of Saratoga . New York : Stein and Day . Mintz , Max M ( 1990 ) . The Generals of Saratoga : John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04778 - 9 . Patterson , Samuel White ( 1941 ) . Horatio Gates : Defender of American Liberties . Columbia University Press . Savas , Theodore P ; Dameron , J. David ( 2005 ) . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Ward , Christopher ( 1952 ) . War of the Revolution , 2 Volumes . MacMillan . External links Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Saratoga . Saratoga : The Tide Turns on the Frontier , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan War Boardgame on the Battle of Saratoga Monument to Arnold 's leg at Saratoga , from pbs.org Battle of Bemis ' Heights , and Retreat of Burgoyne `` Battle of Freeman 's Farm '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . `` The Battle of Saratoga '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 .", "24": "Animated History of the Saratoga Campaign `` Friedrich Kaltofen , one of the intentionally misnamed ' Brunswick Deserters . ' '' . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-Camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr.", "25": "President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S.", "26": "Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr.", "27": "( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St.", "28": "George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Saratoga&oldid=818158715 '' Categories : 1777 in New York ( state ) 1777 in the United States Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles of the American Revolutionary War Conflicts in 1777 New York ( state ) in the American Revolution Saratoga County , New York Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 January 2018 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 23, 3, 2, 6, 28, 5, 27, 4, 0, 10, 7, 24, 11, 22, 9, 16, 17, 21, 12, 15, 14, 8, 20, 25, 13, 26, 18, 19 ]	[ 7, 1, 23, 3, 2 ]
-1141582968814006481	where does the last name fisher originate from	[ "an English occupational name for one who obtained his living by fishing or living by a fishing weir" ]	{ "0": "Fisher ( surname ) - wikipedia Fisher ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Fisher ( German : Fischer ) is an English occupational name for one who obtained his living by fishing or living by a fishing weir . In Ireland it is the anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Bradáin ' descendant of Bradán ' , a personal name meaning ' salmon ' . This name was sometimes translated into English as Salmon or Fisher . The Celtic name Mac an Iascair in Ireland or MacInesker in Scotland also translates to Fisher . Fisher ( surname ) may refer to : Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Adrian Fisher ( born 1951 ) , maze designer Adrian S. Fisher ( 1914 -- 1983 ) , American lawyer Albert Fisher ( Detroit ) ( 1864 -- 1942 ) , American automotive pioneer Albert Kenrick Fisher ( 1856 -- 1948 ) , American ornithologist Albert William Fisher ( 1881 -- 1937 ) , English footballer Alexander Fisher ( sound engineer ) ( 1903 -- 1993 ) , British Sound Engineer Alice Fisher ( nurse ) , pioneer nurse Alice S. Fisher ( fl . 2000s ) , American lawyer Allen Fisher ( born 1944 ) , British poet Alvan Fisher ( 1792 -- 1863 ) , American painter Amy Fisher ( born 1974 ) , American criminal Andrew Fisher ( 1862 -- 1928 ) , Australian Prime Minister Ann Fisher - Wirth ( born 1947 ) , American poet Anna Lee Fisher ( born 1949 ) , American astronaut Antony Fisher ( 1915 -- 1988 ) , British think tank promoter Antwone Fisher ( born 1959 ) , the subject of a 2002 movie based on his life Archie Fisher ( born 1939 ) , Scottish folk singer Arnie Fisher , American bridge player Arthur Elwell Fisher ( born 1848 ) , English composer and musician A.S.T.", "1": "Fisher ( 20th century ) , English clergyman and writer Avery Fisher ( 1906 -- 1994 ) , American audio engineer B.H. Fisher ( `` Red '' Fisher , 1914 -- 2006 ) , American writer and outdoorsman Barb Fisher ( fl . c. 2000 ) , Canadian politician Barbara Loe Fisher ( fl . late 20th century ) , American chiropractor Benjamin Fisher ( 1842 -- 1920 ) , accountant and auctioneer in South Australia , co-founder of Bennett & Fisher . Bernard Francis Fisher ( born 1927 ) , pilot Bob Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Brent Fisher ( born 1987 ) , eco-strategist and visionary Bryce Fisher ( born 1977 ) , American football player Bud Fisher ( 1885 -- 1954 ) , American cartoonist Carrie Fisher ( 1956 -- 2016 ) , American actress , writer , and show - business family member Carl G. Fisher ( 1874 -- 1939 ) , American entrepreneur Cevin Fisher ( born 1963 ) , American music producer C.B. Fisher ( 1817 -- 1908 ) Australian pastoralist and racehorse breeder Charles Fisher ( disambiguation ) and Charlie Fisher , several people Cilla Fisher ( born 1952 ) , founding member of The Singing Kettle C. Miller Fisher ( born 1913 ) , Canadian neuroscientist Daniel Fisher ( politician ) ( 1812 -- 1884 ) grain merchant and MHA in South Australia .", "2": "David Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Derek Fisher ( born 1974 ) , American retired basketball player and current coach Don Fisher ( 1916 -- 1973 ) , American baseball player Donald Fisher ( born 1928 ) , American entrepreneur Doris Fisher ( singer ) ( 1915 -- 2003 ) , American singer , songwriter , and show - business family member Dorothy Canfield Fisher ( 1879 -- 1958 ) , American author Douglas Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Dudley Fisher ( 1890 -- 1951 ) , American cartoonist Dudu Fisher ( born 1951 ) , Israeli singer Edward Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people , including `` Ed Fisher '' and `` Eddie Fisher '' Eric Fisher ( cricketer ) ( 1924 -- 1996 ) , New Zealand cricketer Eric Fisher ( American football ) ( born 1991 ) , American football offensive tackle Florrie Fisher ( 1918 -- 1972 ) , American motivational speaker Frances Fisher ( born 1952 ) , British - American actress Francesca Fisher - Eastwood ( born 1993 ) , American actress Frederick Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people , including `` Fred Fisher '' and `` Freddie Fisher '' Gail Fisher ( 1935 -- 2000 ) , American actress Garth Fisher , plastic surgeon Gary Fisher ( born 1950 ) , American cyclist and engineer Gavin Fisher ( born 1964 ) , American engineer Geoffrey Fisher ( 1887 -- 1972 ) , British religious leader George Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Gilbert Dempster Fisher ( 1906 -- 1985 ) , Scottish naturalist , writer and broadcaster .", "3": "Ham Fisher ( 1900 / 01 -- 1955 ) , American artist Harold Fisher ( disambiguation ) Harrison Fisher ( 1877 -- 1934 ) , American artist Harry Fisher ( disambiguation ) Helen Fisher ( anthropologist ) ( born 1945 ) Hendrick Fisher ( 1697 -- 1779 ) , American politician Hermann Emil Fischer ( 1852 -- 1919 ) German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Herbert Fisher ( disambiguation ) Hugo Anton Fisher ( 1854 -- 1916 ) , Czechoslovakian - born American painter Ian Fisher ( English cricketer ) ( born 1976 ) , English cricketer Ian Fisher ( journalist ) ( born 1965 ) , American journalist India Fisher ( born 1974 ) , British actress Ira Joe Fisher ( born 1947 ) , American journalist Irving Fisher ( 1867 -- 1947 ) , American economist and activist Isaac Fisher ( 1851 -- 1944 ) , Australian cricket umpire Isla Fisher ( born 1976 ) , Omani - Australian actress J ( edit ) J. Fisher ( Yorkshire cricketer ) , English cricketer James Fisher ( disambiguation ) Jane Lane , Lady Fisher ( c. 1626 -- 1689 ) , English activist Jeremy Fisher ( born 1976 ) , Canadian musician Jo Fisher , New Zealand international football ( soccer ) player Joely Fisher ( born 1967 ) , American actress John Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people , including `` Jackie '' and `` Jack '' Fisher Jon Fisher ( rugby union ) ( born 1988 ) , English rugby union player Jonathan Fisher ( 1768 -- 1847 ) , American religious leader Jonathan Fisher ( painter ) ( died 1809 ) , Irish Josef Fischer ( cyclist ) Josh Fisher ( born c. 1950s ) , American computer scientist Joshua Fisher ( 1707 -- 1783 ) , American merchant and cartographer Joshua Francis Fisher ( 1807 -- 1873 ) , American author and philanthropist Juni Fisher ( born c.", "4": "1957 ) , American musician Kate Fisher ( 1850 -- 1940 ) , American prostitute , also known as Big Nose Kate Kelly Fisher ( born 1978 ) , British snooker player Ken Fisher ( born c. 1960 ) , American cartoonist , also known as Ruben Bolling Kenneth Fisher ( born 1950 ) , financial manager and journalist Kitty Fisher ( died 1767 ) , British courtesan Larry Fisher ( 1907 -- 2001 ) , American real estate developer Larry Fisher ( murderer ) ( born 1949 ) , Canadian criminal Lee Fisher ( born 1951 ) , American politician Levar Fisher ( born 1979 ) , American football player Lewis P. Fisher ( 1820 -- 1905 ) , Canadian politician Louis Fischer ( 1896 -- 1970 ) , American journalist . M.F.K. Fisher ( 1908 -- 1992 ) , American writer Mark Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Mary Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Matthew Fisher ( born 1946 ) , British musician Matthew Fisher ( born 1997 ) , English cricketer Max Fisher ( 1908 -- 2005 ) , American activist Mel Fisher ( 1922 -- 1998 ) , American entrepreneur Michael Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people , including `` Mike Fisher '' Michoel Fisher ( c. 1910 -- 2004 ) , British religious leader Mike Fisher ( ice hockey ) ( born 1980 ) , Canadian hockey player Nathan Fisher , footballer Noel Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Norman Fisher - Jones ( fl . late 20th century ) , British musician Norman W.F. Fisher ( 1936 -- 1997 ) , Australian government administrator O ( edit ) Osmond Fisher ( 1817 -- 1914 ) , English geologist O.C.", "5": "Fisher ( 1903 -- 1994 ) , American politician and writer Paul Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Peter Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Philip Fisher ( disambiguation ) Ray Fisher ( 1887 -- 1982 ) , American baseball player and coach Ray Fisher ( singer ) ( 1940 -- 2011 ) , Scottish folk singer Rebecca Fisher ( 1831 -- 1926 ) , American philanthropist and preservationist Richard Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Robert Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Roger Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Rolland Fisher ( 1900 -- 1982 ) , American religious leader and activist Ronald Fisher ( 1890 -- 1962 ) , British biologist and statistician Ron Fisher ( Canadian politician ) ( born 1934 ) Ross Fisher ( born 1980 ) , British golfer Rowland Fisher ( 1885 -- 1969 ) , British painter Roy Fisher ( born 1930 ) , British poet Roy M. Fisher ( 1918 -- 1999 ) , American journalist Rudolph Fisher ( 1897 -- 1934 ) , American writer Sam Fisher ( disambiguation ) and Samuel Fisher Sarah Fisher , US race car driver voted most popular driver in the Indy Racing League in 2003 Scott Fisher ( disambiguation ) Seth Fisher , American comics artist Sidney George Fisher , American lawyer and author Simon Fisher - Becker , British actor Spencer Oliver Fisher ( 1843 -- 1919 ) , Congressman from the U.S.", "6": "state of Michigan Spencer William Fisher ( born 1976 ) , American mixed martial arts fighter Steve Fisher ( disambiguation ) Sven Fischer , German biathlete Sven Fischer ( footballer ) , German football defender Sydney Arthur Fisher , former member of the Canadian House of Commons Sydney George Fisher , American lawyer and author Terence Fisher , British film director Tom Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Toni Fisher , American singer Tony Fisher ( American football ) , American football player Travis Fisher , American football player Tricia Leigh Fisher , American actress and singer V ( edit ) Vardis Fisher ( 1895 -- 1968 ) , American historical novelist Venessa Fisher ( born 1986 ) , Canadian contestant Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher ( 1903 -- 1971 ) , Soviet intelligence agent Viv Fisher ( born 1952 ) , British audio engineer and musician Walter Fisher ( disambiguation ) , several people Warren Fisher , British civil servant Warren Fisher ( rugby league ) , Australian rugby league player Warren Samuel Fisher ( 1878 -- 1971 ) , American entomologist William Fisher ( disambiguation ) Z ( edit ) Zachary Fisher ( 1910 - 1999 ) , American businessman and philanthropist , founder of Fisher House Foundation Fictional characters ( edit ) Fisher ( Casino Royale ) , a fictional henchman in Casino Royale The Rich Fisher , fictional character Bron in Joseph d'Arimathie verse variant in `` Fisher King '' literary tradition Jeremy Fisher , fictional character in story The Tale of Mr.", "7": "Jeremy Fisher by Beatrix Potter Nate Fisher , fictional character from Six Feet Under Phryne Fisher , fictional character ( `` Miss Fisher '' ) by Kerry Greenwood Ruth Fisher , fictional character from TV series Six Feet Under See also ( edit ) Fisher ( disambiguation ) , for geographical places and other uses of the word A Stone for Danny Fisher , novel Surnames associated with the occupation of fisherman Baltic Zvejnieks Ugric Halasz Slavic Rybalko , Rybak / Ryback , Rybakov Rybalka Rybár Germanic Fisher Fischer Visser de Visser Visscher Vissers Romance Pescatore , Piscator , Poissonier , Le Pêcheur , Lepesqueur ( Pesqueur ) , Lepesqueux ( Pesqueux ) , Pecqueur , Pecqueux Other Le Pesqueur ( Le Pesquer ) This page lists people with the surname Fisher . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisher_(surname)&oldid=819774017 '' Categories : Surnames Occupational surnames English - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Latviešu Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 05 : 38 . About Wikipedia", "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 7, 1, 5, 2, 3, 4, 6 ]	[ 0, 7, 1, 5, 2, 3 ]
109376485309440169	where is the love meaning of the song	[ "lament on various worldwide problems", "lament on various worldwide problems.", "which include but are not limited to terrorism, US government hypocrisy, racism, gang crime, pollution, war, and intolerance" ]	{ "0": "Where Is the Love ? - Wikipedia Where Is the Love ? Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Black Eyed Peas song . For the Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway song , see Where Is the Love . For the Hanson song , see Where 's the Love . `` Where Is the Love ? '' Single by The Black Eyed Peas from the album Elephunk B - side `` Somethin ' for That Ass '' `` What 's Goin Down '' Released June 16 , 2003 Format CD single Recorded December 26 , 2001 -- March 3 , 2003 Genre Conscious hip hop pop soul Length 8 : 29 ( 2003 album version ) 4 : 34 ( single version / 2004 album version ) 3 : 51 ( radio edit ) Label A&M will.i.am Interscope Songwriter ( s ) will.i.am apl. de. ap Taboo Justin Timberlake Printz Board Michael Fratantuno George Pajon Producer ( s ) will.i.am Ron Fair The Black Eyed Peas singles chronology `` Request + Line '' ( 2001 ) `` Where Is the Love ? '' ( 2003 ) `` Shut Up '' ( 2003 ) `` Request + Line '' ( 2001 ) `` Where Is the Love ? '' ( 2003 ) `` Shut Up '' ( 2003 ) Music video `` Where Is the Love ? '' on YouTube `` Where Is the Love ? '' is a song by American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas . It was released in June 2003 as the lead single from their third album , Elephunk . The song was written by will.i.am , apl. de. ap , Taboo , Justin Timberlake , Printz Board , Michael Fratantuno and George Pajon . The track features vocals from Timberlake , although he is not officially credited on the single release . It was the band 's first song to feature singer Fergie as an official member . `` Where Is the Love ? ''", "1": "saw success on radio airplay charts , peaked at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the charts in Australia , Ireland and the United Kingdom . It became the biggest - selling single of 2003 in the latter country . The band and Timberlake received two nominations , Record of the Year and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration , for `` Where Is the Love ? '' at the 46th Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Reception 4 Music video 5 Covers 6 Formats and track listings 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Decade - end charts 8.4 Certifications 9 2016 version 9.1 Music video 9.2 Track listing 9.3 Personnel 9.4 Charts 9.5 2016 Spanish / English version 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Following the commercial failures of their previous albums and singles , there was doubt over whether The Black Eyed Peas would continue to record together . A&R executive Ron Fair approached them and suggested a crossover to a more mainstream pop sound . will.i.am in particular resisted the idea for fear that they would be seen as sellouts . However , after discussions and some writing sessions , the idea was pursued . Shortly after Christmas 2001 , will.i.am created a loop and a guitar part that he liked . apl. de. ap and Taboo also heard the track and were able to write similar lyrics over it . Justin Timberlake was introduced to the group by Taboo , and got a chance to hear the track that will.i.am created . Impressed with the music , Timberlake helped write and sing the chorus . Timberlake was in the midst of promotion of his debut solo album , Justified , and his label Jive Records was concerned about possible overexposure . The Black Eyed Peas were worried about this , as getting some assistance from an established pop star like Timberlake had been the original point of this song .", "2": "A compromise was reached eventually in which Jive gave clearance for the vocals of Timberlake to be released on the song , but he does not appear in the song 's music video nor is he officially credited on the song as an artist . By 2008 , the single had sold 954,000 digital copies . Composition ( edit ) Timberlake co-wrote the song and provided vocals . The song was written by will.i.am , apl. de. ap , Taboo , Justin Timberlake , Ron Fair , Printz Board , George Pajon , Fiona Davies M. Fratantuno , and J. Curtis , and co-produced by will.i.am and Ron Fair . In this song , The Black Eyed Peas lament on various worldwide problems . Many issues are discussed , which include but are not limited to terrorism , US government hypocrisy , racism , gang crime , pollution , war , and intolerance Reception ( edit ) The song was rewarded with nominations at the 46th Grammy Awards in 2004 for Record of the Year and Best Rap / Sung Collaboration . The song was the biggest selling single of 2003 in the UK . It was also the 25th best - selling single of the 2000s ( decade ) in the UK . On May 12 , 2013 , after 10 years since the song 's release , the song re-entered the official UK singles charts at 40 , eventually peaking at 35 . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Where Is the Love ? '' was shot in East Los Angeles and features The Black Eyed Peas and various other people , including various young children , asking the world where the love really is . In the video , will.i.am and Taboo act as a soul music road duo who use music to tell people what is wrong with the world , Fergie appears as a peacemaker who places stickers with question marks on them all over the place to ask people where the love is in the world , and apl. de. ap is a criminal who is arrested for using criminal offences to tell people the truth . Justin Timberlake does not appear in the video , although several different people are seen mouthing the chorus as he sings it .", "3": "The video is similar to a 2002 British television advertisement for T - Mobile , in which a face of a young baby is presented in various forms around a large city , much like the question mark in this video . The Bon Jovi music video `` Have a Nice Day '' is also similar to both the advertisement and this video . The video features gameplay footage of the graphically explicit and controversial video game Postal 2 , in which a group of young children are playing the game . This suggests that violence in the media and entertainment industry affects the morals of children . Covers ( edit ) British pop band Busted did a rock version of the song , which features on their live album , A Ticket for Everyone . The Voice UK contestant Frances Wood sang the song at her audition and chose will.i.am to be her mentor . Japanese pop singer Sho Sakurai of Arashi re-wrote the rap lyrics in Japanese language and performed his cover version at his solo concert in 2006 . At the Mnet Asian Music Awards ( commonly abbreviated as MAMA ) promotional held in Singapore in 2011 , will.i.am apl. de. ap performed the song with friend and collaborator , K - pop vocalist and rapper CL of 2NE1 performing Taboo and Fergie 's part . The X Factor Israel contestant Inbal Bibi sang the song at the live shows and received positive reviews . Ariana Grande joined the Black Eyed Peas for a cover of the version at Grande 's 2017 One Love Manchester concert . Gwen Stefani performed the song at Hyundai Genesis G70 launch event in Seoul , South Korea on September 15 , 2017 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- 4 : 35 Personnel ( edit ) Arranged by Ron Fair Writers -- will.i.am , Justin Timberlake , Taboo , apl. de. ap , Printz Board , Michael Fratantuno , George Pajon , Jr . Producers -- will.i.am , Ron Fair Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )", "4": "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 19 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 35 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position United Kingdom ( Official Charts Company ) 42 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 10", "5": "Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 10 Dutch Top 40 French Singles Chart 78 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 10 New Zealand Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 7 Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 26 Decade - end charts ( edit ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position German Singles Chart 89 UK Singles Chart 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,018,056 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone ( show ) Order of precedence Preceded by `` Evergreen '' / `` Anything Is Possible '' by Will Young Top selling single of the year ( UK ) 2003 Succeeded by `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''", "6": "by Band Aid 20 Preceded by `` Ignition '' by R. Kelly `` Not Me , Not I '' by Delta Goodrem Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single August 24 , 2003 -- September 14 , 2003 October 5 , 2003 -- October 12 , 2003 Succeeded by `` White Flag '' by Dido `` Rise Up '' by Australian Idol -- The Final 12 Preceded by `` Breathe '' by Blu Cantrell Irish IRMA number - one single September 6 , 2003 -- November 1 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Be Faithful '' by Fatman Scoop featuring The Crooklyn Clan Preceded by `` Are You Ready for Love '' by Elton John UK Singles Chart number one single September 7 , 2003 -- October 18 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Hole in the Head '' by Sugababes Preceded by `` Hver dag '' by Ufo Yepha Danish number - one single September 12 , 2003 -- October 24 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Guilty '' by Blue Preceded by `` Never Leave You - Uh Oooh , Uh Oooh ! '' by Lumidee Swiss number - one single September 21 , 2003 -- November 16 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Aïcha '' by Outlandish Preceded by `` Aïcha '' by Outlandish Dutch Top 40 number - one single September 27 , 2003 -- October 4 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Anyplace , Anywhere , Anytime '' by Nena and Kim Wilde Preceded by `` Wild at Heart '' by David `` Wild at Heart '' by David `` White Flag '' by Dido Norwegian VG - lista number - one single 41 / 2003 43 / 2003 45 / 2003 -- 46 / 2003 Succeeded by `` Wild at Heart '' by David `` White Flag '' by Dido `` Hey Ya ! '' by Outkast Preceded by `` Never Leave You -- Uh Oooh , Uh Oooh ! ''", "7": "by Lumidee Belgian ( Flanders ) number - one single October 4 , 2003 -- October 25 , 2003 Succeeded by `` You Are the Reason '' by Sarah & Koen Wauters Preceded by `` White Flag '' by Dido German number - one single October 10 , 2003 -- October 31 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Schick mir ' nen Engel '' by Overground Preceded by `` Never Leave You -- Uh Oooh , Uh Oooh ! '' by Lumidee Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single October 11 , 2003 -- November 22 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Me Against the Music '' by Britney Spears and Madonna Preceded by `` White Flag '' by Dido Ö3 Austria Top 40 number - one single October 26 , 2003 -- November 15 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Schick mir ' nen Engel '' by Overground Preceded by `` Aïcha '' by Outlandish Swedish number - one single November 5 , 2003 Succeeded by `` Aïcha '' by Outlandish 2016 version ( edit ) `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' Single by The Black Eyed Peas featuring The World Released August 31 , 2016 Format Digital download Length 5 : 25 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) will.i.am apl. de.", "8": "ap Taboo Justin Timberlake The Game ASAP Rocky DJ Khaled Giorgio Tuinfort Producer ( s ) will.i.am Giorgio Tuinfort The Black Eyed Peas singles chronology `` Do n't Stop the Party '' ( 2011 ) `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' ( 2016 ) `` Street Livin ' '' ( 2018 ) `` Do n't Stop the Party '' ( 2011 ) `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' ( 2016 ) `` Street Livin ' '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' on YouTube On August 31 , 2016 , a new version of the song titled `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' credited to `` The Black Eyed Peas featuring The World '' was made available for digital download exclusively on iTunes and released to other digital retailers later that day . The song samples the original track but has additional music composition and features additional vocals from Justin Timberlake , Jamie Foxx , Ty Dolla $ ign , Mary J. Blige , Diddy , Cassie , Andra Day , The Game , Tori Kelly , V. Bozeman , Jessie J , French Montana , DJ Khaled , Usher , Nicole Scherzinger , ASAP Rocky , Jaden Smith and a 40 - member children 's choir . All proceeds from the song will go to will. i. am 's non-profit foundation , i. am. angel . -- the charity funds educational programs and college scholarships . The Black Eyed Peas partnered with issues - driven media company ATTN and foundation education partner and leading geospatial company Esri for the single release campaign .", "9": "Music video ( edit ) An accompanying music video , directed by Michael Jurkovac , also premiered worldwide on Apple Music that same day and shows appearances by the featured vocalists and many celebrities including Connie Britton , Lance Bass , Rosario Dawson , Shailene Woodley , Taye Diggs , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Quincy Jones , Olivia Munn , Jhené Aiko , Krewella , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Carver , Ian Harding , Max Carver , Daniel Sharman , Vanessa Hudgens , Carla Gugino , DJ Khaled , Ben Barnes , Nikki Reed , Bridgit Mendler , Jessica Szohr , Snoop Dogg , LL Cool J , Kris Jenner and Kendall Jenner ... Inspired by tragedies , like the attacks in Paris , and in Brussells and Orlando , and police shootings of Philando Castile and Alton Sterling , the Peas saw the relevance of the song and decided it was time to revive the track for a new generation . Family members affected by gun violence including ( Alton Sterling 's aunt Sandra , Philando Castile 's mother Valerie ) and police officials ( Dallas Police Chief David O. Brown , Officer Miguel Salcedo , and more appear in the video . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' ( featuring The World ) -- 5 : 25 Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the official press release . Produced by will.i.am and Giorgio Tuinfort Instruments and Programming by Giorgio Tuinfort and will.i.am Mixed by will.i.am and Joe Peluso Mastered by Joe Bozzi Written by will.i.am , apl. de.", "10": "ap , Taboo , Justin Timberlake , The Game , ASAP Rocky , DJ Khaled and Giorgio Tuinfort Instruments and Programming by Giorgio Tuinfort and will.i.am Piano by Giorgio Tuinfort First Violin by Ben Mathot , Inger van Vliet , Marleen Wester , Tseroeja van den Bos and Sofie van der Pol Second Violin by Judith van Driel , Loes Dooren , Diewertje Wanders and Azra Dizdar Alt Violin by Ian de Jong , Yanna Pelser , Bas Goossens Cello by David Faber and Jascha Bordon Bass by Hinse Mutter Horns by Jenneke de Jonge Trumpet by Printz Board Orchestra Midi Programming by Franck van der Heijden Orchestra Arrangement by Franck van der Heijden and Giorgio Tuinfort Orchestra recorded and mixed by Paul Power Vocals recorded by will.i.am and padraic kerin Main and additional vocals by The Black Eyed Peas , Justin Timberlake , Jamie Foxx , Ty Dolla $ ign , Mary J. Blige , Diddy , Cassie , Andra Day , The Game , Tori Kelly , V. Bozeman , Jessie J , French Montana , DJ Khaled , Usher , Nicole Scherzinger , ASAP Rocky , Jaden Smith and a 40 - member children 's choir .", "11": "Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Australia Digital Track Chart ( ARIA ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 12 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 6 Canadian Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 21 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 14 Finland Download ( Latauslista ) 12 France ( SNEP ) 26 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 39 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 Tip ) 28 New Zealand Heatseekers ( Recorded Music NZ ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 58 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 47 UK Download ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Pop Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 20 2016 Spanish / English version ( edit ) The Black Eyed Peas also released a bilingual Spanish / English version of `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' , titled `` # DóndeEstáElAmor ? '' crediting The Black Eyed Peas featuring El Mundo . The version was premiered on November 7 , 2016 , during Premios de la Radio . The music video premiered days later , featuring a roster of Latin stars including Gerardo Ortiz , Milkman , Pepe Aguilar , Becky G , Fey , Paulina Rubio , Luis Coronel and many others . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Review : Black Eyed Peas : Where Is The Love ? - Culture and Youth Studies '' . 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Eyed Peas - Biography - Billboard '' . Jump up ^ `` Where Is the Love ? - The Black Eyed Peas , Justin Timberlake - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Jump up ^ `` Road to the Grammys : The Making of Black Eyed Peas ' ' Where Is the Love ' '' . MTV News .", "12": "March 2 , 2004 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Grammy Nominees '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Road To The Grammys : The Making Of Black Eyed Peas ' ' Where Is The Love ' - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2009 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Week Ending April 5 , 2009 : A Prince Beats A King ( Of Pop ) Chart Watch - Yahoo ! Music '' . New.music.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Radio 1 Chart of the Decade , as presented by DJ Nihal on December 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Black Eyed Peas . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' ( in French ) . Les classement single .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- The Black Eyed Peas Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 36 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 40 , 2003 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Romanian Top 100 : Editia 1 , saptamina 5.01 - 11.01 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Australian Singles Chart '' . aria . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Austrian Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 2003 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 French Singles Chart '' ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` German Top 20 - The Chart Of 2003 '' ( in German ) . ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Irish Singles Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 2003 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 .", "15": "Jump up ^ `` 2003 New Zealand Singles Chart '' . Rianz . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2003 '' ( in Swedish ) . hitlistan.se . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . Swisscharts . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 UK Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . ChartsPlus . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 2003 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Bobborst . Bobborst . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Die ultimative Chart Show Hits des neuen Jahrtausends Download '' . RTL.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2003 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Black Eyed Peas ; ' Where Is The Love ? ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trofeer '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love ? ''", "16": ". British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Enter Where Is The Love ? in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Black Eyed Peas -- Where Is The Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Black Eyed Peas Reunite for `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' Launching Appeal to Stop Shootings and Violence `` . iamangelfoundation.org . September 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Eyed Peas reunite to update ' Where Is The Love ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas Reunite for Anti-Gun Violence Song '' . Billboard . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Black Eyed Peas - # WHERESTHELOVE ft . The World '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Black Eyed Peas remixe `` Where Is The Love ? '' avec Justin Timberlake , Usher ... '' ( in French ) . NJR . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WHERESTHELOVE '' . www.wheresthelove.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the All - Star Remake of Black Eyed Peas ' ' # WHERESTHELOVE ' '' . Rap - Up . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` # WHERESTHELOVE ( feat . The World ) - Single by The Black Eyed Peas on iTunes '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Black+Eyed+Peas+feat.+The+World&titel= Wheresthelove&cat = s Australian-charts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas feat . The World -- # Wheresthelove `` ) . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 40 Digital Tracks - ARIA Charts '' . ARIA Charts . September 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Black+Eyed+Peas+feat.+The+World&titel= Wheresthelove&cat = s Ultratop.be -- The Black Eyed Peas feat . The World -- # Wheresthelove `` ) ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Black+Eyed+Peas+feat.+The+World&titel= Wheresthelove&cat = s Ultratop.be -- The Black Eyed Peas feat . The World -- # Wheresthelove `` ) ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Urban . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Black+Eyed+Peas+feat.+The+World&titel= Wheresthelove&cat = s Ultratop.be -- The Black Eyed Peas feat . The World -- # Wheresthelove `` ) ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` Hot Canadian Digital Songs : September 24 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs : September 17 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The Black Eyed Peas : # wheresthelove ( Feat . The World ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Black+Eyed+Peas+feat.+The+World&titel= Wheresthelove&cat = s Lescharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas feat . The World -- # Wheresthelove `` ) ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Black Eyed Peas - Where Is The Love '' . Offiziellecharts.de . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs : September 17 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Tipparade - Iijst van week 37 , 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201636 into search . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 .", "19": "Jump up ^ `` ( http://www.spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Black+Eyed+Peas+feat.+The+World&titel= Wheresthelove&cat = s Spanishcharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas feat . The World -- # Wheresthelove `` ) Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Black+Eyed+Peas+feat.+The+World&titel= Wheresthelove&cat = s Swisscharts.com -- The Black Eyed Peas feat . The World -- # Wheresthelove `` ) . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Digital Songs : September 24 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Pop Digital Songs : September 24 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Watch Black Eyed Peas ' ' Donde Esta el Amor ' Music Video Feat . Gerardo Ortiz , Becky G & More '' . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics # WHERESTHELOVE ft . The World ( 2016 ) on YouTube The Black Eyed Peas will.i.am apl. de. ap Taboo Fergie Kim Hill Dante Santiago DJ Motiv8 Mookie Mook Sierra Swan Studio albums Behind the Front Bridging the Gap Elephunk Monkey Business The E.N.D. The Beginning Singles `` Fallin ' Up / ¿ Que Dices ? ''", "20": "`` Joints & Jam '' `` Karma '' `` BEP Empire / Get Original `` Weekends '' `` Request + Line '' `` Where Is the Love ? '' `` Shut Up '' `` Hey Mama '' `` Let 's Get It Started '' `` Do n't Phunk with My Heart '' `` Do n't Lie '' `` My Humps '' `` Pump It '' `` Boom Boom Pow '' `` I Gotta Feeling '' `` Meet Me Halfway '' `` Imma Be '' `` Rock That Body '' `` Missing You '' `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' `` Just Ca n't Get Enough '' `` Do n't Stop the Party '' Promotional singles `` Bebot '' `` Alive '' `` Do It Like This '' `` Light Up the Night '' `` Yesterday '' Featured singles `` Mas que Nada '' Compilation albums Renegotiations : The Remixes The E.N.D. Summer 2010 Canadian Invasion Tour : Remix Collection Video albums Behind the Bridge to Elephunk Live from Sydney to Vegas Tours Monkey Business Tour Honda Civic Tour Black Blue & You Tour The E.N.", "21": "D World Tour The Beginning Massive Stadium Tour Related articles Discography Atban Klann The Black Eyed Peas Experience Black Eyed Peas Present : Masters of the Sun ― The Zombie Chronicles Book Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar ,", "22": "Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''", "23": "-- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''", "24": "-- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I.", "25": "& Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Is_the_Love%3F&oldid=819481709 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2010s ballads 2003 singles 2003 songs 2016 singles 2016 songs A&M Records singles Anti-war songs Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Charity singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Interscope Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Justin Timberlake songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Protest songs Rhythm and blues ballads Song recordings produced by Ron Fair Song recordings produced by will.i.am Songs about the media Songs against racism and xenophobia Songs of the Iraq War Songs written by apl. de. ap Songs written by George Pajon Songs written by Ron Fair Songs written by Taboo ( rapper ) Songs written by will.i.am The Black Eyed Peas songs Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria", "26": "Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Finnishdownload Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for UKdownload Talk Contents About Wikipedia", "27": "Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 19, 26, 20, 18, 27, 3, 4, 9, 17, 8, 25, 2, 6, 13, 15, 16, 24, 11, 7, 12, 14, 23, 22, 5, 0, 10, 1, 21 ]	[ 2, 19, 26, 20, 18, 27 ]
938657920608427711	what type of reaction occurs to form a dipeptide	[ "peptide bond" ]	{ "0": "Dipeptide - Wikipedia Dipeptide Jump to : navigation , search A dipeptide is a sometimes ambiguous designation of two classes of organic compounds : Its molecules contain either two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond or one amino acid with two peptide bonds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Two amino acids , one peptide bond 1.1 Examples 2 One amino acid , two peptide bonds 3 References 4 External links Two amino acids , one peptide bond ( edit ) In this usage , X dipeptide ( with X designating an amino acid ) must be understood as di - X peptide . This nomenclature is continued by tripeptide ( three amino acids , two peptide bonds ) , tetrapeptide , and so on ; longer chains are called oligopeptide , polypeptide , protein . Glycylglycine Dipeptides are produced from polypeptides by the action of the hydrolase enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase . Dietary proteins are digested to dipeptides and amino acids , and the dipeptides are absorbed more rapidly than the amino acids , because their uptake involves a separate mechanism . Dipeptides activate G - cells found in the stomach to secrete gastrin . The Bergmann azlactone peptide synthesis is a classic organic synthesis for the preparation of dipeptides . Examples ( edit ) Carnosine ( beta - alanyl - L - histidine ) is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues . Anserine ( beta - alanyl - N - methyl histidine ) is found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals . Homoanserine ( N - ( 4 - aminobutyryl ) - L - histidine ) is another dipeptide identified in the brain and muscles of mammals . Kyotorphin ( L - tyrosyl - L - arginine ) is a neuroactive dipeptide which plays a role in pain regulation in the brain . Balenine ( ja ) ( or ophidine ) ( beta - alanyl - N tau - methyl histidine ) has been identified in the muscles of several species of mammal ( including man ) , and the chicken .", "1": "Aspartame ( N - L - α - aspartyl - L - phenylalanine 1 - methyl ester ) is an artificial sweetener . Glorin ( N - propionyl - γ - L - glutamyl - L - ornithine - δ - lac ethyl ester ) is a chemotactic dipeptide for the slime mold Polysphondylium violaceum . Barettin ( cyclo - ( ( 6 - bromo - 8 - en - tryptophan ) - arginine ) ) is a cyclic dipeptide from the marine sponge Geodia barretti . Pseudoproline Glycylglycine One amino acid , two peptide bonds ( edit ) In this usage , X dipeptide is taken literally : One amino acid X is equipped with two minimal peptide bonds : The C terminus COOH becomes COCH , the N terminus NH becomes NHCH . For instance , alanine dipeptide is CH CONHCH ( CH ) CONHCH . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Steane , Richard . `` Hydrolysis of a dipeptide '' . BioTopics . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , M. et al. , Ann . 449 , 277 ( 1926 ) ; `` Bergmann Azlactone Peptide Synthesis '' Jump up ^ Head - Gordon , Teresa ; Head - Gordon , Martin ; Frisch , Michael J. ; Brooks , Charles ; Pople , John ( 2009 ) . `` A theoretical study of alanine dipeptide and analogs '' . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry . 36 : 311 . doi : 10.1002 / qua. 560360725 . External links ( edit ) An introduction to dipeptides at PeptideGuide .", "2": "Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP This biochemistry article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .", "3": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipeptide&oldid=765730946 '' Categories : Dipeptides Biochemistry stubs Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Esperanto Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Slovenščina Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2017 , at 03 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1, 3, 2 ]	[ 0, 1, 3, 2 ]
2417467680631356371	when did india win their first cricket match	[ "1952", "1952", "1952" ]	{ "0": "India national cricket team - Wikipedia India national cricket team This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) India India cricket crest Nickname ( s ) Men in Blue , Team India Association Board of Control for Cricket in India Personnel Captain Virat Kohli Coach Ravi Shastri History Test status acquired 1932 International Cricket Council ICC status Full member ( 1926 ) ICC region Asia ICC Rankings Current Best - ever Test 1st 1st ODI 1st 1st T20I 3rd 1st Tests First Test v England at Lord 's , London ; 25 -- 28 June 1932 Last Test v South Africa at Bidvest Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg ; 24 -- 27 January 2018 Tests Played Won / Lost Total 521 144 / 160 ( 216 draws , 1 tie ) This year 1 / 2 ( 0 draws ) One Day Internationals First ODI v England at Headingley , Leeds ; 13 July 1974 Last ODI v South Africa at SuperSport Park , Centurion ; 16 February 2018 ODIs Played Won / Lost Total 939 483 / 409 ( 7 ties , 40 no result ) This year 6 5 / 1 ( 0 ties , 0 no result ) World Cup Appearances 11 ( first in 1975 ) Best result Champions ( 1983 , 2011 ) Twenty20 Internationals First T20I v South Africa at the Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg ; 1 December 2006 Last T20I v Bangladesh at the R Premadasa Stadium , Colombo ;", "1": "18 March 2018 T20Is Played Won / Lost Total 96 59 / 34 ( 1 tie , 2 no result ) This year 8 6 / 2 ( 0 ties , 0 no result ) World Twenty20 Appearances 6 ( first in 2007 ) Best result Champions ( 2007 ) Test kit ODI kit T20I kit As of 6 March 2018 The India national cricket team , also known as Team India and Men in Blue , represents India in international cricket . Governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) , it is a full member of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) with Test , One Day International ( ODI ) and Twenty20 International ( T20I ) status . Although cricket was introduced to India by European merchant sailors in the 18th century , and the first cricket club was established in Calcutta ( currently known as Kolkata ) in 1792 , India 's national cricket team did not play its first Test match until 25 June 1932 at Lord 's , becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status . In its first fifty years of international cricket , India was one of the weaker teams , winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played . From 1932 India had to wait until 1952 , almost 20 years for its first Test victory . The team , however , gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as batsmen Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath , all - rounder Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet of Erapalli Prasanna , Srinivas Venkataraghavan , Bhagwat Chandrasekhar and Bishen Singh Bedi . Traditionally much stronger at home than abroad , the Indian team has improved its overseas form , especially in limited - overs cricket , since the start of the 21st century , winning Test matches in Australia , England and South Africa . It has won the Cricket World Cup twice -- in 1983 under the captaincy of Kapil Dev and in 2011 under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni .", "2": "After winning the 2011 World Cup , India became only the third team after West Indies and Australia to have won the World Cup more than once , and the first cricket team to win the World Cup at home . It also won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy , under the captaincy of MS Dhoni . It was also the joint champions of 2002 ICC Champions Trophy , along with Sri Lanka . As of 10 February 2018 , India is ranked first in Test and ODIs and third in T20Is by the ICC . Virat Kohli is the current captain of the team across all formats , while the head coach is Ravi Shastri . The Indian cricket team has rivalries with other Test - playing nations , most notably with Pakistan , the political arch - rival of India . However , in recent times , rivalries with nations like Australia and England have also gained prominence .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early History 1.2 Test - Match Status 1.3 One - Day Cricket and World Cup Success 1.4 Late 20th Century 1.5 Turn of the Millennium 1.6 Controversy and World Cup Flop 1.7 Success under Dhoni 1.8 Transition Period 1.9 Worldwide Limited - Overs Success 1.10 Dominance at Home under Kohli 1.11 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and onwards 2 Governing body 2.1 Selection committee 3 Team colours 4 International grounds 5 Captains 6 Results and fixtures 7 Personnel 7.1 Squad 8 Support staff 9 Tournament history 10 Individual records 11 Statistics 11.1 Tests 11.2 One - Day Internationals 11.3 Twenty20 Internationals 12 Fan following 13 Indian women 's cricket team 14 See also 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Indian cricket team Early history ( edit ) Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji Jadeja was an Indian who played for the English cricket team See also : History of cricket in India to 1918 The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s , with the first cricket match played in 1721 . In 1848 , the Parsi community in Bombay formed the Oriental Cricket Club , the first cricket club to be established by Indians . After slow beginnings , the Europeans eventually invited the Parsis to play a match in 1877 . By 1912 , the Parsis , Sikhs , Hindus and Muslims of Bombay played a quadrangular tournament with the Europeans every year . In the early 1900s , some Indians went on to play for the England cricket team . Some of these , such as Ranjitsinhji and KS Duleepsinhji were greatly appreciated by the British and their names went on to be used for the Ranji Trophy and Duleep Trophy -- two major first - class tournaments in India .", "4": "In 1911 , an Indian team went on their first official tour of the British Isles , but only played English county teams and not the England cricket team . Test - match status ( edit ) See also : History of cricket in India from 1918 - 19 to 1945 , History of cricket in India from 1945 -- 46 to 1960 , and History of cricket in India from 1960 -- 61 to 1970 India was invited to The Imperial Cricket Council in 1926 , and made their debut as a Test playing nation in England in 1932 , led by CK Nayudu , who was considered as the best Indian batsman at the time . The one - off Test match between the two sides was played at Lord 's in London . The team was not strong in their batting at this point and went on to lose by 158 runs . In 1933 , the first Test series in India was played between India and England with matches in Bombay , Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) and Madras ( now Chennai ) . England won the series 2 -- 0 . The Indian team continued to improve throughout the 1930s and ' 40s but did not achieve an international victory during this period . In the early 1940s , India did n't play any Test cricket due to the Second World War . The team 's first series as an independent country was in late 1947 against Sir Donald Bradman 's Invincibles ( a name given to the Australia national cricket team of that time ) . It was also the first Test series India played which was not against England . Australia won the five - match series 4 -- 0 , with Bradman tormenting the Indian bowling in his final Australian summer . India subsequently played their first Test series at home not against England against the West Indies in 1948 . West Indies won the 5 - Test series 1 -- 0 . India recorded their first Test victory , in their 24th match , against England at Madras in 1952 . Later in the same year , they won their first Test series , which was against Pakistan . They continued their improvement throughout the early 1950s with a series win against New Zealand in 1956 .", "5": "However , they did not win again in the remainder of the decade and lost badly to strong Australian and English sides . On 24 August 1959 , India lost by an innings in the Test to complete the only 5 -- 0 whitewash ever inflicted by England . The next decade saw India 's reputation develop as a team with a strong record at home . They won their first Test series against England at home in 1961 -- 62 and also won a home series against New Zealand . They managed to draw home series against Pakistan and Australia and another series against England . In this same period , India also won its first series outside the subcontinent , against New Zealand in 1967 -- 68 . Panoramic View of the Eden Gardens Stadium during IPL 2008 The key to India 's bowling in the 1970s were the Indian spin quartet -- Bishen Bedi , E.A.S. Prasanna , BS Chandrasekhar and Srinivas Venkataraghavan . This period also saw the emergence of two of India 's best ever batsmen , Sunil Gavaskar and Gundappa Viswanath . Indian pitches have had the tendency to support spin and the spin quartet exploited this to create collapses in opposing batting line - ups . These players were responsible for the back - to - back series wins in 1971 in the West Indies and in England , under the captaincy of Ajit Wadekar . Gavaskar scored 774 runs in the West Indian series while Dilip Sardesai 's 112 played a big part in their one Test win . One - Day cricket and World Cup success ( edit ) See also : History of cricket in India from 1970 -- 71 to 1985 A graph showing India 's Test match results against all Test match teams from 1932 to September 2006 The advent of One Day International ( ODI ) cricket in 1971 created a new dimension in the cricket world . However , India was not considered strong in ODIs at this point and batsmen such as the captain Gavaskar were known for their defensive approach to batting . India began as a weak team in ODIs and did not qualify for the second round in the first two editions of the Cricket World Cup .", "6": "Gavaskar infamously blocked his way to 36 not out off 174 balls against England in the first World Cup in 1975 , India scored just 132 for 3 and lost by 202 runs . In contrast , India fielded a strong team in Test matches and was particularly strong at home , where their combination of stylish batsmen and beguiling spinners were at their best . India set a then Test record in the third Test against the West Indies at Port - of - Spain in 1976 , when they chased 403 to win , thanks to 112 from Viswanath . This West Indian defeat is considered to be a watershed in the history of their cricket because it led to captain Clive Lloyd dispensing with spin altogether and relying entirely on a four - man pace attack instead . In November 1976 , the team established another record by scoring 524 for 9 declared against New Zealand at Kanpur without any individual batsman scoring a century . There were six fifties , the highest being 70 by Mohinder Amarnath . This innings was only the eighth instance in Test cricket where all eleven batsmen reached double figures . During the 1980s , India developed a more attack - minded batting line - up with stroke makers such as the wristy Mohammed Azharuddin , Dilip Vengsarkar and all - rounders Kapil Dev and Ravi Shastri . India won the Cricket World Cup in 1983 , defeating the favourites and the two - time defending champions West Indies in the final at Lords , owing to a strong bowling performance . In spite of this , the team performed poorly in the Test arena , including 28 consecutive Test matches without a victory . In 1984 , India won the Asia Cup and in 1985 , won the World Championship of Cricket in Australia . Apart from this , India remained a weak team outside the Indian subcontinent . India 's Test series victory in 1986 against England remained the last Test series win by India outside the subcontinent for the next 19 years . The 1980s saw Gavaskar and Kapil Dev ( India 's best all - rounder to date ) at the pinnacle of their careers . Gavaskar made a Test record 34 centuries as he became the first man to reach the 10,000 run mark .", "7": "Kapil Dev later became the highest wicket - taker in Test cricket with 434 wickets . The period was also marked by an unstable leadership , with Gavaskar and Kapil exchanging the captaincy several times . Late 20th century ( edit ) See also : History of cricket in India from 1985 -- 86 to 2000 With 619 wickets , Anil Kumble is the world 's third highest wicket - taker in Tests and India 's highest Test and ODI wicket taker . The addition of Sachin Tendulkar and Anil Kumble to the national side in 1989 and 1990 further improved the team . The following year , Javagal Srinath , India 's fastest bowler since Amar Singh made his debut . Despite this , during the 1990s , India did not win any of its 33 Tests outside the subcontinent while it won 17 out of its 30 Tests at home . After being eliminated by neighbours Sri Lanka on home soil at the 1996 Cricket World Cup semifinal , the team underwent a year of change as Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid , later to become captains of the team , made their debut in the same Test at Lord 's . Tendulkar replaced Azharuddin as captain in late 1996 , but after a personal and team form slump , Tendulkar relinquished the captaincy and Azharuddin was reinstated at the beginning of 1998 . With the captaincy burden removed , Tendulkar was the world 's leading run - scorer in both Tests and ODIs , as India enjoyed a home Test series win over Australia , the best - ranked team in the world . After failing to reach the semifinals at the 1999 Cricket World Cup , Tendulkar was again made captain , and had another poor run , losing 3 -- 0 on a tour of Australia and then 2 -- 0 at home to South Africa . Tendulkar resigned , vowing never to captain the team again . Ganguly was appointed the new captain and the team was further damaged in 2000 when former captain Azharuddin and fellow batsman Ajay Jadeja were implicated in a match - fixing scandal and given life and five years bans respectively .", "8": "This period was described by the BBC as `` the Indian cricket 's worst hour '' . However , the new core -- Tendulkar , Dravid , Kumble and Ganguly -- swore not to let this happen to them again , and lead Indian cricket out of the dark times . And the first three put aside personal ambitions to let Ganguly lead them into a new era . Turn of the millennium ( edit ) See also : History of cricket in India from 2000 -- 01 Since 2000 , the Indian team underwent major improvements with the appointment of John Wright as India 's first ever foreign coach . India maintained their unbeaten home record against Australia in Test series after defeating them in 2001 . The series was famous for the Kolkata Test match , in which India became only the third team in the history of Test cricket to win a Test match after following on . Australian captain Steve Waugh labelled India as the `` Final Frontier '' as a result of his side 's inability to win a Test series in India . Victory in 2001 against the Australians marked the beginning of a dream run for India under their captain Ganguly , winning Test matches in Zimbabwe , Sri Lanka , West Indies and England . The England series is also known for India 's highest ODI run - chase of 325 runs at Lord 's which came in the Natwest ODI Series final against England . In the same year , India were joint - winners of the ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka and then went to the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa where they reached the final , only to be beaten by Australia . The 2003 -- 04 season also saw India play out a Test series in Australia where they drew 1 -- 1 with the world champions , and then win a Test and ODI series in Pakistan . Controversy and World Cup flop ( edit ) The Indian cricket team in action in the Wankhede Stadium At the end of the 2004 season , India suffered from lack of form and fitness from its older players . A defeat in a following home Test series against Australia was followed by an ODI home series defeat against Pakistan followed by a Test series levelled 1 -- 1 .", "9": "Greg Chappell took over from John Wright as the coach of the Indian cricket team following the series , and his methods proved to be controversial during the beginning of his tenure . The tension resulted in a fallout between Chappell and Ganguly , resulting in Rahul Dravid being made captain . This triggered a revival in the team 's fortunes , following the emergence of players like Mahendra Singh Dhoni , Suresh Raina , and the coming of age of players like Irfan Pathan and Yuvraj Singh . A thumping home series victory over Sri Lanka in 2005 and a drawn series with South Africa put India at second place in the ICC ODI rankings . Dravid , Tendulkar and Virender Sehwag were selected to play for the ICC World XI in the 2005 `` SuperTest '' against Australia . A convincing ODI series win in Pakistan in early 2006 , following a loss in the Test series , gave India the world record of 17 successive ODI victories while batting second . Towards the middle of 2006 , however , a 4 -- 1 series loss in the West Indies gave rise to a slump in India 's ODI form , while they achieved a 1 -- 0 victory in the Test series that followed , giving them their first Test series victory in the Caribbean since 1971 . India 's ODI form slumped further with a disappointing performance in the 2006 Champions Trophy and a drubbing in the ODI series in South Africa . This was followed yet again by an initial good performance in the Tests , giving India its first Test match win in South Africa , although they went on to lose the series 2 -- 1 . This Test series was marked by Ganguly 's comeback to the Indian team . In December 2006 , India played and won its first ever Twenty20 international in South Africa , becoming the most recent Test team to play Twenty20 cricket . The beginning of 2007 had seen a revival in the Indian team 's ODI fortunes before the 2007 Cricket World Cup . Series victories against the West Indies and Sri Lanka , marked by the comeback of Ganguly , and strong form by Tendulkar , and the emergence of young players like Robin Uthappa saw many pundits to tip India as a real contender to win the 2007 Cricket World Cup .", "10": "However , defeats to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka saw India fail to reach the second round . Success under Dhoni ( edit ) After winning the Test series against England in August 2007 , Dravid stepped down as the captain of the team , following which Dhoni was made the captain of the Twenty20 and ODI team . In September 2007 , India won the first - ever Twenty20 World Cup held in South Africa , beating Pakistan by 5 runs in the final . In 2007 -- 08 , they toured Australia where India lost the highly controversial home Test series 2 -- 1 but managed to win the CB series the following month with a whitewash final of Australia . In April 2009 , India secured their first Test series win in New Zealand in 41 years . After beating Sri Lanka 2 -- 0 in December 2009 , India became the No. 1 Test team in the world . They retained the ranking by drawing series against South Africa and Sri Lanka . In October 2010 , India whitewashed Australia 2 -- 0 in the home test series , giving them back - to - back series wins against them . Later that year , India managed to draw the Test series in South Africa at 1 -- 1 . India 's results in international matches Matches Won Lost Drawn Tied No result Inaugural Match Latest Match Test 521 144 160 216 -- 25 June 1932 27 January 2018 ODI 939 483 409 -- 7 40 13 July 1974 16 February 2018 T20I 91 55 33 -- 1 December 2006 24 December 2017 On 2 April 2011 , India won the 2011 Cricket World Cup by defeating Sri Lanka in the final , thus becoming the third team after West Indies and Australia to win the World Cup twice , the previous win being in 1983 . Gautam Gambhir and the skipper Dhoni led the way with 97 and 91 * respectively . India also became the first team to win the World Cup on home soil .", "11": "Transition period ( edit ) India were whitewashed 4 -- 0 in away Test series by England in August 2011 due to which England replaced India as the No. 1 Test team in the rankings . This series was followed by another 4 -- 0 whitewash of India in January 2012 in Australia . The disastrous whitewashes saw the retirement of Dravid and VVS Laxman from Test cricket in 2012 . Tendulkar retired in November 2013 after his 200th Test match . With Ganguly having retired in 2008 , this period signalled the end of the fabled middle - order batting line - up India had for a decade . 2012 signalled a rough period for Indian cricket as they were beaten 2 -- 1 by England at home in the Test series . This was the first Team India were beaten by England at home in the modern era . This was followed by a 2 -- 1 loss in the ODI series against Pakistan , India 's arch - rivals , at home . India was then knocked out in the second round of the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 . India also failed to qualify for the 2012 Asia Cup final which closed out a disappointing 2012 for the Indian cricket team . 2013 saw a resurgence in Indian cricket . Worldwide limited - overs success ( edit ) In early 2013 , India returned the favour to Australia and whitewashed them 4 -- 0 at home in a Test series . India then beat the Aussies 3 -- 2 in the 7 - match ODI series and won the one - off T20I . However , India lost heavily against New Zealand and South Africa away from home and led to heavy criticism of Indian cricketers for not being able to perform overseas . India defeated England in the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy final and Mahendra Singh Dhoni became the first captain in history to win the three major ICC trophies , namely - ICC Cricket World Cup , ICC World Twenty20 and ICC Champions Trophy . This was followed by a victory in the West Indies Triangular Series in 2013 consisting of India , West Indies and Sri Lanka . In 2014 , India toured Bangladesh and England .", "12": "Although they beat the former 2 -- 0 in 3 One Day Internationals , Team India were beaten 3 -- 1 in 5 Test matches by England . This series included a famous win for the Indian team in the first match of the series at Lord 's . The Test series was followed by a 3 -- 1 win for the Indians in a 5 - match ODI series and a loss in a one - off T20 , both against England . India failed to reach the final of the Asia Cup yet again in 2014 . In the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 hosted in Bangladesh , India narrowly missed out on another ICC trophy by losing to Sri Lanka in the final . This tournament saw the rise of Virat Kohli as one of the best limited overs batsmen in world cricket , as he was adjudged the man of the series . India soon comprehensively beat Sri Lanka and West Indies in ODI series to cement their position at the top of the ODI rankings . India toured Australia towards the end of 2014 for a 4 - match Test series , which is remembered for MS Dhoni 's sudden retirement from Test cricket after the end of the second Test . Virat Kohli was appointed as the captain of Team India in Test matches but he was unable to turn the series around and India lost 2 -- 0 . Kohli 's first series win as captain came away from home in a 3 - match Test series vs Sri Lanka , which signalled the beginning of an unbeaten Test series run for India . Dominance at home under Kohli ( edit ) 2015 saw the beginning of India 's dominance at home in Test matches under new captain Virat Kohli when they comprehensively beat South Africa . This series was the beginning of an unbeaten streak of 19 Test matches for India which was brought to an end by Australia in early 2017 . This series also saw the emergence of Ravichandran Ashwin and Ravindra Jadeja as two of the best spinners and all - rounders . They spun webs around touring batsmen , much like the spinning quartet of the 1970s . This was followed by limited overs victories over Australia and Sri Lanka away from home .", "13": "India was knocked out of the 2015 World Cup in the semi-final stage , to eventual winners Australia . India began 2016 by winning the 2016 Asia Cup , remaining unbeaten throughout the tournament , beating Pakistan along the way . India were favourites to win the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 which was being held at home , but they lost in the semi-final to eventual champions West Indies . Virat Kohli was again named the man of the series . In 2016 , `` The Grand Home Season '' began for India , including series at home against New Zealand , England , Bangladesh and Australia . India whitewashed New Zealand to regain the number one ranking in Test cricket after almost 10 years . Before the series against England in November 2016 , MS Dhoni resigned as captain of India in limited overs , thus handing the captaincy to Virat Kohli across all formats . India beat England across all three formats , with a notable 4 -- 0 win in the Test series . This was followed by Test series wins against Bangladesh and Australia , which meant India reclaimed the Border Gavaskar Trophy . Ravichandran Ashwin became the fastest cricketer of all time to reach 250 wickets ; he and Ravindra Jadeja occupied the top two spots in both the ICC Bowlers and All - Rounders rankings at the time . In the process , India became the third team ( after South Africa and Australia ) to have won their most recent Test series against all the other Test - playing nations . India holds an unbeaten streak of 8 consecutive Test series wins as of 19 August 2017 . 2017 ICC Champions Trophy and onwards ( edit ) India defeated Pakistan in their first game of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy , winning by a convincing 124 - run margin , but lost their second game of the group against Sri Lanka by 7 wickets despite posting a total of 321 . In their final group game against South Africa , a must - win encounter , India won comfortably and sealed a spot in the semi-finals , against Bangladesh . India comfortably won the match by 9 wickets , and faced arch - rivals Pakistan in the final , the first time they had met at this stage of a tournament since 2007 .", "14": "In an anti-climax , considering India were the clear favourites , Pakistan defeated India comfortably by 180 runs in the final , outclassing them across all three departments . India beat the West Indies 3 -- 1 in a 5 - match ODI series in the Caribbean in July 2017 , but lost to the same opposition in a one - off T20I . India then toured Sri Lanka , and comprehensively defeated them 3 - 0 in a three - match Test series , the first time India had whitewashed a team away from home in a Test series with at least three games . Governing body ( edit ) Main article : Board of Control for Cricket in India The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) is the governing body for the Indian cricket team and first - class cricket in India . The Board has been operating since 1929 and represents India at the International Cricket Council . It is amongst the richest sporting organisations in the world . It sold media rights for India 's matches from 2006 -- 2010 for US $612,000,000 . It manages the Indian team 's sponsorships , its future tours and team selection . The International Cricket Council determines India 's upcoming matches through its future tours program . However , the BCCI , with its influential financial position in the cricketing world , has often challenged the ICC 's program and called for more series between India , Australia and England which are more likely to earn more revenue as opposed to tours with Bangladesh or Zimbabwe . In the past , the BCCI has also come into conflict with the ICC regarding sponsorships and the legitimacy of the ICC Champions Trophy . Selection committee ( edit ) Main article : Indian national cricket selectors Selection for the Indian cricket team occurs through the BCCI 's zonal selection policy , where each of the five zones is represented with one selector and one of the members nominated by BCCI as the Chairman of the selection committee . This has sometimes led to controversy as to whether these selectors are biased towards their zones . The current chairman of the selection committee is M.S.K. Prasad . Devang Gandhi , Sarandeep Singh , Jatin Paranjpe , and Gagan Khoda are the other members of the selection committee from 21 September 2016 .", "15": "Team colours ( edit ) Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor 2003 - 2004 Sahara 2005 - 2013 Nike 2014 - 2016 Star India 2017 - 2022 Oppo Since colours have made their way into international cricket , the Indian cricket team has chosen blue as their primary colour and orange / red as their secondary colour and have worn one or the other shade of blue . The blue colour of their uniform has also earned them the nickname of `` Men in Blue '' . With the advent of the World Series Cup in the 1970s , each team was to don a primary and secondary colour on their uniforms . The Indian team elected to wear light - blue as their primary colour and yellow as their secondary colour . Even during the 1999 Cricket World Cup , the secondary colour on the Indian cricket team 's clothing was yellow . However , this has since been replaced with the tricolour . In the past , the Indian ODI outfits were changed to different shades of blue , mostly darker than the current , and the team donned navy blue during 1992 , and then the sky blue colour for the next decade . Indian team has got a new kit from 2009 which is feroza blue with India written on it in orange . From October 2010 , the team is once again using a light blue shade though not as light as the previous sky blue one , with India written in orange , and shades of the tricolour at the sides . The kit sponsor for the Indian cricket team is Nike , which in 2005 bought the kit rights in a $27.2 million contract with BCCI . Due to their love for blue colour Nike with Board for Control of Cricket in India launched the mega campaign called `` Bleed Blue '' for the support of Indian team in 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup which turned out to be a huge success and people over the internet and places adopted this to cheer for India . A new ultramarine blue coloured jersey of the one - day cricket team was released on 20 October 2010 for the upcoming tours and ICC Cricket World Cup . The jersey has been designed by team 's apparel and kit sponsor Nike . Previously , the Indian cricket team has worn a darker shade of blue and before that , the team has worn sky blue .", "16": "The vertical tricolour band has been made on both sides in comparison to just one side in the previous shirt . OPPO , the manufacturer of Chinese electronics is the official team sponsor logo is on the central part of the jersey ( above orange coloured INDIA logo ) and on the right arm Nike logo is visible . The name and jersey number of the player are printed in orange at the back while on the chest the logo of BCCI is on the left side . The one - day cap was also sky blue with the BCCI logo on the front . When playing first - class cricket , in addition to their cricket whites , Indian fielders sometimes wear a sunhat , which is dark blue and has a wide brim , with the BCCI logo in the middle of the front of the hat . Helmets are coloured similarly . Some players sport the Indian flag on their helmet . The current kit sponsor for the Indian team is Nike and current team sponsor is OPPO ( since April , 2017 ) . Previously , the Indian team was sponsored by Star India ( 2014 - 2017 ) , Sahara India Pariwar ( 2002 - 2013 ) and Wills ( 1994 - 2000 ) . International Grounds ( edit ) Main article : List of international cricket grounds in India See also : List of international cricket centuries on Indian cricket grounds and List of international cricket five - wicket hauls in Indian Grounds Barabati Barkatullah Roop ACA - VDCA Wankhede Brabourne / Gymkhana MCA Eden Gardens Guwahati Barsapara Kotla Gandhi Noida Green Greenfield LB Shastri HPCA Rajiv Chinnaswamy MAC Kaloor Mohali Indore Motera Jaipur Vidarbha Ranchi Locations of all stadiums which have hosted an international match within India There are numerous world - renowned cricket stadiums located in India . Most grounds are under the administration of various state cricket boards as opposed to being under the control of the BCCI . The Bombay Gymkhana was the first ground in India to host a full - scale cricket match featuring an Indian cricket team . This was between the Parsis and the Europeans in 1877 . The first stadium to host a Test match in India was also the Gymkhana Ground in Bombay in 1933 , the only Test it ever hosted .", "17": "The second and third Tests in the 1933 series were hosted at Eden Gardens and Chepauk . The Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi was the first stadium to host a Test match after independence , a draw against the West Indies in 1948 , the first of a 5 - Test series . 21 stadiums in India have hosted at least one official Test match . In recent years , there has been an increase in the number of world - class cricket stadiums in India , with multiple Test venues in Indore , Chandigarh Mohali , Chennai , Mumbai , Hyderabad , Rajkot , Ranchi , Pune , Dharamshala and Nagpur . Eden Gardens in Kolkata has hosted the most Tests , and also has the second - largest seating capacity of any cricket stadium in the world , being capable of holding more than 66,000 spectators . Founded in 1864 , it is one of the most historical stadiums in India , having hosted numerous historical and controversial matches . Other major stadiums in India include the Feroz Shah Kotla , which was established in 1883 and hosted memorable matches including Anil Kumble 's ten wickets in an innings haul against Pakistan . For the last two years , the ground has been undergoing renovation . The Bombay Gymkhana hosted the first ever Test match in India which is the only Test it has hosted to date . Wankhede Stadium , established in 1974 , has a capacity to hold 33,000 spectators and is currently the most popular venue in the city . It has hosted 24 Test matches . It was the unofficial successor of the Brabourne Stadium , which is also located in Mumbai . Mumbai is often considered the cricketing capital of India because of its fans and the talent it produces ( see Mumbai cricket team ) and thus the stadium regularly hosts major Test matches . The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chepauk is also considered to be an important historical Indian cricket ground , established in the early 1900s it was the site of India 's first Test victory . Stadium City Test matches Ref Eden Gardens Kolkata 41 Feroz Shah Kotla Ground Delhi 34 M.A.", "18": "Chidambaram Stadium Chepauk , Chennai 32 Wankhede Stadium Mumbai 25 Green Park Kanpur 22 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Bangalore 22 Brabourne Stadium Mumbai 18 Punjab Cricket Association Stadium Mohali , Chandigarh 13 Sardar Patel Stadium ( Gujarat ) Motera , Ahmedabad 12 Nehru Stadium Chennai 9 Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground Nagpur 9 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Nagpur 6 Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Hyderabad Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium Hyderabad Barabati Stadium Cuttack Holkar Stadium Indore Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium Rajkot ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium Visakhapatnam Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium Pune JSCA International Stadium Complex Ranchi Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium Dharamshala Bombay Gymkhana Mumbai Gandhi Stadium Jalandhar K.D. Singh Babu Stadium Lucknow Sawai Mansingh Stadium Jaipur Sector 16 Stadium Chandigarh University Ground Lucknow Captains ( edit ) Main article : List of India national cricket captains Thirty - two men have captained the Indian cricket team in at least one Test match , although only six have led the team in more than 25 matches , and six have captained the team in ODIs but not Tests . India 's first captain was CK Nayudu , who led the team in four matches against England : one in England in 1932 and a series of three matches at home in 1933 -- 34 . Lala Amarnath , India 's fourth captain , led the team in its first Test match after Indian independence . He also captained the side to its first Test victory and first series win , both in a three - match series at home against Pakistan in 1952 -- 53 . From 1952 until 1961 -- 62 , India had a number of captains such as Vijay Hazare , Polly Umrigar and Nari Contractor .", "19": "The Nawab of Pataudi , Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi , was the team 's captain for 36 Test matches from 1961 -- 62 to 1969 -- 70 , returning for another four matches against West Indies in 1974 -- 75 . In the early years of his captaincy tenure , the team was whitewashed in the West Indies , England and Australia . However , in 1967 -- 68 , Pataudi led India on its maiden New Zealand tour , which ended in India winning the Test series 3 -- 1 . In 1970 -- 71 , Ajit Wadekar took over the captaincy from Pataudi . Under Wadekar 's captaincy , India registered its first Test series win in the West Indies and England . India played its first ODI in 1974 , also under his captaincy . India won its first ODI under the captaincy of Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan in the 1975 Cricket World Cup , against East Africa . Between 1975 -- 76 and 1978 -- 79 , Bishen Singh Bedi captained the team in 22 Tests and 4 ODIs , winning 6 Tests and one ODI . Sunil Gavaskar took over as Test and ODI captain in 1978 -- 79 , leading India in 47 Test matches and 37 ODIs , winning 9 Tests and 14 ODIs . He was succeeded by Kapil Dev in the 1980s , who captained for 34 Test matches , including 4 victories . Kapil Dev led India to victory in 39 of his 74 ODIs in charge , including the 1983 Cricket World Cup . Kapil Dev also captained India 's 2 -- 0 Test series victory in England in 1986 . Between 1987 -- 88 and 1989 -- 90 , India had three captains in Dilip Vengsarkar , Ravi Shastri and Krishnamachari Srikkanth . Vengsarkar took over the captaincy from Kapil Dev after the 1987 Cricket World Cup .", "20": "Although he started with two centuries in his first series as captain , his captaincy period was turbulent and he lost the job following a disastrous tour of the West Indies in early - 1989 and a stand - off with the Indian cricket board ( BCCI ) . India has had six regular Test captains since Mohammad Azharuddin took charge in 1989 . Azharuddin led the team in 47 Test matches from 1989 -- 90 to 1998 -- 99 , winning 14 , and in 174 ODIs , winning 90 . He was followed by Sachin Tendulkar , who captained the team in 25 Test matches and 73 ODIs in the late 1990s ; Tendulkar was relatively unsuccessful as a captain , winning only 4 Test matches and 23 ODIs . He was replaced as ODI captain by Ajay Jadeja and then by Sourav Ganguly . Mahendra Singh Dhoni holds the record for most Tests wins ( 27 ) by an Indian captain . Ganguly became the regular captain of the team in both Tests and ODIs in 2000 . He remained captain until 2005 -- 06 and became the then most successful Indian captain , winning 21 of his 49 Test matches in charge and 76 of his 146 ODIs . Under his captaincy , India became the joint - winners of the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka , and the runners - up of the 2003 Cricket World Cup . India lost only three Tests at home under Ganguly and managed to draw Test series in England and Australia . Rahul Dravid took over as Test captain in 2005 . In 2006 , he led India to its first Test series victory in the West Indies in more than 30 years . In September 2007 , Mahendra Singh Dhoni was named as the new captain of the ODI and T20I teams , after Dravid stepped down from the post . Soon after taking up the captaincy , Dhoni led the team to the inaugural World Twenty20 title . Anil Kumble was appointed Test captain in November 2007 , but retired from international cricket in November 2008 after captaining in 14 Tests . Dhoni succeeded him as the Test captain , making him the captain in all formats .", "21": "Under the captaincy of Dhoni , the Indian team held the number one position in the Test rankings for 21 months ( from November 2009 to August 2011 ) , and set a national record for most back - to - back ODI wins ( nine straight wins ) . Dhoni also led the team to victory in 2011 Cricket World Cup and 2013 ICC Champions Trophy . Thus , Dhoni became the first captain in history to win all three major ICC trophies , namely - ICC Cricket World Cup in 2011 , ICC World Twenty20 in 2007 and ICC Champions Trophy in 2013 . He is widely regarded as India 's best ever captain . However , the team performed poorly in away Tests from 2011 to 2014 and Dhoni retired from Test cricket in December 2014 , with Virat Kohli being named as the new Test captain . Dhoni resigned as captain of the ODI and T20 teams in January 2017 and Kohli succeeded him at the position . Under Kohli 's captaincy , India was unbeaten in 19 Test matches , starting from a 3 -- 0 series win over New Zealand and ending with a 2 -- 1 series win over Australia . India has an unbeaten streak of winning 9 consecutive Test series as of Dec 2017 , starting with a 2 -- 1 series win over Sri Lanka . India also became only the third team after Australia and South Africa to have won their most recent Test series simultaneously against all the other Test playing nations . As per winning percentage in Test matches , Kohli is India 's most successful test captain , having won more than 61 % of Test matches ( at least 2 games ) .", "22": "Results and fixtures ( edit ) The recent results and forthcoming fixtures of India in international cricket : Bilateral series and tours Date Against H / A / N Results ( Matches ) Test ODI T20I June -- July 2017 West Indies Away -- 3 -- 1 ( 5 ) 0 -- 1 ( 1 ) July -- September 2017 Sri Lanka Away 3 -- 0 ( 3 ) 5 -- 0 ( 5 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1 ) September -- October 2017 Australia Home -- 4 -- 1 ( 5 ) 1 -- 1 ( 3 ) October -- November 2017 New Zealand Home -- 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) November -- December 2017 Sri Lanka Home 1 -- 0 ( 3 ) 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) 3 -- 0 ( 3 ) January -- February 2018 South Africa Away 1 -- 2 ( 3 ) 5 -- 1 ( 6 ) 2 -- 1 ( 3 ) June 2018 Afghanistan Home ( 1 ) -- -- June 2018 Ireland Away -- -- ( 2 ) July -- September 2018 England Away ( 5 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) Multiteam series and tournaments Date Series Format Position Results ( Matches ) June 2017 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ODI Runner - up 3 -- 2 ( 5 ) March 2018 2018 Nidahas Trophy T20I Winner 4 -- 1 ( 5 ) September 2018 2018 Asia Cup ODI Personnel ( edit ) Squad ( edit ) This lists all the players who have played for India in the past 12 months and the forms in which they have played . Correct as of 7 March 2018 .", "23": "Key C / G = Contract grade S / N = Shirt number Name Age Batting style Bowling style Domestic team Zone C / G Forms S / N Captain and middle - order batsman Virat Kohli 29 Right - handed Right medium Delhi North A+ Test , ODI , T20I 18 Test vice-captain and middle - order batsman Ajinkya Rahane 29 Right - handed Right medium Mumbai West Test , ODI 27 ODI , T20I vice-captain and middle - order batsman Rohit Sharma 30 Right - handed Off break Mumbai West A+ Test , ODI , T20I 45 Opening batsmen Shikhar Dhawan 32 Left - handed Off break Delhi North A+ Test , ODI , T20I 25 Abhinav Mukund 28 Left - handed Leg break Tamil Nadu South -- Test K.L. Rahul 26 Right - handed Off break Karnataka South Test , ODI , T20I Murali Vijay 34 Right - handed Off break Tamil Nadu South Test 8 Middle - order batsmen Shreyas Iyer 23 Right - handed Leg break Mumbai West -- ODI , T20I 41 Kedar Jadhav 33 Right - handed Off break Maharashtra West ODI , T20I 81 Manish Pandey 28 Right - handed Right medium Karnataka South ODI , T20I 9 Cheteshwar Pujara 30 Right - handed Leg break Saurashtra West Test 16 Suresh Raina 31 Left - handed Off break Uttar Pradesh Central T20I All - rounders Ravichandran Ashwin 31 Right - handed Off break Tamil Nadu South Test , ODI ,", "24": "T20I 99 Ravindra Jadeja 29 Left - handed Slow left arm Saurashtra West Test , ODI , T20I 8 Hardik Pandya 24 Right - handed Right medium - fast Baroda West Test , ODI , T20I 33 Axar Patel 24 Left - handed Slow left arm Gujarat West ODI , T20I 20 Vijay Shankar 27 Right - handed Right medium Tamil Nadu South -- T20I 59 Washington Sundar 18 Left - handed Off break Tamil Nadu South -- ODI , T20I 55 Yuvraj Singh 36 Left - handed Slow left arm Punjab North -- ODI 12 Wicket - keepers Mahendra Singh Dhoni 36 Right - handed Right medium Jharkhand East ODI , T20I 7 Dinesh Karthik 32 Right - handed Off break Tamil Nadu South ODI , T20I 21 Rishabh Pant 20 Left - handed Delhi North -- T20I 77 Parthiv Patel 33 Left - handed Gujarat West Test 42 Wriddhiman Saha 33 Right - handed Bengal East Test 24 Pace bowlers Jasprit Bumrah 24 Right - handed Right fast - medium Gujarat West A+ Test , ODI , T20I 93 Bhuvneshwar Kumar 28 Right - handed Right medium - fast Uttar Pradesh Central A+ Test , ODI , T20I 15 Mohammed Shami 27 Right - handed Right fast - medium Bengal East Test , ODI ,", "25": "T20I 11 Ishant Sharma 29 Right - handed Right fast - medium Delhi North Test Mohammed Siraj 24 Right - handed Right medium - fast Hyderabad South -- T20I 13 Shardul Thakur 26 Right - handed Right medium - fast Mumbai West -- ODI , T20I 54 Jaydev Unadkat 26 Right - handed Left medium - fast Saurashtra West -- T20I 77 Umesh Yadav 30 Right - handed Right fast Vidarbha Central Test , ODI 19 Spin bowlers Yuzvendra Chahal 27 Right - handed Leg break Haryana North ODI , T20I Kuldeep Yadav 23 Left - handed Left arm chinaman Uttar Pradesh Central Test , ODI , T20I 23 Other players with a central contract who have not played for India in the past 12 months : Karun Nair and Jayant Yadav ( both Grade C ) The BCCI awards central contracts to its players , its pay graded according to the importance of the player . Players ' salaries are as follows : Grade A+ -- ₹ 7 crore ( US $1.1 million ) Grade A -- ₹ 5 crore ( US $766,000 ) Grade B -- ₹ 3 crore ( US $459,000 ) Grade C -- ₹ 1 crore ( US $153,000 ) Players also receive a match fee of ₹ 15 lakh ( US $23,000 ) per Test match , ₹ 6 lakh ( US $9,200 ) per ODI , and ₹ 3 lakh ( US $4,600 ) per T20I . Support staff ( edit ) Head coach - Ravi Shastri Batting coach - Sanjay Bangar Bowling coach - Bharat Arun Fielding coach - Ramakrishnan Sridhar Manager - Sunil Subramaniam Trainer - Basu Shanker Physio - Patrick Farhart Tournament history ( edit ) See also : India at the Cricket World Cup World Cup", "26": "record Host Year Round Position GP NR England Round 1 6 / 8 0 0 England 1979 7 / 8 0 0 0 England Champions 1 / 8 8 6 0 0 India / Pakistan Semi-finals 4 / 8 7 5 0 0 Australia / New Zealand 1992 Round 1 7 / 9 8 5 0 India / Pakistan / Sri Lanka Semi-finals 4 / 12 7 0 0 England 1999 R2 ( Super 6s ) 6 / 12 8 0 0 South Africa / Zimbabwe / Kenya 2003 Runners - up 2 / 14 11 9 0 0 West Indies 2007 Round 1 10 / 16 0 0 India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2011 Champions 1 / 14 9 7 0 Australia / New Zealand 2015 Semi-finals 3 / 14 8 7 0 0 England 2019 - -- -- -- -- -- -- India 2023 -", "27": "-- -- -- -- -- -- Total 12 / 12 2 titles 75 46 27 World Twenty20 record Host Year Round Position GP NR South Africa 2007 Champions 1 / 12 7 England 2009 Super 8s 7 / 12 5 0 0 West Indies 8 / 12 5 0 0 Sri Lanka 2012 5 / 12 5 0 0 Bangladesh 2014 Runners - up 2 / 16 6 5 0 0 India 2016 Semi-finals 3 / 16 5 0 0 Total 6 / 6 1 title 33 20 11 Other Major Tournaments ICC Champions Trophy Asia Cup 1998 : Semi-finals 2000 : Runners - up 2002 : Joint Champions with Sri Lanka 2004 : Round 1 2006 : Round 1 2009 : Round 1 2013 : Champions 2017 : Runners - up 1984 : Champions 1986 : Boycott 1988 : Champions 1990 / 1991 : Champions 1995 : Champions 1997 : Runners - up 2000 :", "28": "3rd place 2004 : Runners - up 2008 : Runners - up 2010 : Champions 2012 : 3rd place 2014 : 3rd place 2016 : Champions Defunct Tournaments Commonwealth Games Hero Cup Asian Test Championship Austral - Asia Cup World Championship of Cricket 1998 : Round 1 1993 Hero Cup : Champions 1999 : 3rd place 2001 : Boycott 1986 : Runners - up 1990 : Round 1 1994 : Runners - up 1985 World Championship of Cricket : Champions † Cricket was played only at the 1998 Commonwealth Games . † The Indian team that won the 1985 World Championship of Cricket was adjudged by Wisden as the ' Team of the Century ' . Individual Records ( edit ) Sachin Tendulkar celebrates his 38th Test century during a match against Australia in 2008 . Tendulkar holds multiple world records including the world 's leading run - scorer and century maker in both Tests and ODIs . Main article : Indian cricket team records See also : List of Indian Test cricketers and List of Indian ODI cricketers Sachin Tendulkar , who began playing for India as a 16 - year - old in 1989 and has since become the most prolific run - scorer in the history of both Test and ODI cricket , holds a large number of national batting records . He holds the record of most appearances in both Tests and ODIs , most runs in both Tests and ODIs and most centuries in Tests and ODIs . The highest score by an Indian is the 319 scored by Virender Sehwag in Chennai . It is the second triple century in Test cricket by an Indian , the first being a 309 also made by Sehwag although against Pakistan .", "29": "The team 's highest ever score was a 759 / 7 against England at MA Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai in 2016 , while its lowest was 42 against England in 1974 . In ODIs , the team 's highest score is 418 / 5 against West Indies at Indore in 2011 -- 12 . India score 413 -- 5 in a match against Bermuda in 2007 World Cup which is the highest score ever in Cricket World Cup history . In the same match , India set a world record of the highest winning margin in an ODI match of 257 runs . India has also had some very strong bowling figures , with spin bowler Anil Kumble being a member of the elite group of 3 bowlers who have taken 600 Test wickets . In 1999 , Anil Kumble emulated Jim Laker to become the second bowler to take all ten wickets in a Test match innings when he took 10 wickets for 74 runs against Pakistan at the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi . Many of the Indian cricket team 's records are also world records , for example Sachin Tendulkar 's century tally ( in Tests and ODIs ) and run tally ( also in both Tests and ODIs ) . Mahendra Singh Dhoni 's 183 not out against Sri Lanka in 2005 is the world record score by a wicketkeeper in ODIs . The Indian cricket team also holds the record sequence of 17 successful run - chases in ODIs , which ended in a dramatic match against the West Indies in May 2006 , which India lost by just 1 run when Yuvraj Singh was bowled by Dwayne Bravo 's full toss . Sachin Tendulkar was the first batsman to score 200 runs ( he was unbeaten on 200 from 147 deliveries including 25x4 and 3x6 ) in a single ODI innings , on 24 February 2010 against South Africa in Gwalior . On 8 December 2011 , this achievement was eclipsed by compatriot Virender Sehwag , who scored 219 runs from 149 deliveries ( 25x4 7x6 ) versus West Indies in Indore .", "30": "On 13 November 2014 the record was broken by another Indian opening batsmen , Rohit Sharma , who scored 264 runs from 173 deliveries ( 33x4 9x6 ) against Sri Lanka in Kolkata . In 2013 , MS Dhoni became the first captain in history to win all three major ICC trophies - ICC Cricket World Cup in 2011 , ICC World Twenty20 in 2007 and ICC Champions Trophy in 2013 . In 2014 , Virat Kohli became the first cricketer to win back - to - back man of the series awards in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 and 2014 ICC World Twenty20 . In 2017 , Ravichandran Ashwin became the fastest cricketer in history to reach 250 wickets . He and Ravindra Jadeja are considered to be the best bowlers in Test cricket and occupy the top two spots in the rankings for Test bowlers as of May 2017 . Virat Kohli became the first captain in history to score double tons in three consecutive series , against New Zealand , England and Bangladesh in 2017 .", "31": "Statistics ( edit ) Main article : Indian cricket team records Further information : India national cricket team record by opponent Tests ( edit ) Main article : List of India Test cricket records Test record versus other nations Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied Draw W / L Ratio First Last Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 0 - - - Australia 94 26 41 26 0.63 1947 2017 Bangladesh 9 7 0 0 - 2000 2017 England 117 25 43 0 49 0.58 1932 2016 Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 - - - New Zealand 57 21 10 0 26 2.10 1955 2016 Pakistan 59 9 12 0 38 0.75 1952 2007 South Africa 36 11 15 0 10 0.73 1992 2018 Sri Lanka 44 20 7 0 17 2.85 1982 2017 West Indies 94 18 30 0 46 0.60 1948 2016 Zimbabwe 11 7 0 3.50 1992 2005 Total 521 144 160 216 0.90 1932 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v South Africa at New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg , 3rd Test , Jan 24 - 27 , 2018 . Most Test runs for India Player Runs Average Sachin Tendulkar 15,921 53.78 Rahul Dravid 13,265 52.63 Sunil Gavaskar 10,122 51.", "32": "12 VVS Laxman 8,781 45.97 Virender Sehwag 8,586 49.34 Sourav Ganguly 7,212 42.17 Dilip Vengsarkar 6,868 42.13 Mohammad Azharuddin 6,215 45.03 Gundappa Vishwanath 6,080 41.93 Virat Kohli 5,554 53.40 Most Test wickets for India Player Wickets Average Anil Kumble 619 29.65 Kapil Dev 434 29.64 Harbhajan Singh 417 32.46 Ravichandran Ashwin 311 25.56 Zaheer Khan 311 32.94 Bishan Singh Bedi 266 28.71 Bhagwat Chandrasekhar 242 29.74 Javagal Srinath 236 30.49 Ishant Sharma 234 35.94 Erapalli Prasanna 189 30.38 One - Day Internationals ( edit ) Main article : List of India One Day International cricket records ODI record versus other nations Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won First Last ICC Full Members Afghanistan 0 0 0 100.00 2014 2014 Australia 128 45 73 0 10 38.13 1980 2017 Bangladesh 33 27 5 0 84.37 1988 2017 England 96 52 39 56.98 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2015 New Zealand 101 51 44 5 53.64 2017 Pakistan 129 52 73 0 41.", "33": "60 1978 2017 South Africa 83 34 46 0 42.50 1988 2018 Sri Lanka 158 90 56 11 61.56 1979 2017 West Indies 121 56 61 47.88 1979 2017 Zimbabwe 63 51 10 0 82.53 2016 Others Bermuda 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100.00 Hong Kong 0 0 0 100.00 2008 2008 Kenya 13 11 0 0 84.61 Namibia 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2011 Scotland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100.00 1994 2015 Total 939 483 409 7 40 54.11 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v South Africa at SuperSport Park , Centurion , 16 February 2018 . Most ODI runs for India Player Runs Average Sachin Tendulkar 18,426 44.83 Sourav Ganguly 11,221 40.95 Rahul Dravid 10,768 39.15 MS Dhoni 9,793 51.00 Virat Kohli 9,588 58.11 Mohammad Azharuddin 9,378 36.92 Yuvraj Singh 8,609 36.47 Virender Sehwag 7,995 35.37 Rohit Sharma 6,594 44.", "34": "55 Suresh Raina 5,568 35.46 Most ODI wickets for India Player Wickets Average Anil Kumble 334 30.83 Javagal Srinath 315 28.08 Ajit Agarkar 288 27.85 Zaheer Khan 269 30.11 Harbhajan Singh 265 33.47 Kapil Dev 253 27.45 Venkatesh Prasad 196 32.30 Irfan Pathan 173 29.72 Manoj Prabhakar 157 28.87 Ashish Nehra 155 31.60 Twenty20 Internationals ( edit ) T20I record versus other nations Opponent Matches Won Lost Tie + Win Tie + Loss No Result % Won First Last ICC Full Members Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 100.00 2012 Australia 15 10 5 0 0 0 66.66 2007 2017 Bangladesh 8 8 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2018 England 11 5 6 0 0 0 45.45 2007 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2009 New Zealand 8 6 0 0 0 25.00 2007 2017 Pakistan 8 6 0 0 81.25 2007 2016 South Africa 13 8 5 0 0 0 61.53 2006 2018 Sri Lanka 16 11 5 0 0 0 68.", "35": "75 2009 2018 West Indies 8 5 0 0 28.57 2009 2017 Zimbabwe 7 5 0 0 0 71.42 2016 ICC Associate members Scotland 0 0 0 0 -- 2007 2007 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 100.00 2016 2016 Total 99 61 35 0 63.40 2006 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v Bangladesh at R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , March 18 , 2018 . Most T20I runs for India Player Runs Average Virat Kohli 1,983 50.84 Rohit Sharma 1,852 31.38 Suresh Raina 1,499 28.82 MS Dhoni 1,444 37.02 Yuvraj Singh 1,177 28.02 Most T20I wickets for India Player Wickets Average R Ashwin 52 22.94 Jasprit Bumrah 41 20.43 Yuzvendra Chahal 35 18.45 Ashish Nehra 34 22.29 Ravindra Jadeja 31 31.70 Players in bold text are still active with India . Fan following ( edit ) Main article : Cricket in India Supporters of the Indian cricket team wave the Indian flag during match between India and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary a fan of the Indian Cricket team , travels to all Indian home games with his body painted as the Indian Flag . Due to the massive Indian diaspora in nations like Australia , England and South Africa , a large Indian fan turnout is expected whenever India plays in each of these nations .", "36": "There have been a number of official fan groups that have been formed over the years , including the Swami Army or Bharat Army , the Indian equivalent of the Barmy Army , that were very active in their support when India toured Australia in 2003 / 2004 . They are known to attribute a number of popular Indian songs to the cricket team . Fan rivalry and cross-border tension has created a strong rivalry between the Indian and the Pakistani cricket teams . In tours between these two nations , cricket visas are often employed to accommodate for the tens of thousands of fans wishing to cross the border to watch cricket . This intense fan dedication is one of the major causes of the BCCI 's financial success . However , there are downsides to having such a cricket - loving population . Many Indians hold cricket very close to their hearts and losses are not received well by the Indian population . In some cases , particularly after losses to Pakistan or after a long string of weak performances , there have been reports of player effigies being burnt in the streets and vandalism of player homes . In many cases , players have come under intense attention from the media for negative reasons , this has been considered as one of the reasons for Sourav Ganguly being left out of the Indian team . At times , when a match is surrounded by controversy , it has resulted in a debacle . For example , when India slid to defeat against Australia at Brabourne Stadium in 1969 , fans began throwing stones and bottles onto the field as well as setting fire to the stands , before laying siege to the Australian dressing rooms . During the same tour , a stampede occurred at Eden Gardens when tickets were oversold and India fell to another loss ; the Australian team bus was later stoned with bricks . A similar event occurred during the 1996 Cricket World Cup , where India were losing the semi-final to Sri Lanka at Eden Gardens . In this case , the fan behaviour was directed at the Indian team in disappointment at their lacklustre performance . An armed guard had to be placed at the home of captain Mohammad Azharuddin to ensure his safety . Indian fans have also been passionate in their following of Sachin Tendulkar , who has been commonly thought of as one of the best batsmen in the world .", "37": "Glorified for the bulk of his career , a riot occurred in early 1999 in a Test against Pakistan at Eden Gardens after a collision with Pakistani paceman Shoaib Akhtar saw him run out , forcing police to eject spectators and the game to be played in an empty stadium . Although in 2006 , a string of low scores resulted in Tendulkar being booed by the Mumbai crowd when he got out against England Often , fans engage in protests regarding players if they believe that regionalism has affected selection , or because of regional partisan support for local players . In 2005 , when Sourav Ganguly was dropped due to lack of form , Ganguly 's home state of West Bengal erupted in protests . India later played a match against South Africa in Kolkata , West Bengal . The Indian team was booed by the crowd who supported South Africa instead of India in response to Ganguly 's dropping . Similar regional divisions in India regarding selection have also caused protests against the team , with political activists from the regional Kalinga Kamgar Sena party in Odisha disrupting the arrival of the team in Cuttack for an ODI over the lack of a local player in the team , with one activist manhandling coach Greg Chappell . Similar treatment was handed to Sunil Gavaskar in the 1987 World Cup Semi Finals by crowds at Wankhede Stadium when he got bowled by Philip DeFreitas . A successful string of results , victories against arch - rivals Pakistan or victory in major tournaments such as the World Cup are greeted with particular ecstasy from the Indian fans . Indian women 's cricket team ( edit ) Main article : India women 's national cricket team Members of the Indian cricket team before a Women 's Cricket World Cup game in Sydney The Indian women 's cricket team has a much lower profile than the men 's team . For all national women 's cricket teams , the female players are paid much less their male counterparts , and the women 's teams do not receive as much popular support or recognition as the men 's team . The women 's teams also have a less packed schedule compared to men 's teams and play fewer matches . The Indian women 's cricket team played its first Test match in 1976 / 7 , when they drew with the West Indies in a six - match series .", "38": "The Women 's Cricket World Cup was held in India in 1978 and featured 4 teams . India lost both the matches they have played . Their next appearance in the Test and ODI circuit was against Australia in 1984 , in which the Test series was tied but the ODI series was lost in a whitewash . The Indian women 's cricket team has since picked up their form , reaching the finals in the World Cup , but then losing to Australia . The Women 's Asia Cup of 2005 -- 06 was won by India , who beat Sri Lanka in the final . They also beat the West Indies in the 2004 -- 05 season , winning the 5 ODI series 5 -- 0 . They were knocked out in the group stage of the 2013 Women 's Cricket World Cup held in India . India reached the final of the 2017 World Cup but lost to England by 9 runs , following which the team was praised by many including Prime Minister Narendra Modi . Jhulan Goswami is the world 's leading ODI wicket - taker while Mithali Raj , the captain , is the leading run - scorer in ODI cricket . See also ( edit ) Cricket portal Cricket in India Indian Premier League India A cricket team References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ICC Rankings '' . icc-cricket.com . Jump up ^ `` Test matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Test matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` ODI matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` ODI matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` T20I matches - Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` T20I matches - 2018 Team records '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ Sheringham , Sam ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` India power past Sri Lanka to Cricket World Cup triumph '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ICC rankings -- ICC Test , ODI and Twenty20 rankings -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . ESPNcricinfo .", "39": "Jump up ^ `` Shastri , Zaheer , Dravid in India 's new coaching team '' . ESPN cricinfo. 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Downing , Clement ( 1737 ) . William Foster , ed . A History of the Indian Wars . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Cricket and Politics in Colonial India '' . Ramachandra Guha. 1998 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` India in British Isles , 1911 '' . Cricket Archive . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Imperial Cricket Conference '' . ICC . Archived from the original on 21 March 2006 . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` India in England , 1932 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ England tour of India , 1933 / 34 Jump up ^ `` India in Australia , 1948 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of India '' . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` England in India , 1951 -- 52 '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond boundaries '' . Deccan Chronicle. 29 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo - Anil Kumble '' . Content-usa.cricinfo.com . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India cricket : Middle - order retirements are end of era '' . BBC News . 23 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Waugh Column '' . Steve Waugh . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TWI gets production rights for India - Pakistan series '' . The Hindu -- Sport . Retrieved 14 October 2006 .", "40": "Jump up ^ `` India can find right balance before World Cup '' . Jamie Alter . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ The series cricinfo Jump up ^ `` Test results summary '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ODI results summary '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T20I results summary '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dhoni and Gambhir lead India to World Cup glory ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 12 December 2011 Jump up ^ `` England dethrone India to become No. 1 '' . Cricinfo. 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Siddharth Monga ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` India thrash sloppy Pakistan by 124 runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Fidel Fernando ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Sri Lanka complete highest successful chase in Champions Trophy history , beat India by 7 wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Siddharth Monga ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Disciplined India run dysfunctional South Africa out '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Siddharth Monga ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Dominant India march into yet another final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Fidel Fernando ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` India hoodoo broken emphatically by Pakistan '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ Siddharth Monga ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Kohli , spinners seal 3 -- 1 series win '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Sidharth Monga ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Lewis century powers Windies to 9 - wicket win '' .", "41": "ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Fernando ( 13 August 2017 ) . `` Ashwin , Shami lead India in 3 - day rout , to complete whitewash '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nimbus Bags Cricket Rights for $612 m '' . The Hindu . India . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ICC faces threat from India '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` India challenge ICC '' . TVNZ . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Selection Policy not Zonal : Pawar '' . The Tribune . India . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Akash Mehrotra ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Indian Cricket Jersey over the years '' . ScoopWhoop . Jump up ^ Classic World Cup Kits 1992 Archived 29 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Team India 's new jersey unveiled '' . The Times of India . 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nike wins Indian cricket team endorsement rights , 199 crore brand sponsorship deal with India cricket team and BCCI '' . Digi-help.com . Archived from the original on 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bleed Blue '' . Nike Cricket . Jump up ^ `` Team India dazzles in ' ultramarine ' blue new jersey '' . The Times of India . 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OPPO wins Indian team sponsorship rights till 2022 '' . EspnCricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Star wins Indian team sponsorship rights '' . EspnCricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo -- Grounds : Eden Gardens '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo -- Grounds : Feroz Shah Kotla '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 September 2006 .", "42": "Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo -- Grounds : Wankhede Stadium '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo -- Grounds : M.A. Chidambaram Stadium '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Gardens Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feroz Shah Kotla Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` M.A. Chidambaram Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wankhede Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Park Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brabourne Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punjab Cricket Association I.S. Bindra Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sardar Patel Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vidarbha C.A. Ground Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Jamtha Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com .", "43": "Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barabati Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Holkar Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JSCA International Stadium Complex Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gymkhana Ground Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gandhi Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` K.D. Singh Babu Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawai Mansingh Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sector 16 Stadium Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Ground Test matches '' . cricinfo.com . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tendulkar on his captains : Ganguly was aggressive , Rahul methodical , Dhoni instinctive '' . Firstpost. 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Replacing Sachin with Azhar as captain in 1997 : When selectors spun the ball '' . Retrieved 8 July 2016 .", "44": "Jump up ^ Sri Lanka denies India 5 -- 0 rout by winning final cricket match Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli , Shikhar Dhawan in top - bracket of BCCI contracts ; MS Dhoni demoted , Shami on hold '' . Hindustan Times . 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammed Shami back in BCCI contracts list '' . Hindustan Times . 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jadeja , Pujara and Vijay given top BCCI contracts '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo profile : Sachin Tendulkar '' . Content-www.cricinfo.com . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dravid rues faulty execution '' . Cricinfo Staff . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Records / India / Test matches / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Records India Test matches Most runs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Records India Test matches Most wickets '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records / India / One - Day Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Records India One - Day Internationals Most runs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Records India One - Day Internationals Most wickets '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records / India / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo .", "45": "Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Records India Twenty20 Internationals Most runs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Records India Twenty20 Internationals Most wickets '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bharat Army History '' . www.bharat-army.com . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swami Army Roars to Full Battle Cry '' . The Age Newspaper . Melbourne . 28 December 2003 . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 10,000 Visas for Pak Cricket Fans '' . The Tribune , Chandigarh . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ganguly 's Debt of Gratitude '' . BBC News . 21 March 2003 . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` I predict a riot '' . Andrew Miller and Martin Williamson . Retrieved 22 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sachin Tendulkar booed by Wankhede Crowd '' . India Daily . India Daily . Retrieved 15 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Protests rock Kolkata over Ganguly 's exclusion '' . Rediff . Retrieved 14 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Security concerns over Barabati Stadium 's future '' . Cricinfo. 24 January 2007 . Retrieved 25 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Entire Nation Erupts with Joy '' . The Tribune , Chandigarh . Retrieved 20 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Subhin Harika ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` History of Indian women ' cricket team '' . ESPNcricinfo . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India national cricket team .", "46": "Cricinfo 's List of Indian Grounds Cricinfo India India national cricket team Test : 1st ODI : 2nd T20I : 3rd Team History of the Indian cricket team Indian national cricket captains Records Head - to - head Test ODI T20I Matches Home tours Away tours Second Test , 2000 -- 01 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy Second Test , 2007 -- 08 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy Grounds List of cricket grounds in India International venues Culture Cricket in India Indian spin quartet Key personnel Governing Body : Board of Control for Cricket in India Selection Committee : Indian national cricket selectors Coach : Anil Kumble Captains : Virat Kohli ( Test ) MS Dhoni ( ODI & T20 ) World Cup wins ( 2 ) 2011 International cricket tours of India Test and LOI tours Afghanistan 2018 Australia 1956 -- 57 1959 -- 60 1964 -- 65 1969 -- 70 1979 -- 80 1984 -- 85 1986 -- 87 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2000 -- 01 2004 -- 05 2007 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bangladesh 2016 -- 17 England 1933 -- 34 1951 -- 52 1961 -- 62", "47": "1963 -- 64 1972 -- 73 1976 -- 77 1979 -- 80 1981 -- 82 1984 -- 85 1992 -- 93 2001 -- 02 2005 -- 06 2008 -- 09 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2016 -- 17 New Zealand 1955 -- 56 1964 -- 65 1969 -- 70 1976 -- 77 1988 -- 89 1995 -- 96 1999 -- 2000 2003 -- 04 2010 -- 11 2012 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Pakistan 1952 -- 53 1960 -- 61 1979 -- 80 1983 -- 84 1986 -- 87 1998 -- 99 2004 -- 05 2007 -- 08 2012 -- 13 South Africa 1991 -- 92 1996 -- 97 1999 -- 2000 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2007 -- 08 2009 -- 10 2015 -- 16 2019 -- 20 Sri Lanka 1982 -- 83 1986 -- 87 1990 -- 91 1993 -- 94 1997 -- 98 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2009 -- 10 2014 - 15 2015 -- 16 2017 -- 18 West Indies 1948 -- 49 1958 -- 59 1966 --", "48": "67 1974 -- 75 1978 -- 79 1983 -- 84 1987 -- 88 1994 -- 95 2002 -- 03 2006 -- 07 2011 -- 12 2013 -- 14 2014 - 15 2018 -- 19 Zimbabwe 1992 -- 93 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2018 -- 19 Tournaments hosted Multiple teams 1990 -- 91 1993 1994 -- 95 1996 -- 97 1997 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2003 -- 04 2006 2011 2016 2018 2021 2023 Other tours Australian 1935 -- 36 1945 -- 46 Bangladeshi 1983 -- 84 2015 -- 16 Ceylonese / Sri Lankan 1932 -- 33 1940 -- 41 1952 -- 53 1955 -- 56 1957 -- 58 1959 -- 60 1961 -- 62 1964 -- 65 1966 -- 67 1968 -- 69 1970 -- 71 1972 -- 73 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 Dutch 1994 -- 95 2012 -- 13 English 1889 -- 90 1892 -- 93 1926 -- 27 1937", "49": "-- 38 1956 -- 57 1963 -- 64 1994 -- 95 2005 -- 06 Kenyan 1999 -- 00 2011 -- 12 Multi-national 1930 -- 31 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1953 -- 54 1961 -- 62 1964 -- 65 1967 -- 68 Tanzanian 2006 -- 07 Links to related articles Cricket in India Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) National teams India India A U-19 Women Blind Zonal teams Central East North South West State teams Andhra Assam Baroda Bengal Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Goa Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Odisha Punjab Railways Rajasthan", "50": "Saurashtra Services ( M ) Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Vidarbha Tournaments First - class Ranji Trophy Duleep Trophy Irani Cup Senior women 's cricket inter zonal three day game One Day Vijay Hazare Trophy Deodhar Trophy BCCI Corporate Trophy Senior women 's challenger trophy Senior women 's one day league NKP Salve Challenger Trophy ( defunct ) Twenty20 Indian Premier League Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Senior women 's T20 league Celebrity Cricket League Indian Cricket League ( defunct ) Inter-State T20 Championship ( defunct ) BCCI Presidents Members Selectors Awards Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture National Cricket Academy Lists Captains Test wicket - keepers ODI wicket - keepers International grounds Test records ODI records T20I records Others History India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Rohinton Baria Trophy Cooch Behar Trophy ICC Cricket World Cup winners 1975 : West Indies 1979 : West Indies 1983 : India 1987 : Australia 1992 : Pakistan 1996 : Sri Lanka 1999 : Australia 2003 : Australia 2007 : Australia 2011 : India 2015 : Australia ICC Cricket World Cup hosts 1975 : England 1979 : England 1983 : England", "51": "1987 : India / Pakistan 1992 : Australia / New Zealand 1996 : Pakistan / India / Sri Lanka 1999 : England / Scotland / Wales / Ireland / Netherlands 2003 : South Africa / Zimbabwe / Kenya 2007 : West Indies 2011 : India / Sri Lanka / Bangladesh 2015 : Australia / New Zealand 2019 : England / Wales 2023 : India ICC World Twenty20 winners 2007 : India 2009 : Pakistan 2010 : England 2012 : West Indies 2014 : Sri Lanka 2016 : West Indies India national cricket team Test : 1st ODI : 2nd T20I : 3rd Team History of the Indian cricket team Indian national cricket captains Records Head - to - head Test ODI T20I Matches Home tours Away tours Second Test , 2000 -- 01 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy Second Test ,", "52": "2007 -- 08 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy Grounds List of cricket grounds in India International venues Culture Cricket in India Indian spin quartet Key personnel Governing Body : Board of Control for Cricket in India Selection Committee : Indian national cricket selectors Coach : Anil Kumble Captains : Virat Kohli ( Test ) MS Dhoni ( ODI & T20 ) World Cup wins ( 2 ) 2011 Indian cricketers who have played 100 or more Test matches Sachin Tendulkar ( 200 ) Rahul Dravid ( 163 ) VVS Laxman ( 134 ) Anil Kumble ( 132 ) Kapil Dev ( 131 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 125 ) Dilip Vengsarkar ( 119 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 113 ) Virender Sehwag ( 103 ) Harbhajan Singh ( 103 ) Note . Dravid & Sehwag played 1 Test match for ICC World Test XI , which is not included above .", "53": "National cricket teams Full members ( 12 ) Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka West Indies Zimbabwe Associate members ( 92 ) ODI and T20I only Nepal Netherlands Scotland United Arab Emirates T20I only Hong Kong Oman Other associate members Argentina Austria Bahamas Bahrain Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Chile China Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Falkland Islands ( suspended ) Fiji Finland France Gambia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Guernsey Hungary Indonesia Iran Isle of Man Israel Italy Japan Jersey Kenya Kuwait Lesotho Luxembourg Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mexico Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nigeria Norway Panama Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Samoa Saudi Arabia Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovenia South Korea Spain St Helena Suriname Swaziland Sweden Tanzania Thailand Turks and Caicos Islands Turkey Uganda Vanuatu Zambia Former members ( 8 ) Brunei Cuba Switzerland Tonga East Africa East and Central Africa United States West Africa Non-members Cambodia Egypt Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Mauritius New Caledonia Slovakia Solomon Islands Taiwan Tajikistan Vietnam For Guyana , Jamaica , Trinidad and Tobago , Barbados , Antigua and Barbuda , Anguilla , Dominica , Grenada , Saint Vincent and The Grenadines , Montserrat , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Sint Maarten , the British Virgin Islands and the United States Virgin Islands the national team is the West Indies . For England and Wales , the national team is England . For the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , the national team is Ireland .", "54": "National teams of India Major teams ( World level ) Badminton Cricket Ind A M U19 Blind Field hockey Kabaddi Motorsport ( A1 Team ) Rollball Squash Tennis Continental level Basketball M U19 M U17 M 3x3 W U19 W U17 W 3x3 Football M U23 M U19 M U17 M U14 W U19 Volleyball Minor teams Baseball Beach soccer Handball Ice hockey M U20 M U18 Korfball Netball Roller hockey Rugby league Rugby union Rugby 7 's Water polo Multi-sport event Asian Games Commonwealth Games Lusophony Games Olympics Youth Paralympics Universiade World Games ICC Cricket Team Ranking -- Top Cricket Teams as of 8 January 2018 Test One Day International Twenty20 International India South Africa Australia New Zealand England Sri Lanka Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh Zimbabwe India South Africa Australia England New Zealand Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka West Indies Zimbabwe Afghanistan Ireland New Zealand Pakistan India England West Indies South Africa Australia Sri Lanka Afghanistan Bangladesh Scotland Zimbabwe United Arab Emirates Netherlands Hong Kong Papua New Guinea Oman Ireland Cricket Asia Cup Champions 1984 -- 2000 India ( 1984 ) Sri Lanka ( 1986 ) India ( 1988 ) India ( 1990 -- 91 ) Not held ( 1993 ) India ( 1995 ) Sri Lanka ( 1997 ) Pakistan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2019 Sri Lanka ( 2004 ) Sri Lanka ( 2008 ) India ( 2010 ) Pakistan ( 2012 ) Sri Lanka ( 2014 ) India ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "55": "php?title=India_national_cricket_team&oldid=838513692 '' Categories : India in international cricket National cricket teams National sports teams of India Laureus World Sports Awards winners Cricket in India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from January 2018 Use Indian English from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский සිංහල Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt डोटेली 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 47, 49, 48, 27, 26, 39, 45, 40, 55, 4, 41, 25, 0, 43, 8, 1, 54, 22, 5, 42, 50, 19, 16, 44, 3, 28, 53, 6, 46, 17, 23, 38, 51, 7, 14, 11, 13, 15, 24, 36, 31, 30, 10, 29, 20, 35, 12, 18, 2, 37, 21, 52, 9, 33, 32, 34 ]	[ 47, 49, 48, 27, 26, 39 ]
-3314585683531525755	when does the chinese new year begin and end	[ "at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February" ]	{ "0": "Chinese New Year - wikipedia Chinese New Year Jump to : navigation , search Chinese New Year Fireworks are one of the significant traits in Chinese New Year Official name Ancient Chinese : 歲首 ; `` year 's start '' Also called Spring Festival Observed by The Chinese Worldwide Type Cultural , religious ( Chinese folk religion , Buddhist , Confucian , Daoism ) Celebrations Lion dances , dragon dances , fireworks , family gathering , family meal , visiting friends and relatives ( 拜年 , bàinián / baai3 nin4 ) , giving red envelopes , decorating with chunlian Date Chinese lunar new year 2019 date Tuesday , 5 February , Pig 2020 date Saturday , 25 January , Rat Frequency Annual Related to Lantern Festival , which concludes the celebration of the Chinese New Year . Mongol New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) , Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) , Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) , Korean New Year ( Seollal ) , Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Chinese New Year `` Spring Festival ( Chinese New Year ) '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Traditional Chinese 農曆新年 / 春節 Simplified Chinese 农历新年 / 春节 Literal meaning `` Spring Festival '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin nóng lì xīn nián / Chūn jié Wade -- Giles Ch'un chieh IPA ( ʈʂhwə́n tɕjě ) Wu Suzhounese Tshen tsìh Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chēun jit IPA ( tshɵ́n tsīːt̚ ) Jyutping Ceon1 zit3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chhun cheh Tâi - lô Tshun tseh Chinese New Year , also known as the Spring Festival in modern China , is an important Chinese festival celebrated at the turn of the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar . It is one of several Lunar New Years in Asia .", "1": "Celebrations traditionally run from the evening preceding the first day , to the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first calendar month . The first day of the New Year falls on the new moon between January 21 and February 20 In 2018 , the first day of the Lunar New Year was on Friday , 16 February , initiating the year of the Dog . It is one of the world 's most prominent and celebrated festivals , and involves the largest annual mass human migration in the world . It is a major holiday in Greater China and has strongly influenced the lunar new year celebrations of China 's neighbouring cultures , including the Korean New Year ( seol ) , the Tết of Vietnam , and the Losar of Tibet . It is also celebrated worldwide in countries with significant Overseas Chinese populations , including Singapore , Indonesia , Malaysia , Thailand , Cambodia , Australia , the Philippines and Mauritius , as well as many countries in North America and Europe . The New Year festival is centuries old and associated with several myths and customs . Traditionally , the festival was a time to honour deities as well as ancestors . Within China , regional customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Lunar New Year vary widely . Often , the evening preceding Lunar New Year 's Day is an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner . It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house , in order to sweep away any ill - fortune and to make way for incoming good luck . Windows and doors are decorated with red colour paper - cuts and couplets with popular themes of `` good fortune '' or `` happiness '' , `` wealth '' , and `` longevity '' . Other activities include lighting firecrackers and giving money in red paper envelopes . In about one third of the Mainland population , or 500 million Northerners , dumplings ( especially those of vegetarian fillings ) feature prominently in the meals celebrating the festival . Offerings to the gods . House doorway decorated for the New Year .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar 2 Mythology 3 Public holiday 4 Festivities 4.1 Preceding days 4.2 New Year 's Eve 4.3 First day 4.4 Second day 4.5 Third day 4.6 Fourth day 4.7 Fifth day 4.8 Seventh day 4.9 Eighth day 4.10 Ninth day 4.11 Tenth day 4.12 Fifteenth day 5 Traditional food 6 Practices 6.1 History 6.2 Red envelopes 6.3 Gift exchange 6.4 Markets 6.5 Fireworks 6.5. 1 Firecracker ban 6.6 Music 6.7 Clothing 6.8 Family portrait 6.9 Symbolism 6.10 Nianhua 6.11 Flowers 6.12 Icons and ornaments 6.13 Spring travel 7 Festivities outside Greater China 7.1 Southeast Asia 7.1. 1 Indonesia 7.2 Australia and New Zealand 7.3 North America 7.3. 1 New York 7.3. 2 California 7.4 Europe 7.5 India and Pakistan 8 Greetings 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Dates in Chinese lunisolar calendar ( edit ) Chinese New Year in Singapore Chinatown . Chinese New Year eve in Meizhou on 8 February 2005 . Chinese New Year in Kobe , Japan Southeast Asia 's largest temple -- Kek Lok Si near George Town in Penang , Malaysia -- illuminated in preparation for the Lunar New Year . Interactive chart of the dates of Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 . In the SVG graphic , hover over or click a year on the left to highlight an almost - repeating block of 19 years starting with that year . Main article : Chinese calendar The lunisolar Chinese calendar determines the date of Lunar New Year .", "3": "The calendar is also used in countries that have been influenced by , or have relations with , China -- such as Korea , Japan and Vietnam , though occasionally the date celebrated may differ by one day or even one moon cycle due to using a meridian based on a different capital city in a different time zone or different placements of intercalary months . Chinese calendar defines the lunar month with winter solstice as the 11th month , which means that Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice ( rarely the third if an intercalary month intervenes ) . In more than 96 % of the years , the Chinese New Year 's Day is the closest new moon to lichun ( Chinese : 立春 ; `` start of spring '' ) on 4 or 5 February , and the first new moon after Dahan ( Chinese : 大寒 ; `` major cold '' ) . In the Gregorian calendar , the Lunar New Year begins at the new moon that falls between 21 January and 20 February . The Gregorian Calendar dates for Chinese New Year from 1912 to 2101 are below , along with the year 's presiding animal zodiac and its Stem - branch . The traditional Chinese calendar follows a Metonic cycle ( like the modern Jewish Calendar ) , and returns to the same date in Gregorian calendar roughly . The names of the Earthly Branches have no English counterparts and are not the Chinese translations of the animals . Alongside the 12 - year cycle of the animal zodiac there is a 10 - year cycle of heavenly stems . Each of the ten heavenly stems is associated with one of the five elements of Chinese astrology , namely : Wood , Fire , Earth , Metal , and Water . The elements are rotated every two years while a yin and yang association alternates every year . The elements are thus distinguished : Yang Wood , Yin Wood , Yang Fire , Yin Fire , etc . These produce a combined cycle that repeats every 60 years . For example , the year of the Yang Fire Rat occurred in 1936 and in 1996 , 60 years apart . Many people inaccurately calculate their Chinese birth - year by converting it from their Gregorian birth - year .", "4": "As the Chinese New Year starts in late January to mid-February , the previous Chinese year dates through 1 January until that day in the new Gregorian year , remaining unchanged from the previous Gregorian year . For example , the 1989 year of the Snake began on 6 February 1989 . The year 1989 is generally aligned with the year of the Snake . However , the 1988 year of the Dragon officially ended on 5 February 1989 . This means that anyone born from 1 January to 5 February 1989 was actually born in the year of the Dragon rather than the year of the Snake . Many online Chinese Sign calculators do not account for the non-alignment of the two calendars , using Gregorian - calendar years rather than official Chinese New Year dates . One scheme of continuously numbered Chinese - calendar years assigns 4709 to the year beginning , 2011 , but this is not universally accepted ; the calendar is traditionally cyclical , not continuously numbered . Although the Chinese calendar traditionally does not use continuously numbered years , outside China its years are sometimes numbered from the purported reign of the mythical Yellow Emperor in the 3rd millennium BCE . But at least three different years numbered 1 are now used by various scholars , making the year beginning CE 2015 the `` Chinese year '' 4712 , 4713 , or 4652 . Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 24 Jan Snake Wednesday 2026 17 Feb Horse Tuesday 2002 12 Feb Horse Tuesday 2027 6 Feb Goat Saturday 2003 1 Feb Goat Saturday 2028 26 Jan Monkey Wednesday 22 Jan Monkey Thursday 2029 13 Feb Rooster Tuesday 2005 9 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2030 3 Feb Dog Sunday 2006 29 Jan", "5": "Dog Sunday 2031 23 Jan Pig Thursday 2007 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2032 11 Feb Rat Wednesday 2008 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2033 31 Jan Ox Monday 2009 26 Jan Ox Monday 2034 19 Feb Tiger Sunday 14 Feb Tiger Sunday 2035 8 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2011 3 Feb Rabbit Thursday 2036 28 Jan Dragon Monday 2012 23 Jan Dragon Monday 2037 15 Feb Snake Sunday 2013 10 Feb Snake Sunday 2038 4 Feb Horse Thursday 2014 31 Jan Horse Friday 2039 24 Jan Goat Monday 2015 19 Feb Goat Thursday 2040 12 Feb Monkey Sunday 2016 8 Feb Monkey Monday 2041 1 Feb Rooster Friday 2017 28 Jan Rooster Saturday 2042 22 Jan Dog Wednesday 2018 16 Feb Dog Friday 2043 10 Feb Pig Tuesday 2019 5 Feb Pig Tuesday 2044 30 Jan Rat Saturday 2020 25 Jan Rat Saturday 2045 17 Feb Ox Friday", "6": "2021 12 Feb Ox Friday 2046 6 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2022 1 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2047 26 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2023 22 Jan Rabbit Sunday 2048 14 Feb Dragon Friday 2024 10 Feb Dragon Saturday 2049 2 Feb Snake Tuesday 2025 29 Jan Snake Wednesday 2050 23 Jan Horse Sunday Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week Gregorian Date Animal Day of the week 2051 11 Feb Goat Saturday 2076 5 Feb Monkey Wednesday 2052 1 Feb Monkey Thursday 2077 24 Jan Rooster Sunday 2053 19 Feb Rooster Wednesday 2078 12 Feb Dog Saturday 2054 8 Feb Dog Sunday 2079 2 Feb Pig Thursday 2055 28 Jan Pig Thursday 2080 22 Jan Rat Monday 2056 15 Feb Rat Tuesday 2081 9 Feb Ox Sunday 2057 4 Feb Ox Sunday 2082 29 Jan Tiger Thursday 2058 24 Jan Tiger Thursday 2083 17 Feb Rabbit Wednesday 2059 12 Feb Rabbit Wednesday", "7": "2084 6 Feb Dragon Sunday 2060 2 Feb Dragon Monday 2085 26 Jan Snake Friday 2061 21 Jan Snake Friday 2086 14 Feb Horse Thursday 2062 9 Feb Horse Thursday 2087 3 Feb Goat Monday 2063 29 Jan Goat Monday 2088 24 Jan Monkey Saturday 2064 17 Feb Monkey Sunday 2089 10 Feb Rooster Thursday 2065 5 Feb Rooster Thursday 2090 30 Jan Dog Monday 2066 26 Jan Dog Tuesday 2091 18 Feb Pig Sunday 2067 14 Feb Pig Monday 2092 7 Feb Rat Thursday 2068 3 Feb Rat Friday 2093 27 Jan Ox Tuesday 2069 23 Jan Ox Wednesday 2094 15 Feb Tiger Monday 2070 11 Feb Tiger Tuesday 2095 5 Feb Rabbit Saturday 2071 31 Jan Rabbit Saturday 2096 25 Jan Dragon Wednesday 2072 19 Feb Dragon Friday 2097 12 Feb Snake Tuesday 2073 7 Feb Snake Tuesday 2098 1 Feb Horse Saturday 2074", "8": "27 Jan Horse Saturday 2099 21 Jan Goat Wednesday 2075 15 Feb Goat Friday 2100 9 Feb Monkey Tuesday The date of Chinese New Year 's Day ( 1912 -- 2101 ) Year Date 1 - 19AM 20 - 38AM 39 - 57AM 58 - 76AM 77 - 95AM 96 - 114AM 115 - 133AM 134 - 152AM 153 - 171AM 172 - 190AM 1912 -- 1930 1931 -- 1949 1950 -- 1968 1969 -- 1987 1988 -- 2006 2007 -- 2025 2026 -- 2044 2045 -- 2063 2064 -- 2082 2083 -- 2101 17 Feb Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu Dragon Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì + Horse Bíngwǔ Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo 6 Feb Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu − Dragon Jiǎchén 26 Jan Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén + Pig Xīnhaì + Horse", "9": "Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì 14 Feb Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì Rat Rènzǐ + Goat Xīnwèi + Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − Dragon ' Wùchén Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ 3 Feb Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì + Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū Snake Jǐsì − Rat Wùzǐ Goat Dīngwèi 23 Jan Snake Dīngsì Rat Bíngzǐ + Goat Yǐwèi + Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì Horse Gēngwǔ Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + 11 Feb Horse Wùwǔ Ox Dīngchǒu Monkey Bíngshēn + Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū − Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ Goat Xīnwèi Tiger Gēngyín Rooster Jǐyǒu − 31 Jan Goat Jǐwèi + Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ Ox", "10": "Guìchǒu Monkey Rènshēn + Rabbit Xīnmǎo Dog Gēngxū − 19 Feb Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū − Snake Dīngsì − Rat Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín Rooster Guìyǒu Dragon Rènchén Pig Xīnhaì − 8 Feb Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo Dog Jiǎxū Snake Guìsì − Rat Rènzǐ − 28 Jan Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén Pig Yǐhaì Horse Jiǎwǔ − Ox Guìchǒu − 15 Feb Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn + Rabbit Jǐmǎo + Dog Wùxū + Snake Dīngsì Rat ' Bíngzǐ Goat Yǐwèi Tiger Jiǎyín 5 Feb Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − Ox Dīngchǒu − Monkey", "11": "Bíngshēn Rabbit Yǐmǎo 24 Jan Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn + Rabbit Guìmǎo + Dog Rènxū + Snake Xīnsì Rat Gēngzǐ + Goat Jǐwèi Tiger Wùyín Rooster Dīngyǒu Dragon Bíngchén + 12 Feb Tiger Bíngyín + Rooster Yǐyǒu + Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn Rabbit Jǐmǎo Dog Wùxū Snake Dīngsì 2 Feb Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ Goat Guìwèi − Tiger Rènyín − Rooster Xīnyǒu − Dragon Gēngchén Pig Jǐhaì Horse Wùwǔ − 22 Jan Dragon Wùchén + Pig Dīnghaì Horse Bíngwǔ − Ox Yǐchǒu Monkey Jiǎshēn Rabbit Guìmǎo Dog Rènxū Snake Xīnsì − Rat Gēngzǐ Goat Jǐwèi − 9 Feb Snake Jǐsì + Rat Wùzǐ + Goat Dīngwèi Tiger Bíngyín Rooster Yǐyǒu Dragon Jiǎchén + Pig Guìhaì + Horse Rènwǔ Ox Xīnchǒu Monkey Gēngshēn", "12": "29 Jan Horse Gēngwǔ + Ox Jǐchǒu Monkey Wùshēn + Rabbit Dīngmǎo Dog Bíngxū Snake Yǐsì Rat Jiǎzǐ + Goat Guìwèi Tiger Rènyín Rooster Xīnyǒu − Note : a day later ; Note : a day earlier . Note : The New Year 's Day of 1985 is 20 Feb , a month later . Note : AM = anno Mínguó Mythology ( edit ) Hand - written Chinese New Year 's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people 's homes , Lijiang , Yunnan According to tales and legends , the beginning of the Chinese New Year started with a mythical beast called the Nian . Nian would eat villagers , especially children . One year , all the villagers decided to go hide from the beast . An old man appeared before the villagers went into hiding and said that he 's going to stay the night , and decided to get revenge on the Nian . All the villagers thought he was insane . The old man put red papers up and set off firecrackers . The day after , the villagers came back to their town to see that nothing was destroyed . They assumed that the old man was a deity who came to save them . The villagers then understood that the Nian was afraid of the color red and loud noises . When the New Year was about to come , the villagers would wear red clothes , hang red lanterns , and red spring scrolls on windows and doors . People also used firecrackers to frighten away the Nian . From then on , Nian never came to the village again . The Nian was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu , an ancient Taoist monk . After that , Nian retreated to a nearby mountain . The name of the mountain has long been lost over the years . Public holiday ( edit ) Chinese New Year is observed as a public holiday in a number of countries and territories where there is a sizable Chinese population .", "13": "Since Chinese New Year falls on different dates on the Gregorian calendar every year on different days of the week , some of these governments opt to shift working days in order to accommodate a longer public holiday . In some countries , a statutory holiday is added on the following work day when the New Year falls on a weekend , as in the case of 2013 , where the New Year 's Eve ( 9 February ) falls on Saturday and the New Year 's Day ( 10 February ) on Sunday . Depending on the country , the holiday may be termed differently ; common names are `` Chinese New Year '' , `` Lunar New Year '' , `` New Year Festival '' , and `` Spring Festival '' . For New Year celebrations that are lunar but not based on the Chinese New Year ( such as Korea 's Seollal and Vietnam 's Tết ) , see the article on Lunar New Year . For other countries where Chinese New Year is celebrated but not an official holiday , see the section below on Festivities outside China . Country and region Official name Description Number of days Brunei Tahun Baru Cina New Year 's Eve ( half - day ) and New Year 's Day . Hong Kong Lunar New Year The first three days . Indonesia Tahun Baru Imlek ( Sin Cia ) New Year 's Day . Macau Chinese New Year The first three days . Mainland China Spring Festival ( Chūn Jié ) The first 3 days . Usually , the Saturday before and the Sunday after Chinese New Year are declared working days , and the 2 additionally gained holidays are added to the official 3 days of holiday , so that people have 7 consecutive days , including weekends . 7 ( de jure ) 3 ( de facto ) Malaysia Tahun Baru Cina The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Philippines Bagong Taón ng mga Tsino New Year 's Day . Taiwan Spring Festival New Year 's Eve and the first 3 working days . Singapore Chinese New Year The first 2 days and a half - day on New Year 's Eve . Vietnam Lunar New Year The first 3 days . Suriname Lunar New Year New Year 's Day .", "14": "Festivities ( edit ) `` Red couplets and red lanterns are displayed on the door frames and light up the atmosphere . The air is filled with strong Chinese emotions . In stores in Beijing , Shanghai , Wuhan , and other cities , products of traditional Chinese style have started to lead fashion trend ( s ) . Buy yourself a Chinese - style coat , get your kids tiger - head hats and shoes , and decorate your home with some beautiful red Chinese knots , then you will have an authentic Chinese - style Spring Festival . '' -- Xinwen Lianbo , January 2001 , quoted by Li Ren , Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness During the festival , people around China will prepare different gourmet for families and guests . Influenced by the flourished cultures , foods from different places look and taste totally different . Among them , the most well - known ones are dumplings from northern China and Tangyuan from southern China . Preceding days ( edit ) On the eighth day of the lunar month prior to Chinese New Year , the Laba holiday ( simplified Chinese : 腊八 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八 ; pinyin : làbā ) , a traditional porridge , Laba porridge ( simplified Chinese : 腊八粥 ; traditional Chinese : 臘八粥 ; pinyin : làbā zhōu ) , is served in remembrance of an ancient festival , called La , that occurred shortly after the winter solstice . Pickles such as Laba garlic , which turns green from vinegar , are also made on this day . For those that believe in Buddhism , the Laba holiday is also considered Bodhi Day . Layue ( simplified Chinese : 腊月 ; traditional Chinese : 臘月 ; pinyin : Làyuè ) is a term often associated with Chinese New Year as it refers to the sacrifices held in honor of the gods in the twelfth lunar month , hence the cured meats of Chinese New Year are known as larou ( simplified Chinese : 腊肉 ; traditional Chinese : 臘肉 ; pinyin : làròu ) . The porridge was prepared by the women of the household at first light , with the first bowl offered to the family 's ancestors and the household deities .", "15": "Every member of the family was then served a bowl , with leftovers distributed to relatives and friends . It 's still served as a special breakfast on this day in some Chinese homes . The concept of the `` La month '' is similar to Advent in Christianity . Many families eat vegetarian on Chinese New Year eve , the garlic and preserved meat are eaten on Chinese New Year day . Receive the Gods in Chinese New Year , ( 1900s ) On the days immediately before the New Year celebration , Chinese families give their homes a thorough cleaning . There is a Cantonese saying `` Wash away the dirt on nin ya baat '' ( Chinese : 年廿八 , 洗邋遢 ; pinyin : nián niàn bā , xǐ lātà ; Jyutping : nin4 jaa6 baat3 , sai2 laap6 taap3 ( laat6 taat3 ) ) , but the practice is not restricted to nin ya baat ( the 28th day of month 12 ) . It is believed the cleaning sweeps away the bad luck of the preceding year and makes their homes ready for good luck . Brooms and dust pans are put away on the first day so that the newly arrived good luck can not be swept away . Some people give their homes , doors and window - frames a new coat of red paint ; decorators and paper - hangers do a year - end rush of business prior to Chinese New Year . Homes are often decorated with paper cutouts of Chinese auspicious phrases and couplets . Purchasing new clothing and shoes also symbolize a new start . Any hair cuts need to be completed before the New Year , as cutting hair on New Year is considered bad luck due to the homonymic nature of the word `` hair '' ( fa ) and the word for `` prosperity '' . Businesses are expected to pay off all the debts outstanding for the year before the new year eve , extending to debts of gratitude . Thus it is a common practice to send gifts and rice to close business associates , and extended family members . In many households where Buddhism or Taoism is prevalent , home altars and statues are cleaned thoroughly , and decorations used to adorn altars over the past year are taken down and burned a week before the new year starts , to be replaced with new decorations .", "16": "Taoists ( and Buddhists to a lesser extent ) will also `` send gods back to heaven '' ( Chinese : 送神 ; pinyin : sòngshén ) , an example would be burning a paper effigy of Zao Jun the Kitchen God , the recorder of family functions . This is done so that the Kitchen God can report to the Jade Emperor of the family household 's transgressions and good deeds . Families often offer sweet foods ( such as candy ) in order to `` bribe '' the deities into reporting good things about the family . Prior to the Reunion Dinner , a prayer of thanksgiving is held to mark the safe passage of the previous year . Confucianists take the opportunity to remember their ancestors , and those who had lived before them are revered . Some people do not give a Buddhist prayer due to the influence of Christianity , with a Christian prayer offered instead . New Year 's Eve ( edit ) The biggest event of any Chinese New Year 's Eve is the annual reunion dinner . Dishes consisting of special meats are served at the tables , as a main course for the dinner and offering for the New Year . This meal is comparable to Thanksgiving dinner in the U.S. and remotely similar to Christmas dinner in other countries with a high percentage of Christians . In northern China , it is customary to make dumplings ( jiaozi ) after dinner to eat around midnight . Dumplings symbolize wealth because their shape resembles a Chinese sycee . In contrast , in the South , it is customary to make a glutinous new year cake ( niangao ) and send pieces of it as gifts to relatives and friends in the coming days . Niángāo ( Pinyin ) literally means `` new year cake '' with a homophonous meaning of `` increasingly prosperous year in year out '' . After dinner , some families go to local temples hours before the new year begins to pray for a prosperous new year by lighting the first incense of the year ; however in modern practice , many households hold parties and even hold a countdown to the new year .", "17": "Traditionally , firecrackers were lit to scare away evil spirits with the household doors sealed , not to be reopened until the new morning in a ritual called `` opening the door of fortune '' ( simplified Chinese : 开财门 ; traditional Chinese : 開財門 ; pinyin : kāicáimén ) . Beginning in 1982 , the CCTV New Year 's Gala is broadcast in China four hours before the start of the New Year and lasts until the succeeding early morning . A tradition of going to bed late on New Year 's Eve , or even keeping awake the whole night and morning , known as shousui ( 守岁 ) , is still practised as it is thought to add on to one 's parents ' longevity . First day ( edit ) The first day is for the welcoming of the deities of the heavens and earth , officially beginning at midnight . It is a traditional practice to light fireworks , burn bamboo sticks and firecrackers and to make as much of a din as possible to chase off the evil spirits as encapsulated by nian of which the term Guo Nian was derived . Many Buddhists abstain from meat consumption on the first day because it is believed to ensure longevity for them . Some consider lighting fires and using knives to be bad luck on New Year 's Day , so all food to be consumed is cooked the days before . On this day , it is considered bad luck to use the broom , as good fortune is not to be `` swept away '' symbolically . Most importantly , the first day of Chinese New Year is a time to honor one 's elders and families visit the oldest and most senior members of their extended families , usually their parents , grandparents and great - grandparents . For Buddhists , the first day is also the birthday of Maitreya Bodhisattva ( better known as the more familiar Budai Luohan ) , the Buddha - to - be . People also abstain from killing animals . Some families may invite a lion dance troupe as a symbolic ritual to usher in the Chinese New Year as well as to evict bad spirits from the premises .", "18": "Members of the family who are married also give red envelopes containing cash known as lai see ( Cantonese dialect ) or angpow ( Hokkien dialect / Fujian ) , or hongbao ( Mandarin ) , a form of blessings and to suppress the aging and challenges associated with the coming year , to junior members of the family , mostly children and teenagers . Business managers also give bonuses through red packets to employees for good luck , smooth - sailing , good health and wealth . While fireworks and firecrackers are traditionally very popular , some regions have banned them due to concerns over fire hazards . For this reason , various city governments ( e.g. , Kowloon , Beijing , Shanghai for a number of years ) issued bans over fireworks and firecrackers in certain precincts of the city . As a substitute , large - scale fireworks display have been launched by governments in such city - states as Hong Kong and Singapore . However , it is a tradition that the indigenous peoples of the walled villages of New Territories , Hong Kong are permitted to light firecrackers and launch fireworks in a limited scale . Second day ( edit ) Incense is burned at the graves of ancestors as part of the offering and prayer rituals . The second day of the Chinese New Year , known as `` beginning of the year '' ( simplified Chinese : 开年 ; traditional Chinese : 開年 ; pinyin : kāinián ) , was when married daughters visited their birth parents , relatives and close friends . ( Traditionally , married daughters did n't have the opportunity to visit their birth families frequently . ) During the days of imperial China , `` beggars and other unemployed people circulate ( d ) from family to family , carrying a picture ( of the God of Wealth ) shouting , `` Cai Shen dao ! '' ( The God of Wealth has come ! ) . '' Householders would respond with `` lucky money '' to reward the messengers . Business people of the Cantonese dialect group will hold a ' Hoi Nin ' prayer to start their business on the 2nd day of Chinese New Year so they will be blessed with good luck and prosperity in their business for the year . As this day is believed to be The Birthday of Che Kung , a deity worshipped in Hong Kong , worshippers go to Che Kung Temples to pray for his blessing .", "19": "A representative from the government asks Che Kung about the city 's fortune through kau cim . Third day ( edit ) The third day is known as `` red mouth '' ( Chinese : 赤口 ; pinyin : Chìkǒu ) . Chikou is also called `` Chigou 's Day '' ( Chinese : 赤狗日 ; pinyin : Chìgǒurì ) . Chigou , literally `` red dog '' , is an epithet of `` the God of Blazing Wrath '' ( Chinese : 熛怒之神 ; pinyin : Biāo nù zhī shén ) . Rural villagers continue the tradition of burning paper offerings over trash fires . It is considered an unlucky day to have guests or go visiting . Hakka villagers in rural Hong Kong in the 1960s called it the Day of the Poor Devil and believed everyone should stay at home . This is also considered a propitious day to visit the temple of the God of Wealth and have one 's future told . Fourth day ( edit ) In those communities that celebrate Chinese New Year for 15 days , the fourth day is when corporate `` spring dinners '' kick off and business returns to normal . Other areas that have a longer Chinese New Year holiday will celebrate and welcome the gods that were previously sent on this day . Fifth day ( edit ) This day is the god of Wealth 's birthday . In northern China , people eat jiaozi , or dumplings , on the morning of powu ( Chinese : 破五 ; pinyin : pòwǔ ) . In Taiwan , businesses traditionally re-open on the next day ( the sixth day ) , accompanied by firecrackers . It is also common in China that on the 5th day people will shoot off firecrackers to get Guan Yu 's attention , thus ensuring his favor and good fortune for the new year . Seventh day ( edit ) Main article : Renri The seventh day , traditionally known as Renri ( the common person 's birthday ) , is the day when everyone grows one year older .", "20": "In some overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia , such as Malaysia and Singapore , it is also the day when tossed raw fish salad , yusheng , is eaten for continued wealth and prosperity . For many Chinese Buddhists , this is another day to avoid meat , the seventh day commemorating the birth of Sakra , lord of the devas in Buddhist cosmology who is analogous to the Jade Emperor . Chinese New Year 's celebrations , on the eighth day , in the Metro Vancouver suburb of Richmond , British Columbia , Canada . Eighth day ( edit ) Another family dinner is held to celebrate the eve of the birth of the Jade Emperor , the ruler of heaven . People normally return to work by the eighth day , therefore the Store owners will host a lunch / dinner with their employees , thanking their employees for the work they have done for the whole year . Approaching 12 midnight on this day , Hokkien people prepare for the `` Jade Emperor ritual '' ( Hokkien : 拜天公 Pài Thin - kong ) during which incense is burnt and food offerings made to the Jade Emperor and also to Zao Jun , the Kitchen god who reports on each family to the Jade Emperor . Some people will hold a ritual prayer after midnight on the eighth day . In Malaysia , especially , people light fireworks , often more than on the first day . This practice of Bai Ti Gong can also be seen in Singapore and Indonesia , especially in Hokkien - speaking Chinese areas like Sumatra . Ninth day ( edit ) The ninth day of the New Year is a day for Chinese to offer prayers to the Jade Emperor of Heaven in the Daoist Pantheon . The ninth day is traditionally the birthday of the Jade Emperor . This day , called Ti Kong Dan ( Hokkien : 天公诞 Thin - kong Tan ) , Ti Kong Si ( Hokkien : 天公生 Thin - kong Sin ) or Pai Ti Kong ( Hokkien : 拜天公 Pài Thin - kong ) , is especially important to Hokkiens , even more important than the first day of the Chinese New Year . Come midnight of the eighth day of the new year , Hokkiens will offer thanks to the Emperor of Heaven . A prominent requisite offering is sugarcane .", "21": "Legend holds that the Hokkien were spared from a massacre by Japanese pirates by hiding in a sugarcane plantation during the eighth and ninth days of the Chinese New Year , coinciding with the Jade Emperor 's birthday . Since `` sugarcane '' ( Hokkien : 甘蔗 kam - chià ) is a near homonym to `` thank you '' ( Hokkien : 感謝 kám - siā ) in the Hokkien dialect , Hokkiens offer sugarcane on the eve of his birthday , symbolic of their gratitude . In the morning of this birthday ( traditionally anytime from midnight to 7 am ) , Taiwanese households set up an altar table with 3 layers : one top ( containing offertories of six vegetables ( Chinese : 六齋 ; pinyin : liù zhāi ) , noodles , fruits , cakes , tangyuan , vegetable bowls , and unripe betel , all decorated with paper lanterns ) and two lower levels ( containing the five sacrifices and wines ) to honor the deities below the Jade Emperor . The household then kneels three times and kowtows nine times to pay obeisance and wish him a long life . Incense , tea , fruit , vegetarian food or roast pig , and gold paper is served as a customary protocol for paying respect to an honored person . Tenth day ( edit ) The Jade Emperor 's party is celebrated on this day . Fifteenth day ( edit ) The fifteenth day of the new year is celebrated as `` Yuanxiao Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 元宵节 ; traditional Chinese : 元宵節 ; pinyin : Yuán xiāo jié ) , also known as `` Shangyuan Festival '' ( simplified Chinese : 上元节 ; traditional Chinese : 上元節 ; pinyin : Shàng yuán jié ) or the Lantern Festival ( otherwise known as Chap Goh Mei Chinese : 十五暝 ; pinyin : Shíwǔmíng ; literally : `` the fifteen night '' in Fujian dialect ) .", "22": "Rice dumplings tangyuan ( simplified Chinese : 汤圆 ; traditional Chinese : 湯圓 ; pinyin : tang yuán ) , a sweet glutinous rice ball brewed in a soup , are eaten this day . Candles are lit outside houses as a way to guide wayward spirits home . This day is celebrated as the Lantern Festival , and families walk the street carrying lighted lanterns . In China , Malaysia , and Singapore , this day is celebrated by individuals seeking a romantic partner , akin to Valentine 's Day . Nowadays , single women write their contact number on mandarin oranges and throw them in a river or a lake after which single men collect the oranges and eat them . The taste is an indication of their possible love : sweet represents a good fate while sour represents a bad fate . This day often marks the end of the Chinese New Year festivities . Traditional food ( edit ) One version of niangao , Chinese New Year cake A reunion dinner , named as `` Nian Ye Fan '' , is held on New Year 's Eve during which family members gather for a celebration . The venue will usually be in or near the home of the most senior member of the family . The New Year 's Eve dinner is very large and sumptuous and traditionally includes dishes of meat ( namely , pork and chicken ) and fish . Most reunion dinners also feature a communal hot pot as it is believed to signify the coming together of the family members for the meal . Most reunion dinners ( particularly in the Southern regions ) also prominently feature specialty meats ( e.g. wax - cured meats like duck and Chinese sausage ) and seafood ( e.g. lobster and abalone ) that are usually reserved for this and other special occasions during the remainder of the year . In most areas , fish ( traditional Chinese : 魚 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼 ; pinyin : yú ) is included , but not eaten completely ( and the remainder is stored overnight ) , as the Chinese phrase `` may there be surpluses every year '' ( traditional Chinese : 年年有餘 ; simplified Chinese : 年年有余 ; pinyin : niánnián yǒu yú ) sounds the same as `` let there be fish every year . ''", "23": "Eight individual dishes are served to reflect the belief of good fortune associated with the number . If in the previous year a death was experienced in the family , seven dishes are served . Red packets for the immediate family are sometimes distributed during the reunion dinner . These packets often contain money in certain numbers that reflect good luck and honorability . Several foods are consumed to usher in wealth , happiness , and good fortune . Several of the Chinese food names are homophones for words that also mean good things . Like many other New Year dishes , certain ingredients also take special precedence over others as these ingredients also have similar - sounding names with prosperity , good luck , or even counting money . Food item Description Buddha 's delight An elaborate vegetarian dish served by Chinese families on the eve and the first day of the New Year . A type of black hair - like algae , pronounced `` fat choy '' in Cantonese , is also featured in the dish for its name , which sounds like `` prosperity '' . Hakkas usually serve kiu nyuk ( Chinese : 扣肉 ; pinyin : kòuròu ) and ngiong teu fu . Chicken Boiled chicken is served because it is figured that any family , no matter how humble their circumstances , can afford a chicken for Chinese New Year . Fish Is usually eaten or merely displayed on the eve of Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of fish ( 魚 yú ) makes it a homophone for `` surpluses '' ( 餘 yú ) . Leek Is usually served in a dish with rondelles of Chinese sausage or Chinese cured meat during Chinese New Year . The pronunciation of leek ( 蒜苗 / 大蒜 Suàn miáo / Dà suàn ) makes it a homophone for `` calculating ( money ) '' ( 算 Suàn ) . The Chinese cured meat is so chosen because it is traditionally the primary method for storing meat over the winter and the meat rondelles resemble coins . Jau gok The main Chinese new year dumpling for Cantonese families . It is believed to resemble a sycee or yuánbǎo , the old Chinese gold and silver ingots , and to represent prosperity for the coming year .", "24": "Jiaozi The common dumpling eaten in northern China , also believed to resemble sycee . Mandarin oranges Oranges , particularly mandarin oranges , are a common fruit during Chinese New Year . They are particularly associated with the festival in southern China , where its name is a homophone of the word for `` luck '' in dialects such as Teochew ( in which 橘 , jú , and 吉 , jí , are both pronounced gik ) . Melon seed / Guazi ( Chinese : 瓜子 ; pinyin : guāzi ) Other variations include sunflower , pumpkin and other seeds . It symbolizes fertility and having many children . Niangao Most popular in eastern China ( Jiangsu , Zhejiang and Shanghai ) because its pronunciation is a homophone for `` a more prosperous year ( 年高 lit . year high ) '' . Niangao is also popular in the Philippines because of its large Chinese population and is known as tikoy ( Chinese : 甜粿 , from Min Nan ) there . Known as Chinese New Year pudding , niangao is made up of glutinous rice flour , wheat starch , salt , water , and sugar . The color of the sugar used determines the color of the pudding ( white or brown ) . Noodles Families may serve uncut noodles ( making them as long as they can ) , which represent longevity and long life , though this practice is not limited to the new year . Sweets Sweets and similar dried fruit goods are stored in a red or black Chinese candy box . Rougan ( Yok Gon ) Chinese salty - sweet dried meat , akin to jerky , which is trimmed of the fat , sliced , marinated and then smoked for later consumption or as a gift . Taro cakes ( Chinese : 芋頭糕 , yùtougāo ) Made from the vegetable taro , the cakes are cut into squares and often fried . Turnip cakes ( Chinese : 蘿蔔糕 , luóbogāo ) A dish made of shredded radish and rice flour , usually fried and cut into small squares .", "25": "Yusheng or Yee sang ( traditional Chinese : 魚生 ; simplified Chinese : 鱼生 ; pinyin : yúshēng ) Raw fish salad . Eating this salad is said to bring good luck . This dish is usually eaten on the seventh day of the New Year , but may also be eaten throughout the period . Practices ( edit ) History ( edit ) In 1928 , the ruling Kuomintang party in China decreed that Chinese New Year will fall on 1 Jan of the Gregorian Calendar , but this was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition from the populace . In 1967 during the Cultural Revolution , official Chinese New Year celebrations were banned in China . The State Council of the People 's Republic of China announced that the public should `` Change Customs '' , have a `` revolutionized and fighting Spring Festival '' , and since people needed to work on Chinese New Year Eve , they did n't have holidays during Spring Festival day . The public celebrations were reinstated by the time of the Chinese economic reform . Red envelopes ( edit ) Red packets for sale in a market in Taipei , Taiwan , before the Year of the Rat Shoppers at a New Year market in Chinatown , Singapore Traditionally , red envelopes or red packets ( Cantonese : lai sze or lai see ; 利是 , 利市 or 利事 ; Pinyin : lìshì ; Mandarin : hóngbāo 红包 ; Hokkien : ang pow ; POJ : âng - pau ; Hakka : fung bao ) are passed out during the Chinese New Year 's celebrations , from married couples or the elderly to unmarried juniors . It is also common for adults or young couples to give red packets to children . During this period , red packets are also known as 壓歲錢 / 压岁钱 ( yàsuìqián , which was evolved from 壓祟錢 / 压祟钱 , literally , `` the money used to suppress or put down the evil spirit '' ) . Red packets almost always contain money , usually varying from a couple of dollars to several hundred .", "26": "Per custom , the amount of money in the red packets should be of even numbers , as odd numbers are associated with cash given during funerals ( 帛金 : báijīn ) . The number 8 is considered lucky ( for its homophone for `` wealth '' ) , and $8 is commonly found in the red envelopes in the US . The number six ( 六 , liù ) is also very lucky as it sounds like `` smooth '' ( 流 , liú ) , in the sense of having a smooth year . The number four ( 四 ) is the worst because its homophone is `` death '' ( 死 ) . Sometimes chocolate coins are found in the red packets . Odd and even numbers are determined by the first digit , rather than the last . Thirty and fifty , for example , are odd numbers and are thus appropriate as funeral cash gifts . However , it is common and quite acceptable to have cash gifts in a red packet using a single bank note -- with ten or fifty yuan bills used frequently . It is customary for the bills to be brand new printed money . Everything regarding the New Year has to be new in order to have good luck and fortune . The act of asking for red packets is normally called ( Mandarin ) : 讨紅包 tǎo - hóngbāo , 要利是 or ( Cantonese ) : 逗利是 . A married person would not turn down such a request as it would mean that he or she would be `` out of luck '' in the new year . Red packets are generally given by established married couples to the younger non-married children of the family . It is custom and polite for children to wish elders a happy new year and a year of happiness , health and good fortune before accepting the red envelope . Red envelopes are then kept under the pillow and slept on for seven nights after Chinese New Year before opening because that symbolizes good luck and fortune . In Taiwan in the 2000s , some employers also gave red packets as a bonus to maids , nurses or domestic workers from Southeast Asian countries , although whether this is appropriate is controversial . The Japanese have a similar tradition of giving money during the New Year , called Otoshidama .", "27": "Gift exchange ( edit ) Chinese candy box In addition to red envelopes , which are usually given from older people to younger people , small gifts ( usually food or sweets ) are also exchanged between friends or relatives ( of different households ) during Chinese New Year . Gifts are usually brought when visiting friends or relatives at their homes . Common gifts include fruits ( typically oranges , and never pears ) , cakes , biscuits , chocolates , and candies . Certain items should not be given , as they are considered taboo . Taboo gifts include : items associated with funerals ( i.e. handkerchiefs , towels , chrysanthemums , items colored white and black ) items that show that time is running out ( i.e. clocks and watches ) sharp objects that symbolize cutting a tie ( i.e. scissors and knives ) items that symbolize that you want to walk away from a relationship ( examples : shoes and sandals ) mirrors homonyms for unpleasant topics ( examples : `` clock '' sounds like `` the funeral ritual '' , green hats because `` wear a green hat '' sounds like `` cuckold '' , `` handkerchief '' sounds like `` goodbye '' , `` pear '' sounds like `` separate '' , and `` umbrella '' sounds like `` disperse '' ) . Markets ( edit ) Markets or village fairs are set up as the New Year is approaching . These usually open - air markets feature new year related products such as flowers , toys , clothing , and even fireworks and firecrackers . It is convenient for people to buy gifts for their new year visits as well as their home decorations . In some places , the practice of shopping for the perfect plum tree is not dissimilar to the Western tradition of buying a Christmas tree . Hong Kong filmmakers also release `` New Year celebration films '' ( 賀歲片 ) , mostly comedies , at this time of year . Fireworks ( edit ) A Chinese man setting off fireworks during Chinese New Year in Shanghai . Bamboo stems filled with gunpowder that was burnt to create small explosions were once used in ancient China to drive away evil spirits . In modern times , this method has eventually evolved into the use of firecrackers during the festive season . Firecrackers are usually strung on a long fused string so it can be hung down .", "28": "Each firecracker is rolled up in red papers , as red is auspicious , with gunpowder in its core . Once ignited , the firecracker lets out a loud popping noise and , as they are usually strung together by the hundreds , the firecrackers are known for their deafening explosions that are thought to scare away evil spirits . The burning of firecrackers also signifies a joyful time of year and has become an integral aspect of Chinese New Year celebrations . Firecracker ban ( edit ) The use of firecrackers , although a traditional part of the celebration , has over the years led to many unfortunate outcomes . There have been reported incidents every year of users of fireworks being blinded , losing body parts , or suffering other grievous injuries , especially during the Chinese New Year season . Hence , many governments and authorities eventually enacted laws completely banning the use of firecrackers privately , primarily because of safety issues . Taiwan -- Beginning 2008 , firecrackers are banned in urban areas , but still allowed in rural areas . Mainland China -- As of 2008 , most urban areas in mainland China permit firecrackers . In the first three days of the traditional New Year , it is a tradition that people compete with each other by playing with firecrackers . However , many urban areas banned them in the 1990s . For example , they were banned in Beijing 's urban districts from 1993 to 2005 . In 2004 , 37 people were killed in a stampede when four million people gathered for a rumoured Lantern Festival firework display in nearby Miyun . Since the ban was lifted , the firecracker barrage has been tremendous . In Beijing , firecrackers are typically not allowed inside the 5th ring road . But this is overlooked by authorities for the holiday , provided there are no government buildings nearby ; some residents in major cities look down on street - level fireworks from their tower blocks . Bans are rare in rural areas . Vietnam -- 1996 , fireworks were banned across the country because of its dangers . Hong Kong -- Fireworks are banned for security reasons -- some speculate a connection between firework use and the 1967 Leftist Riot . However , the government would put on a fireworks display in Victoria Harbour on the second day of the Chinese New Year for the public .", "29": "Similar displays are also held in many other cities in and outside China . Singapore -- a partial ban on firecrackers was imposed in March 1970 after a fire killed six people and injured 68 . This was extended to a total ban in August 1972 , after an explosion that killed two people and an attack on two police officers attempting to stop a group from letting off firecrackers in February 1972 . As a result of this ban , the Chingay Parade was set up to preserve the spirit and culture . However , in 2003 , the government allowed firecrackers to be set off during the festive season . At the Chinese New Year light - up in Chinatown , at the stroke of midnight on the first day of the Chinese New Year , firecrackers are set off under controlled conditions by the Singapore Tourism Board with assistance from demolition experts from the Singapore Armed Forces . Other occasions where firecrackers are allowed to be set off are determined by the tourism board or other government organizations . However , they are not allowed to be commercially sold . Malaysia -- firecrackers are banned for the similar reasons as in Singapore . However , many Malaysians manage to smuggle them from Thailand and the Philippines to meet their private needs . Indonesia -- Firecrackers and fireworks are forbidden in public during the Chinese New Year , especially in areas with a significant non-Chinese population in order to avoid any conflict between the two . However , there were some exceptions . The usage of firecrackers is legal in some metropolitan areas such as Jakarta and Medan , where the degree of racial and cultural tolerance is higher . United States -- In 2007 , New York City lifted its decades - old ban on firecrackers , allowing a display of 300,000 firecrackers to be set off in Chinatown 's Chatham Square . Under the supervision of the fire and police departments , Chinatown , Los Angeles regularly lights firecrackers every New Year 's Eve , mostly at temples and the shrines of benevolent associations . The San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade , the largest outside China , is accompanied by numerous firecrackers , both officially sanctioned and illicit . Australia -- Australia , except the Northern Territory , does not allow use of fireworks at all , except when used by a licensed pyrotechnician .", "30": "These rules also need a permit from local government , and from any relevant local bodies such as maritime or aviation authorities ( as relevant to the types of fireworks being used ) and hospitals , schools , etc. , within a certain range . Philippines -- Despite the rise in firecracker - related injuries in 2009 , the Department of Health has acknowledged that a total ban on firecrackers in the country will be hard to implement . Davao City , the first city in the country to impose a firecracker ban , has enjoyed injury - free celebrations for at least the last 15 years . Their ban has been in effect since 2002 . Music ( edit ) `` Happy New Year ! '' ( Chinese : 新年好呀 ; pinyin : Xīn Nián Hǎo Ya ; literally : `` New Year 's Good , Ya '' ) is a popular children 's song for the New Year holiday . The melody is similar to the American folk song , Oh My Darling , Clementine . Chorus : Happy New Year ! Happy New Year ! ( Chinese : 新年好呀 ! 新年好呀 ! ; pinyin : Xīnnián hǎo ya ! Xīnnián hǎo ya ! ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺大家新年好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) We are singing ; we are dancing . ( Chinese : 我们唱歌 , 我们跳舞. ; pinyin : Wǒmen chànggē , wǒmen tiàowǔ . ) Happy New Year to you all ! ( Chinese : 祝贺大家新年好 ! ; pinyin : Zhùhè dàjiā xīnnián hǎo ! ) Clothing ( edit ) Girls dressed in red ( Hong Kong ) . Clothing mainly featuring the color red or bright colors is commonly worn throughout the Chinese New Year because it was once believed that red could scare away evil spirits and bad fortune .", "31": "In addition , people typically wear new clothes from head to toe to symbolize a new beginning in the new year . Wearing new clothes also symbolizes having more than enough things to use and wear in the new year . Red is a color of good luck . Family portrait ( edit ) In some places , the taking of a family portrait is an important ceremony after the relatives are gathered . The photo is taken at the hall of the house or taken in front of the house . The most senior male head of the family sits in the center . Symbolism ( edit ) See also : Fu character An inverted character fu is a sign of arriving blessings . As with all cultures , Chinese New Year traditions incorporate elements that are symbolic of deeper meaning . One common example of Chinese New Year symbolism is the red diamond - shaped fu characters ( Chinese : 福 ; pinyin : fú ; Cantonese Yale : fuk1 ; literally : `` blessings , happiness '' ) , which are displayed on the entrances of Chinese homes . This sign is usually seen hanging upside down , since the Chinese word dao ( Chinese : 倒 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` upside down '' ) , is homophonous or nearly homophonous with ( Chinese : 到 ; pinyin : dào ; literally : `` arrive '' ) in all varieties of Chinese . Therefore , it symbolizes the arrival of luck , happiness , and prosperity . For the Cantonese - speaking people , if the fu sign is hung upside down , the implied dao ( upside down ) sounds like the Cantonese word for `` pour '' , producing `` pour the luck ( away ) '' , which would usually symbolize bad luck ; this is why the fu character is not usually hung upside - down in Cantonese communities . Red is the predominant color used in New Year celebrations . Red is the emblem of joy , and this color also symbolizes virtue , truth and sincerity . On the Chinese opera stage , a painted red face usually denotes a sacred or loyal personage and sometimes a great emperor . Candies , cakes , decorations and many things associated with the New Year and its ceremonies are colored red .", "32": "The sound of the Chinese word for `` red '' ( simplified Chinese : 红 ; traditional Chinese : 紅 ; pinyin : hóng ; Cantonese Yale : hung4 ) is in Mandarin homophonous with the word for `` prosperous '' . Therefore , red is an auspicious color and has an auspicious sound . Nianhua ( edit ) Chinese New Year festival in Chinatown , Boston Nianhua can be a form of Chinese colored woodblock printing , for decoration during Chinese New Year . Flowers ( edit ) The following are popular floral decorations for the New Year and are available at new year markets . Floral Decor Meaning Plum Blossom symbolizes luckiness Kumquat symbolizes prosperity Narcissus symbolizes prosperity Bamboo a plant used for any time of year Sunflower means to have a good year Eggplant a plant to heal all of your sicknesses Chom Mon Plant a plant which gives you tranquility Icons and ornaments ( edit ) Icons Meaning Illustrations Lanterns These lanterns that differ from those of Mid-Autumn Festival in general . They will be red in color and tend to be oval in shape . These are the traditional Chinese paper lanterns . Those lanterns , used on the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year for the Lantern Festival , are bright , colorful , and in many different sizes and shapes . Decorations Decorations generally convey a New Year greeting . They are not advertisements . Fai Chun -- Chinese calligraphy of auspicious Chinese idioms on typically red posters -- are hung on doorways and walls . Other decorations include a New year picture , Chinese knots , and papercutting and couplets . Dragon dance and Lion dance Dragon and lion dances are common during Chinese New Year . It is believed that the loud beats of the drum and the deafening sounds of the cymbals together with the face of the Dragon or lion dancing aggressively can evict bad or evil spirits . Lion dances are also popular for opening of businesses in Hong Kong and Macau . Fortune gods Cai Shen Ye , Che Kung , etc .", "33": "Spring travel ( edit ) Scene of the 2009 Chunyun period inside Beijing West Railway Station Main article : Chunyun Traditionally , families gather together during the Chinese New Year . In modern China , migrant workers in China travel home to have reunion dinners with their families on Chinese New Year 's Eve . Owing to a large number of interprovincial travelers , special arrangements were made by railways , buses and airlines starting from 15 days before the New Year 's Day . This 40 - day period is called chunyun , and is known as the world 's largest annual migration . More interurban trips are taken in mainland China in this period than the total population of China . In Taiwan , spring travel is also a major event . The majority of transportation in western Taiwan is in a north - south direction : long distance travel between urbanized north and hometowns in the rural south . Transportation in eastern Taiwan and that between Taiwan and its islands is less convenient . Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in 2003 as part of Three Links , mostly for `` Taiwanese businessmen '' to return to Taiwan for the new year . Festivities outside Greater China ( edit ) Decorations on the occasion of Chinese New Year - River Hongbao 2016 , Singapore Chinese New Year is also celebrated annually in many countries with significant Chinese populations . These include countries throughout Asia , Oceania , and North America . Sydney , London , and San Francisco claim to host the largest New Year celebration outside of Asia and South America . Southeast Asia ( edit ) In some countries of Southeast Asia , Chinese New Year is a national public holiday and considered to be one of the most important holidays of the year . Chinese New Year 's Eve is typically a half - day holiday for Malaysia and Singapore . The biggest celebrations take place in Malaysia ( notably in Kuala Lumpur , George Town and Klang ) and Singapore . Gaya Street in Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia filled with Chinese lanterns during the New Year celebration . In Singapore , Chinese New Year is accompanied by various festive activities . One of the main highlights is the Chinatown celebrations . In 2010 , this included a Festive Street Bazaar , nightly staged shows at Kreta Ayer Square and a lion dance competition . The Chingay Parade also features prominently in the celebrations .", "34": "It is an annual street parade in Singapore , well known for its colorful floats and wide variety of cultural performances . The highlights of the Parade for 2011 include a Fire Party , multi-ethnic performances and an unprecedented travelling dance competition . Lanterns hanged around Senapelan street , the Pekanbaru Chinatown In Philippines , Chinese New Year is considered to be the most important festival for Filipino - Chinese , and its celebration has also extended to the non-Chinese majority Filipinos . In 2012 , Chinese New Year was included in public holidays in the Philippines , which is only the New Year 's Day itself . Indonesia ( edit ) In Indonesia , the Chinese New Year is officially named as Hari Tahun Baru Imlek , or Sin Cia in Hokkien . It was celebrated as one of the official national religious holiday by Chinese - Indonesians since 18 June 1946 to 1 January 1953 through government regulation signed by President Sukarno on 18 June 1946 . It was unofficially celebrated by ethnic Chinese from 1953 to 1967 based on government regulation signed by Vice President Muhammad Hatta in 5 February 1953 which annul the previous regulation , among others , the Chinese New Year as a national religious holiday , . Effectively from 6 December 1967 , until 1998 , the spiritual practice to celebrate the Chinese New Year by Chinese families was restricted specifically only inside of the Chinese house . This restriction is made by Indonesian government through a Presidential Instruction , Instruksi Presiden No. 14 Tahun 1967 , signed by President Suharto . This restriction is ended when the regime has changed and the President Suharto was overthrown . The celebration is conducted unofficially by Chinese community from 1999 to 2000 . On 17 January 2000 , the President Abdurrahman Wahid issued a Presidential Decree through Keputusan Presiden RI No 6 Tahun 2000 to annul Instruksi Presiden No. 14 Tahun 1967 .", "35": "On 19 January 2001 , the Ministry of Religious Affairs ( Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia ) issued a Decree through Keputusan Menteri Agama RI No 13 Tahun 2001 tentang Imlek sebagai Hari Libur Nasional to set of Hari Tahun Baru Imlek as a Facultative Holiday for Chinese Community . Through the Presidential Decree it was officially declared as a 1 ( one ) day public religious holiday as of 9 April 2002 by President Megawati . The Indonesian government authorize only the first day of the Chinese New Year as a public religious holiday and it is specifically designated only for Chinese people . In Indonesia , the first day of the Chinese New Year is recognized as a part of the celebration of the Chinese religion and tradition of Chinese community . There are no other official or unofficial of the Chinese New Year as a public holiday . The remaining 14 days are celebrated only by ethnic Chinese families . In Indonesia , the Chinese Year is named as a year of Kǒngzǐ ( 孔子 ) or Kongzili in Bahasa Indonesia . Every year , the Ministry of Religious Affairs ( Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia ) set the specific date of religious holiday based on input from religious leaders . The Chinese New Year is the only national religious holiday in Indonesia that was enacted specifically with the Presidential Decree , in this case with the Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia ( Keppres RI ) No 19 Tahun 2002 dated on 9 April 2002 . The celebration of the Chinese New Year as a religious holiday is specifically intended only for Chinese People in Indonesia ( tradisi masyarakat Cina yang dirayakan secara turun temurun di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia , dan umat Agama Tionghoa ) and it is not intended to be celebrated by Indonesian Indigenous Peoples or Masyarakat Pribumi Indonesia . Oddly and funny , most Chinese - Indonesian who are not adhere to Chinese religion thinks and believes that the Chinese New Year is only for one day , in this case is on the first day , and the remaining day especially on the fifteenth day is not considered as a part of Chinese New Year .", "36": "The same things is happening to Indonesian Indigenous peoples who insists that the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year is a kind of jamboree or carnival and thinks it has not related with Chinese New Year at all . It is believed that this behaviour occurs because of the religion dilemma where mostly a majority of Indigenous peoples in Indonesia are religious thus by denying that the Chinese New Year activities are not related with any of religion then they can make a justification to participate and celebrate the Chinese New Year especially on the fifteenth day of the celebration . Their primary motives to participate the Chinese New Year festival and Chinese religion activities are money from carrying the Chinese gods statues , playing the lion and dragon dance and free foods , and the opportunity to meet and seeking a Chinese partner for marriages . Some are even trying to find a mate to have a sexual intercourse during the festival . A large number of Non-Chinese men are even continue to come to the Chinese temple on a regular basis to pray to the Chinese deities and wishing to get for an ethnic Chinese woman as a wife . Some have succeed in marrying with ethnic Chinese . Sadly , all of the descendant of this mix - marriages claim that they have a pure blood of Chinese descendant . By marrying a Chinese , and actively participate as a follower of Chinese religion and thus to get into the deep of the inside environment of ethnic Chinese family inner - circle , the Non-Chinese people believed that they can upgrade their social and financial status instantly . To disguise their identity many changed their Indonesian name into Chinese look - alike name and falsified their ancestral history family tree . A lot of Non-Chinese people who have married also put in their children to Chinese temple and Chinese school with the hope that as they grow - up they have the first opportunity to marry with the Chinese . After marrying with Chinese people , most of the Non-Chinese people , if not all , including their children are always claiming and insists that they have a pure blood of a Chinese descendant , consequently , mostly , if not all , the Chinese people itself in Indonesia , because of lack of comparisons , can not differentiate who is a Chinese and who is not . Furthermore , because of this ignorance , more and more of Chinese people in Indonesia thinks they are already marrying with a Chinese because they have met at the Chinese temple . They assume that only Chinese people goes to the Chinese temple , but the truth is not .", "37": "No wonder that at least 90 % , if not all , of Chinese - Indonesian who claimed that they have a pure blood of Chinese have a very different skin complexion , and a different physical characteristics with an odd facial features compares with the other Chinese people in the world . Everyone even want to claim that they are a Chinese descendant even though their DNA is not a Chinese at all . This phenomenon explains why there are crowds on every Chinese New Year events and roughly 90 % of Chinese temple visitors in some places are Indonesian Indigenous peoples and a descendant of a mix - marriages even though the Chinese community only accounted for 1 , 2 % , of Indonesian population . Some of Non-Chinese and Chinese people are also celebrated Chinese New Year inside a Church with dragon dance , incense for praying and food offerings to Mary , Mother of Jesus and Jesus Christ . Because of the majority of Chinese temple congregation are Non-Chinese people , consequently they are also bringing their own culture , customs , beliefs and ritual of worship of their gods to be practiced inside the Chinese temple , thus in some parts of Indonesia the practice of Chinese religion and Chinese New Year would be totally different with the other Chinese community in the other parts of the world . Some of Non-Chinese people who have a deep knowledge of Chinese religion is becoming the Chinese religious leaders and routinely gives preaching to Chinese community . Some are even becoming the chairman and the leaders of the Chinese religious association . There are tons of evidence supporting the above statements , anyone who want to pursue further about this matter is encouraged to go to Facebook.com and do research using the keywords , such as : kelenteng indonesia , klenteng indonesia , bio indonesia , vihara indonesia and to study carefully in detail about the social changes of the Chinese community in Indonesia especially in relation with the identity as a Chinese , the practice of Chinese religion and the practice of Chinese New Year celebration . Big Chinese population cities and towns like Jakarta , Medan , Singkawang , Pangkal Pinang , Binjai , Bagansiapiapi , Tanjungbalai , Pematangsiantar , Selat Panjang , Tanjung Pinang , Batam , Ketapang and Pontianak always have its own New Year 's celebration every years with parade and fireworks . A lot shopping malls decorated its building with lantern , Chinese words and lion or dragon with red and gold as main color .", "38": "Lion dance is a common sight around Chinese houses , temples and its shophouses . Usually , the Buddhist , Confucian and Taoist Chinese will burn a big incense made by aloeswood with dragon - decorated at front of their house. The temple is open 24 hours at the first day , their also distributes a red envelopes and sometimes rice , fruits or sugar to the poor around . Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Melbourne : Chinese New Year in Chinatown With one of the largest Chinese populations outside of Asia , Sydney also claims to have the largest Chinese New Year Celebrations outside of Asia with over 600,000 people attending the celebrations in Chinatown annually . The events there span over three weeks including the launch celebration , outdoor markets , evening street food stalls , Chinese top opera performances , dragon boat races , a film festival and multiple parades that incorporate Chinese , Japanese , Korean people and Vietnamese performers . More than 100,000 people attend notably the main parade with over 3,500 performers . The festival also attracts international media coverage , reaching millions of viewers in Asia . The festival in Sydney is organized in partnership with a different Chinese province each year . Apart from Sydney , other state capital cities in Australia also celebrate Chinese New Year due to large number of Chinese residents . The cities include : Brisbane , Adelaide , Melbourne Box Hill and Perth . The common activities are lion dance , dragon dance , New Year market , and food festival . In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray , Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Chinese New Year as well as the April New Year celebrations of the Thais , Cambodians , Laotians and other Asian Australian communities who celebrate the New Year in either January / February or April . The city of Wellington hosts a two - day weekend festival for Chinese New Year , and a one - day festival is held in Dunedin , centred on the city 's Chinese gardens . North America ( edit ) Play media Chinese lunar new year in Washington DC Many cities in North America sponsor official parades for Chinese New Year . Among the cities with such parades are San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York City , Boston , Chicago , Mexico City , Toronto , and Vancouver .", "39": "However , even smaller cities that are historically connected to Chinese immigration , such as Butte , Montana , have recently hosted parades . New York ( edit ) Multiple groups in New York City cooperate to sponsor a week - long Lunar New Year celebration . The festivities include cultural festival , music concert , fireworks on the Hudson River near the Chinese Consulate , and special exhibits . In June 2015 , New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a public school holiday . California ( edit ) Lion costume for New Year parade , Los Angeles , 1953 The San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade is the oldest and largest event of its kind outside of Asia , and the largest Asian cultural event in North America . The festival incorporates Grant and Kearny Streets into its street festival and parade route , respectively . The use of these streets traces its lineage back to early parades beginning the custom in San Francisco . In 1849 , with the discovery of gold and the ensuing California Gold Rush , over 50,000 people had come to San Francisco to seek their fortune or just a better way of life . Among those were many Chinese , who had come to work in the gold mines and on the railroad . By the 1860s , the residents of San Francisco 's Chinatown were eager to share their culture with their fellow San Francisco residents who may have been unfamiliar with ( or hostile towards ) it . The organizers chose to showcase their culture by using a favorite American tradition -- the parade . They invited a variety of other groups from the city to participate , and they marched down what today are Grant Avenue and Kearny Street carrying colorful flags , banners , lanterns , drums , and firecrackers to drive away evil spirits . In San Francisco , over 100 units participate in the annual Chinese New Year Parade held since 1958 . The parade is attended by some 500,000 people along with another 3 million TV viewers . Europe ( edit ) London : Chinatown with Chinese New Year decoration In London , the celebrations take place throughout Chinatown , Leicester Square and Trafalgar Square . Festivities include a parade , cultural feast , fireworks , concerts and performances . The celebration attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 people yearly according to the organisers .", "40": "In Paris , the celebrations are held since the 1980s in several districts during one month with many performances and the main of the three parades with 40 groups and 4,000 performers is attended alone by more than 200,000 people in the 13th arrondissement . India and Pakistan ( edit ) Chinese New Year 2014 Celebration in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata The Chinese New Year celebrated in Kolkata Many celebrate the festival in Chinatown , Kolkata , India where a significant community of people of Chinese origin exists . In Kolkata , Chinese New Year is celebrated with lion and dragon dance . In Pakistan , the Chinese New Year is also celebrated among the sizable Chinese expatriate community that lives in the country . During the festival , the Chinese embassy in Islamabad arranges various cultural events in which Pakistani arts and cultural organizations and members of the civil society also participate . Greetings ( edit ) The Chinese New Year is often accompanied by loud , enthusiastic greetings , often referred to as 吉祥話 ( jíxiánghuà ) in Mandarin or 吉利說話 ( Kat Lei Seut Wa ) in Cantonese , loosely translated as auspicious words or phrases . New Year couplets printed in gold letters on bright red paper , referred to as chunlian ( 春聯 ) or fai chun ( 揮春 ) , is another way of expressing auspicious new year wishes . They probably predate the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , but did not become widespread until then . Today , they are ubiquitous with Chinese New Year . Some of the most common greetings include : simplified Chinese : 新年快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年快樂 ; pinyin : Xīnniánkuàilè ; Jyutping : san1 nin4 faai3 lok6 ; Pe̍h - ōe - jī : Sin - nî khòai - lo̍k ; Hakka : Sin Ngen Kai Lok ; Taishanese : Slin Nen Fai Lok . A more contemporary greeting reflective of Western influences , it literally translates from the greeting `` Happy new year '' more common in the west .", "41": "But in northern parts of China , traditionally people say simplified Chinese : 过年好 ; traditional Chinese : 過年好 ; pinyin : Guònián Hǎo instead of simplified Chinese : 新年快乐 ; traditional Chinese : 新年快樂 ( Xīnniánkuàile ) , to differentiate it from the international new year . And 過年好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) can be used from the first day to the fifth day of Chinese New Year . However , 過年好 ( Guònián Hǎo ) is considered very short and therefore somewhat discourteous . Gong Hei Fat Choi at Lee Theatre Plaza , Hong Kong simplified Chinese : 恭喜发财 ; traditional Chinese : 恭喜發財 ; pinyin : Gōngxǐfācái ; Hokkien : Kiong hee huat chai ( POJ : Kiong - hí hoat - châi ) ; Cantonese : Gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 ; Hakka : Gung hee fatt choi , which loosely translates to `` Congratulations and be prosperous '' . Often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with `` Happy New Year '' , its usage dates back several centuries . While the first two words of this phrase had a much longer historical significance ( legend has it that the congratulatory messages were traded for surviving the ravaging beast of Nian , in practical terms it may also have meant surviving the harsh winter conditions ) , the last two words were added later as ideas of capitalism and consumerism became more significant in Chinese societies around the world . The saying is now commonly heard in English speaking communities for greetings during Chinese New Year in parts of the world where there is a sizable Chinese - speaking community , including overseas Chinese communities that have been resident for several generations , relatively recent immigrants from Greater China , and those who are transit migrants ( particularly students ) . Numerous other greetings exist , some of which may be exclaimed out loud to no one in particular in specific situations .", "42": "For example , as breaking objects during the new year is considered inauspicious , one may then say 歲歲平安 ( Suìsuì - píng'ān ) immediately , which means `` everlasting peace year after year '' . Suì ( 歲 ) , meaning `` age '' is homophonous with 碎 ( suì ) ( meaning `` shatter '' ) , in the demonstration of the Chinese love for wordplay in auspicious phrases . Similarly , 年年有餘 ( niánnián yǒu yú ) , a wish for surpluses and bountiful harvests every year , plays on the word yú that can also refer to 魚 ( yú meaning fish ) , making it a catch phrase for fish - based Chinese new year dishes and for paintings or graphics of fish that are hung on walls or presented as gifts .", "43": "The most common auspicious greetings and sayings consist of four characters , such as the following : 金玉滿堂 Jīnyùmǎntáng -- `` May your wealth ( gold and jade ) come to fill a hall '' 大展鴻圖 Dàzhǎnhóngtú -- `` May you realize your ambitions '' 迎春接福 Yíngchúnjiēfú -- `` Greet the New Year and encounter happiness '' 萬事如意 Wànshìrúyì -- `` May all your wishes be fulfilled '' 吉慶有餘 Jíqìngyǒuyú -- `` May your happiness be without limit '' 竹報平安 Zhúbàopíng'ān -- `` May you hear ( in a letter ) that all is well '' 一本萬利 Yīběnwànlì -- `` May a small investment bring ten - thousandfold profits '' 福壽雙全 Fúshòushuāngquán -- `` May your happiness and longevity be complete '' 招財進寶 Zhāocáijìnbǎo -- `` When wealth is acquired , precious objects follow '' These greetings or phrases may also be used just before children receive their red packets , when gifts are exchanged , when visiting temples , or even when tossing the shredded ingredients of yusheng particularly popular in Malaysia and Singapore . Children and their parents can also pray in the temple , in hopes of getting good blessings for the new year to come .", "44": "Children and teenagers sometimes jokingly use the phrase 恭喜發財 , 紅包拿來 ( in Traditional Chinese ; Simplified Chinese : 恭喜发财 , 红包拿来 ; Pinyin : gōngxǐfācái , hóngbāo nálái ; Cantonese : 恭喜發財 , 利是逗來 ; Jyutping : gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4 , lei6 si6 dau6 loi4 ) , roughly translated as `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope ! '' . In Hakka the saying is more commonly said as ' Gung hee fatt choi , hung bao diu loi ' which would be written as 恭喜發財 , 紅包逗來 -- a mixture of the Cantonese and Mandarin variants of the saying . Back in the 1960s , children in Hong Kong used to say 恭喜發財 , 利是逗來 , 斗零唔愛 ( Cantonese , Gung Hei Fat Choy , Lai Si Tau Loi , Tau Ling M Ngoi ) , which was recorded in the pop song Kowloon Hong Kong by Reynettes in 1966 . Later in the 1970s , children in Hong Kong used the saying : 恭喜發財 , 利是逗來 , 伍毫嫌少 , 壹蚊唔愛 ( Cantonese ) , roughly translated as , `` Congratulations and be prosperous , now give me a red envelope , fifty cents is too little , do n't want a dollar either . '' It basically meant that they disliked small change -- coins which were called `` hard substance '' ( Cantonese : 硬嘢 ) . Instead , they wanted `` soft substance '' ( Cantonese : 軟嘢 ) , which was either a ten dollar or a twenty dollar note .", "45": "See also ( edit ) Overseas Chinese Lunar New Year fireworks display in Hong Kong The Birthday of Che Kung Celebrations of Lunar New Year in other parts of Asia : Korean New Year ( Seollal ) Japanese New Year ( Shōgatsu ) Mongolian New Year ( Tsagaan Sar ) Tibetan New Year ( Losar ) Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) Similar Asian Lunisolar New Year celebrations that occur in April : Burmese New Year ( Thingyan ) Cambodian New Year ( Chaul Chnam Thmey ) Lao New Year ( Pii Mai ) Sri Lankan New Year ( Aluth Avuruddu ) Thai New Year ( Songkran ) Chinese New Year Gregorian Holiday in Malaysia Malaysia Chinese New Year Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ simplified Chinese : 农历新年 ; traditional Chinese : 農曆新年 ; pinyin : nóng lì xīn nián , simplified Chinese : 中国新年 ; traditional Chinese : 中國新年 ; pinyin : zhōng guó xīn nián Jump up ^ simplified Chinese : 春节 ; traditional Chinese : 春節 ; pinyin : Chūn Jié References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Asia welcomes lunar New Year '' . BBC . 1 February 2003 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 中國古代歲首分那幾種 ? 各以何為起點 ? ( In ancient China , how to decide the starting point of a year ? ) ( in Chinese ) . Central Weather Bureau . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ And extremely rarely , 21 February , such as in 2033 , the first occurrence since the 1645 calendar reform -- Helmer Aslaksen , `` The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar '' Jump up ^ Roy , Christian ( 2005 ) . Traditional Festivals : A Multicultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 089 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2011 '' .", "46": "VisitSingapore.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines adds Chinese New Year to holidays -- Yahoo ! News Philippines '' . Ph.news.yahoo.com. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Updated 3 December 2011 -- 12 : 00 am ( 1 October 2013 ) . `` List of nationwide holidays for 2014 The Official Gazette '' . gov.ph . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Festivals , Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius '' . Mauritius Tourism Authority . Archived from the original on 11 February 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Justina ( 16 February 2018 ) . `` As the Lunar New Year celebrations begin , CNBC looks at Chinatowns across the world '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Happy Chinese New Year ! The year of the Dog has begun '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year and its effect on the world economy - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year '' . History . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Aslaksen , Helmer ( July 17 , 2010 ) , The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar ( PDF ) , National University of Singapore , p. 31 Jump up ^ Chiu , Lisa . `` The History of Chinese New Year '' . About.com . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Calendar '' . Chinese New Year . chinesenewyears.info . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See Chinese calendar for details and references . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of Lunar New Year and the legend of Nian '' . Ancient Origins. 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy Holidays '' . Embassy of the United States : Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Darussalam . U.S. Department of State .", "47": "Archived from the original on 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General holidays for 2018 '' . Hong Kong Government . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Public Holidays in Indonesia '' . AngloINFO , the global expat network : INDONESIA . AngloINFO Limited . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Schedule '' . Embassy of the United States : Jakarta , Indonesia . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in 2014 '' . Macao SARG Portal . Macao SAR of the People 's Republic of China . 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holiday Calendar '' . TravelChinaGuide . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Schedule '' . Embassy of the United States : Beijing , China . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jadual hari kelepasan am persekutuan 2012 '' ( Federal Public Holiday Schedule 2012 ) ( PDF ) ( in Malay ) . Putrajaya , Malaysia : Jabatan Perdana Menteri ( Department of the Prime Minister ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HOLIDAYS '' . Embassy of the United States : Kuala Lumpur , Mayalsia . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 831 , s . 2014 by the President of the Philippines , Declaring the Regular Holidays , Special ( Non-Working ) Days , and Special Holiday ( for all Schools ) for the Year 2015 '' ( Press release ) . Malacañang Palace , Manila : Republic of the Philippines . 17 July 2014 .", "48": "Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of nationwide holidays for 2015 '' . Official Gazette . Republic of the Philippines . 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Before You Go : Useful Information : Public Holidays '' . Taiwan , the heart of Asia . Tourism Bureau , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Chinese Lunar year : Lunar New Year 's Eve ; 1st , 2nd , 3rd of the 1st month by lunar calendar Jump up ^ 2015 Work Calendar ( Revised Version ) , Directorate - General of Personnel Administration , 27 October 2014 , archived from the original on 23 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` AIT Offices to Close for Multiple Holidays in February '' ( Press release ) . American Institute in Taiwan . 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Public Holidays 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Ministry of Manpower , Government of Singapore . 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holidays '' . Embassy of the United States : Singapore . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Li Ren ( 2003 ) . `` Imagining China in the Era of Global Consumerism and Local Consciousness : Media , Mobility , and the Spring Festival '' . PhD thesis , College of Communications , Ohio University . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Edited for grammar . Jump up ^ Bodde , Derk . Festivals in Classical China : New Year and other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty , Princeton University Press , 1975 , pp. 49 ff . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 30 .", "49": "Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Kong , Shiu L. Chinese Culture and Lore . HK : University of Toronto Press , 1989 , p. 48 Jump up ^ `` ¬ K _̧ ' '' ... ctps.tp.edu.tw . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ( 赤狗日 ) '' . 140.111. 34.46 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz and Brandauer , Folk Religion in an Urban Setting , Hong Kong , 1969 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Greg . `` Chinese New Year Traditions '' . About.com . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lin Meirong ( 2011 ) . `` Jade Emperor '' . Encyclopedia of Taiwan . Council for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Conceicao , Jeanne Louise ( 2009 ) . `` Hokkien community '' . Singapore Infopedia . National Library Board Singapore . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands throw oranges to mark Chap Goh Meh '' . Thestar.com.my. 1 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Thianchai Iamworamet . Chinese - Thai Dictionary . Bangkok : Ramsar , 1998 . page 73 , 272 . ( เธียร ชัย เอี่ยม วร เมธ . พจนานุกรม จีน - ไทย . กรุงเทพฯ : รวม สาส์น , 2541 . หน้า 73 , 272 . )", "50": "ISBN 978 - 974 - 246 - 307 - 6 Jump up ^ Symbolic Foods Of Chinese New Year -- Hungry History Jump up ^ Huang , Wei ; Xie , Ying ( January 2012 ) . `` The New Year That Was n't '' . NewsChina . NewsChinaMagazine . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Alice K. Chinese New Year . Compass Point Books . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ofw chinese new year things to remember '' ( PDF ) . South East Asia Group ( an agency introducing foreign workers to work in Taiwan ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ 家庭外傭過年習俗應注意事項 ( JPEG ) ( in Chinese , Vietnamese , Indonesian , Thai , and English ) . South East Asia Group . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Culture : New Years -- Cantonese Culture Notes and Phrases '' . chinese-lessons.com . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ David ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Green Hat a No - No '' . Jump up ^ Mack , Lauren ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Chinese Gift - Giving : What Not to Buy -- Avoid These Chinese Gift - Giving Blunders '' . About.com . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Firecrackers '' . Infopedia.nlb.gov.sg. 15 April 1999 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing to loose 12 - year ban on firecrackers '' . People 's Daily . 20 July 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ This is the figure given by the China Daily , citing the official news agency Xinhua . However , some caution should be exercised over it : although a small proportion of Beijing 's population , it is ten times the normal population of Miyun County .", "51": "Mandarin handles large numbers differently from English , so translation errors are common . Jump up ^ `` Rumors of fireworks display lead to stampede '' . China Daily . 11 February 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Soulprints : 1970 '' . BOOKSOUL . BOOKSOUL International Pte Ltd. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Chingay Past '' . Chingay Parade Singapore . 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Peer , Akbur M. ( 2002 ) . Policing Singapore in the 19th and 20th centuries . Singapore Police Force . p. 100 . ISBN 981 - 04 - 7024 - X . Jump up ^ Chin , Ava ( 17 February 2007 ) . `` Can you pig it ? New York goes hog - wild for Chinese New Year '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 19 February 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 新年好 ( xīnniánhǎo ) Happy New Year '' . eChineseLearning.com . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wood , Frances . `` The Boxer Rebellion , 1900 : A Selection of Books , Prints and Photographs '' . British Library . Retrieved 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ China 's holiday rush begins early , BBC Jump up ^ Shan , Shelley ( 7 January 2012 ) . `` Ministry warns of heavy Lunar New Year holiday traffic '' . Taipei Times . Lee , I - chia ( 25 January 2012 ) . `` Despite rain , millions hit the road '' . Taipei Times . Lee , I - chia ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` Early start beats tolls and congestion as the holiday ends '' . Taipei Times ... total traffic volume on Friday was 2.7 million vehicles , about 1.7 times the average daily traffic volume of about 1.6 million .", "52": "`` We estimate the total traffic volume ( yesterday ) was between 2.1 million and 2.3 million vehicles , '' Chen said . `` Northbound traffic volume was much higher than southbound and peak hours were between 3 pm and 6 pm . '' Jump up ^ Chinese New Year parade doomed as Baird government 's new route ' too narrow ' for floats Jump up ^ `` London -- Chinese New Year -- `` The largest celebrations outside of Asia '' `` . BBC . 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ryan ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Year of the Tiger off to roaring start at parade '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year in Southeast Asia '' . Goseasia.about.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore in spring : Chinatown Chinese New Year Celebrations 2010 '' . VisitSingapore.com . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chingay Parade Singapore 2011 '' . VisitSingapore.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinggay Parade 2011 Highlights '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . `` Chinggay Parade 2011 Highlights '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tahun Baru Imlek '' . Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia , ensiklopedia bebas ( in Indonesian ) . 2018 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hari - Hari Penting Di Indonesia '' ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` KEPUTUSAN PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA . NOMOR 19 TAHUN 2002 . TENTANG . HARI TAHUN BARU IMLEK '' ( PDF ) . kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id .", "53": "Jump up ^ Chang - Yau Hoon ( 2009 ) . `` The politics of Imlek '' . Inside Indonesia . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Penetapan Pemerintah 1946 No 2 / Um : : Aturan Hari Raya '' . ngada.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` KEPUTUSAN PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NO . 24 TAHUN 1953 TENTANG HARI - HARI LIBUR '' . Aswin Weblog ( in Indonesian ) . 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Instruksi Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 1967 - Wikisource bahasa Indonesia '' . id.wikisource.org ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` May 1998 riots of Indonesia '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Fall of Suharto '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2000 - Wikisource bahasa Indonesia '' . id.wikisource.org ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keputusan Menteri Agama No. 13 dan 14 Tahun 2001 - Imlek Sebagai Hari Libur Fakultatif '' . www.hukumonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 22 January 2012 ) . `` Chinese - Indonesians celebrate once - forbidden roots '' . Taipei Times . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pemerintah Tetapkan Hari Libur Nasional dan Cuti Bersama Tahun 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 .", "54": "^ Jump up to : `` How Bali 's Chinese were accepted and integrated into island society '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A young Chinese Indonesian straddles modernity and tradition '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the medium : ' I 'm possessed by ancient Chinese spirits ' '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 National census of Chinese population in Indonesia - Page 18 of 64 . Kewarganegaraan , Suku Bangsa , Agama dan Bahasa Sehari - hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 . Badan Pusat Statistik. 2011 . ISBN 9789790644175 '' . sp2010.bps.go.id . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` IMLEK PAROKI SANTO LUKAS - SUNTER 2014 ( Erick Sila Decoration ) '' . cahayakehidupan-cahayakehidupan.blogspot.co.id ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Akademi Kontra Indiferentisme : : View topic - Misa yang Tidak Sesuai Aturan Merusak & Melemahkan Iman '' . www.ekaristi.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ katolisitas.org ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Misa Imlek : Bolehkah ? - katolisitas.org '' . katolisitas.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Penari Barongsai mengelilingi sarana upacara saat ritual tolak bala Imlek 2568 di jalan raya kawasan Kuta , Bali , Friday , 27 January 2018 '' . tirto.id . Jump up ^ `` ' Balichinesia ' : Melihat akulturasi budaya dalam identitas komunitas Cina Bali '' . BBC Indonesia .", "55": "2018 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zafna , Grandyos . `` Foto : Meriahnya Karnaval Cap Go Meh di Glodok '' . detiknews . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Prakoso , Johanes Randy . `` Ratusan Tatung Cap Go Meh ' Kepung ' Kantor Walikota Singkawang '' . detikTravel . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nugroho , Rifkianto . `` Foto : Serunya Pawai Cap Go Meh di Jatinegara '' . detiknews . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ kas , arief . `` Mengenang Warna - warni Cap Go Meh di Jakarta 2018 '' . detikTravel . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Prakoso , Johanes Randy . `` Foto : Aksi Ekstrem Tatung Wanita di Cap Go Meh Singkawang '' . detikTravel . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Alifia . `` Begini Meriahnya Parade Cap Go Meh Singkawang 2018 '' . detikTravel . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Majelis Tinggi Agama Konghucu Indonesia '' . Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia , ensiklopedia bebas ( in Indonesian ) . 2017 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tokoh Lintas Etnis Rayakan HUT Majelis Tao Indonesia di Ancol - Poskota News '' . Poskota News ( in Indonesian ) . 2017 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Sydney Chinese New Year Twilight Parade '' . sydneychinesenewyear.com. 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City of Sydney Official Chinese New Year Website '' .", "56": "Cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au. 1 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year in Australia '' . www.chinesenewyear.net.au . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ East Meets West Lunar New Year Festival Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Festival , Wellington New Zealand '' . Chinesenewyear.co.nz . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock for Year of the Rooster '' . www.odt.co.nz. 28 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Airlines Chinese New Year Parade in San Francisco '' . Chineseparade.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Dragon Parade '' . Chinese Chamber of Commerce of Los Angeles . 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Heather . `` Chinese Lunar New Year in New York City : 2015 -- Do n't miss out on Lunar New Year festivities in NYC '' . About.com . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Chinatown , Boston '' . Chinatown Main Street . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce Events '' . Chicago Chinatown Chamber of Commerce . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Realizarán desfile en DF por Año Nuevo chino '' . El Universal . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year Parade in Vancouver '' . Seechinatown.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rhein , Jamie ( 16 February 2007 ) . `` A Chinese New Year Parade in Butte , Montana ? Sure '' . Gadling.com . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fireworks Fly on Hudson River For Chinese Lunar New Year '' . CBSNewYork. 17 February 2015 .", "57": "Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` With Lunar New Year Show , Another Link to China for a New York Fireworks Family '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Harris , Elizabeth A. ; Grynbaum , Michael M. ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Mayor de Blasio to Make Lunar New Year a School Holiday '' . New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year festival & Parade '' . chineseparade.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best San Francisco Bay Area Events , Weekends & Festivals 2013 '' . hiddensf.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2013 -- Year of the Snake starts in style '' . chinatownlondon.org. 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Chinese New Year is More Chinese than Ever Before '' . londonnet.co.uk. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois à Paris 2013 '' . sortiraparis.com. 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le grand défilé du Nouvel An Chinois '' . mairie13.paris.fr. 2 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Iqbal , Myra ( 15 February 2013 ) . `` Chinese New Year : Celebrating spring and all it brings '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese new year : Pakistan in photo show '' . The Express Tribune . 12 February 2013 .", "58": "Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CELEBRATING THE CHINESE NEW YEAR WITH THE PAKISTAN - CHINA INSTITUTE '' . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year celebrated in Islamabad '' . CCTV English . 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Patricia Bjaaland , p. 22 Further reading ( edit ) Welch , Patricia Bjaaland ( 1997 ) . Chinese New Year . Oxford University Press . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chinese New Year at Wikimedia Commons Public holidays in China Golden weeks Spring Festival National Day Other holidays New Year 's Day Lantern Festival Qingming Festival Workers ' Day Duanwu Festival Mid-Autumn Festival Public holidays in Hong Kong New Year 's Day Lunar New Year ( first 3 days of the period ) Ching Ming Festival Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Monday Buddha 's Birthday Labour Day Tuen Ng Festival Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day Mid-Autumn Festival PRC National Day Chung Yeung Festival Christmas Day Boxing Day Cancelled Queen 's Birthday Liberation Day Double Ten Day Remembrance Day Chinese New Year Culture of China Topics Nian Lion dance Dragon dance New Year picture Red envelope Reunion dinner Fireworks Firecracker Chinese dragon Fu Food Nian gao Spring pancake Jiaozi Bakkwa Buddha 's delight Fa gao Fat choy Yau gok Kralan Kuih Lotus seed Pineapple tart Squab Taro cake Turnip cake Yusheng Melon seed Mandarin orange Fish Other CCTV New Year 's Gala Chinese calendar Chunyun Color in Chinese culture San Francisco Chinese New Year Festival and Parade Golden Week China portal Holidays portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_New_Year&oldid=837556606 '' Categories : Buddhist holidays Chinese New Year Chinese - Australian culture", "59": "Non-Gregorian January observances Non-Gregorian February observances New Year celebrations Public holidays in China Public holidays in Malaysia Observances set by the Chinese calendar Winter events in China Winter holidays ( Northern Hemisphere ) Summer holidays ( Southern Hemisphere ) Hidden categories : Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Malay - language sources ( ms ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) Articles containing Chinese - language text Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch", "60": "Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语粵語中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 16 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "61": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 3, 7, 6, 5, 1, 8, 4, 12, 13, 22, 45, 9, 48, 17, 0, 11, 10, 2, 19, 31, 16, 58, 59, 14, 18, 24, 38, 21, 23, 20, 41, 15, 25, 42, 46, 32, 57, 56, 53, 36, 40, 33, 35, 26, 47, 55, 37, 51, 27, 34, 43, 30, 39, 44, 50, 54, 29, 49, 52, 28, 60, 61 ]	[ 3, 7, 6, 5, 1, 8 ]
-1170316701863569392	the era of the great mughals began with the accession of	[ "Babur", "Akbar the Great", "Babur", "Babur" ]	{ "0": "Mughal Empire - Wikipedia Mughal Empire Jump to : navigation , search `` Moghul '' redirects here . For the village in Iran , see Moghul , Iran . Not to be confused with Mongol Empire . Mughal Empire گورکانیان ( Persian ) Gūrkāniyān مغلیہ سلطنت ‎ ( Urdu ) Mug̱liyah Salṭanat 1526 -- 1540 1555 -- 1857 The empire at its greatest extent , in the late 17th and early 18th centuries Capital Agra ( 1526 -- 1540 ; 1555 -- 1571 ) Fatehpur Sikri ( 1571 -- 1585 ) Lahore ( May 1586 -- 1598 ) Agra ( 1598 -- 1648 ) Shahjahanabad , Delhi ( 1648 -- 1857 ) Languages Persian ( official and court language ) Arabic ( for religious ceremonies ) Chagatai Turkic ( only initially ) Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ) ( spoken ) Religion Sunni Islam ( 1526 -- 1857 ) Din - i Ilahi ( 1582 -- 1605 ) Government Absolute monarchy , unitary state with federal structure , centralized autarchy Emperor 1526 -- 1530 Babur ( first ) 1837 -- 1857 Bahadur Shah II ( last ) Historical era Early modern First Battle of Panipat 21 April 1526 Empire interrupted by Sur Empire 1540 -- 1555 Death of Aurangzeb 3 March 1707 Siege of Delhi 21 September 1857 Area 1690 4,000,000 km ( 1,500,000 sq mi ) Population 1700 est . 158,400,000 Currency Rupee ,", "1": "dam Preceded by Succeeded by Delhi Sultanate Rajput states Bengal Sultanate Deccan sultanates Maratha Empire Bengal Subah Durrani Empire Sikh Confederacy Company rule in India British Raj Outline of South Asian history Palaeolithic ( 2,500,000 -- 250,000 BCE ) ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian Culture ( 500,000 -- 250,000 BCE ) Neolithic ( 10,800 -- 3300 BCE ) ( show ) Bhirrana Culture ( 7570 -- 6200 BCE ) Mehrgarh Culture ( 7000 -- 3300 BCE ) Chalcolithic ( 3500 -- 1500 BCE ) ( show ) Jorwe Culture ( 3500 -- 2000 BCE ) Ahar - Banas Culture ( 3000 -- 1500 BCE ) Pandu Culture ( 1600 -- 1500 BCE ) Bronze Age ( 3300 -- 1300 BCE ) ( show ) Indus Valley Civilisation ( 3300 -- 1300 BCE ) -- Early Harappan Culture ( 3300 -- 2600 BCE ) -- Mature Harappan Culture ( 2600 -- 1900 BCE ) -- Late Harappan Culture ( 1900 -- 1300 BCE ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BCE ) -- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture ( 2000 -- 1600 BCE ) -- Swat culture ( 1600 -- 500 BCE ) Iron Age ( 1300 -- 230 BCE ) ( show ) Vedic Civilisation ( 2000 -- 500 BCE ) -- Janapadas ( 1500 -- 600 BCE ) -- Black and Red ware culture ( 1300 -- 1000 BCE ) -- Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BCE ) -- Northern Black Polished Ware ( 700 -- 200 BCE ) Pradyota Dynasty ( 799 -- 684 BCE ) Haryanka Dynasty ( 684 -- 424 BCE ) Three Crowned Kingdoms ( c.", "2": "600 BCE -- 1600 CE ) Maha Janapadas ( c. 600 -- 300 BCE ) Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 BCE ) Ror Dynasty ( 450 BCE -- 489 CE ) Shishunaga Dynasty ( 424 -- 345 BCE ) Nanda Empire ( 380 -- 321 BCE ) Macedonian Empire ( 330 -- 323 BCE ) Maurya Empire ( 321 -- 184 BCE ) Seleucid India ( 312 -- 303 BCE ) Pandya Empire ( c. 300 BCE -- 1345 CE ) Chera Kingdom ( c. 300 BCE -- 1102 CE ) Chola Empire ( c. 300 BCE -- 1279 CE ) Pallava Empire ( c. 250 BCE -- 800 CE ) Maha - Megha - Vahana Empire ( c. 250 BCE -- c. 500 CE ) Parthian Empire ( 247 BCE -- 224 CE ) Middle Kingdoms ( 230 BCE -- 1206 CE ) ( show ) Satavahana Empire ( 230 BCE -- 220 CE ) Kuninda Kingdom ( 200 BCE -- 300 CE ) Mitra Dynasty ( c. 150 BCE -- c. 50 BCE ) Shunga Empire ( 185 -- 73 BCE ) Indo - Greek Kingdom ( 180 BCE -- 10 CE ) Kanva Empire ( 75 -- 26 BCE ) Indo - Scythian Kingdom ( 50 BCE -- 400 CE ) Indo - Parthian Kingdom ( 21 -- c. 130 CE ) Western Satrap Empire ( 35 -- 405 CE ) Kushan Empire ( 60 -- 240 CE ) Bharshiva Dynasty ( 170 -- 350 CE ) Nagas of Padmavati ( 210 -- 340 ) Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 ) Indo - Sassanid Kingdom ( 230 -- 360 ) Vakataka Empire ( c. 250 -- c. 500 ) Kalabhras Empire ( c. 250 -- c.", "3": "600 ) Gupta Empire ( 280 -- 550 ) Kadamba Empire ( 345 -- 525 ) Western Ganga Kingdom ( 350 -- 1000 ) Kamarupa Kingdom ( 350 -- 1100 ) Vishnukundina Empire ( 420 -- 624 ) Maitraka Empire ( 475 -- 767 ) Huna Kingdom ( 475 -- 576 ) Rai Kingdom ( 489 -- 632 ) Kabul Shahi Empire ( c. 500 -- 1026 ) Chalukya Empire ( 543 -- 753 ) Maukhari Empire ( c. 550 -- c. 700 ) Harsha Empire ( 606 -- 647 ) Tibetan Empire ( 618 -- 841 ) Eastern Chalukya Kingdom ( 624 -- 1075 ) Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 -- 661 ) Gurjara - Pratihara Empire ( 650 -- 1036 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Pala Empire ( 750 -- 1174 ) Rashtrakuta Empire ( 753 -- 982 ) Paramara Kingdom ( 800 -- 1327 ) Yadava Empire ( 850 -- 1334 ) Chaulukya Kingdom ( 942 -- 1244 ) Western Chalukya Empire ( 973 -- 1189 ) Lohara Kingdom ( 1003 -- 1320 ) Hoysala Empire ( 1040 -- 1346 ) Sena Empire ( 1070 -- 1230 ) Eastern Ganga Empire ( 1078 -- 1434 ) Kakatiya Kingdom ( 1083 -- 1323 ) Karnatas of Mithila ( 1097 - 1325 ) Zamorin Kingdom ( 1102 -- 1766 ) Kalachuris of Tripuri ( 675 - 1210 ) Kalachuris of Kalyani ( 1156 -- 1184 ) Chutiya Kingdom ( 1187 -- 1673 ) Deva Kingdom ( c. 1200 -- c. 1300 )", "4": "Late Medieval Period ( 1206 -- 1600 CE ) ( show ) Delhi Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1526 CE ) -- Mamluk Sultanate ( 1206 -- 1290 ) -- Khalji Sultanate ( 1290 -- 1320 ) -- Tughlaq Sultanate ( 1320 -- 1414 ) -- Sayyid Sultanate ( 1414 -- 1451 ) -- Lodi Sultanate ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Ahom Kingdom ( 1228 -- 1826 ) Chitradurga Kingdom ( 1300 -- 1779 ) Reddy Kingdom ( 1325 -- 1448 ) Vijayanagara Empire ( 1336 -- 1646 ) Bengal Sultanate ( 1352 -- 1576 ) Garhwal Kingdom ( 1358 -- 1803 ) Mysore Kingdom ( 1399 -- 1947 ) Gajapati Kingdom ( 1434 -- 1541 ) Deccan Sultanates ( 1490 -- 1596 ) -- Ahmadnagar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1636 ) -- Berar Sultanate ( 1490 -- 1574 ) -- Bidar Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1619 ) -- Bijapur Sultanate ( 1492 -- 1686 ) -- Golkonda Sultanate ( 1518 -- 1687 ) Keladi Kingdom ( 1499 -- 1763 ) Koch Kingdom ( 1515 -- 1947 ) Early Modern Period ( 1526 -- 1858 ) ( show ) Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1858 ) Sur Empire", "5": "( 1540 -- 1556 ) Madurai Kingdom ( 1559 -- 1736 ) Thanjavur Kingdom ( 1572 -- 1918 ) Bengal Subah ( 1576 -- 1757 ) Marava Kingdom ( 1600 -- 1750 ) Thondaiman Kingdom ( 1650 -- 1948 ) Maratha Empire ( 1674 -- 1818 ) Sikh Confederacy ( 1707 -- 1799 ) Travancore Kingdom ( 1729 -- 1947 ) Sikh Empire ( 1799 -- 1849 ) Colonial States ( 1510 -- 1961 ) ( show ) Portuguese India ( 1510 -- 1961 ) Dutch India ( 1605 -- 1825 ) Danish India ( 1620 -- 1869 ) French India ( 1759 -- 1954 ) Company Raj ( 1757 -- 1858 ) British Raj ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Sri Lankan Kingdoms ( 544 BCE -- 1948 CE ) ( show ) Kingdom of Tambapanni ( 543 -- 505 BCE ) Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara ( 505 -- 377 BCE ) Anuradhapura Kingdom ( 377 BCE -- 1017 CE ) Kingdom of Ruhuna ( 200 CE ) Kingdom of Polonnaruwa ( 300 -- 1310 ) Jaffna Kingdom ( 1215 -- 1624 ) Kingdom of Dambadeniya ( 1220 -- 1272 ) Kingdom of Yapahuwa ( 1272 -- 1293 ) Kingdom of Kurunegala ( 1293 --", "6": "1341 ) Kingdom of Gampola ( 1341 -- 1347 ) Kingdom of Raigama ( 1347 -- 1415 ) Kingdom of Kotte ( 1412 -- 1597 ) Kingdom of Sitawaka ( 1521 -- 1594 ) Kingdom of Kandy ( 1469 -- 1815 ) Portuguese Ceylon ( 1505 -- 1658 ) Dutch Ceylon ( 1656 -- 1796 ) British Ceylon ( 1815 -- 1948 ) National histories ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Regional histories ( show ) Assam Balochistan Bengal Bihar Gujarat Himachal Pradesh Kabul Kashmir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Rajasthan Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Punjab Odisha Sindh South India Tamil Nadu Tibet Specialised histories ( show ) Coinage Demographics Dynasties Economy Indology Language Literature Maritime Military Partition of India Pakistan studies Science & Technology Timeline The Mughal Empire ( Urdu : مغلیہ سلطنت ‎ ‎ , translit . Mughliyah Salṭanat ) or Mogul Empire , self - designated as Gurkani ( Persian : گورکانیان ‎ ‎ , Gūrkāniyān , meaning `` son - in - law '' ) , was an empire in the Indian subcontinent , founded in 1526 .", "7": "It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco - Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia , but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances ; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian , while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry . The dynasty was Indo - Persian in culture , combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs . The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and large parts of Afghanistan . It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent , spanning four million square kilometres at its zenith , after only the Maurya Empire , which spanned five million square kilometres . The Mughal Empire began a period of proto - industrialization , and Mughal India became the world 's largest economic power , with 24.4 % of world GDP , and the world leader in manufacturing , producing 25 % of global industrial output up until the 18th century . The Mughal Empire is considered `` India 's last golden age '' and one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires ( along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia ) . The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi , the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate , in the First Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) . The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco - Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia , claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan ( founder of the Mongol Empire , through his son Chagatai Khan ) and Timur ( Turco - Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire ) . During the reign of Humayun , the successor of Babur , the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire . The `` classic period '' of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne . Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir , the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony , and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions . Akbar was a successful warrior who also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms .", "8": "Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India , but most of them were subdued by Akbar . All Mughal emperors were Muslims ; Akbar , however , propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called Dīn - i Ilāhī , as recorded in historical books like Ain - i - Akbari and Dabistān - i Mazāhib . The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence , but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites , leading to more systematic , centralised , and uniform rule . Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India , such as the Marathas , the Rajputs , the Pashtuns , the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs , gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule , which , through collaboration or adversity , gave them both recognition and military experience . The reign of Shah Jahan , the fifth emperor , between 1628 and 1658 , was the golden age of Mughal architecture . He erected several large monuments , the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra , as well as the Moti Masjid , Agra , the Red Fort , the Jama Masjid , Delhi , and the Lahore Fort . The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji Bhosale . During his lifetime , victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest extent , ruling over more than 150 million subjects , nearly one quarter of the world 's population at the time , with a GDP of over $90 billion . By the mid-18th century , the Marathas had routed Mughal armies and won over several Mughal provinces from the Punjab to Bengal . Internal dissatisfaction arose due to the weakness of the empire 's administrative and economic systems , leading to its break - up and declarations of independence of its former provinces by the Nawab of Bengal , the Nawab of Awadh , the Nizam of Hyderabad and other small states .", "9": "In 1739 , the Mughals were crushingly defeated in the Battle of Karnal by the forces of Nader Shah , the founder of the Afsharid dynasty in Persia , and Delhi was sacked and looted , drastically accelerating their decline . During the following century Mughal power had become severely limited , and the last emperor , Bahadur Shah II , had authority over only the city of Shahjahanabad . He issued a firman supporting the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and following the defeat was therefore tried by the British East India Company for treason , imprisoned and exiled to Rangoon . The last remnants of the empire were formally taken over by the British , and the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown formally assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Babur and Humayun ( 1526 -- 1556 ) 2.2 Akbar to Aurangzeb ( 1556 -- 1707 ) 2.3 Decline ( 1707 -- 1857 ) 3 Administrative divisions 4 Economy 4.1 Coinage 4.2 Labour 4.3 Agriculture 4.4 Industrial manufacturing 4.5 Bengal Subah 5 Demographics 5.1 Population 5.2 Urbanization 6 Culture 6.1 Art and architecture 6.2 Language 7 Military 7.1 Gunpowder warfare 7.2 Rocketry and explosives 8 Science 8.1 Astronomy 8.2 Chemistry 8.3 Metallurgy 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Culture 11.2 Society and economy 11.3 Primary sources 11.4 Older histories 12 External links Etymology Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid empire , which reflected the heritage of his dynasty , and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves . Another name was Hindustan , which was documented in the Ain - i - Akbari , and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire .", "10": "In the west , the term `` Mughal '' was used for the emperor , and by extension , the empire as a whole . The use of Mughal derived from the Arabic and Persian corruption of Mongol , and it emphasised the Mongol origins of the Timurid dynasty . The term gained currency during the 19th century , but remains disputed by Indologists . Similar terms had been used to refer to the empire , including `` Mogul '' and `` Moghul '' . Nevertheless , Babur 's ancestors were sharply distinguished from the classical Mongols insofar as they were oriented towards Persian rather than Turco - Mongol culture . History Main article : Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ( 1526 -- 1556 ) Babur , founder of the Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur ( reigned 1526 -- 1530 ) , a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco - Mongol conqueror Timur ( the founder of the Timurid Empire ) on his father 's side and from Chagatai , the second son of the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan , on his mother 's side . Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia , Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions . He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass . Babur 's forces occupied much of northern India after his victory at Panipat in 1526 . The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns , however , did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India . The instability of the empire became evident under his son , Humayun ( reigned 1530 -- 1556 ) , who was driven out of India and into Persia by rebels . The Sur Empire ( 1540 -- 1555 ) , founded by Sher Shah Suri ( reigned 1540 -- 1545 ) , briefly interrupted Mughal rule . Humayun 's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts , and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the Mughal Empire .", "11": "The restoration of Mughal rule began after Humayun 's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 , but he died from a fatal accident shortly afterwards . Akbar to Aurangzeb ( 1556 -- 1707 ) Akbar the Great ( reigned 1556 -- 1605 ) was born Jalal - ud - din Muhammad in the Rajput Umarkot Fort , to Humayun and his wife Hamida Banu Begum , a Persian princess . Akbar succeeded to the throne under a regent , Bairam Khan , who helped consolidate the Mughal Empire in India . Through warfare and diplomacy , Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari River . He created a new class of nobility loyal to him from the military aristocracy of India 's social groups , implemented a modern government , and supported cultural developments . At the same time , Akbar intensified trade with European trading companies . India developed a strong and stable economy , leading to commercial expansion and economic development . Akbar allowed free expression of religion , and attempted to resolve socio - political and cultural differences in his empire by establishing a new religion , Din - i - Ilahi , with strong characteristics of a ruler cult . He left his successors an internally stable state , which was in the midst of its golden age , but before long signs of political weakness would emerge . Jahangir ( born Salim , reigned 1605 -- 1627 ) was born to Akbar and his wife Mariam - uz - Zamani , an Indian Rajput princess . Jahangir ruled the empire at its peak , but he was addicted to opium , neglected the affairs of the state , and came under the influence of rival court cliques . Shah Jahan ( reigned 1628 -- 1658 ) was born to Jahangir and his wife Jagat Gosaini , a Rajput princess . During the reign of Shah Jahan , the culture and splendour of the luxurious Mughal court reached its zenith as exemplified by the Taj Mahal . The maintenance of the court , at this time , began to cost more than the revenue . Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana in Fatehpur Sikri .", "12": "Shah Jahan 's eldest son , the liberal Dara Shikoh , became regent in 1658 , as a result of his father 's illness . However , a younger son , Aurangzeb ( reigned 1658 -- 1707 ) , allied with the Islamic orthodoxy against his brother , who championed a syncretistic Hindu - Muslim culture , and ascended to the throne . Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed . Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness , Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and had him imprisoned . During Aurangzeb 's reign , the empire gained political strength once more . Aurangzeb expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia , but at his death in 1707 , many parts of the empire were in open revolt . Aurangzeb is considered India 's most controversial king , with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society , while other historians question this , noting that he built Hindu temples , employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did , opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims , and married Hindu Rajput princess Nawab Bai . Decline ( 1707 -- 1857 ) Aurangzeb 's son , Shah Alam , repealed the religious policies of his father , and attempted to reform the administration . However , after his death in 1712 , the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds . In 1719 alone , four emperors successively ascended the throne . During the reign of Muhammad Shah , the empire began to break up , and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to Maratha hands . The far - off Indian campaign of Nadir Shah , who had priorly reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia , the Caucasus , and Central Asia , culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige . Many of the empire 's elites now sought to control their own affairs , and broke away to form independent kingdoms . But , according to Sugata Bose and Ayesha Jalal , the Mughal Emperor , however , continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty .", "13": "Not only the Muslim gentry , but the Maratha , Hindu , and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline , and ultimately had to seek the protection of outside powers i.e. from the Emir of Afghanistan , Ahmed Shah Abdali , which led to the Third Battle of Panipat between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans led by Abdali in 1761 . In 1771 , the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi , a state of affairs that continued further until after the Third Anglo - Maratha War . Thereafter , the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi . The British East India Company took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal - Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule ( Nizamat ) that lasted until 1858 , marking the beginning of British colonial era over the Indian Subcontinent . By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company 's control . After a crushing defeat in the war of 1857 -- 1858 which he nominally led , the last Mughal , Bahadur Shah Zafar , was deposed by the British East India Company and exiled in 1858 . Through the Government of India Act 1858 the British Crown assumed direct control of East India Company - held territories in India in the form of the new British Raj . In 1876 the British Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India . Causes of decline Historians have offered numerous explanations for the rapid collapse of the Mughal Empire between 1707 and 1720 , after a century of growth and prosperity . In fiscal terms the throne lost the revenues needed to pay its chief officers , the emirs ( nobles ) and their entourages . The emperor lost authority , as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities , and made their own deals with local men of influence . The imperial army , bogged down in long , futile wars against the more aggressive Marathas lost its fighting spirit .", "14": "Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne . After the execution of emperor Farrukhsiyar in 1719 , local Mughal successor states took power in region after region . Contemporary chroniclers bewailed the decay they witnessed , a theme picked up by the first British historians who wanted to underscore the need for a British - led rejuvenation . Modern views on the decline Since the 1970s historians have taken multiple approaches to the decline , with little consensus on which factor was dominant . The psychological interpretations emphasise depravity in high places , excessive luxury , and increasingly narrow views that left the rulers unprepared for an external challenge . A Marxist school ( led by Irfan Habib and based at Aligarh Muslim University ) emphasises excessive exploitation of the peasantry by the rich , which stripped away the will and the means to support the regime . Karen Leonard has focused on the failure of the regime to work with Hindu bankers , whose financial support was increasingly needed ; the bankers then helped the Maratha and the British . In a religious interpretation , some scholars argue that the Hindu powers revolted against the rule of a Muslim dynasty . Finally , other scholars argue that the very prosperity of the Empire inspired the provinces to achieve a high degree of independence , thus weakening the imperial court . Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire , with British rule later causing further deindustrialization . According to Williamson , the decline of the Mughal Empire led to a decline in agricultural productivity , which drove up food prices , then nominal wages , and then textile prices , which led to India losing a share of the world textile market to Britain even before it had superior factory technology . Indian textiles , however , still maintained a competitive advantage over British textiles up until the 19th century . Administrative divisions Main article : Subah Subah ( Urdu : صوبہ ) was the term for a province in the Mughal Empire . The word is derived from Arabic . The governor of a Subah was known as a subahdar ( sometimes also referred to as a `` Subah '' ) , which later became subedar to refer to an officer in the Indian Army .", "15": "The subahs were established by padshah ( emperor ) Akbar during his administrative reforms of 1572 - 1580 ; initially they numbered 12 , but his conquests expanded the number of subahs to 15 by the end of his reign . Subahs were divided into Sarkars , or districts . Sarkars were further divided into Parganas or Mahals . His successors , most notably Aurangzeb , expanded the number of subahs further through their conquests . As the empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century , many subahs became effectively independent , or were conquered by the Marathas or the British . The original twelve subahs created as a result of administrative reform by Akbar : Agra Subah Ajmer subah Awadh Subah Bengal Subah Bihar Subah Delhi Subah Gujarat Subah Kabul Subah Illahabad Subah Lahore Subah Malwa Subah Multan Subah Economy See also : Economic history of India and Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire . During the Mughal era , the gross domestic product ( GDP ) of India in 1600 was estimated at about 22.4 % of the world economy , the second largest in the world , behind only Ming China but larger than Europe . By 1700 , the GDP of Mughal India had risen to 24.4 % of the world economy , the largest in the world , larger than both Qing China and Western Europe . Mughal India was the world leader in manufacturing , producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until the 18th century . India 's GDP growth increased under the Mughal Empire , with India 's GDP having a faster growth rate during the Mughal era than in the 1,500 years prior to the Mughal era . Mughal India 's economy has been described as a form of proto - industrialization , like that of 18th - century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution . The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system , creating a uniform currency , and the unification of the country .", "16": "The empire had an extensive road network , which was vital to the economic infrastructure , built by a public works department set up by the Mughals which designed , constructed and maintained roads linking towns and cities across the empire , making trade easier to conduct . Coinage A silver rupee coin made during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II . The Mughals adopted and standardized the rupee ( rupiya , or silver ) and dam ( copper ) currencies introduced by Sur Emperor Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule . The currency was initially 48 dams to a single rupee in the beginning of Akbar 's reign , before it later became 38 dams to a rupee in the 1580s , with the dam 's value rising further in the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses for copper , such as in bronze cannons and brass utensils . The dam was initially the most common coin in Akbar 's time , before being replaced by the rupee as the most common coin in succeeding reigns . The dam 's value was later worth 30 to a rupee towards the end of Jahangir 's reign , and then 16 to a rupee by the 1660s . The Mughals minted coins with high purity , never dropping below 96 % , and without debasement until the 1720s . Despite India having its own stocks of gold and silver , the Mughals produced minimal gold of their own , but mostly minted coins from imported bullion , as a result of the empire 's strong export - driven economy , with global demand for Indian agricultural and industrial products drawing a steady stream of precious metals into India . Around 80 % of Mughal India 's imports were bullion , mostly silver , with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan , which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province . Labour The Mughal Empire 's workforce in the early 17th century consisted of about 64 % in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) and 36 % in the secondary and tertiary sectors , including over 11 % in the secondary sector ( manufacturing ) and about 25 % in the tertiary sector ( service ) .", "17": "Mughal India 's workforce had a higher percentage in the non-primary sector than Europe 's workforce did at the time ; agriculture accounted for 65 -- 90 % of Europe 's workforce in 1700 , and 65 -- 75 % in 1750 , including 65 % of England 's workforce in 1750 . In terms of contributions to the Mughal economy , in the late 16th century , the primary sector contributed 52.4 % , the secondary sector 18.2 % and the tertiary sector 29.4 % ; the secondary sector contributed a higher percentage than in early 20th - century British India , where the secondary sector only contributed 11.2 % to the economy . In terms of urban - rural divide , 18 % of Mughal India 's labour force were urban and 82 % were rural , contributing 52 % and 48 % to the economy , respectively . Real wages and living standards in 18th - century Mughal Bengal and South India were higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . According to economic historian Paul Bairoch , India as well as China had a higher GNP per capita than Europe up until the late 18th century , before Western European per - capita income pulled ahead after 1800 . Mughal India also had a higher per - capita income in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century . However , in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites , wages were depressed for manual labour , though no less than labour wages in Europe at the time . In Mughal India , there was a generally tolerant attitude towards manual labourers , with some religious cults in northern India proudly asserting a high status for manual labour . While slavery also existed , it was limited largely to household servants . Agriculture Indian agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire . A variety of crops were grown , including food crops such as wheat , rice , and barley , and non-food cash crops such as cotton , indigo and opium . By the mid-17th century , Indian cultivators begun to extensively grow two new crops from the Americas , maize and tobacco .", "18": "The Mughal administration emphasized agrarian reform , which began under the non-Mughal emperor Sher Shah Suri , the work of which Akbar adopted and furthered with more reforms . The civil administration was organized in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit , with promotions based on performance . The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire , which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base , leading to increased agricultural production . A major Mughal reform introduced by Akbar was a new land revenue system called zabt . He replaced the tribute system , previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time , with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency . The revenue system was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton , indigo , sugar cane , tree - crops , and opium , providing state incentives to grow cash crops , in addition to rising market demand . Under the zabt system , the Mughals also conducted extensive cadastral surveying to assess the area of land under plow cultivation , with the Mughal state encouraging greater land cultivation by offering tax - free periods to those who brought new land under cultivation . Mughal agriculture was advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the common use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture . While the average peasant across the world was only skilled in growing very few crops , the average Indian peasant was skilled in growing a wide variety of food and non-food crops , increasing their productivity . Indian peasants were also quick to adapt to profitable new crops , such as maize and tobacco from the New World being rapidly adopted and widely cultivated across Mughal India between 1600 and 1650 . Bengali peasants rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture , establishing Bengal Subah as a major silk - producing region of the world . Sugar mills appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era . Evidence for the use of a draw bar for sugar - milling appears at Delhi in 1540 , but may also date back earlier , and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent . Geared sugar rolling mills first appeared in Mughal India , using the principle of rollers as well as worm gearing , by the 17th century .", "19": "According to evidence cited by the economic historians Immanuel Wallerstein , Irfan Habib , Percival Spear , and Ashok Desai , per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption in 17th - century Mughal India were higher than in 17th - century Europe and early 20th - century British India . The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices . In turn , this benefited the Indian textile industry . Compared to Britain , the price of grain was about one - half in South India and one - third in Bengal , in terms of silver coinage . This resulted in lower silver coin prices for Indian textiles , giving them a price advantage in global markets . Industrial manufacturing Up until the 18th century , Mughal India was the most important center of manufacturing in international trade . Up until 1750 , India produced about 25 % of the world 's industrial output . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel . Processed products included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th -- 18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto - industrialization , similar to 18th - century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient , thus Europeans had very little to offer , except for some woolens , unprocessed metals and a few luxury items .", "20": "The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports . Indian goods , especially those from Bengal , were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets , such as Indonesia and Japan . Textile industry See also : Muslin trade in Bengal and Mughal clothing A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was textile manufacturing , particularly cotton textile manufacturing , which included the production of piece goods , calicos , and muslins , available unbleached and in a variety of colours . The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire 's international trade . India had a 25 % share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century . Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century , consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan . By the early 18th century , Mughal Indian textiles were clothing people across the Indian subcontinent , Southeast Asia , Europe , the Americas , Africa , and the Middle East . The most important center of cotton production was the Bengal province , particularly around its capital city of Dhaka . Bengal accounted for more than 50 % of textiles and around 80 % of silks imported by the Dutch from Asia , Bengali silk and cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe , Indonesia , and Japan , and Bengali muslin textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia , where they were known as `` daka '' textiles . Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries , were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade , and had a 38 % share of the West African trade in the early 18th century , while Indian calicos were major force in Europe , and Indian textiles accounted for 20 % of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century . The worm gear roller cotton gin , which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th -- 14th centuries , came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century , and is still used in India through to the present day .", "21": "Another innovation , the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin , first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire . The production of cotton , which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles , was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era , lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton . The diffusion of the spinning wheel , and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin , led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era . It was reported that , with an Indian cotton gin , which is half machine and half tool , one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day . With a modified Forbes version , one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day . If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines , and a few people 's labour was used to feed them , they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly . Shipbuilding industry Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry , which was also largely centered in the Bengal province . In terms of shipbuilding tonnage during the 16th -- 18th centuries , the annual output of Bengal alone totaled around 2,232,500 tons , larger than the combined output of the Dutch ( 450,000 -- 550,000 tons ) , the British ( 340,000 tons ) , and North America ( 23,061 tons ) . The Mughals maintained a small fleet for carrying pilgrims to Mecca , and imported Arabian horses in Surat . Debal in Sindh was mostly autonomous . The Mughals also maintained various river fleets of Dhows , which transported soldiers over rivers and fought rebels . Among its admirals were Yahya Saleh , Munnawar Khan , and Muhammad Saleh Kamboh . The Mughals also protected the Siddis of Janjira . Its sailors were renowned and often voyaged to China and the East African Swahili Coast , together with some Mughal subjects carrying out private - sector trade . Indian shipbuilding , particularly in Bengal , was advanced compared to European shipbuilding at the time , with Indians selling ships to European firms .", "22": "Ship - repairing , for example , was very advanced in Bengal , where European shippers visited to repair vessels . An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships , resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design . The British East India Company later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s , leading to significant improvements in seaworthiness and navigation for European ships during the Industrial Revolution . Bengal Subah Main article : Bengal Subah See also : Muslin trade in Bengal Ruins of the Great Caravanserai in Dhaka . The Bengal Subah province was especially prosperous from the time of its takeover by the Mughals in 1590 until the British East India Company seized control in 1757 . It was the Mughal Empire 's wealthiest province , and the economic powerhouse of the Mughal Empire , generating 50 % of the empire 's GDP . Domestically , much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice , silks and cotton textiles . Overseas , Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles , silks and opium ; Bengal accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia , for example , including more than 50 % of textiles and around 80 % of silks . From Bengal , saltpeter was also shipped to Europe , opium was sold in Indonesia , raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands , and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe , Indonesia and Japan . Bengal was described as the Paradise of Nations by Mughal emperors . The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms , including the modern Bengali calendar . The calendar played a vital role in developing and organising harvests , tax collection and Bengali culture in general , including the New Year and Autumn festivals . The province was a leading producer of grains , salt , pearls , fruits , liquors and wines , precious metals and ornaments . Its handloom industry flourished under royal warrants , making the region a hub of the worldwide muslin trade , which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries . The provincial capital Dhaka became the commercial capital of the empire .", "23": "The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis , which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society . After 150 years of rule by Mughal viceroys , Bengal gained semi-independence as a dominion under the Nawab of Bengal in 1717 . The Nawabs permitted European companies to set up trading posts across the region , including firms from Britain , France , the Netherlands , Denmark , Portugal and Austria - Hungary . An Armenian community dominated banking and shipping in major cities and towns . The Europeans regarded Bengal as the richest place for trade . By the late 18th century , the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal . Demographics See also : Demographics of India : History Population India 's population growth accelerated under the Mughal Empire , with an unprecedented economic and demographic upsurge which boosted the Indian population by 60 % to 253 % in 200 years during 1500 -- 1700 . The Indian population had a faster growth during the Mughal era than at any known point in Indian history prior to the Mughal era . The increased population growth rate was stimulated by Mughal agrarian reforms that intensified agricultural production . By the time of Aurangzeb 's reign , there were a total of 455,698 villages in the Mughal Empire . The following table gives population estimates for the Mughal Empire , compared to the total population of India , including the regions of modern Pakistan and Bangladesh , and compared to the world population : Year Mughal Empire population Total Indian population % of Indian population World population % of world population 1500 -- 100,000,000 -- 425,000,000 -- 1600 115,000,000 130,000,000 89 579,000,000 20 1700 158,400,000 160,000,000 99 679,000,000 23 Urbanization Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres .", "24": "This was higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century ; the level of urbanization in Europe did not reach 15 % until the 19th century . Under Akbar 's reign in 1600 , the Mughal Empire 's urban population was up to 17 million people , 15 % of the empire 's total population . This was larger the entire urban population in Europe at the time , and even a century later in 1700 , the urban population of England , Scotland and Wales did not exceed 13 % of its total population , while British India had an urban population that was under 13 % of its total population in 1800 and 9.3 % in 1881 , a decline from the earlier Mughal era . By 1700 , Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people , larger than British India 's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871 . The historian Nizamuddin Ahmad ( 1551 -- 1621 ) reported that , under Akbar 's reign , there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships . A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter - million and half - million people , with larger cities including Agra ( in Agra Subah ) with up to 800,000 people , Lahore ( in Lahore Subah ) with up to 700,000 people , Dhaka ( in Bengal Subah ) with over 1 million people , and Delhi ( in Delhi Subah ) with over 600,000 people . Cities acted as markets for the sale of goods , and provided homes for a variety of merchants , traders , shopkeepers , artisans , moneylenders , weavers , craftspeople , officials , and religious figures . However , a number of cities were military and political centres , rather than manufacturing or commerce centres . Culture Main articles : Indo - Persian culture and Mughal clothing The Mughals built Maktab schools in every province under their authority , where youth were taught the Quran and Islamic law such as the Fatawa - e-Alamgiri in their indigenous languages .", "25": "Art and architecture Main articles : Mughal painting and Mughal architecture Built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved wife , the Taj Mahal is a world - renowned testament to Mughal architecture . Two elephants carrying the fish and sun insignia of Mughal sovereignty The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with development of their unique architecture . Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors , especially Shah Jahan , including the Taj Mahal , a UNESCO World Heritage Site known to be one of the finer examples of Mughal architecture . Other World Heritage Sites include Humayun 's Tomb , Fatehpur Sikri , the Red Fort , the Agra Fort , and the Lahore Fort . The palaces , tombs , and forts built by the dynasty stand today in Agra , Aurangabad , Delhi , Dhaka , Fatehpur Sikri , Jaipur , Lahore , Kabul , Sheikhupura , and many other cities of India , Pakistan , Afghanistan , and Bangladesh . With few memories of Central Asia , Babur 's descendants absorbed traits and customs of South Asia and became more or less naturalised . Mughal influence can be seen in cultural contributions such as : Centralized , imperialistic government that brought together many smaller kingdoms . Persian art and culture amalgamated with Indian art and culture . Revived the old trade routes to Arab and Turkic lands . The development of Mughlai cuisine . Mughal Architecture evolved with the influence of Indian architecture , and in turn influenced the local architecture , most conspicuously in the palaces built by Rajputs and Sikh rulers . Landscape and Mughal gardening Although the land the Mughals once ruled has separated into what is now India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Afghanistan , their influence can still be seen widely today . Tombs of the emperors are spread throughout India , Afghanistan , and Pakistan . The Mughal artistic tradition was eclectic , borrowing from the European Renaissance as well as from Persian and Indian sources . Kumar concludes , `` The Mughal painters borrowed individual motifs and certain naturalistic effects from Renaissance and Mannerist painting , but their structuring principle was derived from Indian and Persian traditions . ''", "26": "Language Main articles : Persian language in South Asia and Persian and Urdu The phrase Zuban - i Urdū - yi Muʿallá ( `` Language of the exalted Urdu '' ) written in Nastaʿlīq script . Although Persian was the dominant and `` official '' language of the empire , the language of the elite was a Persianised form of Hindustani called Urdu . The language was written in a type of Perso - Arabic script known as Nastaliq , and with literary conventions and specialised vocabulary borrowed from Persian , Arabic and Turkic ; the dialect was eventually given its own name of Urdu . Modern Hindi , which uses Sanskrit - based vocabulary along with Urdu loan words is mutually intelligible with Urdu . Military Further information : Army of the Mughal Empire , Mughal weapons , and Mughal artillery Gunpowder warfare See also : Gunpowder Empires and History of gunpowder : India and the Mughal Empire Mughal matchlock rifle , 16th century . Mughal musketeer , 16th century . Mughal India was one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires , along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia . By the time he was invited by Lodi governor of Lahore , Daulat Khan , to support his rebellion against Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Khan , Babur was familiar with gunpowder firearms and field artillery , and a method for deploying them . Babur had employed Ottoman expert Ustad Ali Quli , who showed Babur the standard Ottoman formation -- artillery and firearm - equipped infantry protected by wagons in the center and the mounted archers on both wings . Babur used this formation at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 , where the Afghan and Rajput forces loyal to the Delhi Sultanate , though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons , were defeated . The decisive victory of the Timurid forces is one reason opponents rarely met Mughal princes in pitched battle over the course of the empire 's history . In India , guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut ( 1504 ) and Diu ( 1533 ) . Fathullah Shirazi ( c. 1582 ) , a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar , developed an early multi gun shot .", "27": "As opposed to the polybolos and repeating crossbows used earlier in ancient Greece and China , respectively , Shirazi 's rapid - firing gun had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannons loaded with gunpowder . It may be considered a version of a volley gun . By the 17th century , Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms ; large guns in particular , became visible in Tanjore , Dacca , Bijapur and Murshidabad . Gujarāt supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th century , and Mughal Bengal and Mālwa also participated in saltpeter production . The Dutch , French , Portuguese and English used Chāpra as a center of saltpeter refining . Rocketry and explosives See also : Mysorean rockets and Congreve rocket In the 16th century , Akbar was the first to initiate and use metal cylinder rockets known as bans , particularly against war elephants , during the Battle of Sanbal . In 1657 , the Mughal Army used rockets during the Siege of Bidar . Prince Aurangzeb 's forces discharged rockets and grenades while scaling the walls . Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot , and after twenty - seven days of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the victorious Mughals . In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder , James Riddick Partington described Indian rockets and explosive mines : The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe . They had bam - boo rods , a rocket - body lashed to the rod , and iron points . They were directed at the target and fired by lighting the fuse , but the trajectory was rather erratic . The use of mines and counter-mines with explosive charges of gunpowder is mentioned for the times of Akbar and Jahāngir . Later , the Mysorean rockets were upgraded versions of Mughal rockets used during the Siege of Jinji by the progeny of the Nawab of Arcot . Hyder Ali 's father Fatah Muhammad the constable at Budikote , commanded a corps consisting of 50 rocketmen ( Cushoon ) for the Nawab of Arcot . Hyder Ali realised the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets .", "28": "These rockets turned fortunes in favour of the Sultanate of Mysore during the Second Anglo - Mysore War , particularly during the Battle of Pollilur . In turn , the Mysorean rockets were the basis for the Congreve rockets , which Britain deployed in the Napoleonic Wars against France and the War of 1812 against the United States . Science Astronomy See also : Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world and Indian astronomy While there appears to have been little concern for theoretical astronomy , Mughal astronomers made advances in observational astronomy and produced nearly a hundred Zij treatises . Humayun built a personal observatory near Delhi ; Jahangir and Shah Jahan were also intending to build observatories , but were unable to do so . The astronomical instruments and observational techniques used at the Mughal observatories were mainly derived from Islamic astronomy . In the 17th century , the Mughal Empire saw a synthesis between Islamic and Hindu astronomy , where Islamic observational instruments were combined with Hindu computational techniques . During the decline of the Mughal Empire , the Hindu king Jai Singh II of Amber continued the work of Mughal astronomy . In the early 18th century , he built several large observatories called Yantra Mandirs , in order to rival Ulugh Beg 's Samarkand observatory , and in order to improve on the earlier Hindu computations in the Siddhantas and Islamic observations in Zij - i - Sultani . The instruments he used were influenced by Islamic astronomy , while the computational techniques were derived from Hindu astronomy . Chemistry See also : Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam Sake Dean Mahomed had learned much of Mughal chemistry and understood the techniques used to produce various alkali and soaps to produce shampoo . He was also a notable writer who described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire . In Britain , Sake Dean Mahomed was appointed as shampooing surgeon to both Kings George IV and William IV . Metallurgy See also : History of metallurgy in South Asia One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the seamless celestial globe .", "29": "It was invented in Kashmir by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 AH ( 1589 - 90 CE ) , and twenty other such globes were later produced in Lahore and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire . Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s , it was believed by modern metallurgists to be technically impossible to produce metal globes without any seams . See also Flag of the Mughal Empire List of Mongol states Mansabdar Mughal ( tribe ) Mughal Harem Mughal weapons Mughal - e-Azam , an Indian film Mughal - Mongol genealogy References Jump up ^ Conan , Michel ( 2007 ) . Middle East Garden Traditions : Unity and Diversity : Questions , Methods and Resources in a Multicultural Perspective . Volume 31 . Washington , D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88402 - 329 - 6 . Jump up ^ The title ( Mirza ) descends to all the sons of the family , without exception . In the Royal family it is placed after the name instead of before it , thus , Abbas Mirza and Hosfiein Mirza . Mirza is a civil title , and Khan is a military one . The title of Khan is creative , but not hereditary . p. 601 Monthly magazine and British register , Volume 34 Publisher Printed for Sir Richard Phillips , 1812 Original from Harvard University ^ Jump up to : Ignacio Pichardo Pagaza , Demetrios Argyriades ( 2009 ) , Winning the Needed Change : Saving Our Planet Earth : a Global Public Service , page 129 , IOS Press ^ Jump up to : Rein Taagepera ( September 1997 ) . `` Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities : Context for Russia '' . International Studies Quarterly . 41 ( 3 ) : 500 . JSTOR 2600793 . doi : 10.1111 / 0020 - 8833.00053 . ^ Jump up to : József Böröcz . The European Union and Global Social Change . Routledge . p. 21 .", "30": "Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , James ( 1995 ) . The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Balfour , E.G. ( 1976 ) . Encyclopaedia Asiatica : Comprising Indian - subcontinent , Eastern and Southern Asia . New Delhi : Cosmo Publications . S. 460 , S. 488 , S. 897 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7020 - 325 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : John Walbridge . God and Logic in Islam : The Caliphate of Reason . p. 165 . Persianate Mogul Empire . Jump up ^ Zahir ud - Din Mohammad ( 10 September 2002 ) . Thackston , Wheeler M. , ed . The Baburnama : Memoirs of Babur , Prince and Emperor . New York : Modern Library . p. xlvi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76137 - 9 . In India the dynasty always called itself Gurkani , after Temür 's title Gurkân , the Persianized form of the Mongolian kürägän , ' son - in - law , ' a title he assumed after his marriage to a Genghisid princess . Jump up ^ Richards , John F. ( 1995 ) , The Mughal Empire , Cambridge University Press , p. 6 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56603 - 2 Jump up ^ Schimmel , Annemarie ( 2004 ) , The Empire of the Great Mughals : History , Art and Culture , Reaktion Books , p. 22 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 185 - 3 Jump up ^ Balabanlilar , Lisa ( 15 January 2012 ) , Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire : Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia , I.B. Tauris , p.", "31": "2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 726 - 1 Jump up ^ Jeroen Duindam ( 2015 ) , Dynasties : A Global History of Power , 1300 -- 1800 , page 105 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Mohammada , Malika ( January 1 , 2007 ) . The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India . Aakar Books . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 8 - 189 - 83318 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dirk Collier ( 2016 ) . The Great Mughals and their India . Hay House . p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Persian Literature Conference : SOAS : North Indian Literary Culture ( 1450 -- 1650 ) '' . SOAS . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ John Barrett Kelly . Britain and the Persian Gulf : 1795 -- 1880 . p. 473 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian History - Medieval - Mughal Period - AKBAR '' . Webindia123.com . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lex Heerma van Voss ; Els Hiemstra - Kuperus ; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk ( 2010 ) . `` The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India '' . The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers , 1650 - 2000 . Ashgate Publishing . p. 255 . Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2003 ) : Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics : Historical Statistics , OECD Publishing , ISBN 9264104143 , page 261 ^ Jump up to : Parthasarathi , Prasannan ( 2011 ) , Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not : Global Economic Divergence , 1600 -- 1850 , Cambridge University Press , p.", "32": "2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49889 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey G. Williamson & David Clingingsmith , India 's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries , Global Economic History Network , London School of Economics ^ Jump up to : Abraham Eraly ( 2007 ) , The Mughal World : Life in India 's Last Golden Age , page 5 , Penguin Books ^ Jump up to : Dodgson , Marshall G.S. ( 2009 ) . The Venture of Islam , Volume 3 : The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times , Volume 3 . University of Chicago Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 34688 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roy Choudhury , Makhan Lal . The Din - i - Ilahi : Or , The Religion of Akbar . Jump up ^ Asher & Talbot 2008 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Robb 2001 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Asher & Talbot 2008 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher ; Cynthia Talbot ( 2006 ) . India before Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80904 - 7 . Jump up ^ Burjor Avari ( 2013 ) . Islamic Civilization in South Asia : A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent . Routledge . pp. 131 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 58061 - 8 . Jump up ^ Erinn Banting ( 2003 ) . Afghanistan : The people . Crabtree Publishing Company . pp. 9 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7787 - 9336 - 6 . Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Richards , John F. ( 18 March 1993 ) .", "33": "Johnson , Gordon ; Bayly , C.A. , eds . The Mughal Empire . The New Cambridge history of India : 1.5 . I . The Mughals and their Contemporaries . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 , 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 25119 - 8 . doi : 10.2277 / 0521251192 . Jump up ^ Warrior Empire : The Mughals ( DVD ) . The History Channel . 31 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Sailendra Nath Sen ( 2010 ) . An Advanced History of Modern India . Macmillan India . p . Introduction 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 32885 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Capper ( 1918 ) . Delhi , the Capital of India . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1282 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sugata Bose ; Ayesha Jalal ( 2004 ) . Modern South Asia : History , Culture , Political Economy . Routledge . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 71253 - 5 . Jump up ^ Avari , Burjor ( 2004 ) . Islamic Civilization in South Asia : A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent . Routledge . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 58061 - 8 . Jump up ^ Vanina , Eugenia ( 2012 ) . Medieval Indian Mindscapes : Space , Time , Society , Man . Primus Books . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80607 - 19 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fontana , Michela ( 2011 ) . Matteo Ricci : A Jesuit in the Ming Court . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0588 - 8 .", "34": "Jump up ^ Huskin , Frans Husken ; Dick van der Meij ( 2004 ) . Reading Asia : New Research in Asian Studies . Routledge . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 84377 - 8 . Jump up ^ Empire of the Moghul : Raiders From the North , by Alex Rutherford Jump up ^ Canfield , Robert L. ( 2002 ) . Turko - Persia in Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press , 2002 . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52291 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Berndl , Klaus ( 2005 ) . National Geographic visual history of the world . University of Michigan . pp. 318 -- 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52291 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ballhatchet , Kenneth A. `` Akbar '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Vincent Arthur ( 1917 ) . Akbar the Great Mogul , 1542 -- 1605 . Oxford at The Clarendon Press . pp. 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Begum , Gulbadan ( 1902 ) . The History of Humayun ( Humayun - Nama ) . Royal Asiatic Society . pp. 237 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Mohammada , Malika ( January 1 , 2007 ) . The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India . Aakar Books . p. 300 . ISBN 978 - 8 - 189 - 83318 - 3 . Jump up ^ Marc Jason Gilbert ( 2017 ) . South Asia in World History . Oxford University Press . p. 79 . Jump up ^ Audrey Truschke ( 2017 ) . Aurangzeb : The Life and Legacy of India 's Most Controversial King . Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Ian Copland ; Ian Mabbett ; Asim Roy ; et al. ( 2013 ) .", "35": "A History of State and Religion in India . Routledge . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 45950 - 4 . Jump up ^ Audrey Truschke ( 2017 ) . Aurangzeb : The Life and Legacy of India 's Most Controversial King . Stanford University Press . pp. 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Bose , Sugata Bose ; Ayesha Jalal ( 2004 ) . Modern South Asia : History , Culture , Political Economy . Routledge . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 71253 - 5 . Jump up ^ N.G. Rathod , The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia , ( Sarup & Sons , 1994 ) , 8 : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Richards , J.F. ( 1981 ) . `` Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 23 ( 2 ) : 285 -- 308 . JSTOR 178737 . doi : 10.1017 / s0010417500013311 . Jump up ^ Sir William Wilson Hunter ( 1908 ) . Imperial gazetteer of India . Clarendon Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Habib , Irfan ( March 1969 ) . `` Potentialities of Capitalistic Development in the Economy of Mughal India '' . Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 29 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 78 . JSTOR 2115498 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700097825 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Karen ( April 1979 ) . `` The ' Great Firm ' Theory of the Decline of the Mughal Empire '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . Cambridge University Press . 21 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 167 . JSTOR 178414 . doi : 10.1017 / s0010417500012792 .", "36": "Jump up ^ Robert C. Hallissey , The Rajput Rebellion against Aurangzib ( U. of Missouri Press , 1977 ) Jump up ^ Claude Markovits ( 2004 ) ( First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ) . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . pp. 172 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 004 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey G. Williamson , David Clingingsmith ( August 2005 ) . `` India 's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey G. Williamson ( 2011 ) . Trade and Poverty : When the Third World Fell Behind . MIT Press . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Broadberry , Stephen ; Gupta , Bishnupriya ( 2005 ) . Cotton textiles and the great divergence : Lancashire , India and shifting competitive advantage , 1600 - 1850 ( PDF ) . The Rise , Organization , and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets . Utrecht University . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ George Clifford Whitworth . Subah . An Anglo - Indian Dictionary : A Glossary of Indian Terms Used in English , and of Such English Or Other Non-Indian Terms as Have Obtained Special Meanings in India . London : Kegan Paul , Trench & Co. 1885 . p. 301 .", "37": "^ Jump up to : Karl J. Schmidt ( 2015 ) , An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History , page 100 , Routledge ^ Jump up to : Maddison , Angus ( 2003 ) : Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics : Historical Statistics , OECD Publishing , ISBN 9264104143 , pages 256 - 261 Jump up ^ John F. Richards , The Mughal Empire ( 1996 ) , pp 185 -- 204 Jump up ^ Picture of original Mughal rupiya introduced by Sher Shah Suri Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ; Dharma Kumar ; Tapan Raychaudhuri ( 1987 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India ( PDF ) . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 464 . ^ Jump up to : John F. Richards ( 2003 ) , The Unending Frontier : An Environmental History of the Early Modern World , pages 27 - 28 , University of California Press Jump up ^ The Political Economy of Merchant Empires : State Power and World Trade , 1350 - 1750 , page 97 , Cambridge University Press , 1997 ^ Jump up to : John F. Richards ( 1995 ) , The Mughal Empire , page 202 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Kaveh Yazdani ( 2017 ) , India , Modernity and the Great Divergence : Mysore and Gujarat ( 17th to 19th C . ) , Brill Publishers Jump up ^ Carlo M. Cipolla ( 2004 ) . Before the Industrial Revolution : European Society and Economy 1000 - 1700 . Routledge . p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Shireen Moosvi ( 2015 ) . `` The Economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595 : A Statistical Study '' . Oxford Scholarship Online . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Angus Maddison ( 1971 ) . Class Structure and Economic Growth : India and Pakistan Since the Moghuls . Taylor & Francis . p. 33 .", "38": "^ Jump up to : Parthasarathi , Prasannan ( 2011 ) , Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not : Global Economic Divergence , 1600 -- 1850 , Cambridge University Press , pp. 39 -- 45 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49889 - 0 Jump up ^ Paul Bairoch ( 1995 ) . Economics and World History : Myths and Paradoxes . University of Chicago Press . pp. 95 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Chris Jochnick , Fraser A. Preston ( 2006 ) , Sovereign Debt at the Crossroads : Challenges and Proposals for Resolving the Third World Debt Crisis , pages 86 - 87 , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ John M. Hobson ( 2004 ) . The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation . Cambridge University Press . pp. 75 -- 76 . ^ Jump up to : Shireen Moosvi , `` The World of Labour in Mughal India ( c. 1500 -- 1750 ) '' , International Review of Social History ( Dec 2011 ) Supplement S , Vol. 56 Issue S19 , pp 245 -- 261 Jump up ^ John F. Richards ( 2003 ) , The Unending Frontier : An Environmental History of the Early Modern World , page 27 , University of California Press ^ Jump up to : John F. Richards ( 1995 ) , The Mughal Empire , page 190 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ John F. Richards ( 2003 ) , The Unending Frontier : An Environmental History of the Early Modern World , pages 28 , University of California Press Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ; Dharma Kumar ; Tapan Raychaudhuri ( 1987 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India ( PDF ) . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ; Dharma Kumar ; Tapan Raychaudhuri ( 1987 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India ( PDF ) . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 217 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 53 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Vivek Suneja ( 2000 ) . Understanding Business : A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy . Psychology Press . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Om Prakash , `` Empire , Mughal '' , History of World Trade Since 1450 , edited by John J. McCusker , vol. 1 , Macmillan Reference USA , 2006 , pp. 237 - 240 , World History in Context , accessed 3 August 2017 Jump up ^ Angus Maddison ( 1995 ) , Monitoring the World Economy , 1820 - 1992 , OECD , p. 30 Jump up ^ Jeffrey G. Williamson ( 2011 ) . Trade and Poverty : When the Third World Fell Behind . MIT Press . p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Maxwell Eaton ( 1996 ) , The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier , 1204 - 1760 , page 202 , University of California Press Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 53 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Lakwete , Angela ( 2003 ) . Inventing the Cotton Gin : Machine and Myth in Antebellum America . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 1 -- 6 . ISBN 9780801873942 . Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , pages 53 - 54 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 54 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Karl Marx ( 1867 ) . Chapter 16 : `` Machinery and Large - Scale Industry . '' Das Kapital .", "40": "^ Jump up to : Ray , Indrajit ( 2011 ) , Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution ( 1757 - 1857 ) , page 174 , Routledge , ISBN 1136825525 Jump up ^ `` Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector : Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Tirthankar1 Roy , `` Where is Bengal ? Situating an Indian Region in the Early Modern World Economy '' , Past & Present ( Nov 2011 ) 213 # 1 pp 115 -- 146 Jump up ^ M. Shahid Alam ( 2016 ) . Poverty From The Wealth of Nations : Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760 . Springer Science + Business Media . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Which India is claiming to have been colonised ? '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ `` The paradise of nations - Dhaka Tribune '' . Jump up ^ Shoaib Daniyal . `` Bengali New Year : how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar '' . Scroll.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Bengal '' . Jump up ^ The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier , 1204 - 1760 by Richard Maxwell Eaton , Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Colin McEvedy ; Richard Jones ( 1978 ) . Atlas of World Population History ( PDF ) . New York : Facts on File . pp. 184 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Angus Maddison ( 2001 ) , The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective , page 236 , OECD Development Centre ^ Jump up to : Irfan Habib ; Dharma Kumar ; Tapan Raychaudhuri ( 1987 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India ( PDF ) . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Jean - Noël Biraben , 1980 , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' , Population , Selected Papers , Vol. 4 , pp. 1 -- 13 Jump up ^ Paolo Malanima ( 2009 ) . Pre-Modern European Economy : One Thousand Years ( 10th - 19th Centuries ) .", "41": "Brill Publishers . p. 244 . Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ; Dharma Kumar ; Tapan Raychaudhuri ( 1987 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India ( PDF ) . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 165 . Jump up ^ Broadberry , Stephen ; Gupta , Bishnupriya ( 2010 ) . `` Indian GDP before 1870 : Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain '' ( PDF ) . Warwick University . p. 23 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ; Dharma Kumar ; Tapan Raychaudhuri ( 1987 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India ( PDF ) . 1 . Cambridge University Press . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Social Science Review , Volume 14 , Issue 1 , page 126 , Dhaka University Jump up ^ Shireen Moosvi ( 2008 ) , People , Taxation , and Trade in Mughal India , page 131 , Oxford University Press Jump up ^ K.N. Chaudhuri , `` Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India '' , Modern Asian Studies ( 1978 ) 12 # 1 pp. 77 -- 96 Jump up ^ Ross Marlay ; Clark D. Neher ( 1999 ) . Patriots and Tyrants : Ten Asian Leaders . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 269 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8442 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mughal Empire -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mughlai Recipes , Mughlai Dishes -- Cuisine , Mughlai Food '' . Indianfoodforever.com . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The garden of Bagh - e Babur : Tomb of the Mughal emperor '' . Afghanistan-photos.com . Retrieved 28 November 2012 .", "42": "Jump up ^ R. Siva Kumar , `` Modern Indian Art : a Brief Overview '' , Art Journal ( 1999 ) 58 # 3 pp 14 + . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Hindi -- Urdu FAQ '' . sikmirza . Archived from the original on 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Urdu Dictionary Project is Under Threat : ALL THINGS PAKISTAN '' . Pakistaniat.com . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Streusand , Douglas E. ( 2011 ) . Islamic Gunpowder Empires : Ottomans , Safavids , and Mughals . Philadelphia : Westview Press . ISBN 0813313597 . Jump up ^ Charles T. Evans . `` The Gunpowder Empires '' . Northern Virginia Community College . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Streusand , Douglas E. ( 2011 ) . Islamic Gunpowder Empires : Ottomans , Safavids , and Mughals . Philadelphia : Westview Press . p. 255 . ISBN 0813313597 . ^ Jump up to : Partington , James Riddick ( 1999 ) , A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 226 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5954 - 9 Jump up ^ Bag , A.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Fathullah Shirazi : Cannon , Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu '' . Indian Journal of History of Science . New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy . 40 ( 3 ) : 431 -- 436 . ISSN 0019 - 5235 . Jump up ^ Partington , James Riddick ( 1999 ) , A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 225 , ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5954 - 9 ^ Jump up to : `` India . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite .", "43": "Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chāpra . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , 2008 . Jump up ^ MughalistanSipahi ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` Islamic Mughal Empire : War Elephants Part 3 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Mughal Empire -- Ishwari Prasad -- Google Books . Books.google.com.pk . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Roddam Narasimha ( 1985 ) . `` Rockets in Mysore and Britain , 1750 -- 1850 A.D. '' . National Aerospace Laboratories , India . Retrieved 30 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Virendra Nath ( 1995 ) , Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy , Motilal Banarsidass Publ. , pp. 8 -- 9 , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1256 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Baber , Zaheer ( 1996 ) , The Science of Empire : Scientific Knowledge , Civilization , and Colonial Rule in India , State University of New York Press , pp. 82 -- 9 , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2919 - 9 Jump up ^ Teltscher , Kate ( 2000 ) . `` The Shampooing Surgeon and the Persian Prince : Two Indians in Early Nineteenth - century Britain '' . Interventions : International Journal of Postcolonial Studies , 1469 - 929X. 2 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 13698010020019226 . Jump up ^ Savage - Smith , Emilie ( 1985 ) , Islamicate Celestial Globes : Their History , Construction , and Use , Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington , D.C. Further reading Alam , Muzaffar .", "44": "Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India : Awadh & the Punjab , 1707 -- 48 ( 1988 ) Ali , M. Athar ( 1975 ) , `` The Passing of Empire : The Mughal Case '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 9 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 396 , JSTOR 311728 , doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00005825 , on the causes of its collapse Asher , C.B. ; Talbot , C ( 1 January 2008 ) , India Before Europe ( 1st ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51750 - 8 Black , Jeremy . `` The Mughals Strike Twice '' , History Today ( April 2012 ) 62 # 4 pp 22 -- 26 . full text online Blake , Stephen P. ( November 1979 ) , `` The Patrimonial - Bureaucratic Empire of the Mughals '' , Journal of Asian Studies , Association for Asian Studies , 39 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 94 , JSTOR 2053505 Dale , Stephen F. The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans , Safavids and Mughals ( Cambridge U.P. 2009 ) Dalrymple , William ( 2007 ) . The Last Mughal : The Fall of a Dynasty : Delhi , 1857 . Random House Digital , Inc . Faruqui , Munis D. ( 2005 ) , `` The Forgotten Prince : Mirza Hakim and the Formation of the Mughal Empire in India '' , Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , Brill , 48 ( 4 ) : 487 -- 523 , JSTOR 25165118 , doi : 10.1163 / 156852005774918813 , on Akbar and his brother Gommans ; Jos . Mughal Warfare : Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire , 1500 -- 1700 ( Routledge , 2002 ) online edition Gordon , S .", "45": "The New Cambridge History of India , II , 4 : The Marathas 1600 -- 1818 ( Cambridge , 1993 ) . Habib , Irfan . Atlas of the Mughal Empire : Political and Economic Maps ( 1982 ) . Markovits , Claude , ed. ( 2004 ) ( First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne ) . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Anthem Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 004 - 4 . Metcalf , B. ; Metcalf , T.R. ( 9 October 2006 ) , A Concise History of Modern India ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 68225 - 1 Richards , John F. ( 1996 ) . The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press . Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra ( 1974 ) . The Mughul Empire . B.V. Bhavan . Richards , John F. The Mughal Empire ( The New Cambridge History of India ) ( 1996 ) excerpt and online search Richards , J.F. ( April 1981 ) , `` Mughal State Finance and the Premodern World Economy '' , Comparative Studies in Society and History , Cambridge University Press , 23 ( 2 ) : 285 -- 308 , JSTOR 178737 , doi : 10.1017 / s0010417500013311 Robb , P. ( 2001 ) , A History of India , London : Palgrave , ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 69129 - 8 Srivastava , Ashirbadi Lal . The Mughul Empire , 1526 - 1803 ( 1952 ) online . Stein , B. ( 16 June 1998 ) , A History of India ( 1st ed . ) , Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 20546 - 3 Stein , B.", "46": "( 27 April 2010 ) , Arnold , D. , ed. , A History of India ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9509 - 6 Culture Berinstain , V. Mughal India : Splendour of the Peacock Throne ( London , 1998 ) . Busch , Allison . Poetry of Kings : The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India ( 2011 ) excerpt and text search Diana Preston ; Michael Preston ( 2007 ) . Taj Mahal : Passion and Genius at the Heart of the Moghul Empire . Walker & Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1673 - 3 . Schimmel , Annemarie . The Empire of the Great Mughals : History , Art and Culture ( Reaktion 2006 ) Welch , S.C. ; et al. ( 1987 ) . The Emperors ' album : images of Mughal India . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 0 - 87099 - 499 - 9 . Society and economy Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) , `` Some Reflections on the Town and Country in Mughal India '' , Modern Asian Studies , Cambridge University Press , 12 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 96 , JSTOR 311823 , doi : 10.1017 / s0026749x00008155 Habib , Irfan . Atlas of the Mughal Empire : Political and Economic Maps ( 1982 ) . Habib , Irfan . Agrarian System of Mughal India ( 1963 , revised edition 1999 ) . Heesterman , J.C.", "47": "( 2004 ) , `` The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire : A Brief Introduction '' , Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , Brill , 47 ( 3 ) : 292 -- 297 , JSTOR 25165051 , doi : 10.1163 / 1568520041974729 Khan , Iqtidar Alam ( 1976 ) , `` The Middle Classes in the Mughal Empire '' , Social Scientist , 5 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 49 , JSTOR 3516601 Rothermund , Dietmar . An Economic History of India : From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991 ( 1993 ) Primary sources Bernier , Francois ( 1891 ) . Travels in the Mogul Empire , A.D. 1656 -- 1668 . Archibald Constable , London . Hiro , Dilip , ed , Journal of Emperor Babur ( Penguin Classics 2007 ) The Baburnama : Memoirs of Babur , Prince and Emperor ed. by W.M. Thackston Jr. ( 2002 ) ; this was the first autobiography in Islamic literature Jackson , A.V. et al. , eds . History of India ( 1907 ) v. 9 . Historic accounts of India by foreign travellers , classic , oriental , and occidental , by A.V.W. Jackson online edition Jouher ( 1832 ) . The Tezkereh al vakiat or Private Memoirs of the Moghul Emperor Humayun Written in the Persian language by Jouher A confidential domestic of His Majesty . Translated by Major Charles Stewart . John Murray , London . Older histories Elliot , Sir H.M. , Edited by Dowson , John . The History of India , as Told by Its Own Historians . The Muhammadan Period ; published by London Trubner Company 1867 -- 1877 . ( Online Copy at Packard Humanities Institute -- Other Persian Texts in Translation ; historical books : Author List and Title List ) Adams , W.H. Davenport ( 1893 ) . Warriors of the Crescent . London : Hutchinson . Holden , Edward Singleton ( 1895 ) .", "48": "The Mogul emperors of Hindustan , A.D. 1398 - A.D. 1707 . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . Malleson , G. B ( 1896 ) . Akbar and the rise of the Mughal empire . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Manucci , Niccolao ; tr. from French by François Catrou ( 1826 ) . History of the Mogul dynasty in India , 1399 -- 1657 . London : J.M. Richardson . Lane - Poole , Stanley ( 1906 ) . History of India : From Reign of Akbar the Great to the Fall of Moghul Empire ( Vol. 4 ) . London , Grolier society . Manucci , Niccolao ; tr. by William Irvine ( 1907 ) . Storia do Mogor ; or , Mogul India 1653 -- 1708 , Vol. 1 . London , J. Murray . Manucci , Niccolao ; tr. by William Irvine ( 1907 ) . Storia do Mogor ; or , Mogul India 1653 -- 1708 , Vol. 2 . London , J. Murray . Manucci , Niccolao ; tr. by William Irvine ( 1907 ) . Storia do Mogor ; or , Mogul India 1653 -- 1708 , Vol. 3 . London , J. Murray . Owen , Sidney J ( 1912 ) . The Fall of the Mogul Empire . London , J. Murray .", "49": "External links Find more aboutMughal Empireat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Mughals and Swat Mughal India an interactive experience from the British Museum The Mughal Empire from BBC Mughal Empire The Great Mughals Gardens of the Mughal Empire Indo - Iranian Socio - Cultural Relations at Past , Present and Future , by M. Reza Pourjafar , Ali A. Taghvaee , in Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony ( Fabio Maniscalco ed . ) , vol. 1 ,", "50": "January -- June 2006 Adrian Fletcher 's Paradoxplace -- PHOTOS -- Great Mughal Emperors of India A Mughal diamond on BBC Some Mughal coins with brief history Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque ,", "51": "Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand `` The template below ( Historical Islamic States ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Historical Islamic States Caliphate States Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate Ottoman Caliphate Andalus Umayyads in andalus Taifa Abbadids Nasrids Banu Hud Zirids Aftasids Banu Tujibi Banu Sumadih Banu Zennun Almoravids Almohads Emirate of Granada Northern Africa Idrisids Aghlabids Rustamids Banu Isam emirate of Nekor Zirids Hammadids Banu Ghaniya Almoravids Almohads Hafsids Zayyanids Marinids Wattasids Saadian Alaouites Husainids Egypt Tulunids Ikhshidids", "52": "Fatimids Ayyubids Mamluks Bahriyya Mamluks Burjiyya Mamluks Pashas Khedive Sultanate of Egypt Kingdom of Egypt Levant Tulunids Ikhshidids Hamdanids Fatimids Mirdasids Uqaylids Marwanids Burids Zengids Ayyubids Mamluks Bahriyya Mamluks Burjiyya mamluks Ma'anids Shihabs Iraq and Persia Ziyarids Ilyasids Buyids Kakuyids Seljuks Banu abuljabr Al - Mazeedi Artuqids Zengids Ayyubids Ilkhanate Jalayirids Timurids Ag Qoyunlu ( White Sheeps ) Musha'sha'iyyah Kara Koyunlu ( Black Sheeps ) Safavids Banu Hashim Khafajids Arabian Peninsula Buyids Fatimids Qarmatians Seljuks Uyunids Usfurids Jarwanids Jabrids Al - Haram Ayyubids Banu Hashim Nabhanids Banu Yarub Banu Al Said Banu Rashid Bani Khalid Ziyadids Yufirids Najahids Sulayhids Zurayids banu hatim Yemen Ayyubids Rasulids Tahirids ( Yemen ) Mutawakkilite North Yemen Sultanate of Lahej Mahra Sultanate Haushabi Kathiri Fadhli Sultanate Wahidi Balhaf Wahidi Haban", "53": "Qu'aiti Wahidi Azzan Audhali Upper Yafa Lower Yafa Subeihi Lower Aulaqi Sultanate Upper Aulaqi Sultanate Alawi ( sheikhdom ) Shaib ( sheikhdom ) Aqrabi ( sheikhdom ) ) Aden Protectorate Emirate of Dhala Emirate of Beihan Mawsata Dathina Kingdom of Hejaz First Saudi state Second Saudi state Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Persia and Afghanistan Tahirids Saffarids Samanids Ziyarids Kara - Khanids Buyids Ghaznavids Ghurid dynasty Seljuks Ismailids Assassins Khwarazmian Salghurids Ilkhanate Muzaffarids Sarbadars Banu kurt Marashis Jalairids Kara Koyunlu Timurids Ağ Qoyunlu Musha'sha'iyyah Safavids Hotakids Afsharids Barakzai Durrani Empire Banu Zand Banu Qajar Pahlavids Islamic Republic of Iran India , Bengal Delhi Sultanate India Mamluks Khiljids Banu Tughlaq Banu Sayyid Banu lodi Bengal Sultanate Bahmani Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate Deccan sultanates Mughal Sultanate Sur Empire Hyderabad State Central Asia , the Caucasus and Crimea Circassians Khwarazmian dynasty Chagatai Khanate Golden Horde Timurids Khanate of Bukhara Khanate of Khiva Kazakh Khanate Khanate of Kokand Astrakhan Khanate Khanate of Kazan Afsharids Khanate of Sibir", "54": "Crimean Khanate South - East Asia Kedah Pasai Brunei Malacca Cirebon Tidore Sulu Ternate Demak Aceh Maynila Mataram Pattani Maguindanao Banten Johor Pajang Singora Deli Sambas Siak Surakarta Champa Yogyakarta Riau - Lingga Africa Mahdist Sokoto Caliphate Sultanate of Darfur Dervish state Wadai Sultanate Wassoulou Sultanate Warsangali Sultanate Songhai Empire Adal Sultanate Sultanate of Aussa Kingdom of Kuku Sennar sultanate Bornu Empire Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond", "55": "Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo", "56": "Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers VIAF : 136262178 LCCN : n2007024725 GND : 4074930 - 7 NDL : 00564084 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Empire&oldid=807140959 '' Categories : Former countries in South Asia Former empires States and territories established in 1526 States and territories disestablished in 1857 Mughal Empire History of Bengal History of West Bengal History of Bangladesh History of Kolkata Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan Medieval India Historical Turkic states Mongol states 1526 establishments in the Mughal Empire 1857 disestablishments in the Mughal Empire History of Pakistan Hidden categories : Articles containing Mongolian - language text Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2015 Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Former country articles requiring maintenance All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source", "57": "Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk", "58": "Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 04 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 30, 50, 47, 33, 11, 10, 45, 44, 8, 35, 46, 7, 34, 31, 41, 32, 18, 0, 48, 9, 27, 42, 49, 51, 16, 37, 28, 38, 15, 24, 23, 12, 21, 53, 25, 13, 29, 26, 55, 43, 56, 40, 3, 6, 14, 54, 39, 52, 20, 4, 19, 17, 22, 36, 2, 1, 5, 58, 57 ]	[ 30, 50, 47, 33, 11 ]
-3015571699576936907	distributes the powers between union and state government in federation	[ "Part XI of the Indian constitution" ]	{ "0": "Federalism in India - wikipedia Federalism in India Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Constitution of India gives a federal structure to the Republic of India , declaring it to be a `` Union of States '' . Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative , administrative and executive powers between the Union or Federal or Central government , and the States of India . The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List , a State List and a Concurrent List , representing , respectively , the powers conferred upon the Union government , those conferred upon the State governments and the shared powers . The federalism is asymmetric in that the devolved powers of the constituent units are not all the same . The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded a higher degree of autonomy than other States under the Article 370 . The Union Territories are unitary type directly governed by the Union government though Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution stipulates a two tier - governance with an additional local elected government by the local citizens throughout the country . However , Delhi and Puducherry have been accorded their own legislatures under Article 239AA and 239A respectively . Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙", "1": "IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94", "2": "∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The fundamental rights of the citizens can be applicable differently to each state per Article 31 ( B ) when the required changes are added to the schedule IX of the constitution by constitutional amendments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative powers 1.1 Union List 1.2 State List 1.3 Concurrent List 1.4 Residuary Subjects 2 Executive powers 3 Financial powers 4 Disputes with Union / other states 5 Territories of India 6 Jammu and Kashmir state 7 Criticism and issues 8 Comparison of federalism in Government of India Act 1935 and Constitution of India 1950 9 Comparison with USA and EU 10 See also 11 References Legislative powers ( edit ) The power of the states and the Centre are defined by the constitution and the legislative powers are divided into three lists : Union List ( edit ) Main article : Union List Union List consists of 100 items ( previously 97 items ) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate including : defence , armed forces , arms and ammunition , atomic energy , foreign affairs , war and peace , citizenship , extradition , railways , shipping and navigation , airways , posts and telegraphs , telephones , wireless and broadcasting , currency , foreign trade , inter-state trade and commerce , banking , insurance , control of industries , regulation and development of mines , mineral and oil resources , elections , audit of Government accounts , constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court , High Courts and union public service commission , income tax , custom duties and export duties , duties of excise , corporation tax , taxes on capital value of assets , estate duty , terminal taxes . State List ( edit ) Main article : State List State List consists of 61 items ( previously 66 items ) . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : maintaining law and order , police forces , healthcare , transport , land policies , electricity in the state , village administration , etc .", "3": "The state legislature has exclusive power to make laws on these subjects . But in certain circumstances , the parliament can also make laws on subjects mentioned in the State List , then the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ) has to pass a resolution with a two - thirds majority that it is expedient to legislate on this state list in the national interest . Though states have exclusive powers to legislate with regards to items on the State List , articles 249 , 250 , 252 , and 253 state situations in which the Union government can legislate on these items . Concurrent List ( edit ) Main article : Concurrent List Concurrent List consists of 52 ( earlier 47 ) items . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : Marriage and divorce , transfer of property other than agricultural land , education , contracts , bankruptcy and insolvency , trustees and trusts , civil procedure , contempt of court , adulteration of foodstuffs , drugs and poisons , economic and social planning , trade unions , labour welfare , electricity , newspapers , books and printing press , stamp duties . Residuary subjects ( edit ) The subjects that are not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects . However , there are many provisions made in the constitution outside these lists permitting parliament or state legislative assembly to legislate . Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per Article 245 , the power to legislate on residuary subjects ( not mentioned anywhere in the constitution ) , rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248 . Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the procedure per Article 368 as constitutional amendments . In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended , the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its constituent power per Article 368 with ratification by the majority of the states . Federalism is part of the basic structure of the Indian constitution which can not be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court . Executive powers ( edit ) The Union and states have independent executive staffs fully controlled by their respective governments and executive power of the states and the Centre are extended on issues they are empowered to legislate .", "4": "As in legislative matters , in administrative matters also , the Central government can not overrule the constitutional rights / powers of a state government except when president rule is promulgated in a state . It is the duty of the Union to ensure that the government of every State is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution as per Article 355 . Article 256 of the Constitution has made it clear that the State governments can not go against the Central laws in administrative matters . When a State has failed to work according to the Constitution , President 's rule is imposed under Article 356 and President takes over its ( the State 's ) administration with post facto consent of the Parliament per Article 357 . Financial powers ( edit ) Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available to the states for public purpose . Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the Union government . However , the Union government can insist for compliance of its loan terms when a state has outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India . President constitutes a Finance Commission after every five years to recommend the modality for devolving Union government revenues between central and state governments . Under Article 360 of the constitution , President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened . However , until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the finance commission or by the Central government . Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months by a simple majority . It has never been declared . A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President . The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials , including judges of the supreme court and high courts , in cases of a financial emergency . All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for approval . He can direct the state to observe certain principles ( economy measures ) relating to financial matters .", "5": "Disputes with Union / other states ( edit ) States can make agreements between themselves without violating applicable laws in respective states . When a dispute arises with another state or group of states or Union Territory or central government , Supreme Court shall adjudicate in such disputes per Article 141 of the constitution . However , article 262 excludes Supreme Court jurisdiction with respect to adjudication of any dispute in the use , distribution or control of the interstate river waters per Article 262 . Under Article 263 , President can also establish an interstate council for serving the public interest to coordinate / resolve the disputes between states and the Union and for better implementation of policies . Territories of India ( edit ) Article 1 ( 1 ) of the Indian constitution says that India ( Bharat ) shall be Union of States which are elaborated under Parts V ( The Union ) and VI ( The States ) of the constitution . Article 1 ( 3 ) says territories of India constitute territories of states , union territories and other acquired territories . The concept of union territory was not there from the beginning of the constitution and it was incorporated by the Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 . In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India , it is applicable to the whole country including union territories . Where it refers to only India , it is applicable to all states only but not to union territories . Thus , union public service commission role is not applicable to the union territories as it refers to India only in the Part XIV . Jammu and Kashmir state ( edit ) The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a separate set of applicable laws under Article 370 read with Appendix I & II ( The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 ) of the Indian constitution . Only matters related to defence , foreign relations and communications of Jammu and Kashmir are under the jurisdiction of Union government . The laws enacted by the parliament ( including amendments to the Indian constitution ) applicable to rest of India are not valid in J&K state unless ratified by its state assembly . The Government of India can declare a state of emergency in Jammu and Kashmir and impose governor 's rule in certain conditions . The state has its own constitution other than applicable Indian constitution . Part XII of the J&K state constitution makes provision to amend its constitution with two - thirds majority by the state assembly .", "6": "Part VI ( The states ) and Part XIV ( Services ) of the Indian constitution is not applicable to J&K state per Article 152 and Article 308 . Criticism and issues ( edit ) The Government of India Act 1935 aimed to establish India as a Federation of States . It emphasized division of powers , independent and apolitical Governors and Governors - General and introduced provincial autonomy for the first time in India . On 26 January 1950 , India adopted a new constitution . The unitary bias of the constitution Article 1 ( 1 ) of the constitution says India shall be a union of states and its citizens shall have at least two tier governance . So the people of a UT have every right to opt for statehood in India . However , the amended ( in 1956 ) Article 3 , allows the union government power with prior consent of the President ( common head of states and union governments ) to ( a ) form a new state / UT by separating a territory of any state , or by uniting two or more states / UTs or parts of states / UTs , or by uniting any territory to a part of any state / UT . ( b ) the power to establish new states / UT ( which were not previously under India 's territory ) which were not in existence before . Appointment and role of governors The appointment of Governor of States in India is vested with the President but only on the advice of the Union Government . The governors of states are generally not residents of the state . In the case of a breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state , Article 356 brings about state emergency which dissolves the state government and results in President 's rule during which the Union Government can make laws for a state . There is no emergency at the centre which can dissolve the Union government unlike Government of India Act 1935 . Misuse of Article 356 was rampant in the decades following the adoption of the new constitution especially during the prime ministry of Indira Gandhi . In 1991 , Supreme court passed a landmark judgement which acknowledged misuse of the article and laid down principles for the Union government to follow before the state emergency can be invoked . The Lieutenant Governors of Union Territories of India are designed as administrators and are once again appointed by the President on the advice of the Union government . These Lieutenant Governors can override policies made by the local government .", "7": "Economic federalism States are at liberty to manage their finances as long it is not leading to financial emergency per Article 360 . Instead , the Government of India is trying to impose uniform taxation laws throughout India and trying to take over of tax collection mechanism of states without regards for the positive and negative inherent aspects of each state which are to be addressed by each state from time to time . Recently Supreme court upheld the constitutional right of states to impose Entry Tax which is against the principle of GST . Control of industries , which was a subject in the concurrent list in the 1935 act , was transferred to the Union List . The Union government in 1952 introduced the repulsive Freight equalisation policy which resulted in the resource drain and backwardness of a number of Indian states . The sufferers of this policy were the states of West Bengal , Bihar ( including present - day Jharkhand ) , Madhya Pradesh ( including present - day Chhattisgarh ) and Orissa . These states lost their competitive advantage of holding the minerals , as the factories could now be set up anywhere in India . This was not the case in the pre-independence era when the major business houses like the Tatas and the Dalmias set up industries in these states , and most of the engineering industry was located in the state of West Bengal . Even after the removal of the policy in the early 1990s , these states could not catch up with the more industrialised states . In 1996 , the Commerce & Industry Minister of West Bengal complained that `` the removal of the freight equalisation and licensing policies can not compensate for the ill that has already been done '' . GoI laws permit a private / public limited company to raise loans internally and externally to its capacity based on its performance / repayment reputation . Whereas states are unconstitutionally limited by the GoI to limit the borrowings when they have not defaulted / led to a financial emergency . The employees ' salary and pension expenditure of many state governments are exceeding their total revenue , but no financial emergency by the President is imposed to restrict the expenditure for enhancing the productivity of the government employees . Article 47 of Directive Principles of the state policy stipulates prohibition of intoxicating drinks which are injurious to health but it is not imposed even after the constitution is adopted 65 years ago .", "8": "In contrary , many states promote liquor sales exponentially and collect a major chunk of their tax revenues from liquor sales for meeting expenditure on developmental works . The political economy issues GoI is devolving central funds to the states under specifically identified schemes ( like NREGA , etc . ) whose implementation by the states is subject to the satisfaction of the GoI which is highly controversial and against Article 282 . The controversy arises from the fact that the grants for centrally sponsored schemes and central plan schemes are under complete control and discretion of the ruling party . The ruling party does not use it to help the states in need or where poor people are concentrated , but to pursue its own partisan and political goals . This distributive tendency of the ruling party is known as pork - barrel politics . The nomenclature of schemes is specifically designed to convey that the central government is the source of these progressive policies . This is done to prevent leakage of benefit to state governments . Comparison of federalism in government of India Act 1935 and constitution of India 1950 ( edit ) Government of India Act 1935 Constitution of India Defines India as a Federation of States Defines India as a Union of States Princely states could choose to join or stay out of the federation via the Instrument of Accession States have no right to leave the Union . The Instrument of Accession only applies for the state of Jammu & Kashmir via Article 370 . Princely states could have their own constitution Only Jammu & Kashmir has its own constitution . Many states had the right to mint supplementary coins , use state flags , follow own civil and criminal codes and maintain state paramilitary forces With the exception of Jammu & Kashmir , no state can follow a separate criminal code . Only Goa has a different civil code . Paramilitary forces are controlled by Union government only . No state can mint currency . The Emperor of India and Governor - General of India are apolitical heads of state The President of India is an indirectly elected head of state . Governors of provinces are appointed by the Governor - General and apolitical Governors are appointed by President on the advice of the Union government . Governors of provinces need not be residents of the state Governors of states need not be residents of the state .", "9": "Right to create , modify or dissolve provinces is solely vested in the hands of the Governor - General of India Right to create , modify or dissolve states is solely vested in the hands of the Parliament of India . Powers are divided into Federal , Concurrent and Provincial lists Powers are divided into Union , Concurrent and State lists Residuary powers are vested with the Governor - General of India Residuary powers are vested with the Parliament of India . A provincial emergency is declared by the Governor - General and the Governor alone can make laws for the province during this period . Provincial assembly remains dissolved . State emergency is declared by the President on the advice of the Union government and the Parliament alone has the power to make laws for the state during the period . State assembly remains dissolved . A central emergency is declared by the Governor - General and he alone can make laws for the federation during this period . Central legislative assembly remains dissolved . There is no concept of central or Union emergency . Parliament should always be functional . Judicial matters like clemency petitions shall be decided by the Governor - General on the advice of judicial councils Judicial matters shall be decided by the President on the advice of the Union government . Railways and Industries are subject matters in concurrent list Railways and Industries are subject matters in Union List . Freedom of movement throughout the British Empire and right to own property and settle only in respective provinces Freedom of movement throughout India and right to own property and settle anywhere in India except Jammu & Kashmir . Amendment in the Act is not possible unless made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom Amendment of many articles in the constitution can be made by two - thirds of majority in the Parliament . Some articles would need the assent of half of the state legislatures as well . Comparison with usa and eu ( edit ) Indian federalism comparison with United States ( USA ) and European Union ( EU ) USA EU India A state can not come out of the Union It is a loosely held federation of sovereign countries with monetary union only . A state can leave the union at any time Territorial integrity is not part of the basic structure of the constitution . Territory is ceded to Bangladesh under the 9 and 100 constitutional amendment acts .", "10": "Merging or splitting of a state not allowed except with the consent of the states affected and the Congress Merging or splitting of a country possible with the citizens consent of respective countries Constitution provides provision for merging with another state or splitting of a state into few states and such powers are vested with the Central Government alone under Article 3 . Head of the Union is directly elected by its citizens through popular electoral college . It is a presidential democracy No head of the Union created . Head of state ( President of India ) is indirectly elected whereas head of the Union government ( Prime minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the House of the People who is not directly elected by the people throughout the country and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Lok Sabha constituency as a member of House of the People or can be indirectly elected as the member of Council of States . Heads of the States are directly elected by their citizens . Heads of constituent units are directly or indirectly elected Head of state ( governor ) is appointed by the Union Government whereas head of the state government ( chief minister ) is usually a leader of the party with majority or largest party in the Vidhan Sabha who is not directly elected by the people throughout the state and can be either directly elected by the citizens from a particular Vidhan Sabha constituency as a member of State Legislature . Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states The main purpose of the Union is for the free movement of labour and goods across the states Free movement of labour and goods permitted across the states per Articles 301 and 303 . Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 protects the interests of migrant workmen . A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of union government A single currency , individual foreign policy and individual armed forces A single currency , single foreign policy and common armed forces under the control of Union government . Every state has constitutional rights to impose taxes and raise debt . EU body has no power to raise taxes and works as a common central bank of all countries except for the United Kingdom Every state has constitutional rights to impose certain taxes and raise debt . Part of Union government revenue is devolved to the states for public purposes .", "11": "Predominantly , people speak one language and follow one religion under a secular constitution Multilingual people with predominantly following one religion under secular constitutions Multilingual and multiracial people following multi religions under a secular constitution . Highly developed democratic country Highly developed democratic countries Developing and largest democratic country with one sixth of the world population . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . Highly efficient executive and dedicated lawmakers . Th effectiveness of executive and lawmakers hampered by inefficient functioning and corruption . Uneasy relationship of the executive with judiciary with attempts to bring latter under its control . Instances of attempts by Central Government to try to topple opposition - ruled states by unconstitutional means . High standard and prompt justice delivery set up . High standard and prompt justice delivery set up . Subsstandard and delayed justice delivery set up in a constitutional democracy . Judges of Supreme Court or High Courts do not give any reasons for not taking up a case for proceedings and many important cases which needs constitutional interpretation keep on pending for many years under the pressure of executive . Highest Judiciary does not take any responsibility morally and sometimes issue name sake written apologies in their judgements . See also ( edit ) Lawmaking procedure in India President 's rule President of India Governors of states of India Part I of the Constitution of India List of amendments of the Constitution of India List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of India '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Hardgrave and Stanley A. Koachanek ( 2008 ) . India : Government and politics in a developing nation ( Seventh ed . ) . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Babulal Fadia ( 1984 ) . State politics in India Volume I. Radiant publishers , New Delhi . pp. 92 -- 122 . Jump up ^ `` Pages 311 & 312 of A.K.", "12": "Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supreme Court Judgement : Bhim Singh vs U.O.I & Ors on 6 May , 2010 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Article 293 and its application '' ( PDF ) . Fincomindia.nic.in . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventh Amendment ) Act , 1956 '' . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Central acts applicable to J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklaw.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of J&K state '' ( PDF ) . Jklegislativeassembly.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Prabhat ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Has Article 356 been the Centre 's AK - 56 ? '' . Livemint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Check on the Use and Abuse of President 's Rule in India '' . Thequint.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegde , Sanjay . `` The Judiciary Can Stop the Misuse of Article 356 , If It Chooses to Act - The Wire '' . Thewire.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Article 356 : Its Use and Misuse '' . Jagranjosh.com. 1 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court refuses to stay order declaring L-G Jung Delhi 's boss '' . Hindustantimes.com. 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gujarat opposes GST regime '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 21 March 2016 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` There is merit in Jayalalithaa 's arguments against GST bill says Subramanian Swamy '' . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rules states have right to levy entry tax on goods coming in '' . Dnaindia.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Aseema Sinha ( 2005 ) . The Regional Roots Of Developmental Politics In India : A Divided Leviathan . Indiana University Press . pp. 114 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34404 - 5 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` A Situational Theory of Pork - Barrel Politics : The Shifting Logic of Discretionary Allocations in India '' . GIGA Hamburg . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` A situational theory of pork - barrel politics '' . India Review . 16 : 14 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Chanchal Kumar ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` Who Gets the Most and Why ? New Lessons in Pork Barrel Politics from India '' . BW Business World . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Government Of India ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` The Government Of India Act 1935 '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA '' ( PDF ) . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prez assents : Constitution ( One Hundredth Amendment ) Act , 2015 '' . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution ( ninth amendment ) act , 1960 '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Trade , Commerce and Intercourse in India '' . Desikanoon.co.in . Retrieved 23 March 2016 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` India ranks 76 in Corruption Perception Index '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution '' . Lawmin.nic.in . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC declares NJAC unconstitutional , upholds Collegium '' . Thehindu.com . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shailesh Gandhi , Ex Central Information Commissioner . `` Do n't need 70,000 judges . Just fill vacancies to cut backlog '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rule of law index , 2016 '' . Data.worldjusticeproject.org . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Government biggest litigant need to lessen load on judiciary , PM Modi '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court judgement on `` The Punjab termination of agreement Act , 2004 ( last page ) '' ( PDF ) . Supremecourtofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 3 December 2016 .", "15": "Government of India Constitution Constitution Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List ) Executive Union Government Prime Minister ( list ) Cabinet Ministers President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Civil Services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Cabinet Secretary Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) State governments Chief Minister ( list ) Chief Secretary Governors ( list ) Legislative Parliament Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High Courts District Courts State governments of India State governments Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism_in_India&oldid=837050638 '' Categories : Federalism by country Federalism in India Hidden categories : NPOV disputes from March 2018 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from March 2018 All articles needing copy edit Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 12 : 26 .", "16": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 2, 15, 6, 12, 5, 3, 9, 10, 13, 8, 4, 14, 7, 11, 1, 16 ]	[ 0, 2, 15, 6, 12 ]
383080598812969868	which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting equation	[ "The balance sheet", "balance sheet", "The balance sheet", "The balance sheet" ]	{ "0": "Financial accounting - wikipedia Financial accounting Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( hide ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( hide ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( hide ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( hide ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( hide ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( hide ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( hide ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( hide ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( hide ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal Financial accounting ( or financial accountancy ) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary , analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business . This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption . Stockholders , suppliers , banks , employees , government agencies , business owners , and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes . Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards . Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction . It includes the standards , conventions and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements .", "1": "On the other hand , International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) is a set of passionable accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other events should be reported in financial statements . IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . With IFRS becoming more widespread on the international scene , consistency in financial reporting has become more prevalent between global organizations . While financial accounting is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day - to - day running of the company , managerial accounting provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business . Contents ( hide ) 1 Objectives 2 Qualities 3 Three components of financial statements 3.1 Statement of cash flows 3.2 Statement of profit or loss ( income statement or statement of operations ) 3.3 Statement of financial position ( balance sheet ) 3.3. 1 Statement of retained earnings ( statement of changes in equity ) 4 Basic concepts 5 Graphic definition 6 Versus cost accounting 7 Related qualification 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading Objectives ( edit ) Financial accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms . 1 . According to International Financial Reporting Standards , the objective of financial reporting is : - To provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors , lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity . 2 . According to the European Accounting Association : Capital maintenance is a competing objective of financial reporting . Qualities ( edit ) Financial accounting is the preparation of financial statements that can be consumed by the public and the relevant stakeholders using either Historical Cost Accounting ( HCA ) or Constant Purchasing Power Accounting ( CPPA ) . When producing financial statements , they must comply to the following : Relevance : Financial accounting which is decision - specific . It must be possible for accounting information to influence decisions . Unless this characteristic is present , there is no point in cluttering statements . Materiality : information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements . Reliability : accounting must be free from significant error or bias . It should be easily relied upon by managers .", "2": "Often information that is highly relevant is n't very reliable , and vice versa . Understandability : accounting reports should be expressed as clearly as possible and should be understood by those to whom the information is relevant . Comparability : financial reports from different periods should be comparable with one another in order to derive meaningful conclusions about the trends in an entity 's financial performance and position over time . Comparability can be ensured by applying the same accounting policies over time ... Three components of financial statements ( edit ) Statement of cash flows ( edit ) The statement of cash flows considers the inputs and outputs in concrete cash within a stated period . The general template of a cash flow statement is as follows : Cash Inflow - Cash Outflow + Opening Balance = Closing Balance Example 1 : in the beginning of September , Ellen started out with $5 in her bank account . During that same month , Ellen borrowed $20 from Tom . At the end of the month , Ellen bought a pair of shoes for $7 . Ellen 's cash flow statement for the month of September looks like this : Cash inflow : $20 Cash outflow : $7 Opening balance : $5 Closing balance : $20 -- $7 + $5 = $18 Example 2 : in the beginning of June , WikiTables , a company that buys and resells tables , sold 2 tables . They 'd originally bought the tables for $25 each , and sold them at a price of $50 per table . The first table was paid out in cash however the second one was bought in credit terms . WikiTables ' cash flow statement for the month of June looks like this : Cash inflow : $50 - How much WikiTables received in cash for the first table . They did n't receive cash for the second table ( sold in credit terms ) . Cash outflow : $50 - How much they 'd originally bought the 2 tables for . Opening balance : $0 Closing balance : $50 -- 2 * $25 + $0 = $50 -- 50 = $0 - Indeed , the cash flow for the month of June for WikiTables amounts to $0 and not $50 . Important : the cash flow statement only considers the exchange of actual cash , and ignores what the person in question owes or is owed .", "3": "Statement of profit or loss ( income statement or statement of operations ) ( edit ) The statement of profit or income statement reports the changes in value of a company 's accounts over a set period ( most commonly one fiscal year ) , and may compare the changes to changes in the same accounts over the previous period . All changes are summarized on the `` bottom line '' as net income , often reported as `` net loss '' when income is less than zero . The net profit or loss is determined by : Sales ( revenue ) -- cost of goods sold -- selling , general , administrative expenses ( SGA ) -- depreciation / amortization = earnings before interest and taxes ( EBIT ) -- interest and tax expenses = profit / loss Statement of financial position ( balance sheet ) ( edit ) The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm 's assets , liabilities and equity ( capital ) at a set point in time , usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement . The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity in dollar amount . This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation - Assets = Liabilities + Equity . The statement can be used to help show the status of a company . Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets . International Financial Reporting Standards normally require that companies report current assets and liabilities separately from non-current amounts . Current assets are the most liquid assets of a firm , which can be realized in 12 months period . Current assets include : cash - physical money accounts receivable - revenues earned but not yet collected Merchandise inventory - consists of goods and services a firm currently owns until it ends up getting sold marketable securities - Stocks and bonds a firm has invested in other firms prepaid expenses - expenses paid for in advance for use during that year Non-current assets include fixed or long - term assets and intangible assets : fixed ( long term ) assets property building equipment ( such as factory machinery ) intangible assets copyrights trademarks patents goodwill Liabilities include : current liabilities trade accounts payable dividends payable employee salaries payable interest ( e.g.", "4": "on debt ) payable long term liabilities mortgage notes payable bonds payable Owner 's equity , sometimes referred to as net assets , is represented differently depending on the type of business ownership . Business ownership can be in the form of a sole proprietorship , partnership , or a corporation . For a corporation , the owner 's equity portion usually shows common stock , and retained earnings ( earnings kept in the company ) . Retained earnings come from the retained earnings statement , prepared prior to the balance sheet . Statement of retained earnings ( statement of changes in equity ) ( edit ) This statement is additional to the three main statements described above . It shows how the distribution of income and transfer of dividends affects the wealth of shareholders in the company . The concept of retained earnings means profits of previous years that are accumulated till current period . Basic proforma for this statement is as follows : Retained earnings at the beginning of period + Net Income for the period - Dividends = Retained earnings at the end of period . Basic concepts ( edit ) THE STABLE MEASURING ASSUMPTION One of the basic principles in accounting is `` The Measuring Unit principle : The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency . This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable ; that is , changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements . '' Historical Cost Accounting , i.e. , financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units , is based on the stable measuring unit assumption under which accountants simply assume that money , the monetary unit of measure , is perfectly stable in real value for the purpose of measuring ( 1 ) monetary items not inflation - indexed daily in terms of the Daily CPI and ( 2 ) constant real value non-monetary items not updated daily in terms of the Daily CPI during low and high inflation and deflation . UNITS OF CONSTANT PURCHASING POWER The stable monetary unit assumption is not applied during hyperinflation . IFRS requires entities to implement capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies . Financial accountants produce financial statements based on the accounting standards in a given jurisdiction .", "5": "These standards may be the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country , which are typically issued by a national standard setter , or International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) , which are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) . Financial accounting serves the following purposes : producing general purpose financial statements producing information used by the management of a business entity for decision making , planning and performance evaluation producing financial statements for meeting regulatory requirements . Objectives of Financial Accounting Systematic recording of transactions : basic objective of accounting is to systematically record the financial aspects of business transactions ( i.e. book - keeping ) . These recorded transactions are later on classified and summarized logically for the preparation of financial statements and for their analysis and interpretation . Ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions : accountant prepares profit and loss account to know the result of business operations for a particular period of time . If expenses exceed revenue then it is said that the business is running under loss . The profit and loss account helps the management and different stakeholders in taking rational decisions . For example , if business is not proved to be remunerative or profitable , the cause of such a state of affairs can be investigated by the management for taking remedial steps . Ascertainment of the financial position of business : businessman is not only interested in knowing the result of the business in terms of profits or loss for a particular period but is also anxious to know that what he owes ( liability ) to the outsiders and what he owns ( assets ) on a certain date . To know this , accountant prepares a financial position statement of assets and liabilities of the business at a particular point of time and helps in ascertaining the financial health of the business . Providing information to the users for rational decision - making : accounting as a ' language of business ' communicates the financial result of an enterprise to various stakeholders by means of financial statements . Accounting aims to meet the financial information needs of the decision - makers and helps them in rational decision - making . To know the solvency position : by preparing the balance sheet , management not only reveals what is owned and owed by the enterprise , but also it gives the information regarding concern 's ability to meet its liabilities in the short run ( liquidity position ) and also in the long - run ( solvency position ) as and when they fall due .", "6": "Graphic Definition ( edit ) The accounting equation ( Assets = Liabilities + Owners ' Equity ) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting . The trial balance , which is usually prepared using the double - entry accounting system , forms the basis for preparing the financial statements . All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet . Accounting standards determine the format for these accounts ( SSAP , FRS , IFRS ) . Financial statements display the income and expenditure for the company and a summary of the assets , liabilities , and shareholders ' or owners ' equity of the company on the date to which the accounts were prepared . Assets and expenses have normal debit balances , i.e. , debiting these types of accounts increases them . Liabilities , revenues , and capital have normal credit balances , i.e. , crediting these increases them . 0 = Dr Assets Cr Owners ' Equity Cr Liabilities . _____________________________ / \\ ____________________________ ... / Cr Retained Earnings ( profit ) Cr Common Stock \\ ... _________________ / \\ _______________________________ ... / Dr Expenses Cr Beginning Retained Earnings \\ ... Dr Dividends Cr Revenue ... \\ ________________________ / \\ ______________________________________________________ / increased by debits increased by credits Crediting a credit Thus -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - > account increases its absolute value ( balance ) Debiting a debit Debiting a credit Thus -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - > account decreases its absolute value ( balance ) Crediting a debit When the same thing is done to an account as its normal balance it increases ; when the opposite is done , it will decrease . Much like signs in math : two positive numbers are added and two negative numbers are also added . It is only when there is one positive and one negative ( opposites ) that you will subtract . Versus cost accounting ( edit ) See also : Cost accounting Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet . Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of production / service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction . Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government , creditors , investors , and external parties .", "7": "Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation 's own management for decision making . In financial accounting , cost classification based on type of transactions , e.g. salaries , repairs , insurance , stores etc . In cost accounting , classification is basically on the basis of functions , activities , products , process and on internal planning and control and information needs of the organization . Financial accounting aims at presenting ' true and fair ' view of transactions , profit and loss for a period and Statement of financial position ( Balance Sheet ) on a given date . It aims at computing ' true and fair ' view of the cost of production / services offered by the firm . Related qualification ( edit ) Many professional accountancy qualifications cover the field of financial accountancy , including Certified Public Accountant ( CPA ) , Chartered Accountant ( CA or other national designations ) and Chartered Certified Accountant ( ACCA ) . See also ( edit ) Constant item purchasing power accounting Historical cost accounting Philosophy of accounting Accounting analyst , whose job involves evaluating public company financial statements Management accounting , the other main division of accounting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Financial Accounting - Definition from KWHS '' . Wharton Business School . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are - January 2015 '' ( PDF ) . IFRS.org . IFRS Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ IFRS Conceptual Framework ( 2010 ) Par . OB2 Jump up ^ European Accounting Association , Response to Question 26 , Comment Letter to the Discussion Paper regarding the Review of the Conceptual Framework , on Page 2 of comment letters , dated 2014 - 01 - 24 Archived 2014 - 07 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chew , Lynsie ; Parkinson , Alan ( 2013 ) . Making Sense of Accounting for Business . Harlow : Pearson . ISBN 9781782369295 . Jump up ^ `` IAS 1 - Presentation of Financial Statements '' . Deloitte Global . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Larry M. Walther , Christopher J. Skousen , `` Long - Term Assets '' , Ventus Publishing ApS , 2009 Jump up ^ Malhotra , DK ; Poteau , Ray ( 2016 ) . Financial Accounting I. Academic Publishing . ISBN 1627517308 . Jump up ^ Fred. , Phillips , ( 2011 ) . Fundamentals of financial accounting . Libby , Robert. , Libby , Patricia A. ( 3rd ed ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill Irwin . ISBN 9780073527109 . OCLC 457010553 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Paul H. Walgenbach , Norman E. Dittrich and Ernest I. Hanson , ( 1973 ) , Financial Accounting , New York : Harcourt Grace Javonovich , Inc . Page 429 . Jump up ^ `` Basic accounting principles you should know '' , Cleverism Jump up ^ Cost and Management Accounting . Intermediate . The Institute of Cost Accountants of India . p. 17 . Further reading ( edit ) David Annand , Introduction to Financial Accounting , Athabasca University , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9953266 - 4 - 4 Financial Accounting ( 2015 ) doi : 10.24926 / 8668.0701 ISBN 978 - 1 - 946135 - 10 - 0 Johnny Jackson , Introduction to Financial Accounting , Thomas Edison State University .", "9": "Alexander , D. , Britton , A. , Jorissen , A. , `` International Financial Reporting and Analysis '' , Second Edition , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84480 - 201 - 2 ( hide ) Accounting Type Financial accounting Cost accounting Statements Balance sheet Income statement Cash flow statement Terms Revenue Cost of goods sold Operating expenses Capital expenditure Depreciation Gross profit Net profit GND : 4113562 - 3 NDL : 00966445 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_accounting&oldid=837991864 '' Categories : Financial accounting Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Shqip Slovenčina Basa Sunda Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 08 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 3, 6, 2, 9, 4, 8, 5, 1, 0, 7 ]	[ 3, 6, 2, 9, 4, 8 ]
-6420655192200739203	where did the world's largest recorded wave occur	[ "Lituya Bay in Alaska", "Lituya Bay in Alaska" ]	{ "0": "Megatsunami - wikipedia Megatsunami Jump to : navigation , search Diagram of the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami , which proved the existence of megatsunamis . A megatsunami is a very large wave created by a large , sudden displacement of material into a body of water . Megatsunamis have quite different features from other , more usual types of tsunamis . Most tsunamis are caused by underwater tectonic activity ( movement of the earth 's plates ) and therefore occur along plate boundaries and as a result of earthquake and rise or fall in the sea floor , causing water to be displaced . Ordinary tsunamis have shallow waves out at sea , and the water piles up to a wave height of up to about 10 metres ( 33 feet ) as the sea floor becomes shallow near land . By contrast , megatsunamis occur when a very large amount of material suddenly falls into water or anywhere near water ( such as via a meteor impact ) , or are caused by volcanic activity . They can have extremely high initial wave heights of hundreds and possibly thousands of metres , far beyond any ordinary tsunami , as the water is `` splashed '' upwards and outwards by the impact or displacement . As a result , two heights are sometimes quoted for megatsunamis -- the height of the wave itself ( in water ) , and the height to which it surges when it reaches land , which depending upon the locale , can be several times larger . Modern megatsunamis include the one associated with the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa ( volcanic eruption ) , the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami ( landslide into a bay ) , and the wave resulting from the Vajont Dam landslide ( caused by human activity destabilizing sides of valley ) . Prehistoric examples include the Storegga Slide ( landslide ) , and the Chicxulub , Chesapeake Bay and Eltanin meteor impacts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Recognition of the concept of megatsunami 3 Analysis of mechanism 4 List of megatsunamis 4.1 Prehistoric 4.2 Historic 4.2. 1 ca 1600 BC : Santorini 4.2.", "1": "2 1792 : Mount Unzen , Japan 4.2. 3 1883 : Krakatoa 4.2. 4 1958 : Lituya Bay , Alaska , US 4.2. 5 1963 : Vajont Dam , Italy 4.2. 6 1980 : Spirit Lake , Washington , US 5 Potential future megatsunamis 5.1 British Columbia 5.2 Canary Islands 5.3 Hawaii 5.4 Cape Verde Islands 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Overview ( edit ) A megatsunami is a tsunami -- a large wave due to displacement of a body of water -- with an initial wave amplitude ( height ) measured in several tens , hundreds , or possibly thousands of metres . Normal tsunamis generated at sea result from movement of the sea floor . They have a small wave height offshore , are very long ( often hundreds of kilometres ) , and generally pass unnoticed at sea , forming only a slight swell usually of the order of 30 cm ( 12 in ) above the normal sea surface . When they reach land , the wave height increases dramatically as the base of the wave pushes the water column above it upwards . By contrast , megatsunamis are caused by giant landslides and other impact events . This could also refer to a meteorite hitting an ocean . Underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions do not normally generate such large tsunamis , but landslides next to bodies of water resulting from earthquakes can , since they cause a large amount of displacement . If the landslide or impact occurs in a limited body of water , as happened at the Vajont Dam ( 1963 ) and Lituya Bay ( 1958 ) then the water may be unable to disperse and one or more exceedingly large waves may result . A way to visualize the difference , is that an ordinary tsunami is caused by sea floor changes , somewhat like pushing up on the floor of a large tub of water to the point it overflows , and causing a surge of water to `` run off '' at the sides .", "2": "In this analogy , a megatsunami would be more similar to dropping a large rock from a considerable height into the tub , at one end , causing water to splash up and out , and overflow at the other end . Two heights are sometimes quoted for megatsunamis -- the height of the wave itself ( in water ) , and the height to which it surges when it reaches land , which depending upon the locale , can be several times larger . Recognition of the concept of megatsunami ( edit ) Main article : 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami Geologists searching for oil in Alaska in 1953 observed that in Lituya Bay , mature tree growth did not extend to the shoreline as it did in many other bays in the region . Rather , there was a band of younger trees closer to the shore . Forestry workers , glaciologists , and geographers call the boundary between these bands a trim line . Trees just above the trim line showed severe scarring on their seaward side , whilst those from below the trim line did not . The scientists hypothesized that there had been an unusually large wave or waves in the deep inlet . Because this is a recently deglaciated fjord with steep slopes and crossed by a major fault , one possibility was a landslide - generated tsunami . On 9 July 1958 , a 7.8 M strike - slip earthquake in southeast Alaska caused 90 million tonnes of rock and ice to drop into the deep water at the head of Lituya Bay . The block fell almost vertically and hit the water with sufficient force to create a wave that surged up the opposite side of the head of the bay to a height of 1720 feet ( 524 m ) , and was still many tens of metres high further down the bay , when it carried eyewitnesses Howard Ulrich and his son Howard Jr. over the trees in their fishing boat . They were washed back into the bay and both survived . Analysis of mechanism ( edit ) The mechanism giving rise to megatsunamis was analysed for the Lituya Bay event in a study presented at the Tsunami Society in 1999 ; this model was considerably developed and modified by a second study in 2010 .", "3": "Although the earthquake which caused the megatsunami was considered very energetic , and involving strong ground movements , several possible mechanisms were not likely or able to have caused the resulting megatsunami . Neither water drainage from a lake , nor landslide , nor the force of the earthquake itself led to the megatsunami , although all of these may have contributed . Instead , the megatsunami was caused by a massive and sudden impulsive impact when about 40 million cubic yards of rock several hundred metres above the bay was fractured from the side of the bay , by the earthquake , and fell `` practically as a monolithic unit '' down the almost vertical slope and into the bay . The rockfall also caused air to be `` dragged along '' due to viscosity effects , which added to the volume of displacement , and further impacted the sediment on the floor of the bay , creating a large crater . The study concluded that : `` The giant wave runup of 1,720 feet ( 524 m . ) at the head of the Bay and the subsequent huge wave along the main body of Lituya Bay which occurred on July 9 , 1958 , were caused primarily by an enormous subaerial rockfall into Gilbert Inlet at the head of Lituya Bay , triggered by dynamic earthquake ground motions along the Fairweather Fault . The large mass of rock , acted as a monolith ( thus resembling high - angle asteroid impact ) , struck with great force the sediments at bottom of Gilbert Inlet at the head of the bay . The impact created a large crater and displaced and folded recent and Tertiary deposits and sedimentary layers to an unknown depth . The displaced water and the displacement and folding of the sediments broke and uplifted 1,300 feet of ice along the entire front of the Lituya Glacier at the north end of Gilbert Inlet . Also , the impact and the sediment displacement by the rockfall resulted in an air bubble and in water splashing action that reached the 1,720 foot ( 524 m . ) elevation on the other side of the head of Gilbert Inlet . The same rockfall impact , in combination with the strong ground movements , the net vertical crustal uplift of about 3.5 feet , and an overall tilting seaward of the entire crustal block on which Lituya Bay was situated , generated the giant solitary gravity wave which swept the main body of the bay .", "4": "This was the most likely scenario of the event -- the '' PC model '' that was adopted for subsequent mathematical modeling studies with source dimensions and parameters provided as input . Subsequent mathematical modeling at the Los Alamos National Laboratory ( Mader , 1999 , Mader & Gittings , 2002 ) supported the proposed mechanism -- as there was indeed sufficient volume of water and an adequately deep layer of sediments in the Lituya Bay inlet to account for the giant wave runup and the subsequent inundation . The modeling reproduced the documented physical observations of runup . '' A 2010 model examined the amount of infill on the floor of the bay , which was many times larger than that of the rockfall alone , and also the energy and height of the waves , and the accounts given by eyewitnesses , concluded that there had been a `` dual slide '' involving a rockfall , which also triggered a release of 5 to 10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya Glacier , as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide , a ratio comparable with other events where this `` dual slide '' effect is known to have happened . List of megatsunamis ( edit ) Prehistoric ( edit ) The asteroid linked to the extinction of dinosaurs , which created the Chicxulub crater in Yucatán approximately 66 million years ago , would have caused an over 100 metres ( 330 ft ) tall megatsunami . The height of the tsunami was limited due to relatively shallow sea in the area of the impact ; in deep sea it would be 4.6 kilometres ( 2.9 mi ) tall . A series of megatsunamis were generated by the bolide impact that created the Chesapeake Bay impact crater , about 35.5 million years ago . During the Messinian the coasts of northern Chile were likely struck by various megatsunamis . A megatsunami affected the coast of south -- central Chile in the Pliocene as evidenced by the sedimentary record of Ranquil Formation . The Eltanin impact in the southeast Pacific Ocean 2.5 million years ago caused a megatsunami that was over 200 m ( 660 ft ) high in southern Chile and the Antarctic Peninsula ; the wave swept across much of the Pacific Ocean .", "5": "The northern half of the East Molokai Volcano suffered a catastrophic collapse and likely megatsunami about 1.5 million years ago and now lies as a debris field scattered northward across the ocean bottom , while what remains on the island are the highest sea cliffs in the world . The existence of large scattered boulders in only one of the four marine terraces of Herradura Bay south of the Chilean city of Coquimbo has been interpreted by Roland Paskoff as the result of a mega-tsunami that occurred in the Middle Pleistocene . A massive collapse of the western edge of the Lake Tahoe basin , which formed McKinney Bay around 50,000 years ago , is thought to have generated a tsunami / seiche wave with a height approaching 330 ft ( 100 m ) . In the North Sea , the Storegga Slide caused a megatsunami approximately 8,200 years ago . It is estimated to have completely flooded the remainder of Doggerland . Approximately 8,000 years ago , a massive volcanic landslide off Mt . Etna , Sicily caused a megatsunami which devastated the eastern Mediterranean coastline on three continents . Wave heights on the coast of Calabria are estimated to have reached a maximum of 40m . Approximately 4,000 years ago , a landslide on Réunion island , to the east of Madagascar , may have caused a megatsunami . Historic ( edit ) Ca 1600 bc : santorini ( edit ) Main article : Minoan eruption 3,600 years ago , the Thera volcano erupted , the force of the eruption causing megatsunamis which affected the whole Aegean sea and the eastern Mediterranean sea . 1792 : Mount Unzen , Japan ( edit ) Main article : 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami In 1792 , Mount Unzen in Japan erupted , causing part of the volcano to collapse into the sea . The landslide caused a megatsunami that reached 100 metres ( 330 ft ) high and killed 15,000 people in the local fishing villages .", "6": "1883 : Krakatoa ( edit ) Main article : 1883 eruption of Krakatoa § Tsunamis and distant effects The eruption of Krakatoa created pyroclastic flows which generated megatsunamis when they hit the waters of the Sunda Strait on 27 August 1883 . The waves reached heights of up to 24 metres ( 79 feet ) along the south coast of Sumatra and up to 42 metres ( 138 feet ) along the west coast of Java . 1958 : Lituya Bay , Alaska , us ( edit ) Main articles : 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami and Lituya Bay Damage from the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami can be seen in this oblique aerial photograph of Lituya Bay , Alaska as the lighter areas at the shore where trees have been stripped away . On July 9 , 1958 , a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska , caused by an earthquake , generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum altitude of 520 metres ( 1,710 ft ) at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet . The wave surged over the headland , stripping trees and soil down to bedrock , and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay , destroying a fishing boat anchored there and killing two people . Howard Ulrich and his son managed to ride the wave in their boat , and both survived . 1963 : Vajont Dam , Italy ( edit ) Main article : Vajont Dam On October 9 , 1963 , a landslide above Vajont Dam in Italy produced a 250 m ( 820 ft ) surge that overtopped the dam and destroyed the villages of Longarone , Pirago , Rivalta , Villanova and Faè , killing nearly 2,000 people . 1980 : Spirit Lake , Washington , us ( edit ) Main articles : Spirit Lake ( Washington ) , 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , and Mount St. Helens On May 18 , 1980 , the upper 460 metres ( 1,509 feet ) of Mount St. Helens collapsed , creating a massive landslide . This released the pressure on the magma trapped beneath the summit bulge which exploded as a lateral blast , which then released the pressure on the magma chamber and resulted in a plinian eruption .", "7": "One lobe of the avalanche surged onto Spirit Lake , causing a megatsunami which pushed the lake waters in a series of surges , which reached a maximum height of 260 metres ( 853 feet ) above the pre-eruption water level ( ~ 975 m asl / 3,199 ft ) . Above the upper limit of the tsunami , trees lie where they were knocked down by the pyroclastic surge ; below the limit , the fallen trees and the surge deposits were removed by the megatsunami and deposited in Spirit Lake . Potential future megatsunamis ( edit ) Experts interviewed by the BBC think that a massive landslide on a volcanic ocean island is the most likely future cause of a megatsunami . The size and power of a wave generated by such means could produce devastating effects , travelling across oceans and inundating up to 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) inland from the coast . British Columbia ( edit ) Some geologists consider an unstable rock face at Mount Breakenridge , above the north end of the giant fresh - water fjord of Harrison Lake in the Fraser Valley of southwestern British Columbia , Canada , to be unstable enough to collapse into the lake , generating a megatsunami that might destroy the town of Harrison Hot Springs ( located at its south end ) . Canary Islands ( edit ) Geologists Dr. Simon Day and Dr. Steven Neal Ward consider that a megatsunami could be generated during an eruption of Cumbre Vieja on the volcanic ocean island of La Palma , in the Canary Islands , Spain . In 1949 , this volcano erupted at its Duraznero , Hoyo Negro and Llano del Banco vents , and there was an earthquake with an epicentre near the village of Jedey . The next day Juan Bonelli Rubio , a local geologist , visited the summit area and found that a fissure about 2.5 kilometres ( 1.6 mi ) long had opened on the east side of the summit . As a result , the west half of the volcano ( which is the volcanically active arm of a triple - armed rift ) had slipped about 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) downwards and 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) westwards towards the Atlantic Ocean , Cumbre Vieja is currently dormant , but will almost certainly erupt again .", "8": "Day and Ward hypothesize that if such an eruption causes the western flank to fail , a mega-tsunami could be generated . La Palma is currently the most volcanically active island in the Canary Islands Archipelago . It is likely that several eruptions would be required before failure would occur on Cumbre Vieja . However , the western half of the volcano has an approximate volume of 500 cubic kilometres ( 120 cu mi ) and an estimated mass of 1.5 trillion metric tons ( 1.7 × 10 short tons ) . If it were to catastrophically slide into the ocean , it could generate a wave with an initial height of about 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) at the island , and a likely height of around 50 metres ( 164 ft ) at the Caribbean and the Eastern North American seaboard when it runs ashore eight or more hours later . Tens of millions of lives could be lost in the cities and / or towns of St. John 's , Halifax , Boston , New York , Baltimore , Washington , D.C. , Miami , Havana and the rest of the Eastern Coasts of the United States and Canada , as well as many other cities on the Atlantic coast in Europe , South America and Africa . The likelihood of this happening is a matter of vigorous debate . The last eruption on the Cumbre Vieja occurred in 1971 at the Teneguia vent at the southern end of the sub-aerial section without any movement . The section affected by the 1949 eruption is currently stationary and does not appear to have moved since the initial rupture . Geologists and volcanologists are in sharp disagreement about whether an eruption on the Cumbre Vieja would cause a single large gravitational landslide or a series of smaller landslides , or whether a slide is likely at all . There are also questions about the dynamics . Day and Ward have admitted that their original analysis of the danger was based on several worst case assumptions . Hawaii ( edit ) Sharp cliffs and associated ocean debris at the Kohala Volcano , Lanai and Molokai indicate that landslides from the flank of the Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawaii may have triggered past megatsunamis , most recently at 120,000 BP .", "9": "A tsunami event is also possible , with the tsunami potentially reaching up to about 1 kilometre ( 3,300 ft ) in height . According to the documentary National Geographic 's Ultimate Disaster : Tsunami , if a big landslide occurred at Mauna Loa or the Hilina Slump , a 30 - metre ( 98 ft ) tsunami would take only thirty minutes to reach Honolulu , Hawaii . There , hundreds of thousands of people could be killed as the tsunami could level Honolulu and travel 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) inland . Also , the West Coast of America and the entire Pacific Rim could potentially be affected . Cape Verde Islands ( edit ) Steep cliffs on the Cape Verde Islands have been caused by catastrophic debris avalanches . These have been common on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes and more can be expected in the future . See also ( edit ) 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Cumbre Vieja La Palma List of historical tsunamis Minoan eruption Tsunamis in lakes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Miller , Don J. `` Giant Waves in Lituya Bay , Alaska '' . uwsp.edu . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Mega-Tsunami of July 9 , 1958 in Lituya Bay , Alaska : Analysis of Mechanism -- George Pararas - Carayannis , Excerpts from Presentation at the Tsunami Symposium of Tsunami Society of May 25 -- 27 , 1999 , in Honolulu , Hawaii , USA Jump up ^ Ward , Steven N. ; Day , Simon ( 2010 ) . `` Lituya Bay Landslide and Tsunami -- A Tsunami Ball Approach '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami. 4 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 319 . doi : 10.1142 / S1793431110000893 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Edward ( June 2014 ) . Tsunami : The Underrated Hazard . Springer . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 06133 - 7 . Jump up ^ Poag , C.W. ( 1997 ) .", "10": "`` The Chesapeake Bay bolide impact : A convulsive event in Atlantic Coastal Plain evolution '' . Sedimentary Geology. 108 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 45 -- 90 . Bibcode : 1997SedG ... 108 ... 45P . doi : 10.1016 / S0037 - 0738 ( 96 ) 00048 - 6 . Jump up ^ Le Roux , Jacobus P. ( 2015 ) . `` A critical examination of evidence used to re-interpret the Hornitos mega-breccia as a mass - flow deposit caused by cliff failure '' . Andean Geology. 41 ( 1 ) : 139 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Le Roux , J.P. ; Nielsen , Sven N. ; Kemnitz , Helga ; Henriquez , Álvaro ( 2008 ) . `` A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation , southern Chile '' ( PDF ) . Sedimentary Geology. 203 ( 1 ) : 164 -- 180 . Bibcode : 2008SedG ... 203 ... 164L . doi : 10.1016 / j. sedgeo. 2007.12. 002 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian landslides have been catastrophic '' . mbari.org . Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute . Jump up ^ Culliney , John L. ( 2006 ) Islands in a Far Sea : The Fate of Nature in Hawaii . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Paskoff , Roland ( 1991 ) . `` Likely occurrence of mega-tsunami in the Middle Pleistocene near Coquimbo , Chile '' . Revista geológica de Chile . 18 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 91 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardner , J.V. ( July 2000 ) . `` The Lake Tahoe debris avalanche '' . 15th Annual Geological Conference . Geological Society of Australia .", "11": "Jump up ^ Bondevik , S. ; Lovholt , F. ; Harbitz , C. ; Mangerud , J. ; Dawsond , A. ; Svendsen , J.I. ( 2005 ) . `` The Storegga Slide tsunami -- comparing field observations with numerical simulations '' . Marine and Petroleum Geology. 22 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 195 -- 208 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpetgeo. 2004.10. 003 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Prehistoric North Sea ' Atlantis ' hit by 5m tsunami '' . Retrieved 22 February 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Pareschi , M.T. ; Boschi , E. ; Favalli , M. ( 2006 ) . `` Lost tsunami '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 33 ( 22 ) : L22608 . Bibcode : 2006GeoRL ... 3322608P . doi : 10.1029 / 2006GL027790 . Jump up ^ `` Mega-tsunami : Wave of Destruction '' . BBC Two . 12 October 2000 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Edward , Tsunami : The Underrated Hazard , Springer : New York , 2014 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 06132 - 0 , pp. 162 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Mader , Charles L. ; Gittings , Michael L. ( 2002 ) . `` Modeling the 1958 Lituya Bay Mega-Tsunami , II '' ( PDF ) . Science of Tsunami Hazards. 20 ( 5 ) : 241 -- 250 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Vaiont Dam photos and virtual field trip ( University of Wisconsin ) , retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 Jump up ^ Voight et al. 1983 Jump up ^ USGS Website .", "12": "Geology of Interactions of Volcanoes , Snow , and Water : Tsunami on Spirit Lake early during 18 May 1980 eruption Jump up ^ Mega-tsunami : Wave of Destruction . Transcript . BBC Two television programme , first broadcast 12 October 2000 Jump up ^ Evans , S.G. ; Savigny , K.W. ( 1994 ) . `` Landslides in the Vancouver - Fraser Valley - Whistler region '' ( PDF ) . Geological Survey of Canada . Ministry of Forests , Province of British Columbia . pp. 36 p . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Day et al. 1999 ^ Jump up to : Ward & Day 2001 Jump up ^ Bonelli 1950 Jump up ^ Pararas - Carayannis 2002 Jump up ^ As per Bonelli Rubio Jump up ^ Ali Ayres ( 2004 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Tidal wave threat ' over-hyped ' '' . BBC NEWS . Jump up ^ Pararas - Carayannis , George ( 2002 ) . `` Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of the island volcanoes on La Palma , Canary Islands , and on the island of Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . Science of Tsunami Hazards. 20 ( 5 ) : 251 -- 277 . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ McMurtry , Gary M. ; Fryer , Gerard J. ; Tappin , David R. ; Wilkinson , Ian P. ; Williams , Mark ; Fietzke , Jan ; Garbe - Schoenberg , Dieter ; Watts , Philip ( 1 September 2004 ) . `` Megatsunami deposits on Kohala volcano , Hawaii , from flank collapse of Mauna Loa '' . Geology. 32 ( 9 ) : 741 . Bibcode : 2004Geo ... 32 ... 741M . doi : 10.1130 / G20642. 1 .", "13": "Jump up ^ McMurtry , Gary M. ; Fryer , Gerard J. ; Tappin , David R. ; Wilkinson , Ian P. ; Williams , Mark ; Fietzke , Jan ; Garbe - Schoenberg , Dieter ; Watts , Philip ( September 1 , 2004 ) . `` A Gigantic Tsunami in the Hawaiian Islands 120,000 Years Ago '' . Geology . SOEST Press Releases . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ McMurtry , G.M. ; Tappin , D.R. ; Fryer , G.J. ; Watts , P. ( December 2002 ) . `` Megatsunami Deposits on the Island of Hawaii : Implications for the Origin of Similar Deposits in Hawaii and Confirmation of the ' Giant Wave Hypothesis ' '' . AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 51 : 0148 . Bibcode : 2002AGUFMOS51A0148M . Jump up ^ Pararas - Carayannis , George ( 2002 ) . `` Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of island volcanoes on La Palma , Canary Islands , and on the island of Hawaii '' . drgeorgepc.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Britt , Robert Roy ( 14 December 2004 ) . `` The Megatsunami : Possible Modern Threat '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Le Bas , T.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands '' . In Lykousis , Vasilios . Submarine mass movements and their consequences : 3rd international symposium . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6511 - 8 Further reading ( edit ) BBC 2 TV ; 2000 . Transcript `` Mega-tsunami ; Wave of Destruction '' , Horizon . First screened 21.30 hrs , Thursday , 12 October 2000 . Carracedo , J.C. ( 1994 ) .", "14": "`` The Canary Islands : an example of structural control on the growth of large oceanic - island volcanoes '' . J. Volcanol . Geotherm . Res. 60 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 225 -- 241 . Bibcode : 1994JVGR ... 60 ... 225C . doi : 10.1016 / 0377 - 0273 ( 94 ) 90053 - 1 . Carracedo , J.C. ( 1996 ) . `` A simple model for the genesis of large gravitational landslide hazards in the Canary Islands '' . In McGuire , W ; Jones ; Neuberg , J.P. Volcano Instability on the Earth and Other Planets . Special Publication. 110 . London : Geological Society . pp. 125 -- 135 . Carracedo , J.C. ( 1999 ) . `` Growth , Structure , Instability and Collapse of Canarian Volcanoes and Comparisons with Hawaiian Volcanoes '' . J. Volcanol . Geotherm . Res. 94 : 1 -- 19 . Bibcode : 1999JVGR ... 94 ... 1C . doi : 10.1016 / S0377 - 0273 ( 99 ) 00095 - 5 . Day , S.J. ; Carracedo , J.C. ; Guillou , H. ; Gravestock , P. ( 1999 ) . `` Recent structural evolution of the Cumbre Vieja volcano , La Palma , Canary Islands : volcanic rift zone re-configuration as a precursor to flank instability '' ( PDF ) . J. Volcanol . Geotherm . Res. 94 : 135 -- 167 . Bibcode : 1999JVGR ... 94 ... 135D . doi : 10.1016 / S0377 - 0273 ( 99 ) 00101 - 8 . Moore , J.G. ( 1964 ) . `` Giant Submarine Landslides on the Hawaiian Ridge '' . US Geologic Survey : D95 -- 8 . Professional Paper 501 - D . Pararas - Carayannis , G.", "15": "( 2002 ) . `` Evaluation of the Threat of Mega Tsunami Generation from Postulated Massive Slope Failure of Island Stratovolcanoes on La Palma , Canary Islands , and on The Island of Hawaii , George '' . Science of Tsunami Hazards. 20 ( 5 ) : 251 -- 277 . Pinter , N. ; Ishman , S.E. ( 2008 ) . `` Impacts , mega-tsunami , and other extraordinary claims '' ( PDF ) . GSA Today . 18 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 38 . doi : 10.1130 / GSAT01801GW. 1 . Rihm , R ; Krastel , S. & CD109 Shipboard Scientific Party ; 1998 . Volcanoes and landslides in the Canaries . National Environment Research Council News . Summer , 16 -- 17 . Siebert , L. ( 1984 ) . `` Large volcanic debris avalanches : characteristics of source areas , deposits and associated eruptions '' . J. Volcanol . Geotherm . Res. 22 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 163 -- 197 . Bibcode : 1984JVGR ... 22 ... 163S . doi : 10.1016 / 0377 - 0273 ( 84 ) 90002 - 7 . Vallely , G.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Volcanic edifice instability and tsunami generation : Montaña Teide , Tenerife , Canary Islands ( Spain ) '' . Journal of the Open University Geological Society . 26 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 64 . Voight , B. ; Janda , R. ; Glicken , H. ; Douglas , P.M. ( 1983 ) . `` Nature and mechanics of the Mount St Helens rockslide - avalanche of 18 May 190 '' . Géotechnique. 33 ( 10 ) : 243 -- 273 . doi : 10.1680 / geot. 1983.33. 3.243 . Ward , S.N. ; Day , S. ( 2001 ) .", "16": "`` Cumbre Vieja Volcano -- Potential collapse and tsunami at La Palma , Canary Islands '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Letters. 28 ( 17 ) : 3397 -- 3400 . Bibcode : 2001GeoRL ... 28.3397 W . doi : 10.1029 / 2001GL013110 . Sandom , J.G. , 2010 , The Wave -- A John Decker Thriller , Cornucopia Press , 2010 . A thriller in which a megatsunami is intentionally created when a terrorist detonates a nuclear bomb on La Palma in the Canary Islands . Bonelli Rubio , J.M. , 1950 . Contribucion al estudio de la erupcion del Nambroque o San Juan . Madrid : Inst . Geografico y Catastral , 25 pp . Ortiz , J.R. , Bonelli Rubio , J.M. , 1951 . La erupción del Nambroque ( junio - agosto de 1949 ) . Madrid : Talleres del Instituto Geográfico y Catastral , 100 p. , 1h . pleg. ; 23 cm External links ( edit ) Mega Tsunami : history , causes , effects World 's Biggest Tsunami : The largest recorded tsunami with a wave 1720 feet tall in Lituya Bay , Alaska . Benfield Hazard Research Centre BBC -- Mega-tsunami : Wave of Destruction BBC Two program broadcast 12 October 2000 La Palma threat `` over-hyped '' , BBC News , 29 October 2004 Mega-hyped Tsunami story A detailed of analysis demolishing the La Palma Tsunami speculation . ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave", "17": "Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll", "18": "Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater", "19": "Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megatsunami&oldid=834547295 '' Categories : Water waves Geological hazards Tsunami Megatsunami Oceanographical terminology Space hazards Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats M w All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 09 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 6, 2, 3, 0, 1, 4, 17, 9, 11, 16, 8, 14, 18, 12, 15, 10, 7, 5, 13, 19 ]	[ 6, 2, 3, 0, 1 ]
-4239413776022566850	when did hyderabad became a part of india	[ "24 November 1949", "24 November 1949", "24 November 1949" ]	{ "0": "Hyderabad state ( 1948 -- 56 ) - Wikipedia Hyderabad state ( 1948 -- 56 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a State of the Indian Union 1948 -- 1956 . For other uses , see Hyderabad ( disambiguation ) . Hyderabad State ( 1948 - 1956 ) State of India ← 1948 -- 1956 → 1956 map of Southern India showing Hyderabad state in yellowish green . After the States reorganisation in 1956 , regions west of the red and blue lines merged with Bombay and Mysore states respectively and the remaining part ( Telangana ) was merged with Andhra state to form Andhra Pradesh . History Hyderabad State formed from Hyderabad Princely State 1948 Reorganized and renamed Andhra Pradesh 1956 States of India since 1947 Hyderabad state until 1956 Hyderabad State was a state in Independent India , formed after the accession of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union on 24 November 1949 . It existed from 1948 to 1956 . Following the States Reorganisation Act Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State in 1956 and renamed Andhra Pradesh . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Military Governor 3 Rajpramukh 4 First Appointed Chief Minister 5 First Elected Chief Minister 6 Districts of Hyderabad State 7 Merger with Andhra State 8 Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Operation Polo Operation Polo is the code name of the Hyderabad `` police action '' in September 1948 , by the newly independent India against the Hyderabad State . It was a military operation in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the Nizam - ruled princely state , annexing it into the Indian Union . At the time of Partition in 1947 , the princely states of India , who in principle had self - government within their own territories , were subject to subsidiary alliances with the British , giving them control of their external relations . In the Indian Independence Act 1947 the British abandoned all such alliances , leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence .", "1": "However , by 1948 almost all had acceded to either India or Pakistan . One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality , Hyderabad , where the Nizam , Osman Ali Khan , Asif Jah VII , a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population , chose independence and hoped to maintain this with an irregular army recruited from the Muslim aristocracy , known as the Razakars . The Nizam was also beset by the Telangana uprising , which he was unable to subjugate . The Indian government , anxious to avoid what it termed a Balkanization of what had been the Indian Empire , was determined to effect the integration of Hyderabad into the new Indian Union . Amidst atrocities by the Razakars , the Indian Home Minister Sardar Patel decided to annex Hyderabad in what was termed a `` police action '' . The operation itself took five days , in which the Razakars and the Hyderabadi Military were defeated swiftly . The operation led to massive violence on communal lines . The Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed a commission known as the Sunderlal Committee . Its report , which was not released until 2013 , concluded that `` as a very reasonable & modest estimate ... the total number of deaths in the state ... somewhere between 30,000 & 40,000 . '' Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher . Military Governor ( edit ) Major General El Edroos ( at right ) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to Major General ( later General and Army Chief ) J.N. Chauhuri at Secunderabad . After the Annexation into the Indian Union , Major General J.N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo stayed on as Military Governor till December 1949 . The state witnessed Mulkhi agitation in 1952 by the locals after a government jobs meant for the locals were given to non-locals . Rajpramukh ( edit ) telanagana movement Hyderabad State had its last Nizam , HEH Mir Osman Ali Khan ( b . 1886 - d . 1967 ) as Rajpramukh from 26 January 1950 to 31 October 1956 .", "2": "First appointed Chief minister ( edit ) After the Annexation of Hyderabad State into India , M.K. Vellodi was appointed the Chief Minister of the state on 26 January 1950 . He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India . He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state . The Nizam was given the ceremonial position of `` Raj Pramukh '' or `` Governor '' . First elected Chief minister ( edit ) In the first State Assembly election in India , 1952 , Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State . During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state , and to strictly implement ' Mulki - rules ' ( Local jobs for locals only ) , which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919 . Districts of Hyderabad state ( edit ) Administratively , Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts , grouped into four divisions : Aurangabad Division included Aurangabad , Beed , Nanded , and Parbhani districts ; Gulbarga Division included Bidar District , Gulbarga , Osmanabad , and Raichur District ; Gulshanabad Division or Medak Division included Atraf - i - Baldah ( Hyderabad ) , Mahbubnagar district , Medak district , Nalgonda district ( Nalgundah ) , and Nizamabad districts , and Warangal Division included Adilabad , Karimnagar , and Warangal districts ( present Khammam district was part of Warangal district ) . Merger with Andhra state ( edit ) In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States based along linguistic lines , the Telugu - speaking region of the state of Hyderabad State was merged with Andhra State . The Marathi speaking region was merged with Bombay state and Kannada speaking region with Mysore State . The States Reorganisation Commission ( SRC ) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad state with Andhra state , despite their common language .", "3": "Para 378 of the SRC report said One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas . Andhra state and Hyderabad State were merged to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956 , after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form of Gentlemen 's agreement . But in June 2014 , Telangana re-emerged as a separate state . Hyderabad City will continue to be the capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years . Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State ( edit ) Major General Choudhary - Military Governor 1948 - 1949 M.K. Vellodi - 1950 - 1952 ( appointed by Government of India ) Burgula Ramakrishna Rao - 1953 - 56 ( elected ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` States Reorganization Act 1956 '' . Commonwealth Legal Information Institute . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Police Action '' . Indian Army . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ B. Cohen ( 2007 ) . Kingship and Colonialism in India 's Deccan : 1850 - 1948 . Springer . pp. 159 -- 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60344 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Barbara D. Metcalf ; Thomas R. Metcalf ( 2006 ) . A Concise History of India ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521682251 . Jump up ^ Kate , P.V. , Marathwada Under the Nizams , 1724 -- 1948 , Delhi : Mittal Publications , 1987 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Thomson , Mike ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` Hyderabad 1948 : India 's hidden massacre '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 September 2013 .", "4": "Jump up ^ Noorani 2014 , Appendix 15 : Confidential notes attached to the Sunderlal Committee Report , pp. 372 - 373 Jump up ^ Smith 1950 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state '' . Hinduonnet.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` ShermanLSE '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Benichou , Lucien D. ( 2000 ) , From Autocracy to Integration : Political Developments in Hyderabad State , 1938 - 1948 , Orient Blackswan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 1847 - 6 Hyder , Mohammed ( 2012 ) , October Coup , A Memoir of the Struggle for Hyderabad , Roli Books , ISBN 8174368507 Hodson , H.V. ( 1969 ) , The Great Divide : Britain , India , Pakistan , London : Hutchinson Menon , V.P. ( 1956 ) , The Story of Integration of the Indian States ( PDF ) , Orient Longman Muralidharan , Sukumar ( 2014 ) . `` Alternate Histories : Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India 's Independence and Partition '' . History and Sociology of South Asia . 8 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 138 . doi : 10.1177 / 2230807514524091 . Noorani , A.G.", "5": "( 2014 ) , The Destruction of Hyderabad , Hurst & Co , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 439 - 4 Raghavan , Srinath ( 2010 ) , War and Peace in Modern India , Palgrave Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 00737 - 7 Smith , Wilfred Cantwell ( January 1950 ) , `` Hyderabad : Muslim Tragedy '' , Middle East Journal , 4 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 51 , JSTOR 4322137 Zubrzycki , John ( 2006 ) , The Last Nizam : An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback , Australia : Pan Macmillan , ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 42321 - 2 External links ( edit ) Picture of VII Nizam with Sardar Patel after his surrender From the Sundarlal Report , Frontline , 3 -- 16 March 2001 Exclusive Sundar Lal report on Hyderabad police action , Deccan Chronicle , 30 November 2013 . In the Nizam 's dominion , by Bret Wallach , University of Oklahoma A Blog by Narendra Luther on Operation Polo Armchair Historian -- Operation Polo ( Monday , 18 September 2006 ) -- Contributed by Sidin Sunny Vadukut -- Last Updated ( Monday ,", "6": "18 September 2006 ) Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force States of India on 26 January 1950 Part A States Assam Bihar Bombay East Punjab Madhya Pradesh Madras Orissa Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Part B States Hyderabad Jammu and Kashmir Madhya Bharat Mysore Patiala and East Punjab States Union Rajasthan Saurashtra Travancore - Cochin Vindhya Pradesh Part C States Ajmer Coorg Cooch - Behar Bhopal Bilaspur Delhi Himachal Pradesh Kutch Manipur Tripura Part D States Andaman and Nicobar Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=Hyderabad_State_(1948 -- 56 ) &oldid = 806500451 '' Categories : States and territories established in 1948 States and territories disestablished in 1956 Conflicts in 1948 Hyderabad State Wars involving India Political integration of India 1948 in India Military history of the princely states of India Nehru administration History of Telangana History of Andhra Pradesh ( 1947 -- 2014 ) Operations involving Indian special forces Religiously motivated violence in India Anti-Muslim violence in India Persecution of Hindus History of Marathwada Annexation September 1948 events History of Hyderabad , India 1956 disestablishments in India Former states and territories of India Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Andhra Pradesh articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Use dmy dates from May 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 മലയാളം Norsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 4, 7, 3, 5, 1, 6, 0, 2 ]	[ 0, 4, 7, 3, 5 ]
3104005717495279776	what does it mean groundhog sees his shadow	[ "winter will persist for six more weeks", "if a groundhog (Deitsch: Grundsau, Grunddax, Dax) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather, it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks", "winter will persist for six more weeks" ]	{ "0": "Groundhog Day - wikipedia Groundhog Day Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Groundhog Day ( disambiguation ) . Groundhog Day Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , U.S. Observed by United States Canada Type Cultural Significance Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring Celebrations Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow Date February 2 Frequency Annual Related to Candlemas Groundhog Day , ( Pennsylvania German : Grund'sau dåk , Grundsaudaag , Grundsow Dawg , Murmeltiertag ; Nova Scotia : Daks Day ) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2 . It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog ( Deitsch : Grundsau , Grunddax , Dax ) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather , it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks , and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness , spring will arrive early . While the tradition remains popular in modern times , studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring - like weather . The weather lore was brought from German - speaking areas where the badger ( German : dachs ) is the forecasting animal . This appears to be an enhanced version of the lore that clear weather on Candlemas forebodes a prolonged winter . The Groundhog Day ceremony held at Punxsutawney in western Pennsylvania , centering around a semi-mythical groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil , has become the most attended . Grundsow Lodges in Pennsylvania Dutch Country in the southeast part of the state celebrate them as well . Other cities in the United States and Canada have also adopted the event . The 1993 film Groundhog Day helped boost recognition of the custom , and the celebration has spread even further afield . In 2009 , Quebec began to mark the day ( Canadian French : Jour de la Marmotte ) with its own groundhog .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Punxsutawney beginnings 1.2 Punxsutawney today 2 Other locations 3 Origins 3.1 Protestant Germany 3.1. 1 Groundhog as badger 3.2 Bear - rat 3.3 Simpler Candlemas lore 3.4 British Isles 4 Accuracy 4.1 Statistics 4.2 Pseudoscientific evaluation 5 Characteristics of groundhogs 6 Similar customs 7 Explanatory notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) The groundhog ( Marmota monax ) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels . The observance of Groundhog Day in the United States first occurred in German communities in Pennsylvania , according to known records . The earliest mention of Groundhog Day is a February 2 , 1840 entry in the diary of James L. Morris of Morgantown , Pennsylvania , in Pennsylvania Dutch Country , according to the book on the subject by Don Yoder . This was a Welsh enclave but the diarist was commenting on his neighbors who were of German stock . Punxsutawney beginnings ( edit ) The first reported news of a Groundhog Day observance was arguably made by the Punxsutawney Spirit newspaper of Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania in 1886 : `` up to the time of going to press , the beast has not seen its shadow '' . However , it was not until the following year in 1887 that the first Groundhog Day considered `` official '' was commemorated here , with a group making a trip to the Gobbler 's Knob part of town to consult the groundhog . People have gathered annually at the spot for the event ever since . Clymer Freas ( 1867 -- 1942 ) who was city editor at the Punxsutawney Spirit is credited as the `` father '' who conceived the idea of `` Groundhog Day '' . It has also been suggested that Punxsutawney was where all the Groundhog Day events originated , from where it spread to other parts of the United States and Canada .", "2": "The Groundhog Day celebrations of the 1880s were carried out by the Punxsutawney Elks Lodge . The lodge members were the `` genesis '' of the Groundhog Club formed later , which continued the Groundhog Day tradition . But the lodge started out being interested in the groundhog as a game animal for food . It had started to serve groundhog at the lodge , and had been organizing a hunting party on a day each year in late summer . The chronologies given are somewhat inconsistent in the literature . The first `` Groundhog Picnic '' was held in 1887 according to a book for popular reading by an academic , but given as post-circa - 1889 by a local historian in a journal . The historian states that around 1889 the meat was served in the lodge 's banquet , and the organized hunt started after that . Either way , the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club was formed in 1899 , and continued the hunt and `` Groundhog Feast '' , which took place annually in September . The `` hunt '' portion of it became increasingly a ritualized formality , because the practical procurement of meat had to occur well ahead of time for marinating . A drink called the `` groundhog punch '' was also served . The flavor has been described as a `` cross between pork and chicken '' . The hunt and feast did not attract enough outside interest , and the practice discontinued . Punxsutawney Today ( edit ) The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , where crowds as large as 40,000 gather each year ( nearly eight times the year - round population of the town ) . The average draw had been about 2,000 until the year after the movie screened in 1993 , after which attendance rose to about 10,000 . The official Phil is pretended to be a supercentenarian , having been the same forecasting beast since 1887 . Other locations ( edit ) Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva ( Groundhog Lodge Number Seven ) , of Pennsburg , Pennsylvania The Slumbering Groundhog Lodge , which was formed in 1907 , has carried out the ceremonies that take place in Quarryville , Pennsylvania . It used to be a contending rival to Punxsutawney over the Groundhog Day fame .", "3": "It employs a taxidermic specimen ( stuffed woodchuck ) . In southeastern Pennsylvania , Groundhog Lodges ( Grundsow Lodges ) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge , social events in which food is served , speeches are made , and one or more g'spiel ( plays or skits ) are performed for entertainment . The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event , and those who speak English pay a penalty , usually in the form of a nickel , dime , or quarter per word spoken , with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table . Staten Island Chuck is the official weather - forecasting woodchuck for New York City . Dunkirk Dave ( a stage name for numerous groundhogs that have filled the role since 1960 ) is the local groundhog for Western New York , handled by Bob Will , a typewriter repairman who runs a rescue shelter for groundhogs . In Washington , DC , the Dupont Circle Groundhog Day event features Potomac Phil , another taxidermic specimen . In addition to the spring prediction , if Potomac Phil sees its shadow , it portents six more months of political gridlock . In the American South , the General Beauregard Lee of Lilburn , Georgia is known to have the most accurate prediction , standing at 94 % . The University of Dallas in Irving , Texas has boasted of hosting the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world . The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America beyond the United States , including Wiarton Willie of Wiarton , Ontario , and Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia which , due to Nova Scotia 's Atlantic Time Zone , makes the first Groundhog Day prediction in North America . `` Daks Day '' ( from the German dachs ) is Groundhog Day in the dialect of Lunenburg , Nova Scotia . In French Canada , Fred la marmotte of Val - d'Espoir has been the representative forecaster for the province of Quebec since 2009 . A study also shows that in Quebec , the marmot or groundhog ( siffleux ) are regarded as Candlemas weather - predicting beasts in some scattered spots , but the bear is the more usual animal . In 2017 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow , St.", "4": "Petersburg , and Samara , Russia . Origins ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Dutch were immigrants from German - speaking areas of Europe . The Germans already had a tradition of marking Candlemas ( February 2 ) as `` Badger Day '' ( Dachstag ) , where if a badger emerging found it to be a sunny day thereby casting a shadow , it foreboded the prolonging of winter by four more weeks . Protestant Germany ( edit ) The Candlemas was a Catholic festival officially eliminated by the Protestant Reformers , but it had been retained and continued to be celebrated by the folk . The weather - predicting animal on Candlemas was usually the badger , although regionally the animal was the bear or the fox . The original weather - predicting animal in Germany had been the bear , another hibernating mammal , but when they grew scarce the lore became altered . Similarity to the groundhog lore has been noted for the German formula `` Sonnt sich der Dachs in der Lichtmeßwoche , so geht er auf vier Wochen wieder zu Loche '' ( If the badger sunbathes during Candlemas - week , for four more weeks he will be back in his hole ) . A slight variant is found in a collection of weather lore ( bauernregeln , lit . `` farmers ' rules '' ) printed in Austria in 1823 . Groundhog as badger ( edit ) So the same tradition as the Germans , except that winter 's spell would be prolonged for six weeks instead of four , was maintained by the Pennsylvanians on Groundhog Day . In Germany , the animal was dachs or badger . For the Pennsylvania Dutch , it became the dox which in Deitsch referred to `` groundhog '' . The standard term for `` groundhog '' was grun ′ daks ( from German dachs ) , with the regional variant in York County being grundsau , a direct translation of the English name , according to a 19th - century book on the dialect . The form was a regional variant according to one 19th century source . However , the weather superstition that begins `` Der zwet Hær ′ ning is Grund ′ sau dåk . Wânn di grundau îr schâtte sent ... ( '' February second is Groundhog day .", "5": "If the groundhog sees its shadow ... ) '' is given as common to all 14 counties in Dutch Pennsylvania Country , in a 1915 monograph . The form grundsow has been used by the lodge in Allentown and elsewhere . Bear - rat ( edit ) The groundhog was once also known by the obsolete Latin alias Arctomys monax . The genus name signified `` bear - rat '' . The European marmot is of the same genus and was formerly called Arctomys alpinus . It was speculated that the European counterpart might have lore similar to the groundhog attached to it . Simpler Candlemas lore ( edit ) See also : weather lore The German version , with the introduction of the badger ( or other beasts ) was an expansion on a more simple tradition that if the weather was sunny and clear on Candlemas Day people expected winter to continue . The simpler version is summarized in the English ( Scots dialect ) couplet that runs `` If Candlemas is fair and clear / There 'll be twa winters in the year '' , with equivalent phrases in French and German . And the existence of a corresponding Latin couplet has been suggested as evidence of the great antiquity of this tradition . In fact , the Christian Candlemas itself was an assimilation of the Roman rite for the goddess Februa with a procession on February 2 , to honor her , according to Yoder . The Roman calendar , in turn , had Celtic origins . Candlemas concurs with Imbolc , one of the Celtic ' cross-quarter days ' , the four days which marked the midpoints between solstice and equinox . British Isles ( edit ) Scholar Rhys Carpenter in 1946 emphasized that the Badger Day tradition was strong in Germany , but absent in the British Isles ( England , Scotland , or Ireland ) , and he referred to this as a reason that the U.S. Groundhog Day was not brought by immigrants from these places . There did exist a belief among Roman Catholics in Britain that the hedgehog predicted the length of winter , or so it has been claimed , but without demonstration of its age , in a publication by the Scotland - born American journalist Thomas C. MacMillan in 1886 , and American writer / journalist Samuel Adams Drake 's book published in 1900 .", "6": "There are also claims of Irish lore that the hedgehog emerging out of hibernation on Brigid 's Day ( February 1 ) is a predictor of weather , and a few Celtic scholars advocate this modern Christian Irish lore to be the source of the Groundhog Day tradition in the United States . Accuracy ( edit ) In Pennsylvania , Punxsutawney Phil has become a popular tradition . On February 2nd , people within the city will gather to find out whether or not Phil 's shadow is revealed . With that , he will allegedly determine whether spring will soon begin by not seeing his shadow , or if winter will ensue for six more weeks . Statistics ( edit ) Punxsutawney Phil 's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania 's Groundhog Club which cares for the animal . Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring . Most assessments of Phil 's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance , with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39 % , and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36 % accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 ( a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward ) and a 47 % record in that time span when predicting early spring . Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer 's Almanac ( which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy ) as `` exactly 50 percent '' accuracy , and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28 % success . But a Middlebury College team found that a long - term analysis of temperature high / low predictions were 70 % accurate , although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong . Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia 's `` Shubenacadie Sam '' has an accuracy rate of about 45 % compared to 25 % for Wiarton Willy in Ontario . Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined . Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula ( in Chuck 's case , a majority of days that reach 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox ) to assess accuracy .", "7": "Pseudoscientific evaluation ( edit ) Prediction based on an animal 's behavior , which may seem ridiculous nowadays , used to be given more credence in the past when stores of food became scarce as winter progressed . One theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature . Under this theory , if German settlement had been centered further north , Groundhog Day would take place at a later date . However , the observed behavior of groundhogs in central New Jersey was that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid-March , regardless of Groundhog Day weather . Characteristics of groundhogs ( edit ) Further information : Groundhog Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years . These animals are omnivores , but commonly feast on grass , vegetables , and fruit . Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and , much like beavers , swim . Each fall , groundhogs go into hibernation until March . When the animals emerge from hibernation , their initial purpose is to find a mate . Similar customs ( edit ) See also : Weather lore § animal signs , and Weather lore § February In Croatia and Serbia , Orthodox Christians have a tradition that on February 2 ( Candlemas ) or February 15 ( Sretenje , The Meeting of the Lord ) , the bear will awaken from winter dormancy , and if it sees ( meets ) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state , it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days , thus prolonging the winter . Thus , if it is sunny on Sretenje , it is a sign that the winter is not over yet . If it is cloudy , it is a good sign that the winter is about to end . Similarly in Germany , on the 27th of June , they recognize the Seven Sleepers ' Day ( Siebenschläfertag ) . If it rains that day , the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy . As well , in the United Kingdom , the 15th of July is known as St. Swithin 's day .", "8": "It was traditionally believed that , if it rained on that day , it would rain for the next 40 days and nights . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ February 2 , 1840 read : `` Today the Germans say the groundhog comes out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he returns in and remains there 40 days . '' Jump up ^ Some sources stated that Morris 's February 4 , 1841 entry was the oldest . It read : `` Last Tuesday , the 2nd , was Candlemas day , the day on which , according to the Germans , the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap , but if the day be cloudy he remains out , as the weather is to be moderate . '' Jump up ^ Some books attribute this positively to Clymer Freas . Jump up ^ Also styled H.C. Freas , H. Clymer Freas , or Clymer H. Freas Jump up ^ Other contemporaries of Freas ( his colleagues at the paper and fellow - members of the club , etc . ) have been given credit for the promotion of Groundhog Day : W.O. Smith , another editor of the paper and later elected to U.S. Congress , cartoonist C.M. Payne , and John P. Cowan of the Pittsburgh Gazette . Jump up ^ a combination of vodka , milk , eggs and orange juice , among many other ingredients . Jump up ^ There were beliefs in Switzerland and France that the marmot predicted the weather , according to MacMillan . `` S.S.R. '' also speculated there might be similar lore for the European marmot , Arctomys alpinus . Jump up ^ Noted by Uwe Johnson ; the formula was printed in the Voß un Haas ( nds ) `` Fox and Hare '' calendars of Mecklenburg . Jump up ^ `` Of course everybody knows that February 2 is groundhog day . If the dox ( the dialect word for groundhog ) sees its shadow on this day , the belief is that six weeks of bad weather will follow '' . Jump up ^ The letter `` â '' is actually `` a with circumflex below '' . Jump up ^ Signed `` S.S.R. '' of Lancaster , Pennsylvania .", "9": "Note that S.S. Rathvon wrote the editorial `` The Ground - Hog '' and `` More of the Ground - hogs '' where he refers to the creature as `` Old Arctomyx '' in the editorial in the March 1884 issue of the Lancaster Farmer XV :3 . Jump up ^ A couplet the same as this except `` two winters '' in standard English is given in Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 103 , alongside two other variants . Jump up ^ `` Second Winter '' appears to be a neologism that paraphrases `` two winters '' . Jump up ^ `` Si Sol splenescat Maria purificante / Major erit glacies post festum quam fuit ante '' . Note that Maria purificante or The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the reference to Candlemas day , since this is the biblical event that Candlemas is supposed to commemorate . Jump up ^ Drake also states that the German lore about the badger predicting the winter 's duration was firmly accepted in New England . The groundhog , badger / bear , and hedgehog are all noted as paralleling each other . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ https://www.livescience.com/49665-groundhog-day-predictions.html ^ Jump up to : Shoemaker , Alfred L. ( February 1 , 1954 ) , February Lore , 5 ( 11 ) ( download ) ^ Jump up to : Kruesi , Margaret ( Summer 2007 ) . `` Reviewed Work : Groundhog Day by Don Yoder '' . Journal of American Folklore. 120 ( 477 ) : 367 -- 368 . JSTOR 20487565 Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 49 , 54 , 143 , diary printed in `` Folklore from the Diary of James L. Morris , 1845 -- 1646 '' , Pennsylvania Dutchman 3 : 17 ( February 1 , 1952 ) '' Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 110 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Is the Story Behind Groundhog Day '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , Chapter II , `` Punxsutawney to the World '' ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Peter ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` His Moment In the Sun '' . The Washington Post . 23 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` The Original Groundhog Day Involved Eating the Groundhog '' . Time . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Gazette , September 27 , 1903 , cited by Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 106 , note 12 . Jump up ^ Park , PhD , David ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Happy Groundhog Day to You ! '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 1985 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. xii . Jump up ^ Rosenberger , Homer Tope ( 1966 ) . The Pennsylvania Germans : 1891 -- 1965 . Lancaster , PA : Pennsylvania German Society . pp. 194 -- 199 . OCLC 1745108 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Eli ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn , This Year Without de Blasio '' . N.Y. / Region . New York , New York : The New York Times .", "11": "Archived from the original on February 14 , 2016 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Punxsutawney Phil and seven other famous groundhogs you should know '' . Fox News . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Sean ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Sean Kirst : For Dunkirk Dave 's caretaker , every day is Groundhog Day '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Colleges in the Midwest : Compare Colleges in Your Region ( 24 ed . ) . Peterson 's . 2009 . p. 298 . ISBN 9780768926903 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring '' . Canadian Press . February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day '' . King 's County Register . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poteet , Lewis J. ( 2004 ) ( 1988 ) , The South Shore Phrase Book ( New , revised , and expanded ed . ) , Hantsport : Lancelot Press Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day : Quebec groundhog disagrees with Shubenacadie Sam , Wiarton Willie '' . The Gazette . Montreal , CA . February 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Le jour de la marmotte , science ou folklore ? '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver ! '' . Radio - Canada . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 .", "12": "la marmotte officielle du Québec Jump up ^ Rodrigue , Denise ( 1983 ) . Le cycle de Pâques au Québec et dans l'Ouest de la France . Presses Université Laval . pp. 34 , 36 . ISBN 9782763769035 . ^ Jump up to : MacMillan , Thomas C. , ed. ( 1886 ) . Ground - Hog Day ― Candlemas . The Inter Ocean Curiosity Shop for the year 1885 ( 3 ed . ) . Chicago : The Inter Ocean Publishing Company . pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : S.S.R. ( February 15 , 1890 ) , `` Arctomyx monax '' , American Notes and Queries , 4 : 188 Jump up ^ `` Groundhog Day 2017 : Furry Forecasters Around the World '' . sputniknews.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Uwe Johnson , cited by Grambow , Jürgen ( 1994 ) , `` Möglichkeiten einer intellektuellen Kritik an diesem Mecklenburg '' , Johnson - Jahrbuch , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Lewenau , Joseph Arnold Ritter von ( 1823 ) , Der angewandte Fresenius ; oder , Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs - und sogenannter Bauernregeln , Vienna , J.G. Mösle , p. 20 : `` Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt , so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch . ( If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas , he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks ) '' ^ Jump up to : Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 52 .", "13": "Jump up ^ dachs is glossed as meaning `` raccoon , groundhog , or short - legged dog '' in : Lambert , Marcus Bachman ( 1924 ) , `` Pennsylvania - German Dictionary '' , Pennsylvania - German Society : 35 ^ Jump up to : Haldeman , Samuel Stehman ( 1872 ) , Pennsylvania Dutch : A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English , Reformed Church Publication Board , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Fogel , Edwin Miller ( 1915 ) . Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans . 18 . Philadelphia : American Germanica Press . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 67 , 76 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , pp. 52 , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Yoder ( 2003 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Drake , Samuel Adams ( 1900 ) . The Myths and Fables of To - day . Frank T. Merill ( illustr . ) . Boston : Lee and Shepard . pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Minard , Antone ( 2012 ) , `` Imbolc '' , The Celts , ABC - CLIO , 1 , p. 444 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5988 - 4964 - 6 Jump up ^ Danaher , Kevin ( 1972 ) The Year in Ireland , Cork / Dublin , Mercier Press , pp. 13 -- 14 , cited by MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2003 ) . `` Oenach Aimsire na mBan : Early Irish Seasonal Celebrations , Gender Roles and Mythological Cycles '' . Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium. 23 : 274 . and note 81. JSTOR 25660739 : `` To see a hedgehog come out of its hole was a good sign . If the animal stayed out , this indicated the return of good weather '' . `` This custom was transformed into Groundhog Day in the United States '' .", "14": "^ Jump up to : `` How Accurate Are Punxsutawney Phil 's Groundhog Day Forecasts ? '' . Live Science . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stormfax . `` Groundhog Day History from Stormfax ® 2016 '' . www.stormfax.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Thomas , R.B. ( 1998 ) , The Farmer 's Almanac , p. 67 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allison , Christine ( 1995 ) , 365 days of gardening , p. 353 , cited in Aaron et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Aaron , Michael A. ; Boyd , Brewster B. , Jr. ; Curtis , Melanie J. ; Sommers , Paul M. ( January 2001 ) , `` Punxsutawney 's Phenomenal Phorecaster '' , The College Mathematics Journal , 32 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 29 . doi : 10.2307 / 2687216 . Jump up ^ Tom Ayers , `` Shubenacadie Sam unlikely to see his shadow '' , Chronicle Herald , January 31 , 2018a Jump up ^ Groundhog Day 2017 : Staten Island Chuck calls for an early spring Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny . `` A Short History of Groundhog Day '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coin , Glenn ( February 1 , 2015 ) . Groundhog Day 2016 : Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather ? Syracuse Post-Standard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Groundhog Day ... again ? '' . caucus99percent.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Groundhog Day -- Feb 02 , 1887 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Olive ( 1942 ) , Peasant Life in Yugoslavia , Ams Press Inc , p.", "15": "142 ^ Jump up to : Keever , Homer M. ( 1976 ) , Iredell , Piedmont County , Iredell County Bicentennial Commission , p. 26 Bibliography Davis , Christopher R. ( April 1985 ) , `` Totemism and Civic Boosterism in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , 1899 - 1909 '' , The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine , 68 ( 2 ) Yoder , Don ( 2003 ) . Groundhog Day . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . ISBN 0811700291 . OCLC 52542605 . Further reading ( edit ) Old , W.C. , and P. Billin - Frye ( 2004 ) . The Groundhog Day Book of Facts and Fun . Morton Grove , IL : Albert Whitman . Pulling , A.F. ( 2001 ) . Around Punxsutawney . Charleston , S.C. : Arcadia . External links ( edit ) Gobblers Knobb Punxsatawney 's Mascot Groundhog Day -- The Official Website of the Punxsatawney Groundhog Club Groundhogstuff.com . The Official Punxsutawney Phil Souvenir Shop located in Punxsutawney , PA . Short Punxsutawney Groundhog Day Documentary : A Holiday for Everyone Groundhog Days in Woodstock , IL Wiarton Willie Festival -- Wiarton , Ontario Groundhog Day ( 1993 ) movie on IMDb Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr .", "16": "Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL ,", "17": "MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI ,", "18": "former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH ,", "19": "OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groundhog_Day&oldid=835904093 '' Categories : February observances Public holidays in Canada Public holidays in the United States Pennsylvania culture Pennsylvania German culture Superstitions Weather lore Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template link number CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from February 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Arpetan Azərbaycanca Català Deitsch Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 13 : 42 .", "20": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 7, 0, 6, 8, 4, 5, 9, 3, 1, 12, 14, 13, 19, 2, 11, 15, 10, 16, 18, 17, 20 ]	[ 0, 7, 6, 8, 4 ]
3180985211266498326	who plays bianca in that's so raven	[ "Erica Rivera", "Erica Rivera", "Erica Rivera", "Erica Rivera", "Erica Rivera" ]	{ "0": "That 's So Raven - wikipedia That 's So Raven Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the teen sitcom series . For the soundtrack , see That 's So Raven ( soundtrack ) . For other similarly titled TV series , see Raven ( disambiguation ) . That 's So Raven Genre Sitcom Created by Michael Poryes Susan Sherman Starring Raven - Symoné Orlando Brown Kyle Massey Anneliese van der Pol T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh Rondell Sheridan Theme music composer John Coda Opening theme `` That 's So Raven '' by Raven - Symoné , Orlando Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol Ending theme `` That 's So Raven ( Instrumental ) '' ( except episode 89 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 100 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marvin Harris ( season 1 - 4 ) Michael Poryes ( season 1 ) Sean McNamara ( season 1 -- 3 ) David Brookwell ( season 1 -- 3 ) Dennis Rinsler Marc Warren ( season 3 -- 4 ) Raven - Symoné ( season 4 ) Location ( s ) Sunset Gower Studios Hollywood Center Studios Los Angeles , California Camera setup Videotape ; multi-camera Running time approx.", "1": "23 minutes Production company ( s ) Disney Channel Original Brookwell McNamara Entertainment ( season 1 -- 3 ) That 's So Productions ( season 4 ) Warren & Rinsler Productions ( season 4 ) Distributor Buena Vista Television Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 480i Original release January 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) -- November 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 10 ) Chronology Followed by Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Raven 's Home ( 2017 − present ) External links Official website That 's So Raven is an American supernatural sitcom that debuted on Disney Channel on January 17 , 2003 , and ended its run on November 10 , 2007 . The series was nominated in 2005 and 2007 for Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children 's Programming . The show was set in San Francisco and revolved around teenager Raven Baxter , played by Raven - Symoné , her friends Eddie ( Orlando Brown ) and Chelsea ( Anneliese van der Pol ) , her family members ; mother Tanya Baxter ( T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ) , father Victor Baxter ( Rondell Sheridan ) and brother Cory ( Kyle Massey ) . The title character drew on her psychic powers , ingenuity , and talent as a fashion designer as well as a variety of disguises to get into and out of amusing adolescent and pre-adolescent situations . Reruns of episodes aired on the ABC Kids Saturday morning segment of Disney - owned broadcast network ABC in the United States until August 27 , 2011 , when the block was discontinued . No announcement was made as to whether the show would get complete season releases on DVD . That 's So Raven garnered higher ratings than any other Disney Channel show at the time . It went on to be the first show in Disney Channel history to make the 100 - episode mark . The show was so popular that it received a spin - off focusing on Cory . The show was called Cory in the House . The series lasted for two seasons and had 34 episodes .", "2": "In October 2016 , Raven - Symoné announced that there would be a second spin - off about Raven raising her two children , one with psychic visions . The show , titled Raven 's Home , premiered on July 21 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Production 2.1 Opening sequence 3 Episodes 3.1 Crossover with The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana 4 Cast and characters 4.1 Main 4.2 Recurring 5 Reunion 6 Merchandise 6.1 Soundtrack albums 6.2 Series novelizations 6.3 Video games 7 Reception 8 VHS and DVD releases 8.1 Volume releases 9 Other releases 10 Name in other countries 11 Spin - off and Sequels 11.1 Cory in the House 11.2 Failed Movie Attempt 11.3 Raven 's Home 12 Indian adaptation 13 Awards and nominations 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Raven Baxter , a teenage girl , receives short psychic visions of the future events when in deep situations . Attempting to make these visions come true frequently results in trouble and hilarious situations for herself , her family , and her friends . Production ( edit ) The name for the main character changed several times prior to production , starting with Dawn Baxter in a show named The Future Is on Me . Names changed to Rose Baxter in a show called Absolutely Psychic but finally settling on Raven Baxter when actress Raven - Symoné won the lead part , with the show titled That 's So Raven . Symoné originally auditioned for the role of the best friend , Chelsea . Raven - Symoné was credited simply as `` Raven '' throughout the series . The show filmed a special pilot episode on April 12 , 2001 , and the first season was filmed from November 9 , 2001 -- June 2002 .", "3": "That 's So Raven was responsible for many firsts for Disney Channel : the series was the highest - rated series in the history of Disney Channel and the first series to garner more than three - million viewers ; the third longest - running original series in Disney Channel history , the first Disney Channel series to reach 100 episodes , the first Disney Channel series to produce a spinoff ( Cory in the House ) and one of the first two live action original series where the lead and most of the supporting main characters are minorities ( The Famous Jett Jackson being the other ) . In addition , it was also the first Disney Channel sitcom to be shot on videotape , to use a multi-camera format , to be shot in front of a studio audience or use a laugh track , and to use the simulated film look created by FilmLook , Inc. ( all of which has become standard on all Disney Channel comedies , though a ' filmized ' appearance was given to all of the channel 's videotaped sitcoms produced from 2009 onward , as the live - action Disney Channel Original Series begin being produced in high definition ) . The first three seasons were produced by Brookwell McNamara Entertainment . The company later left at the end of season 3 , being replaced by Warren & Rinsler Productions . Raven - Symoné then received a producer credit for the show 's fourth and final season , with the credit being called `` That So Productions '' . It became the first Disney Channel series to create a spin - off , Cory in the House , which followed her younger brother , Cory , as his dad became the head chef for the President of the United States , causing the two of them to move to Washington , D.C. In the fourth season of That 's So Raven and on Cory in the House , Victor states that Tanya ( T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ) is in England studying to be a lawyer . The show shot its final few episodes in January 2006 , but they were n't all aired until a year later , with the series finale airing in March 2007 and the second - to - last episode shown that November . Opening sequence ( edit ) The show 's title theme song was written by John Coda , who also composed the music cues to signify scene changes and commercial breaks for this series as well as Even Stevens .", "4": "It was produced by Jeffrey `` Def Jef '' Fortson and Christopher B. Pearman and was performed by Raven - Symoné , Anneliese van der Pol and Orlando Brown . Each season had opening credits composed of footage from the episodes of that season . Each season also made an exception to the guideline by showing footage from the previous seasons , most of the time when it was needed . For example , if footage being shown was of the characters dancing , then footage of a character or characters would be shown . When originally broadcast , season two followed the guideline , but when season three began airing , the opening credits from season two were inexplicably replaced with the opening credits from season three for daytime network rebroadcasts and subsequent syndication . Each opening sequence , before going to the title card , always ended with the main cast being together ( in clips that were not part of any episode ) . Seasons one , two , and three were of the Baxters sitting on their living room couch , and season four was of the Baxters ( with the exception of Tanya ) , Eddie , and Chelsea coming down the Baxters ' living room stairs . At the end of the opening credits , Raven stands next to the title card and says , `` Yep , that 's me . '' This remained in season four , except with a new addition . Raven 's catchphrase `` Oh , Snap ! '' was dubbed in right before she says , `` Yep , that 's me . '' Raven - Symoné performs most of the theme , while Brown performs a rap near the end of the theme and some scattered vocals in the beginning of the theme . Anneliese van der Pol sings the show 's title in the chorus . A full - length version of this theme was heard in a music video which aired a few months before the show 's U.S. premiere and also can be heard on the show 's first soundtrack , released in 2004 . In Disney Channel Asia , an Asian version of the show 's theme song was made . The music video debuted on January 17 , 2007 , back - to - back with the 100th episode of That 's So Raven . It also aired in China on CCTV as 那是因此掠夺 .", "5": "Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of That 's So Raven episodes The series is the third - longest running Disney Channel Original Series , with its popularity extending the show 's contract from 65 to 100 episodes . The last episode produced was `` The Way We Were '' , but then `` Checkin ' Out '' was produced . Although it was chronologically the last episode , it did not air last ; instead , `` Where There 's Smoke '' aired last . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 January 17 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 17 ) March 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) 22 October 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 03 ) September 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 24 ) 35 October 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 01 ) January 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 16 ) 22 February 20 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 20 ) November 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 10 ) Crossover with the Suite life of Zack & Cody and Hannah Montana ( edit ) Main article : That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana The episode `` Checkin ' Out '' is the first part of a three - way crossover that continues on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and concludes on Hannah Montana . Raven Baxter meets Zack and Cody while visiting the Tipton Hotel to do a photo shoot promoting a fashion line for boys . During her stay , Raven upsets Cody with a psychic vision and London Tipton refuses to take interest in one of Raven 's clothing designs until Hannah Montana arrives and shows an interest .", "6": "Cast and characters ( edit ) The cast of That 's So Raven ( seasons 1 - 3 ) , ( From left to right , above ) : Kyle Massey ( Cory Baxter ) , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh ( Tanya Baxter ) , Rondell Sheridan ( Victor Baxter ) , ( From left to right , below ) : Orlando Brown ( Eddie Thomas ) , Raven - Symoné ( Raven Baxter ) and Anneliese van der Pol ( Chelsea Daniels ) . Main ( edit ) Raven - Symoné ( credited as Raven ) , portrays Raven Lydia Baxter , the main character . Aged 14 -- 17 . A precognitive teenager . She has a sassy attitude and a grand personality , and is well known for her style . She also loves fashion , and designs her own clothing . She has friends and a loving family , and she goes to public school . However , on various occasions , she gets `` psychic visions '' about what may or may not happen later . She is only able to `` see '' a small segment of some future event , and she frequently errs on what it really means , in which case her attempts to change these events only end up making it happen or making it worse . Her main catchphrases are `` Oh Fudge ! '' , `` Oh snap ! '' , `` Ya nasty ! '' , `` How y'all doin ' ? '' , and `` Oh , no he did n't ! '' She abruptly says , `` I 'm okay ! '' if she falls down in one of her disguises . And , if big guys throw her , she tells them to do it `` gently ! '' In addition , when she disapproves of something , she exclaims `` Gotta go ! '' When she makes an appearance on Cory in the House , her father exclaims , `` You did n't get kicked out of design school because they do n't give out refunds ! '' , which shows she is attending design school . Raven is also a master of disguise , which fits in with her trouble - making antics and passion for becoming a fashion designer , like her idol , Donna Cabonna , whom she worked for as an intern . Raven Baxter is extremely allergic to mushrooms , and her favorite drink is orange juice .", "7": "According to Chelsea , her favorite gemstone is diamond , her favorite vegetable is corn , and her favorite animal is stuffed . Often referred to as Rae , Raven does not enjoy nature or camping . She has appeared in every episode of the series , along with her younger brother Cory . In the second spin - off , Raven 's Home , Raven eventually married her first love Devon but they got divorced . In between that time , they had two children Nia and Booker - latter of whom , shares Raven 's ability to see into the future . Orlando Brown portrays Edward `` Eddie '' Thomas . Aged 14 -- 17 . He is Raven 's male best friend . He is an aspiring rapper , and is a guard on the school basketball team . He is like a `` big brother '' to Cory Baxter and was commonly portrayed as playful , ambitious , loyal , girl crazy and quick to jump to conclusions . Occasionally , he says `` Told ya ! Told ya twice ! '' after he tells Raven not to do something that they both knew she would do . Another common catchphrase of his is `` Holla ! '' after he finishes talking to his friends or girls that he likes . His parents are divorced , which is mentioned several times throughout the series . It is also said that he has a little brother . In one episode , Eddie and Raven not only start to develop romantic feelings for each other but they also kiss on the lips at two separate times ; however , by the end of the episode , they decide to remain friends ( though its strongly implied they 're still interested in one another ) . Eddie has appeared in every episode except Juicer Consequences . Kyle Massey portrays Cory Baxter . Aged 10 -- 13 . Cory is Raven 's younger brother who sometimes acts as the main antagonist of the series . He and Raven often argue , but in the long run , they care deeply for each other . Even as he gets older , he claims that playing pranks on Raven is one of his guilty pleasures . Cory has two best friends , William and Larry . Together , the 3 boys form the band Cory and the Boys , with Cory as the drummer and lead singer , while Larry is the guitarist . William starts out playing the clarinet and then plays the keyboard .", "8": "The band has one song : `` Feelin ' the Love '' . Cory is an aspiring businessman . He is shown to be obsessed with money and often creates `` get - rich - quick '' schemes behind his parents ' backs , in which he always gets into trouble . Cory also has a close relationship with his pet rat , Lionel . Earlier in the series , he had a crush on Chelsea . In the third season starts a relationship with Cindy . His catchphrases are `` Cha - ching '' and `` You Know How I Do ! '' . He and Victor are the main characters in the spin - off series Cory in the House . He has appeared in every episode of the series , along with his older sister Raven . Anneliese van der Pol portrays Chelsea Daniels . Aged 14 -- 17 . Often referred to as Chels , She is Raven 's female best friend . She is an environmentalist , vegetarian , and closet artist . She is portrayed as being clumsy and dimwitted ( although the first two seasons portray her to be just as smart as Raven , but to extreme limits ) ; at times , her stupidity is so potent that she is frequently oblivious to what should be obvious and unable to discern sarcasm from sincerity . She usually uses the catchphrases `` That makes more sense ! '' or ' `` This is awkward ! '' She also likes to make jokes , which only she would laugh at . Despite her apparent lack of common sense and intelligence , she has a few surprises up her sleeve -- such as occasionally knowing certain `` smart '' things , which usually tends to surprise everyone else . In Season 1 , it is revealed that Raven and Chelsea 's friendship goes all the way back to when they were in pre-school , but she was also shown to be dimwitted back then because she did not notice Raven blowing out the candles on her birthday cake . It should also be noted that Chelsea was just as caring when she was young as she is now because one of her unfulfilled wishes on that same birthday was to stop global warming . She is quite similar to Newt ( from Cory in the House ) in personality .", "9": "She is very passionate in saving the environment and caring for the animals , and also much more spiritual compared to Raven who can be materialistic , though it occasionally leads to troubling events like the three friends disputing over a goat and nearly turning herself and Raven into cows . In earlier episodes , Cory has a huge crush on her and unsuccessfully pursues her . Occasionally , Chelsea refers to a specific relative , Cousin Earl , at times . Her parents are Therapists . She also has a dog named Sam . Chelsea is present in every episode except Mother Dearest , Smell of Victory , and Saturday Afternoon Fever . T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh portrays Tanya Baxter . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) . Tanya is the mother of Raven and Cory , and wife of Victor . She is a firm , but fun and caring mother who , despite the antics of her children , is always there for them . She halted her studies to raise her family , but decided once the children were older to continue studying law . Before that , she briefly worked as Raven 's English teacher at the request of Raven 's school principal . Her catchphrase is `` Momma like ! '' She has a very competitive nature to her personality . It 's learned that her mother , Viv , is also psychic . In season 4 , Tanya is not present ; it is said that she has gone off to England to attend law school . On Cory in the House , she is still in England and she does not visit Cory and Victor but is mentioned . In the pilot episode of Raven 's Home , it is revealed by Booker that Tanya is still living . Rondell Sheridan portrays Victor Baxter , the father of Raven and Cory , and husband of Tanya . He starts out as a chef in a restaurant , but he later opens his own restaurant , The Chill Grill . His biggest rival is Leonard Stevenson . In Cory in the House , he gets a job as the President 's chef , and it is unknown what became of his restaurant . His catchphrases are `` Here comes the pain ! '' and `` I 'll go pack ! ''", "10": "( Cory in the House ) Recurring ( edit ) Señorita Rodriguez , played by Rose Abdoo Señorita Rodriguez is the Spanish teacher at Chelsea Daniels , Eddie Thomas , and Raven Baxter 's school . She also sponsors the Bayside Barracudian newspaper . Other roles she has taken on include teaching the `` Drama Club '' , advising the `` Bayside Outdoor Club '' , and creating / leading the `` FLUB '' ( Future Leaders United in Business ) Club . Retailers say she takes too many freebies . She has appeared in several episodes throughout the series . Whenever she is in a conversation with someone , she quickly gets their hopes up with positive responses , followed by a sly laugh , and an abrupt `` NO ! '' with a negative tone -- her catchphrase . Devon Carter , played by Lil ' J Devon Carter is Raven 's steady boyfriend from seasons 2 -- 4 . He previously had braces on his teeth and bad acne , and was known as `` Bucktooth Carter '' . After he had his braces removed and his face `` cleared up '' over the summer , and came back to school , Raven and Alana were constantly fighting to be his girlfriend . He eventually becomes Raven 's boyfriend , and continues to be , even after he moves to Seattle , Washington . Although he and his family move to Seattle , he still sees Raven when his father visits San Francisco on business trips . After his family leaves Tanya assures Raven that Devon will always be in her heart . Even though they say they are each other 's `` only love '' , we also see Raven have numerous crushes between Devon 's visits . Devon has a little sister named Nadine who is jealous of Raven because she does n't want to share her big brother . In the second spin - off , Raven 's Home , Devon and Raven eventually married but got divorced . In between that time , they had two children , Nia and Booker , the latter of whom shares Raven 's ability to see into the future . Alana Rivera , played by Adrienne Bailon Alana Rivera is Raven 's ex-best friend . She finds great pleasure in teasing and bullying Raven . She hangs out with her posse , which includes followers Muffy and Loka .", "11": "She was first introduced in Season 2 in the episode `` Do n't Have a Cow '' . In `` Run Raven Run '' , we learn that Alana and Raven were best friends until 4th grade when a school play had them both competing for the role of the Tooth Fairy ( which Raven got , while Alana portrayed the tooth decay ) , and would ultimately end their friendship . Alana and Raven almost became friends again when Raven `` teamed up '' with Alana 's posse ( in the episode `` Clothes Minded '' ) , which happens after Chelsea and Eddie do not support Raven 's school `` protest '' . In the episode `` Run , Raven , Run '' , Raven and Alana briefly become friends until Chelsea reveals that Raven put chewing gum in Alana 's hair . This causes her to get her head shaved and covered up . Alana , Muffy , and Loka also spend the night at Raven 's house in the episode `` Shake , Rattle , and Rae '' . In this episode , Raven and Alana almost become friends again , until Alana announces that `` the score is 1 -- 0 '' . She was replaced in season 3 by Bianca ( Erica Rivera ) , because , according to Muffy , she was so bad , she got sent to military school , while Bianca was so bad that she got kicked out of military school . Bianca , played by Erica Rivera Bianca is Raven 's enemy in two episodes of season 3 , she replaced Alana when she was sent to military school and she took over Alana 's posse . She did not appear in season 4 , she was maybe sent back to military school leaving Muffy as Raven 's foremost enemy . Muffy , played by Ashley Drane Muffy is a member of Alana 's ( and , later on , Bianca 's ) posse . Her role in the posse is to record important events ( like an organizer ) and tends to explain what Alana ( and , later on , Bianca ) say which is usually brief . She took over as Raven 's foremost enemy after Bianca left . There is some speculation that she might be psychic because she knows everything that Alana and Bianca are thinking . She also has a younger sister , Buffy , who is Sydney 's age , and enemy .", "12": "Loca , played by Andrea Edwards Loca is a member of Alana 's ( and , later on , Bianca 's ) posse . She is rough , and she did the `` bad work '' for Alana ( and then Bianca ) . She is a tall girl , whom nobody likes to mess with . She is also romantically interested in Eddie ; she likes to give him arm punches every time she sees him . She is obsessed with the boy band Boyz ' N Motion , and also loves s'mores , as seen in the episode `` Shake , Rattle , and Rae '' . Unlike Muffy , Bianca , or Alana , it shows in later episodes ( season 3 ) , she does n't have it out personally for Raven . She even shows compassion ( briefly ) for Raven in the season 3 episode `` Boyz ' N Commotion '' . Loca is shown to be nicer than Muffy or Bianca in personality and somewhat became friends with Raven . William , played by Frankie Ryan Manriquez William is one of Cory 's best friends . He is known to be very smart , and loves ducks . He is afraid of girls , and he can play the clarinet and keyboard . His classmates call him `` Captain Brainypants '' . He `` invents '' many different gadgets in various episodes , such as the `` remote - controlled refrigerator opener '' . He once does Raven 's science project , in exchange for her designing him a new wardrobe to look `` cooler '' . It has been implied that William is younger than Cory , but it is not known how much younger . Larry , played by David Henrie Larry is Cory 's other best friend . He is Jewish , as revealed in the episode `` Raven , Sydney , And The Man '' , when he invites Cory to his Bar Mitzvah . He is the guitar player in `` Cory and the Boys '' . He also has a yellow sweatshirt that he wears all the time during the winter , as mentioned in the episode `` The Lying Game '' , although no other reference to this is made . He takes cotillion class , as revealed in the episode `` Mad Hot Cotillion '' . He is also known to be over-worried , and slightly strange , at times .", "13": "Stanley played by Bobb'e J. Thompson Stanley is Eddie 's next - door neighbor , who is obsessed with Raven . He serves as the primary antagonist of the show , he has a frenemy relationship with Eddie and Cory , although he is usually seen scamming them . Stanley was originally brought in as a love interest for Raven 's next - door neighbor , Sierra , but he becomes much more interested in Raven , and in one episode , Loka . Stanley is rude , obnoxious , mean , sarcastic , and deceptive to everyone . He is a young salesman , who usually tricks Cory into buying something that would eventually go wrong . Stanley is always trying desperately to get Raven to like him , but he suddenly leaves her alone after seeing her kiss Andre in the episode `` Mr. Perfect '' . He loves to eat cheese sandwiches . He also competes against Chelsea in a ping - pong match , and loses . In the same episode ( `` Taken to the Cleaners '' ) , he asks Victor to make him a cheese sandwich in the shape of a ping - pong paddle . His catchphrases include `` My brotha ! '' , which he exclaims whenever he is trying to `` show someone up '' ; and `` I may have said that , but I say a lot of things . '' This is a partial denial of his ability to be nice to other people . He appears primarily in Seasons 3 and 4 , in the episodes `` Opportunity Shocks '' ; `` Taken to the Cleaners '' ; `` The Grill Next Door '' ; `` Mr. Perfect '' ; `` The Four Aces '' ; `` Driving Miss Lazy '' ; `` Sister Act '' ; `` Checkin ' Out '' ; `` Fur Better or Worse '' and `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' . He also appeared in the Cory in the House episode `` Uninvited Pest '' when he covets the Presidential medal Cory was going to receive for his Young Businessperson of the Year project . He got into the `` Up with Goodness '' program , feigned an ankle injury , and stole Cory 's presentation . It is also noted that he has a fear of bones , which helps Cory prove that Stanley faked the injury and stole his presentation . Sydney , played by Sydney Park Sydney is a girl at Bayside Community Center , whom Raven mentors .", "14": "When they first meet , Sydney embarrasses Raven by constantly insulting her . However , when Raven learns that Sydney is a foster child , they quickly develop a friendship . Sydney is an aspiring comedian , and she even `` performed '' at Cory 's `` bro mitzvah '' in the episode `` Raven , Sydney , and the Man '' . Raven and Sydney are now very close friends , and even enter a Little Miss and Her Big Sis pageant . Raven and Sydney are often compared as sisters , although they are not actually related . In the episode `` Rae of Sunshine '' Sydney has trouble making friends so she embarrasses Raven again , but then at the end , she makes friends without embarrassing Raven . Donna Cabonna , played by Anne - Marie Johnson Donna Cabonna is a world - renowned fashion designer , and Raven 's arrogant , snooty , trashy boss . Her name is a parody of real - life designers Donna Karan and Dolce & Gabbana . Donna has started Raven as an intern , in which she is often stuck with many tedious jobs such as getting Donna her coffee and picking after her dog Coco . In one episode in Season 4 , she makes Raven her `` temporary assistant '' when Tiffany goes on a business trip . Raven 's full devotion to her boss causes Devon to break up with her , but they quickly re-unite after a brief talk . Donna has a boyfriend named Teddy ( Richard Steven Horvitz ) , who is much shorter than her , with whom she plays `` break - up and make - up '' every weekend . Despite the many conflicts between Raven and her boss , Donna is very supportive of Raven and believes that she could go far in the fashion industry with her talents . Tiffany , played by Jodi Shilling Tiffany is Donna 's `` personal assistant '' , and Raven 's primary nemesis in the fourth season . Ever since their first meeting , Tiffany and Raven do not like each other . On Raven 's first day working for Donna ( in the episode `` Dues & Don'ts '' ) , Tiffany lies to Raven by telling her that Donna Cabonna 's office belongs to Raven . They are constantly `` competing '' to be Donna 's favorite assistant . She apparently shares many similarities with Muffy .", "15": "Cindy , played by Jordyn Colemon Cindy is Cory 's girlfriend . Cory meets Cindy in `` Double Vision '' . By the events of `` Bend It Like Baxter '' they 're dating . By the series final `` Where There 's Smoke '' Cindy has started smoking . After the intervention that Raven and the gang hold for Cory when they think that he 's smoking , Cindy tells the truth and promises to never smoke again . The Juicer , played by Dan Mott The Juicer is a nickname given to him for his strong hands `` juicing '' things ; his real name is not revealed . He likes to squeeze kid 's heads . He first appeared in season 4 in the episode `` Juicer Consequences '' . The Juicer is the school bully . The Juicer has shown his caring side in `` Where There 's Smoke '' when he lectured Cory and Cindy about the dangers of smoking . He also guest starred in the first spin off show `` Cory in the House '' . `` Cory in the House '' revealed that The Juicer wears reading glasses and enjoys books about cats . Freckles , played by Jake Carlis Freckles is a nickname given to him because of his freckles ; his name is not revealed . He is a kid in the day care in the Mr. Perfect episode ( season 3 episode 30 ) . He attempts to console Stanley after Raven rejects his advances . Featured role in That 's So Raven Reunion ( edit ) Eight years after the series ended , there was speculation and rumors that the series would get a second spin - off or revamp . On August 14 , 2015 , a reunion with Raven and her former co-stars happened on The View , where they discussed all things about the show and past times . Crystal Keymah and Sheridan were not present , but got a special mention from Symoné herself . Merchandise ( edit ) The That 's So Raven franchise has been modeled after fellow Disney Channel hit Lizzie McGuire . Raven has a clothing line , DVD releases , novels , bedroom sets , a perfume , a Girl Talk board game , three video games and two soundtracks , That 's So Raven : Songs from and inspired by the hit TV show and That 's So Raven Too ! .", "16": "In February 2005 , That 's So Raven toys were featured in the McDonald 's Happy Meal . In April 2005 , a doll based on Raven Baxter was released and another was released the following year . In September 2005 , the show also spawned a fragrance and an MP3 player . That same month , the clothing line was shipped to Macy 's stores . As of 2006 , That 's So Raven merchandise had made $400 million . Soundtrack albums ( edit ) That 's So Raven That 's So Raven Too ! Series novelizations ( edit ) Main article : List of That 's So Raven books What You See Is What You Get -- Smell of Victory & A Dog by Any Other Name Rescue Me -- Driven To Insanity & Mother Dearest In Raven We Trust -- Test of Friendship & Saturday Afternoon Fever Step Up -- Dissin ' Cousins & Party Animal Family Affair -- If I Only Had a Job & Teach Your Children Well 2 Good 2 B True -- To See or Not to See & Ye Olde Dating Game Tell It Like It Is -- Campaign in the Neck & Separation Anxiety Dueling Divas ' -- A Fight at the Opera & The Parties Showtime !", "17": "-- Wake Up , Victor & A Fish Called Raven Psyched -- Psychics Wanted & Saving Psychic Raven Boyfriend Blues -- Four 's a Crowd & Blue in the Face Be Mine -- Hearts And Minds & Close Encounters of the Nerd Kind The Real Deal -- That 's So Not Raven & Run , Raven , Run Over the Top -- Out of Control & He 's Got the Power Rebel Raven -- Clothes Minded & Spa Day Afternoon Superstar -- Radio Heads & The Road to Audition House Party -- Hizzouse Party & Leave It to Diva Queen of Hearts -- There Goes the Bride & Royal Treatment Raven Rocks -- A Goat 's Tale & Boyz ' N Commotion Extreme Fever -- Extreme Cory & When There 's Smoke Video games ( edit ) That 's So Raven has spawned three video games : That 's So Raven , Game Boy Advance That 's So Raven 2 , Game Boy Advance That 's So Raven : Psychic on the Scene , Nintendo DS Reception ( edit ) The series premiere was watched by 3.5 million viewers , the first Disney Channel series to garner more than 3 million viewers . The most watched episode of That 's So Raven is `` Country Cousins '' , scoring 10.8 million viewers . VHS and DVD releases ( edit ) Volume releases ( edit ) ! # VHS and DVD title Episodes featured Release date Bonus features That 's So Raven : Supernaturally Stylish `` If I Only Had a Job '' `` He 's Got the Power '' `` That 's So Not Raven '' `` Boyz ' N Commotion '' December 7 , 2004 `` Supernatural '' ( music video ) `` That 's So Raven '' ( music video ) That 's So Raven : Disguise the Limit `` Art Breaker '' `` Country Cousins ( Part 1 ) '' `` Country Cousins ( Part 2 ) '' `` The Grill Next Door '' August 16 ,", "18": "2005 Master of Disguises ( featurette ) Visual commentary by Raven on selected scenes That 's So Raven : Raven 's House Party `` Opportunity Shocks '' `` Double Vision '' `` Too Much Pressure '' `` Four Aces Club '' `` Vision Impossible '' December 6 , 2005 Never - before - seen episode Bloopers and outtakes That 's So Raven Radio Trivia Game That 's So Raven : Raven 's Makeover Madness ( Only on DVD ) `` Pin Pals '' `` Dues and Don'ts '' `` Adventures in Boss - Sitting '' `` Hook Up My Space '' `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' July 18 , 2006 Never - before - seen episode So You Think You Know Raven ( Volume 1 , trivia game ) Other releases ( edit ) DVD title Episode featured Release date Bonus features Disney Channel Holiday ( VHS and DVD ) `` Escape Clause '' November 1 , 2005 N / A That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana `` Checkin ' Out '' January 16 , 2007 So You Think You Know Raven ( Volume 2 , trivia game ) Hannah Montana Volume 4 : One in a Million `` Run , Raven , Run '' January 28 , 2008 N / A Name in other countries ( edit ) Countries Name Australia That 's So Raven Brazil As Visões da Raven Denmark That 's So Raven Spain Raven Greece Raven Finland That 's So Raven France Phénomène Raven Germany Raven Blickt Durch Hong Kong 好係 Raven India That 's so Raven Italy Raven Japan レイブン見えちゃってチョー大変 ! ( Reibun Mie Chatte Cho Taihen ! )", "19": "Mexico Es Tan Raven Philippines That 's So Raven Poland Świat Raven Portugal Raven United Kingdom That 's So Raven Taiwan 天才魔女 Turkey Tam Raven'a Göre Spin - off and sequels ( edit ) Cory in the House ( edit ) Main article : Cory in the House Cory in the House is the first Disney Channel spin - off and it premiered on January 12 , 2007 . It was the one chosen out of the many pitched and proposed spin - offs that were to have aired after the completion of That 's So Raven , including one about Raven going off to college . Originally Raven - Symoné was offered the spin - off , but she declined it , therefore Disney Channel decided to give it to Kyle Massey . The storyline involves Cory and Victor adjusting to life in Washington , D.C. ; Victor has received a job as the Head Chef to the President . The show takes place while Raven is attending fashion college and Tanya is still in London . The series is similar to its sister show , That 's So Raven . Cory has two best friends , one a boy , Newton Livingston III ( Jason Dolley ) , and one a girl , Meena Paroom ( Maiara Walsh ) . Note that in That 's So Raven , the main character also has two best friends , one a boy and one a girl and Newt and Meena 's persona 's are similar to Chelsea and Eddie . Cory attends a middle school in Washington , D.C. Also in the series , the president 's daughter Sophie ( Madison Pettis ) constantly pesters Cory , like Cory did to Raven in That 's So Raven . Cory also participates in crazy situations in which he learns a moral lesson and will most likely get punished . Candy Smiles plays in Cory 's love life multiple times , and Stickler continuously spies on Cory , Newton and especially Meena 's . It is implied the episode , `` When 6021 Met 4267 '' , that Cory and Victor did move back to San Francisco . In the episode `` That 's So in the House '' , Raven came to show designs of new tour guide uniforms to President Martinez ( John D'Aquino ) .", "20": "Unfortunately , she has a vision of a clock falling on the President , and tackles him , earning the Secret Service a chance to chase her around the grounds . Cory poses as his sister to display the uniforms , modeled by Newton and Meena . Raven is discovered outside the Oval Office window , and chased , until she actually does save Mr. Martinez from the clock . The episode ends with the credits sequence for That 's So Pooshnick , a show from Meena 's country about a psychic girl who can see the past and always ends up messing up trying to stop the vision from happening again . Stanley and the Juicer have also made special appearances on the show as well . Failed movie attempt ( edit ) In 2011 , to promote her latest film Vampires Suck , Anneliese van der Pol revealed in an interview that a That 's So Raven film had been written but failed to go into production . `` The storyline saw us going to France . ( Raven ) was going to start a fashion line in France . Eddie and ( Chelsea ) were going to fly out and meet her . Of course , something tragic happens . We have to rescue the situation . '' Van der Pol admitted that Raven 's schedule at the time was booked solid for a year and the possibility of the film seemed unlikely . `` But no , It 's not ever happening . If I hear something , I will be the first to sign on . '' She also commented on reprising her role of Chelsea Daniels . Raven 's Home ( edit ) Main article : Raven 's Home On October 27 , 2016 , it was announced that Raven - Symoné will star in and develop a sequel to the original series . Raven departed as a host of The View later in 2016 in order to work on the series full-time.In November 2016 , it was announced that Anneliese van der Pol will reprise her role of Chelsea Daniels . In the new series , Raven Baxter will be a divorced mother of two pre-teens , Nia and Booker . Booker will inherit his mother 's psychic abilities during middle school . Chelsea Daniels is also a divorced mother , who is raising a son , Levi , and moves in with Raven .", "21": "Indian adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Palak Pe Jhalak Palak Pe Jhalak is the sixth Disney Channel India series to be adapted in Hindi after Art Attack , Good Luck Charlie , The Suite Life of Zack and Cody , Shake It Up and Jessie , and premiered on September 27 , 2015 . Ayesha Kaduskar is seen playing the role of Nysha Kapoor , a character similar to Raven Baxter played by Raven - Symoné . The original That 's So Raven aired on Disney Channel India as well from 2004 to 2010 and Star Plus from 2003 to 2008 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 2003 BAFTA Children 's Awards International That 's So Raven Nominated BET Comedy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated Outstanding Comedy Series That 's So Raven Nominated Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Children / Adolescent Program That 's So Raven Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program Raven - Symoné Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite Female TV Star Raven - Symoné Won NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Children 's That 's So Raven Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Choice TV Show : Comedy That 's So Raven Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Kyle Massey Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated 2005 BET Comedy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated", "22": "Outstanding Comedy Series That 's So Raven Nominated Casting Society of America Best Casting -- Children 's Programming Joey Paul Jensen Won Genesis Awards Children 's Programming That 's So Raven Won Gracie Allen Awards Outstanding Female Lead in a Comedy Raven - Symoné Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Series / Special Raven - Symoné Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Won NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Children 's That 's So Raven Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Choice TV Show : Comedy That 's So Raven Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Television Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor Christopher Malpede Won Outstanding Young Performers in a TV Series Orlando Brown Kyle Massey Anneliese van der Pol Raven - Symoné Won 2006 Casting Society of America Best Casting -- Children 's TV Programming Joey Paul Jensen Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Series or Special Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series Eric Dean Seaton Nominated Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated Favorite TV Show That 's So Raven Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Best Comedic Performance Raven - Symoné Nominated Best Children 's That 's So Raven Won Teen Choice Awards TV --", "23": "Choice Actress : Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Family Television Series ( Comedy ) That 's So Raven Nominated 2007 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Raven - Symoné Nominated Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program -- Series or Special Kyle Massey Nominated Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Children 's That 's So Raven Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Nominated Writers Guild of America Children 's Episodic & Specials Deborah Swisher ( `` Fur Better or Worse '' ) Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Kyle Massey Won 2008 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth / Children 's Program ( Series or Special ) Raven - Symoné Won Outstanding Children 's Program That 's So Raven Won Kids Choice Awards Favorite TV Actress Raven - Symoné Nominated NAMIC Vision Awards Best Performance -- Comedy Raven - Symoné Nominated See also ( edit ) Disney portal 2000s portal Television portal So Weird References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` On T.O. , Jim Roe and how some media covers cable ratings ( AKA I have T.O. 's back on this ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Raven - Symoné to Exit ' The View ' for Disney Channel 's ' That 's So Raven ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Morales , Lisa ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Raven - Symoné Becomes Latest To Leave ' The View ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's So Raven spin - off Raven 's Home a go at Disney Channel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raven Symone To Star in Disney Channel Original Series That 's So Raven ; Production To Begin in Los Angeles Nov. 9 '' . Free Online Library . November 8 , 2001 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ' That 's So Raven ' Cast Reunited -- And It 's About To Happen Again '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2006 . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo '' . Videogames.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Collectible Barbies : Become A Barbie Collector - Barbie Signature '' . Barbiecollector.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vanderberg , Marcus ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` BHM Star : Raven - Symoné '' . AOL Black Voices . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 .", "25": "Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Supernatural Style : Orlando Brown , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh , Kyle Orlando Massey , Raven ( VII ) , Rondell Sheridan , Anneliese van der Pol , Debbie '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Disguise the Limit : Orlando Brown , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh , Kyle Orlando Massey , Raven ( VII ) , Rondell Sheridan , Anneliese van der Pol , Debbie Alle '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Raven 's House Party : Raven - Symoné , Orlando Brown '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Raven - Raven 's Makeover Madness : Raven , Orlando Brown , Anneliese van der Pol , Kyle Massey , Rondell Sheridan , T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana : David Kendall ( II ) , Lee Shallat Chemel , Casey Lynn De Stefano , Andrew Tsao , Henry Chan ( IV ) , Jim Drake ( II ) : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Montana - One in a Million : Miley Cyrus : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( September 4 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Anneliese Van Der Pol Explains Why Vampires Suck ! '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raven - Symoné to star in That 's So Raven spin - off at Disney Channel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Chelsea 's Back ! Anneliese van der Pol Returning for That 's So Raven Sequel Series '' . E !", "26": "News . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` That 's So Raven Spinoff : Meet Raven 's ' Confident ' Psychic Daughter and ' Young Donald Glover ' - Type Son '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` That 's So Raven : Anneliese van der Pol to return as Chelsea in sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2003 '' . bafta.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BET COMEDY AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NAACP Image Awards '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Press Site '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TEEN CHOICE AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 25th Annual Young Artist Awards - Winners and Nominations '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 .", "27": "^ Jump up to : `` BET COMEDY AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America , USA '' . imdb.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Humane Society of the United States ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` The Animal Power of the 21st Genesis Awards ! '' . prnewswire.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NAACP Image Awards '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kids Choice Awards 2005 , Date , Kids Choice Awards 2005 Winners , 2005 Kids Choice Awards Winners by Category '' . altiusdirectory.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2005 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TEEN CHOICE AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 26th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Society of America , USA '' . imdb.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AALBC. com 's Thumper 's Corner Discussion Board : The 37th NAACP Image Awards Winners Announced '' . thumperscorner.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Television Academy '' . Television Academy . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Host / Nominee Release - Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2006 Press Site '' .", "28": "nickkcapress.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners Release - Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2006 Press Site '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 12TH ANNUAL NAMIC VISION AWARD NOMINEES '' ( PDF ) . 1.prweb.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TEEN CHOICE AWARDS ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 27th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` January 2006 - blackfilm.com - features - The 38th NAACP Image Awards nominations '' . blackfilm.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 38th NAACP Image Awards '' . aalbc.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Host / Nominees Release / Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 KCA Winners Release / Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Children 's Program 2007 '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - 2007 Writers Guild Awards Television & Radio Nominees Announced - TheFutonCritic.com '' . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WRITERS GUILD OF AMERICA , USA ( List of Award Winners and Nominees ) '' . Who 's Dated Who ? . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations / Special Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2008 Press Kit '' . nickkcapress.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards -- 2008 Winners List -- Pictures and Video - Allie is Wired '' . allieiswired.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ M.I. `` 14th NAMIC Vision Awards Nominees '' . mykiru.ph . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : That 's So Raven Official website That 's So Raven on IMDb That 's So Raven at TV.com That 's So Raven Episodes Season 1 `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' Soundtracks That 's So Raven That 's So Raven Too !", "30": "Video games That 's So Raven : Psychic on the Scene Spin - offs Cory in the House Raven 's Home Indian Adaptation Palak Pe Jhalak Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch !", "31": "( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) DuckTales ( 2018 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn !", "32": "( 2018 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas ABC Kids Disney 's One Saturday Morning ( 1997 -- 2002 ) 101 Dalmatians : The Series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Doug DuckTales Even Stevens Hercules Disney 's House of Mouse Jungle Cubs Lizzie McGuire Lloyd in Space Mary - Kate and Ashley in Action ! Mickey Mouse Works Pepper Ann Recess Sabrina : The Animated Series Science Court Teacher 's Pet Teamo Supremo The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh The Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show The Weekenders ABC Kids ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Even Stevens ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Fillmore ! ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2002 -- 2005 ) NBA Inside Stuff ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Power Rangers ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Recess ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Teamo Supremo ( 2002 -- 2003 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 2011 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Proud Family ( 2002 -- 2006 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 2011 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 2011 ) W.I.T.C.H.", "33": "( 2004 -- 2005 ) Related topics Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney 's One Too Saturday morning programming on Disney Channel Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_So_Raven&oldid=836904499 '' Categories : 2000s American black sitcoms 2000s American supernatural television series 2000s American teen sitcoms 2003 American television series debuts 2007 American television series endings ABC Kids American fantasy television series American high school television series Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Psychic powers in television Television series about friendship Television series by Disney Television series by Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in San Francisco That 's So Raven Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 11, 24, 25, 26, 32, 9, 20, 33, 31, 15, 10, 14, 22, 29, 21, 23, 16, 2, 28, 19, 27, 1, 3, 30, 13, 6, 7, 8, 5, 17, 12, 18, 4, 0 ]	[ 11, 24, 25, 26, 32 ]
-3365001005802655718	where does the last name roberts come from	[ "Norman", "from the Norman given name Robert, meaning \"bright renown\" – from the Germanic elements \"hrod\" meaning renown and \"beraht\" meaning bright.", "Norman origin" ]	{ "0": "Roberts ( surname ) - wikipedia Roberts ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Roberts is a surname of Norman origin , deriving from the Norman given name Robert , meaning `` bright renown '' -- from the Germanic elements `` hrod '' meaning renown and `` beraht '' meaning bright . Roberts may mean either `` servant of Robert '' or `` son of Robert '' ; the latter is more common in Wales , while the former is more common in England . Although the name Robert was known in the British isles before the Norman Conquest in 1066 , it was mainly introduced into Britain by the Normans . Today the surname Roberts is common in England , Wales , Ireland and the Isle of Man , with the biggest concentration by far occurring in North Wales . The name is also common in Scotland . Contents ( hide ) 1 People 2 Fictional characters 3 See also 4 Notes People ( edit ) Main article : List of people with surname Roberts Fictional characters ( edit ) Audrey Roberts , television series character from Coronation Street Barbara Millicent Roberts , doll known as Barbie Dread Pirate Roberts , a character in The Princess Bride Irene Roberts , television series character from Home and Away Skipper Roberts , doll known as Skipper Summer Roberts , television series character from The O.C. Tutti and Todd Roberts , dolls known as Tutti and Todd Renée Roberts , English dubbed name for Zakuro Fujiwara in Tokyo Mew Mew See also ( edit ) Robert ( surname ) Robertson ( disambiguation ) Roberts ( disambiguation ) Robarts ( disambiguation ) Robards Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vanderpool Gormley , C.G. , Myra ( 2007 ) . `` How Green Was My Valley ? The Welsh : Surnames and Migrations '' . GenealogyMagazine.com . Stephenville , Texas , USA : Datatrace Systems . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cottle , Basil . Penguin Dictionary of Surnames . Baltimore , MD : Penguin Books , 1967 . No ISBN .", "1": "Jump up ^ Hanks , Patricia and Hodges , Flavia. 1990 . A Dictionary of Surnames . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Surname list This page lists people with the surname Roberts . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roberts_(surname)&oldid=835425455 '' Categories : Surnames Welsh - language surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 17 : 06 . About Wikipedia", "2": null, "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1 ]	[ 0, 1 ]
9021116085237545618	where are the spore containing sori of a fern found	[ "on the edge or underside of a fertile frond", "on the edge or underside of a fertile frond", "on the edge or underside of a fertile frond" ]	{ "0": "Sorus - wikipedia Sorus Jump to : navigation , search For the villages in Azerbaijan , see Soru and Sors , Azerbaijan . The underside of a fertile frond of Dicksonia antarctica . Each circular brown structure is an individual sorus . A sorus ( pl . sori ) is a cluster of sporangia ( structures producing and containing spores ) in ferns and fungi . This New Latin word is from Ancient Greek σωρός ( sōrós ' stack , pile , heap ' ) . In lichens and other fungi , the sorus is surrounded by an external layer . In some red algae it may take the form of a depression into the thallus . In ferns , these form a yellowish or brownish mass on the edge or underside of a fertile frond . In some species , they are protected during development by a scale or film of tissue called the indusium , which forms an umbrella - like cover . Sori occur on the sporophyte generation , the sporangia within producing haploid meio spores . As the sporongia mature , the indusium shrivels so that spore release is unimpeded . The sporangia then burst and release the spores . The shape , arrangement , and location of the sori are often valuable clues in the identification of fern taxa . Sori may be circular or linear . They may be arranged in rows , either parallel or oblique to the costa , or randomly . Their location may be marginal or set away from the margin on the frond lamina . The presence or absence of indusium is also used to identify fern taxa . Gallery ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sorus . Sorus Phlebodium aureum 50x Scattered sori Linear sori Sori covering a frond 's entire underside ( acrostichoid ) Fern sorus with immature sporangia Circular sori with mature sporangia Sori with indusia at different stages of development . Fungal sori of the Meadowsweet Rust gall . Large sori Polypodium vulgare Sword fern . The indusia have opened , revealing the sporangia .", "1": "Scale bar , 1 mm See also ( edit ) Sorocarp References and external links ( edit ) DiversityOfLife -- Fern identification tool . Encyclopædia Britannica : sorus 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorus&oldid=800083069 '' Categories : Plant anatomy Fungal morphology and anatomy Pteridophyta Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 12 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "2": null, "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1 ]	[ 0, 1 ]
-6013265299946449294	who dies in transformers revenge of the fallen	[ "Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage", "Jetfire" ]	{ "0": "Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen - wikipedia Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( disambiguation ) . `` Transformers 2 '' redirects here . For other uses , see Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( disambiguation ) . Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Bay Produced by Don Murphy Tom DeSanto Lorenzo di Bonaventura Ian Bryce Screenplay by Ehren Kruger Alex Kurtzman Roberto Orci Based on Transformers by Hasbro Starring Shia LaBeouf Megan Fox Josh Duhamel Tyrese Gibson John Turturro Music by Steve Jablonsky Linkin Park Hans Zimmer Cinematography Ben Seresin Edited by Roger Barton Tom Muldoon Joel Negron Paul Rubell Production company di Bonaventura Pictures Hasbro Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures ( North America ) Paramount Pictures ( International ) Release date June 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) ( Tokyo ) June 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 150 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $836.3 million Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and executive produced by Steven Spielberg , based on the Transformers toy line created by Hasbro . It is the sequel to 2007 's Transformers , as well as the second installment in the live - action Transformers film series . Taking place two years after its predecessor , the plot revolves around Sam Witwicky , who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots , the Autobots , led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons , led by Megatron .", "1": "Sam is having strange visions of Cybertronian symbols , and being hunted by the Decepticons under the orders of an ancient Decepticon named The Fallen , who seeks to get revenge on Earth by finding and activating a machine that would provide the Decepticons with an energon source , destroying the Sun and all life on Earth in the process . Returning Transformers include Optimus Prime , Bumblebee , Ironhide , Ratchet , Megatron , Starscream , and Scorponok . With deadlines jeopardized by possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild , Bay managed to finish the production on time with the help of previsualization and a scriptment by his writers Roberto Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and series newcomer Ehren Kruger . Shooting took place from May to November 2008 , with locations in Egypt , Jordan , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and California , as well as air bases in New Mexico and Arizona . This was the last film in the series to star Megan Fox , and was also the last film in the series to be co-produced by DreamWorks Pictures , leaving Paramount Pictures as the sole distributor of its future films . Revenge of the Fallen premiered on June 8 , 2009 in Tokyo and was released on June 24 , 2009 in the United States . Metacritic said the film received `` generally unfavorable reviews '' ; criticism was directed at its bland story , acting , crude humor , overall length , and abrupt ending . However , critics praised the visual effects , music , action sequences , and the voice performances of Peter Cullen and Hugo Weaving . The film won three Golden Raspberry Awards at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony and became the highest - grossing film to win the Worst Picture award . The film grossed a total of $402.1 million in the US and Canada and $434.2 million in other territories , for a total of $836.3 million worldwide . It was the second highest - grossing film of 2009 in the US and Canada , 26th domestically , the 60th highest - grossing film of all time and fourth highest of the year worldwide . With over 11 million home media sales in 2009 , it was also the top - selling film of the year in the United States .", "2": "It was followed by Dark of the Moon in 2011 , Age of Extinction in 2014 , and The Last Knight in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 2.2 Non-speaking characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Effects 3.4 Music 4 Marketing 4.1 Printed media 4.2 Video game 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Home media 6.4 Awards and nominations 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( Edit ) In 17,000 B.C. , the Seven Primes travel across the galaxy to create Energon with star - absorbing machines named Sun Harvesters . One of them , later known as The Fallen , defies their sole rule to never destroy planetso imprison him before he can harvest the planet 's Sun using the Matrix of Leadership . The Primes then sacrifice themselves to hide the Matrix in an unknown location . In the present day , two years after Megatron 's defeat , the Autobots and the U.S. military have formed the Non-biological Extraterrestrial Species Treaty ( NEST ) , a classified international task force , to eliminate the surviving Decepticons . In Shanghai , the Autobots intercept two Decepticons , Demolisher and Sideways . Sideways is killed by the Autobot Sideswipe , while Optimus Prime kills Demolisher , but not before he warns them of the Fallen 's return . At NEST 's secure headquarters in Diego Garcia , National Security Adviser Theodore Galloway concludes the Decepticons are still on Earth to hunt the Autobots , since Megatron 's corpse is at the bottom of the Laurentian Abyss and the last known AllSpark shard is secured in the base . Soundwave hacks into a military satellite , overhears the information , and sends Ravage to retrieve the shard . Meanwhile , Sam Witwicky is preparing to attend college , leaving his girlfriend Mikaela Banes and guardian Bumblebee behind .", "3": "He finds a smaller AllSpark shard and picks it up , causing him to start seeing Cybertronian symbols . The shard 's energy pulse turns the appliances in the kitchen into murderous Transformers , who attack Sam and his family . After Bumblebee destroys the rampaging appliances , Sam gives the shard to Mikaela , who later captures the Decepticon Wheelie when he attempts to steal it . The Constructicons , upon discovering Megatron 's location , travel to the Laurentian Abyss and resurrect Megatron using the stolen shard and parts torn off from one of their own allies . Megatron then travels to one of Saturn 's moons , where he reunites with his master , the Fallen , who orders him to capture Sam alive and kill Optimus , the only Transformer who can defeat the Fallen . Sam , Mikaela , and his college roommate Leo are attacked by Alice , a Decepticon Pretender posing as a college student . After killing her , they are captured by Megatron , Starscream , and the Decepticon Grindor , but Optimus and Bumblebee arrive and rescue the humans . Optimus fights Megatron , Starscream , and Grindor alone as Megatron reveals that the symbols in Sam 's mind will lead the Decepticons to a new Energon source . After killing Grindor , Optimus is killed by Megatron . The other Autobots arrive and repel Megatron and Starscream before they could recapture Sam . As Sam goes into hiding with Mikaela , Leo , Bumblebee , Wheelie , and the Autobot twins Skids and Mudflap , the Decepticons launch devastating simultaneous attacks around the world , destroying ships in the Second Fleet and damaging Paris . The Fallen hijacks Earth 's telecommunications systems , demanding that Sam be handed to him . Sam , Mikaela , and Leo enlist the help of former Sector Seven agent , Seymour Simmons , who reveals that the Transformers visited Earth eons ago and the most ancient , known as Seekers , remained on Earth , hiding in secret . With help from Wheelie , they track down a Decepticon Seeker named Jetfire at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum . They use their shard to revive Jetfire , who teleports the group to Egypt and explains the story of the Fallen .", "4": "Jetfire and Wheelie turn against the Decepticons , and order them to locate the Matrix , which could revive Optimus . Sam 's group finds the Matrix in Petra , but it disintegrates into dust in Sam 's hands . Undeterred , Sam stuffs the Matrix 's remains into his sock . Meanwhile , NEST forces and the Autobots land near the Giza pyramid complex but are attacked by a large force of Decepticons . During the battle , many Constructicons combine to form Devastator , who destroys one of the pyramids to reveal the Sun Harvester inside , before he is killed by a destroyer 's railgun called in by Simmons . Ravage and the Decepticon Rampage attempt to spring a trap with Sam 's captured parents as bait , in order to force Sam to give them the Matrix , but Bumblebee interferes and kills them both . Major William Lennox and Master Sergeant Robert Epps call in an airstrike , which kills a majority of the Decepticon ground forces . However , Megatron manages to shoot Sam , seemingly killing him , before retreating upon getting attacked . Nearing his death , the Primes contact Sam through a vision , telling him the Matrix is earned , not found , and that he earned the right to bear it . They restore Sam 's life and the Matrix , which he uses to revive Optimus . The Fallen teleports to their location and steals the Matrix from Optimus , then returns to the pyramid with Megatron and activates the Sun Harvester . Jetfire , who was gravely wounded during the battle by Scorponok but did manage to kill his attacker , sacrifices himself in order to transplant his parts to Optimus , which give him immense strength and the ability to fly . Optimus knocks the Fallen and Megatron off the pyramid , destroying the Sun Harvester in the process . In the battle , Optimus disables Megatron and kills the Fallen ; vowing vengeance , Megatron retreats with Starscream . The Cast ( Edit ) Main article : List of Transformers film series characters Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky A recent high school graduate who is unwittingly drawn again into the Autobot cause to unravel an ancient mystery implanted into his mind by the now - destroyed Allspark .", "5": "Megan Fox as Mikaela Banes Sam 's girlfriend who he trusted the Allspark fragment to begin unravel . Josh Duhamel as Maj . William Lennox An Army Rangers Major who establishes the NEST movement to help the Autobots with their battle against the remaining Decepticons . Tyrese Gibson as CMSgt . Robert Epps A U.S. Air Force sergeant in Lennox 's team who leads NEST 's SWAT unit . John Turturro as Seymour Simmons A former agent of the recently terminated Sector 7 who now runs a meat shop in New York City with his mother . Ramón Rodríguez as Leo Spitz A college roommate of Sam 's who runs an online conspiracy blog and is obsessed with the Transformers . Kevin Dunn as Ron Witwicky Sam 's father . Julie White as Judith Witwicky Sam 's mother . Isabel Lucas as Alice A female pretender sent to spy on Sam in college who transforms into an Alice in Wonderland android . John Benjamin Hickey as Theo Galloway A national security adviser who often chastises NEST for their destructive tactics . Glenn Morshower as U.S. Marine Corps General Morshower The supervisor of NEST . Matthew Marsden as Graham A NEST officer . Rainn Wilson as Prof. R.A. Colan Sam and Leo 's astronomy teacher . Marc Evan Jackson as Commander U.S. Central Command Katie Lowes as April the Residential Assistant Voices ( Edit ) Optimus Prime , Universal Studios Florida Peter Cullen as Optimus Prime The leader of the Autobots who transforms into a blue and red 1994 Peterbilt 379 semi-trailer truck . He is said to be the only Transformer capable of defeating The Fallen . Mark Ryan as Jetfire An ancient Decepticon - turned - Autobot Seeker who transforms into a Lockheed SR - 71 Blackbird . Reno Wilson as Mudflap An Autobot infiltrator and Skids ' twin who transforms into a red 2007 Chevrolet Trax . Jess Harnell as Ironhide The Autobot weapons specialist and Optimus ' new second - in - command who transforms into a black 2006 GMC Topkick C4500 .", "6": "Robert Foxworth as Ratchet The Autobot medical officer who transforms into a yellow 2004 search and rescue Hummer H2 ambulance . André Sogliuzzo as Sideswipe The Autobot combat instructor who transforms into a silver 2009 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray concept car . Grey DeLisle as Arcee A female Autobot who transforms into a pink Ducati 848 . Hugo Weaving as Megatron The Fallen 's apprentice and the leader of the Decepticons who transforms into a Cybertronian hover tank . Tony Todd as The Fallen A rogue Prime who is the first and founder of the Decepticons , as well as the master of Megatron . Charlie Adler as Starscream Megatron 's second - in - command who transforms into a Lockheed Martin F - 22 Raptor . Frank Welker as : Soundwave The Decepticon communications officer who transforms into a Cybertronian satellite . Devastator A massive Decepticon who is the combination of eight Constructicons . Reedman , a razor - thin Decepticon composed of thousands of minuscule bead - like Decepticons . Tom Kenny as : Wheelie A former Decepticon drone and later an Autobot who transforms into a blue radio - controlled toy monster truck . Skids An Autobot messenger and Mudflap 's twin who transforms into a green 2007 Chevrolet Beat . Calvin Wimmer voices Demolishor ( credited as `` Wheelbot '' ) A huge Constructicon who transforms into a red and white Terex O&K RH 400 excavator . He hides out in Shanghai with the Decepticon Sideways . John DiCrosta as Scalpel ( credited as `` Doctor '' ) A spider - like Decepticon who transforms into a microscope . Michael York as Prime # 1 One of the Seven Primes . Kevin Michael Richardson as : Prime # 2 One of the Seven Primes . Rampage ( credited as `` Skipjack '' ) A Constructicon who transforms into a red Caterpillar D9 T bulldozer . He forms the left leg of Devastator . Robin Atkin Downes as Prime # 3 One of the Seven Primes Non-speaking characters ( Edit ) Jolt An Autobot technician who transforms into a blue Chevrolet Volt .", "7": "Sideways A Decepticon surveillance agent who transforms into a silver Audi R8 ; he hides out in Shanghai alongside Demolishor . Scorponok A scorpion - like Decepticon who was a minion of Blackout in the previous installment ; he makes a cameo in this film . Scrapper A Constructicon who transforms into a yellow Caterpillar 992G scoop loader . He forms the right arm of Devastator . Mixmaster A Constructicon who transforms into a black and silver Mack concrete mixer truck . He forms the head of Devastator . Scrapmetal A Constructicon who transforms into a yellow Volvo EC700C crawler excavator fitted with a Stanley UP 45SV attachment . His spare parts are used to resurrect Megatron . Long Haul A Constructicon who transforms into a green Caterpillar 773B dump truck . He forms the right leg of Devastator . Scavenger A large Constructicon who shares the same model of Demolishor ; Scavenger is not seen in robot mode . He forms the torso of Devastator . Hightower A Constructicon who transforms into a yellow KOBELCO CKE2500 II crawler crane ; Hightower is not seen in robot mode . He forms the left arm of Devastator . Overload A Constructicon who transforms into a red KW Dart D4661 Tractor Truck articulated dump truck ; Overload is not seen in robot mode . He forms the lower torso of Devastator . Ravage A feline - like beast sent down by Soundwave to steal the spark from the NEST HQ in order to revive Megatron . Several clones of Scrapper , Mixmaster , Bonecrusher , Long Haul and Rampage are seen during the final battle in Egypt . An unnamed Decepticon bulldozer and dump truck , possibly clones of Rampage and Long Haul , were seen combining to form Devastator 's left hand and left leg , respectively . Notes Jump up ^ Mark Ryan also voices Bumblebee , but the character is not listed in the credits . Jump up ^ Grey DeLisle also voices Chromia and Elita - One , but the characters are not listed in the credits . Jump up ^ Frank Welker also voices Ravage and Grindor , but the characters are not listed in the credits .", "8": "Production ( Edit ) Development ( Edit ) Major hurdles for film 's initial production stages included the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike as well as the threat of strikes by other guilds . Prior to a potential Directors Guild of America strike , Bay began creating animatics of action sequences featuring characters rejected for the 2007 film . This would allow animators to complete sequences if the Directors Guild of America went on strike in July 2008 , which ultimately did not happen . Bay considered making a small project in between Transformers and its sequel , but decided against the idea , saying `` you have your baby and you do n't want someone else to take it '' . Screenwriters Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman , who had written the first film , originally passed on the opportunity to write a sequel due to schedule conflicts . The studio began courting other writers in May 2007 , but were unimpressed with other pitches and eventually convinced Orci and Kurtzman to return . The studio also hired Ehren Kruger , who had impressed Bay and Hasbro president Brian Goldner with his knowledge of the Transformers mythology . The writing trio were paid $8 million . Screenwriting was interrupted by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , but to avoid production delays , the writers spent two weeks writing a treatment , which they handed in the night before the strike began . Bay then expanded the outline into a 60 - page scriptment , which included more action , humor , and characters . The three writers spent four months finishing the screenplay while `` locked '' in two hotel rooms by Bay ; Kruger wrote in his own room and the trio would check on each other 's work twice a day . Orci described the film 's theme as `` being away from home '' , with the Autobots contemplating living on Earth as they can not restore Cybertron , while Sam goes to college . He wanted the focus between the robots and humans `` much more evenly balanced '' , `` the stakes ( to ) be higher '' , and more focused on the science fiction elements . Orci added he wanted to `` modulate '' the humor more , and felt he managed the more `` outrageous '' jokes by balancing them with a more serious plot approach to the Transformers ' mythology .", "9": "Bay concurred that he wanted to please fans by making the tone darker , and that `` mums will think it ( ' ) s safe enough to bring the kids back out to the movies . '' Two elements were added late into the film : the Autobot Jolt -- as General Motors wanted to advertise the Chevrolet Volt -- and the railgun that kills Devastator , a new acquisition by the U.S. Military . In September 2007 , Paramount announced a late June 2009 release date for the sequel to Transformers . The film was given a $200 million budget , which was $50 million more than the first film , and some of the action scenes rejected for the original were written into the sequel . Producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura later stated the studio proposed filming two sequels simultaneously , but he and Bay agreed that the idea was not the right direction for the series . Prior to the first film 's release , producer Tom DeSanto had `` a very cool idea '' to introduce the Dinobots , while Bay was interested in including an aircraft carrier , which was dropped from the 2007 film . Orci claimed they did not incorporate these characters into Revenge of the Fallen because they could not think of a way to justify the Dinobots ' choice of form , and were unable to fit in the aircraft carrier . Orci also admitted he was dismissive of the Dinobots because he does not like dinosaurs , saying `` I recognize I am weird in that department . '' However , he became fonder of them during filming because of their popularity with fans . He added `` I could n't see why a Transformer would feel the need to disguise himself in front of a bunch of lizards . Movie-wise , I mean . Once the general audience is fully on board with the whole thing , maybe Dinobots in the future . '' When asked on the subject , Michael Bay said he hated the Dinobots and they had never been in consideration for being featured in the movies . During production , Bay attempted to create a misinformation campaign to increase debate over what Transformers would be appearing in the film , as well as to try to throw fans off from the story of the film ; however , Orci confessed it was generally unsuccessful .", "10": "The studio went as far as to censor MTV and Comic Book Resources interviews with Mowry and Furman , who confirmed Arcee and The Fallen would be in the picture . Bay told Empire that Megatron would not be resurrected , claiming his new tank form was a toy - only character , only for Orci to confirm Megatron would return in the film in February 2009 . Bay also claimed he faked the leaking of daily call sheets from the first week of filming , that revealed Ramón Rodríguez 's casting , and the appearance of Jetfire and the twins . Filming ( Edit ) Inspired by its use in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight , three action sequences in Revenge of the Fallen were shot using IMAX cameras . Although screenwriter Roberto Orci suggested that the IMAX footage would be 3D , Bay later said he found 3D too `` gimmicky '' . Bay added that shooting in IMAX was easier than using stereoscopic cameras . The majority of interior scenes for the film were shot in the former Hughes Aircraft soundstages at Playa Vista . From June 2 -- 4 , the production filmed an action sequence at the Bethlehem Steel site in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , which was used to represent a portion of Shanghai . Afterwards , they shot at the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center . The crew moved to Philadelphia on June 9 , where they shot at a defunct PECO Richmond power station , the University of Pennsylvania , Drexel University , the Eastern State Penitentiary , Fairmount Park , Philadelphia City Hall , Rittenhouse Square , historic Chancellor Street ( which represents a street near Place de la Concorde in Paris ) , and Wanamaker 's . The production moved to Princeton University on June 22 . Filming there angered some students at the University of Pennsylvania , believing Bay had chosen to reshoot scenes at Princeton and script Princeton 's name in the film . One shot that was filmed in the University of Pennsylvania was the party scene , filmed at what students call `` The Castle '' . `` The Castle '' is home to the prestigious Psi Upsilon Fraternity . However , neither the University of Pennsylvania nor Princeton gave Bay permission to be named in the film because of a scene that both institutions felt `` did not represent the school '' in which Sam 's mother ingests marijuana - laced brownies .", "11": "Three days of filming were spent in Egypt . Bay scheduled a break for filming beginning on June 30 , turning his attention to animation and second unit scenes because of the potential guild strike . Shooting for the Shanghai battle later continued in Long Beach , California . In September , the crew shot at Holloman Air Force Base and White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico . The two locations were used for Qatar in Transformers and stood in for Egypt in this film . A scale model in Los Angeles was also used for some close - ups of the pyramids . Shooting at Tucson International Airport and the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group 's aircraft boneyard took place in October under the fake working title Prime Directive ( a reference to Star Trek ) . Filming also took place at Camp Pendleton and Davis -- Monthan Air Force Base . The first unit then shot for three days in Egypt at the Giza pyramid complex and Luxor . The shoot was highly secretive , but according to producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura , a crew of 150 Americans and `` several dozen local Egyptians '' ensured a `` remarkably smooth '' shoot . Bay earned the Egyptian government 's approval to film at the pyramids by contacting Zahi Hawass , whom Bay said `` put his arm around me and said , ' Do n't hurt my pyramids . ' '' A 50 - foot - tall ( 15 m ) camera crane was used at the location . Bay stated he found the climax of the first film to be weak , partly because it was shot across five different city blocks , making the action confusing and hard to follow . On this film , the final battle in Egypt was devised to make it easier to follow the action . Four days were then spent in Jordan ; the Royal Jordanian Air Force aided in filming at Petra , Wadi Rum and Salt because King Abdullah II is a big fan of science fiction movies . Filming continued at the Place de la Concorde in Paris with second unit shots of the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe . The cast and crew finished principal photography on the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis on November 2 , 2008 . Effects ( Edit ) Starscream confronts Sam . In his audio commentary for the 2007 film , Michael Bay said he wanted more close - ups of robots for the sequel .", "12": "Hasbro became more involved in the designs of the robots than the company was for Transformers . The company , along with Takara Tomy , suggested to the filmmakers that combining robots be the main draw for the sequel . They insisted on keeping the alternate modes of some of the returning characters similar so that consumers would not have to buy toys of the same characters . Bay used real F - 16 Fighting Falcon and tank fire when filming the battles . Many of the new Autobot cars supplied by General Motors were brightly colored to look distinctive on screen . Revenge of the Fallen features 46 robots , while the original movie had 14 . Scott Farrar returned as visual effects supervisor and anticipated moodier use of lighting as well as deeper roles for the Decepticons . He stated that with the bigger deadline , post-production would become a `` circus '' . The producers expected that with a bigger budget and the special effects worked out , the Transformers would have a larger role . Peter Cullen recalled , `` Don Murphy mentioned to me , ' Only because of the tremendous expense to animate Optimus Prime , he 'll be in just a certain amount of ( Transformers ) . ' But he said , ' Next time , if the movie is a success , you 're gon na be in it a ton . ' '' Michael Bay hoped to include more close - ups of the robots ' faces . The heads had to be designed with more pieces in order to express emotions in a more convincing way . Farrar said the animators implemented more `` splashes and the hits and the fighting on dirt or moving , banging into trees , ( ... ) things splinter and break , ( the robots ) spit , they outgas , they sweat , they snort . '' Shooting in the higher resolution of IMAX required up to 72 hours to render a single frame of animation . While ILM used 15 terabytes for Transformers , they used 140 for the sequel . Particularly problematic effects were the lighting , with scenes such as Jetfire inside the Smithsonian requiring 41 light sources , and the destruction of the pyramid , which appears in about five shots and required seven months to simulate the behavior of the blocks . Orci hinted the majority of the Decepticons were entirely computer - generated in both robot and alternate modes , making it easier to write additional scenes for them in post-production .", "13": "Rendering the Devastator took over 85 % of ILM 's render farm capacity , and the complexity of the scene and having to render it at IMAX resolution caused one computer to `` explode '' . Music ( Edit ) See also : Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- The Album and Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- The Score The score to Revenge of the Fallen was composed by Steve Jablonsky , who reunited with director Michael Bay to record his score with a 71 - piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage . Jablonsky and his score producer Hans Zimmer composed various interpretations of a song by Linkin Park called `` New Divide '' for the score . Marketing ( Edit ) An additional $150 million was spent to market the film globally . Hasbro 's Revenge of the Fallen toy line included new molds of new and returning characters , as well as 2007 figures with new mold elements or new paint schemes . The first wave was released on May 30 , although Bumblebee and Soundwave debuted beforehand . The second wave came in August 2009 , which introduced toys such as 21⁄4 - inch human action figures that fit inside the transforming robots , and non-transforming replicas of the cars that can be used on a race track . Product placement partners on the film include Burger King , 7 - Eleven , LG phones , Kmart , Wal - Mart , YouTube , Nike , Inc. and M&M 's , as well as Jollibee in the Philippines . General Motors ' financial troubles limited its involvement in promotion of the sequel , although Paramount acknowledged with or without GM , their marketing campaign was still very large and had the foundation of the 2007 film 's success . Kyle Busch drove a Revenge of the Fallen decorated car at Infineon Raceway on June 21 , 2009 , while Josh Duhamel drove a 2010 Camaro at the Indianapolis 500 . At the movie 's launch in China , a version of Bumblebee was constructed using a Volkswagen Jetta . Printed media ( Edit ) Chris Mowry and artist Alex Milne , who had collaborated on The Reign of Starscream comic book , reunited for IDW Publishing 's prequel to the film .", "14": "Originally set to be a five - part series entitled Destiny , it was split into two simultaneously published series , titled Alliance and Defiance . Alliance is drawn by Milne and began in December 2008 ; it focuses on the human and Autobot perspectives . Defiance , which started the following month , is drawn by Dan Khanna and is set before either film , showing the beginnings of the war . After the 2007 film , and serving as a bridge between the two films , Alan Dean Foster wrote Transformers : The Veiled Threat , originally titled Infiltration . During the writing , Foster collaborated with IDW to make sure their stories did not contradict each other . The first printed media directly related to the second film was a 32 - page coloring and activity book by publisher HarperCollins , which became available on May 5 , 2009 and was the first official source to openly give out key plot points to the film . On June 1 , 2009 DK Publishing published a 96 - page book entitled Transformers : The Movie Universe , which intended to provide factual data on the characters of the film . On June 10 , 2009 , the comic book adaptation of the film , written by Simon Furman was released . Additionally , Alan Dean Foster also wrote the novelization for the film . Meanwhile , Dan Jolley wrote Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : The Junior Novel , a 144 - page book oriented at a younger audience than the one by Foster . Lastly , a book titled Transformers : The Art of the Movies was released , documenting behind - the scenes aspects of the making of the film . Other minor tie - in publications include Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : The Last Prime , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : The Reusable Sticker Book , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : Made You Look ! , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : Rise of the Decepticons , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : Spot the ' Bots ' , Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : Mix and Match , Operation Autobot , When Robots Attack and Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 2010 Wall Calendar .", "15": "Video Game ( Edit ) Main article : Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( video game ) Revenge of the Fallen video games are available on the following platforms : PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ( Developed by Luxoflux and published by Activision ) Games for Windows ( Developed by Beenox ) , which is similar to the PS3 and Xbox 360 version Wii and PlayStation 2 ( Developed by Krome Studios ) PlayStation Portable ( Developed by Savage Entertainment ) Nintendo DS ( Developed by Vicarious Visions ) , which is separated into two games , Autobots and Decepticons . Release ( Edit ) Revenge of the Fallen premiered on June 8 , 2009 in Tokyo , Japan . After its UK release on June 19 , 2009 , it was released in regular and IMAX theaters in North America on June 24 ( though some theaters held limited - access advance screenings on June 22 ) . The IMAX release featured additional scenes of extended robot fighting sequences , which were not seen in the regular theatre version . Reception ( Edit ) Critical response ( Edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , Revenge of the Fallen has an approval rating of 19 % based on 244 reviews , with an average rating of 3.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen is a noisy , underplotted , and overlong special effects extravaganza that lacks a human touch . '' On Metacritic gave the film an average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , however , users gave the film a `` B + '' , compared to the `` A '' that the original film had scored . Actor Shia LaBeouf was unimpressed with the film , stating `` We got lost . We tried to get bigger . It 's what happens to sequels . It 's like , how do you top the first one ? You 've got to go bigger . Michael Bay went so big that it became too big , and I think you lost the anchor of the movie ... You lost a bit of the relationships . Unless you have those relationships , then the movie does n't matter . Then it 's just a bunch of robots fighting each other . ''", "16": "Bay has admitted his disappointment with the film and has apologized , saying the film was `` crap '' and blaming the 2007 -- 2008 Writers ' Strike , saying `` It was very hard to put ( the sequel ) together that quickly after the writers ' strike ( of 2007 -- 08 ) '' . According to The Washington Post , Revenge of the Fallen was Bay 's worst - reviewed film at the time of release , faring even worse than Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) . Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times described the film as `` in - your - face , ear - splitting and unrelenting . It 's easy to walk away feeling like you 've spent 2 hours in the mad , wild , hydraulic embrace of a car compactor '' . Roger Ebert , who had given the 2007 film three stars , gave the sequel only one , calling it `` ... a horrible experience of unbearable length '' , a phrase which later became the title of his third bad - movie - reviews collection . Later in his review , Ebert discouraged movie - goers from seeing the film by saying `` If you want to save yourself the ticket price , go into the kitchen , cue up a male choir singing the music of hell , and get a kid to start banging pots and pans together . Then close your eyes and use your imagination . '' He later wrote on his blog about the film , `` The day will come when Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen will be studied in film classes and shown at cult film festivals . It will be seen , in retrospect , as marking the end of an era . Of course there will be many more CGI - based action epics , but never again one this bloated , excessive , incomprehensible , long ( 149 minutes ) or expensive ( $200 million ) . '' Ebert would continue to lambast the film ( and , sometimes , the Transformers franchise in general ) in other movie reviews and responses to letters and emails sent to him . Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers did not give the film any stars , considering that `` Revenge of the Fallen has a shot at the title ' Worst Movie of the Decade ' . '' Which he later did name it the `` worst film of the decade '' . Other reviewers , while still critical , were less damning of the film , The A.V.", "17": "Club gave the film a `` C - '' , complaining about the writing and length , but mentioning the effects and action scenes were impressive . Among positive reviews , Robbie Collin of News of the World remarked `` It 's bigger . Badder . Boobier . And many other words beginning with B , including boneheadedly brilliant . '' , Amy Biancolli of The Houston Chronicle called it `` a well - oiled , loudly revving summer action vehicle that does all that 's required , and then some '' , Jordan Mintzer from Variety said it `` takes the franchise to a vastly superior level of artificial intelligence '' , and Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that `` Revenge of the Fallen may be a massive overdose of popcorn greased with motor oil . But it knows how to feed your inner 10 - year - old 's appetite for destruction . '' On a year - end poll administered by Moviefone , the film was voted the `` worst film of 2009 '' , and Fox 's performance the worst by an actress that year . Comcast ranked the film as the 4th worst sequel of all time . Empire named the film the 25th worst movie ever made . In June 2009 , David Germain from the Associated Press called the film the `` worst - reviewed $400 million hit ever '' . `` On every level this movie is as bankrupt as GM . ( ... ) Transformers : The Revenge of The Fallen is beyond bad , it carves out its own category of godawfulness . '' -- Peter Travers , American film critic There was considerable negative reaction to the characters Mudflap and Skids , who some perceived as embodying racist stereotypes . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said that `` the characters ( ... ) indicate that minstrelsy remains as much in fashion in Hollywood as when , well , Jar Jar Binks was set loose by George Lucas '' . Critic Scott Mendelson said `` To say that these two are the most astonishingly racist caricatures that I 've ever seen in a mainstream motion picture would be an understatement . ''", "18": "Harry Knowles , founder of Ai n't It Cool News , went further , asking his readers `` not to support this film '' because `` you 'll be taking ( your children ) to see a film with the lowest forms of humor , stereotypes , and racism around . '' Bay ( the director ) has attempted to defend the film as `` good clean fun '' and insisted that `` We 're just putting more personality in . '' Writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman responded to the controversy with `` It 's really hard for us to sit here and try to justify it . I think that would be very foolish , and if someone wants to be offended by it , it 's their right . We were very surprised when we saw it , too , and it 's a choice that was made . If anything , it just shows you that we do n't control every aspect of the movie . '' Another major complaint about the film was Bay 's usage of the IMAX format . Instead of using IMAX for complete unbroken sequences similar to director Christopher Nolan 's approach for The Dark Knight , Bay chose to use the format primarily on a shot - by - shot basis , combining conventional 35mm footage and IMAX shots in the same sequence . That approach , combined with rapid cutting , created a jarring , highly unpleasant experience for most moviegoers . Box Office ( Edit ) Despite mostly negative reviews from critics , the film was a box office success . Revenge of the Fallen grossed $16 million from midnight showings , at the time the most ever for a Wednesday midnight debut . The film proceeded to beat Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 's record ( $44.2 million ) for the biggest Wednesday opening in history , bringing in $62 million in total receipts on its first day ( until The Twilight Saga : Eclipse topped this record with $68.5 million in 2010 ) , additionally ranking it as the second biggest opening day ever at the time , behind The Dark Knight . The film grossed $108.9 million on its first weekend , the seventh - largest in history at the time , and brought in $200 million in its first five days , putting it in second place behind The Dark Knight 's $203.7 million for the all - time biggest five - day opening .", "19": "Its gross from Friday to Sunday was also the biggest June opening weekend for one year , breaking Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 's record ( $93.7 million ) , until Toy Story 3 claimed that record the following year ( $110.3 million ) . Revenge of the Fallen remained # 1 at the box office for two weeks straight by a close margin . Initial studio estimates showed a tie between it and that weekend 's new release Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs , but the actual totals showed Revenge of the Fallen taking the # 1 spot yet again with $42.3 million . Also , it was the first film of 2009 to reach the $300 million mark in North America . On July 27 , a month after its release , the movie reached $379.2 million in the US , which brought it into the top 10 highest - grossing movies ever in that country as of August 2009 . Revenge of the Fallen closed its box office run with $402.1 million in the US & Canada and $836.3 million worldwide , being the twenty - fifth highest - grossing film of all time domestically , and the 84th highest - grossing film of all time . Among 2009 films , it was the second highest grossing in the United States and Canada , behind Avatar , and fourth globally behind Avatar , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , and Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs . As of 2013 , the film marks as the second highest - grossing Hasbro film of all time , behind only its sequel Transformers : Dark of the Moon . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 53 million tickets in the US . Home media ( Edit ) The film was released on October 20 , 2009 in two - disc Blu - ray and DVD editions , and a single - disc DVD version . Michael Bay has revealed that the Blu - ray release of the film , produced by Charles de Lauzirika , will feature variable aspect ratio for the scenes shot in IMAX format . A special IMAX edition is available exclusively at Wal - Mart . Home versions include over three hours of bonus content and several interactive features , including `` The AllSpark Experiment '' , which reveals Michael Bay 's plans for a third movie in the series .", "20": "At Target , the DVD and Blu - ray versions includes a transformable Bumblebee case . Both two - disc editions are the first to include Paramount 's Augmented Reality feature , which allows the user to handle a 3D model of Optimus Prime on a computer by moving the package in front of a webcam . First week sales of the DVD reached 7.5 million copies , making it the best - selling DVD of 2009 . The Blu - ray version had the best first - week sales of 2009 , with 1.2 million units . Awards and Nominations ( Edit ) Revenge of the Fallen was among the films shortlisted for the Best Visual Effects at the 82nd Academy Awards , but was only nominated for Best Sound Mixing ( Greg P. Russell , Gary Summers and Geoffrey Patterson ) , eventually losing to The Hurt Locker . The film won five Scream Awards , for Best Actress ( Megan Fox ) , Breakout Performance - Female ( Isabel Lucas ) , Best Sequel , Best F / X , and Scream Song of the Year ( `` New Divide '' ) ; and two Teen Choice Awards , for Choice Summer Movie Star : Female ( Megan Fox ) and Choice Summer Movie Star : Male ( Shia LaBeouf ) . Revenge of the Fallen was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film but lost to Avatar , Satellite Awards for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound , a VES Award for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture , a SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble , and an MTV Movie Award for Best WTF Moment ( Isabel Lucas turning into a Decepticon ) . Shia LaBeouf , the film and Megan Fox was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actor , Favorite Movie and Favorite Movie Actress , but all lost to Taylor Lautner , Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel and Miley Cyrus , respectively .", "21": "On the other hand , it was nominated for seven Razzie Awards including Worst Actress for Megan Fox ( also for Jennifer 's Body ) , Worst Supporting Actress for Julie White , Worst Screen Couple ( for Shia LaBeouf and Megan Fox ) and Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - Off or Sequel , winning three in the Worst Picture , Worst Director , and Worst Screenplay categories at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards . Sequels ( Edit ) Main articles : Transformers : Dark of the Moon , Transformers : Age of Extinction , and Transformers : The Last Knight The third film , Dark of the Moon was released June 29 , 2011 . The fourth film , Age of Extinction was released June 27 , 2014 . The fifth film , The Last Knight was released on June 21 , 2017 . References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` TRANSFORMERS : REVENGE OF THE FALLEN ( 12A ) '' . BBFC . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Jay ( 2007 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Heavy Metal for Sequel '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Danielle ( 2008 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Writer 's Strike Continues ; DGA Signs Deal ; Awards Questioned '' . The West Georgian . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( 2007 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Optimus Prime Time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) .", "22": "`` Writing Team Built Fast for Transformers 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Billington , Alex ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Kicking Off 2009 with Writers Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci -- Part Two : Transformers 2 '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Oscar Watch : Bay Hosts Transformers Tech Show '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , Patrick ( 2009 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Orci & Kurtzman Reveal Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Details '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Stephanie ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` IESB Exclusive : Kurtzman and Orci on Transformers 2 ! '' . IESB . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , Josh ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Writers Reveal Theme Of Transformers Sequel . The Bad News ? No Dinobots '' . MTV Movies Blog . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Orci , Roberto ( 2008 - 05 - 25 ) . `` The Official `` Hey Roberto '' Thread `` . Don Murphy . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( 2008 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Transformers 2 Scribe Sets Record Straight '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` More on Transformers 2 From Writer Roberto Orci '' . Seibertron.com. 2008 - 02 - 18 .", "23": "Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 14 , 2009 ) . `` Transformers 2 Rumor Confirmed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Video : Director Michael Bay talks Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen '' . Collider. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A With Michael Bay '' . Toy Fair 09 , New York City . 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( 2011 - 04 - 11 ) . `` ROUNDTABLE : The Writers Behind Summer 's Biggest Blockbusters ( Exclusive Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Transformers Sequel Sets 2009 Date '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : de Semelyn , Nick ( February 2009 ) . `` 20 to Watch in 2009 '' . Empire . pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Behind the Scenes '' ( Video ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Savage , Brian . `` TCC Exclusive : Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen at Toy Fair 2009 '' . Transformers Collectors Club . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Transformer Producer Wants Dinobots in TF2 '' . UGO Networks . June 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kolan , Patrick ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` Transformers Roundtable with Michael Bay '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 .", "24": "Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roberto Orci -- Soundwave Will Not be a Pick Up In Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen '' . TFW2005. 2008 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Orci , Roberto ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ). `` he All New `` Hey Roberto '' Thread `` . Don Murphy . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Orci , Roberto ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` The All New `` Hey Roberto '' Thread `` . Don Murphy . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Orci , Roberto ( 2008 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Welcome Mr. Roberto Orci , You May Ask Him Questions '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bay on the Dinobots : `` I hate them . '' `` . Seibertron.com. 2009 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 2 : Did The Fallen Fall Off The Radar ? '' . Seibertron. 2008 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Megatron 's Return in Transformers 2 is Confirmed '' . Worst Previews. 2009 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bay , Michael ( 2008 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Re : Transformers Script '' . Shoot For The Edit : The Official Michael Bay Forums . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 2 : Revenge of the Fallen Call Sheet Reveals Major Spoilers '' . MovieWeb. 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Orci , Robert ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Welcome Mr.", "25": "Roberto Orci , You May Ask Questions '' . TFW2005 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2008 . Some sequences will be in IMAX 3D Jump up ^ `` Michael Bay Talks Transformers 2 and 3 at ShoWest '' . Collider. 2009 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Debruge , Peter ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Who Made the Movie : Transformers II '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Duck , Michael ( 2008 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Officials Fired up for Bethlehem Filming '' . The Morning Call . Jump up ^ Knight , Keith ( 2008 - 06 - 07 ) . `` More High - Fliers at Air & Space '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Klein , Michael ( 2008 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Roll ' em '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Klein , Michael ( 2008 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Inqlings : The big Reach for an Anchor '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Scott , Aaron ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Transformers Sequel Brings Movie Studio to Wanamaker Bldg '' . CoStar Group . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Kellvin ( 2008 - 06 - 14 ) . `` More Pics From Transformers 2 Set Plus Video ! '' . LatinoReview.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Shamma , Tashin ( 2008 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Transformers : Revenge of the FallenCrash Lands on Campus '' . The Daily Princetonian . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Regarding Penn 's Open Letter to Michael Bay '' . Michael Bay . October 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fouché , Gwladys ( 2008 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Hollywood Prepares for the Actors ' Strike '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Optimus Prime Spotted in Long Beach '' . Slash Film . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tyrese Gibson Talks Transformers 2 , Partying in El Pas '' . What 's Up Weekly . October 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Phil ( 2008 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Moviemaking at Local Resort Provides Glitz , Economic Lift '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sharon ( 2008 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Hollywood Steps Lightly : Spielberg and Soft Diplomacy in the Middle East '' . WaxWord . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge Of The Fallen Trailer Breakdown '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Jordan Hosts Transformers shoot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 .", "27": "^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( 2009 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Michael Bay , Master of the ' Huge Canvas ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge of the Fallen Primary Shooting Completed , Second Unit Shooting in Paris '' . TFW2005. 2008 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 2 Wrap Filming on USS John C Stennis '' . Seibertron.com. 2008 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Making of Transformers : Shogo Hasui '' ( in Japanese ) . akara Tomy . May 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . ( translation ) Jump up ^ Orci , Roberto ( 2008 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Welcome Mr. Roberto Orci , You May Ask Him Questions '' . TFW2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Bots '' ( Video interview ) . Fox News . 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Escalating VFX for New Transformers '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( 2007 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Transformers 2 More Ambitious '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Fan Buzz : Flesh out Those ' Bots '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 12 .", "28": "Jump up ^ Michael Bay 's DVD audio commentary for Transformers , 2007 , Paramount Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( 2009 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Michael Bay Keeps VFX Shops Busy '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Fun Facts '' . michaelbay.com . June 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Orci Discusses Scene Additions , Fan Love , Starscream , and 40 Robots '' . TFW2005. 2009 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How the Giant - robot F / X in Transformers 2 nearly broke ILM . Seriously '' . Blastr . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dan Goldwasser ( 2009 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Steve Jablonsky scores Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 2 song is ' New Divide ' '' . The Linkin Park Times . May 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( 2009 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Transformers : ROTF Premiere , LaBeouf 's Wild Life '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers at Toy Fair 2009 '' . Transformers Collectors Club . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Coverage from Toyfare # 140 '' . TFW2005. 2009 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 11 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` Official Press Release : Jollibee Transformers Revenge of the Fallen '' . Newworlds.ph. 2009 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Claudia Eller ( 2009 - 04 - 06 ) . `` GM 's troubles deprive ' Transformers 2 ' of crucial horsepower '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 2 Product Placement '' . Product Placement News . 2008 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Josh Modell ( 2008 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Taste Test Special Report : The National Association Of Convenience Stores Convention '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Busch # 18 Transformers 2 : Revenge of the Fallen / M&M 's 2009 Firebird Diecast '' . Planet Diecast . January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Duhamel To Drive Indy 500 Pace Car '' . The Indy Channel . 2009 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , Jonathon ( 2009 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Beijing mall builds its own Transformer out of VW Jetta '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Brian Jacks ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Transformers 2 ' Prequel Comic Gives Inside Scoop On 2009 Movie '' . MTV Splash Page . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Mowry ( w ) , Alex Milne ( p ) . Transformers : Alliance ( December 2008 to March 2009 ) , IDW Publishing Jump up ^ Chris Mowry ( w ) . Transformers : Defiance ( January -- April 2009 ) , IDW Publishing Jump up ^ Alan Dean Foster ( April 2009 ) .", "30": "Transformers : The Veiled Threat . Del Rey Books . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51592 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alan Dean Foster ( 2008 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Updates '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Grieser , Andy ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` ' Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ' spoiled by coloring book ? '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : The Movie Universe '' . Dorling Kindersley . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Preview : Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Official Movie Adaptation '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen by Alan Dean Foster -- Paperback '' . Del Rey Books . 2008 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of The Fallen : The Junior Novel by Dan Jolley '' . Harper Collins . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ de Matos , Xav ( 2009 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Transform and roll out against Luxoflux this Friday '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ César A. Berardini ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` X-Men Origins : Wolverine and Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Movie Tie - ins Announced '' . TeamXbox . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vengeance Has Arrived as Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Game Hits Retail Shelves Nationwide '' . Test freaks. 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Game Interview '' .", "31": "Superhero Hype. 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` '' TRANSFORMERS : REVENGE OF THE FALLEN '' GAME HITS SHELVES NATIONWIDE `` . Comic Book Resources . 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( 2009 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen First Look '' . IGN . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Josue , Rachel ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` ' Transformers : Revenge Of The Fallen ' Premieres In Japan '' . MTV . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers Moved Up Two Days '' . ComingSoon.net. 2009 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX To Feature Longer Cut of Transformers 2 With `` More Robot Fighting '' `` . / Film . 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pamela Mcclintock ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Transformers ' on top with $390.4 mil '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LaBeouf says next ' Transformers ' will be better '' . Associated Press . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bay Apologizes For Transformers 2 , Promises a Better Transformers 3 '' . June 11 , 2010 .", "32": "Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zak , Dan ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Reaching Critical Mess '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Entertainment : ' Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 5 July 2007 ) . `` Transformers '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Fall of the Revengers '' . The Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Travers ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen '' . Rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha . `` Transformers : Revenge Of The Fallen Film '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 2009 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 12A ( tbc ) '' . News of the World . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Biancolli , Amy ( 2006 - 06 - 23 ) . `` No real changes in new Transformers '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Mintzer , Jordan ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen '' .", "33": "Variety . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 2009 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Movie Review : Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Year - End Movies Poll Results '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Sequels of All Time '' . Comcast . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 50 Worst Movies Ever '' . Empire magazine . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Worst - Reviewed $400 Million Hit ? '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Movie Review -- Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Invasion of the Robot Toys , Redux '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Mendelson : Huff Post Review : Transformers Revenge of the Fallen : The IMAX Experience ( 2009 ) '' . The Huffington Post . 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Harry says TRANSFORMERS 2 is foul mouthed , racist & misogynistic ! It also runs an hour too long ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . 2009 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sandy Cohen , The Associated Press ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Jive - talking twin Transformers raise race issues '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Orci and Kurtzman Respond to Claims of Racism in ' Transformers 2 ′ '' . Film School Rejects . June 24 , 2009 .", "34": "Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen IMAX Experience Compares with The Dark Knight '' . Filmwblog.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) . `` ' Transformers 2 ' racks up record $16 million in Wednesday midnight shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Transformers ' Sequel Blasts Off on First Day '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . `` ' Eclipse ' Breaks Wednesday Record But Falls Short of ' New Moon ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Day Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 2009 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Revenge of the Fallen ' Rises with Optimal Debut '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( 2010 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Weekend Report : Pixar Pounds Its ' Toy ' Chest '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Weekend Chart '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers 2 Passes $600 Million Worldwide Box Office '' . Newsarama. 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ' Revenge of the Fallen ' Cracks the Top 10 All - Time List '' . Movie Buzz . 2009 - 07 - 27 .", "35": "Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge of The Fallen DVD / Blu - ray : October 20th '' . MichaelBay.com . August 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Michael Bay Talks Transformers II , The DVD , Extra IMAX Footage , and the `` Autobot Twins '' `` . Film.com . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek flies out with space - age box '' . VideoBusiness. 2009 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge of Fallen : Biggest - Selling Blu - ray Disc Release and Top - Selling DVD of 2009 '' . MichaelBay.com ( from TheHollywoodReporter ) . October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Greg ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Seven films on Oscar 's visual effects shortlist '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Winners for the 82nd Academy Awards '' . AMPAS . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Spike TV 's SCREAM 2009 Awards Nominees and Winners '' . About.com .", "36": "Archived from the original on September 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Award Winners '' . CBS News . Associated Press . 2009 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The 36th Saturn Award Nominations '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . November 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 14th Annual SATELLITE AWARDS '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` VES Announces Nominees for 8th Annual VES Awards '' . Visual Effects Society . January 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Hits , Remakes and Sequels Dominate This Year 's RAZZIE Nominations '' . Golden Raspberry Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sandra Bullock wins TWO Razzie Awards ; ' Transformers 2 ' nabs THREE '' . Los Angeles Times . 2010 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . External links ( Edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Film portal Media related to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen at Wikimedia Commons Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen on IMDb Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen at the TCM Movie Database Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen at Box Office Mojo Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen at Rotten Tomatoes Transformers :", "37": "Revenge of the Fallen at Metacritic Transformers Universe Autobots Optimus Prime Ultra Magnus Rodimus Optimus Primal Arcee Blaster Blurr Brawn Bulkhead Bumblebee Cliffjumper Drift Fireflight Grapple Grimlock Hoist Hot Shot Hound Inferno Ironhide Jazz Jetfire Kup Metroplex Mudflap Omega Supreme Outback Perceptor Powerglide Quickmix Ratchet Red Alert Roadbuster Seaspray Sentinel Prime Side Burn Sideswipe Skids Sky High Sky Lynx Skydive Sludge Smokescreen Snarl Sunstreaker Tow - Line Trench Vector Prime Windblade Wheeljack Wreck - Gar Decepticons Megatron / Galvatron Starscream Barricade Blackout Blast Off Blitzwing Bludgeon Bombshell Brawl Demolishor Dirge The Fallen Frenzy Inferno Kickback Knock Out Lugnut Motormaster Octane Onslaught Over-Run Overbite Ramjet Ransack Ravage Rumble Scorponok Shrapnel Skyquake Slipstream Shockwave Soundwave Thrust Vortex Waspinator Wildrider Subgroups Dinobots Female Autobots Gobots Monsterbots Powermasters Predacons Pretenders Seacons Targetmasters Thirteen Primes Throttlebots Supporting", "38": "characters Primus Unicron Scourge Circuit Breaker Spike Witwicky Sparkplug Carly Witwicky Marissa Faireborn Character lists Primes and Matrix holders Female Transformers Technology and physiology Cybertron Matrix of Leadership Spark List of planets Media Toy lines Transformers : Generation 1 Battle Beasts Action Masters Transformers : Generation 2 Machine Wars Beast Wars Beast Machines Transtech ( unreleased ) Robots in Disguise Armada Robot Masters Energon Alternators Cybertron Legends Titanium Classics Film Animated Revenge of the Fallen Alternity Generations Dark of the Moon Prime Rescue Bots Prime Wars Trilogy Power of the Primes Crossovers Built to Rule Transformers Label Star Wars Transformers Comic series Marvel The Transformers Generation 2 New Avengers / Transformers Dreamwave Generation 1 Armada / Energon The War Within Micromasters IDW The Transformers Infiltration Strombringer Escalation Spotlight Megatron Origin Devastation Revelation All Hail Megatron Maximum Dinobots Bumblebee Last Stand of the Wreckers Ironhide Infestation Heart of Darkness Chaos The Death of Optimus Prime More than Meets the Eye Autocracy Robots in Disguise Monstrosity Windblade Primacy Revolution Lost Light First Strike Beast Wars The Gathering The Ascending", "39": "Generations Hearts of Steel Infestation 2 Transformers ( film comic series ) Lists Comics characters UK comics Animated series Main group Generation 1 Characters Episodes Scramble City Generation 2 Beast Wars Characters Episodes Beast Machines Episodes Robots in Disguise ( 2001 series ) Characters Armada Characters Episodes Energon Characters Episodes Cybertron Characters Episodes Animated Characters Episodes Prime Characters Episodes Rescue Bots Characters Episodes Robots in Disguise ( 2015 series ) Characters Episodes Cyberverse Japanese exclusive The Headmasters Characters Super-God Masterforce Characters Victory Characters Zone Characters Beast Wars II Characters Beast Wars Neo Characters Robot Masters Go ! Web series Cyber Missions Prime Wars Trilogy Characters Combiner Wars Titans Return Power of the Primes Feature films Animated films The Transformers : The Movie Beast Wars II : Lio Convoy 's Close Call ! Transformers Prime Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising Live - action films ( cast and characters ) Transformers Revenge of the Fallen Dark of the Moon Age of Extinction The Last Knight Bumblebee : The Movie Audio releases The Transformers : The Movie Theme Song Collection History of Music 1984 -- 1990 The Album Song Universe The Score Revenge of the Fallen -- The Album Revenge of the Fallen -- The Score Dark of the Moon -- The Album Dark of the Moon", "40": "-- The Score Age of Extinction - The Score The Last Knight -- The Score Video games The Transformers ( 1986 ) Battle to Save the Earth Mystery of Convoy Beast Wars Beast Senshi Saikyō Ketteisen Beast Wars Transmetals DreamMix TV World Fighters Transformers ( 2003 ) Transformers ( 2004 ) The Game Autobots Decepticons Animated : The Game G1 : Awakening Revenge of the Fallen Autobots Decepticons War for Cybertron DS version Cybertron Adventures Dark of the Moon Universe Fall of Cybertron Prime -- The Game Rise of the Dark Spark Angry Birds Transformers Transformers : Devastation Novels Ghosts of Yesterday The Veiled Threat Exodus Dark of the Moon : The Junior Novel Exiles Retribution The Covenant of Primus Engagement BotCon Fun Publications Transformers : The Ride 3D The Transformers Experience HasCon Films directed by Michael Bay Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) The Island ( 2005 ) Transformers ( 2007 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi ( 2016 ) Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) Ehren Kruger Feature films Killers in", "41": "the House ( 1998 ) Arlington Road ( 1999 ) New World Disorder ( 1999 ) Scream 3 ( 2000 ) Reindeer Games ( 2000 ) Imposter ( 2002 ) The Ring ( 2002 ) Rings ( 2005 ) The Ring Two ( 2005 ) The Skeleton Key ( 2005 ) The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) Blood & Chocolate ( 2007 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) Ophelia ( 2018 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture Ca n't Stop the Music ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest ( 1981 ) Inchon ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady ( 1983 ) Bolero ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 ( 1987 ) Cocktail ( 1988 ) Star Trek V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Ca n't Do It ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk ( 1991 ) Shining Through ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal ( 1993 ) Color of Night ( 1994 ) Showgirls ( 1995 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) The Postman ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth ( 2000 ) Freddy Got Fingered ( 2001 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Gigli ( 2003 ) Catwoman ( 2004 ) Dirty Love ( 2005 )", "42": "Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me ( 2007 ) The Love Guru ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Movie 43 ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie ( 2017 ) Book Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop !", "43": "Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S.", "44": "Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White ( 2017 ) Works by Hasbro Studios Animated Television series The Adventures of Chuck and Friends Blazing Team G.I.", "45": "Joe : Renegades Kaijudo Littlest Pet Shop Littlest Pet Shop : A World of Our Own My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic Pound Puppies Transformers : Prime Transformers : Rescue Bots Transformers : Robots in Disguise Transformers : Cyberverse Micronauts Television films Equestria Girls Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising Equestria Girls -- Rainbow Rocks Equestria Girls -- Friendship Games Equestria Girls -- Legend of Everfree Equestria Girls -- Magical Movie Night Equestria Girls -- Forgotten Friendship Web series Transformers : Combiner Wars Hanazuki : Full of Treasures Transformers : Titans Return Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters Transformers : Power of the Primes Live - action Game shows Family Game Night The Game of Life Scrabble Showdown Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Films Ouija Other Hubworld Clue Taylor Swift : Journey to Fearless Allspark Pictures films Animated My Little Pony : The Movie Live action Jem and the Holograms Ouija : Origin of Evil Bumblebee : The Movie See also Hasbro Boulder Media Limited Claster Television Films Television programs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transformers:_Revenge_of_the_Fallen&oldid=838455497 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films Transformers films 2000s action thriller films 2000s science fiction films 2000s sequel films American films American action films American science fiction action films American sequel films Ancient astronauts in fiction Films scored by Steve Jablonsky Films about revenge Films adapted into comics Films directed by Michael Bay Films produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura Films set in 2009 Films set in Asia Films set in Cairo Films set in Egypt Films set in Jordan Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Films set in Philadelphia Films set in Paris Films set in Shanghai Films set in universities and colleges Films set in Virginia Films set in Washington , D.C.", "46": "Films shot in Arizona Films shot in California Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in Egypt Films shot in Jordan Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Lone Pine , California Films shot in New York City Films shot in Qatar Films shot in San Diego Films shot in Shanghai Films shot in Virginia Films shot in New Jersey Films shot in New Mexico Films shot in Paris Films shot in Philadelphia Films shot in Washington , D.C.", "47": "Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Robot films Prehistoric people in popular culture Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci Screenplays by Ehren Kruger Treasure hunt films Di Bonaventura Pictures films Paramount Pictures films DreamWorks Pictures films American teen films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Basa Banyumasan Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 03 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 37, 4, 7, 3, 38, 5, 14, 6, 39, 24, 12, 30, 40, 29, 32, 1, 2, 9, 17, 13, 28, 34, 33, 0, 45, 26, 31, 27, 22, 16, 23, 35, 25, 21, 10, 36, 8, 15, 20, 41, 44, 19, 11, 42, 47, 43, 18, 46 ]	[ 37, 4, 7, 3, 38 ]
440199079925036478	who are the leaders of the jehovah witnesses	[ "Kenneth Cook", "Samuel F. Herd", "Geoffrey Jackson", "Mark Stephen Lett", "Gerrit Lösch", "Anthony Morris III", "Mark Sanderson", "David H. Splane", "The Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses", "Kenneth Cook", "Samuel F. Herd", "Geoffrey Jackson", "Mark Stephen Lett", "Gerrit Lösch", "Anthony Morris III", "Mark Sanderson", "David H. Splane", "Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses" ]	{ "0": "Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses - wikipedia Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Jehovah 's Witnesses Overview Organizational structure Governing Body Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society Corporations History Bible Student movement Leadership dispute Splinter groups Doctrinal development Unfulfilled predictions Demographics By country Beliefs Practices Salvation Eschatology The 144,000 Faithful and discreet slave Hymns God 's name Blood Discipline Literature The Watchtower Awake ! New World Translation List of publications Bibliography Teaching programs Kingdom Hall Gilead School People Watch Tower presidents W.H. Conley C.T. Russell J.F. Rutherford N.H. Knorr F.W. Franz M.G. Henschel D.A. Adams Formative influences William Miller Henry Grew George Storrs N.H. Barbour John Nelson Darby Notable former members Raymond Franz Olin Moyle Opposition Criticism Persecution Supreme Court cases by country The Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses is the ruling council , publicly and commonly known as Jehovah 's Witnesses based in the group 's Warwick , New York headquarters . The body formulates doctrines , oversees the production of written material for publications and conventions , and administers the group 's worldwide operations . Official publications refer to members of the Governing Body as followers of Christ rather than religious leaders . Its size has varied , from seven ( 2014 -- 2018 ) to eighteen ( 1974 -- 1980 ) members . New members of the Governing Body are selected by existing members .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Reorganization 1.2 Headquarters purge 1.3 Helpers 1.4 2000 and beyond 2 Committees 3 Representatives 4 Relationship with `` faithful and discreet slave '' 5 Governing Body members 5.1 Current 5.2 Former 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Since its incorporation in 1884 , the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania has been directed by a president and board of directors . Until January 1976 , the president exercised complete control of doctrines , publications and activities of the Watch Tower Society and the religious denominations with which it was connected -- the Bible Students and Jehovah 's Witnesses . When the Society 's second president , J.F. Rutherford , encountered opposition from directors in 1917 , he dismissed them . In 1925 he overruled the Watch Tower Society 's editorial committee when it opposed publication of an article about disputed doctrines regarding the year 1914 . In 1931 , the editorial committee was dissolved . In 1943 The Watchtower described the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society as the `` legal governing body '' of anointed Jehovah 's Witnesses . A year later , in an article opposing the democratic election of congregation elders , the magazine said the appointment of such ones was the duty of `` a visible governing body under Jehovah God and his Christ . '' For several years , the role and specific identity of the governing body remained otherwise undefined . A 1955 organizational handbook stated that `` the visible governing body has been closely identified with the board of directors of this corporation . '' Referring to events related to their 1957 convention , a 1959 publication said `` the spiritual governing body of Jehovah 's witnesses watched the developments ( then ) the president of the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society ( acted ) . '' The 1970 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses noted that the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania was the organization used to plan the activity of Jehovah 's Witnesses and provide them with `` spiritual food '' , then declared : `` So really the governing body of Jehovah 's Witnesses is the board of directors of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . ''", "2": "Frederick Franz at Watch Tower Society headquarters in Brooklyn . On October 1 , 1971 , Watch Tower Society vice-president Frederick Franz addressed the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania corporation in Buckingham , Pennsylvania , stating that the legal corporation of the Watch Tower Society was an `` agency '' or `` temporary instrument '' used by the Governing Body on behalf of the `` faithful and discreet slave '' . Three weeks later , on October 20 , four additional men joined the seven members of the Society 's board of directors on what became known as a separate , expanded Governing Body . The board of directors had until then met only sporadically , usually to discuss the purchase of property or new equipment , leaving decisions about Watch Tower Society literature to the president and vice-president , Nathan Knorr and Fred Franz . The Watchtower of December 15 , 1971 was the first to unambiguously capitalize the term `` Governing Body of Jehovah 's witnesses '' as the defined group leading the denomination , with a series of articles explaining its role and its relationship with the Watch Tower Society . The focus on the new concept of `` theocratic '' leadership was accompanied by statements that the structure was not actually new : The Watch Tower declared that `` a governing body made its appearance '' some time after the formation of Zion 's Watch Tower Society in 1884 , though it had not been referred to as such at the time . The article stated that Watch Tower Society president Charles Taze Russell had been a member of the governing body . The 1972 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses stated that following Rutherford 's death in 1942 `` one of the first things that the governing body decided upon was the inauguration of the Theocratic Ministry School '' and added that the `` governing body '' had published millions of books and Bibles in the previous thirty years . Former member of the Governing Body , Raymond Franz , stated that the actions of presidents Russell , Rutherford and Knorr in overriding and failing to consult with directors proved the Bible Students and Jehovah 's Witnesses had been under a monarchical rule until 1976 , leaving no decisions to any `` governing body '' .", "3": "In 1972 , a Question From Readers article in The Watchtower further reinforced the concept of the `` Governing Body '' ; the magazine said the term referred to an agency that administers policy and provides organizational direction , guidance and regulation and was therefore `` appropriate , fitting and Scriptural . '' Organizational changes at the highest levels of the Watch Tower Society in 1976 significantly increased the powers and authority of the Governing Body . The body has never had a legal corporate existence and operates through the Watch Tower Society and its board of directors . Reorganization ( edit ) After its formal establishment in 1971 , the Governing Body met regularly but , according to Raymond Franz , only briefly ; Franz claims meetings were sometimes as short as seven minutes , to make decisions about branch appointments and conduct that should be considered disfellowshipping offenses . Franz claims that in 1971 and again in 1975 , the Governing Body debated the extent of the authority it should be given . The Governing Body voted in December 1975 to establish six operating committees to oversee the various administrative requirements of the organization 's worldwide activities that formerly had been under the direction of the president ; furthermore , each branch overseer was to be replaced by a branch committee of at least three members . The change , which took effect on January 1 , 1976 , was described in the Watch Tower Society 's 1993 history book , Jehovah 's Witnesses -- Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , as `` one of the most significant organizational readjustments in the modern - day history of Jehovah 's Witnesses . '' Headquarters purge ( edit ) In 1980 , dissent arose among members of the Governing Body regarding the significance of 1914 in Jehovah 's Witnesses ' doctrines . According to former Witnesses James Penton and Heather and Gary Botting , internal dissatisfaction with official doctrines continued to grow , leading to a series of secret investigations and judicial hearings . Consequently , dissenting members were expelled from the Brooklyn headquarters staff in the same year . Raymond Franz claimed he was forced to resign from the Governing Body , and he was later disfellowshipped from the group . The Watch Tower Society responded to the dissent with a more severe attitude regarding the treatment of expelled Witnesses .", "4": "In his 1997 study of the denomination , Penton concluded that since Raymond Franz 's expulsion in 1980 , the Governing Body displayed an increased level of conservatism , sturdy resistance to changes of policy and doctrines , and an increased tendency to isolate dissidents within the organization by means of disfellowshipping . Helpers ( edit ) The April 15 , 1992 issue of The Watchtower carried an article entitled Jehovah 's Provision , the `` Given Ones '' which drew a parallel between ancient non-Israelites who had been assigned temple duties ( the `` Nethinim '' and `` sons of the servants of Solomon '' ) and Witness elders in positions of responsibility immediately under the oversight of the Governing Body who did not profess to be `` anointed '' . Both that issue of The Watchtower and the 1993 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses carried the same announcement : In view of the tremendous increase worldwide , it seems appropriate at this time to provide the Governing Body with some additional assistance . Therefore it has been decided to invite several helpers , mainly from among the great crowd , to share in the meetings of each of the Governing Body Committees , that is , the Personnel , Publishing , Service , Teaching , and Writing Committees . Thus , the number attending the meetings of each of these committees will be increased to seven or eight . Under the direction of the Governing Body committee members , these assistants will take part in discussions and will carry out various assignments given them by the committee . This new arrangement goes into effect May 1 , 1992 . For many years now , the number of the remnant of anointed Witnesses has been decreasing , while the number of the great crowd has increased beyond our grandest expectations . Each of the current Governing Body members served as a committee `` helper '' before being appointed to the Governing Body itself . The appointment of helpers to the Governing Body committees was described in 2006 as `` still another refinement . '' 2000 and beyond ( edit ) Until 2000 , the directors and officers of the Watch Tower Society were members of the Governing Body . Since then , members of the ecclesiastical Governing Body have not served as directors of any of the various corporations used by Jehovah 's Witnesses , and the Governing Body has delegated such administrative responsibilities to other members of the group .", "5": "Committees ( edit ) The Governing Body functions by means of its six committees , which carry out various administrative functions . Each committee is assisted by `` helpers , '' who do not necessarily profess to be of the `` anointed '' . Governing Body meetings are held weekly in closed session . According to Raymond Franz , decisions of the body were required to be unanimous until 1975 , after which a two - thirds majority of the full body was required , regardless of the number present . The Personnel Committee arranges for volunteers to serve in the organization 's headquarters and worldwide branch offices , which are each referred to as Bethel . It oversees arrangements for the personal and spiritual assistance of Bethel staff , as well as the selection and invitation of new Bethel members . The Publishing Committee supervises the printing , publishing and shipping of literature , as well as legal matters involved in printing , such as obtaining property for printing facilities . It is responsible for overseeing factories , properties , and financial operations of corporations used by Jehovah 's Witnesses . The Service Committee supervises the evangelical activity of Jehovah 's Witnesses , which includes traveling overseers , pioneers , and the activities of congregation publishers . It oversees communication between the international headquarters , branch offices , and the congregations . It examines annual reports of preaching activity from the branches . It is responsible for inviting members to attend the Gilead school , the Bible School for Single Brothers , and the Traveling Overseers ' School , and for assigning graduates of these schools to their places of service . The Teaching Committee arranges congregation meetings , circuit assemblies , and regional and international conventions as well as various schools for elders , ministerial servants , pioneers and missionaries , such as Gilead school . It supervises preparation of material to be used in teaching , and oversees the development of new audio and video programs . The Writing Committee supervises the writing and translation of all material published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society , including scripts for dramas and talk outlines . It responds to questions about scriptural , doctrinal , and moral issues , specific problems in the congregations , and the standing of members in congregations . The Coordinator 's Committee deals with emergencies , disaster relief and other matters , such as investigations . It comprises the coordinators , or a representative , from each of the other Governing Body committees and a secretary who is also a member of the Governing Body .", "6": "It is responsible for the efficient operation of the other committees . Representatives ( edit ) Initially , the Governing Body directly appointed all congregation elders . By 1975 , the appointment of elders and ministerial servants was said to be `` made directly by a governing body of spirit - anointed elders or by them through other elders representing this body . '' In 2001 , The Watchtower , stated that recommendations for such appointments were submitted to branch offices . As of September 2014 , circuit overseers appoint elders and ministerial servants after discussion with congregation elders , without consulting with the branch office . The Governing Body continues to directly appoint branch office committee members and traveling overseers , and only such direct appointees are described as `` representatives of the Governing Body . '' Relationship with `` faithful and discreet slave '' ( edit ) Main article : Faithful and discreet slave The Governing Body is said to provide `` spiritual food '' for Jehovah 's Witnesses worldwide . Until late 2012 , the Governing Body described itself as the representative and `` spokesman '' for God 's `` faithful and discreet slave class '' ( approximately 11,800 Witnesses who profess to be anointed ) who are collectively said to be God 's `` prophet '' and `` channel for new spiritual light '' . The Governing Body does not consult with the other anointed Witnesses whom it was said to represent when formulating policy and doctrines or approving material for publications and conventions ; the authority of the Governing Body was presumed to be analogous to that of the older men of Jerusalem in cases such as the first - century circumcision issue . The majority of Witnesses who profess to be anointed have no authority to contribute to the development or change of doctrines . Anointed Witnesses are instructed to remain modest and avoid `` wildly speculating about things that are still unclear , '' instead waiting for God to reveal his purposes in The Watchtower . In 2009 , The Watchtower indicated that the dissemination of `` new spiritual light '' is the responsibility of only `` a limited number '' of the `` slave class '' , asking : `` Are all these anointed ones throughout the earth part of a global network that is somehow involved in revealing new spiritual truths ? No . ''", "7": "In 2010 the society said that `` deep truths '' were discerned by `` responsible representatives '' of the `` faithful and discreet slave class '' at the group 's headquarters , and then considered by the entire Governing Body before making doctrinal decisions . In August 2011 , the Governing Body cast doubt on other members ' claims of being anointed , stating that `` A number of factors -- including past religious beliefs or even mental or emotional imbalance -- might cause some to assume mistakenly that they have the heavenly calling . '' The Governing Body also stated that `` we have no way of knowing the exact number of anointed ones on earth ; nor do we need to know '' , and that it `` does not maintain a global network of anointed ones . '' At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society , the `` faithful and discreet slave '' was redefined as referring to the Governing Body only and the terms are now synonymous . Governing Body members ( edit ) Current ( edit ) The following people are members of the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses ( year appointed in parentheses ) : Kenneth Cook ( 2018 ) Samuel F. Herd ( 1999 ) Geoffrey Jackson ( 2005 ) Mark Stephen Lett ( 1999 ) Gerrit Lösch ( 1994 ) Anthony Morris III ( 2005 ) Mark Sanderson ( 2012 ) David H. Splane ( 1999 ) Former ( edit ) Prior to 1971 , various Watch Tower Society directors were informally identified as members of the `` governing body '' . Jehovah 's Witnesses publications began capitalizing Governing Body as a proper noun in 1971 ; The Watchtower that year announced `` The present Governing Body comprises eleven anointed witnesses of Jehovah . '' These eleven members are indicated in italics in the list below . Years active are shown in parentheses . All members served until their deaths unless specified .", "8": "Thomas J. Sullivan ( 1932 -- 1974 ) Grant Suiter ( 1938 -- 1983 ) Nathan Homer Knorr ( 1940 -- 1977 ) -- 4th President of Watch Tower Society Frederick William Franz ( 1944 -- 1992 ) -- 5th President of Watch Tower Society Lyman Alexander Swingle ( 1945 -- 2001 ) Milton George Henschel ( 1947 -- 2003 ) -- 6th President of Watch Tower Society John O. Groh ( 1965 -- 1975 ) Raymond Franz ( 1971 -- 1980 ) -- Resigned George D. Gangas ( 1971 -- 1994 ) Leo K. Greenlees ( 1971 -- 1984 ) -- Resigned William K. Jackson ( 1971 -- 1981 ) William Lloyd Barry ( 1974 -- 1999 ) John C. Booth ( 1974 -- 1996 ) Ewart C. Chitty ( 1974 -- 1979 ) -- Resigned Charles J. Fekel ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Theodore Jaracz ( 1974 -- 2010 ) Karl F. Klein ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Albert D. Schroeder ( 1974 -- 2006 ) Daniel Sydlik ( 1974 -- 2006 ) Carey W. Barber ( 1977 -- 2007 ) John E. Barr ( 1977 -- 2010 ) Martin Pötzinger ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Guy Hollis Pierce ( 1999 -- 2014 ) See also ( edit ) Organizational structure of Jehovah 's Witnesses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 216 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Questions From Readers '' . The Watchtower : 703 . November 15 , 1972 .", "9": "Jump up ^ `` Our active leader today '' , The Watchtower , September 15 , 2010 , page 27 , `` They recognize , however , that Christ is using a small group of anointed Christian men as a Governing Body to lead and direct his disciples on earth . '' Jump up ^ `` Bearing Thorough Witness '' About God 's Kingdom . Watchtower Bible and Tract Society . 2009 . p. 110 . Jump up ^ As of September 2005 , twelve members listed ( See The Watchtower , March 15 , 2006 , page 26 ) Schroeder died March 8 , 2006 . ( See The Watchtower , September 15 , 2006 , page 31 ) Sydlik died April 18 , 2006 . ( See The Watchtower , January 1 , 2007 , page 8 ) Barber died April 8 , 2007 . ( See The Watchtower , October 15 , 2007 , page 31 ) Jaracz died June 9 , 2010 . ( See The Watchtower , November 15 , 2010 , page 23 ) Barr died December 4 , 2010 . ( See The Watchtower , May 15 , 2011 , page 6 ) Mark Sanderson appointed in September 2012 `` A New Member of the Governing Body '' , The Watchtower , July 15 , 2013 , page 26. ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Guy H. Pierce , Member of the Governing Body , Dies at 79 '' Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania ( 2007 ) . Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses . pp. 4 , 6 . Jump up ^ Botting , Heather & Gary ( 1984 ) . The Orwellian World of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6545 - 7 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . In Search of Christian Freedom . Commentary Press . p. 123 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 17 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . In Search of Christian Freedom . Commentary Press . pp. 186 , footnote . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 17 - 6 . Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . pp. 162 -- 163 , 214 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . pp. 61 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Watchtower : 216 , paragraph 24 . July 15 , 1943 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Theocratic Organization in Action '' . The Watchtower . November 1 , 1944 . p. 328 . Jump up ^ Qualified to be Ministers . Watch Tower Society . 1955 . p. 381 . cited by Raymond Franz , Crisis of Conscience , page 74 Jump up ^ `` Divine Will International Assembly of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' , The Watchtower , February 15 , 1959 , page 115 , `` So with intense interest the spiritual governing body of Jehovah 's witnesses watched the developments ... Without delay the president of the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society closed a contract with the owners to use the Polo Grounds simultaneously with Yankee Stadium . ''", "11": "Jump up ^ Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Watch Tower Society . 1970 . p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond . Crisis of Conscience . p. 44 . The seven directors at October 20 were Nathan Knorr , Fred Franz , Grant Suiter , Thomas Sullivan , Milton Henschel , Lyman Swingle and John Groh . The additional four to form the Governing Body were William Jackson , Leo Greenlees , George Gangas and Raymond Franz . Jump up ^ Testimony by Fred Franz , Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh Transcript , Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh , 1954 , as cited by Raymond Franz , Crisis of Conscience , 2007 , page 75 - 76 . ^ Jump up to : `` Theocratic Organization with Which to Move Forward Now ; A Governing Body as Different from a Legal Corporation '' . The Watchtower . December 15 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Governing Body as Different from a Legal Corporation '' . The Watchtower : 761 . December 15 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses. 1972 . pp. 254 -- 257 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . p. 78 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Questions From Readers '' . The Watchtower : 703 . November 15 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . pp. 44 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 228 .", "12": "ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 215 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . pp. 81 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . pp. 80 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses -- Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom . Watch Tower Society . 1993 . pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . pp. 117 -- 123 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Botting , Heather & Gary ( 1984 ) . The Orwellian World of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . pp. 158 -- 165 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 6545 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Witness Under Prosecution '' , Richard H. Ostling , Anne Constable , Time Magazine , February 22 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . `` 11 - 12 '' . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press .", "13": "Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . pp. 219 , 297 -- 302 , 319 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Jehovah 's Provision , the `` Given Ones '' `` , The Watchtower , April 15 , 1992 , pages 16 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Announcement '' , The Watchtower , April 15 , 1992 , page 31 Jump up ^ `` Organizing for Further Expansion '' , 1993 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , © Watch Tower , pages 253 - 254 Jump up ^ `` Governing Body Addition '' , The Watchtower , November 1 , 1994 , page 29 , `` The new member is Gerrit Lösch ... Lösch has served in the Executive Offices and as an assistant to the Service Committee . '' Jump up ^ `` New Members of the Governing Body '' , The Watchtower , January 1 , 2000 , page 29 , `` The new members , all anointed Christians , are Samuel F. Herd ; M. Stephen Lett ; Guy H. Pierce ; and David H. Splane . Samuel Herd ... was also serving as a helper to the Service Committee . Stephen Lett ... was a helper to the Teaching Committee . Guy Pierce ... had been serving as a helper to the Personnel Committee . David Splane ... had been a helper to the Writing Committee . '' Jump up ^ `` New Members of the Governing Body '' , The Watchtower , March 15 , 2006 , page 26 , `` Geoffrey W. Jackson and Anthony Morris III -- would be added to the Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses ... In April 2003 , ( Jackson ) became part of the United States Bethel family and began to work in the Translation Services Department . Soon thereafter , Brother Jackson was made a helper to the Teaching Committee of the Governing Body ... 2002 ( Morris ) worked in the Service Department at Patterson and later as a helper to the Service Committee of the Governing Body . ''", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Walking in the Path of Increasing Light '' , The Watchtower , February 15 , 2006 , page 28 Jump up ^ `` How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation '' . The Watchtower : 29 . 15 January 2001 . ^ Jump up to : The Watchtower , May 15 , 2008 , page 29 Jump up ^ `` How the Governing Body is Organized '' , The Watchtower , May 15 , 2008 , page 29 . Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . pp. 85 , 115 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` A History - Making Meeting '' , The Watchtower , Aug. 15 , 2011 , page 21 . Jump up ^ `` Schools That Teach Jehovah 's Ways '' , 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , page 13 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Theocratic Schools - Evidence of Jehovah 's Love '' , The Watchtower , September 15 , 2012 , page 13 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A `` Body of Elders '' with Rotating Chairmanship `` , The Watchtower , November 15 , 1971 , pages 699,700 , `` how will the `` body of elders '' in each congregation be selected ? The governing body through the Watch Tower Society will send out a letter asking the committee that now looks after each congregation 's activity to ... prayerfully consider who within your congregation really meets the qualifications of an elder or overseer ... Then recommendations will be made to the governing body ... After the governing body receives recommendations from the congregation , then proper appointments will be made . The governing body will do the appointing of elders in every congregation and this information will be sent out by the governing body through the various offices of the Society throughout the world . ''", "15": "Jump up ^ Hope Based on the Unfolding Purpose of God `` , The Watchtower , February 1 , 1975 , page 86 Jump up ^ `` Overseers and Ministerial Servants Theocratically Appointed '' , The Watchtower , January 15 , 2001 , page 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Questions From Readers '' . The Watchtower : 28 -- 30 . 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overseers and Ministerial Servants Theocratically Appointed '' , The Watchtower , January 15 , 2001 , page 15 , `` In addition to appointing Branch Committee members , the Governing Body appoints Bethel elders and traveling overseers . However , they do commission responsible brothers to act for them in making certain other appointments . '' Jump up ^ `` `` Keep Holding Men of That Sort Dear '' `` , The Watchtower , October 1 , 1988 , page 18 - 19 , `` ( The ) traveling overseers sent forth by the Governing Body to preach the good news and help the congregations should be received hospitably and with respect ... Elders , in particular , should show proper respect for these visiting representatives of the Governing Body . They are sent to the congregations because of their spiritual qualities and their experience , which is usually more extensive than that of many local elders . '' ( emph added ) Jump up ^ `` Cooperating With the Governing Body Today '' , The Watchtower , March 15 , 1990 , pages 19 - 20 , `` Since February 1 , 1976 , each of the branches of the Watch Tower Society has had a Branch Committee made up of capable men appointed by the Governing Body . As representatives of the Governing Body for the country or countries under the supervision of their branch , these brothers must be faithful , loyal men ... Branch Committees recommend mature , spiritual men to serve as circuit and district overseers . After being appointed directly by the Governing Body , they serve as traveling overseers . These brothers visit circuits and congregations in order to build them up spiritually and help them apply instructions received from the Governing Body . '' ( emph added ) Jump up ^ `` The Watchtower and Awake ! -- Timely Journals of Truth '' . The Watchtower : 21 . January 1 , 1994 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Building for an Eternal Future '' . The Watchtower : 25 . January 1 , 1986 . Jump up ^ 2012 Annual Meeting Program ( Gov. Body is `` Faithful & Discreet Slave '' explained in 8 minute clip ) Jump up ^ `` Seek God 's guidance in all things '' , The Watchtower , April 15 , 2008 , page 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' They Shall Know that a Prophet Was Among Them ' '' . The Watchtower : 200 . April 1 , 1972 . the modern - day `` prophet , '' the spirit - begotten , anointed ones who are the nucleus of Jehovah 's witnesses today Jump up ^ `` The Things Revealed Belong to Us '' , The Watchtower , May 15 , 1986 , page 13 . Jump up ^ Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . In Search of Christian Freedom . Commentary Press . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 17 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Faithful Steward and Its Governing Body , The Watchtower , June 15 , 2009 , page 24 ¶ 18 Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 211 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The faithful slave and its governing body '' , The Watchtower , June 15 , 2009 , pages 23 - 24 , `` They do not believe that their being of the anointed gives them special insights beyond what even some experienced members of the `` great crowd '' may have . They do not believe that they necessarily have more holy spirit than their companions of the ' other sheep ' have . They do not expect special treatment ; nor do they claim that their partaking of the emblems places them above the appointed elders in the congregation . '' ^ Jump up to : `` A Secret Christians Dare Not Keep ! '' , The Watchtower , June 1 , 1997 , page 14 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` Insight That Jehovah Has Given '' , The Watchtower , March 15 , 1989 , page 22 , `` It is through the columns of The Watchtower that explanations of vital Scriptural truths have been provided for us by Jehovah 's ' faithful and discreet slave . ' The Watchtower is the principal instrument used by the ' slave ' class for dispensing spiritual food . '' Jump up ^ `` The faithful slave and its governing body '' , The Watchtower , June 15 , 2009 , pages 23 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Spirit Searches into the Deep Things of God '' , The Watchtower , July 15 , 2010 , page 23 , `` When the time comes to clarify a spiritual matter in our day , holy spirit helps responsible representatives of ' the faithful and discreet slave ' at world headquarters to discern deep truths that were not previously understood . The Governing Body as a whole considers adjusted explanations . What they learn , they publish for the benefit of all . '' Jump up ^ `` Question From Readers '' , `` The Watchtower '' , August 15 , 2011 , page 22 Jump up ^ `` Annual Meeting Report '' . Jump up ^ http://www.jw.org/en/jehovahs-witnesses/faq/governing-body/ Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Cook Appointed to the Governing Body '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 .", "18": "^ Jump up to : `` New Members of the Governing Body '' , The Watchtower , January 1 , 2000 , page 29 ^ Jump up to : `` New Members of the Governing Body '' , The Watchtower , March 15 , 2006 , page 26 Jump up ^ `` Governing Body Addition '' , The Watchtower , November 1 , 1994 , page 29 Jump up ^ `` A New Member of the Governing Body '' , The Watchtower , July 15 , 2013 , page 26 Jump up ^ `` A Governing Body as Different from a Legal Corporation '' , The Watchtower , December 15 , 1971 , page 762 Jump up ^ `` The Governing Body '' , 1973 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , © Watch Tower , page 257 , `` The Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses consists of eleven brothers , all anointed of God . They are as follows : Frederick W. Franz , Raymond V. Franz , George D. Gangas , Leo K. Greenlees , John O. Groh , Milton G. Henschel , William K. Jackson , Nathan H. Knorr , Grant Suiter , Thomas J. Sullivan and Lyman A. Swingle . '' ^ Jump up to : Franz , Raymond ( 2007 ) . Crisis of Conscience . Commentary Press . pp. 273 -- 336 . ISBN 0 - 914675 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` He Ran for `` The Prize of the Upward Call '' and Won ! `` , The Watchtower , September 15 , 1974 , page 554 , `` On October 31 , 1932 , he ( Sullivan ) was made a member of the board of directors of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania ; he was also one of the eleven - member governing body of Jehovah 's witnesses . ''", "19": "Jump up ^ `` A Time of Testing ( 1914 - 1918 ) '' , Jehovah 's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , © 1993 Watch Tower , page 71 , `` Thomas ( Bud ) Sullivan , who later served as a member of the Governing Body , recalled : `` It was my privilege to visit Brooklyn Bethel in the late summer of 1918 during the brothers ' incarceration . '' Jump up ^ `` The corporation , the WATCH TOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY , pursuant to its charter and by - laws , and the laws of the State of Pennsylvania , held its annual meeting at Pittsburgh , North Side , Allegheny County , Pennsylvania , on the first day of October , A.D. 1938 , at which annual meeting a Board of Directors was elected as follows , to wit : J.F. Rutherford , C.A. Wise , W.E. Van Amburgh , H.H. Riemer , T.J. Sullivan , Wm . P. Heath , Jr. , and Grant Suiter , to hold office for a period of three years , or until their successors are duly elected . '' - 1939 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , `` Election '' , page 195 Jump up ^ `` A Loyal Fighter Passes On '' , The Watchtower , February 1 , 1984 , page 9 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom , `` Background of N.H. Knorr '' , page 91 : `` On June 10 , 1940 , he became the vice-president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society ( Pennsylvania corporation ) . '' Jump up ^ The Watchtower , July 15 , 1977 , `` Firm to the End '' , page 441 . Jump up ^ `` Service Assembly and Annual Meeting -- Pittsburg '' , The Watchtower , November 1 , 1944 , page 334 . Jump up ^ `` How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation '' , The Watchtower , January 15 , 2001 , page 28 . Jump up ^ Jehovah 's Witnesses -- Proclaimers of God 's Kingdom . Watch Tower Society . 1993 . p. 91 .", "20": "Jump up ^ `` Announcements '' , Our Kingdom Ministry , August 1980 , page 2 , `` Raymond Victor Franz is no longer a member of the Governing Body and of the Brooklyn Bethel family as of May 22 , 1980 . '' Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ Beverley , James A. ( 1986 ) . Crisis of Allegiance . Burlington , Ontario : Welch Publishing Company . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 920413 - 37 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` His Deeds Follow Him '' , The Watchtower , December 1 , 1994 , page 31 . Jump up ^ 1986 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , © Watch Tower , page 255 Jump up ^ Penton , M. James ( 1997 ) . Apocalypse Delayed : The Story of Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Toronto Press . pp. 322 , 393 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7973 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses Enlarged '' , The Watchtower , January 15 , 1975 , page 60 Jump up ^ `` We Were a Team '' , The Watchtower , April 1 , 2001 , page 24 . Jump up ^ `` He Humbly Served Jehovah '' , The Watchtower , June 15 , 1996 , page 32 . Jump up ^ `` Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses Enlarged '' , 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , © Watch Tower , page 60 Jump up ^ Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses. 1980 . pp. 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ `` A Joyful Perseverer in Good Work '' , The Watchtower , July 1 , 1977 , page 399 .", "21": "Jump up ^ `` Gilead Sends Missionaries `` to the Most Distant Part of the Earth '' `` , The Watchtower , December 15 , 1999 , page 28 , `` Theodore Jaracz , a member of the Governing Body , who himself graduated with Gilead 's seventh class in 1946 '' Jump up ^ `` Governing Body of Jehovah 's Witnesses Enlarged '' , The Watchtower , January 15 , 1975 , page 60 Jump up ^ Theodore Jaracz Memorial Service Brochure ( 1.4 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Jehovah Has Dealt Rewardingly With Me '' , The Watchtower , October 1 , 1984 , page 21 . Jump up ^ `` His Delight Was in the Law of Jehovah '' , The Watchtower , September 15 , 2006 , page 31 . Jump up ^ `` How Priceless Your Friendship , O God ! '' , The Watchtower , June 1 , 1985 , page 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rejoicing Over `` Victory With the Lamb '' , The Watchtower , October 15 , 2007 , page 31 . Jump up ^ `` Britain '' , 2000 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , © Watch Tower , page 130 Jump up ^ `` New Members of the Governing Body '' , The Watchtower , November 15 , 1977 , page 680 Jump up ^ `` A Staunch Fighter for the Truth '' , The Watchtower , September 15 , 1988 , page 31 . Jump up ^ `` He ' Knew the Way ' '' , The Watchtower , December 15 , 2014 , page 3 .", "22": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses&oldid=835454672 '' Categories : Organizational structure of Jehovah 's Witnesses Governing assemblies of religious organizations Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Xitsonga 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 20 : 21 . About Wikipedia", "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 7, 0, 1, 4, 18, 2, 3, 11, 8, 17, 5, 22, 9, 6, 14, 13, 19, 20, 15, 10, 16, 21, 12 ]	[ 7, 0, 1, 4, 18 ]
401505652382102094	which church was given a letter in the book of revelation	[ "Ephesus", "Smyrna", "Pergamum", "Thyatira", "Sardis", "Philadelphia", "Laodicea", "Ephesus", "Smyrna", "Pergamum", "Thyatira", "Sardis", "Philadelphia", "Laodicea" ]	{ "0": "Seven churches of Asia - wikipedia Seven churches of Asia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the seven churches mentioned in the Book of Revelation . For other uses , see Seven Churches ( disambiguation ) . Map of western Anatolia showing the island Patmos and the locations of the cities housing the seven churches The Seven Churches of Revelation , also known as the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse and the Seven Churches of Asia , are seven major churches of Early Christianity , as mentioned in the New Testament Book of Revelation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 The Churches 3 Seven messages 4 Angels of the churches 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Description ( edit ) The `` churches '' in this context refers to the community or local congregations of Christians living in each city , and not merely to the building or buildings in which they gathered for worship . In an early part of the Revelation , on the Greek island of Patmos , Jesus Christ instructs John of Patmos to : `` Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches : to Ephesus , and to Smyrna , and to Pergamum , and to Thyatira , and to Sardis , and to Philadelphia , and to Laodicea . '' The churches ( edit ) The seven churches of Asia in stained glass in York Minster by John Thornton The seven Churches are named for their locations . The Revelation provides descriptions of each Church .", "1": "Ephesus ( Revelation 2 : 1 - 7 ) - the church known for having laboured hard and not fainted , and separating themselves from the wicked ; admonished for having forsaken its first love ( 2 : 4 ) Smyrna ( Revelation 2 : 8 - 11 ) - the church admired for its tribulation and poverty ; forecast to suffer persecution ( 2 : 10 ) Pergamum ( Revelation 2 : 12 - 17 ) - the church located at ' Satan 's seat ' ; needed to repent of allowing false teachers ( 2 : 16 ) Thyatira ( Revelation 2 : 18 - 29 ) - the church known for its charity , whose `` latter works are greater than the former '' ; held the teachings of a false prophetess ( 2 : 20 ) Sardis ( Revelation 3 : 1 - 6 ) - the church that has a good name ; cautioned to fortify itself and return to God through repentance ( 3 : 2 - 3 ) Philadelphia ( Revelation 3 : 7 - 13 ) - the church steadfast in faith , that had kept God 's word and endured patiently ( 3 : 10 ) Laodicea , near Denizli ( see Laodicean Church ) ( Revelation 3 : 14 - 22 ) - the church that was lukewarm and insipid ( to God ) ( 3 : 16 ) Seven messages ( edit ) The letters follow a common pattern . For example : the Lord first addresses each church and identifies himself , then defines things that he knows about the church in question . After this , a challenge or reproach is given , followed by a promise . In all seven cases the admonition is included , `` He who has an ear , let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches '' , although sometimes this comes before the promise and sometimes after . Although the letters differ in length in accord with the needs of each community , all conclude with an appeal to hold fast and to listen to what the Spirit is saying to the churches . Each church is promised that everyone who conquers will be rewarded by Christ . Some historicists typically interpret the seven churches as representing seven different periods in the history of the Western Church from the time of Paul until the return of Jesus Christ .", "2": "Scofield states that `` these messages by their very terms go beyond the local assemblies mentioned . '' He is of the opinion that the letters have a prophetic purpose disclosing the seven phases of the spiritual history of the Church . Other writers , such as Clarence Larkin , Henry Hampton Halley , Merrill Unger , and William M. Branham also have posited the view that the seven churches preview the history of the global Church . Mosaic in St Mark 's Basilica of the seven angels Historicism has been criticized by the Eastern Orthodox Fr . Dimitri Cozby , who writes that historicists take a greatly oversimplified view of church history : `` Since dispensationalism is Protestant in origin its ' Church history ' is strictly Western . The dispensations take into account almost nothing of Orthodox history after the period of the early councils which we share with the West . '' Angels of the churches ( edit ) Chapters 2 - 3 of the Revelation have specific messages for each of the seven churches . The message of each of the seven letters is directed to the angel of the particular church that is mentioned . Origen explains that these `` angels '' are the guardian angels of the churches , a view upheld by Henry Alford . But Epiphanius explicitly rejects this view , and , in accordance with the imagery of the passage , explains it as the bishops . John sees a vision of the Son of man , who walks among seven lampstands and has seven stars in his right hand . Revelation 1 : 20 states that `` The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches , and the seven lampstands are the seven churches . '' The comparison of a teacher to a star is scriptural . Augustine of Hippo 's reason for interpreting angels of the churches as the prelates of the church is that St. John speaks of them as falling from their first charity , which is not true of the angels . Others would say that the falling away relates to the churches , not to the messengers , as each of the seven letters conclude with the words `` He who has an ear , let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches . '' the Amplified Bible states that Revelation 2 : 2 through to 3 : 18 , `` your '' and `` you '' are in the singular , referring to the angel of each church .", "3": "Much of what is said is rebuke and admonishment , so if the angels are heavenly beings , they may serve in some way as representatives of the sinful people in their churches . Jewish tradition maintained that every nation and individual has a guardian angel , and that when God is about to punish a nation , He first punishes its angel . There is even a story of Michael , the guardian angel of Israel , being rebuked by God for the sins committed in the time of Ezekiel . So the original readers of Revelation might have assumed that the angels here are the guardian angels of the individual churches , sharing responsibility for the actions of the members . In the New Testament , the Greek word for angels ( άγγελος ) is not only used for heavenly angels , but also used for human messengers , such as John the Baptist ( Matthew 11 : 10 , Mark 1 : 2 , Luke 7 : 27 ) and God 's prophets ( Revelation 22 : 8 - 9 ) C.I. Scofield has noted that `` The natural explanation of the ' messengers ' is that they were men sent by the seven churches to ascertain the state of the aged apostle ... but they figure any who bear God 's messages to a church . '' See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Biblical numerology Book of Revelation : chapter 1 , 2 , and 3 Christianity in Anatolia during Roman times Early centers of Christianity Eastern Christianity Events of Revelation ( Chapter 1 ) Seven Spirits of God Summary of Christian eschatological differences Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John ( 1994 ) . Barbara Aland ; Kurt Aland ; Johannes Karavidopoulos ; Carlo M. Martini ; Bruce M. Metzger , eds . The Greek New Testament . Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft . Jump up ^ Walter Bauer ( 1979 ) . William F. Arndt ; F. Wilbur Gingrich ; Frederick W. Danker , eds . A Greek - English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature . University of Chicago Press .", "4": "Jump up ^ Revelation 1 : 11 Jump up ^ 2 : 1 , 8 , 12 , 18 ; 3 : 1 , 7 , 14 Jump up ^ 2 : 2 - 3 , 9 , 13 , 19 ; 3 : 1 , 8 , 15 - 17 Jump up ^ 2 : 4 - 5 , 10 , 14 - 16 , 20 - 25 ; 3 : 2 - 3 , 9 - 11 , 18 - 20 Jump up ^ 2 : 7 , 10 - 11 , 17 , 26 - 28 ; 3 : 4 - 5 , 12 , 20 - 21 . Jump up ^ 2 : 7 , 11 , 17 , 29 ; 3 : 6 , 13 , 22 Jump up ^ Unger 's Bible Dictionary ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) , p924 Jump up ^ Scofield , W.I. , The Scofield Study Bible ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) p1331 Jump up ^ `` Chapter XXII '' . www.preservedwords.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Halley , H.H. , Halley 's Bible Handbook ( Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan , 1978 ) , p688 Jump up ^ Unger , M.F. , Unger 's Bible Dictionary ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) , p924 Jump up ^ Branham , W.M. , An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages ( Jeffersonville , Indiana : Voice of God Recordings ) 2005 Jump up ^ `` WHAT IS ' THE RAPTURE ' ? ( PART 1 OF 2 ) '' . Jump up ^ Hom. , xiii in Luc. , and Hom. , xx in Num . Jump up ^ Hær. , xxv . Jump up ^ Dan. , xii , 3 . Jump up ^ Ep. , xliii ( al. clxii ) , n . 22 .", "5": "Jump up ^ Angels of the Churches , Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Merrill Unger , Unger 's Bible Dictionary , ( Chicago : Moody Press , 1975 ) p52 Jump up ^ Scofield , W.I. , The Scofield Study Bible ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) p1331 Further reading ( edit ) Halley , H.H. , Halley 's Bible Handbook ( Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan , 1978 ) , p684 Scofield , C.I. , The Scofield Reference Bible ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1967 ) , p1332 Ramsay , W.M. ( 1904 ) . The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia . Hodder & Stoughton . Hemer , Colin J. The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in Their Local Setting ( JSOT Press , 1989 ) , p283 External links ( edit ) Catholic Encyclopedia : Angels of the Churches Catholic Encyclopedia : Asia Minor , see section titled `` Spread of Christianity in Asia Minor '' Branham , W.M. , An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages , Voice of God Recordings , Jeffersonville , Indiana , 1965 . The True Trend Of the Church As Viewed Through Revelation Chapters 2 & 3 by Pastor Rocky Veach This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` article name needed '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton .", "6": "( hide ) Seven churches of Asia Ephesus Smyrna Pergamon Thyatira Sardis Philadelphia ( modern Alaşehir ) Laodicea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_churches_of_Asia&oldid=835198450 '' Categories : 1st - century Christianity Book of Revelation Christian terminology New Testament words and phrases Prophets in Christianity Seven in the Book of Revelation Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with no article parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 05 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 6, 1, 0, 2, 5, 3, 4 ]	[ 6, 1, 0, 2, 5, 3 ]
-6544639991517260033	what parts make up the peripheral nervous system	[ "nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord", "somatic nervous system", "autonomic nervous system", "the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord" ]	{ "0": "Peripheral nervous system - wikipedia Peripheral nervous system Jump to : navigation , search Peripheral nervous system The human nervous system . Blue is PNS ; yellow is CNS . Identifiers Acronym ( s ) PNS MeSH D017933 TA A14. 2.00. 001 FMA 9903 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is one of the two components of the nervous system , the other part is the central nervous system ( CNS ) . The PNS consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord . The main function of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the limbs and organs , essentially serving as a relay between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body . Unlike the CNS , the PNS is not protected by the vertebral column and skull , or by the blood -- brain barrier , which leaves it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries . The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system . In the somatic nervous system , the cranial nerves are part of the PNS with the exception of the optic nerve ( cranial nerve II ) , along with the retina . The second cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon . Cranial nerve ganglia originated in the CNS . However , the remaining ten cranial nerve axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS . The autonomic nervous system is an involuntary control of smooth muscle and glands . The connection between CNS and organs allows the system to be in two different functional states : sympathetic and parasympathetic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Somatic nervous system 1.1. 1 Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) 1.1. 2 Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) 1.1. 3 Lumbosacral plexus ( L1 -- Co1 ) 1.2 Autonomic nervous system 1.2. 1 Sympathetic nervous system 1.2.", "1": "2 Parasympathetic nervous system 2 Disease 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system , and the autonomic nervous system . The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control , and transmits signals from the brain to end organs such as muscle s . The sensory nervous system is part of the somatic nervous system and transmits signals from senses such as taste and touch ( including fine touch and gross touch ) to the spinal cord and brain . The autonomic nervous system is a ' self - regulating ' system which influences the function of organs outside voluntary control , such as the heart rate , or the functions of the digestive system . Somatic nervous system ( edit ) See also : List of nerves of the human body The somatic system includes the sensory nervous system and the somatosensory system and consists of sensory nerves and somatic nerves , and many nerves which hold both functions . In the head and neck , cranial nerve s carry somatosensory data . There are twelve cranial nerves , ten of which originate from the brainstem , and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions . The nuclei of the olfactory nerve and the optic nerve s lie in the forebrain and thalamus , respectively , and are thus not considered to be true cranial nerves . One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve , which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and abdomen . The accessory nerve is responsible for innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles , neither of which being exclusively in the head . For the rest of the body , spinal nerves are responsible for somatosensory information . These arise from the spinal cord . Usually these arise as a web ( `` plexus '' ) of interconnected nerves roots that arrange to form single nerves . These nerves control the functions of the rest of the body . In humans , there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves : 8 cervical , 12 thoracic , 5 lumbar , 5 sacral , and 1 coccygeal . These nerve roots are named according to the spinal vertebrata which they are adjacent to .", "2": "In the cervical region , the spinal nerve roots come out above the corresponding vertebrae ( i.e. , nerve root between the skull and 1st cervical vertebrae is called spinal nerve C1 ) . From the thoracic region to the coccygeal region , the spinal nerve roots come out below the corresponding vertebrae . It is important to note that this method creates a problem when naming the spinal nerve root between C7 and T1 ( so it is called spinal nerve root C8 ) . In the lumbar and sacral region , the spinal nerve roots travel within the dural sac and they travel below the level of L2 as the cauda equina . Cervical spinal nerves ( C1 -- C4 ) ( edit ) Further information : Cervical plexus The first 4 cervical spinal nerves , C1 through C4 , split and recombine to produce a variety of nerves that serve the neck and back of head . Spinal nerve C1 is called the suboccipital nerve , which provides motor innervation to muscles at the base of the skull . C2 and C3 form many of the nerves of the neck , providing both sensory and motor control . These include the greater occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the back of the head , the lesser occipital nerve , which provides sensation to the area behind the ears , the greater auricular nerve and the lesser auricular nerve . The phrenic nerve is a nerve essential for our survival which arises from nerve roots C3 , C4 and C5 . It supplies the thoracic diaphragm , enabling breathing . If the spinal cord is transected above C3 , then spontaneous breathing is not possible . Brachial plexus ( C5 -- T1 ) ( edit ) Further information : Brachial plexus The last four cervical spinal nerves , C5 through C8 , and the first thoracic spinal nerve , T1 , combine to form the brachial plexus , or plexus brachialis , a tangled array of nerves , splitting , combining and recombining , to form the nerves that subserve the upper - limb and upper back . Although the brachial plexus may appear tangled , it is highly organized and predictable , with little variation between people . See brachial plexus injuries .", "3": "Lumbosacral plexus ( l1 -- co1 ) ( edit ) The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves , sacral nerves , and coccygeal nerve form the lumbosacral plexus , the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic . For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts : lumbar plexus sacral plexus pudendal plexus Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses to regulate physiological functions . The brain and spinal cord from the central nervous system are connected with organs that have smooth muscle , such as the heart , bladder , and other cardiac , exocrine , and endocrine related organs , by ganglionic neurons . The most notable physiological effects from autonomic activity are pupil constriction and dilation , and salivation of saliva . The autonomic nervous system is always activated , but is either in the sympathetic or parasympathetic state . Depending on the situation , one state can overshadow the other , resulting in a release of different kinds of neurotransmitters . There is a lesser known division of the autonomic nervous system known as the enteric nervous system . Located only around the digestive tract , this system allows for local control without input from the sympathetic or the parasympathetic branches , though it can still receive and respond to signals from the rest of the body . The enteric system is responsible for various functions related to gastrointestinal system . Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) The sympathetic system is activated during a `` fight or flight '' situation in which great mental stress or physical danger is encountered . Neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine , and epinephrine are released , which increases heart rate and blood flow in certain areas like muscle , while simultaneously decreasing activities of non-critical functions for survival , like digestion . The systems are independent to each other , which allows activation of certain parts of the body , while others remain rested . Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) Primarily using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine ( ACh ) as a mediator , the parasympathetic system allows the body to function in a `` rest and digest '' state .", "4": "Consequently , when the parasympathetic system dominates the body , there are increases in salivation and activities in digestion , while heart rate and other sympathetic response decrease . Unlike the sympathetic system , humans have some voluntary controls in the parasympathetic system . The most prominent examples of this control are urination and defecation . Disease ( edit ) Main article : Peripheral neuropathy Diseases of the peripheral nervous system can be specific to one or more nerves , or affect the system as a whole . Any peripheral nerve or nerve root can be damaged , called a mononeuropathy . Such injuries can be because of injury or trauma , or compression . Compression of nerves can occur because of a tumour mass or injury . Alternatively , if a nerve is in an area with a fixed size it may be trapped if the other components increase in size , such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tarsal tunnel syndrome . Common symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain and numbness in the thumb , index and middle finger . In peripheral neuropathy , the function one or more nerves are damaged through a variety of means . Toxic damage may occur because of diabetes ( diabetic neuropathy ) , alcohol , heavy metals or other toxins ; some infections ; autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis . Peripheral neuropathy is associated with a sensory loss in a `` glove and stocking '' distribution that begins at the peripheral and slowly progresses upwards , and may also be associated with acute and chronic pain . Peripheral neuropathy is not just limited to the somatosensory nerves , but the autonomic nervous system too ( autonomic neuropathy ) . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peripheral nervous system . Classification of peripheral nerves Connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system Preferential motor reinnervation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alberts , Daniel ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed. ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 1862 . ISBN 9781416062578 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Slide show : How your brain works - Mayo Clinic '' . mayoclinic.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 .", "5": "Jump up ^ Board Review Series : Neuroanatomy , 4th Ed. , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , Maryland 2008 , p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7245 - 7 . Jump up ^ James S. White ( 21 March 2008 ) . Neuroscience . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 1 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149623 - 0 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Laight , David ( September 2013 ) . `` Overview of peripheral nervous system pharmacology '' . Nurse Prescribing . ISSN 1479 - 9189 . ^ Jump up to : Matic , Agnella Izzo ( 2014 ) . `` Introduction to the Nervous System , Part 2 : The Autonomic Nervous System and the Central Nervous System '' . AMWA Journal : American Medical Writers Association Journal ( AMWA J ) . ISSN 1075 - 6361 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Peripheral nervous system photomicrographs Peripheral Neuropathy from the US NIH Neuropathy : Causes , Symptoms and Treatments from Medical News Today Peripheral Neuropathy at the Mayo Clinic ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "6": "php?title=Peripheral_nervous_system&oldid=838264773 '' Categories : Peripheral nervous system Neuroscience Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Extra text Articles needing additional references from November 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "7": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 1, 0, 5, 3, 4, 6, 2, 7 ]	[ 1, 0, 5, 3, 4 ]
6233359758440471982	what is the source of electrons during photosynthesis	[ "suitable substances, such as water", "suitable substances, such as water" ]	{ "0": "Photosynthesis - wikipedia Photosynthesis Jump to : navigation , search Schematic of photosynthesis in plants . The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant . Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis , including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation . Dark red and blue - green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land , respectively . Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms ' activities ( energy transformation ) . This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules , such as sugars , which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water -- hence the name photosynthesis , from the Greek φῶς , phōs , `` light '' , and σύνθεσις , synthesis , `` putting together '' . In most cases , oxygen is also released as a waste product . Most plants , most algae , and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis ; such organisms are called photoautotrophs . Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth 's atmosphere , and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth . Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species , the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments . In plants , these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts , which are most abundant in leaf cells , while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane . In these light - dependent reactions , some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances , such as water , producing oxygen gas . The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that act as an immediate energy storage means : reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , the `` energy currency '' of cells . In plants , algae and cyanobacteria , long - term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light - independent reactions called the Calvin cycle ; some bacteria use different mechanisms , such as the reverse Krebs cycle , to achieve the same end .", "1": "In the Calvin cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds , such as ribulose bisphosphate ( RuBP ) . Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light - dependent reactions , the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates , such as glucose . The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide , rather than water , as sources of electrons . Cyanobacteria appeared later ; the excess oxygen they produced contributed directly to the oxygenation of the Earth , which rendered the evolution of complex life possible . Today , the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts , which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization . Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100 -- 115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Photosynthetic membranes and organelles 3 Light - dependent reactions 3.1 Z scheme 3.2 Water photolysis 4 Light - independent reactions 4.1 Calvin cycle 4.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms 4.2. 1 On land 4.2. 2 In water 5 Order and kinetics 6 Efficiency 7 Evolution 7.1 Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 7.2 Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis 8 Discovery 8.1 Development of the concept 8.2 C3 : C4 photosynthesis research 9 Factors 9.1 Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature 9.2 Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Books 12.2 Papers 13 External links Overview Photosynthesis changes sunlight into chemical energy , splits water to liberate O , and fixes CO into sugar . Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs , which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light .", "2": "However , not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis ; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds , rather than carbon dioxide , as a source of carbon . In plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , photosynthesis releases oxygen . This is called oxygenic photosynthesis and is by far the most common type of photosynthesis used by living organisms . Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants , algae , and cyanobacteria , the overall process is quite similar in these organisms . There are also many varieties of anoxygenic photosynthesis , used mostly by certain types of bacteria , which consume carbon dioxide but do not release oxygen . Carbon dioxide is converted into sugars in a process called carbon fixation . Photosynthesis provides the energy in the form of free electrons that are used to split carbon from carbon dioxide that is then used to fix that carbon once again as carbohydrate . Carbon fixation is an endothermic redox reaction , so photosynthesis supplies the energy that drives both process . In general outline , photosynthesis is the opposite of cellular respiration , in which glucose and other compounds are oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water , and to release chemical energy ( an exothermic reaction ) to drive the organism 's metabolism . The two processes , reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate and then later oxidation of the carbohydrate , are distinct : photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place through a different sequence of chemical reactions and in different cellular compartments .", "3": "The general equation for photosynthesis as first proposed by Cornelius van Niel is therefore : CO + 2H A + photons → ( CH O ) + 2A + H O carbon dioxide + electron donor + light energy → carbohydrate + oxidized electron donor + water Since water is used as the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis , the equation for this process is : CO + 2H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O + H O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen + water This equation emphasizes that water is both a reactant in the light - dependent reaction and a product of the light - independent reaction , but canceling n water molecules from each side gives the net equation : CO + H O + photons → ( CH O ) + O carbon dioxide + water + light energy → carbohydrate + oxygen Other processes substitute other compounds ( such as arsenite ) for water in the electron - supply role ; for example some microbes use sunlight to oxidize arsenite to arsenate : The equation for this reaction is : CO + ( AsO 3 − 3 ) + photons → ( AsO 3 − 4 ) + CO carbon dioxide + arsenite + light energy → arsenate + carbon monoxide ( used to build other compounds in subsequent reactions ) Photosynthesis occurs in two stages . In the first stage , light - dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy - storage molecules ATP and NADPH . During the second stage , the light - independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide . Most organisms that utilize oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light - dependent reactions , although at least three use shortwave infrared or , more specifically , far - red radiation . Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis . Some archea use a simpler method that employs a pigment similar to those used for vision in animals . The bacteriorhodopsin changes its configuration in response to sunlight , acting as a proton pump . This produces a proton gradient more directly , which is then converted to chemical energy . The process does not involve carbon dioxide fixation and does not release oxygen , and seems to have evolved separately from the more common types of photosynthesis . Photosynthetic membranes and organelles Chloroplast ultrastructure : 1 .", "4": "outer membrane 2 . intermembrane space 3 . inner membrane ( 1 + 2 + 3 : envelope ) 4 . stroma ( aqueous fluid ) 5 . thylakoid lumen ( inside of thylakoid ) 6 . thylakoid membrane 7 . granum ( stack of thylakoids ) 8 . thylakoid ( lamella ) 9 . starch 10 . ribosome 11 . plastidial DNA 12 . plastoglobule ( drop of lipids ) Main articles : Chloroplast and Thylakoid In photosynthetic bacteria , the proteins that gather light for photosynthesis are embedded in cell membranes . In its simplest form , this involves the membrane surrounding the cell itself . However , the membrane may be tightly folded into cylindrical sheets called thylakoids , or bunched up into round vesicles called intracytoplasmic membranes . These structures can fill most of the interior of a cell , giving the membrane a very large surface area and therefore increasing the amount of light that the bacteria can absorb . In plants and algae , photosynthesis takes place in organelles called chloroplasts . A typical plant cell contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts . The chloroplast is enclosed by a membrane . This membrane is composed of a phospholipid inner membrane , a phospholipid outer membrane , and an intermembrane space . Enclosed by the membrane is an aqueous fluid called the stroma . Embedded within the stroma are stacks of thylakoids ( grana ) , which are the site of photosynthesis . The thylakoids appear as flattened disks . The thylakoid itself is enclosed by the thylakoid membrane , and within the enclosed volume is a lumen or thylakoid space . Embedded in the thylakoid membrane are integral and peripheral membrane protein complexes of the photosynthetic system . Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll . The green part of the light spectrum is not absorbed but is reflected which is the reason that most plants have a green color . Besides chlorophyll , plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls .", "5": "Algae also use chlorophyll , but various other pigments are present , such as phycocyanin , carotenes , and xanthophylls in green algae , phycoerythrin in red algae ( rhodophytes ) and fucoxanthin in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors . These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in complexes called antenna proteins . In such proteins , the pigments are arranged to work together . Such a combination of proteins is also called a light - harvesting complex . Although all cells in the green parts of a plant have chloroplasts , the majority of those are found in specially adapted structures called leaves . Certain species adapted to conditions of strong sunlight and aridity , such as many Euphorbia and cactus species , have their main photosynthetic organs in their stems . The cells in the interior tissues of a leaf , called the mesophyll , can contain between 450,000 and 800,000 chloroplasts for every square millimeter of leaf . The surface of the leaf is coated with a water - resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive evaporation of water and decreases the absorption of ultraviolet or blue light to reduce heating . The transparent epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the palisade mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place . Light - dependent reactions Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane Main article : Light - dependent reactions In the light - dependent reactions ( mainly three vital reaction steps : ( I ) Hill and Bendall 's Z - scheme of cyclic and non-cyclic reactions , ( II ) Mitchell 's chemi - osmosis for ATP synthesis and ( III ) Dolai 's S - state diagrams in water - splitting ) , one molecule of the pigment chlorophyll absorbs one photon and loses one electron . This electron is passed to a modified form of chlorophyll called pheophytin , which passes the electron to a quinone molecule , starting the flow of electrons down an electron transport chain that leads to the ultimate reduction of NADP to NADPH . In addition , this creates a proton gradient ( energy gradient ) across the chloroplast membrane , which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP .", "6": "The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis , which releases a dioxygen ( O ) molecule as a waste product . The overall equation for the light - dependent reactions under the conditions of non-cyclic electron flow in green plants is : 2 H O + 2 NADP + 3 ADP + 3 P + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + 3 ATP + O Not all wavelengths of light can support photosynthesis . The photosynthetic action spectrum depends on the type of accessory pigments present . For example , in green plants , the action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophylls and carotenoids with absorption peaks in violet - blue and red light . In red algae , the action spectrum is blue - green light , which allows these algae to use the blue end of the spectrum to grow in the deeper waters that filter out the longer wavelengths ( red light ) used by above ground green plants . The non-absorbed part of the light spectrum is what gives photosynthetic organisms their color ( e.g. , green plants , red algae , purple bacteria ) and is the least effective for photosynthesis in the respective organisms . Z scheme The `` Z scheme '' In plants , light - dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH . The light - dependent reactions are of two forms : cyclic and non-cyclic . In the non-cyclic reaction , the photons are captured in the light - harvesting antenna complexes of photosystem II by chlorophyll and other accessory pigments ( see diagram at right ) . The absorption of a photon by the antenna complex frees an electron by a process called photoinduced charge separation . The antenna system is at the core of the chlorophyll molecule of the photosystem II reaction center . That freed electron is transferred to the primary electron - acceptor molecule , pheophytin . As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain ( the so - called Z - scheme shown in the diagram ) , it initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential by pumping proton cations ( H ) across the membrane and into the thylakoid space .", "7": "An ATP synthase enzyme uses that chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation , whereas NADPH is a product of the terminal redox reaction in the Z - scheme . The electron enters a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I . There it is further excited by the light absorbed by that photosystem . The electron is then passed along a chain of electron acceptors to which it transfers some of its energy . The energy delivered to the electron acceptors is used to move hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen . The electron is eventually used to reduce the co-enzyme NADP with a H to NADPH ( which has functions in the light - independent reaction ) ; at that point , the path of that electron ends . The cyclic reaction is similar to that of the non-cyclic , but differs in that it generates only ATP , and no reduced NADP ( NADPH ) is created . The cyclic reaction takes place only at photosystem I. Once the electron is displaced from the photosystem , the electron is passed down the electron acceptor molecules and returns to photosystem I , from where it was emitted , hence the name cyclic reaction . Water photolysis Main articles : Photodissociation and Oxygen evolution The NADPH is the main reducing agent produced by chloroplasts , which then goes on to provide a source of energetic electrons in other cellular reactions . Its production leaves chlorophyll in photosystem I with a deficit of electrons ( chlorophyll has been oxidized ) , which must be balanced by some other reducing agent that will supply the missing electron . The excited electrons lost from chlorophyll from photosystem I are supplied from the electron transport chain by plastocyanin . However , since photosystem II is the first step of the Z - scheme , an external source of electrons is required to reduce its oxidized chlorophyll a molecules . The source of electrons in green - plant and cyanobacterial photosynthesis is water .", "8": "Two water molecules are oxidized by four successive charge - separation reactions by photosystem II to yield a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions ; the electrons yielded are transferred to a redox - active tyrosine residue that then reduces the oxidized chlorophyll a ( called P680 ) that serves as the primary light - driven electron donor in the photosystem II reaction center . That photo receptor is in effect reset and is then able to repeat the absorption of another photon and the release of another photo - dissociated electron . The oxidation of water is catalyzed in photosystem II by a redox - active structure that contains four manganese ions and a calcium ion ; this oxygen - evolving complex binds two water molecules and contains the four oxidizing equivalents that are used to drive the water - oxidizing reaction ( Dolai 's S - state diagrams ) . Ref . Dolai , U ( 2017 ) . `` Chemical Scheme of Water - Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis `` . IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences . 12 ( 6 ) : 65 - 67 . doi : 10.9790 / 3008 - 1206026567 . ISSN 2319 - 7676 . Photosystem II is the only known biological enzyme that carries out this oxidation of water . The hydrogen ions released contribute to the transmembrane chemiosmotic potential that leads to ATP synthesis . Oxygen is a waste product of light - dependent reactions , but the majority of organisms on Earth use oxygen for cellular respiration , including photosynthetic organisms . Light - independent reactions Calvin cycle Main articles : Calvin cycle , Carbon fixation , and Light - independent reactions In the light - independent ( or `` dark '' ) reactions , the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO from the atmosphere and , in a process called the Calvin - Benson cycle , it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three - carbon sugars , which are later combined to form sucrose and starch .", "9": "The overall equation for the light - independent reactions in green plants is 3 CO + 9 ATP + 6 NADPH + 6 H → C H O - phosphate + 9 ADP + 8 P + 6 NADP + 3 H O Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation Carbon fixation produces the intermediate three - carbon sugar product , which is then converted to the final carbohydrate products . The simple carbon sugars produced by photosynthesis are then used in the forming of other organic compounds , such as the building material cellulose , the precursors for lipid and amino acid biosynthesis , or as a fuel in cellular respiration . The latter occurs not only in plants but also in animals when the energy from plants is passed through a food chain . The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five - carbon sugar , ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate , to yield two molecules of a three - carbon compound , glycerate 3 - phosphate , also known as 3 - phosphoglycerate . Glycerate 3 - phosphate , in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light - dependent stages , is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate . This product is also referred to as 3 - phosphoglyceraldehyde ( PGAL ) or , more generically , as triose phosphate . Most ( 5 out of 6 molecules ) of the glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate produced is used to regenerate ribulose 1 , 5 - bisphosphate so the process can continue . The triose phosphates not thus `` recycled '' often condense to form hexose phosphates , which ultimately yield sucrose , starch and cellulose . The sugars produced during carbon metabolism yield carbon skeletons that can be used for other metabolic reactions like the production of amino acids and lipids . Carbon concentrating mechanisms On land Overview of C4 carbon fixation In hot and dry conditions , plants close their stomata to prevent water loss . Under these conditions , CO will decrease and oxygen gas , produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis , will increase , causing an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose - 1 , 5 - bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase and decrease in carbon fixation .", "10": "Some plants have evolved mechanisms to increase the CO concentration in the leaves under these conditions . Main article : C4 carbon fixation Plants that use the C carbon fixation process chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three - carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) , a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase , creating the four - carbon organic acid oxaloacetic acid . Oxaloacetic acid or malate synthesized by this process is then translocated to specialized bundle sheath cells where the enzyme RuBisCO and other Calvin cycle enzymes are located , and where CO released by decarboxylation of the four - carbon acids is then fixed by RuBisCO activity to the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids . The physical separation of RuBisCO from the oxygen - generating light reactions reduces photorespiration and increases CO fixation and , thus , the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf . C plants can produce more sugar than C plants in conditions of high light and temperature . Many important crop plants are C plants , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , and millet . Plants that do not use PEP - carboxylase in carbon fixation are called C plants because the primary carboxylation reaction , catalyzed by RuBisCO , produces the three - carbon 3 - phosphoglyceric acids directly in the Calvin - Benson cycle . Over 90 % of plants use C carbon fixation , compared to 3 % that use C carbon fixation ; however , the evolution of C in over 60 plant lineages makes it a striking example of convergent evolution . Main article : CAM photosynthesis Xerophytes , such as cacti and most succulents , also use PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide in a process called Crassulacean acid metabolism ( CAM ) . In contrast to C metabolism , which spatially separates the CO fixation to PEP from the Calvin cycle , CAM temporally separates these two processes . CAM plants have a different leaf anatomy from C plants , and fix the CO at night , when their stomata are open .", "11": "CAM plants store the CO mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate , which is then reduced to malate . Decarboxylation of malate during the day releases CO inside the leaves , thus allowing carbon fixation to 3 - phosphoglycerate by RuBisCO . Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM . In water Cyanobacteria possess carboxysomes , which increase the concentration of CO around RuBisCO to increase the rate of photosynthesis . An enzyme , carbonic anhydrase , located within the carboxysome releases CO from the dissolved hydrocarbonate ions ( HCO − 3 ) . Before the CO diffuses out it is quickly sponged up by RuBisCO , which is concentrated within the carboxysomes . HCO − 3 ions are made from CO outside the cell by another carbonic anhydrase and are actively pumped into the cell by a membrane protein . They can not cross the membrane as they are charged , and within the cytosol they turn back into CO very slowly without the help of carbonic anhydrase . This causes the HCO − 3 ions to accumulate within the cell from where they diffuse into the carboxysomes . Pyrenoids in algae and hornworts also act to concentrate CO around rubisco . Order and kinetics The overall process of photosynthesis takes place in four stages : Stage Description Time scale Energy transfer in antenna chlorophyll ( thylakoid membranes ) femtosecond to picosecond Transfer of electrons in photochemical reactions ( thylakoid membranes ) picosecond to nanosecond Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis ( thylakoid membranes ) microsecond to millisecond Carbon fixation and export of stable products millisecond to second Efficiency Main article : Photosynthetic efficiency Plants usually convert light into chemical energy with a photosynthetic efficiency of 3 -- 6 % . Absorbed light that is unconverted is dissipated primarily as heat , with a small fraction ( 1 -- 2 % ) re-emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence at longer ( redder ) wavelengths . This fact allows measurement of the light reaction of photosynthesis by using chlorophyll fluorometers .", "12": "Actual plants ' photosynthetic efficiency varies with the frequency of the light being converted , light intensity , temperature and proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , and can vary from 0.1 % to 8 % . By comparison , solar panels convert light into electric energy at an efficiency of approximately 6 -- 20 % for mass - produced panels , and above 40 % in laboratory devices . The efficiency of both light and dark reactions can be measured but the relationship between the two can be complex . For example , the ATP and NADPH energy molecules , created by the light reaction , can be used for carbon fixation or for photorespiration in C plants . Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks . For this reason , it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions . Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction , and Infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction . It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system , or by using two separate systems together . Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO , and of ΔH O using reliable methods CO is commonly measured in μmols / m / s , parts per million or volume per million and H 0 is commonly measured in mmol / m / s or in mbars . By measuring CO assimilation , ΔH O , leaf temperature , barometric pressure , leaf area , and photosynthetically active radiation or PAR , it becomes possible to estimate , `` A '' or carbon assimilation , `` E '' or transpiration , `` gs '' or stomatal conductance , and Ci or intracellular CO . However , it is more common to used chlorophyll fluorescence for plant stress measurement , where appropriate , because the most commonly used measuring parameters FV / FM and Y ( II ) or F / FM ' can be made in a few seconds , allowing the measurement of larger plant populations . Gas exchange systems that offer control of CO levels , above and below ambient , allow the common practice of measurement of A / Ci curves , at different CO levels , to characterize a plant 's photosynthetic response .", "13": "Integrated chlorophyll fluorometer -- gas exchange systems allow a more precise measure of photosynthetic response and mechanisms . While standard gas exchange photosynthesis systems can measure Ci , or substomatal CO levels , the addition of integrated chlorophyll fluorescence measurements allows a more precise measurement of C to replace Ci . The estimation of CO at the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast , or C , becomes possible with the measurement of mesophyll conductance or g using an integrated system . Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf . But analysis of chlorophyll - fluorescence , P700 - and P515 - absorbance and gas exchange measurements reveal detailed information about e.g. the photosystems , quantum efficiency and the CO assimilation rates . With some instruments even wavelength - dependency of the photosynthetic efficiency can be analyzed . A phenomenon known as quantum walk increases the efficiency of the energy transport of light significantly . In the photosynthetic cell of an algae , bacterium , or plant , there are light - sensitive molecules called chromophores arranged in an antenna - shaped structure named a photocomplex . When a photon is absorbed by a chromophore , it is converted into a quasiparticle referred to as an exciton , which jumps from chromophore to chromophore towards the reaction center of the photocomplex , a collection of molecules that traps its energy in a chemical form that makes it accessible for the cell 's metabolism . The exciton 's wave properties enable it to cover a wider area and try out several possible paths simultaneously , allowing it to instantaneously `` choose '' the most efficient route , where it will have the highest probability of arriving at its destination in the minimum possible time . Because that quantum walking takes place at temperatures far higher than quantum phenomena usually occur , it is only possible over very short distances , due to obstacles in the form of destructive interference that come into play . These obstacles cause the particle to lose its wave properties for an instant before it regains them once again after it is freed from its locked position through a classic `` hop '' . The movement of the electron towards the photo center is therefore covered in a series of conventional hops and quantum walks .", "14": "Evolution Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Evolution of photosynthesis Early photosynthetic systems , such as those in green and purple sulfur and green and purple nonsulfur bacteria , are thought to have been anoxygenic , and used various other molecules as electron donors rather than water . Green and purple sulfur bacteria are thought to have used hydrogen and sulfur as electron donors . Green nonsulfur bacteria used various amino and other organic acids as an electron donor . Purple nonsulfur bacteria used a variety of nonspecific organic molecules . The use of these molecules is consistent with the geological evidence that Earth 's early atmosphere was highly reducing at that time . Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old . The main source of oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere derives from oxygenic photosynthesis , and its first appearance is sometimes referred to as the oxygen catastrophe . Geological evidence suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis , such as that in cyanobacteria , became important during the Paleoproterozoic era around 2 billion years ago . Modern photosynthesis in plants and most photosynthetic prokaryotes is oxygenic . Oxygenic photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor , which is oxidized to molecular oxygen ( O 2 ) in the photosynthetic reaction center .", "15": "Symbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts Plant cells with visible chloroplasts ( from a moss , Plagiomnium affine ) Several groups of animals have formed symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae . These are most common in corals , sponges and sea anemones . It is presumed that this is due to the particularly simple body plans and large surface areas of these animals compared to their volumes . In addition , a few marine mollusks Elysia viridis and Elysia chlorotica also maintain a symbiotic relationship with chloroplasts they capture from the algae in their diet and then store in their bodies . This allows the mollusks to survive solely by photosynthesis for several months at a time . Some of the genes from the plant cell nucleus have even been transferred to the slugs , so that the chloroplasts can be supplied with proteins that they need to survive . An even closer form of symbiosis may explain the origin of chloroplasts . Chloroplasts have many similarities with photosynthetic bacteria , including a circular chromosome , prokaryotic - type ribosome , and similar proteins in the photosynthetic reaction center . The endosymbiotic theory suggests that photosynthetic bacteria were acquired ( by endocytosis ) by early eukaryotic cells to form the first plant cells . Therefore , chloroplasts may be photosynthetic bacteria that adapted to life inside plant cells . Like mitochondria , chloroplasts possess their own DNA , separate from the nuclear DNA of their plant host cells and the genes in this chloroplast DNA resemble those found in cyanobacteria . DNA in chloroplasts codes for redox proteins such as those found in the photosynthetic reaction centers . The CoRR Hypothesis proposes that this Co-location is required for Redox Regulation . Cyanobacteria and the evolution of photosynthesis The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once , in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria . The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earth 's history , at least 2450 -- 2320 million years ago ( Ma ) , and , it is speculated , much earlier .", "16": "Because the Earth 's atmosphere contained almost no oxygen during the estimated development of photosynthesis , it is believed that the first photosynthetic cyanobacteria did not generate oxygen . Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean ( > 2500 Ma ) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma , but the question of when oxygenic photosynthesis evolved is still unanswered . A clear paleontological window on cyanobacterial evolution opened about 2000 Ma , revealing an already - diverse biota of blue - green algae . Cyanobacteria remained the principal primary producers of oxygen throughout the Proterozoic Eon ( 2500 -- 543 Ma ) , in part because the redox structure of the oceans favored photoautotrophs capable of nitrogen fixation . Green algae joined blue - green algae as the major primary producers of oxygen on continental shelves near the end of the Proterozoic , but it was only with the Mesozoic ( 251 -- 65 Ma ) radiations of dinoflagellates , coccolithophorids , and diatoms did the primary production of oxygen in marine shelf waters take modern form . Cyanobacteria remain critical to marine ecosystems as primary producers of oxygen in oceanic gyres , as agents of biological nitrogen fixation , and , in modified form , as the plastids of marine algae . Discovery Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood , the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century . Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil used by a plant and the mass of the plant as it grew . After noticing that the soil mass changed very little , he hypothesized that the mass of the growing plant must come from the water , the only substance he added to the potted plant . His hypothesis was partially accurate -- much of the gained mass also comes from carbon dioxide as well as water . However , this was a signaling point to the idea that the bulk of a plant 's biomass comes from the inputs of photosynthesis , not the soil itself . Joseph Priestley , a chemist and minister , discovered that , when he isolated a volume of air under an inverted jar , and burned a candle in it , the candle would burn out very quickly , much before it ran out of wax .", "17": "He further discovered that a mouse could similarly `` injure '' air . He then showed that the air that had been `` injured '' by the candle and the mouse could be restored by a plant . In 1778 , Jan Ingenhousz , repeated Priestley 's experiments . He discovered that it was the influence of sunlight on the plant that could cause it to revive a mouse in a matter of hours . In 1796 , Jean Senebier , a Swiss pastor , botanist , and naturalist , demonstrated that green plants consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen under the influence of light . Soon afterward , Nicolas - Théodore de Saussure showed that the increase in mass of the plant as it grows could not be due only to uptake of CO but also to the incorporation of water . Thus , the basic reaction by which photosynthesis is used to produce food ( such as glucose ) was outlined . Cornelis Van Niel made key discoveries explaining the chemistry of photosynthesis . By studying purple sulfur bacteria and green bacteria he was the first to demonstrate that photosynthesis is a light - dependent redox reaction , in which hydrogen reduces carbon dioxide . Robert Emerson discovered two light reactions by testing plant productivity using different wavelengths of light . With the red alone , the light reactions were suppressed . When blue and red were combined , the output was much more substantial . Thus , there were two photosystems , one absorbing up to 600 nm wavelengths , the other up to 700 nm . The former is known as PSII , the latter is PSI . PSI contains only chlorophyll `` a '' , PSII contains primarily chlorophyll `` a '' with most of the available chlorophyll `` b '' , among other pigment . These include phycobilins , which are the red and blue pigments of red and blue algae respectively , and fucoxanthol for brown algae and diatoms . The process is most productive when the absorption of quanta are equal in both the PSII and PSI , assuring that input energy from the antenna complex is divided between the PSI and PSII system , which in turn powers the photochemistry . Melvin Calvin works in his photosynthesis laboratory .", "18": "Robert Hill thought that a complex of reactions consisting of an intermediate to cytochrome b ( now a plastoquinone ) , another is from cytochrome f to a step in the carbohydrate - generating mechanisms . These are linked by plastoquinone , which does require energy to reduce cytochrome f for it is a sufficient reductant . Further experiments to prove that the oxygen developed during the photosynthesis of green plants came from water , were performed by Hill in 1937 and 1939 . He showed that isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen in the presence of unnatural reducing agents like iron oxalate , ferricyanide or benzoquinone after exposure to light . The Hill reaction is as follows : 2 H O + 2 A + ( light , chloroplasts ) → 2 AH + O where A is the electron acceptor . Therefore , in light , the electron acceptor is reduced and oxygen is evolved . Samuel Ruben and Martin Kamen used radioactive isotopes to determine that the oxygen liberated in photosynthesis came from the water . Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson , along with James Bassham , elucidated the path of carbon assimilation ( the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle ) in plants . The carbon reduction cycle is known as the Calvin cycle , which ignores the contribution of Bassham and Benson . Many scientists refer to the cycle as the Calvin - Benson Cycle , Benson - Calvin , and some even call it the Calvin - Benson - Bassham ( or CBB ) Cycle . Nobel Prize - winning scientist Rudolph A. Marcus was able to discover the function and significance of the electron transport chain . Otto Heinrich Warburg and Dean Burk discovered the I - quantum photosynthesis reaction that splits the CO , activated by the respiration . Louis N.M. Duysens and Jan Amesz discovered that chlorophyll a will absorb one light , oxidize cytochrome f , chlorophyll a ( and other pigments ) will absorb another light , but will reduce this same oxidized cytochrome , stating the two light reactions are in series . Development of the concept In 1893 , Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms , photosyntax and photosynthesis , for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid , in the presence of chlorophyll , under the influence of light .", "19": "Over time , the term photosynthesis came into common usage as the term of choice . Later discovery of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and photophosphorylation necessitated redefinition of the term . C3 : C4 photosynthesis Research After WWII at late 1940 at the University of California , Berkeley , the details of photosynthetic carbon metabolism were sorted out by the chemists Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson , James Bassham and a score of students and researchers utilizing the carbon - 14 isotope and paper chromatography techniques . The pathway of CO2 fixation by the algae Chlorella in a fraction of a second in light resulted in a 3 carbon molecule called phosphoglyceric acid ( PGA ) . For that original and ground - breaking work , a Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Melvin Calvin in 1961 . In parallel , plant physiologists studied leaf gas exchanges using the new method of infrared gas analysis and a leaf chamber where the net photosynthetic rates ranged from 10 to 13 u mole CO2 / square metere. sec. , with the conclusion that all terrestrial plants having the same photosynthetic capacities that were light saturated at less than 50 % of sunlight . These rates were determined in potted plants grown indoors under low light intensity . Later in 1958 - 1963 at Cornell University , field grown maize was reported to have much greater leaf photosynthetic rates of 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec and was not saturated at near full sunlight . This higher rate in maize was almost double those observed in other species such as wheat and soybean , indicating that large differences in photosynthesis exist among higher plants . At the University of Arizona , detailed gas exchange research on more than 15 species of monocot and dicot uncovered for the first time that differences in leaf anatomy are crucial factors in differentiating photosynthetic capacities among species . In tropical grasses , including maize , sorghum , sugarcane , Bermuda grass and in the dicot amaranthus , leaf photosynthetic rates were around 38 − 40 u mol CO2 / square meter. sec. , and the leaves have two types of green cells , i.e. outer layer of mesophyll cells surrounding a tightly packed cholorophyllous vascular bundle sheath cells .", "20": "This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane . Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration , very low CO2 compensation point , high optimum temperature , high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light . The research at Arizona was designated Citation Classic by the ISI 1986 . These species was later termed C4 plants as the first stable compound of CO2 fixation in light has 4 carbon as malate and aspartate . Other species that lack Kranz anatomy were termed C3 type such as cotton and sunflower , as the first stable carbon compound is the 3 - carbon PGA acid . At 1000 ppm CO2 in measuring air , both the C3 and C4 plants had similar leaf photosynthetic rates around 60 u mole CO2 / square meter. sec . indicating the suppression of photorespiration in C3 plants . Factors The leaf is the primary site of photosynthesis in plants . There are three main factors affecting photosynthesis and several corollary factors . The three main are : Light irradiance and wavelength Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature . Light intensity ( irradiance ) , wavelength and temperature See also : PI ( photosynthesis - irradiance ) curve Absorbance spectra of free chlorophyll a ( green ) and b ( red ) in a solvent . The action spectra of chlorophyll molecules are slightly modified in vivo depending on specific pigment - protein interactions . The process of photosynthesis provides the main input of free energy into the biosphere , and is one of four main ways in which radiation is important for plant life . The radiation climate within plant communities is extremely variable , with both time and space . In the early 20th century , Frederick Blackman and Gabrielle Matthaei investigated the effects of light intensity ( irradiance ) and temperature on the rate of carbon assimilation . At constant temperature , the rate of carbon assimilation varies with irradiance , increasing as the irradiance increases , but reaching a plateau at higher irradiance . At low irradiance , increasing the temperature has little influence on the rate of carbon assimilation .", "21": "At constant high irradiance , the rate of carbon assimilation increases as the temperature is increased . These two experiments illustrate several important points : First , it is known that , in general , photochemical reactions are not affected by temperature . However , these experiments clearly show that temperature affects the rate of carbon assimilation , so there must be two sets of reactions in the full process of carbon assimilation . These are , of course , the light - dependent ' photochemical ' temperature - independent stage , and the light - independent , temperature - dependent stage . Second , Blackman 's experiments illustrate the concept of limiting factors . Another limiting factor is the wavelength of light . Cyanobacteria , which reside several meters underwater , can not receive the correct wavelengths required to cause photoinduced charge separation in conventional photosynthetic pigments . To combat this problem , a series of proteins with different pigments surround the reaction center . This unit is called a phycobilisome . Carbon dioxide levels and photorespiration Photorespiration As carbon dioxide concentrations rise , the rate at which sugars are made by the light - independent reactions increases until limited by other factors . RuBisCO , the enzyme that captures carbon dioxide in the light - independent reactions , has a binding affinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen . When the concentration of carbon dioxide is high , RuBisCO will fix carbon dioxide . However , if the carbon dioxide concentration is low , RuBisCO will bind oxygen instead of carbon dioxide . This process , called photorespiration , uses energy , but does not produce sugars . RuBisCO oxygenase activity is disadvantageous to plants for several reasons : One product of oxygenase activity is phosphoglycolate ( 2 carbon ) instead of 3 - phosphoglycerate ( 3 carbon ) . Phosphoglycolate can not be metabolized by the Calvin - Benson cycle and represents carbon lost from the cycle . A high oxygenase activity , therefore , drains the sugars that are required to recycle ribulose 5 - bisphosphate and for the continuation of the Calvin - Benson cycle . Phosphoglycolate is quickly metabolized to glycolate that is toxic to a plant at a high concentration ; it inhibits photosynthesis .", "22": "Salvaging glycolate is an energetically expensive process that uses the glycolate pathway , and only 75 % of the carbon is returned to the Calvin - Benson cycle as 3 - phosphoglycerate . The reactions also produce ammonia ( NH ) , which is able to diffuse out of the plant , leading to a loss of nitrogen . A highly simplified summary is : 2 glycolate + ATP → 3 - phosphoglycerate + carbon dioxide + ADP + NH The salvaging pathway for the products of RuBisCO oxygenase activity is more commonly known as photorespiration , since it is characterized by light - dependent oxygen consumption and the release of carbon dioxide . See also Environment portal Ecology portal Earth sciences portal Metabolism portal Jan Anderson ( scientist ) Artificial photosynthesis Calvin - Benson cycle Carbon fixation Cellular respiration Chemosynthesis Integrated fluorometer Light - dependent reaction Organic reaction Photobiology Photoinhibition Photosynthetic reaction center Photosynthetically active radiation Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II Quantum biology Radiosynthesis Red edge Vitamin D Hill reaction References Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ φῶς . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ σύνθεσις . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project ^ Jump up to : Bryant DA , Frigaard NU ( Nov 2006 ) . `` Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated '' . Trends in Microbiology. 14 ( 11 ) : 488 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tim. 2006.09. 001 . PMID 16997562 . Jump up ^ Reece J , Urry L , Cain M , Wasserman S , Minorsky P , Jackson R. Biology ( International ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Education . pp. 235 , 244 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 73975 - 2 .", "23": "This initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds is known as carbon fixation . Jump up ^ Olson JM ( May 2006 ) . `` Photosynthesis in the Archean era '' . Photosynthesis Research . 88 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 17 . doi : 10.1007 / s11120 - 006 - 9040 - 5 . PMID 16453059 . Jump up ^ Buick R ( Aug 2008 ) . `` When did oxygenic photosynthesis evolve ? '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Series B. 363 ( 1504 ) : 2731 -- 43 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2008.0041 . PMC 2606769 . PMID 18468984 . Jump up ^ Nealson KH , Conrad PG ( Dec 1999 ) . `` Life : past , present and future '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Series B. 354 ( 1392 ) : 1923 -- 39 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1999.0532 . PMC 1692713 . PMID 10670014 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh J , Govindjee ( 1999 ) . `` The photosynthetic process '' . In Singhal GS , Renger G , Sopory SK , Irrgang KD , Govindjee . Concepts in photobiology : photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis . Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers . pp. 11 -- 51 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 5519 - 9 . 7017100000000000000 ♠ 100 × 10 grams of carbon / year fixed by photosynthetic organisms , which is equivalent to 7014126752351256115 ♠ 4 × 10 kJ / yr = 7014126752351256115 ♠ 4 × 10 J / yr of free energy stored as reduced carbon .", "24": "Jump up ^ Steger U , Achterberg W , Blok K , Bode H , Frenz W , Gather C , Hanekamp G , Imboden D , Jahnke M , Kost M , Kurz R , Nutzinger HG , Ziesemer T ( 2005 ) . Sustainable development and innovation in the energy sector . Berlin : Springer . p. 32 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 23103 - X . The average global rate of photosynthesis is 130 TW . Jump up ^ `` World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country Groups , 1980 -- 2004 '' . Energy Information Administration . July 31 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on November 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Field CB , Behrenfeld MJ , Randerson JT , Falkowski P ( Jul 1998 ) . `` Primary production of the biosphere : integrating terrestrial and oceanic components '' . Science . 281 ( 5374 ) : 237 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 281 ... 237F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 281.5374. 237 . PMID 9657713 . ^ Jump up to : `` Photosynthesis '' . McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology . 13 . New York : McGraw - Hill . 2007 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144143 - 3 . Jump up ^ Whitmarsh J , Govindjee ( 1999 ) . `` Chapter 2 : The Basic Photosynthetic Process '' . In Singhal GS , Renger G , Sopory SK , Irrgang KD , Govindjee . Concepts in Photobiology : Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis . Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 5519 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anaerobic Photosynthesis , Chemical & Engineering News , 86 , 33 , August 18 , 2008 , p.", "25": "36 Jump up ^ Kulp TR , Hoeft SE , Asao M , Madigan MT , Hollibaugh JT , Fisher JC , Stolz JF , Culbertson CW , Miller LG , Oremland RS ( Aug 2008 ) . `` Arsenic ( III ) fuels anoxygenic photosynthesis in hot spring biofilms from Mono Lake , California '' . Science . 321 ( 5891 ) : 967 -- 70 . Bibcode : 2008Sci ... 321 ... 967K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1160799 . PMID 18703741 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists discover unique microbe in California 's largest lake '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Plants : Diversity and Evolution , page 14 , Martin Ingrouille , Bill Eddie Jump up ^ Evolution of Photosynthesis Jump up ^ Tavano CL , Donohue TJ ( Dec 2006 ) . `` Development of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus '' . Current Opinion in Microbiology. 9 ( 6 ) : 625 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mib. 2006.10. 005 . PMC 2765710 . PMID 17055774 . ^ Jump up to : Mullineaux CW ( 1999 ) . `` The thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria : structure , dynamics and function '' . Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 26 ( 7 ) : 671 -- 677 . doi : 10.1071 / PP99027 . Jump up ^ Sener MK , Olsen JD , Hunter CN , Schulten K ( Oct 2007 ) . `` Atomic - level structural and functional model of a bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicle '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 40 ) : 15723 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10415723S . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0706861104 . PMC 2000399 . PMID 17895378 .", "26": "Jump up ^ Campbell NA , Williamson B , Heyden RJ ( 2006 ) . Biology Exploring Life . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Raven PH , Evert RF , Eichhorn SE ( 2005 ) . Biology of Plants , ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 124 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Yachandra Group Home page '' . Jump up ^ Pushkar Y , Yano J , Sauer K , Boussac A , Yachandra VK ( Feb 2008 ) . `` Structural changes in the Mn4Ca cluster and the mechanism of photosynthetic water splitting '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 6 ) : 1879 -- 84 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 105.1879 P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0707092105 . PMC 2542863 . PMID 18250316 . ^ Jump up to : Williams BP , Johnston IG , Covshoff S , Hibberd JM ( September 2013 ) . `` Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis '' . eLife. 2 : e00961 . doi : 10.7554 / eLife. 00961 . PMC 3786385 . PMID 24082995 . Jump up ^ Taiz L , Geiger E ( 2006 ) . Plant Physiology ( 4th ed . ) . Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 856 - 8 . Jump up ^ Monson RK , Sage RF ( 1999 ) . `` The Taxonomic Distribution of C Photosynthesis '' . C4 plant biology . Boston : Academic Press . pp. 551 -- 580 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 614440 - 0 .", "27": "Jump up ^ Dodd AN , Borland AM , Haslam RP , Griffiths H , Maxwell K ( Apr 2002 ) . `` Crassulacean acid metabolism : plastic , fantastic '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 53 ( 369 ) : 569 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / jexbot / 53.369. 569 . PMID 11886877 . Jump up ^ Badger MR , Price GD ( Feb 2003 ) . `` CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria : molecular components , their diversity and evolution '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 54 ( 383 ) : 609 -- 22 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erg076 . PMID 12554704 . Jump up ^ Badger MR , Andrews JT , Whitney SM , Ludwig M , Yellowlees DC , Leggat W , Price GD ( 1998 ) . `` The diversity and coevolution of Rubisco , plastids , pyrenoids , and chloroplast - based CO-concentrating mechanisms in algae '' . Canadian Journal of Botany. 76 ( 6 ) : 1052 -- 1071 . doi : 10.1139 / b98 - 074 . Jump up ^ Miyamoto K. `` Chapter 1 -- Biological energy production '' . Renewable biological systems for alternative sustainable energy production ( FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin -- 128 ) . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Maxwell K , Johnson GN ( Apr 2000 ) . `` Chlorophyll fluorescence -- a practical guide '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 51 ( 345 ) : 659 -- 68 . doi : 10.1093 / jexbot / 51.345. 659 . PMID 10938857 . Jump up ^ Maxwell K , Johnson GN ( 2000 ) . `` Chlorophyll fluorescence -- a practical guide '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 51 ( 345 ) : 659 -- 668 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / 51.345. 659 . Jump up ^ Govindjee R.", "28": "`` What is Photosynthesis '' . Biology at Illinois . ^ Jump up to : Rosenqvist E. , van Kooten O. , ( 2006 ) Chlorophyll Fluorescence : A General Description and Nomenclature . From Chapter 2 `` Practical Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology '' . by Jennifer R. DeEll ( Editor ) , Peter M.A. Toivonen ( Editor ) Kluwer Academic Publishers group , P.O Box 322 , 3300 A.H. Dordrecht , the Netherlands , pages 39 - 78 Jump up ^ Baker N.R. , Oxborough K. , ( 2004 ) Chlorophyll fluorescence as a probe of photosynthetic productivity . From Chapter 3 , `` Chlorophylla Fluorescence a Signature of Photosynthesis '' , edited by George Papaqeorgiou and Govindjee , published by Springer 2004 , PO Box17 , 3300 AA Dordrecht , The Netherlands , pages 66 - 79 Jump up ^ Flexas 1999 -- `` Water stress induces different levels of photosynthesis and electron transport rate regulation in grapevines '' J. FLEXAS , J.M. ESCALONA & H. MEDRANO Plant , Cell & Environment Volume 22 Issue 1 Page 39 - 48 , January 1999 Jump up ^ Fryer M.J. , Andrews J.R. , Oxborough K. , Blowers D.A. , Baker N.E. ( 1998 ) Relationship between CO2 assimilation , photosynthetic electron transport and active 02 metabolism in leaves of maize in the field during periods of low temperature Jump up ^ Earl H , Said Ennahli S ( 2004 ) . `` Estimating photosynthetic electron transport via chlorophyll fluorometry without Photosystem II light saturation '' . Photosynthesis Research . 82 ( 177 -- 186 ) : 2004 . Jump up ^ Genty B , Briantais J. `` M. & Baker N.R. ( 1989 ) The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 990 : 87 -- 92 .", "29": "doi : 10.1016 / s0304 - 4165 ( 89 ) 80016 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Baker NR ( 2008 ) . `` Chlorophyll Fluorescence : A Probe of Photosynthesis In Vivo '' . Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59 : 89 -- 113 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 59.032607. 092759 . PMID 18444897 . ^ Jump up to : Bernacchi CJ , Portis A. `` R. , Nakano H. , von Caemmerer S. , and Long S.P. ( 2002 ) Temperature Response of Mesophyll Conductance . Implications for the Determination of Rubisco Enzyme Kinetics and for Limitations to Photosynthesis in Vivo '' . Plant Physiology. 130 : 1992 -- 1998 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 008250 . ^ Jump up to : Ribas - Carbo M. , Flexas J. , Robinson S.A. , Tcherkez G.G.B. , ( 2010 ) In vivo measurement of plant respiration University of Wollongong Research Online ^ Jump up to : Long S.P. , and Bernacchi C.J. ( 2003 ) Gas exchange measurements , what can they tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis ? Procedures and sources of error . Jump up ^ Ribas - Carbo M. , Flexas J. , Robinson S.A. , Tcherkez G.G.B. , ( 2010 ) In vivo measurement of plant respiration University of Wollongong Research Online Jump up ^ Bernacchi CJ , Portis A. `` R. , Nakano H. , von Caemmerer S. , and Long S.P. ( 2002 ) Temperature Response of Mesophyll Conductance . Implications for the Determination of Rubisco Enzyme Kinetics and for Limitations to Photosynthesis in Vivo '' . Plant Physiology. 130 : 1992 -- 1998 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 008250 .", "30": "Jump up ^ YIN X , Struik PC ( 2009 ) . `` Theoretical reconsiderations when estimating the mesophyll conductanceto CO2 diffusion in leaves of C3 plants by analysis of combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements pce_2016 1513 ... 1 '' . Plant , Cell and Environment. 32 : 1513 -- 1524 ( 1524 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3040.2009. 02016. x . Jump up ^ Schreiber U , Klughammer C , Kolbowski J ( 2012 ) . `` Assessment of wavelength - dependent parameters of photosynthetic electron transport with a new type of multi-color PAM chlorophyll fluorometer '' . Photosynthesis research . 113 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 127 -- 144 . doi : 10.1007 / s11120 - 012 - 9758 - 1 . Jump up ^ Palmer J ( 21 June 2013 ) . `` Plants ' seen doing quantum physics ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Lloyd S ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Quantum Biology : Better Living Through Quantum Mechanics - The Nature of Reality '' . Nova : PBS Online , WGBH Boston . Jump up ^ Hildner R , Brinks D , Nieder JB , Cogdell RJ , van Hulst NF ( Jun 2013 ) . `` Quantum coherent energy transfer over varying pathways in single light - harvesting complexes '' . Science . 340 ( 6139 ) : 1448 -- 51 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1235820 . PMID 23788794 . Jump up ^ Gale , Joseph ( 2009 ) . Astrobiology of Earth : The emergence , evolution and future of life on a planet in turmoil . OUP Oxford . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 9780191548352 .", "31": "Jump up ^ Photosynthesis got a really early start , New Scientist , 2 October 2004 Jump up ^ Revealing the dawn of photosynthesis , New Scientist , 19 August 2006 Jump up ^ Venn AA , Loram JE , Douglas AE ( 2008 ) . `` Photosynthetic symbioses in animals '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 ( 5 ) : 1069 -- 80 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / erm328 . PMID 18267943 . Jump up ^ Rumpho ME , Summer EJ , Manhart JR ( May 2000 ) . `` Solar - powered sea slugs . Mollusc / algal chloroplast symbiosis '' . Plant Physiology. 123 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 38 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 123.1. 29 . PMC 1539252 . PMID 10806222 . Jump up ^ Muscatine L , Greene RW ( 1973 ) . `` Chloroplasts and algae as symbionts in molluscs '' . International Review of Cytology . International Review of Cytology. 36 : 137 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / S0074 - 7696 ( 08 ) 60217 - X . ISBN 9780123643360 . PMID 4587388 . Jump up ^ Rumpho ME , Worful JM , Lee J , Kannan K , Tyler MS , Bhattacharya D , Moustafa A , Manhart JR ( Nov 2008 ) . `` Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 105 ( 46 ) : 17867 -- 71 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10517867R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0804968105 . PMC 2584685 . PMID 19004808 . Jump up ^ Douglas SE ( Dec 1998 ) . `` Plastid evolution : origins , diversity , trends '' .", "32": "Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 8 ( 6 ) : 655 -- 61 . doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 437X ( 98 ) 80033 - 6 . PMID 9914199 . Jump up ^ Reyes - Prieto A , Weber AP , Bhattacharya D ( 2007 ) . `` The origin and establishment of the plastid in algae and plants '' . Annual Review of Genetics . 41 : 147 -- 68 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. genet. 41.110306. 130134 . PMID 17600460 . Jump up ^ Raven JA , Allen JF ( 2003 ) . `` Genomics and chloroplast evolution : what did cyanobacteria do for plants ? '' . Genome Biology . 4 ( 3 ) : 209 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2003 - 4 - 3 - 209 . PMC 153454 . PMID 12620099 . Jump up ^ Tomitani A , Knoll AH , Cavanaugh CM , Ohno T ( Apr 2006 ) . `` The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria : molecular - phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 103 ( 14 ) : 5442 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0600999103 . PMC 1459374 . PMID 16569695 . Jump up ^ `` Cyanobacteria : Fossil Record '' . Ucmp.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alison ( 2010 ) . Plant biology . New York , NY : Garland Science . p. 5 . ISBN 0815340257 . Jump up ^ Herrero A , Flores E ( 2008 ) . The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology , Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8 . Jump up ^ Walker DA ( 2002 ) .", "33": "`` ' And whose bright presence ' - an appreciation of Robert Hill and his reaction '' ( PDF ) . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 51 -- 4 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020479620680 . PMID 16245102 . Jump up ^ Otto Warburg -- Biography . Nobelprize.org ( 1970 - 08 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Gest , Howard ( 2002 ) . `` History of the word photosynthesis and evolution of its definition '' . Photosynthesis Research . 73 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 7 -- 10 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020419417954 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Melvin ( July 1989 ) . `` Forty years of photosynthesis and related activities '' . Photosynthesis Research . 21 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1007 / BF00047170 . Jump up ^ Verduin , J. 1953 . A table of photosynthesis rates under optimal , near natural conditions . Am. J. Bot. 40 : 675 - 679 . Jump up ^ Verduin , J. , Whitwer , E.E. , and Cowell , B.C. 1959 . Maximal photosynthetic rates in nature , Science 130 : 268 - 269 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , J.D. , and Musgrave , R.B. 1962 . Photosynthesis under field conditions . IV . Light studies with individual corn leaves . Crop Sci. 2 : 311 - 315 . Jump up ^ Hesketh , J.D. , and Moss , D.N. 1963. Variation in the response of photosynthesis to light . Crop Sci. 3 : 107 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1965 . Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Crop Sci. 5 : 517 - 521 .", "34": "^ Jump up to : El - Sharkawy , M.A. , and Hesketh , J.D. 1986. Citation Classic - Photosynthesis among species in relation to characteristics of leaf anatomy and CO2 diffusion resistances . Curr . Cont. / Agr. Biol. Environ. 27 : 14 - 14 . Online http://www.library.upenn/edu/classics1986/A1986C691300001.pdf . Jump up ^ Haberlandt , G. 1904. Physiologische Pflanzanatomie . Engelmann , Leipzig . Jump up ^ El - Sharkawy , M.A. 1965. Factors Limiting Photosynthetic Rates of Different Plant Species . Ph. D. Dissertation , The University of Arizona , Tucson , USA . Jump up ^ Karpilov YS ( 1960 ) . `` The distribution of radioactvity in carbon - 14 among the products of photosynthesis in maize '' . Proc. Kazan Agric . Inst. 14 : 15 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kortschak HP , Hart CE , Burr GO ( 1965 ) . `` Carbon dioxide fixation in sugarcane leaves '' . Plant Physiol. 40 : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 40.2. 209 . Jump up ^ Hatch MD , Slack CR ( 1966 ) . `` Photosynthesis by sugar - cane leaves . A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation '' . Biochem. J. 101 : 103 -- 111 . doi : 10.1042 / bj1010103 . Jump up ^ Jones HG ( 2014 ) . Plants and Microclimate : a Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27959 - 8 . Further reading Books Bidlack JE , Stern KR , Jansky S ( 2003 ) . Introductory plant biology . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 290941 - 2 .", "35": "Blankenship RE ( 2014 ) . Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis ( 2nd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8975 - 0 . Govindjee , Beatty JT , Gest H , Allen JF ( 2006 ) . Discoveries in Photosynthesis . Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 20 . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3323 - 0 . Reece JB , et al. ( 2013 ) . Campbell Biology . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0321775658 . Papers Gupta RS , Mukhtar T , Singh B ( Jun 1999 ) . `` Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes ( Heliobacterium chlorum , Chloroflexus aurantiacus , cyanobacteria , Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria ) : implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis '' . Molecular Microbiology. 32 ( 5 ) : 893 -- 906 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2958.1999. 01417. x . PMID 10361294 . Rutherford AW , Faller P ( Jan 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 .", "36": "External links Find more aboutPhotosynthesisat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert ( Govindjee ) In depth , advanced treatment of photosynthesis , also from Govindjee Science Aid : Photosynthesis Article appropriate for high school science Metabolism , Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis -- The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones -- experiments and background The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis Interactive animation , a textbook tutorial Marshall J ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) . `` First practical artificial leaf makes debut '' . Discovery News . Photosynthesis -- Light Dependent & Light Independent Stages Khan Academy , video introduction Library resources about Photosynthesis Resources in your library ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root", "37": "Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore", "38": "Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Portal WikiProject Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose -", "39": "P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass", "40": "Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - resource systems", "41": "Copiotrophs Dominance Ecological network Ecological succession Energy quality Energy Systems Language f - ratio Feed conversion ratio Feeding frenzy Mesotrophic soil Nutrient cycle Oligotroph Paradox of the plankton Trophic cascade Trophic mutualism Trophic state index Defense / counter Animal coloration Antipredator adaptations Camouflage Deimatic behaviour Herbivore adaptations to plant defense Mimicry Plant defense against herbivory Predator avoidance in schooling fish Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Other components Population ecology Abundance Allee effect Depensation Ecological yield Effective population size Intraspecific competition Logistic function Malthusian growth model Maximum sustainable yield Overpopulation in wild animals Overexploitation Population cycle Population dynamics Population modeling Population size Predator -- prey ( Lotka -- Volterra ) equations Recruitment Resilience Small population size Stability Species Biodiversity Density - dependent inhibition Ecological effects of biodiversity Ecological extinction Endemic species Flagship species Gradient analysis Indicator species Introduced species Invasive species Latitudinal gradients in species diversity Minimum viable population Neutral theory Occupancy -- abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport 's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance Species diversity Species homogeneity Species richness Species distribution Species - area curve Umbrella species Species interaction Antibiosis Biological interaction Commensalism Community ecology Ecological facilitation Interspecific competition Mutualism Storage effect Spatial ecology Biogeography Cross-boundary subsidy Ecocline", "42": "Ecotone Ecotype Disturbance Edge effects Foster 's rule Habitat fragmentation Ideal free distribution Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Island biogeography Landscape ecology Landscape epidemiology Landscape limnology Metapopulation Patch dynamics r / K selection theory Resource selection function Source -- sink dynamics Niche Ecological niche Ecological trap Ecosystem engineer Environmental niche modelling Guild Habitat Marine habitats Limiting similarity Niche apportionment models Niche construction Niche differentiation Other networks Assembly rules Bateman 's principle Bioluminescence Ecological collapse Ecological debt Ecological deficit Ecological energetics Ecological indicator Ecological threshold Ecosystem diversity Emergence Extinction debt Kleiber 's law Liebig 's law of the minimum Marginal value theorem Thorson 's rule Xerosere Other Allometry Alternative stable state Balance of nature Biological data visualization Ecocline Ecological economics Ecological footprint Ecological forecasting Ecological humanities Ecological stoichiometry Ecopath Ecosystem based fisheries Endolith Evolutionary ecology Functional ecology Industrial ecology Macroecology Microecosystem Natural environment Regime shift Systems ecology Urban ecology Theoretical ecology List of ecology topics GND : 4045936 - 6 NDL : 00566168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosynthesis&oldid=818857447 '' Categories : Agronomy Biological processes Botany Cellular respiration Metabolism Photosynthesis Plant physiology Ecosystems Quantum biology Plant nutrition Hidden", "43": "categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua", "44": "IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Luganda Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe", "45": "Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 00 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 27, 30, 26, 25, 34, 3, 12, 36, 24, 40, 39, 31, 21, 13, 29, 32, 2, 23, 1, 19, 11, 0, 14, 4, 35, 37, 9, 38, 5, 28, 8, 17, 33, 22, 18, 6, 41, 7, 16, 10, 15, 43, 20, 42, 45, 44 ]	[ 27, 30, 26, 25 ]
-5218839348192563170	how long is a uk mobile phone number	[ "9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code", "10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code", "10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code", "10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code" ]	{ "0": "Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search `` + 44 '' redirects here . For the band , see + 44 ( band ) . This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( March 2013 ) United Kingdom telephone numbers Location of the United Kingdom Location Country United Kingdom Continent Europe Regulator Ofcom Type Open NSN length 7 , 9 , 10 Typical format various , see text Numbering plan The National Telephone Numbering Plan Last updated 13 December 2013 Access codes Country calling code + 44 International call prefix 00 Trunk prefix 0 List of United Kingdom dialing codes Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK government 's Office of Communications ( Ofcom ) . For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan , known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan , which is the system for assigning telephone numbers to subscriber stations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Format 2.1 Geographic numbering 2.1. 1 Standard geographic numbers 2.1. 1.1 Four - digit area codes 2.1. 1.2 Three - digit area codes 2.1. 1.3 Two - digit area codes 2.1. 1.4 Five - digit area codes 2.1. 2 National dialling only ranges 2.2 Mobile telephones 2.3 Pagers and personal numbering 2.4 Non-geographic numbering 2.4. 1 Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate 2.4. 2 Corporate and VoIP numbering 2.4. 3 Freephone numbers 2.4. 4 Fixed - rate or special - rate services 2.4. 5 Other 08xx number ranges 2.4.", "1": "6 Premium rate content services ( PRS and SES ) 3 Crown dependencies 3.1 Guernsey 3.2 Jersey 3.3 Isle of Man 4 Fictitious numbers 5 Special service numbers 5.1 Emergency services and helplines 5.2 Speaking clock 5.3 Automated services and access codes 6 History 7 Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories 7.1 North American Numbering Plan 7.2 Others 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Since 28 April 2001 , almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national ( significant ) numbers after the `` 0 '' trunk code . All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national ( significant ) numbers after the `` 0 '' trunk code . The overall structure of the UK 's National Numbering Plan is : Prefix Service type 01 Geographic area codes . 02 Geographic area codes ( introduced in 2000 ) . 03 Non-geographic numbers charged at standard geographic area code rates ( introduced 2007 ) . 04 Reserved . 05 Corporate numbering and VoIP services ( some VoIP services use 08 or geographic numbers ) . Freephone ( toll free ) on 0500 until June 2017 . 06 Was reserved for possible use by personal numbering ( PNS ) instead of 070 following consumer confusion with mobile phones . 07 Mostly for mobile phones on 071xx , 072xx , 073xx , 074xx , 075xx , 07624 , 077xx , 078xx , and 079xx . Personal numbering on 070 . Pagers on 076xx . 08 Freephone ( toll free ) on 080 , and Special Services ( formerly known as local and national rate ) on 084 and 087 . 09 Premium Rate services ( PRS ) .", "2": "A short sample of geographic numbers , set out in the officially approved ( Ofcom ) number groups : Number Location ( 020 ) xxxx xxxx London ( 024 ) 7xxx xxxx Coventry ( 029 ) xxxx xxxx Cardiff ( 0113 ) xxx xxxx Leeds ( 0114 ) xxx xxxx Sheffield ( 0121 ) xxx xxxx Birmingham ( 0117 ) xxx xxxx Bristol ( 0131 ) xxx xxxx Edinburgh ( 0141 ) xxx xxxx Glasgow ( 0161 ) xxx xxxx Manchester ( 01223 ) xxxxxx Cambridge ( 01257 ) xxxxxx Chorley ( 01382 ) xxxxxx Dundee ( 01386 ) xxxxxx Evesham ( 01935 ) xxxxxx Yeovil ( 01865 ) xxxxxx Oxford ( 01772 ) xxxxxx Preston ( 01792 ) xxxxxx Swansea ( 01204 ) xxxxx Bolton ( 0153 96 ) xxxxx Sedbergh ( 0169 77 ) xxxx Brampton In the United Kingdom , area codes are two , three , four , or , rarely , five digits long ( after the initial zero ) . Regions with shorter area codes , typically large cities , permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits . Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long . The total number of digits is ten , but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits ( after the initial zero ) . The `` area code '' is also referred to as an `` STD ( code ) '' ( subscriber trunk dialling ) or a `` dialling code '' in the UK . The code allocated to the largest population is ( 020 ) for London . The code allocated to the largest area is ( 028 ) for all of Northern Ireland . The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies -- Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man -- even though they are not part of the UK itself . Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed .", "3": "( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows : Number length 10 digits 9 digits 7 digits 4 digits 3 digits Number formats ( 01xx xx ) xxxxx ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx ( 01x1 ) xxx xxxx ( 011x ) xxx xxxx ( 02x ) xxxx xxxx 03xx xxx xxxx 055 xxxx xxxx 056 xxxx xxxx 070 xxxx xxxx 07624 xxxxxx 076 xxxx xxxx 07xxx xxxxxx 0800 xxx xxxx 08xx xxx xxxx 09xx xxx xxxx ( 0169 77 ) xxxx ( 01xxx ) xxxxx 0500 xxxxxx 0800 xxxxxx 0800 1111 0845 46 4x 1470 1471 1475 1477 1571 999 112 111 123 101 118 105 Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number ( NSN ) length as 10 or 9 digits . The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10 , 9 or 7 digits . The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits . The 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only . There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits . Geographic Numbering ( edit ) Main article : List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom Standard geographic numbers ( edit ) Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits . Four - digit area codes ( edit ) Four - digit area codes have either six - digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five - and six - digit subscriber numbers . ( 01xxx ) xxxxxx This is the format used by most areas . It has a four - digit area code ( after the initial zero ) and a six digit subscriber number , and is known as 4 + 6 format . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . Just short of 581 areas use this format , and the area codes range from 01200 to 01998 .", "4": "Almost all ( 01xxx ) area codes now have only six digit subscriber numbers , but a small number of these areas also have some subscriber numbers only five digits in length ( see next section ) . 01224 Aberdeen 22 = AB 01244 Chester 24 = CH 01382 Dundee 38 = DU 01387 Dumfries ( mixed ) 38 = DU local numbers can not begin with 3 01452 Gloucester 45 = GL 01472 Grimsby 47 = GR 01473 Ipswich 47 = IP 01429 Hartlepool 42 = HA 01482 Hull 48 = HU 01539 Kendal ( mixed ) 53 = KE local numbers can not begin with 4 , 5 or 6 01582 Luton 58 = LU 01670 Morpeth 67 = MP 01697 Brampton , North West ( mixed ) 69 = NW local numbers can not begin with 3 , 4 or 7 01730 Petersfield 73 = PE 01736 Penzance 73 = PE 01772 Preston 77 = PR 01792 Swansea 79 = SW 01793 Swindon 79 = SW 01854 Ullapool 85 = UL 01947 Whitby 94 = WH Six of the four - digit area codes are known as `` mixed '' areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five - digit area codes . This leads to a restriction as to which initial digits can be used for subscriber numbers within those four - digit area codes , e.g. in the 01387 four - digit area code , subscriber numbers can not begin with a 3 because 013873 is a separate five - digit area code ; likewise in the 01946 four - digit area code , subscriber numbers can not begin with a 7 because 019467 is a separate five - digit area code .", "5": "( 01xxx ) xxxxx This is used for forty smaller towns where some subscriber numbers within the area code have only five digits and is known as 4 + 5 format . The numbers therefore have only nine digits after the initial zero trunk code . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . These towns always have a mixture of six and five digit local numbers , each type allocated in specific DE blocks ; e.g. in the 01647 area code numbers beginning 24xxx and 61xxx have five digits whereas all other DE blocks within that area code are allocated as six digit numbers . The number of places with five digit subscriber numbers and an 01xxx area code has declined rapidly in recent decades . There were 511 ranges allocated across 56 different area codes in January 1998 . The Big Number Change removed many , especially in Northern Ireland , and by July 2005 there were only 329 ranges in 42 codes . By April 2010 this had reduced to 324 ranges in 40 codes , with the same number still in November 2012 . The 40 area codes are listed in the table below . 01204 Bolton 20 = BO 61 - 64 01208 Bodmin 20 = BO 72 - 79 01254 Blackburn 25 = BL 51 - 57 , 59 01276 Camberley 27 = CR 20 - 29 , 31 - 38 , 61 - 66 01297 Axminster 29 = AX 20 - 24 , 32 - 35 01298 Buxton 29 = BX 22 - 28 , 70 - 74 , 77 - 79 , 83 - 85 01363 Crediton 36 = CN 82 - 85 01364 Ashburton , Devon 36 = DN 72 , 73 01384 Dudley 38 = DU 70 , 74 - 79 01386 Evesham 38 = EV 40 , 41 , 45 ,", "6": "47 - 49 01404 Honiton 40 = HO 41 - 47 01420 Alton , Hampshire 42 = HA 22 , 23 , 80 - 89 01460 Chard , Ilminster 46 = IM 30 , 52 - 55 , 57 , 61 - 68 , 72 - 78 01461 Gretna 46 = GN 40 01480 Huntingdon 48 = HU 52 01488 Hungerford 48 = HU 71 - 73 01524 Lancaster ( mixed ) 52 = LA 32 - 37 , 39 , 60 - 69 local numbers can not begin with 2 01527 Redditch 60 - 69 01562 Kidderminster 56 = KM 60 , 66 - 69 01566 Launceston 56 = LN 86 01606 Northwich , Winsford 60 = NO 40 - 49 , 74 - 77 , 79 01629 Matlock 62 = MA 55 - 57 01635 Newbury 63 = NE 30 - 39 , 40 - 49 01647 Moretonhampstead 64 = MH 24 , 61 01659 Sanquhar , Nithsdale 65 = NL 50 , 58 , 66 , 67 , 74 01695 Skelmersdale / Ormskirk 50 - 54 01726 St Austell 72 = SA 61 , 63 - 69 , 70 - 77 01744 St Helens 74 = SH 20 - 29 01750 Selkirk 75 = SK 20 - 23 , 32 , 42 , 52 , 62 , 76 , 82 01768 Penrith ( mixed ) 76 = PN 882 , 883 , 884 , 886 , 887 ,", "7": "888 local numbers can not begin with 3 , 4 or 7 01827 Tamworth 82 = TA 50 - 59 , 60 - 69 01837 Okehampton 52 - 55 , 82 , 83 , 89 01884 Tiverton 88 = TV 32 - 35 , 38 01900 Workington 90 = WO 61 - 68 , 85 01905 Worcester 90 = WO 20 - 29 01935 Yeovil 93 = YE 83 01946 Whitehaven ( mixed ) 94 = WH 61 - 68 local numbers can not begin with 7 01949 Whatton 94 = WH 20 , 21 , 81 01963 Wincanton 96 = WN 23 , 31 - 34 01995 Garstang , Wyre 99 = WY 61 Three - digit area codes ( edit ) Three - digit area codes always have seven - digit subscriber numbers and always begin 011x or 01x1 . ( 01x1 ) xxx xxxx This is the geographic number format for the first round of five large cities moved to all figure dialling in the 1960s , and subsequently also used in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear , eastern County Durham and south - eastern Northumberland from the 1980s onwards . These six areas have a three - digit area code matching the pattern 1x1 ( after the initial zero ) and a seven digit subscriber number , and this is known as 3 + 7 format . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 .", "8": "0121 Birmingham formerly 021 ( 2 = B) 0131 Edinburgh formerly 031 ( 3 = E ) 0141 Glasgow formerly 041 ( 4 = G ) 0151 Liverpool formerly 051 ( 5 = L ) 0161 Manchester formerly 061 ( 6 = M ) 0171 Used for Inner London from 1990 until 2000 0181 Used for Outer London from 1990 until 2000 0191 County of Tyne and Wear , eastern County Durham , south - eastern Northumberland formerly 091 ( 9 = tYne ) ( 011x ) xxx xxxx This is the geographic number format for the second round of large cities and towns moved to brand - new three - digit area codes . Five of these were moved in 1995 as a part of PhONEday , with Reading then following a year later . At the time of the change , an extra digit was added to the subscriber number . These six areas have a three - digit area code matching the pattern 11x , with a seven - digit subscriber number , and this is known as 3 + 7 format . The first three digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city . The former Reading area code had already been changed once , by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . 0113 Leeds formerly 0532 ( 53 = LE ) 0114 Sheffield formerly 0742 ( 74 = SH ) 0115 Nottingham formerly 0602 ( 60 = NO ) 0116 Leicester formerly 0533 ( 53 = LE ) 0117 Bristol formerly 0272 ( 27 = BR ) 0118 Reading formerly 0734 , then 01734 ( 73 = RE ) Two - digit area codes ( edit ) Two - digit area codes always have eight - digit subscriber numbers and always begin 02 . ( 02x ) xxxx xxxx This is the newest geographic number format .", "9": "It is used for the third tier of large cities and for Northern Ireland , and was formed as a part of the Big Number Change in 2000 . The new area code is much shorter than the old one , and begins 02 unlike the previous 01 area codes . Numbers in these five areas are commonly misquoted , e.g. London as 0207 or Cardiff as 02920 . The numbers consist of a two - digit area code matching the pattern 02x , and an eight - digit subscriber number , and this is known as 2 + 8 format . The first four digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city . At the time of the change , the subscriber part of the number gained an extra digit in London , those in Northern Ireland gained two or three digits , and the subscriber part of the number in the other areas gained two digits . All of these areas were also subject to a previous code change , one that added a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero , as a part of PhONEday in 1995 . 020 London ( 020 ) 3xxx xxxx new since 2005 .", "10": "( 020 ) 7xxx xxxx formerly 0171 and ( 020 ) 8xxx xxxx formerly 0181 ( both 1995 -- 2000 ) , 071 and 081 ( 1990 -- 1995 ) , 01 ( 1960s - 1990 ) 023 Southampton ( 023 ) 8xxx xxxx formerly 01703 ( 70 = SO ) Portsmouth ( 023 ) 9xxx xxxx formerly 01705 ( 70 = PO ) 024 Coventry ( 024 ) 7xxx xxxx formerly 01203 ( 20 = CO ) 028 Northern Ireland ( 028 ) 25xx xxxx Ballymena formerly ( 01266 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 28xx xxxx Larne formerly ( 01574 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 37xx xxxx Armagh formerly ( 01861 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 71xx xxxx Derry formerly ( 01504 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 82xx xxxx Omagh formerly ( 01662 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 90xx xxxx Belfast formerly ( 01232 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 92xx xxxx Lisburn formerly ( 01846 ) xxxxxx ( 028 ) 95xx xxxx Belfast new number range 029 Cardiff ( 029 ) 2xxx xxxx formerly 01222 ( 22 = CA ) Five - digit area codes ( edit ) Five - digit area codes have either five - digit subscriber numbers or a mix of four - and five - digit subscriber numbers . Five - digit area codes always share their first four digits with four - digit area codes . ( 01xx xx ) xxxxx and ( 01xx xx ) xxxx This is the oldest geographic number format and is used for twelve smaller towns and villages where the subscriber number is either five or ( in one area code ) four digits long . These are known as 5 + 5 and 5 + 4 format . Therefore , the STD code and the subscriber number does not always total ten digits after the initial zero trunk code . These area codes were changed by adding a `` 1 '' directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995 .", "11": "The number of places using these two formats has declined rapidly in recent decades and Brampton is the last place in the UK with four - digit local numbers . 0138 73 Langholm 0152 42 Hornby 0153 94 Hawkshead 0153 95 Grange - over-Sands 0153 96 Sedbergh 0169 73 Wigton 0169 74 Raughton Head 0169 77 Brampton 0176 83 Appleby 0176 84 Pooley Bridge 0176 87 Keswick 0194 67 Gosforth The above twelve area codes and their six ' parent ' area codes ( 01387 , 01524 , 01539 , 01697 , 01768 and 01946 ) are known as ' Mixed ' areas due to multiple area codes sharing the same SABC digits . National dialling only ranges ( edit ) These ranges have subscriber numbers beginning with the digits `` 0 '' or `` 1 '' , e.g. : 0169 77 0xxxx Brampton 01332 050xxx Derby 01382 006xxx Dundee 0141 005 xxxx Glasgow 0117 101 xxxx Bristol 0118 00x xxxx Reading 020 0003 xxxx London Currently , these numbers are mostly used as the termination points for non-geographic numbers , and by some automated systems such as alarms . As such they are not usually meant to be directly dialled . These numbers have been problematic as some mobile phone operators in the UK do not allow access to these ranges , and there may also be difficulty accessing these numbers from outside the UK . Regulator Ofcom proposes that in future these numbers be released for wider , general - purpose use in up to 70 area codes facing number shortage . In order to avoid confusion with codes beginning with these digits , the area code must always be dialled , even from within the same geographic exchange . Accordingly , if these numbers are eventually released for general use , Ofcom proposes completely removing the ability to dial locally without the area code in areas affected .", "12": "This occurred on 1 November 2012 for the 01202 area code , which covers Bournemouth . Recently , the carrier TalkTalk have inadvertently released parts of the 020 0011 range to the general public , with these numbers currently being in use . For example , the charity Give a Car used the number 020 0011 1664 for a while , but recently switched to a proper London number . Mobile telephones ( edit ) 07xxx xxxxxx -- mobile phones and WiFi numbers . Individual mobile phone companies are allocated different ranges within the 073xx , 074xx , 075xx , 07624 , 077xx , 078xx and 079xx area codes . Changes to mobile phone numbers in the Big Number Change were mostly straight replacements , such as Vodafone customers on the 0378 block became 07778 . 073xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since November 2014 ) 074xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since November 2009 ) 075xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( in use since May 2007 ) 07624 xxxxxx Mobile phones on the Isle of Man 077xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 03xx and 04xx -- mostly Vodafone and O2 ( formerly Cellnet ) ) 078xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 05xx , 06xx and 08xx -- mostly Vodafone and O2 ( formerly Cellnet ) ) 079xx xxxxxx Mobile phones ( former 09xx -- mostly EE ( formerly Orange and one2one ) ) 07911 2xxxxx 07911 8xxxxx WiFi numbers ( e.g. 3G / LTE - enabled tablet computers ) Since the advent of Mobile number portability , mobile phone number prefixes can no longer be relied on to determine the current operator of a particular mobile phone -- only the original operator . Pagers and personal Numbering ( edit ) 07x xxxx xxxx -- pagers and personal numbering ( PNS ) . 070 and 076 numbers are often charged at a much higher rate than calling the similar - looking 07xxx mobile telephone numbers .", "13": "070 xxxx xxxx Personal numbering 076 xxxx xxxx Pagers ( excluding 07624 , used for mobile phones on the Isle of Man ) Personal numbers beginning 070 are regulated by Phone - paid Services Authority . Non-geographic Numbering ( edit ) Main article : Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate ( edit ) 03xx xxx xxxx -- `` UK - wide '' numbering . On 27 July 2006 , Ofcom announced that companies will soon be able to use an `` 03 '' non-geographic number , in place of other non-geographic numbers ( such as 0870 or 0845 numbers ) . Callers would be charged at the same rate as if they were calling a geographic number ( 01 or 02 ) . This means that customers who are benefiting from inclusive minutes on mobile phone or landline calling plans would also be able to call these numbers using their inclusive minutes . On 13 February 2007 , Ofcom released more details on their plans for the 03 range and announced that allocations of 03 numbers to providers would begin in March 2007 . Whilst 01 , 02 and 07 numbers can receive text messages , currently the majority of cellular network providers do not support the sending of text messages to 03 numbers . Three different ranges of numbers were announced ; those beginning 030x are reserved for qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations , those beginning 033x , which are available for allocation to anyone , and those beginning 034x and 037x which will be used for migration from the matching 084x and 087x number ranges respectively . Ofcom itself began using 03 numbers on 13 November 2007 for public use . 030x xxx xxxx For qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations as defined by Ofcom 033x xxx xxxx For any end user 034x xxx xxxx Migration range for operators who have 084x numbers 037x xxx xxxx Migration range for operators who have 087x numbers Corporate and VoIP Numbering ( edit ) 05x xxxx xxxx -- Corporate and VoIP numbering . Unlike 03 numbers there is no uniform pricing for 05 numbers ; BT charge a number of different rates depending on the number dialled . Some are charged at geographic rate , others not .", "14": "Other operators are not required to charge the same rates as BT for calling 05 numbers . 055 xxxx xxxx Corporate Numbering ( but also used by BT for its Broadband Voice service ) 056 xxxx xxxx Allocated by Ofcom for LIECS ( Location Independent Electronic Communications Services ) , e.g. VoIP services Freephone numbers ( edit ) 0500 xxxxxx -- Freephone services allocated before 1999 . Until July 2017 , the 0500 range was used for some freephone services which were originally provided by Mercury Communications Ltd ( now Cable & Wireless Worldwide ) . These numbers were different from the rest of the 05 range in that they are only 9 digits in length after the 0 trunk code , e.g. 0500 007 007 ( National Savings and Investments ) , 0500 2 88 2 91 ( BBC Radio 2 , 88 to 91 FM ) , 0500 600 600 ( Crimewatch ) , 0500 600 700 ( Watchdog ) , and 0500 909 693 ( BBC Radio 5 Live , 909 and 693 kHz ) . Numerous universities , government departments , airlines , banks and businesses also used these numbers . They were allocated before the general trend of using longer numbers started in 1997 and long before the rest of the 05 range was assigned to corporate and VoIP numbering after 2000 . 0500 xxxxxx Special Services - No charge to Customer a.k.a. `` Freephone '' Free to call from landline , up to 40p per minute from mobile . The range was withdrawn by Ofcom in July 2017 as a result of a series of consultations starting from 2012 0800 xxxxxx , 0800 xxx xxxx and 0808 xxx xxxx -- Freephone services . 0800 xxxxxx Special Services - No charge to Customer a.k.a. `` Freephone '' Free to call from landline , and was up to 40p per minute from mobile , until July 2015 when calls to 080 numbers from mobiles became free . Calls to certain charity and similar services were always free from most mobiles . 0808 9xx xxxx numbers are used by freephone internet services .", "15": "0800 xxx xxxx 0808 xxx xxxx There is one short `` special '' number in this range , 0800 1111 for Childline . Additionally , numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not - for - profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones . A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles , but this varies by network . Fixed - rate or special - rate services ( edit ) 084x xxx xxxx and 087x xxx xxxx -- Non-geographic fixed - rate , or special - rate services . With the exception of 080x freephone numbers , 08xx numbers are charged above geographic rates , with some of the extra revenue going to the terminating telco . This additional revenue may be shared with the subscriber , but is often used instead to subsidise additional network services , such as fax - to - email , virtual office applications , call queuing , voicemail and easy number redirection . None of these call management services is exclusive to 08xx numbers , and they could be provided on any number range . 0845 xxx xxxx Special Services basic rate Up to 5p a minute , varies daytime / evening / weekend , from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0844 00x xxxx Special Services basic rate Non-BT Discount Scheme -- Internet Services incorporating unmetered access up to and including 5p for BT customers 0844 01x xxxx to 0844 09x xxxx currently unused 0844 1xx xxxx currently unused 0844 2xx xxxx to 0844 9xx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , varies daytime / evening / weekend , from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0843 xxx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , but fixed ( e.g. always 3p / minute or always 4p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0842 xxx xxxx Up to 4.26 pa minute ( plus VAT ) , but fixed ( e.g.", "16": "always 3p / minute or always 4p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . There were a few short `` special '' number in this range , such as 0845 46 47 for NHS Direct ; this was closed in 2014 and replaced by NHS 111 except in Wales , where the transition took place in 2015 . 0870 xxx xxxx Non-Geographic Number Up to 8p a minute ( plus VAT ) , varies daytime / evening / weekend ( charged at no more than the caller would pay for a call to a Geographic Number ) from landline ; up to 42p a minute from mobiles . 0871 0xx xxxx Special Services higher rate Internet Services metered access , up to and including 10p / minute for BT customers . 0871 1xx xxxx currently unused 0871 2xx xxxx to 0871 9xx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . 0872 xxx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . 0873 xxx xxxx Up to 8.5 pa minute ( plus VAT ) but fixed ( e.g. always 6p / minute or always 8.5 p / minute ) from BT landline , other providers may charge more ; up to 50p a minute from mobiles . The usage of 0871 , 0872 and 0873 numbers is regulated by PhonepayPlus . There is widespread confusion about the cost of calling 084 and 087 numbers . They often do not qualify for discounts and bundled minutes , and can be prohibitively expensive when called from mobiles and payphones .", "17": "Many major companies persist in misdescribing them as `` Local Rate '' , `` Lo Call '' ( often as ' locall rate ' which can be easily misread as ' local rate ' ) or `` National Rate '' for which the Advertising Standards Authority can take action . In the future , it is likely that users of 084 and 087 numbers will have to declare the service charge element of the call cost when advertising their phone number , whilst telecoms companies will need to inform their customers about their access charge for calling each number range . Additionally , the EU Consumer Rights Directive requires that many entities that held 084 and 087 numbers will no longer be allowed to use them . The directive bans the usage of numbers that cost more than calling a geographic number for customer service and complaints lines , and other such purposes . From 1 July 2015 , the charge for calls to 084 , 087 , 09 and 118 numbers will be split into two parts : An access charge ( payable to the company you make your phone calls with - e.g. BT , EE , Sky , etc . ) and a service charge ( the part of the call that goes to the company offering the service ) . A list of these new access charges can be found here , which is updated regularly with new information when available . Source : ( 1 ) Other 08xx number ranges ( edit ) 08xx xxx xxxx -- Internet for schools and Inbound routing codes . 0820 xxx xxxx Special Services : Internet for schools 0899 9xx xxxx Inbound routing codes Premium rate content services ( prs and ses ) ( edit ) 09xx xxx xxxx -- Premium Rate Content Services Numbers in the 09xx range are charged at the highest rates of any calls within the United Kingdom , and are controlled by various regulations regarding their use . The regulator is Phone - paid Service Authority formally known as PhonepayPlus , formerly known as ICSTIS ( and they also cover 070 ( PNS ) , 0871 , 0872 , 0873 and 118xxx ( DQ ) services ) . There are a large number of charge bands , some with high pence - per - minute rates , others with a high fixed - price for the entire call .", "18": "090x xxx xxxx Premium rate content services ( PRS ) 0908 xxx xxxx 0909 xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services ( SES ) ( not available for new allocations ) 091x xxx xxxx Premium rate non-content services ( PRS ) 098x xxx xxxx Sexual entertainment services ( SES ) The earlier unused 092x xxx xxxx - 099x xxx xxxx allocation for `` Broadband Internet Services '' no longer exists and was removed from the number plan in 2005 . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Although calls from UK landlines to landlines in the islands are charged at the same rate as those to other UK landlines ( i.e. they are not treated as international calls ) , calls may be excluded from calling plans offering unlimited UK fixed line calls . Mobile operators may also charge more for calls to the islands and these calls are usually excluded from calling plans . Calls and SMS messages sent to island mobile phone numbers are not charged at the same rate as calls to UK mobile phone numbers . Guernsey ( edit ) ( 01481 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 48 = GU ( 01481 ) 832xxx Fixed line ( Sark ) ( 01481 ) 833xxx 07781 xxxxxx Sure mobile phones and pagers 07839 xxxxxx Airtel Vodafone mobile phones 07911 xxxxxx Wave Telecom mobile phones , not for UK This area code is also used for Alderney and Sark . Jersey ( edit ) ( 01534 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 53 = JE 07509 xxxxxx Jersey Telecom mobile phones and pagers 07797 xxxxxx 07937 xxxxxx 07700 xxxxxx Sure mobile network 07829 xxxxxx Airtel Vodafone mobile network Several Jersey companies also have non-geographic numbers allocated . Isle of Man ( edit ) ( 01624 ) xxxxxx Fixed line 62 = MA 07624 xxxxxx Mobile phones and paging services 07524 xxxxxx Mobile phones additional capacity 07924 xxxxxx On the Isle of Man , both fixed ( 01624 ) and mobile phone ( 07624 ) numbers can be dialled locally in the six - digit format .", "19": "Fictitious numbers ( edit ) Ofcom has also reserved certain number ranges for use in television dramas and films , so as to avoid the risk of people having their telephone numbers displayed , and receiving unwanted calls . This is similar to the use of fictitious telephone numbers in the United States and Canada starting with the digits 555 . In most of the large cities with three - digit area codes a range of numbers is reserved , usually all the numbers starting with the digits 496 . For fictitious numbers in other areas the area code 01632 is reserved ; this code is not in use , although 0632 was used for Newcastle upon Tyne until the late 1980s ( 63 = NE ) and briefly reallocated for use by premium rate services in the 1990s . There are also reserved ranges for fictitious mobile , freephone , and premium rate numbers . The Post Office even produced dial centre labels for use in advertisements and film / TV with a mythical exchange called VINcent plus four digits . The numerical equivalent of VIN was 846 and all the caller got was the speaking clock ( i.e. 846 is also numerical equivalent of TIM ) in the big city `` Director '' areas . At around the same time as the other Big Number Change changes , Ofcom revised their recommendations to update the prefixes , add additional areas , and increase the size of the allocation from 10 to 1000 numbers per block . Those changes are listed in the Big Number Change article . In Coronation Street , the fictional Manchester suburb of Weatherfield uses the unallocated range ( 0161 ) 715 xxxx . Special service numbers ( edit ) Emergency services and helplines ( edit ) The UK has two free emergency numbers -- the traditional 999 , which is still widely used , and the EU standard 112 , which can be used in all member states of the European Union . Both 999 and 112 are used to contact all emergency services : Police , Fire Service , Ambulance Service , and Coastguard . ( Standard advice for Mountain Rescue or Cave Rescue is to ask the emergency operator for the police , who oversee the communication with these two services . ) Both numbers can be called from mobile phones with the keylock on , or without entering the PIN where that would otherwise be required .", "20": "Although some mobile phones allow emergency calls to be attempted without a SIM card , at present the UK networks reject such calls . Since November 2009 , an emergency call can be made through any UK mobile network as long as there is a SIM for any valid UK network in the handset . Although UK VOIP phone providers are required to offer 999 / 112 service this is subject to a registration for the service and with a verified service address and users need to be aware such service may not work in a power blackout ; However International VOIP providers may not provide this service . The chargeable number 101 was introduced for non-urgent crime and community safety calls on a trial basis in 2006 . In Wales , the scheme was taken forward by all four police forces , who adopted the number for non-emergency calls on a permanent basis in early 2009 . In England the scheme was on trial until 2012 , when it was adopted nationwide and the cost to call changed from 10p per call to 15p per call . In Northern Ireland , the number was introduced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland in March 2014 . The operator is obtained via 100 from landlines , while directory enquiries , formerly 192 , is now provided in the 118xxx range , e.g. 118 212 , 118 800 , 118 500 , 118 118 , by different companies . International Operator assistance is reached through 155 . From early 2010 , the pan-European 116 number range came into use for social helplines . The first three numbers allocated were Missing People using 116 000 for a missing children helpline , the NSPCC ChildLine on 116 111 , and Samaritans using 116 123 for an emotional support helpline . A recent consultation for the numbers 116 106 and 116 117 has yet to see any result . The National Health Service ( NHS ) can be reached on 111 for non-emergency calls ( from landlines and mobiles only ) . In other European countries the number 116 117 is used for a similar purpose . Local electricity network operators can be reached on 105 to report power cuts .", "21": "Two telephone helplines within the regular code space have only eight digits , namely 0800 1111 for ChildLine and 0845 4647 for NHS Direct in Wales . Speaking clock ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s speaking clock services have been available throughout Britain using the number 123 . Before this , exchanges in `` Director '' areas ( Birmingham , Edinburgh , Glasgow , Liverpool , London and Manchester ) dialled 846 ( TIM ) , later changing to 123 , and main exchanges in `` non-Director '' areas originally used `` 952 '' , later changing to `` 80 '' with the introduction of STD and eventually to `` 8081 '' as other recorded services were introduced on 80X1 codes . Some mobile operators allocate other services to 123 -- such as customer services or voicemail etc . Automated services and access codes ( edit ) Short codes beginning with 1 are reserved for telecom service providers ' own functionality ; some of the most well - known are codes for use with Caller Display : 141 Withhold number when normally released 1470 Release number when normally withheld 1471 Call return caller may press 3 to return call on most networks 1475 1471 erasure removes details of last call from 1471 service . May need to be prefixed with 1470 if number is normally withheld 1477 Automatic Call Trace Stores number ( even if withheld ) of nuisance caller at terminating exchange for subsequent investigation and enforcement , but service is seldom enabled by default 1571 Voicemail service For people who do not have answering machines . If there is a new message , the dial tone will be stuttered . # 31 # Withhold number 141 equivalent for use on mobile networks Many fixed line telephone subscribers , e.g. BT , Virgin Media , SkyTalk Sky , TalkTalk and PlusNet have the opportunity to use an automated messaging service which takes messages when the called number is either engaged ( `` busy '' ) or not answered within a given time . This can be accessed by calling 1571 . For fixed line users , it is possible to override the carrier pre-selection ( CPS ) on a per - call basis , dialling a special code before the number , e.g.", "22": "1280 for BT , 1664 for LowerCall , or 1844 for Daisy . Ofcom defines the range for these as : `` 124 to 140 , 143 to 146 , 148 to 149 , 160 to 169 , and 181 to 189 inclusive . Numbers of up to 5 - digits used to access an Indirect Access Provider ( ' Type B Access Codes ' ) '' . History ( edit ) Main article : History of telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories ( edit ) Telephone numbers in British Overseas Territories do not come under the UK telephone numbering plan . These calls are treated as international calls . Below are the access codes for the overseas territories : North American Numbering Plan ( edit ) Anguilla + 1 - 264 Bermuda + 1 - 441 British Virgin Islands + 1 - 284 Cayman Islands + 1 - 345 Montserrat + 1 - 664 Turks and Caicos Islands + 1 - 649 Others ( edit ) British Antarctic Territory + 44 ( Shared with the UK ) British Indian Ocean Territory + 246 Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands + 500 Gibraltar + 350 Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha + 290 Ascension Island + 247 Akrotiri and Dhekelia + 357 ( Shared with Cyprus ) Pitcairn Islands + 64 ( Shared with New Zealand ) See also ( edit ) Big Number Change List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom List of UK dialling codes covering Wales Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telecommunications in the United Kingdom Telephone number Telephone number portability Telephone numbering plan Telephone numbers in Ireland UK telephone code misconceptions -- includes the common `` 0207 '' and `` 0208 '' misconceptions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 7 for two special 08xx numbers ; 9 in some 01xxx areas , one 01xxxx area , all 0500 numbers , and some 0800 numbers ; 10 in all other areas Jump up ^ Older pre-PhONEday nine - digit 0500 numbers were left as nine - digit numbers after PhONEday .", "23": "No new 0500 number ranges were released after PhONEday . Jump up ^ Older pre-PhONEday nine - digit 0800 numbers were left as nine - digit numbers after PhONEday . All new 0800 number ranges released after PhONEday have ten digits after the 0 trunk code . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oftel ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` A User 's Guide to Telephone Numbering '' . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Telephone area codes '' . Ofcom . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Co . Londonderry - UK Codes - The Phone Book from BT '' . British Telecom . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Erdunast , Howard ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` BT 's Response to the Consultation by OFTEL on Proposals to Publish a National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . British Telecommunications PLC . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Page 7 : ' 01697 -- Brampton should be 016977 ; not 01697 ' . Jump up ^ Director General of Telecommunications ( 9 July 2003 ) . `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . Oftel . Office of Telecommunications . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Page 20 shows Brampton listed as 0169 77 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` A User 's Guide to Telephone Numbering '' . Office of Telecommunications . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Only BT and Kingston Communications ( Hull ) are obliged to ensure that their customers can dial all numbers within the UK . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Ofcom Geographic telephone numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic telephone numbers '' . Ofcom . Retrieved 5 July 2017 .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` 0200 Numbers and 0201 Numbers '' . UK Area Codes and Phone Number Information . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 26 April 2007 ) . `` Conditions regulating Sexual Entertainment Services '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 13 February 2007 ) . `` Ofcom introduces UK - wide 03 numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Contacting Ofcom '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ BT . `` ( Section 2 , Part 11 ) 05xx Numbers '' . BT Price List . British Telecommunications PLC . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Telecoms numbering : 0500 Freephone numbers withdrawn '' . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Proposal for the withdrawal of 0500 Freephone telephone numbers '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Vodafone ( 28 October 2010 ) . `` Free - to - caller charity numbers '' ( PDF ) . Vodafone Limited . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ O. `` Free numbers '' . Telefónica UK Limited . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin . `` Freephone numbers and Charity Helplines '' . Virgin Mobile Telecoms Ltd . Archived from the original on 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ T - Mobile ( 30 January 2012 ) .", "25": "`` Free to Call Helpline Services '' ( PDF ) . Everything Everywhere Limited . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Orange make it free to call '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Free Charity and Helpline Calls '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 5 March 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ DWP ( 15 January 2010 ) . `` Free mobile calls for benefit claimants starting from 18 January 2010 '' . Department for Work and Pensions . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Orange ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` Free numbers of Department of Work and Pensions '' . Orange ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : PP . `` PhonepayPlus - the UK premium rate phone number and service regulator '' . PhonepayPlus . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ ASA ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Emap Active Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . the claim `` Lo - call '' was misleading , because calls to 0870 numbers were not charged at a low rate as implied . Jump up ^ ASA ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Windsor Telecom plc '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 .", "26": "we told Windsor Telecom to stop describing 0845 numbers as ' local rate ' Jump up ^ ASA ( 25 April 2007 ) . `` NET Homeworkers '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We therefore concluded that the description of the ' 0845 ' number as a ' local rate ' call was misleading . Jump up ^ ASA ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Datel Group plc '' . Broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . We told Max TV not to describe calls to 0845 numbers as ' local rate ' calls . Jump up ^ ASA ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` Langley Miniature Models '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . The Authority considered that the description `` National Rate Calls '' for an 0870 number was misleading and likely to confuse consumers . The Authority told the advertisers not to refer to 0870 numbers as ' national rate ' . Marketing communications should also state that the price of calls originating from non-BT call providers varies . Jump up ^ ASA ( 20 September 2006 ) . `` British Sky Broadcasting Ltd t / a Sky Travel Shop '' . Broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 25 September 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Because most UK callers now paid more for calls to non-geographic 0870 numbers than for calls to geographic national destinations , we considered that the term `` national rate '' was inaccurate . Jump up ^ ASA ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Men at Work Ltd '' . Non-broadcast Adjudications . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ( we ) ruled that the costs of making calls to such numbers ( 0870 ) should be stated in the ad .", "27": "Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 10 March 2005 ) . `` Hanging on the telephone . On and on and on '' . CAP News . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` Stop the call confusion '' . CAP News . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 2 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . The Committee of Advertising Practice ( CAP ) ... has told advertisers who quote 084 and 087 numbers ... that they must not describe calls to those numbers as being charged at ' local ' or ' national ' rate ... On their introduction , calls to 084 ( 5 ) numbers were charged at the BT standard local rate and those to 087 ( 0 ) numbers were charged at BT standard national rate . Calls made from other phone companies were often more expensive . BT has abolished its standard rate for the majority of its customers , making the description of calls being charged at ' local ' or ' national ' rate meaningless for them . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` Advertising 0845 and 087 numbers '' . CAP Alerts . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 18 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable 08 numbers : General '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Chargeable 0845 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Committee of Advertising Practice ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Chargeable ( 0842 ) 0843 and 0844 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 .", "28": "Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Committee of Advertising Practice ( 7 June 2013 ) . `` Premium - rate Services : 09 , 0871 , 0872 and 0873 numbers '' . Advice Online database . Advertising Standards Authority . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ BIS . `` Consumer Rights Directive '' . Department for Business , Innovation & Skills . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ EU . `` Directive 2011 / 83 / EU on Consumer Rights '' ( PDF ) . European Union . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ JCRA ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Jersey telephone number allocations '' . Jersey Competition Regulatory Authority . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( 1 June 1999 ) . `` Numbers Used For Drama . ca . 1999 '' . Oftel Numbering Bulletin 38 . Office of Telecommunications . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 26 October 2004 ) . `` Telephone Numbers for drama purposes ( TV , Radio etc ) revised 2004 '' . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 16 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Phil ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Phone numbers '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ofcom . `` Code and number blocks - 1600 00 to 1799 99 '' ( XLS ) . Office of Communications . Archived from the original on 18 September 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Mountain Rescue '' .", "29": "Mountainrescuescotland.org. 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` contact cave rescue The Cave Rescue Organisation '' . Cro.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Police Service of Northern Ireland '' . www.psni.police.uk . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Finnigan , Lexi ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` New national phone line launched for power cuts '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Tim ( 29 June 2001 ) . `` BT to offer free voicemail from Monday '' . The Register . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Other telephone features '' ( PDF ) . Telephone price guide . Virgin Media . 20 October 2006 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2006 . Retrieved 5 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` The National Telephone Numbering Plan '' ( PDF ) . Office of Communications . p. 34 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) UK Numbering Policy section of Ofcom 's website UK National Telephone Numbering Plan ( PDF ) UK Future Numbering Plan from Ofcom 's website Ofcom - Telephone Area Code Tool - UK dialling code lookup Ralph Adam , ' Send a boy -- or dial it yourself ?", "30": "numbering for the information society ' , Aslib Proceedings , 51 : 1 , January 1999 ( subscription required ) UK telephone numbering plan in detail UK area codes list UK free phone numbers UK phone codes Regular Expressions for Validating and Formatting GB Telephone Numbers The first 25 years of STD code changes summarised ( PDF ) UK British Telecom White Pages Directory ( phonenumbercustomerservice.co.uk UK Phone Number Directory ) Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Number plan List of dialling codes Non-geographic numbers Number changes All - figure dialling Area name changes Big Number Change Code misconceptions PhONEday Special numbers 100 101 105 111 112 116000 116111 116123 118xxx 123 141 1471 150 155 1571 1572 999 Notes Numbers above can be dialled only from within the United Kingdom . Numbers below can be dialled within the United Kingdom by prefixing with a 0 or with + 44 , and from outside the United Kingdom by prefixing with + 44 . Geographic area codes 113 114 115 116 117 118 1200 1202 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 121 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1239 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1248 1249 1250 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299", "31": "1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 131 1320 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1332 1333 1334 1335 1337 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1366 1367 1368 1369 1371 1372 1373 1375 1376 1377 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1386 1387 13873 1388 1389 1392 1394 1395 1397 1398 1400 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 141 1420 1422 1423 1424 1425 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1499 1501 1502 1503 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 151", "32": "1520 1522 1524 15242 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1534 1535 1536 1538 1539 15394 15395 15396 1540 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1586 1588 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1597 1598 1599 1600 1603 1604 1606 1608 1609 161 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1628 1629 1630 1631 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1641 1642 1643 1644 1646 1647 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1659 1661 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1680 1681 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1694 1695 1697 16973 16974 16977 1698 1700 1702 1704 1706 1707 1708 1709 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1732", "33": "1733 1736 1737 1738 1740 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 17683 17684 17687 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1782 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1803 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1827 1828 1829 1830 1832 1833 1834 1835 1837 1838 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1847 1848 1851 1852 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1892 1895 1896 1899 1900 1902 1903 1904 1905 1908 1909 191 1920 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1928 1929 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1937 1938 1939 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 19467 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955", "34": "1957 1959 1962 1963 1964 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1974 1975 1977 1978 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 20 23 24 28 29 Non-geographic prefixes charged at geographic rate 300 302 303 306 308 330 331 332 333 342 343 344 345 370 371 372 373 Personal , pager , VoIP and corporate numbering 55 56 70 76 Mobile telephone prefixes 71xx 72xx 73xx 74xx 75xx 7624 77xx 78xx 79xx Non-geographic prefixes that are free - to - caller 500 800 808 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge 842 843 844 845 870 871 872 873 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 911 912 913 Non-geographic prefixes with additional Service Charge used for Adult services 908 909 982 983 984 989 Telephone numbers in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia", "35": "Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom Economy of the United Kingdom Science and technology in the United Kingdom Companies Infrastructure providers Arqiva Babcock International BT Wholesale and Ventures Openreach Interxion TelecityGroup Telehouse Europe Service providers Current Andrews & Arnold Asda Mobile BT Group BT Consumer BT Business and Public Sector BT Global Services EE Plusnet Claranet Colt Group The Co-operative Cable & Wireless Communications Delight Mobile Family Mobile Inmarsat KCOM Group Eclipse Internet Lebara Mobile Lycamobile Mapesbury Communications O2 ( UK ) Giffgaff Sky Sky Broadband Talkmobile TalkTalk Group AOL Broadband TalkTalk Business TalkTalk Mobile TalkTalk TV Telecom Plus Tesco Mobile Three SMARTY Tru Virgin Media Virgin Media Business Virgin Mobile UK Vodafone Vodafone UK Voipfone WightFibre Zen Internet Defunct Atlantic Telegraph Company Be Un Limited Bonelli 's Electric Telegraph Company Cable & Wireless plc Cable & Wireless Worldwide Dolphin Telecom Electric Telegraph Company Energis General Post Office Ionica", "36": "London and Provincial District Telegraph Company Mercury Communications Mobile by Sainsbury 's National Telephone Company NTL Orange UK Ovivo Post Office Telecommunications Pipex Rabbit Stan Mobile Tiscali UK T - Mobile UK Universal Private Telegraph Company Suppliers Current ARM Holdings Artevea CSR Icera Metaswitch Pace Sarantel Spirent Telent Defunct GEC Plessey Telecommunications Marconi Company Marconi Communications PicoChip Standard Telephones and Cables Other Carphone Warehouse Hibu Phones 4u Dial - a-Phone Government and regulatory bodies Broadband Stakeholder Group Defence Science and Technology Laboratory European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations International Telecommunication Union Ofcom PhonepayPlus Industry bodies GSM Association Internet Service Providers Association LONAP London Internet Exchange MaNAP Symbian Foundation Internet Telephony Services Providers ' Association Other Adastral Park British Approvals Board for Telecommunications British Telecommunications Act 1981 British telephone sockets BT Research BT site engineering code Communications Act 2003 Earth stations in the United Kingdom Hull Colour Pages Interception of Communications Act 1985 Internet in the United Kingdom Telegraph Act Telegraph Act 1868 Telegraph Act 1885 Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom UK telephone code misconceptions Web blocking in the United Kingdom Category Commons Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network", "37": "Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "38": "php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=837377383 '' Categories : Telephone numbers by country Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom United Kingdom communications - related lists Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2015 Articles that may be too long from March 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Русский Scots Simple English தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 13 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 5, 1, 3, 23, 30, 2, 4, 0, 10, 9, 13, 21, 11, 34, 28, 22, 8, 18, 19, 12, 38, 6, 20, 7, 15, 17, 24, 27, 14, 26, 16, 29, 25, 31, 33, 32, 36, 35, 37 ]	[ 5, 1, 3, 23, 30 ]
5427679691711111925	who were the two mathematicians that invented calculus	[ "Isaac Newton", "Gottfried Leibniz", "Isaac Newton", "Gottfried Leibniz", "Isaac Newton", "Gottfried Leibniz" ]	{ "0": "Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy - wikipedia Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Jump to : navigation , search The calculus controversy ( often referred to with the German term Prioritätsstreit , meaning `` priority dispute '' ) was an argument between 17th - century mathematicians Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz ( begun or fomented in part by their disciples and associates ) over who had first invented the mathematical study of change , calculus . It is a question that had been the cause of a major intellectual controversy , one that began simmering in 1699 and broke out in full force in 1711 . Newton claimed to have begun working on a form of calculus ( which he called `` the method of fluxions and fluents '' ) in 1666 , at the age of 23 , but did not publish it except as a minor annotation in the back of one of his publications decades later ( a relevant Newton manuscript of October 1666 is now published among his mathematical papers ) . Gottfried Leibniz began working on his variant of calculus in 1674 , and in 1684 published his first paper employing it , `` Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis '' . L'Hôpital published a text on Leibniz 's calculus in 1696 ( in which he recognized that Newton 's Principia of 1687 was `` nearly all about this calculus '' ) . Meanwhile , Newton , though he explained his ( geometrical ) form of calculus in Section I of Book I of the Principia of 1687 , did not explain his eventual fluxional notation for the calculus in print until 1693 ( in part ) and 1704 ( in full ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Development 3 References in fiction 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Background ( edit ) The last years of Leibniz 's life , 1710 -- 1716 , were embittered by a long controversy with John Keill , Newton , and others , over whether Leibniz had discovered calculus independently of Newton , or whether he had merely invented another notation for ideas that were fundamentally Newton 's . Newton manipulated the quarrel .", "1": "The most remarkable aspect of this struggle was that no participant doubted for a moment that Newton had already developed his method of fluxions when Leibniz began working on the differential calculus . Yet there was seemingly no proof beyond Newton 's word . He had published a calculation of a tangent with the note : `` This is only a special case of a general method whereby I can calculate curves and determine maxima , minima , and centers of gravity . '' How this was done he explained to a pupil a full 20 years later , when Leibniz 's articles were already well - read . Newton 's manuscripts came to light only after his death . The infinitesimal calculus can be expressed either in the notation of fluxions or in that of differentials , or , as noted above , it was also expressed by Newton in geometrical form , as in the Principia of 1687 . Newton employed fluxions as early as 1666 , but did not publish an account of his notation until 1693 . The earliest use of differentials in Leibniz 's notebooks may be traced to 1675 . He employed this notation in a 1677 letter to Newton . The differential notation also appeared in Leibniz 's memoir of 1684 . The claim that Leibniz invented the calculus independently of Newton rests on the basis that Leibniz : published a description of his method some years before Newton printed anything on fluxions ; always alluded to the discovery as being his own invention . This statement went unchallenged for some years ; enjoyed the strong presumption that he acted in good faith ; demonstrated in his private papers his development of the ideas of calculus in a manner independent of the path taken by Newton . According to Leibniz 's detractors , the fact that Leibniz 's claim went unchallenged for some years is immaterial . To rebut this case it is sufficient to show that he : saw some of Newton 's papers on the subject in or before 1675 or at least 1677 obtained the fundamental ideas of the calculus from those papers . No attempt was made to rebut # 4 , which was not known at the time , but which provides the strongest of the evidence that Leibniz came to the calculus independently from Newton .", "2": "This evidence , however , is still questionable based on the discovery , in the Inquest and after , that Leibniz both back - dated and changed fundamentals of his `` original '' notes , not only in this intellectual conflict , but in several others ( he also published `` anonymous '' slanders of Newton regarding their controversy which he tried , initially , to claim he was not author of ) . Assuming good faith , however , Leibniz 's notes as presented to the inquest came first to integration , which he saw as a generalization of the summation of infinite series , whereas Newton began from derivatives . However , to view the development of calculus as entirely independent between the work of Newton and Leibniz misses the point that both had some knowledge of the methods of the other ( though Newton did develop most fundamentals before Leibniz started ) and in fact worked together on a few aspects , in particular power series , as is shown in a letter to Henry Oldenburg dated 24 October 1676 , where Newton remarks that Leibniz had developed a number of methods , one of which was new to him . Both Leibniz and Newton could see by this exchange of letters that the other was far along towards the calculus ( Leibniz in particular mentions it ) but only Leibniz was prodded thereby into publication . That Leibniz saw some of Newton 's manuscripts had always been likely . In 1849 , C.I. Gerhardt , while going through Leibniz 's manuscripts , found extracts from Newton 's De Analysi per Equationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas ( published in 1704 as part of the De Quadratura Curvarum but also previously circulated among mathematicians starting with Newton giving a copy to Isaac Barrow in 1669 and Barrow sending it to John Collins ) in Leibniz 's handwriting , the existence of which had been previously unsuspected , along with notes re-expressing the content of these extracts in Leibniz 's differential notation . Hence when these extracts were made becomes all - important . It is known that a copy of Newton 's manuscript had been sent to Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus in May 1675 , a time when he and Leibniz were collaborating ; it is not impossible that these extracts were made then .", "3": "It is also possible that they may have been made in 1676 , when Leibniz discussed analysis by infinite series with Collins and Oldenburg . It is probable that they would have then shown him the manuscript of Newton on that subject , a copy of which one or both of them surely possessed . On the other hand , it may be supposed that Leibniz made the extracts from the printed copy in or after 1704 . Shortly before his death , Leibniz admitted in a letter to Abbé Antonio Schinella Conti , that in 1676 Collins had shown him some of Newton 's papers , but Leibniz also implied that they were of little or no value . Presumably he was referring to Newton 's letters of 13 June and 24 October 1676 , and to the letter of 10 December 1672 , on the method of tangents , extracts from which accompanied the letter of 13 June . Whether Leibniz made use of the manuscript from which he had copied extracts , or whether he had previously invented the calculus , are questions on which no direct evidence is available at present . It is , however , worth noting that the unpublished Portsmouth Papers show that when Newton went carefully into the whole dispute in 1711 , he picked out this manuscript as the one which had probably somehow fallen into Leibniz 's hands . At that time there was no direct evidence that Leibniz had seen Newton 's manuscript before it was printed in 1704 ; hence Newton 's conjecture was not published . But Gerhardt 's discovery of a copy made by Leibniz tends to confirm its accuracy . Those who question Leibniz 's good faith allege that to a man of his ability , the manuscript , especially if supplemented by the letter of 10 December 1672 , sufficed to give him a clue as to the methods of the calculus . Since Newton 's work at issue did employ the fluxional notation , anyone building on that work would have to invent a notation , but some deny this . Development ( edit ) The quarrel was a retrospective affair .", "4": "In 1696 , already some years later than the events that became the subject of the quarrel , the position still looked potentially peaceful : Newton and Leibniz had each made limited acknowledgements of the other 's work , and L'Hôpital's 1696 book about the calculus from a Leibnizian point of view had also acknowledged Newton 's published work of the 1680s as `` nearly all about this calculus '' ( `` presque tout de ce calcul '' ) , while expressing preference for the convenience of Leibniz 's notation . At first , there was no reason to suspect Leibniz 's good faith . In 1699 , Nicolas Fatio de Duillier , a Swiss mathematician known for his work on the zodiacal light problem , accused Leibniz of plagiarizing Newton . It was not until the 1704 publication of an anonymous review of Newton 's tract on quadrature , a review implying that Newton had borrowed the idea of the fluxional calculus from Leibniz , that any responsible mathematician doubted that Leibniz had invented the calculus independently of Newton . With respect to the review of Newton 's quadrature work , all admit that there was no justification or authority for the statements made therein , which were rightly attributed to Leibniz . But the subsequent discussion led to a critical examination of the whole question , and doubts emerged . Had Leibniz derived the fundamental idea of the calculus from Newton ? The case against Leibniz , as it appeared to Newton 's friends , was summed up in the Commercium Epistolicum of 1712 , which referenced all allegations . This document was thoroughly machined by Newton . No such summary ( with facts , dates , and references ) of the case for Leibniz was issued by his friends ; but Johann Bernoulli attempted to indirectly weaken the evidence by attacking the personal character of Newton in a letter dated 7 June 1713 . When pressed for an explanation , Bernoulli most solemnly denied having written the letter . In accepting the denial , Newton added in a private letter to Bernoulli the following remarks , Newton 's claimed reasons for why he took part in the controversy .", "5": "He said , `` I have never grasped at fame among foreign nations , but I am very desirous to preserve my character for honesty , which the author of that epistle , as if by the authority of a great judge , had endeavoured to wrest from me . Now that I am old , I have little pleasure in mathematical studies , and I have never tried to propagate my opinions over the world , but I have rather taken care not to involve myself in disputes on account of them . '' Leibniz explained his silence as follows , in a letter to Conti dated 9 April 1716 : In order to respond point by point to all the work published against me , I would have to go into much minutiae that occurred thirty , forty years ago , of which I remember little : I would have to search my old letters , of which many are lost . Moreover , in most cases , I did not keep a copy , and when I did , the copy is buried in a great heap of papers , which I could sort through only with time and patience . I have enjoyed little leisure , being so weighted down of late with occupations of a totally different nature . While Leibniz 's death put a temporary stop to the controversy , the debate persisted for many years . To Newton 's staunch supporters this was a case of Leibniz 's word against a number of contrary , suspicious details . His unacknowledged possession of a copy of part of one of Newton 's manuscripts may be explicable ; but it appears that on more than one occasion , Leibniz deliberately altered or added to important documents ( e.g. , the letter of 7 June 1713 in the Charta Volans , and that of 8 April 1716 in the Acta Eruditorum ) , before publishing them , and falsified a date on a manuscript ( 1675 being altered to 1673 ) . All this casts doubt on his testimony . Several points should be noted . Considering Leibniz 's intellectual prowess , as demonstrated by his other accomplishments , he had more than the requisite ability to invent the calculus .", "6": "What he is alleged to have received was a number of suggestions rather than an account of calculus ; it is possible that since he did not publish his results of 1677 until 1684 and since differential notation was his invention , Leibniz may have minimized , 30 years later , any benefit he may have enjoyed from reading Newton 's manuscript . Moreover , he may have seen the question of who originated the calculus as immaterial when set against the expressive power of his notation . In any event , a bias favoring Newton tainted the whole affair from the outset . The Royal Society set up a committee to pronounce on the priority dispute , in response to a letter it had received from Leibniz . That committee never asked Leibniz to give his version of the events . The report of the committee , finding in favor of Newton , was written and published as `` Commercium Epistolicum '' ( mentioned above ) by Newton early in 1713 . But Leibniz did not see it until the autumn of 1714 . The prevailing opinion in the 18th century was against Leibniz ( in Britain , not in the German - speaking world ) . Today the consensus is that Leibniz and Newton independently invented and described the calculus in Europe in the 17th century . It was certainly Isaac Newton who first devised a new infinitesimal calculus and elaborated it into a widely extensible algorithm , whose potentialities he fully understood ; of equal certainty , differential and integral calculus , the fount of great developments flowing continuously from 1684 to the present day , was created independently by Gottfried Leibniz . -- Hall 1980 : 1 One author has identified the dispute as being about `` profoundly different '' methods : Despite ... points of resemblance , the methods ( of Newton and Leibniz ) are profoundly different , so making the priority row a nonsense . -- Grattan - Guinness 1997 : 247 On the other hand , other authors have emphasized the equivalences and mutual translatability of the methods : here N Guicciardini ( 2003 ) appears to confirm L'Hôpital ( 1696 ) ( already cited ) : the Newtonian and Leibnizian schools shared a common mathematical method .", "7": "They adopted two algorithms , the analytical method of fluxions , and the differential and integral calculus , which were translatable one into the other . -- Guicciardini 2003 , at page 250 References in fiction ( edit ) The calculus controversy is a major topic in Neal Stephenson 's set of historical novels The Baroque Cycle ( 2003 -- 04 ) . The antagonistic nature of the dispute plays a role in Greg Keyes ' steampunk alternate history series The Age of Unreason . Briefly mentioned by Walter Bishop in the Season 1 episode of Fringe , entitled `` The Equation '' . It 's not so surprising actually . Curious minds often converge on the same idea . Newton and Leibniz independently , without knowing each other , invented calculus . The relevant question is what is it ? The controversy is referenced in the Season 3 entry of Epic Rap Battles of History featuring Isaac Newton ( portrayed by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic ) performing a rap battle against Bill Nye ( Nice Peter ) and Neil deGrasse Tyson ( Chali 2na ) . Tyson delivers a rap line stating that Newton was busy `` sticking daggers in Leibniz '' . In an episode of The Big Bang Theory , Leonard is accused of not wanting the bust of Isaac Newton at the top of the Christmas tree by Sheldon , saying it is because he is a Leibniz man . See also ( edit ) Book : Isaac Newton History of calculus Possibility of transmission of Kerala School results to Europe List of scientific priority disputes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DT Whiteside ( ed . ) , The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton ( Volume 1 ) , ( Cambridge University Press , 1967 ) , part 7 `` The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions '' , at page 400 , in 2008 reprint . Jump up ^ Section I of Book I of the Principia , explaining `` the method of first and last ratios '' , a geometrical form of infinitesimal calculus , as recognized both in Newton 's time and in modern times -- see citations above by L'Hospital ( 1696 ) , Truesdell ( 1968 ) and Whiteside ( 1970 ) -- is available online in its English translation of 1729 , at page 41 .", "8": "^ Jump up to : Marquis de l'Hôpital 's original words about the ' Principia ' : `` lequel est presque tout de ce calcul '' : see the preface to his Analyse des Infiniment Petits ( Paris , 1696 ) . The Principia has been called `` a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus '' also in modern times : see Clifford Truesdell , Essays in the History of Mechanics ( Berlin , 1968 ) , at p. 99 ; for a similar view of another modern scholar see also Whiteside , D.T. ( 1970 ) . `` The mathematical principles underlying Newton 's Principia Mathematica '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 1 : 116 -- 138 , especially at p. 120 . Bibcode : 1970JHA ... 1 ... 116W . Jump up ^ The manuscript , written mostly in Latin , is numbered Add . 3977.4 ; it is contained in the library at the University of Cambridge . See this page for more details . Jump up ^ Gjertsen , D. ( 1986 ) . The Newton Handbook . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 149 . Jump up ^ G.V. Coyne , p. 112 ; Rupert Hall , Philosophers at War , pages 106 -- 107 ; David Brewster , The Life of Sir Isaac Newton , p. 185 Jump up ^ Niccolò Guicciardini , `` Reading the Principia : The Debate on Newton 's Mathematical Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 '' , ( Cambridge University Press , 2003 ) , at page 250 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Ball , W.W. Rouse ( 1908 ) . A Short Account of the History of Mathematics . New York : MacMillan . Sources ( edit ) W.W. Rouse Ball ( 1908 ) A Short Account of the History of Mathematics ) , 4th ed .", "9": "Richard C. Brown ( 2012 ) Tangled origins of the Leibnitzian Calculus : A case study of mathematical revolution , World Scientific ISBN 9789814390804 Ivor Grattan - Guinness ( 1997 ) The Norton History of the Mathematical Sciences . WW Norton . Hall , A.R. ( 1980 ) Philosophers at War : The Quarrel between Newton and Gottfried Leibniz . Cambridge University Press . Stephen Hawking ( 1988 ) A Brief History of Time From the Big Bang to Black Holes . Bantam Books . Kandaswamy , Anand . The Newton / Leibniz Conflict in Context . External links ( edit ) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe , Reihe VII : Mathematische Schriften , vol. 5 : Infinitesimalmathematik 1674 - 1676 , Berlin : Akademie Verlag , 2008 , pp. 288 -- 295 ( `` Analyseos tetragonisticae pars secunda '' , October 29 , 1675 ) and 321 -- 331 ( `` Methodi tangentium inversae exempla '' , November 11 , 1675 ) . Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , `` Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis ... '' , 1684 ( Latin original ) ( English translation ) Isaac Newton , `` Newton 's Waste Book ( Part 3 ) ( Normalized Version ) '' : 16 May 1666 entry ( The Newton Project ) Isaac Newton , `` De Analysi per Equationes Numero Terminorum Infinitas ( Of the Quadrature of Curves and Analysis by Equations of an Infinite Number of Terms ) '' , in : Sir Isaac Newton 's Two Treatises , James Bettenham , 1745 . Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries (", "10": "1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Phrases", "11": "`` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things named after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Mathematics and philosophy Alternating series test Best of all possible worlds Calculus ratiocinator Characteristica universalis Difference Identity of indiscernibles Law of Continuity Leibniz wheel Leibniz 's gap Pre-established harmony Principle of sufficient reason Salva veritate Theodicy Transcendental law of homogeneity Vis viva Well - founded phenomenon Works De Arte Combinatoria ( 1666 ) Discourse on Metaphysics ( 1686 ) New Essays on Human Understanding ( 1704 ) Théodicée ( 1710 ) Monadology ( 1714 ) Leibniz -- Clarke correspondence ( 1715 -- 1716 ) Other Calculus controversy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "12": "php?title=Leibniz -- Newton_calculus_controversy&oldid = 815220365 '' Categories : Gottfried Leibniz History of calculus Isaac Newton Scientific rivalry Discovery and invention controversies Plagiarism controversies Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Source attribution Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español മലയാളം Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 14 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 6, 2, 1, 9, 10, 4, 3, 12, 8, 0, 7, 11, 5 ]	[ 6, 2, 1, 9, 10 ]
-4620078914335056493	where do red ear slider turtles lay eggs	[ "a hole" ]	{ "0": "Red - eared slider - wikipedia Red - eared slider Jump to : navigation , search Red - eared slider Trachemys scripta elegans ( Wied - Neuwied ) , an 1865 engraving by Karl Bodmer , who accompanied the authority on his expedition At the Cincinnati Zoo Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Testudines Suborder : Cryptodira Family : Emydidae Genus : Trachemys Species : T. scripta Subspecies : T. s . elegans Trinomial name Trachemys scripta elegans ( Wied - Neuwied , 1839 ) Synonyms Emys elegans Wied , 1839 Emys holbrookii Gray , 1844 Emys sanguinolenta Gray , 1856 Trachemys elegans Agassiz , 1857 Clemmys elegans Strauch , 1862 Trachemys holbrooki Gray , 1863 ( ex errore ) Trachemys holbrookii Gray , 1869 Trachemys lineata Gray , 1873 Pseudemys elegans Cope , 1875 Chrysemys elegans Boulenger , 1889 Chrysemys scripta var . elegans Boulenger , 1889 Chrysemys palustris elegans Lindholm , 1929 Pseudemys troostii elegans Stejneger & Barbour , 1939 Pseudemys scripta elegans Cagle , 1944 Trachemys scripta elegans Iverson , 1985 Trachemys scripta elagans Fong , Parham & Fu , 2002 ( ex errore ) Trachemys scripta elgans Fong , Parham & Fu , 2002 ( ex errore ) The red - eared slider ( Trachemys scripta elegans ) , also known as the red - eared terrapin , is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae .", "1": "It is a subspecies of the pond slider . It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world . It has , therefore , become the most commonly traded turtle in the world . It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico , but has become established in other places because of pet releases , and has become an invasive species in many areas , where it outcompetes native species . The red - eared slider is included in the list of the world 's 100 most invasive species published by the IUCN . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Taxonomy 3 Description 3.1 Sexual dimorphism 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Behavior 5.1 Hibernation 5.2 Reproduction 6 Red - eared sliders as pets 6.1 Infection risks and United States federal regulations on commercial distribution 6.2 US state law 7 An invasive species in Australia 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Name ( edit ) Red - eared sliders are popular pets around the world . Red - eared sliders get their name from the small red stripe around their ears ... The `` slider '' in their name comes from their ability to slide off rocks and logs and into the water quickly . This species was previously known as Troost 's turtle in honor of an American herpetologist ; Trachemys scripta troostii is now the scientific name for another subspecies , the Cumberland slider . Taxonomy ( edit ) The red - eared slider belongs to the order Testudines , which contains about 250 turtle species . It is a subspecies of Trachemys scripta . They were previously classified under the name Chrysemys scripta elegans . The species Trachemys scripta contains three subspecies : T. s . elegans ( red - eared slider ) , T. s . scripta ( yellow - bellied slider ) , and T. s . troostii ( Cumberland slider ) .", "2": "Description ( edit ) Red - eared slider basking on a floating platform under a sunlamp Plastron of a young red eared slider turtle The carapace of this species can reach more than 40 cm ( 16 in ) in length , but the average length ranges from 15 to 20 cm ( 6 to 8 in ) . The females of the species are usually larger than the males . They typically live between 20 and 30 years , although some individuals have lived for more than 40 years . Their life expectancy is shorter when they are kept in captivity . The quality of their living environment has a strong influence on their lifespans and well being . Female turtle 's foot : Note the short claws . These turtles are poikilotherms , meaning they are unable to regulate their body temperatures independently ; they are completely dependent on the temperature of their environment . For this reason , they need to sunbathe frequently to warm themselves and maintain their body temperatures . The shell is divided into two sections : the upper or dorsal carapace , and the lower , ventral carapace or plastron . The upper carapace consists of the vertebral scutes , which form the central , elevated portion ; pleural scutes that are located around the vertebral scutes ; and then the marginal scutes around the edge of the carapace . The rear marginal scutes are notched . The scutes are bony keratinous elements . The carapace is oval and flattened ( especially in the male ) and has a weak keel that is more pronounced in the young . The color of the carapace changes depending on the age of the turtle . The carapace usually has a dark green background with light and dark , highly variable markings . In young or recently hatched turtles , it is leaf green and gets slightly darker as a turtle gets older , until it is a very dark green , and then turns a shade between brown and olive green . The plastron is always a light yellow with dark , paired , irregular markings in the centre of most scutes . The plastron is highly variable in pattern . The head , legs , and tail are green with fine , irregular , yellow lines . The whole shell is covered in these stripes and markings that aid in camouflaging an individual .", "3": "The turtle can retract its head and extremities inside its shell if it feels threatened . Turtles also have a complete skeletal system , with partially webbed feet that help them to swim and that can be withdrawn inside the carapace along with the head and tail . The red stripe on each side of the head distinguishes the red - eared slider from all other North American species and gives this species its name , as the stripe is located behind the eyes where their ( external ) ears would be . These stripes may lose their color over time . Some individuals can also have a small mark of the same color on the top of their heads . The red - eared slider does not have a visible outer ear or an external auditory canal ; instead , it relies on a middle ear entirely covered by a cartilaginous tympanic disc . The main internal organs of these reptiles are the lungs , heart , stomach , liver , intestines , and the urinary bladder . A cloaca serves both excretory and reproductive functions . Sexual Dimorphism ( edit ) Male red - eared slider : Note the large claws on the front foot Some dimorphism exists between males and females . Red - eared slider young look practically identical regardless of their sex , making it difficult to determine their sex . However , there is another method to determine their sex , by inspecting the markings under their carapace . These markings will fade as the turtles age . It is much easier to distinguish the sex of adults , as the shells of mature males are smaller than those of females . Male red - eared sliders reach sexual maturity when their carapaces ' diameters measure 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) and females reach maturity when their carapaces measure 15 cm . Both male and females reach sexual maturity at five to six years . The male is normally smaller than the female , although this parameter is sometimes difficult to apply as individuals being compared could be of different ages . Males have longer claws on their front feet than the females ; this helps them to hold on to a female during mating and is used during courtship displays . The male 's tail is thicker and longer , it has a dark coloured retractable sexual organ known as their penis , inside the tail .", "4": "Typically , the cloacal opening of the female is at or under the rear edge of the carapace , while the male 's opening occurs beyond the edge of the carapace . The male 's plastron is slightly concave , while that of the female is completely flat . The male 's concave plastron also helps to stabilize the male on the female 's carapace during mating . Older males can sometimes have a dark greyish - olive green melanistic coloration , with very subdued markings . The red stripe on the sides of the head may be difficult to see or be absent . The female 's appearance is substantially the same throughout her life . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) The red - eared slider originated from the area around the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico , in warm climates in the southeastern United States . Their native areas range from the southeast of Colorado to Virginia and Florida . In nature , they inhabit areas with a source of still , warm water , such as ponds , lakes , swamps , creeks , streams , or slow - flowing rivers . They live in areas of calm water where they are able to leave the water easily by climbing onto rocks or tree trunks so they can warm up in the sun . Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other . They also require abundant aquatic plants , as these are the adults ' main food , although they are omnivores . Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching for a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs . Owing to their popularity as pets , red - eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world . The turtle is considered one of the world 's worst invasive species . Feral populations are now found in Australia , Europe , South Africa , the Caribbean Islands , Israel , Bahrain , the Mariana Islands , Guam , and southeast and far - east Asia . In Australia , it is illegal for members of the public to import , keep , trade , or release red - eared sliders , as they are regarded as an invasive species - see below . Their import has been banned by the European Union as well as specific EU member countries .", "5": "In 2015 Japan announced it was planning to ban the import of red - eared sliders , but it would probably not take effect until 2020 . Invasive red - eared sliders cause negative impacts in the ecosystems they occupy because they have certain advantages over the native populations , such as a lower age at maturity , higher fecundity rates , and larger body size , which gives them a competitive advantage at basking and nesting sites , as well as when exploiting food resources . They also transmit diseases and displace the other turtle species with which they compete for food and breeding space . Behavior ( edit ) Red - eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic , but as they are cold - blooded , they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature . Play media Flipping over procedure extending the neck Hibernation ( edit ) Red Eared Sliders do not hibernate , but actually brumate ; while they become less active , they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air . Brumation can occur to varying degrees . In the wild , red - eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes . They generally become inactive in October , when temperatures fall below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . During this time , the turtles enter a state of sopor , during which they do not eat or defecate , they remain nearly motionless , and the frequency of their breathing falls . Individuals usually brumate underwater , but they have also been found under banks and rocks , and in hollow stumps . In warmer winter climates , they can become active and come to the surface for basking . When the temperature begins to drop again , however , they quickly return to a brumation state . Sliders generally come up for food in early March to as late as the end of April . During brumation , T. s . elegans can survive anaerobically for weeks , producing ATP from glycolysis . The turtle 's metabolic rate drops dramatically , with heart rate and cardiac output dropping by 80 % to minimise energy requirements . The lactic acid produced is buffered by minerals in the shell , preventing acidosis . Red - eared sliders kept captive indoors should not brumate .", "6": "Red - eared slider sunbathing : Heat absorption is more effective when their limbs are stretched outwards . Reproduction ( edit ) Hatching turtle with its egg tooth Female laying eggs in a nest she dug out with her hind legs Courtship and mating activities for red - eared sliders usually occur between March and July , and take place under water . During courtship , the male swims around the female and flutters or vibrates the back side of his long claws on and around her face and head , possibly to direct pheromones towards her . The female swims toward the male and , if she is receptive , sinks to the bottom for mating . If the female is not receptive , she may become aggressive towards the male . Courtship can last 45 minutes , but mating takes only 10 minutes . A pair of red - eared sliders . On occasion , a male may appear to be courting another male , and when kept in captivity may also show this behaviour towards other household pets . Between male turtles , it could be a sign of dominance and may preclude a fight . Young turtles may carry out the courtship dance before they reach sexual maturity at five years of age , but they are unable to mate . After mating , the female spends extra time basking to keep her eggs warm . She may also have a change of diet , eating only certain foods , or not eating as much as she normally would . A female can lay between two and 30 eggs depending on body size and other factors . One female can lay up to five clutches in the same year , and clutches are usually spaced 12 to 36 days apart . The time between mating and egg - laying can be days or weeks . The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg - laying . This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season , as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female 's body in the absence of mating . During the last weeks of gestation , the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground , indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs . The female excavates a hole , using her hind legs , and lays her eggs in it . Incubation takes 59 to 112 days .", "7": "Late - season hatchlings may spend the winter in the nest and emerge when the weather warms in the spring . Just prior to hatching , the egg contains 50 % turtle and 50 % egg sac . A new hatchling breaks open its egg with its egg tooth , which falls out about an hour after hatching . This egg tooth never grows back . Hatchlings may stay inside their eggshells after hatching for the first day or two . If they are forced to leave the eggshell before they are ready , they will return if possible . When a hatchling decides to leave the shell , it still has a small sac protruding from its plastron . The yolk sac is vital and provides nourishment while visible , and several days later it will have been absorbed into the turtle 's belly . The sac must be absorbed , and does not fall off . The split must heal on its own before the turtle is able to swim . The time between the egg hatching and water entry is 21 days . Damage to or inordinate motion of the protruding egg yolk , enough to allow air into the turtle 's body , results in death . This is the main reason for marking the top of turtle eggs if their relocation is required for any reason . An egg turned upside down will eventually terminate the embryo 's growth by the sac smothering the embryo . If it manages to reach term , the turtle will try to flip over with the yolk sac , which would allow air into the body cavity and cause death . The other fatal danger is water getting into the body cavity before the sac is absorbed completely and while the opening has not completely healed yet . The sex of red - eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos ' development . Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of 22 -- 27 ° C ( 72 -- 81 ° F ) , whereas females develop at warmer temperatures . Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos . Red - eared sliders as pets ( edit ) T. s . elegans Red - eared slider turtles are the world 's most commonly traded reptile , due to their relatively low price , small size and easy maintenance .", "8": "As with other turtles , tortoises , and box turtles , individuals that survive their first year or two can be expected to live generally around 30 years . But they are an infection risk , and when they mature they can inflict painful bites , which results in many being dumped into the wild with negative ecological , social and economic impacts . Infection risks and United States federal regulations on commercial distribution ( edit ) A line of basking red - eared sliders faces an inquisitive mallard . Reptiles are asymptomatic ( meaning they suffer no adverse side effects ) carriers of bacteria of the genus Salmonella . This has given rise to justifiable concerns given the many instances of infection of humans caused by the handling of turtles , which has led to restrictions in the sale of red - eared sliders in the USA . A 1975 U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) regulation bans the sale ( for general commercial and public use ) of both turtle eggs and turtles with a carapace length of less than 4 in ( 10 cm ) . This regulation comes under the Public Health Service Act , and is enforced by the FDA in cooperation with state and local health jurisdictions . The ban was enacted because of the public health impact of turtle - associated salmonellosis . Turtles and turtle eggs found to be offered for sale in violation of this provision are subject to destruction in accordance with FDA procedures . A fine of up to $1,001 and / or imprisonment for up to one year is the penalty for those who refuse to comply with a valid final demand for destruction of such turtles or their eggs . Many stores and flea markets still sell small turtles due to an exception in the FDA regulation which allows turtles under 4 in ( 10 cm ) to be sold `` for bona fide scientific , educational , or exhibition purposes , other than use as pets . '' As with many other animals and inanimate objects , the risk of Salmonella exposure can be reduced by following basic rules of cleanliness . Small children must be taught to wash their hands immediately after they finish playing with the turtle , feeding it , or changing its water . U.S. state law ( edit ) Some states have other laws and regulations regarding possession of red - eared sliders because they can be an invasive species where they are not native and have been introduced through the pet trade .", "9": "Now , it is illegal in Florida to sell any wild - type red - eared slider , as they interbreed with the local yellow - bellied slider population -- Trachemys scripta scripta is another subspecies of pond sliders , and hybrids typically combine the markings of the two subspecies . However , unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red - eared sliders , which are derived from captive breeding , are still allowed for sale . Male red - eared slider in an outdoor pond with goldfish and koi An Invasive species in Australia ( edit ) In Australia , breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland , and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria , the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia . Red - eared slider turtles are considered a significant threat to native turtle species - they mature more quickly , grow larger , produce more offspring and are more aggressive . Numerous studies provide evidence that red - eared slider turtles can out - compete native turtles for food and nesting and basking sites . Because red - eared slider turtles eat plants as well as animals , they could also have a negative impact on a range of native aquatic species , including rare frogs . There is also a significant risk that red - eared slider turtles will transfer diseases and parasites to native reptile species . There is evidence that a malaria - like parasite was spread to two wild turtle populations in Lane Cove River , Sydney . Social and economic costs are also likely to be substantial . The Queensland government has invested close to $1 million AUD in eradication programs to date . As outlined in the foregoing section , the turtle may also have significant public health costs due to the impacts of turtle - associated salmonella on human health . Outbreaks in multiple states and fatalities in children , associated with handling salmonella - infected turtles , have been recorded in the USA . Salmonella can also spread to humans when turtles contaminate drinking water . There have been varying degrees of action by state governments to date , ranging from ongoing eradication efforts by the Queensland government to very little action by the government of New South Wales . Experts have ranked the species as high priority for management in Australia and are calling for a national prevention and eradication strategy , including a concerted education and compliance program to stop the illegal trade , possession and release of slider turtles .", "10": "In popular culture ( edit ) Within the second volume of the Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the popular comic book heroes were revealed as specimens of the red - eared slider . The popularity of the Turtles led to a craze for keeping them as pets in Great Britain , and subsequent ecological havoc as turtles were accidentally or deliberately released into the wild . See also ( edit ) Yellow - eared slider References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fritz Uwe ; Peter Havaš ( 2007 ) . `` Checklist of Chelonians of the World '' ( PDF ) . Vertebrate Zoology. 57 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 208 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boylan Sánchez Efrén . `` Las Tortugas '' . Ed . Antártida . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Acuario de Veracruz '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Lowe S. , Browne M. , Boudjelas S. ( 2000 ) . 100 of the World 's Worst Invasive Alien Species . A Selection From the Global Invasive Species Database . IUCN / SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ) , Auckland , New Zealand . Jump up ^ Win Kirkpatrick , Amanda Page & Marion Massam ( November 2007 ) . Pond Slider ( Trachemys scripta ) risk assessments for Australia ( PDF ) . Department of Agriculture and Food , Western Australia . Jump up ^ `` Tortugas : La Tortuga de Florida '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tortuga de orejas rojas '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tortuga de Orejas Rojas '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 .", "11": "^ Jump up to : Rodríguez Garrido María del Carmen . `` Tortugas en Estanques de jardín '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Jakob Christensen - Dalsgaard , Christian Brandt , Katie L. Willis , Christian Bech Christensen , Darlene Ketten , Peggy Edds - Walton , Richard R. Fay , Peter T. Madsen and Catherine E. Carr ( 2012 ) . `` Specialization for underwater hearing by the tympanic middle ear of the turtle , Trachemys scripta elegans '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . The Royal Society . 279 ( 1739 ) : 2816 -- 2824 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2012.0290 . PMC 3367789 . PMID 22438494 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Animal Diversity Web : ' ' Tachemys scripta ' ' '' . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ J Whitfield Gibbons & Jeffery E Lovich ( 1990 ) . `` Sexual Dimorphism in Turtles with Emphasis on the Slider Turtle ( Trachemys scripta ) '' ( PDF ) . Herpetological Monographs . The Herpetological League . 4 . doi : 10.2307 / 1466966 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ H Mohan - Gibbons & T Norton ( 2010 ) . `` Turtles , tortoises and terrapins '' . In VV Tynes . Behaviour of Exotic Pets . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 0 8138 0078 3 . Jump up ^ DP O'Rourke and J Schumacher ( 2002 ) . `` Biology and Diseases of Reptiles '' . In James G. Fox ; Lynn C. Anderson ; Franklin M. Loew ; Fred W. Quimby . Laboratory Animal Medicine . Academic Press . ISBN 978 0 12 263951 7 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Red - eared slider Turtle '' . Encyclopaedia of North American Reptiles and Amphibians . Mobile Reference. 2009 - 12 - 15 . ISBN 1605014591 . Jump up ^ `` SCOTLAND Turtle mania causes welfare headache '' . BBC News . 2000 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lowe S. , Browne M. , Boudjelas S. , De Poorter M. ( 2000 ) 100 of the World 's Worst Invasive Alien Species A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database . Published by The Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ) a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission ( SSC ) of the World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) , Updated and reprinted version : November 2004 . http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/worst_100/english_100_worst.pdf , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 ^ Jump up to : Scalera , Riccardo . `` Trachemys scripta '' ( PDF ) . Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe . Europe Aliens . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Heidy Kikillus , K. ; Hare , K.M. ; Hartley , S. ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Minimizing false - negatives when predicting the potential distribution of an invasive species : a bioclimatic envelope for the red - eared slider at global and regional scales '' . Animal Conservation. 13 : 5 -- 15 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1795.2008. 00299. x . ISSN 1469 - 1795 . Jump up ^ `` Red - eared slider '' ( PDF ) . Animal Pest Alert. 6 . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Species listed in the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations '' . European Commission Environment. 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2013 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Capdevila Argüelles Laura ; Ángela Iglesias García ; Jorge F. Orueta ; Bernardo Zilletti . `` Lista negra preliminar de EEI para España '' . Especies Exóticas Invasoras : Diagnóstico y bases para la prevención y el manejo ( PDF ) . Madrid : Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales . Ministerio De Medio Ambiente . ISBN 84 - 8014 - 667 - 2 . Jump up ^ Japan to ban imports of red - eared slider turtles July 30 , 2015 The Japan Times Retrieved March 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ B Parry . `` The red eared slider and hickatee on Grand Cayman '' . British Chelonia Group . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pendlebury , Paul ; Bringsøe , H. ; Pendelbury , Paul ( 2006 ) . `` NOBANIS -- Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet -- Trachemys scripta '' . Global Invasive Species Database . IUCN / SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ) . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hicks , J.M. ; Farrell , A.P. ( 2000 ) . `` The cardiovascular responses of the red - eared slider ( Trachemys scripta ) acclimated to either 22 or 5 degrees C.I. Effects of anoxic exposure on in vivo cardiac performance '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 203 ( Pt 24 ) : 3765 -- 3774 . PMID 11076774 . Jump up ^ Hicks , J.M. ; Farrell , A.P. ( 2000 ) . `` The cardiovascular responses of the red - eared slider ( Trachemys scripta ) acclimated to either 22 or 5 degrees C. II . Effects of anoxia on adrenergic and cholinergic control '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 203 ( Pt 24 ) : 3775 -- 3784 . PMID 11076740 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Krivoruchko , A. ; Storey , K.B. ( 2010 ) . `` Forever Young : Mechanisms of Natural Anoxia Tolerance and Potential Links to Longevity '' . Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 3 ( 3 ) : 186 -- 198 . doi : 10.4161 / oxim. 3.3. 12356 . PMC 2952077 . PMID 20716943 . Jump up ^ J Chitty & A Raftery ( 2013 ) . `` Biology '' . Essentials of Tortoise Medicine and Surgery . Wiley Blackwell . p. 38 . ISBN 978 1 4051 9544 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reproducción '' . Archived from the original on 25 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Trachemys scripta ; Turtles of the World by Ernst , et al '' . Nlbif.eti.uva.nl . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Loza V. Antonio . `` Trachemys scripta elegans ( Tortuga de orejas rojas ) '' . Archived from the original on 17 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Washington NatureMapping Program , Animal Facts : Red - eared Slider . Retrieved : 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Csurhes S , Hankamer C. 2012 . Red - eared slider turtle . Invasive species risk assessment . Queensland Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry Jump up ^ `` Turtle Source 's Slider Guide -- Introduction -- Is a slider right for you ? '' . Turtlesource.webs.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Csurhes S , Hankamer C. 2012 . Red - eared slider turtle . Invasive species risk assessment .", "15": "Queensland Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry . Jump up ^ Iglesias Isabel . `` Tortuga de orejas rojas '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Exposure to Turtles Jump up ^ GCTTS FAQ : `` 4 Inch Law '' , actually an FDA regulation Jump up ^ Turtles intrastate and interstate requirements ; FDA Regulation , Sec. 1240.62 , page 678 part d1 . Jump up ^ Turtle ban begins today ; New state law , newszap.com , 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Csurhes S , Hankamer C. 2012 ( Updated 2016 ) ; Red - eared slider turtle ; Invasive animal risk assessment ; Biosecurity Queensland ; Queensland Government ; https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76836/IPA-Red-Eared-Slider-Turtle-Risk-Assessment.pdf ; retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ For example , see Polo - Cavia , N , López , P and Martín , J 2010 , ' Competitive interactions during basking between native and invasive freshwater turtle species ' , Biological Invasions , vol. 12 ( 7 ) , pp. 2141 -- 2152 Jump up ^ O'Keefe , S ; 2005 ; Investing in conjecture : eradicating the red - eared slider in Queensland ; 13th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference , Wellington , New Zealand Jump up ^ Department of Agriculture and Food 2009 , Red - eared slider animal pest alert no . 6 / 2009 , Department of Agriculture and Food , Western Australia. Social and economic impacts Jump up ^ Center for Disease Control 2007 , ' Turtle associated salmonellosis in humans -- United States 2006 -- 2007 , Center for Disease Control ' , MMWR Weekly , vol. 56 ( 26 ) , pp. 649 -- 652 . Jump up ^ Bomford , M 2008 , Risk assessment models for establishment of exotic vertebrates in Australia and New Zealand ; Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre , Canberra .", "16": "Jump up ^ Invasive Species Council ; 2014 ; Biosecurity Failures in Australia : Red - eared slider turtles ; https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Biosecurity-failures-red-eared-slider-turtles.pdf . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ For example see , Massam , M , Kirkpatrick , W & Page , A 2010 , Assessment and prioritisation of risk for forty introduced animal species , Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre , Canberra ; and Invasive Species Council ; 2014 ; Biosecurity Failures in Australia : Red - eared slider turtles ; https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Biosecurity-failures-red-eared-slider-turtles.pdf . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 ) . Jump up ^ `` ENGLAND ' Hero Turtle ' craze leads to duck deaths '' . BBC News . 2001 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Further reading ( edit ) Rachel M. Bowden : `` A Modified Yolk Biopsy Technique improves survivorship of turtle eggs '' . Cal State East Bay Press Sep. / Oct. 2009 , ISSN 1522 - 2152 pp. 611 -- 615 ( online copy , p. 216 , at Google Books ) Carl H. Ernst , Jeffrey E. Lovich : Turtles of the United States and Canada . Johns Hopkins University Press 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9121 - 2 , pp. 444 -- 470 ( online copy , p. 444 , at Google Books ) James H. Harding : Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region . University of Michigan Press 1997 , ISBN 0 - 472 - 06628 - 5 , pp. 216 -- 220 ( online copy , p. 216 , at Google Books ) John B. Jensen , Carlos D. Camp , Whit Gibbons : Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia . University of Georgia Press 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3111 - 9 , pp. 500 -- 502 ( online copy , p.", "17": "500 , at Google Books ) External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trachemys_scripta_elegans . Discovery Channel 's Animal Planet : Red - eared slider Exotic pets : Information on aquatic turtles & tortoises including a few articles specific to red - eared sliders Gulf Coast Turtle & Tortoise Society : Natural History : Red - eared slider RedEarSider.com , a site about caring for turtles in captivity Family Emydidae ( pond turtles ) Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Testudines Suborder : Cryptodira Superfamily : Testudinoidea Family : Emydidae Genus Species of the subfamily Deirochelyinae Chrysemys Painted turtle Deirochelys Chicken turtle Graptemys Alabama map turtle Barbour 's map turtle Black - knobbed map turtle Cagle 's map turtle Escambia map turtle False map turtle Northern map turtle Ouachita map turtle Pascagoula map turtle Pearl River map turtle Ringed map turtle Texas map turtle Yellow - blotched map turtle Malaclemys Diamondback terrapin Pseudemys Alabama red - bellied cooter Northern red - bellied cooter Florida red - bellied cooter Peninsula cooter Rio Grande cooter River cooter Texas river cooter Trachemys Big Bend slider Baja California slider Central Antillean slider Colombian slider Cuatro Cienegas slider Cuban slider D'Orbigny's slider Hispaniolan slider Jamaican slider Maranhão slider Meso - American slider Nicaraguan slider Ornate slider Pond slider Yaqui slider Species of the subfamily Emydinae Clemmys Spotted turtle Emys Blanding 's turtle European pond turtle Sicilian pond turtle Western pond turtle Glyptemys Bog turtle Wood turtle Terrapene Coahuilan box turtle Common box turtle Ornate box turtle Spotted box turtle Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2011 update : annotated checklist .", "18": "Subspecies and the extinct ( Gyremys sectabilis ) are not included . Extant turtle taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Subclass : Anapsida Order : Chelonii or Testudines Suborder Superfamily Family Subfamily Genus Cryptodira Chelydridae Chelydra Macrochelys Chelonioidea Cheloniidae Carettinae Caretta Lepidochelys Cheloniinae Chelonia Eretmochelys Natator Dermochelyidae Dermochelys Kinosternoidea Dermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Kinosterninae Kinosternon Sternotherus Staurotypinae Claudius Staurotypus Testudinoidea Emydidae Deirochelyinae Chrysemys Deirochelys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Trachemys Emydinae Clemmys Emys Glyptemys Terrapene Geoemydidae Geoemydinae Batagur", "19": "Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys Rhinoclemmydinae Rhinoclemmys Platysternidae Platysternon Testudinidae Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis Geochelone Gopherus Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria Psammobates Pyxis Stigmochelys Testudo Trionychia Carettochelyidae Carettochelys Trionychidae Cyclanorbinae Cyclanorbis Cycloderma Lissemys Trionychinae Amyda Apalone Chitra Dogania Nilssonia Palea Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx Pleurodira Chelidae Chelinae Acanthochelys Chelus Mesoclemmys Phrynops Platemys Rhinemys Chelodininae Chelodina Elseya", "20": "Elusor Emydura Flaviemys Myuchelys Pseudemydura Rheodytes Hydromedusinae Hydromedusa Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa Pelusios Podocnemididae Erymnochelys Peltocephalus Podocnemis Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . Extinct turtles not included .", "21": "Portal Book See also List of Testudines families Taxon identifiers Wd : Q207839 EoL : 1242026 GBIF : 6157026 iNaturalist : 51271 ITIS : 173823 NCBI : 31138 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red-eared_slider&oldid=838430477 '' Categories : Reptiles described in 1839 Feral animals Invasive reptile species Turtles of Europe Reptiles of North America Reptiles of the United States Trachemys Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles prone to spam from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 23 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 4, 3, 7, 11, 14, 6, 2, 16, 13, 18, 8, 5, 17, 10, 21, 15, 0, 9, 19, 12, 20, 1 ]	[ 6, 4, 3, 7, 11 ]
-8055004517352753847	when is the new season of wentworth coming out	[ "19 June 2018", "19 June 2018", "19 June 2018", "19 June 2018", "19 June 2018" ]	{ "0": "Wentworth ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Wentworth ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Wentworth Prison '' redirects here . For other uses , see Wentworth ( disambiguation ) . Wentworth Also known as Wentworth Prison Genre Drama Created by Lara Radulovich David Hannam Reg Watson Starring Danielle Cormack Nicole da Silva Pamela Rabe Kate Atkinson Celia Ireland Shareena Clanton Katrina Milosevic Robbie J. Magasiva Aaron C. Jeffery Tammy MacIntosh Kate Jenkinson Socratis Otto Sigrid Thornton Bernard Curry Leeanna Walsman Kris McQuade Catherine McClements Opening theme Instrumental theme ( season 1 ) `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Pleasantville ( season 2 -- present ) Ending theme Closing instrumental theme ( season 1 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Richard Pleasance Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 58 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jo Porter Producer ( s ) Amanda Crittenden ( series producer ) Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia Australia Release Original network SoHo ( 2013 -- 16 ) Showcase ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Prisoner External links Website Wentworth is an Australian television drama program . It was first broadcast on SoHo on 1 May 2013 . The series serves as a contemporary reimagining of Prisoner , which ran on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986 . Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed Wentworth from Reg Watson 's original concept .", "1": "The series is set in the modern day and initially focuses on Bea Smith 's ( Danielle Cormack ) early days in prison and her subsequent rise to the top of the prison 's hierarchy . Following Cormack 's departure from the show at the end of the fourth season , the series shifted it 's focus onto a more ensemble format . For the first three seasons , Wentworth was filmed on purpose - built sets in the suburbs of Clayton , Victoria . Production moved to Newport , Victoria , starting with the fourth season . The show has received a mostly positive reception from critics , and the first episode became the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history . The series was picked up by several countries , including New Zealand and the UK , where it has been retitled Wentworth Prison . A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017 , which will premiere on 19 June 2018 . A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018 , before the sixth season premiere , with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Streaming 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Remakes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Further information : List of Wentworth episodes Wentworth is set in modern - day Australia and focuses on Bea Smith ( Danielle Cormack ) when she first enters prison after being charged with the attempted murder of her husband . Bea is separated from her daughter and sent to Wentworth on remand , where she lives in `` an uncertain limbo '' until she is sentenced . Starting at the bottom of Wentworth 's hierarchy , Bea is forced to learn how to survive in prison .", "2": "Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 10 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 3 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) SoHo 12 20 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 5 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) 12 7 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) 23 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) 12 10 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) 26 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) 5 12 4 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 20 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) Showcase Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Wentworth characters Main ( edit ) Nicole da Silva as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Francesca `` Franky '' Doyle Kate Atkinson as Governor Vera Bennett Celia Ireland as Inmate Elizabeth `` Liz '' Birdsworth Robbie J. Magasiva as Deputy Governor Will Jackson Katrina Milosevic as Inmate Sue `` Boomer '' Jenkins ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- ) Pamela Rabe as former Governor and Inmate Joan `` The Freak '' Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- ) Tammy Macintosh as `` Top Dog '' Inmate Karen `` Kaz '' Proctor ( recurring season 3 ; main season 4 -- ) Kate Jenkinson as Inmate Allie Novak ( season 4 -- ) Bernard Curry as Correctional Officer Jake Stewart ( season 4 -- ) Sigrid Thornton as Inmate Sonia Stevens ( special guest season 4 ;", "3": "main season 5 -- ) Leah Purcell as Rita Connors ( season 6 -- ) Susie Porter as Marie Winter ( season 6 -- ) Rarriwuy Hick as Ruby Mitchell ( season 6 -- ) Catherine McClements as former Governor Meg Jackson ( season 1 ) Kris McQuade as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Jacqueline `` Jacs '' Holt ( season 1 ) Leeanna Walsman as former Governor Erica Davidson ( season 1 ) Aaron Jeffery as former Correctional Officer Matthew `` Fletch '' Fletcher ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Danielle Cormack as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Bea Smith ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Socratis Otto as Inmate Maxine Conway ( recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ; main seasons 4 -- 5 ) Shareena Clanton as former Inmate Doreen `` Dor '' Anderson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Recurring ( edit ) Ra Chapman as Inmate Kim Chang ( seasons 1 -- ) Jacqueline Brennan as Correctional Officer Linda Miles ( season 1 -- ) Martin Sacks as Board Director new is now acting Governor Derek Channing ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) Bessie Holland as Inmate Stella Radic ( seasons 2 -- ) Libby Tanner as Psychologist Bridget Westfall ( seasons 3 -- ) Charli Tjoe as Inmate Tina Mercado ( seasons 3 -- ) Sally - Anne Upton as Inmate Lucy Gambaro ( seasons 3 -- ) Madeleine Jevic as Nurse Lee Radcliffe ( seasons 4 -- ) Sophia Katos as Inmate Mel Barrett ( seasons 4 -- ) Steve Bastoni as Don Kaplan ( seasons 4 -- ) Hunter Page - Lochard as Shayne Butler ( seasons 4 -- ) Daniielle Alexis as Inmate Dana Malouf ( seasons 5 -- ) Zahra Newman as Inmate Iman Farah ( seasons 5 -- ) Louise Harris as Inmate Ronnie Katsis ( season 1 ) Rondah Dam as Inmate Phillipa `` Pip '' Turner ( season 1 ) John Bach as Jacs ' husband Vinnie Holt ( season 1 ) Melitta", "4": "St Just as Inmate Megan Summers ( season 1 -- 2 ) Steve Le Marquand as Inmate Worker Colin Bates ( season 2 ) Tony Briggs as Correctional Officer Steve Faulkner ( season 2 ) Lynette Curran as Vera 's mother Rita Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jada Alberts as Inmate Toni Goodes ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Annie Jones as Parole Officer Rachel Sanger ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Katherine Halliday as Inmate Sarah Briggs ( season 2 ) Kathryn Beck as Inmate Sky Pierson ( season 2 ) Reef Ireland as Jacs ' son Brayden Holt ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Benne Harrison as Inmate Rosalind `` Roz '' Jago ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Cassandra Magrath as Journalist Hayley Jovanka ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Kasia Kaczmarek as Inmate Lindsay Coulter ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Miles Paras as Inmate Cindy Lou ( season 3 ) Christen O'Leary as Inmate Kelly Bryant ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Pia Miranda as Inmate Jodie Spiteri ( season 3 ) Jake Ryan as Bea 's husband Harry Smith ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) Ally Fowler as Inmate Simone `` Simmo '' Slater ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) Alex Menglet as Joan 's father Ivan Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Edwina Samuels as Inmate Sophie Donaldson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Scott Parmeter as Correctional Officer Chris Bakula ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Damien Richardson as Detective Michael Mears ( season 3 ) Maggie Naouri as Nurse Rose Atkins ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Georgia Chara as Inmate Jess Warner ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Richard Sutherland as Franky 's father Alan Doyle ( seasons 1 , 4 , 5 ) Georgia Flood as Bea 's daughter Debbie Smith ( seasons 1 -- 2 ,", "5": "cameo season 4 ) Tony Nikolakopoulos as Joan 's hired heavy Nils Jasper ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Katerina Kotsonis as Correctional Officer Brenda Murphy ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) Luke McKenzie as Inmate Worker Nash Taylor ( seasons 2 -- 5 ) Marta Kaczmarek as Inmate Marge Nowak ( seasons 2 , 5 ) Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was announced that a contemporary re-imagining of Prisoner had been commissioned by Foxtel . Brian Walsh , the executive director of television at Foxtel , stated that Wentworth would not be a remake of Prisoner , which ran for 692 episodes on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986 . He continued : `` Wentworth will be a dynamic and very confronting drama series , developed and stylised specifically for subscription television audiences . We have told producers to push all boundaries and honestly depict life on the inside as it is in 2012 . '' Lara Radulovich and David Hannam have developed Wentworth from Reg Watson 's original concept . FremantleMedia and director of drama Jo Porter will produce Wentworth . The first episode , and several subsequent episodes , were written by Pete McTighe . Television critic Michael Idato acted as series consultant and Kerry Tucker acted as consultant on authenticity . Porter commented that the series would explore `` the politics of women in a world with few men , and how the experience both challenges and changes them , sometimes for the better . '' Wentworth is set in the modern - day and centres on Bea Smith 's early days in prison . The storylines include a mix of original inmates and staff from Prisoner with characters developed especially for Wentworth . Foxtel told a reporter from The Sydney Morning Herald that the original characters from Prisoner would be a contemporary interpretation in the new series .", "6": "It was initially reported that none of the original cast from Prisoner would appear in the first season of Wentworth , however Anne Charleston , who had a number of small roles in the original series , made a cameo appearance as Liz Birdsworth 's mother - in - law , also Alex Menglet and Gloria Ajenstat who played Ray Proctor and Tammy Fisher in the original series will have guest roles in the new series . Foxtel revealed that the producers were looking at how they might incorporate the Prisoner theme tune , `` On The Inside '' , into the new series . On 5 June 2013 , it was confirmed that Wentworth had been renewed for a second season . A reporter for the Australian Associated Press said production would begin later in the year , and the season would air in 2014 . Porter stated : `` We have assembled an extraordinary team of writers who ca n't wait to get started on series two . We have so many more stories to tell . '' In January 2014 , it was announced that a third season of Wentworth had been ordered , before the second had aired . In a similar manner , a 12 - episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015 . It began airing from 10 May 2016 . Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July . The twelve - part series premiered on 4 April 2017 . On 9 May 2017 , Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season , which is set to premiere on 19 June 2018 . A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018 , before the sixth season premiere , with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019 . Casting ( edit ) On 4 October 2012 , a reporter for The West Australian revealed that Celia Ireland and Kate Atkinson had joined the cast of Wentworth , while Shareena Clanton would make her acting debut as Doreen Anderson . Danielle Cormack was cast in the role of Beatrice `` Queen Bea '' Smith and she stated `` I am absolutely rapt to be part of the reboot of such an iconic drama .", "7": "Prisoner left an indelible mark on fans and I really hope that the re-imagining of this series will be just as popular with viewers now as it was back then . '' Actors Robbie Magasiva and Aaron Jeffery play corrections officers in the detention centre . David Knox from TV Tonight revealed that Nicole da Silva , Kris McQuade , Catherine McClements and Leeanna Walsman had also joined the cast . Following the end of the first season , it was revealed that iconic Prisoner character Joan `` The Freak '' Ferguson , a sadistic , lesbian prison officer , would be introduced in the second season . Porter commented `` Prisoner offered up a very rich well of amazing characters to draw upon and the Wentworth writers are very excited about revisiting the character of prison officer Joan ' The Freak ' Ferguson in our second season . '' Erin McWhirter from TV Week reported that former All Saints actress Tammy MacIntosh was one actress rumoured to have been offered the role . On 21 September 2013 , it was confirmed that Pamela Rabe had been cast as `` The Freak '' . McQuade , McClements and Walsman did not reprise their respective roles of Jacs Holt , Meg Jackson and Erica Davidson for the second season . Katrina Milosevic , who portrays Boomer Jenkins , was upgraded to the main cast . Actresses Pia Miranda , Libby Tanner and Tammy MacIntosh joined the cast from the third season as inmate Jodie Spiteri , psychologist Bridget Westfall and vigilante Karen Proctor respectively . Sigrid Thornton , who played Ros Coulson on Prisoner , will be joining the cast for season four . She will not be reprising her former role , but will play another Prisoner based character Sonia Stevens . In November 2015 , Kate Jenkinson and Bernard Curry were announced to be appearing in the show as Allie Novak , an inmate , and Jake Stewart , a correctional officer , respectively . In April 2018 , it was announced that Indigenous Australian actress Leah Purcell had joined the cast as Rita Connors , a role originally played by Glenda Linscott in Prisoner . Also joining the cast were Susie Porter as criminal matriarch Marie Winter , a role originally played by Maggie Millar in Prisoner , and Rarriwuy Hick as young boxer Ruby Mitchell .", "8": "Filming ( edit ) Foxtel confirmed that Wentworth would not be shot at the original ATV - 10 studios in Nunawading , Victoria where Prisoner was filmed . Wentworth was instead filmed on a purpose built set in the suburb of Clayton . The shoot employed 300 cast and crew . The ten - part season began filming for four months from 10 October 2012 . Wentworth began airing on Foxtel 's SoHo channel from 1 May 2013 . Filming for the second season began on 23 September 2013 and wrapped on 13 February 2014 . The second season began airing on 20 May 2014 . Production for the third season resumed in March and filming was completed in late July . In the same month , it was announced that the property in which Wentworth was filmed had been sold , and the set would be knocked down . A new alternative was being sought and a TV Week reporter commented that it was unclear if the loss of the set would be written into future storylines . The third season began airing on 7 April 2015 . Production on the fourth season began in the second half of 2015 . The fifth season was filmed in Melbourne from August 2016 . On 9 May 2017 , Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season , which began filming a week later . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Wentworth has been sold to more than 90 countries . On 2 April 2013 , it was confirmed that TVNZ had signed a deal to broadcast Wentworth in New Zealand . Later that month , it was announced that Wentworth would be broadcast on Channel 5 in the UK . The head of acquisitions for the channel , Kate Keenan , commented `` Wentworth will be a great addition to Channel 5 's drama output this autumn . This compelling cast of female characters packs an emotional punch and will appeal to the Channel 5 viewers who love our range of crime output from dramas to factual series . '' A trailer for the series began airing on the channel and its website in August 2013 and premiered on Channel 5 on 28 August . Channel 5 also re-titled the show , Wentworth Prison .", "9": "The second season began on Channel 5 on 3 September 2014 and season Three , which commenced broadcast on 22 July 2015 , concluded with a two - hour season finale which consisted of episodes 11 and 12 of the season on 30 September 2015 . Season four of Wentworth premiered on Channel 5 on 27 June 2016 . In July , following declining ratings , the series was moved from its Monday night timeslot on Channel 5 to Tuesday 's on sister channel 5Star . The series premiered in the Republic of Ireland broadcasting as Wentworth on TV3 from June 2014 . Season 2 premiered on TV3 on 15 January 2015 . In Canada the first two seasons broadcast on Aboriginal Peoples Television Network in late 2015 . Although the series has a strong fan base in many countries , Angela Perez of Australia Network News said Foxtel was considering cancelling the show due to audiences viewing new episodes via pirate websites following the Australian premiere . Foxtel stated that the piracy is `` a serious problem in terms of recouping money to help pay for future seasons '' . Streaming ( edit ) In December 2014 , Wentworth first premiered on Netflix in the United States and added seasons one and two to its streaming service . In April 2016 the third season was released to US audiences via the platform . Season 4 was released on Netflix in July 2016 . The show features on the `` 50 Best TV Shows on Netflix '' list according to Netflix Life . Seasons one to three are available to view via Amazon Video in the U.S. In the United Kingdom , all five seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Video , while additional services include Google Play and Youtube . In Australia , Foxtel Now provides a catch - up service for the Wentworth , while the series is made available for catch - up viewing via TVNZ OnDemand in New Zealand and My5 in the United Kingdom for a limited time . Reception ( edit ) The show has received critical acclaim throughout its run . Following a screening of the pilot episode for the media in February 2013 , Ben Pobjie from The Age called Wentworth `` a triumph '' .", "10": "He praised the writing and the cast , saying `` So rarely in Australian TV do we see well - written characters collide with dead - on casting and tense , atmospheric direction as they have here . '' He added that Wentworth is `` a powerful , almost cinematic drama '' with its own identity , that incorporates `` echoes '' of the original Prisoner series . Holly Byrnes , writing for the Herald Sun , quipped `` this brilliant retelling picks up where the pioneering series left off and then takes the kind of shocking plot detours contemporary TV viewers would expect from award - winning US dramas like Breaking Bad or Sons of Anarchy . '' Byrnes also praised the cast 's performances , particularly Cormack . Following its North American debut the critics drew comparisons with US prison dramedy Orange Is the New Black , though Liz Raftery of TV Guide said she believed the show was more gritty and did not `` sugarcoat '' prison life . They branded it `` edge - of - your - seat television '' and singled out Sue ' Boomer ' Jenkins as one of the show 's standout characters and reasons to watch . Margaret Lyons from New York magazine called it a `` ruthlessly dark drama '' similar to Breaking Bad , a comparison which TV Guide 's critics also made . Lyons added that Wentworth 's careful plotting of storylines gave meaningful payoffs and triumphed into making it a `` smart and competent '' series . Gerard O'Donovan from The Daily Telegraph opined that the show has a cast of `` fabulously strong , variably humane female characters . '' They believed it did not try to appeal to `` mainstream tastes '' , adding `` the series sticks more closely to its violent , soapy , sexploitation Prisoner : Cell Block H roots than is strictly necessary in 2016 . '' O'Donovan branded it a rare example of fictional work portraying lesbianism as `` not only normal , but the norm . '' He concluded the show depicts a world in which `` women hold virtually all the power , albeit to no obviously edifying ends . '' Matt Baylis from the Daily Express criticised the show for not being original and having a `` mandatory number of unnecessary scenes '' . They preferred the original series Prisoner and accused Wentworth of being everything the original was not .", "11": "The first episode of Wentworth attracted 244,000 viewers , making it the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history . The UK premiere of the show attracted 1.67 million viewers , a 10.3 % share of the audience for the 10pm time slot . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( Australian ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 10 1 May 2013 0.244 3 July 2013 0.125 2013 0.144 Tuesday 8 : 30 pm 12 20 May 2014 0.075 5 August 2014 0.103 2014 0.084 12 7 April 2015 0.100 23 June 2015 0.113 2015 0.107 12 10 May 2016 0.140 26 July 2016 0.095 2016 0.106 5 12 4 April 2017 0.101 20 June 2017 0.119 2017 0.086 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients and nominees Result 2013 Australian Screen Editors Best Editing in a Television Drama Philip Watts Nominated 2014 AACTA Awards Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama Kris McQuade Nominated Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Jo Porter ,", "12": "Amanda Crittenden Nominated ASTRA Awards Most Outstanding Drama Wentworth Won Most Outstanding New Talent Shareena Clanton Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor Danielle Cormack Nominated Nicole da Silva Won Kris McQuade Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor Aaron Jeffery Nominated Robbie Magasiva Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Nominated Most Outstanding Newcomer Shareena Clanton Nominated Equity Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Nominated Australian Screen Editors Best Editing in a Television Drama Ben Joss Nominated 2015 AACTA Awards Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama Pamela Rabe Won Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Jo Porter ,", "13": "Amanda Crittenden Nominated ASTRA Awards Most Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor Danielle Cormack Won Celia Ireland Nominated Nicole da Silva Nominated Pamela Rabe Nominated Most Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor Aaron Jeffrey Nominated Robbie Magasiva Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Wentworth Won Australian Directors Guild Awards Best Direction in a TV Drama Series Kevin Carlin for `` Into the Night '' Nominated Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series Pete McTighe for `` Fear Her '' Nominated Best Script for a Television Series Stuart Page for `` The Governor 's Pleasure '' Won Logie Awards Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Won Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Won Most Outstanding Actress Nicole da Silva Nominated 2016 AACTA Awards Best Direction in a Television Drama or Comedy Kevin Carlin for `` Seeing Red '' Nominated Best Editing In Television Ben Joss for `` Prisoner '' Won Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama Danielle Cormack Nominated Pamela Rabe Nominated Best Television Drama Series Wentworth -- Pino Amenta and Jo Porter Won Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series Michael Lucas for `` Plan Bea '' Nominated Best Script for a Television Series Pete McTighe for `` Blood and Fire '' Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Actress Pamela Rabe Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Celia Ireland Won 2017 Australian Writers Guild Awards Best Script for a Television Series or Miniseries Pete McTighe for `` Seeing Red '' Nominated Logie Awards Most Outstanding Actress Danielle Cormack Nominated Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Nicole da Silva Nominated Best Drama Program Wentworth Nominated Most Outstanding Drama Series Wentworth Nominated 2018 Australian Directors ' Guild Awards Best Direction in a TV or SVOD Drama Series Fiona Banks for `` Belly of the Beast '' Pending Home Media ( edit ) In Australia , Wentworth is available on both DVD and Blu - ray formats ,", "14": "where in 2013 the first season was released via Shock Records . The series was however acquired by Roadshow Entertainment in 2014 for distribution of subsequent seasons , and a re-release of the first season in 2016 . Fremantle Home Entertainment initially held the rights for distribution in the United Kingdom , where the series is only available on DVD , and under the `` Wentworth Prison '' title . The first season was made available in a standard set and a Deluxe Edition , for which it included special features ; both the second and third seasons received Deluxe Edition releases , after which , Network distribution acquired ownership of all home media rights for all previous seasons , and were the first company to release the fourth season in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the series commenced releasing on DVD in 2016 in which the first three seasons currently available from Acorn Media . Furthermore , multiple season sets are available on DVD and Blu - ray in Australia and on DVD in the United Kingdom . DVD and Blu - ray sets commenced releasing in Germany from early 2017 . From Season 4 onwards , the series will only receive DVD sets in Germany . Season Episodes Release date Rating Additional Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region B BBFC ACB Standard releases 10 15 November 2016 4 November 2013 18 November 2013 18 MA15+ Features 3 - DVD set ( Region 1 ) 3 - DVD standard set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD Deluxe Edition ( Region 2 ) 5 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.", "15": "1 ( Blu - ray ) Re-released on DVD and Blu - ray -- 28 September 2016 ( Region 4 / B ) 12 7 March 2017 24 November 2014 22 October 2014 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( region 1 ) 4 - DVD Deluxe Edition ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 12 6 June 2017 12 October 2015 14 October 2015 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 12 TBA 24 October 2016 5 October 2016 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 ( Blu - ray ) 5 12 TBA 2 October 2017 4 October 2017 18 MA15+ Features 4 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 4 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 3 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Dolby Digital 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio 5.", "16": "1 ( Blu - ray ) Multiple releases 1 -- 2 22 No release 24 November 2014 22 October 2014 18 MA15+ Features 8 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 9 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 6 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 3 34 No release 12 October 2015 14 October 2015 18 MA15+ Features 12 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 13 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 9 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 4 46 No release 24 October 2016 5 October 2016 18 MA15+ Features 16 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 17 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 12 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) 1 -- 5 58 No release 2 October 2017 4 October 2017 18 MA15+ Features 20 - DVD set ( Region 2 ) 21 - DVD set ( Region 4 ) 15 - Blu - ray set ( Region B) ( See individual releases for additional information ) Remakes ( edit ) Block B : Under Arrest , a German remake was the first in 2014 which screened on RTL for one season . Celblok H , a Dutch remake of Wentworth for Dutch TV Network , SBS 6 , starring Isa Hoes , Eva van de Wijdeven , Bo Mearten , and Inge Ipenburg , began airing on 3 March 2014 . The series is virtually a scene - for - scene remake of Wentworth , with the exception of character name changes . Four seasons and 46 episodes were produced , and the final episode was broadcast on 27 March 2017 . A Belgian remake of `` Wentworth '' is being made by the Belgian TV channel Vier . Filming is scheduled to start in July 2016 , release is planned for 2018 .", "17": "See also ( edit ) Orange Is the New Black , American drama with a similar premise References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gritty New Drama Series ' Wentworth Prison ' set to captivate audiences on TV3 '' . 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , Seanna ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Behind the razor wire '' . Sunshine Coast Daily . APN News & Media . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Wentworth spoiler warning : will The Freak escape being buried alive ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sigrid Throtn part of Foxtel 2016 line - up - The West Australian '' . Jump up ^ Sarah Thomas . `` Sigrid Thornton joins Wentworth as part of Foxtel 's home - grown roster for 2016 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 27 July 2016 ) . `` Spoiler : Wentworth has officially killed off the character no one thought they 'd ever kill off '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dallas , Sam ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Foxtel commissions new Prisoner series , titled Wentworth '' . If Magazine . The Intermedia Group . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 March 2012 ) . `` Val Lehman wants to return to Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Leys , Nick ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` Ten questions for Jo Porter '' . The Australian . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kerry Tucker '' . Australian Speakers Bureau . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prisoner re-make : Your questions answered '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Watkins , Mike ( 29 November 2012 ) . `` Neighbours ' Anne Charleston to guest in Cell Block H remake '' . ATV Today . ATV Network Limited . Retrieved 11 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Cast Gets Another Year In Jail '' . Australian Associated Press . Local Today . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Foxtel announces second stretch for Prisoner re-boot Wentworth '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foxtel and FremantleMedia Australia lock in third season of the hit prison drama '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 28 January 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Renewed : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coming soon to Foxtel '' . Foxtel . Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ @ daniellecormack ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` An amazing / insightful trip so far with ChildFundAU and Season 5 wentworth confirmed ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 19 July 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Renewed : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Season 6 Confirmed '' . Showcase. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New faces to join Wentworth in season six '' . The West Australian . 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth - Production commences on Wentworth Season 7 '' . Showcase. 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 .", "19": "Jump up ^ `` Top cast locked in '' . The West Australian . Seven West Media . 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Glucina , Rachel ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` Kiwi actress in favourite role '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN News & Media . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Wentworth cast on the inside '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 4 July 2013 ) . `` Who will play The Freak ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Erin ( 20 -- 26 July 2013 ) . `` TV Insider '' . TV Week . Bauer Media Group ( 29 ) : 21 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 21 September 2013 ) . `` Pamela Rabe revives ' The Freak ' on Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth series 2 '' ( PDF ) . Screen Australia . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly . `` The screen death of Alex Cook 's character Lou in Love My Way still holds strong emotions for fans '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie icon Sigrid Thornton joins the cast of Went ... - Foxtel Community '' . community.foxtel.com.au . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . Film Victoria . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pobjie , Ben ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Back on the inside : Prisoner reboot a no - holds - barred triumph '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In production '' . Film Victoria . Retrieved 3 November 2013 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` Returning : Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 August 2014 ) . `` Must - see season finale of Wentworth '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guerilla - style filming , Wentworth sets and 50th birthday celebrations '' . TV Week . 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth launch date and teaser '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Returning : Wentworth '' . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Waller , Ed ( 2 April 2013 ) . `` NZ sale for Prisoner reboot '' . C21Media.net . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffery , Morgan ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` ' Prisoner Cell Block H ' remake ' Wentworth ' to air on Channel 5 in UK '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Doug ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Channel 5 Wentworth trailer '' . ATV Today UK . ATV Network Limited . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 Start Date Confirmed '' . Channel5.com . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Angela ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Wentworth Season 5 Cancelled Due to Piracy ? '' . Australia Network News . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Season 4 Available On Netflix , Bea Smith Really Dead '' . 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wentworth Prison ' returns to TV3 with explosive second series '' . tv3.ie . Retrieved 15 April 2015 .", "21": "Jump up ^ `` About Wentworth '' . APTN.ca . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Do n't miss the APTN premiere of Wentworth on Sunday , September 13 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Australian Prison Series Wentworth Is the Dark Drama You 've Been Waiting For '' . Vulture . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Dzikowski , Jennifer . `` Is ' Wentworth ' Season 3 on Netflix in the US Yet ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Amazon Video : `` Wentworth Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 4 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth Season 5 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Prison '' . Play.google.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Prison '' . Youtube . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Foxtel.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Tvnz.co.nz . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My5 '' . My5.tv . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , Holly ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Foxtel 's Prisoner remake Wentworth makes Underbelly look tame '' . Herald Sun . The Herald and Weekly Times .", "22": "Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ; Gennis , Sadie ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` 9 Reasons You Need to Watch Wentworth on Netflix ASAP '' . TV Guide . ( CBS Interactive ) . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Australian Prison Series Wentworth Is the Dark Drama You 've Been Waiting For '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Donovan , Gerard . `` Wentworth Prison : the Aussie prison drama better than Orange is the New Black - review '' . The Daily Telegraph . ( Telegraph Media Group ) . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Baylis , Matt ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Last night 's TV reviewed : The Real Story and Wentworth Prison '' . Daily Express . ( Northern & Shell ) . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hardie , Giles ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Wentworth breaks out with a bang as Arrow strikes for Nine '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` ' Celebrity MasterChef ' tops Wednesday ratings with 4.40 million '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 3 July 2013 '' . TV Tonight . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 May 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 20 May 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 August 2014 ) . `` Tuesday 5 August 2014 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Tuesday 7 April 2015 '' . TV Tonight .", "23": "Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 23 June 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 10 May 2016 '' . TVTonight.com.au. 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 26 July 2016 '' . TVTonight.com.au. 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 4 April 2017 '' . 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 20 June 2017 '' . TV Tonight . 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2013 ASE Award Nominees and Winners were '' . Australian Screen Editors . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` AACTA Awards 2014 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth dominates 2014 ASTRA Awards '' . FremantleMedia. 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Scott ( 21 March 2014 ) . `` ASTRA Awards honour Charlotte Dawson at Sydney ceremony '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Colin ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Nominees for the peer - reviewed categories in the Logie Awards announced '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Equity Ensemble Awards 2014 -- Voting Now Open ! '' . Equity Foundation ( Media , Entertainment and Arts Alliance ) . 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 2014 - Australian Screen Editors '' . Jump up ^ `` 5th AACTA Awards nominees '' ( PDF ) . aacta.org . Retrieved 13 Nov 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Neala ( 9 December 2015 ) .", "24": "`` George Miller named best director and Max Mad : Fury Road best film at AACTA Awards 2015 '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( 10 February 2015 ) . `` Wentworth and Devil 's Playground dominate nominations for 2015 ASTRA Awards '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 12 March 2015 ) . `` ASTRA Awards 2015 winners : Wentworth scoops best Australian drama for second year in a row '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 ADG Awards Nominations '' . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AWGIE nominations for FMA '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AWGIE win for Wentworth '' . FremantleMedia Australia . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Willis , Charlotte ( 22 March 2015 ) . `` Here 's the full List of 2015 Logies nominations '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( 4 May 2015 ) . `` Logies 2015 : Carrie Bickmore claims Gold Logie '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` AACTA Awards 2016 : nominations '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full list of nominees for the 2016 AWGIE Awards '' ( PDF ) . Australian Writers ' Guild. 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Logie nominations announced '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 3 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Weir , James ( 9 May 2016 ) .", "25": "`` Live blog : all the action from the 2016 TV Week Logie Awards '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` AWGIE Awards 2017 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 April 2018 ) . `` Australian Directors ' Guild Awards 2018 : nominees '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ DVD Region 2 ( Germany ) : `` Wentworth - Die komplette erste Staffel ( 3 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Die komplette zweite Staffel ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 3 - Nicht Du leitest dieses Gefängis , sondern ich ! ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Die komplette vierte Staffel ( 4 DVDs ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Region B ( Germany ) : `` Wentworth - Staffel 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 2 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . `` Wentworth - Staffel 3 - Nicht Du leitest dieses Gefängnis , sondern ich ! ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Region 1 DVD sets : `` Wentworth , Season 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 1 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth , Season 2 '' . Amazon.com .", "26": "Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 2 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth : Season 3 '' . Acornoline.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth , Season 3 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Region 2 DVD sets : `` Wentworth Prison Season One ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season 1 ( Deluxe Edition ) ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Season 2 Complete Deluxe ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season Four ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth Prison 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison - Season 1 - 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Prison Seasons 1 - 3 box set ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season One to Four ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth Prison : Season One To Five ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Region 4 DVD sets : `` Wentworth : The Complete Season One DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Season 2 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 3 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 24 October 2015 .", "27": "`` Wentworth Series 4 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . `` Wentworth Seasons 1 2 Boxset on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 1 3 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . `` Wentworth Series 1 4 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . `` Wentworth - Season 1 - 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Region B Australia Blu - ray sets : `` Wentworth : The Complete Season One Blu - ray '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Season 2 on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth - Season 3 '' . sanity.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 4 on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth - Season 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . `` Wentworth Seasons 1 And 2 Boxset on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 1 3 on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth Series 1 4 on Blu Ray '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . `` Wentworth - Season 1 - 5 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Season 1 on DVD '' . dvdorchard.com.au . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .", "28": "Jump up ^ `` Wentworth - Season 1 '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Prison Drama Wentworth in German '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Biggest film set for new prison drama '' . VIER. 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wentworth on IMDb Prisoner General Episodes Theme song Home video Cast and characters Cast members Inmates Prison staff Background prison officers Miscellaneous characters Related shows Punishment Wentworth Wentworth Seasons 5 Notable episodes `` No Place Like Home '' `` Fear Her '' `` First Blood '' Characters Maxine Conway Franky Doyle Joan Ferguson Jacs Holt Will Jackson Allie Novak Kaz Proctor Bea Smith Jess Warner Bridget Westfall Related Prisoner Current Australian drama television series ABC Rake ( 2010 -- ) Jack Irish ( 2012 -- ) Glitch ( 2015 -- ) Cleverman ( 2016 -- ) Harrow ( 2018 -- ) ABC3 Nowhere Boys ( 2013 -- ) Seven Network Home and Away ( 1988 -- ) 800 Words ( 2015 -- ) Wanted ( 2016 -- ) Nine Network Doctor Doctor ( 2016 -- ) Network Ten Offspring ( 2010 -- ) The Wrong Girl ( 2016 -- ) Sisters ( 2017 -- ) Eleven Neighbours ( 1985 -- ) Showcase Wentworth ( 2013 -- 2016 on SoHo , 2017 -- on Showcase ) The Kettering Incident ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) A Place to Call Home ( 2013 -- 14 on Seven Network , 2015 on SoHo , 2016 -- on Showcase ) Secret City ( 2016 -- on Showcase ) Stan Wolf Creek ( 2016 -- ) Future shows Bite Club ( 2018 - on Nine Network ) Logie Award for Most Outstanding Drama Series Come in Spinner ( 1991 ) G.P.", "29": "( 1992 ) Phoenix ( 1993 ) Phoenix ( 1994 ) Janus ( 1995 ) Blue Murder ( 1996 ) Water Rats ( 1997 ) Frontline ( 1998 ) SeaChange ( 1999 ) SeaChange ( 2000 ) SeaChange ( 2001 ) The Secret Life of Us ( 2002 ) The Secret Life of Us ( 2003 ) The Secret Life of Us ( 2004 ) Love My Way ( 2005 ) Love My Way ( 2006 ) Love My Way ( 2007 ) Curtin ( 2008 ) Underbelly ( 2009 ) East West 101 ( 2010 ) Underbelly : The Golden Mile ( 2011 ) The Slap ( 2012 ) Redfern Now ( 2013 ) Redfern Now ( 2014 ) Wentworth ( 2015 ) Glitch ( 2016 ) AACTA Award for Best Television Drama Series Embassy ( 1991 ) Phoenix ( 1992 ) Home and Away / Phoenix ( 1993 ) The Damnation of Harvey McHugh / Heartland ( 1994 ) Home and Away / Frontline ( 1995 ) Home and Away / Frontline ( 1996 ) Neighbours / Frontline ( 1997 ) Home and Away / Wildside ( 1998 ) All Saints / Wildside ( 1999 ) All Saints / Grass Roots ( 2000 ) Something in the Air / SeaChange ( 2001 ) Kath & Kim ( 2002 ) MDA ( 2003 ) Stingers ( 2004 ) Love My Way ( 2005 ) Love My Way ( 2006 ) Love My Way ( 2007 ) Underbelly ( 2008 ) East West 101 ( 2009 ) Rush ( 2010 ) East West 101 ( 2011 ) Puberty Blues ( 2012 ) Redfern Now ( 2013 ) The Code ( 2014 ) Glitch ( 2015 ) Wentworth ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "30": "php?title=Wentworth_(TV_series)&oldid=838169744 '' Categories : 2010s Australian television series 2010s LGBT drama television series 2013 Australian television series debuts Australian drama television series Australian LGBT - related television shows Australian prison television series Australian subscription television series English - language television programs Imprisonment and detention of women Lesbian - related television programs Rape in fiction SoHo ( Australian TV channel ) shows Television series by FremantleMedia Television series reboots Television shows set in Melbourne Transgender - related television programs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Australian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 23, 25, 21, 18, 20, 16, 15, 26, 27, 30, 22, 19, 6, 4, 28, 24, 7, 3, 8, 2, 9, 14, 29, 13, 5, 17, 1, 12, 0, 11, 10 ]	[ 6, 23, 25, 21, 18 ]
4395517906465074470	what is the idle line voltage in australia	[ "a direct current (DC) potential of −48V to −52V with respect to the tip conductor" ]	{ "0": "Tip and ring - wikipedia Tip and ring Jump to : navigation , search 1 : Sleeve , 2 : Ring , 3 : Tip , 4 : Insulators Tip and ring are the names of the two conductors or sides of a telephone line . The terms originate in reference to the telephone plugs used for connecting telephone calls in manual switchboards . One side of the line is connected to the metal tip of the plug , and the second is connected to a metal ring behind the tip , separated and insulated from the tip by a non-conducting material . When inserted into a jack , the plug 's tip conductor connects first , followed by the ring conductor . In many European countries tip and ring are referred to as the A and B wires . Neither of the tip and ring conductors is permanently connected to earth ground , but may be connected to ground during signaling operations . Typically , the ring conductor has a direct current ( DC ) potential of − 48 V to − 52 V with respect to the tip conductor when the line is in the on - hook ( idle ) state . Floating both conductors , not referencing either one to ground , minimizes the pickup of hum from any nearby alternating current ( AC ) power wires . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Line voltage 3 Polarity 4 Color code 5 References 6 External links Origin ( edit ) The terms tip and ring originated in the early days of telephony when telephone operators used plugs to connect customer calls . They are named after the parts of the plug to which the wires were connected . The words are often abbreviated as T and R . Line voltage ( edit ) The telephone company maintains large battery systems that supply DC line voltage for the operation of analog telephone service at customer locations . The voltage supplied is a compromise between operational needs for reliable service and safety precautions for customers and service personnel . The length of the line to a customer telephone interface presents a resistance across which the central office voltage experiences a drop and therefore the voltage at the customer site may vary . The nominal battery ( system ) voltage is 52.1 V , based on a 24 - cell lead - acid battery . The voltage at a subscriber 's network interface is typically 48 V between the ring and tip wires .", "1": "In the middle 20th century , long loops in many rural areas of North America used range extenders , which operated at 100 or 130 volts to ensure reliable signaling . Some rural switching systems were designed to apply range extenders internally and thus share a few extenders among many lines , while for other lines , one extender was applied externally per line . To ring the telephone to alert a subscriber to an incoming call , the central office superimposes a 20 Hz AC signal , at a nominal voltage of 105 volts , over the DC voltage present on the idle line . Historically several multi-frequency systems have been used , however , for selective alerting of multiple subscribers connected to a party line , for which the A.C. voltage may be as high as 150 V . Polarity ( edit ) To provide cathodic protection against corrosion of line wires , operating potential of telephone lines is typically negative with respect to ground , and the tip side is generally close to the ground potential . Thus , all power supplies for telecommunication equipment are designated to supply a negative voltage . In the early years of the telephone industry when rotary dial instruments were in use , the polarity when connecting a telephone set to the tip and ring wires was usually important only for properly ringing a telephone , especially in party line service with selective ringing , and for correctly identifying the calling customer on certain party lines for toll calls . When Touch - Tone service was introduced in the 1960s , the dual - tone multi-frequency signaling ( DTMF ) tone generator also required correct polarity as it depended on the line D.C. voltage for operation . Later Touch - Tone telephones included a diode bridge that eliminated the polarity sensitivity , so that consumer telephone service is essentially immune to reversal today . However , some special circuits , such as some direct inward dialing ( DID ) trunks , T - 1 lines , and ground start lines connected to field side ( terminal ) equipment , e.g. , a corporate private branch exchange ( PBX ) switch , correctly operate only with proper tip and ring polarity . Color code ( edit ) When simple on - premises wiring is color - coded , two - wire telephone plugs or the first pair of a multi-pair connector commonly have the tip wire coded green and ring coded red . In four wire plugs , the second pair has black tip and yellow ring .", "2": "A third pair consists of white tip and blue ring . For larger cable assemblies more complex schemes such as the 25 - pair color code are used . Some telephone technicians used various phrase , such as red - right - ring - rear , or ring - right - red - rough , to remember that the red wire connects to the right - side post in the wall jack and to the ring on the plug and to the rear lug on main distribution frames . Sometimes rough or ridge was added for jumper wires with a tactile code . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ W.D. Reeve , Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook -- Analog , IEEE Press ( 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 87942 - 274 - 2 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ W.D. Reeve , Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook -- Analog , IEEE Press ( 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 87942 - 274 - 2 , p. 39 . External links ( edit ) How to Wire a Phone Jack Basics of Telephone Wiring Telephony Basic Information and Terms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tip_and_ring&oldid=807186914 '' Categories : Telephony equipment Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 13 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 1, 2 ]	[ 0, 1, 2 ]
5965172756625683650	who challenged the aristotelian model of a geocentric universe	[ "Copernicus", "Copernicus" ]	{ "0": "Geocentric model - wikipedia Geocentric model Jump to : navigation , search `` Geocentric '' redirects here . For orbits around Earth , see Geocentric orbit . Figure of the heavenly bodies -- An illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho , 1568 ( Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris ) In astronomy , the geocentric model ( also known as geocentrism , or the Ptolemaic system ) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center . Under the geocentric model , the Sun , Moon , stars , and planets all orbited Earth . The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations , such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy . Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe . First , from the view on Earth , the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day . While the Moon and the planets have their own motions , they also appear to revolve around Earth about once per day . The stars appeared to be on a celestial sphere , rotating once each day along an axis through the north and south geographic poles of Earth . Second , Earth does not seem to move from the perspective of an Earth - bound observer ; it appears to be solid , stable , and unmoving . Ancient Greek , ancient Roman and medieval philosophers usually combined the geocentric model with a spherical Earth . It is not the same as the older flat Earth model implied in some mythology . The ancient Jewish Babylonian uranography pictured a flat Earth with a dome - shaped , rigid canopy called the firmament placed over it ( רקיע - rāqîa ' ) . However , the ancient Greeks believed that the motions of the planets were circular and not elliptical , a view that was not challenged in Western culture until the 17th century through the synthesis of theories by Copernicus and Kepler . The astronomical predictions of Ptolemy 's geocentric model were used to prepare astrological and astronomical charts for over 1500 years .", "1": "The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age , but from the late 16th century onward , it was gradually superseded by the Heliocentric model of Copernicus , Galileo and Kepler . There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories . Christian theologians were reluctant to reject a theory that agreed with Bible passages ( e.g. `` Sun , stand you still upon Gibeon '' , Joshua 10 : 12 ) . Others felt a new , unknown theory could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient Greece 2 Ptolemaic model 2.1 Ptolemaic system 2.2 Islamic astronomy and geocentrism 3 Geocentrism and rival systems 3.1 Copernican system 4 Gravitation 5 Relativity 6 Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism 6.1 Historical positions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy 6.2 Orthodox Judaism 6.3 Islam 7 Planetariums 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Ancient Greece ( edit ) Illustration of Anaximander 's models of the universe . On the left , summer ; on the right , winter . The geocentric model entered Greek astronomy and philosophy at an early point ; it can be found in pre-Socratic philosophy . In the 6th century BC , Anaximander proposed a cosmology with Earth shaped like a section of a pillar ( a cylinder ) , held aloft at the center of everything . The Sun , Moon , and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding Earth ; through the holes , humans could see concealed fire . About the same time , Pythagoras thought that the Earth was a sphere ( in accordance with observations of eclipses ) , but not at the center ; they believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire . Later these views were combined , so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe . In the 4th century BC , two influential Greek philosophers , Plato and his student Aristotle , wrote works based on the geocentric model .", "2": "According to Plato , the Earth was a sphere , stationary at the center of the universe . The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on spheres or circles , arranged in the order ( outwards from the center ) : Moon , Sun , Venus , Mercury , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , fixed stars , with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere . In his `` Myth of Er '' , a section of the Republic , Plato describes the cosmos as the Spindle of Necessity , attended by the Sirens and turned by the three Fates . Eudoxus of Cnidus , who worked with Plato , developed a less mythical , more mathematical explanation of the planets ' motion based on Plato 's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion . Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus ' system . In the fully developed Aristotelian system , the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe , and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47 -- 55 transparent , rotating spheres surrounding the Earth , all concentric with it . ( The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet . ) These spheres , known as crystalline spheres , all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth . They were composed of an incorruptible substance called aether . Aristotle believed that the moon was in the innermost sphere and therefore touches the realm of Earth , causing the dark spots ( macula ) and the ability to go through lunar phases . He further described his system by explaining the natural tendencies of the terrestrial elements : Earth , water , fire , air , as well as celestial aether . His system held that Earth was the heaviest element , with the strongest movement towards the center , thus water formed a layer surrounding the sphere of Earth . The tendency of air and fire , on the other hand , was to move upwards , away from the center , with fire being lighter than air . Beyond the layer of fire , were the solid spheres of aether in which the celestial bodies were embedded . They , themselves , were also entirely composed of aether . Adherence to the geocentric model stemmed largely from several important observations . First of all , if the Earth did move , then one ought to be able to observe the shifting of the fixed stars due to stellar parallax .", "3": "In short , if the Earth was moving , the shapes of the constellations should change considerably over the course of a year . If they did not appear to move , the stars are either much farther away than the Sun and the planets than previously conceived , making their motion undetectable , or in reality they are not moving at all . Because the stars were actually much further away than Greek astronomers postulated ( making movement extremely subtle ) , stellar parallax was not detected until the 19th century . Therefore , the Greeks chose the simpler of the two explanations . Another observation used in favor of the geocentric model at the time was the apparent consistency of Venus ' luminosity , which implies that it is usually about the same distance from Earth , which in turn is more consistent with geocentrism than heliocentrism . In reality , that is because the loss of light caused by Venus ' phases compensates for the increase in apparent size caused by its varying distance from Earth . Objectors to heliocentrism noted that terrestrial bodies naturally tend to come to rest as near as possible to the center of the Earth . Further barring the opportunity to fall closer the center , terrestrial bodies tend not to move unless forced by an outside object , or transformed to a different element by heat or moisture . Atmospheric explanations for many phenomena were preferred because the Eudoxan -- Aristotelian model based on perfectly concentric spheres was not intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance . Eventually , perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal . However , while providing for similar explanations , the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many centuries . Ptolemaic model ( edit ) The basic elements of Ptolemaic astronomy , showing a planet on an epicycle with an eccentric deferent and an equant point . The Green shaded area is the celestial sphere which the planet occupies . Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle , the details of his system did not become standard . The Ptolemaic system , developed by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD finally standardised geocentrism .", "4": "His main astronomical work , the Almagest , was the culmination of centuries of work by Hellenic , Hellenistic and Babylonian astronomers . For over a millennium European and Islamic astronomers assumed it was the correct cosmological model . Because of its influence , people sometimes wrongly think the Ptolemaic system is identical with the geocentric model . Ptolemy argued that the Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe , from the simple observation that half the stars were above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time ( stars on rotating stellar sphere ) , and the assumption that the stars were all at some modest distance from the center of the universe . If the Earth was substantially displaced from the center , this division into visible and invisible stars would not be equal . Ptolemaic system ( edit ) Pages from 1550 Annotazione on Sacrobosco 's Tractatus de Sphaera , showing the Ptolemaic system . In the Ptolemaic system , each planet is moved by a system of two spheres : one called its deferent ; the other , its epicycle . The deferent is a circle whose center point , called the eccentric and marked in the diagram with an X , is removed from the Earth . The original purpose of the eccentric was to account for the difference in length of the seasons ( northern autumn was about five days shorter than spring during this time period ) by placing the Earth away from the center of rotation of the rest of the universe . Another sphere , the epicycle , is embedded inside the deferent sphere and is represented by the smaller dotted line to the right . A given planet then moves around the epicycle at the same time the epicycle moves along the path marked by the deferent . These combined movements cause the given planet to move closer to and further away from the Earth at different points in its orbit , and explained the observation that planets slowed down , stopped , and moved backward in retrograde motion , and then again reversed to resume normal , or prograde , motion . The deferent - and - epicycle model had been used by Greek astronomers for centuries along with the idea of the eccentric ( a deferent which is slightly off - center from the Earth ) , which was even older .", "5": "In the illustration , the center of the deferent is not the Earth but the spot marked X , making it eccentric ( from the Greek ἐκ ec - meaning `` from , '' and κέντρον kentron meaning `` center '' ) , from which the spot takes its name . Unfortunately , the system that was available in Ptolemy 's time did not quite match observations , even though it was considerably improved over Hipparchus ' system . Most noticeably the size of a planet 's retrograde loop ( especially that of Mars ) would be smaller , and sometimes larger , than expected , resulting in positional errors of as much as 30 degrees . To alleviate the problem , Ptolemy developed the equant . The equant was a point near the center of a planet 's orbit which , if you were to stand there and watch , the center of the planet 's epicycle would always appear to move at uniform speed ; all other locations would see non-uniform speed , like on the Earth . By using an equant , Ptolemy claimed to keep motion which was uniform and circular , although it departed from the Platonic ideal of uniform circular motion . The resultant system , which eventually came to be widely accepted in the west , seems unwieldy to modern astronomers ; each planet required an epicycle revolving on a deferent , offset by an equant which was different for each planet . It predicted various celestial motions , including the beginning and end of retrograde motion , to within a maximum error of 10 degrees , considerably better than without the equant . The model with epicycles is in fact a very good model of an elliptical orbit with low eccentricity . The well known ellipse shape does not appear to a noticeable extent when the eccentricity is less than 5 % , but the offset distance of the `` center '' ( in fact the focus occupied by the sun ) is very noticeable even with low eccentricities as possessed by the planets . To summarize , Ptolemy devised a system that was compatible with Aristotelian philosophy and managed to track actual observations and predict future movement mostly to within the limits of the next 1000 years of observations .", "6": "The observed motions and his mechanisms for explaining them include : The Ptolemaic System Object ( s ) Observation Modeling mechanism Stars Motion of entire sky E to W in ~ 24 hrs ( `` first motion '' ) Stars : Daily motion E to W of sphere of stars , carrying all other spheres with it ; normally ignored ; other spheres have additional motions Sun Motion yearly W to E along ecliptic Motion of Sun 's sphere W to E in year Sun Non-uniform rate along ecliptic ( uneven seasons ) Eccentric orbit ( Sun 's deferent center off Earth ) Moon Monthly motion W to E compared to stars Monthly W to E motion of Moon 's sphere The 5 planets General motion W to E through zodiac Motion of deferents W to E ; period set by observation of planet going around the ecliptic Planets Retrograde motion Motion of epicycle in same direction as deferent . Period of epicycle is time between retrograde motions ( synodic period ) . Planets Variations in speed through the zodiac Eccentric per planet Planets Variations in retrograde timing Equants per planet ( Copernicus used a pair of epicycles instead ) Planets Size of deferents , epicycles Only ratio between radius of deferent and associated epicycle determined ; absolute distances not determined in theory Interior planets Average greatest elongations of 23 ° ( Mercury ) and 46 ° ( Venus ) Size of epicycles set by these angles , proportional to distances Interior planets Limited to movement near the Sun Center their deferent centers along the Sun -- Earth line Exterior planets Retrograde only at opposition , when brightest Radii of epicycles aligned to Sun -- Earth line The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model . The earliest heliocentric model , Copernican heliocentrism , could remove Ptolemy 's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds . Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity , and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent .", "7": "Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate , and gave the same result . It has been determined , in fact , that the Copernican , Ptolemaic and even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical inputs . They are computationally equivalent . It was n't until Kepler demonstrated a physical observation that could show that the physical sun is directly involved in determining an orbit that a new model was required . The Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is : Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn Fixed Stars Primum Mobile ( `` First Moved '' ) Ptolemy did not invent or work out this order , which aligns with the ancient Seven Heavens religious cosmology common to the major Eurasian religious traditions . It also follows the decreasing orbital periods of the moon , sun , planets and stars . Islamic astronomy and geocentrism ( edit ) Main articles : Maragheh observatory , Astronomy in medieval Islam , and Islamic cosmology Muslim astronomers generally accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model , but by the 10th century texts appeared regularly whose subject matter was doubts concerning Ptolemy ( shukūk ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Some Muslim astronomers believed that the Earth rotates around its axis , such as Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d. circa 1020 ) . According to al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` that the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the Earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the Earth and not the stars . Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c.", "8": "1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . In the 12th century , Arzachel departed from the ancient Greek idea of uniform circular motions by hypothesizing that the planet Mercury moves in an elliptic orbit , while Alpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant , epicycle and eccentric mechanisms , though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate . Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical . His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century . Fakhr al - Din al - Razi ( 1149 -- 1209 ) , in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib , rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth 's centrality within the universe , but instead argues that there are `` a thousand thousand worlds ( alfa alfi ' awalim ) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has . '' To support his theological argument , he cites the Qur'anic verse , `` All praise belongs to God , Lord of the Worlds , '' emphasizing the term `` Worlds . '' The `` Maragha Revolution '' refers to the Maragha school 's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy . The `` Maragha school '' was an astronomical tradition beginning in the Maragha observatory and continuing with astronomers from the Damascus mosque and Samarkand observatory . Like their Andalusian predecessors , the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the equant problem ( the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an epicycle was conceived to move uniformly ) and produce alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism . They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics , were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions , and were in better agreement with empirical observations .", "9": "The most important of the Maragha astronomers included Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi ( d . 1266 ) , Nasīr al - Dīn al - Tūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) , Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi ( 1236 -- 1311 ) , Ibn al - Shatir ( 1304 -- 1375 ) , Ali Qushji ( c. 1474 ) , Al - Birjandi ( d . 1525 ) , and Shams al - Din al - Khafri ( d . 1550 ) . Ibn al - Shatir , the Damascene astronomer ( 1304 -- 1375 AD ) working at the Umayyad Mosque , wrote a major book entitled Kitab Nihayat al - Sul fi Tashih al - Usul ( A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory ) on a theory which departs largely from the Ptolemaic system known at that time . In his book , Ibn al - Shatir , an Arab astronomer of the fourteenth century , E.S. Kennedy wrote `` what is of most interest , however , is that Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar theory , except for trivial differences in parameters , is identical with that of Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 AD ) . '' The discovery that the models of Ibn al - Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe . At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories , the Earth 's rotation was discussed by al - Tusi and Ali Qushji ( b . 1403 ) ; the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . However , the Maragha school never made the paradigm shift to heliocentrism . The influence of the Maragha school on Copernicus remains speculative , since there is no documentary evidence to prove it . The possibility that Copernicus independently developed the Tusi couple remains open , since no researcher has yet demonstrated that he knew about Tusi 's work or that of the Maragha school .", "10": "Geocentrism and rival systems ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This drawing from an Icelandic manuscript dated around 1750 illustrates the geocentric model . Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model . The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned ; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire . Hicetas and Ecphantus , two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC , and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC , believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe . Such a system still qualifies as geocentric . It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan . Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth , but this is no longer accepted . Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun . Aristarchus of Samos was the most radical . He wrote a work , which has not survived , on heliocentrism , saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe , while the Earth and other planets revolved around it . His theory was not popular , and he had one named follower , Seleucus of Seleucia . Copernican system ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism In 1543 , the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus ' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) , which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun . The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards , as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system , and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture . The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy 's system , because it still used circular orbits . This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical ( Kepler 's first law of planetary motion ) .", "11": "With the invention of the telescope in 1609 , observations made by Galileo Galilei ( such as that Jupiter has moons ) called into question some of the tenets of geocentrism but did not seriously threaten it . Because he observed dark `` spots '' on the moon , craters , he remarked that the moon was not a perfect celestial body as had been previously conceived . This was the first time someone could see imperfections on a celestial body that was supposed to be composed of perfect aether . As such , because the moon 's imperfections could now be related to those seen on Earth , one could argue that neither was unique : rather , they were both just celestial bodies made from Earth - like material . Galileo could also see the moons of Jupiter , which he dedicated to Cosimo II de ' Medici , and stated that they orbited around Jupiter , not Earth . This was a significant claim as it would mean not only that not everything revolved around Earth as stated in the Ptolemaic model , but also showed a secondary celestial body could orbit a moving celestial body , strengthening the heliocentric argument that a moving Earth could retain the Moon . Galileo 's observations were verified by other astronomers of the time period who quickly adopted use of the telescope , including Christoph Scheiner , Johannes Kepler , and Giovan Paulo Lembo . Phases of Venus In December 1610 , Galileo Galilei used his telescope to observe that Venus showed all phases , just like the Moon . He thought that while this observation was incompatible with the Ptolemaic system , it was a natural consequence of the heliocentric system . However , Ptolemy placed Venus ' deferent and epicycle entirely inside the sphere of the Sun ( between the Sun and Mercury ) , but this was arbitrary ; he could just as easily have swapped Venus and Mercury and put them on the other side of the Sun , or made any other arrangement of Venus and Mercury , as long as they were always near a line running from the Earth through the Sun , such as placing the center of the Venus epicycle near the Sun . In this case , if the Sun is the source of all the light , under the Ptolemaic system : If Venus is between Earth and the Sun , the phase of Venus must always be crescent or all dark .", "12": "If Venus is beyond the Sun , the phase of Venus must always be gibbous or full . But Galileo saw Venus at first small and full , and later large and crescent . In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the moon and the sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the sun . Around all is a sphere of stars , which rotates . This showed that with a Ptolemaic cosmology , the Venus epicycle can be neither completely inside nor completely outside of the orbit of the Sun . As a result , Ptolemaics abandoned the idea that the epicycle of Venus was completely inside the Sun , and later 17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe 's Tychonic system ( in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe , and around it revolved the Sun , but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles ) , or variations on the Copernican system . Gravitation ( edit ) Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe 's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619 , based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths . Using these laws , he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus ( for the year 1631 ) . The change from circular orbits to elliptical planetary paths dramatically improved the accuracy of celestial observations and predictions . Because the heliocentric model by Copernicus was no more accurate than Ptolemy 's system , new observations were needed to persuade those who still held on to the geocentric model . However , Kepler 's laws based on Brahe 's data became a problem which geocentrists could not easily overcome . In 1687 , Isaac Newton stated the law of universal gravitation , described earlier as a hypothesis by Robert Hooke and others . His main achievement was to mathematically derive Kepler 's laws of planetary motion from the law of gravitation , thus helping to prove the latter . This introduced gravitation as the force that both kept the Earth and planets moving through the heavens and also kept the air from flying away .", "13": "The theory of gravity allowed scientists to construct a plausible heliocentric model for the solar system quickly . In his Principia , Newton explained his system of how gravity , previously thought of as an occult force ( that is , an unexplained force ) , directed the movements of celestial bodies , and kept our solar system in its working order . His descriptions of centripetal force were a breakthrough in scientific thought which used the newly developed differential calculus , and finally replaced the previous schools of scientific thought , i.e. those of Aristotle and Ptolemy . However , the process was gradual . Several empirical tests of Newton 's theory , explaining the longer period of oscillation of a pendulum at the equator and the differing size of a degree of latitude , gradually became available over the period 1673 -- 1738 . In addition , stellar aberration was observed by Robert Hooke in 1674 and tested in a series of observations by Jean Picard over ten years finishing in 1680 . However , it was not explained until 1729 when James Bradley provided an approximate explanation in terms of the Earth 's revolution about the sun . In 1838 , astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel measured the parallax of the star 61 Cygni successfully , and disproved Ptolemy 's claim that parallax motion did not exist . This finally confirmed the assumptions made by Copernicus , provided accurate , dependable scientific observations , and displayed truly how far away stars were from Earth . A geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments , but is a less appropriate choice for solar - system mechanics and space travel . While a heliocentric frame is most useful in those cases , galactic and extra-galactic astronomy is easier if the sun is treated as neither stationary nor the center of the universe , but rotating around the center of our galaxy , and in turn our galaxy is also not at rest in the cosmic background . Relativity ( edit ) Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld wrote in The Evolution of Physics ( 1938 ) : `` Can we formulate physical laws so that they are valid for all CS ( = coordinate systems ) , not only those moving uniformly , but also those moving quite arbitrarily , relative to each other ? If this can be done , our difficulties will be over . We shall then be able to apply the laws of nature to any CS .", "14": "The struggle , so violent in the early days of science , between the views of Ptolemy and Copernicus would then be quite meaningless . Either CS could be used with equal justification . The two sentences , ' the sun is at rest and the Earth moves ' , or ' the sun moves and the Earth is at rest ' , would simply mean two different conventions concerning two different CS . Could we build a real relativistic physics valid in all CS ; a physics in which there would be no place for absolute , but only for relative , motion ? This is indeed possible ! '' Despite giving more respectability to the geocentric view than Newtonian physics does , relativity is not geocentric . Rather , relativity states that the Sun , the Earth , the Moon , Jupiter , or any other point for that matter could be chosen as a center of the solar system with equal validity . For this reason Robert Sungenis , a modern geocentrist , spent much of Volume I of his book Galileo Was Wrong : The Church Was Right critiquing and trying to unravel the Special and General theories of Relativity . Relativity agrees with Newtonian predictions that regardless of whether the Sun or the Earth are chosen arbitrarily as the center of the coordinate system describing the solar system , the paths of the planets form ( roughly ) ellipses with respect to the Sun , not the Earth . With respect to the average reference frame of the fixed stars , the planets do indeed move around the Sun , which due to its much larger mass , moves far less than its own diameter and the gravity of which is dominant in determining the orbits of the planets . ( In other words , the center of mass of the solar system is near the center of the Sun . ) The Earth and Moon are much closer to being a binary planet ; the center of mass around which they both rotate is still inside the Earth , but is about 4,624 km ( 2,873 mi ) or 72.6 % of the Earth 's radius away from the centre of the Earth ( thus closer to the surface than the center ) . What the principle of relativity points out is that correct mathematical calculations can be made regardless of the reference frame chosen , and these will all agree with each other as to the predictions of actual motions of bodies with respect to each other .", "15": "It is not necessary to choose the object in the solar system with the largest gravitational field as the center of the coordinate system in order to predict the motions of planetary bodies , though doing so may make calculations easier to perform or interpret . A geocentric coordinate system can be more convenient when dealing only with bodies mostly influenced by the gravity of the Earth ( such as artificial satellites and the Moon ) , or when calculating what the sky will look like when viewed from Earth ( as opposed to an imaginary observer looking down on the entire solar system , where a different coordinate system might be more convenient ) . Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism ( edit ) Map of the Square and Stationary Earth , by Orlando Ferguson ( 1893 ) The Ptolemaic model of the solar system held sway into the early modern age ; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the heliocentric model . Geocentrism as a separate religious belief , however , never completely died out . In the United States between 1870 and 1920 , for example , various members of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod published articles disparaging Copernican astronomy , and geocentrism was widely taught within the synod during that period . However , in the 1902 Theological Quarterly , A.L. Graebner claimed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism , heliocentrism , or any scientific model , unless it were to contradict Scripture . He stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole . Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters pointing to some passages in the Bible , which , when taken literally , indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis . For example , in Joshua 10 : 12 , the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky , and in Psalms the world is described as immobile . Psalms 93 : 1 says in part `` the world is established , firm and secure '' . )", "16": "Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis ( president of Bellarmine Theological Forum and author of the 2006 book Galileo Was Wrong ) . These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview . Modern geocentrism is pseudoscientific , and most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives . After all , Copernicanism was the first major victory of science over religion , so it 's inevitable that some folks would think that everything that 's wrong with the world began there . -- Steven Dutch of the University of Wisconsin -- Madison Morris Berman quotes a 2006 survey that show currently some 20 % of the U.S. population believe that the sun goes around the Earth ( geocentricism ) rather than the Earth goes around the sun ( heliocentricism ) , while a further 9 % claimed not to know . Polls conducted by Gallup in the 1990s found that 16 % of Germans , 18 % of Americans and 19 % of Britons hold that the Sun revolves around the Earth . A study conducted in 2005 by Jon D. Miller of Northwestern University , an expert in the public understanding of science and technology , found that about 20 % , or one in five , of American adults believe that the Sun orbits the Earth . According to 2011 VTSIOM poll , 32 % of Russians believe that the Sun orbits the Earth . Historical positions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy ( edit ) The famous Galileo affair pitted the geocentric model against the claims of Galileo . In regards to the theological basis for such an argument , two Popes addressed the question of whether the use of phenomenological language would compel one to admit an error in Scripture . Both taught that it would not . Pope Leo XIII ( 1878 -- 1903 ) wrote : we have to contend against those who , making an evil use of physical science , minutely scrutinize the Sacred Book in order to detect the writers in a mistake , and to take occasion to vilify its contents ... There can never , indeed , be any real discrepancy between the theologian and the physicist , as long as each confines himself within his own lines , and both are careful , as St.", "17": "Augustine warns us , `` not to make rash assertions , or to assert what is not known as known '' . If dissension should arise between them , here is the rule also laid down by St. Augustine , for the theologian : `` Whatever they can really demonstrate to be true of physical nature , we must show to be capable of reconciliation with our Scriptures ; and whatever they assert in their treatises which is contrary to these Scriptures of ours , that is to Catholic faith , we must either prove it as well as we can to be entirely false , or at all events we must , without the smallest hesitation , believe it to be so . '' To understand how just is the rule here formulated we must remember , first , that the sacred writers , or to speak more accurately , the Holy Ghost `` Who spoke by them , did not intend to teach men these things ( that is to say , the essential nature of the things of the visible universe ) , things in no way profitable unto salvation . '' Hence they did not seek to penetrate the secrets of nature , but rather described and dealt with things in more or less figurative language , or in terms which were commonly used at the time , and which in many instances are in daily use at this day , even by the most eminent men of science . Ordinary speech primarily and properly describes what comes under the senses ; and somewhat in the same way the sacred writers - as the Angelic Doctor also reminds us -- `` went by what sensibly appeared '' , or put down what God , speaking to men , signified , in the way men could understand and were accustomed to . -- Providentissimus Deus 18 Maurice Finocchiaro , author of a book on the Galileo affair , notes that this is `` a view of the relationship between biblical interpretation and scientific investigation that corresponds to the one advanced by Galileo in the `` Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' . Pope Pius XII ( 1939 -- 1958 ) repeated his predecessor 's teaching : The first and greatest care of Leo XIII was to set forth the teaching on the truth of the Sacred Books and to defend it from attack .", "18": "Hence with grave words did he proclaim that there is no error whatsoever if the sacred writer , speaking of things of the physical order `` went by what sensibly appeared '' as the Angelic Doctor says , speaking either `` in figurative language , or in terms which were commonly used at the time , and which in many instances are in daily use at this day , even among the most eminent men of science '' . For `` the sacred writers , or to speak more accurately -- the words are St. Augustine 's -- the Holy Spirit , Who spoke by them , did not intend to teach men these things -- that is the essential nature of the things of the universe -- things in no way profitable to salvation '' ; which principle `` will apply to cognate sciences , and especially to history '' , that is , by refuting , `` in a somewhat similar way the fallacies of the adversaries and defending the historical truth of Sacred Scripture from their attacks '' . -- Divino afflante Spiritu , 3 In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII republished the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ( List of Prohibited Books ) and attached the various decrees connected with those books , including those concerned with heliocentrism . He stated in a Papal Bull that his purpose in doing so was that `` the succession of things done from the beginning might be made known ( quo rei ab initio gestae series innotescat ) '' . The position of the curia evolved slowly over the centuries towards permitting the heliocentric view . In 1757 , during the papacy of Benedict XIV , the Congregation of the Index withdrew the decree which prohibited all books teaching the Earth 's motion , although the Dialogue and a few other books continued to be explicitly included .", "19": "In 1820 , the Congregation of the Holy Office , with the pope 's approval , decreed that Catholic astronomer Giuseppe Settele was allowed to treat the Earth 's motion as an established fact and removed any obstacle for Catholics to hold to the motion of the Earth : The Assessor of the Holy Office has referred the request of Giuseppe Settele , Professor of Optics and Astronomy at La Sapienza University , regarding permission to publish his work Elements of Astronomy in which he espouses the common opinion of the astronomers of our time regarding the Earth 's daily and yearly motions , to His Holiness through Divine Providence , Pope Pius VII . Previously , His Holiness had referred this request to the Supreme Sacred Congregation and concurrently to the consideration of the Most Eminent and Most Reverend General Cardinal Inquisitor . His Holiness has decreed that no obstacles exist for those who sustain Copernicus ' affirmation regarding the Earth 's movement in the manner in which it is affirmed today , even by Catholic authors . He has , moreover , suggested the insertion of several notations into this work , aimed at demonstrating that the above mentioned affirmation ( of Copernicus ) , as it has come to be understood , does not present any difficulties ; difficulties that existed in times past , prior to the subsequent astronomical observations that have now occurred . ( Pope Pius VII ) has also recommended that the implementation ( of these decisions ) be given to the Cardinal Secretary of the Supreme Sacred Congregation and Master of the Sacred Apostolic Palace . He is now appointed the task of bringing to an end any concerns and criticisms regarding the printing of this book , and , at the same time , ensuring that in the future , regarding the publication of such works , permission is sought from the Cardinal Vicar whose signature will not be given without the authorization of the Superior of his Order .", "20": "In 1822 , the Congregation of the Holy Office removed the prohibition on the publication of books treating of the Earth 's motion in accordance with modern astronomy and Pope Pius VII ratified the decision : The most excellent ( cardinals ) have decreed that there must be no denial , by the present or by future Masters of the Sacred Apostolic Palace , of permission to print and to publish works which treat of the mobility of the Earth and of the immobility of the sun , according to the common opinion of modern astronomers , as long as there are no other contrary indications , on the basis of the decrees of the Sacred Congregation of the Index of 1757 and of this Supreme ( Holy Office ) of 1820 ; and that those who would show themselves to be reluctant or would disobey , should be forced under punishments at the choice of ( this ) Sacred Congregation , with derogation of ( their ) claimed privileges , where necessary . The 1835 edition of the Catholic Index of Prohibited Books for the first time omits the Dialogue from the list . In his 1921 papal encyclical , In praeclara summorum , Pope Benedict XV stated that , `` though this Earth on which we live may not be the center of the universe as at one time was thought , it was the scene of the original happiness of our first ancestors , witness of their unhappy fall , as too of the Redemption of mankind through the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ '' . In 1965 the Second Vatican Council stated that , `` Consequently , we can not but deplore certain habits of mind , which are sometimes found too among Christians , which do not sufficiently attend to the rightful independence of science and which , from the arguments and controversies they spark , lead many minds to conclude that faith and science are mutually opposed . '' The footnote on this statement is to Msgr . Pio Paschini 's , Vita e opere di Galileo Galilei , 2 volumes , Vatican Press ( 1964 ) . Pope John Paul II regretted the treatment which Galileo received , in a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1992 . The Pope declared the incident to be based on a `` tragic mutual miscomprehension '' .", "21": "He further stated : Cardinal Poupard has also reminded us that the sentence of 1633 was not irreformable , and that the debate which had not ceased to evolve thereafter , was closed in 1820 with the imprimatur given to the work of Canon Settele ... The error of the theologians of the time , when they maintained the centrality of the Earth , was to think that our understanding of the physical world 's structure was , in some way , imposed by the literal sense of Sacred Scripture . Let us recall the celebrated saying attributed to Baronius `` Spiritui Sancto mentem fuisse nos docere quomodo ad coelum eatur , non quomodo coelum gradiatur '' . In fact , the Bible does not concern itself with the details of the physical world , the understanding of which is the competence of human experience and reasoning . There exist two realms of knowledge , one which has its source in Revelation and one which reason can discover by its own power . To the latter belong especially the experimental sciences and philosophy . The distinction between the two realms of knowledge ought not to be understood as opposition . Orthodox Judaism ( edit ) A few Orthodox Jewish leaders maintain a geocentric model of the universe based on the aforementioned Biblical verses and an interpretation of Maimonides to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the sun . The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of Relativity , which establishes that `` when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , ... science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid , namely that the Earth revolves around the sun , or the sun revolves around the Earth '' , although he also went on to refer to people who believed in geocentrism as `` remaining in the world of Copernicus '' . The Zohar implies : `` The entire world and those upon it , spin round in a circle like a ball '' , both those at the bottom of the ball and those at the top . All God 's creatures , wherever they live on the different parts of the ball , look different ( in color , in their features ) because the air is different in each place , but they stand erect as all other human beings .", "22": "Therefore , there are places in the world where , when some have light , others have darkness ; when some have day , others have night . While geocentrism is important in Maimonides ' calendar calculations , the great majority of Jewish religious scholars , who accept the divinity of the Bible and accept many of his rulings as legally binding , do not believe that the Bible or Maimonides command a belief in geocentrism . Islam ( edit ) Prominent cases of modern geocentrism in Islam are very isolated . Very few individuals promoted a geocentric view of the universe . One of them was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi , a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent . He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book that explains the movement of the sun , moon and other planets around the Earth . The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 to 1999 , Ibn Baz also promoted the geocentric view between 1966 and 1985 . Planetariums ( edit ) The geocentric ( Ptolemaic ) model of the solar system is still of interest to planetarium makers , as , for technical reasons , a Ptolemaic - type motion for the planet light apparatus has some advantages over a Copernican - type motion . The celestial sphere , still used for teaching purposes and sometimes for navigation , is also based on a geocentric system which in effect ignores parallax . However this effect is negligible at the scale of accuracy that applies to a planetarium . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Celestial spheres Firmament Flat Earth Religious cosmology Sphere of fire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Egyptian universe was substantially similar to the Babylonian universe ; it was pictured as a rectangular box with a north - south orientation and with a slightly concave surface , with Egypt in the center . A good idea of the similarly primitive state of Hebrew astronomy can be gained from Biblical writings , such as the Genesis creation story and the various Psalms that extol the firmament , the stars , the sun , and the earth . The Hebrews saw the earth as an almost flat surface consisting of a solid and a liquid part , and the sky as the realm of light in which heavenly bodies move .", "23": "The earth rested on cornerstones and could not be moved except by Jehovah ( as in an earthquake ) . According to the Hebrews , the sun and the moon were only a short distance from one another Jump up ^ The picture of the universe in Talmudic texts has the Earth in the center of creation with heaven as a hemisphere spread over it . The Earth is usually described as a disk encircled by water . Interestingly , cosmological and metaphysical speculations were not to be cultivated in public nor were they to be committed to writing . Rather , they were considered as `` secrets of the Torah not to be passed on to all and sundry '' ( Ketubot 112a ) . While study of God 's creation was not prohibited , speculations about `` what is above , what is beneath , what is before , and what is after '' ( Mishnah Hagigah : 2 ) were restricted to the intellectual elite . Jump up ^ `` firmament -- The division made by God , according to the P account of creation , to restrain the cosmic water and form the sky ( Genesis 1 : 6 -- 8 ) . Hebrew cosmology pictured a flat earth , over which was a dome - shaped firmament , supported above the earth by mountains , and surrounded by waters . Holes or sluices ( windows , Gen. 7 : 11 ) allowed the water to fall as rain . The firmament was the heavens in which God set the sun ( Psalms 19 : 4 ) and the stars ( Genesis 1 : 4 ) on the fourth day of the creation . There was more water under the earth ( Genesis 1 : 7 ) and during the Flood the two great oceans joined up and covered the earth ; sheol was at the bottom of the earth ( Isa. 14 : 9 ; Num. 16 : 30 ) . '' Jump up ^ The cosmographical structure assumed by this text is the ancient , traditional flat earth model that was common throughout the Near East and that persisted in Jewish tradition because of its place in the religiously authoritative biblical materials . Jump up ^ `` The term `` firmament '' ( רקיע - rāqîa ' ) denotes the atmosphere between the heavenly realm and the earth ( Gen.", "24": "1 : 6 -- 7 , 20 ) where the celestial bodies move ( Gen. 1 : 14 -- 17 ) . It can also be used as a synonym for `` heaven '' ( Gen. 1 : 8 ; Ps. 19 : 2 ) . This `` firmament is part of the heavenly structure whether it is the equivalent of ' heaven / sky ' or is what separates it from the earth ... The ancient Israelites also used more descriptive terms for how God created the celestial realm , and based on the collection of these more specific and illustrative terms , I would propose that they had two basic ideas of the composition of the heavenly realm . First is the idea that the heavenly realm was imagined as a vast cosmic canopy . The verb used to describe metaphorically how God stretched out this canopy over earth is הטנ ( nātāh ) ' stretch out ' , or ' spread ' . ' I made the earth , and created humankind upon it ; it was my hands that stretched out the heavens , and I commanded all their host ( Isa. 45 : 12 ) . ' In the Bible this verb is used to describe the stretching out ( pitching ) of a tent . Since the texts that mention the stretching out of the sky are typically drawing on creation imagery , it seems that the figure intends to suggest that the heavens are Yahweh 's cosmic tent . One can imagine ancient Israelites gazing up to the stars and comparing the canopy of the sky to the roofs of the tents under which they lived . In fact , if one were to look up at the ceiling of a dark tent with small holes in the roof during the daytime , the roof , with the sunlight shining through the holes , would look very much like the night sky with all its stars . The second image of the material composition of the heavenly realm involves a firm substance . The term רקיע ( răqîa ' ) , typically translated ' firmament ' , indicates the expanse above the earth . The root רקע means ' stamp out ' or ' forge ' . The idea of a solid , forged surface fits well with Ezekiel 1 where God 's throne rests upon the רקיע ( răqîa ' ) .", "25": "According to Genesis 1 , the רקיע ( rāqîa ' ) is the sphere of the celestial bodies ( Gen. 1 : 6 -- 8 , 14 -- 17 ; cf . ben Sira 43 : 8 ) . It may be that some imagined the עיקר to be a firm substance on which the celestial bodies rode during their daily journeys across the sky . '' Jump up ^ In the course of the Second Temple Period Jews , and eventually Christians , began to describe the universe in new terms . The model of the universe inherited form the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East of a flat earth completely surrounded by water with a heavenly realm of the gods arching above from horizon to horizon became obsolete . In the past the heavenly realm was for gods only . It was the place where all events on earth were determined by the gods , and their decisions were irrevocable . The gulf between the gods and humans could not have been greater . The evolution of Jewish cosmography in the course of the Second Temple Period followed developments in Hellenistic astronomy . Jump up ^ What is described in Genesis 1 : 1 to 2 : 3 was the commonly accepted structure of the universe from at least late in the second millennium BCE to the fourth or third century BCE . It represents a coherent model for the experiences of the people of Mesopotamia through that period . It reflects a world - view that made sense of water coming from the sky and the ground as well as the regular apparent movements of the stars , sun , moon , and planets . There is a clear understanding of the restrictions on breeding between different species of animals and of the way in which human beings had gained control over what were , by then , domestic animals . There is also recognition of the ability of humans to change the environment in which they lived . This same understanding occurred also in the great creation stories of Mesopotamia ; these stories formed the basis for the Jewish theological reflections of the Hebrew Scriptures concerning the creation of the world . The Jewish priests and theologians who constructed the narrative took accepted ideas about the structure of the world and reflected theologically on them in the light of their experience and faith .", "26": "There was never any clash between Jewish and Babylonian people about the structure of the world , but only about who was responsible for it and its ultimate theological meaning . The envisaged structure is simple : Earth was seen as being situated in the middle of a great volume of water , with water both above and below Earth . A great dome was thought to be set above Earth ( like an inverted glass bowl ) , maintaining the water above Earth in its place . Earth was pictured as resting on foundations that go down into the deep . These foundations secured the stability of the land as something that is not floating on the water and so could not be tossed about by wind and wave . The waters surrounding Earth were thought to have been gathered together in their place . The stars , sun , moon , and planets moved in their allotted paths across the great dome above Earth , with their movements defining the months , seasons , and year . Jump up ^ From Myth to Cosmos : The earliest speculations about the origin and nature of the world took the form of religious myths . Almost all ancient cultures developed cosmological stories to explain the basic features of the cosmos : Earth and its inhabitants , sky , sea , sun , moon , and stars . For example , for the Babylonians , the creation of the universe was seen as born from a primeval pair of human - like gods . In early Egyptian cosmology , eclipses were explained as the moon being swallowed temporarily by a sow or as the sun being attacked by a serpent . For the early Hebrews , whose account is preserved in the biblical book of Genesis , a single God created the universe in stages within the relatively recent past . Such pre-scientific cosmologies tended to assume a flat Earth , a finite past , ongoing active interference by deities or spirits in the cosmic order , and stars and planets ( visible to the naked eye only as points of light ) that were different in nature from Earth . Jump up ^ This argument is given in Book I , Chapter 5 , of the Almagest . Jump up ^ Donald B. DeYoung , for example , states that `` Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun 's rising and setting , even though the earth , not the sun , is doing the moving . Bible writers used the ' language of appearance , ' just as people always have .", "27": "Without it , the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly . When the Bible touches on scientific subjects , it is entirely accurate . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Russell M. ( 2004 ) . Science in the Ancient World : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 1851095349 . Jump up ^ Kuhn 1957 , pp. 5 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Abetti , Giorgio ( 2012 ) . `` Cosmology '' . Encyclopedia Americana ( Online ed . ) . Grolier . Jump up ^ Tirosh - Samuelson , Hava ( 2003 ) . `` Topic Overview : Judaism '' . In van Huyssteen , J. Wentzel Vrede . Encyclopedia of Science and Religion . 2 . New York : Macmillan Reference USA . pp. 477 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gandz , Solomon ( 1953 ) . `` The distribution of land and sea on the Earth 's surface according to Hebrew sources '' . Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research . 22 : 23 -- 53 . Like the Midrash and the Talmud , the Targum does not think of a globe of the spherical earth , around which the sun revolves in 24 hours , but of a flat disk of the earth , above which the sun completes its semicircle in an average of 12 hours . Jump up ^ Browning , W.R.F. ( 1997 ) . `` firmament '' . Dictionary of the Bible ( Oxford Reference Online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Wright , J. Edward ( 2000 ) . The Early History Of Heaven . Oxford University Press . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Wright 2000 , pp. 55 -- 6 Jump up ^ Wright 2000 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Selley , Richard C. ; Cocks , L. Robin M. ; Plimer , Ian R. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Biblical Geology '' . Encyclopedia of Geology. 1 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .", "28": "p. 253 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Applebaum , Wilbur ( 2009 ) . `` Astronomy and Cosmology : Cosmology '' . In Lerner , K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth . Scientific Thought : In Context. 1 . Detroit : Gale . pp. 20 -- 31 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Fraser , Craig G. ( 2006 ) . The Cosmos : A Historical Perspective . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hetherington , Norriss S. ( 2006 ) . Planetary Motions : A Historical Perspective . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Crowe 1990 , pp. 60 -- 2 Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bernard R. ( 1967 ) . `` The Arabic version of Ptolemy 's planetary hypothesis '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . 57 ( pt. 4 ) : 6 . JSTOR 1006040 . Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy , '' Perspectives on Science 6.3 ( 1998 ) : 288 -- 330 , at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001 ) . `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's motion in context '' . Science in Context . Cambridge University Press . 14 ( 1 - 2 ) : 145 -- 163 .", "29": "doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001 ) . `` Freeing astronomy from philosophy : An aspect of Islamic influence on science '' . Osiris . 2nd Series . 16 ( Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions ) : 49 -- 64 , 66 -- 71 . doi : 10.1086 / 649338 . ^ Jump up to : Setia , Adi ( 2004 ) . `` Fakhr Al - Din Al - Razi on physics and the nature of the physical world : A preliminary survey '' . Islam & Science . 2 . Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Qadir ( 1989 ) , p. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Rufus , W.C. ( May 1939 ) . `` The influence of Islamic astronomy in Europe and the far east '' . Popular Astronomy . Vol. 47 no . 5 . pp. 233 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1939PA ... 47 ... 233R . Jump up ^ Hartner , Willy ( 1955 ) . `` The Mercury horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice '' . Vistas in Astronomy . 1 : 118 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1955VA ... 1 ... 84H .", "30": "doi : 10.1016 / 0083 - 6656 ( 55 ) 90016 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bernard R. ( 1972 ) . `` Theory and observation in medieval astronomy '' . Isis. 63 ( 1 ) : 41 . doi : 10.1086 / 350839 . Jump up ^ `` Ptolemaic Astronomy , Islamic Planetary Theory , and Copernicus 's Debt to the Maragha School '' . Science and Its Times . Thomson Gale. 2006 . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1994 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . New York University Press . pp. 233 -- 234 , 240 . ISBN 0814780237 . Jump up ^ Dallal , Ahmad ( 1999 ) . `` Science , Medicine and Technology '' . In Esposito , John . The Oxford History of Islam . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) . `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : Does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' . The Observatory . 128 : 231 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G . ^ Jump up to : Huff , Toby E. ( 2003 ) . The Rise of Early Modern Science : Islam , China and the West . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 9780521529945 . Jump up ^ Kirmani , M. Zaki ; Singh , Nagendra Kr ( 2005 ) . Encyclopaedia of Islamic Science and Scientists : A-H . Global Vision . ISBN 9788182200586 . Jump up ^ Johansen , K.F.", "31": "; Rosenmeier , H. ( 1998 ) . A History of Ancient Philosophy : From the Beginnings to Augustine . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Sarton , George ( 1953 ) . Ancient Science Through the Golden Age of Greece . p. 290 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( 1992 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Heraclides and heliocentrism -- Texts diagrams and interpretations '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 23 : 233 . Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David C. ( 2010 ) . The Beginnings of Western Science : The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical , Religious , and Institutional Context , Prehistory to A.D. 1450 ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780226482040 . Jump up ^ Lawson 2004 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 2013 ) ( 1945 ) . A History of Western Philosophy . Routledge . p. 215 . ISBN 9781134343676 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 2008 ) . The Essential Galileo . Indianapolis , IL : Hackett . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo and the Telescope '' . Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lattis , James L. ( 1995 ) . Between Copernicus and Galileo : Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology , University of Chicago Press , pgs 186 - 190 Jump up ^ Densmore , Dana , ed. ( 2004 ) . Selections from Newton 's Principia . Green Lion Press . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( 1938 ) . The Evolution of Physics ( 1966 ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 212 .", "32": "ISBN 0 - 671 - 20156 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus : An Essay On His Life and Work . New York : Harper and Row . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011971 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus : An Essay On His Life and Work . London : Heineman Educational Books Ltd. p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 54425 - X . Jump up ^ Sungenis , Robert ( 2007 ) . Galileo Was Wrong : The Church Was Right . Vol I. State Line , PA : Catholic Apologetics International Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9779640 - 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ Babinski , E.T. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Excerpts from Frank Zindler 's ' Report from the center of the universe ' and ' Turtles all the way down ' '' . TalkOrigins Archive . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Graebner , A.L. ( 1902 ) . `` Science and the church '' . Theological Quarterly . St. Louis , MO : Lutheran Synod of Missouri , Ohio and other states , Concordia Publishing . 6 : 37 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1993 ) . The Creationists : The Evolution of Scientific Creationism . University of California Press . p. 237 . ISBN 0520083938 . Jump up ^ Sefton , Dru ( 2006 - 03 - 30 ) . `` In this world view , the sun revolves around the earth '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , NC . p. 5A . Jump up ^ Modern Geocentrism : A Case Study of Pseudoscience in Astronomy Jump up ^ DeYoung , Donald B. ( 1997 - 11 - 05 ) .", "33": "`` Astronomy and the Bible : Selected questions and answers excerpted from the book '' . Answers in Genesis . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Geocentrism lives Jump up ^ Berman , Morris ( 2006 ) . Dark Ages America : The Final Phase of Empire . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393058666 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Steve ( 1999 - 07 - 06 ) . `` New Poll Gauges Americans ' General Knowledge Levels '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ `` Jon D. Miller '' . Northwestern University website . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dean , Cornelia ( 2005 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Scientific savvy ? In U.S. , not much '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ ' СОЛНЦЕ -- СПУТНИК ЗЕМЛИ ' , ИЛИ РЕЙТИНГ НАУЧНЫХ ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЙ РОССИЯН ( ' Sun - earth ' , or rating scientific fallacies of Russians ) ( in Russian ) ( Пресс - выпуск No 1684 ( Press release no . 1684 ) ) , ВЦИОМ ( All - Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ) , 2011 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 1989 ) . The Galileo Affair : A Documentary History . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 307 . ISBN 9780520066625 . Jump up ^ Index librorum prohibitorum Alexandri VII ( in Latin ) . Rome : Ex typographia Reurendae Camerae Apostolicae. 1664 . p. v . Jump up ^ `` Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science '' . Jump up ^ Fantoli , Annibale ( 1996 ) . Galileo : For Copernicanism and For the Church . University of Notre Dame .", "34": "p. 475 . ISBN 0268010323 . Jump up ^ `` In Praeclara Summorum : Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on Dante to Professors and Students of Literature and Learning in the Catholic World '' . Rome . 1921 - 04 - 30 . § 4 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World ' Gaudium Et Spes ' Promulgated by His Holiness , Pope Paul IV on December 7 , 1965 '' . § 36 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II ( 1992 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Faith can never conflict with reason '' . L'Osservatore Romano. 44 ( 1264 ) . ( Published English translation ) . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Alexander ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Orthodox Jews & science : An empirical study of their attitudes toward evolution , the fossil record , and modern geology '' . Skeptic Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Nussbaum , Alexander ( January -- April 2002 ) . `` Creationism and geocentrism among Orthodox Jewish scientists '' . Reports of the National Center for Science Education : 38 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Schneersohn , Menachem Mendel ; Gotfryd , Arnie ( 2003 ) . Mind over Matter : The Lubavitcher Rebbe on Science , Technology and Medicine . Shamir . pp. 76ff. ; cf . xvi - xvii , 69 , 100 -- 1 , 171 -- 2 , 408ff . ISBN 9789652930804 . Jump up ^ `` Sefer Zemanim : Kiddush HaChodesh : Chapter 11 '' . Mishneh Torah . Translated by Touger , Eliyahu . Chabad - Lubavitch Media Center . Halacha 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Avi ( 1987 ) .", "35": "`` EgoCentrism and GeoCentrism ; Human Significance and Existential Despair ; Bible and Science ; Fundamentalism and Skepticalism '' . Science & Religion . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Published in Branover , Herman ; Attia , Ilana Coven , eds. ( 1994 ) . Science in the Light of Torah : A B'Or Ha'Torah Reader . Jason Aronson . ISBN 9781568210346 . Jump up ^ `` Fauz e Mubeen Dar Radd e Harkat e Zamin '' . Jump up ^ Hort , William Jillard ( 1822 ) . A General View of the Sciences and Arts . p. 182 . Jump up ^ Kaler , James B. ( 2002 ) . The Ever - changing Sky : A Guide to the Celestial Sphere . p. 25 . Bibliography ( edit ) Crowe , Michael J. ( 1990 ) . Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution . Mineola , NY : Dover Publications . ISBN 0486261735 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) . A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler . New York : Dover Publications . Evans , James ( 1998 ) . The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy . New York : Oxford University Press . Grant , Edward ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ) . `` In Defense of the Earth 's Centrality and Immobility : Scholastic Reaction to Copernicanism in the Seventeenth Century '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . New Series . 74 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 1006444 . ISSN 0065 - 9746 . JSTOR 1006444 . Heath , Thomas ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus . Koestler , Arthur ( 1986 ) ( 1959 ) .", "36": "The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe . Penguin Books . ISBN 014055212X. 1990 reprint : ISBN 0140192468 . Kuhn , Thomas S. ( 1957 ) . The Copernican Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674171039 . Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521827508 . Walker , Christopher , ed. ( 1996 ) . Astronomy Before the Telescope . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 0714117463 .", "37": "External links ( edit ) Another demonstration of the complexity of observed orbits when assuming a geocentric model of the solar system Geocentric Perspective animation of the Solar System in 150AD Ptolemy 's system of astronomy The Galileo Project -- Ptolemaic System ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geocentric_model&oldid=836095452 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Celestial coordinate system Obsolete scientific theories Scientific modeling Early scientific cosmologies Copernican Revolution Hidden categories :", "38": "CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands Nedersaksies", "39": "日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 31, 19, 28, 10, 9, 29, 14, 6, 36, 35, 32, 7, 30, 5, 13, 33, 37, 21, 4, 1, 16, 11, 2, 18, 3, 12, 17, 8, 26, 22, 0, 15, 20, 34, 27, 25, 23, 38, 39, 24 ]	[ 31, 19, 28, 10, 9 ]
-7229544162712597170	when was the miraculous journey of edward tulane published	[ "March 30, 2006", "March 30, 2006", "2006", "2006", "March 30, 2006" ]	{ "0": "The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane - wikipedia The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane Jump to : navigation , search The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane Author Kate DiCamillo Cover artist Bagram Ibatoulline Country United States Language English Genre Young adult novel Publisher Candlewick Press Publication date March 30 , 2006 Media type Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) Pages 192pp ISBN 0 - 7636 - 2589 - 2 OCLC 41601218 LC Class PZ7. D5455 Be 2000 The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane is a 2006 novel by Kate DiCamillo . Following the life of a china rabbit , the book won the 2006 Boston Globe - Horn Book Award in Fiction category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Themes 3 Awards , nominations , and recognition 4 In popular culture 5 Notes 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Edward Tulane is a china rabbit given to a ten - year - old girl named Abilene by her grandmother in the 1930s . He enjoys a pleasant but vain life with his young mistress , who treats him with the utmost love and respect , until an unfortunate incident finds him falling overboard while vacationing on the RMS Queen Mary . Edward spends 297 days on the ocean floor , until a storm frees him from the seabed and a passing fisherman and his buddy pull him from their fishing net . The man takes him home to his wife where he is renamed and forced to wear dresses . Edward is passed from hand to hand of a succession of life - altering characters , such as a hobo and his dog and a four - year - old girl with tuberculosis and her brother . Edward 's journeys not only take him far from home , but even farther from the selfish rabbit he once was . Eventually , Edward is cruelly broken against a counter top edge , repaired and then offered for sale in a doll store for several years . He is finally bought by Abilene , his original mistress , now married with a daughter of her own .", "1": "Themes ( edit ) The novel contains several themes involving loss and recovery , kindness and compassion , and the journey to self - discovery . The main theme can be summarized by a quote from the book : `` If you have no intention of loving or being loved , then the whole journey is pointless . '' Awards , nominations , and recognition ( edit ) The Miraculous Journey won the 2006 Boston Globe -- Horn Book Award for children 's fiction and a Parents ' Choice Award for Spring 2006 fiction . It was a Quill Awards finalist in the children 's chapter book category . In 2007 the U.S. National Education Association named it one of `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' based on an online poll . In 2012 it was ranked number 59 among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the third of three books by DiCamillo in the Top 100 . In popular culture ( edit ) The book was featured in My Love from the Star , a 2014 Korean drama about an alien living on Earth for 400 years who falls in love with a popular actress . This propelled the novel to the top of the bestseller lists in major Korean bookstores as the alien repeatedly quotes from it throughout the series . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane Book Review '' . Kidzworld.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ DiCamillo , Kate ( January -- February 2007 ) . `` Boston Globe -- Horn Book Award Acceptance '' . The Horn Book Magazine . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane '' . Parents ' Choice . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Quill Awards - The 2006 Quills '' . The Quills Literacy Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . National Education Association . 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 .", "2": "Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TV Soap Catapults Kid 's Book to Top of Bestseller List '' . The Chosun Ilbo. 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Edward Tulane publisher 's website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Miraculous_Journey_of_Edward_Tulane&oldid=837414794 '' Categories : 2006 American novels American young adult novels Sentient toys in fiction Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Lietuvių Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 17 : 43 . About Wikipedia", "3": null, "4": null, "5": null, "6": null, "7": null, "8": null, "9": null, "10": null, "11": null, "12": null, "13": null, "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 2, 0, 1 ]	[ 2, 0, 1 ]
4005078879968270199	character in macbeth who is murdered and appears as a ghost	[ "Lord Banquo", "Lord Banquo", "Banquo", "Lord Banquo /ˈbæŋkwoʊ/, the Thane of Lochaber", "Banquo" ]	{ "0": "Banquo - wikipedia Banquo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the character in Shakespeare 's Macbeth . For the small town in the United States , see Banquo , Indiana . Banquo Thane of Lochaber Macbeth character Théodore Chassériau ( 1819 -- 1856 ) , The Ghost of Banquo 1855 Created by William Shakespeare Date ( s ) ca . 1603 -- 7 Source Holinshed 's Chronicles Information Family Fleance , James I Associate ( s ) Macbeth Quote `` Or have we eaten on the insane root That takes the reason prisoner ? '' Lord Banquo / ˈbæŋkwoʊ / , the Thane of Lochaber , is a character in William Shakespeare 's 1606 play Macbeth . In the play , he is at first an ally to Macbeth ( both are generals in the King 's army ) and they meet the Three Witches together . After prophesying that Macbeth will become king , the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself , but that his descendants will be . Later , Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by two hired assassins ; Banquo 's son , Fleance , escapes . Banquo 's ghost returns in a later scene ( Banquet Scene ) , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast . Shakespeare borrowed the character of Banquo from Holinshed 's Chronicles , a history of Britain published by Raphael Holinshed in 1587 . In Chronicles Banquo is an accomplice to Macbeth in the murder of the king , rather than a loyal subject of the king who is seen as an enemy by Macbeth . Shakespeare may have changed this aspect of his character to please King James , who was thought at the time to be a descendant of the real Banquo . Critics often interpret Banquo 's role in the play as being a foil to Macbeth , resisting evil where Macbeth embraces it . Sometimes , however , his motives are unclear , and some critics question his purity . He does nothing to accuse Macbeth of murdering the king , even though he has reason to believe Macbeth is responsible .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Role in the play 3 Analysis 3.1 Foil to Macbeth 3.2 Ghost scenes 4 Performances and interpretations 5 See also 6 References Sources ( edit ) See also : Holinshed 's Chronicles Macbeth and Banquo meeting the witches in a woodcut from Holinshed 's Chronicles Shakespeare often used Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles of England , Scotland , and Ireland -- commonly known as Holinshed 's Chronicles -- as a source for his plays , and in Macbeth he borrows from several of the tales in that work . Holinshed portrays Banquo as a historical figure : he is an accomplice in Mac Bethad mac Findlaích 's ( Macbeth 's ) murder of Donnchad mac Crínáin ( King Duncan ) and plays an important part in ensuring that Macbeth , not Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ( Malcolm ) , takes the throne in the coup that follows . Holinshed in turn used an earlier work , the Scotorum Historiae ( 1526 -- 7 ) by Hector Boece , as his source . Boece 's work is the first known record of Banquo and his son Fleance ; and scholars such as David Bevington generally consider them fictional characters invented by Boece . In Shakespeare 's day , however , they were considered historical figures of great repute , and the king , James I , based his claim to the throne in part on a descent from Banquo . The House of Stuart was descended from Walter fitz Alan , Steward of Scotland , and he was believed to have been the grandson of Fleance and Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 's daughter , Nesta ferch Gruffydd . In reality Walter fitz Alan was the son of Alan fitz Flaad , a Breton knight . Unlike his sources , Shakespeare gives Banquo no role in the King 's murder , making it a deed committed solely by Macbeth and his wife . Why Shakespeare 's Banquo is so different from the character described by Holinshed and Boece is not known , though critics have proposed several possible explanations .", "2": "First among them is the risk associated with portraying the king 's ancestor as a murderer and conspirator in the plot to overthrow a rightful king , as well as the author 's desire to flatter a powerful patron . But Shakespeare may also simply have altered Banquo 's character because there was no dramatic need for another accomplice to the murder . There was , however , a need to provide a dramatic contrast to Macbeth ; a role that many scholars argue is filled by Banquo . Similarly , when Jean de Schelandre wrote about Banquo in his Stuartide in 1611 , he also changed the character by portraying him as a noble and honourable man -- the critic D.W. Maskell describes him as `` ... Schelandre 's paragon of valour and virtue '' -- probably for reasons similar to Shakespeare 's . Banquo 's role in the coup that follows the murder is harder to explain . Banquo 's loyalty to Macbeth , rather than Malcolm , after Duncan 's death makes him a passive accomplice in the coup : Malcolm , as Prince of Cumberland , is the rightful heir to the throne and Macbeth a usurper . Daniel Amneus argued that Macbeth as it survives is a revision of an earlier play , in which Duncan granted Macbeth not only the title of Thane of Cawdor , but the `` greater honor '' of Prince of Cumberland ( i.e. heir to the throne of Scotland ) . Banquo 's silence may be a survival from the posited earlier play , in which Macbeth was the legitimate successor to Duncan . Role in the play ( edit ) Macbeth and Banquo with the Witches by Henry Fuseli Banquo is in a third of the play 's scenes , as both a human and a ghost . As significant as he is to the plot , he has fewer lines than the relatively insignificant Ross , a Scottish nobleman who survives the play . In the second scene of the play , King Duncan describes the manner in which Macbeth , Thane of Glamis , and Banquo , Thane of Lochaber , bravely led his army against invaders , fighting side by side . In the next scene , Banquo and Macbeth , returning from the battle together , encounter the Three Witches , who predict that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor , and then king .", "3": "Banquo , sceptical of the witches , challenges them to predict his own future , and they foretell that Banquo will never himself take the throne , but will beget a line of kings . Banquo remains sceptical after the encounter , wondering aloud if evil can ever speak the truth . He warns Macbeth that evil will offer men a small , hopeful truth only to catch them in a deadly trap . When Macbeth kills the king and takes the throne , Banquo -- the only one aware of this encounter with the witches -- reserves judgment for God . He is unsure whether Macbeth committed regicide to gain the throne , but muses in a soliloquy that `` I fear / Thou play'dst most foully for ' t '' . He offers his respects to the new King Macbeth and pledges loyalty . Later , worried that Banquo 's descendants and not his own will rule Scotland , Macbeth sends two men , and then a Third Murderer , to kill Banquo and his son Fleance . During the melee , Banquo holds off the assailants so that Fleance can escape , but is himself killed . The ghost of Banquo later returns to haunt Macbeth at the banquet in Act Three , Scene Four . A terrified Macbeth sees him , while the apparition is invisible to his guests . He appears again to Macbeth in a vision granted by the Three Witches , wherein Macbeth sees a long line of kings descended from Banquo . Analysis ( edit ) Foil to Macbeth ( edit ) Macbeth and Banquo Meeting the Three Witches by John Wootton Many scholars see Banquo as a foil and a contrast to Macbeth . Macbeth , for example , eagerly accepts the Three Witches ' prophecy as true and seeks to help it along . Banquo , on the other hand , doubts the prophecies and the intentions of these seemingly evil creatures . Whereas Macbeth places his hope in the prediction that he will be king , Banquo argues that evil only offers gifts that lead to destruction . Banquo steadily resists the temptations of evil within the play , praying to heaven for help , while Macbeth seeks darkness , and prays that evil powers will aid him .", "4": "This is visible in act two ; after Banquo sees Duncan to bed , he says : `` There 's husbandry in heaven , / Their candles are all out '' . This premonition of the coming darkness in association with Macbeth 's murders is repeated just before Banquo is killed : `` it will be rain to - night '' , Banquo tells his son Fleance . Banquo 's status as a contrast to Macbeth makes for some tense moments in the play . In act two , scene one , Banquo meets his son Fleance and asks him to take both his sword and his dagger ( `` Hold , take my sword ... Take thee that too '' ) . He also explains that he has been having trouble sleeping due to `` cursed thoughts that nature / gives way to in repose ! '' On Macbeth 's approach , he demands the sword returned to him quickly . Scholars have interpreted this to mean that Banquo has been dreaming of murdering the king as Macbeth 's accomplice to take the throne for his own family , as the Three Witches prophesied to him . In this reading , his good nature is so revolted by these thoughts that he gives his sword and dagger to Fleance to be sure they do not come true , but is so nervous at Macbeth 's approach that he demands them back . Other scholars have responded that Banquo 's dreams have less to do with killing the king and more to do with Macbeth . They argue that Banquo is merely setting aside his sword for the night . Then , when Macbeth approaches , Banquo , having had dreams about Macbeth 's deeds , takes back his sword as a precaution in this case . Macbeth eventually sees that Banquo can no longer be trusted to aid him in his evil , and considers his friend a threat to his newly acquired throne . Thus he has him murdered . Banquo 's ability to live on in different ways is another oppositional force , in this case to Macbeth 's impending death . His spirit lives on in Fleance , his son , and in his ghostly presence at the banquet . Ghost scenes ( edit ) When Macbeth returns to the witches later in the play , they show him an apparition of the murdered Banquo , along with eight of his descendants .", "5": "The scene carries deep significance : King James , on the throne when Macbeth was written , was believed to be separated from Banquo by nine generations . What Shakespeare writes here thus amounts to a strong support of James ' right to the throne by lineage , and for audiences of Shakespeare 's day , a very real fulfilment of the witches ' prophecy to Banquo that his sons would take the throne . This apparition is also deeply unsettling to Macbeth , who not only wants the throne for himself , but also desires to father a line of kings . Banquo 's other appearance as a ghost during the banquet scene serves as an indicator of Macbeth 's conscience returning to plague his thoughts . Banquo 's triumph over death appears symbolically , insofar as he literally takes Macbeth 's seat during the feast . Shocked , Macbeth uses words appropriate to the metaphor of usurpation , describing Banquo as `` crowned '' with wounds . The spirit drains Macbeth 's manhood along with the blood from his cheeks ; as soon as Banquo 's form vanishes , Macbeth announces : `` Why , so ; being gone , / I am a man again . '' Like the vision of Banquo 's lineage , the banquet scene has also been the subject of criticism . Critics have questioned whether not one , but perhaps two ghosts appear in this scene : Banquo and Duncan . Scholars arguing that Duncan attends the banquet state that Macbeth 's lines to the Ghost could apply equally well to the slain king . `` Thou canst not say I did it '' , for example , can mean that Macbeth is not the man who actually killed Banquo , or it can mean that Duncan , who was asleep when Macbeth killed him , can not claim to have seen his killer . To add to the confusion , some lines Macbeth directs to the ghost , such as `` Thy bones are marrowless '' , can not rightly be said of Banquo , who has only recently died . Scholars debate whether Macbeth 's vision of Banquo is real or a hallucination . Macbeth had already seen a hallucination before murdering Duncan : a knife hovering in the air .", "6": "Several performances of the play have even ignored the stage direction to have the Ghost of Banquo enter at all , heightening the sense that Macbeth is growing mad , since the audience can not see what he claims to see . Scholars opposing this view claim that while the dagger is unusual , ghosts of murdered victims are more believable , having a basis in the audience 's superstitions . Spirits in other Shakespeare plays -- notably Hamlet and Midsummer Night 's Dream -- exist in ambiguous forms , occasionally even calling into question their own presence . The concept of a character being confronted at a triumphant feast with a reminder of their downfall is not unique to Shakespeare and may originate from the Belshazzar 's feast episode of the Bible . The term ' ghost at the feast ' has entered popular culture , and is often used as a metaphor for a subject a person would rather avoid considering , or ( considering the general plot of Macbeth ) a reminder of a person 's unpleasant past or likely future . Performances and interpretations ( edit ) Canada Lee as Banquo in the Federal Theatre Project production of Macbeth ( 1936 ) Banquo 's role , especially in the banquet ghost scene , has been subject to a variety of interpretations and mediums . Shakespeare 's text states : `` Enter Ghost of Banquo , and sits in Macbeth 's place . '' Several television versions have altered this slightly , having Banquo appear suddenly in the chair , rather than walking onstage and into it . Special effects and camera tricks also allow producers to make the ghost disappear and reappear , highlighting the fact that only Macbeth can see it . Stage directors , unaided by post-production effects and camera tricks , have used other methods to depict the ghost . In the late 19th century , elaborate productions of the play staged by Henry Irving employed a wide variety of approaches for this task . In 1877 a green silhouette was used to create a ghostlike image ; ten years later a trick chair was used to allow an actor to appear in the middle of the scene , and then again from the midst of the audience . In 1895 a shaft of blue light served to indicate the presence of Banquo 's spirit .", "7": "In 1933 a Russian director named Theodore Komisarjevsky staged a modern retelling of the play ( Banquo and Macbeth were told of their future through palmistry ) ; he used Macbeth 's shadow as the ghost . In 1936 Orson Welles directed the Federal Theatre Project production of the play , with an African - American cast that included Canada Lee in the role of Banquo . Film adaptations have approached Banquo 's character in a variety of ways . Akira Kurosawa 's 1957 adaptation Throne of Blood makes the character into Capitan Miki ( played by Minoru Chiaki ) , slain by Macbeth 's equivalent ( Captain Washizu ) when his wife explains that she is with child . News of Miki 's death does not reach Washizu until after he has seen the ghost in the banquet scene . In Roman Polanski 's 1971 adaptation , Banquo is played by acclaimed stage actor Martin Shaw , in a style reminiscent of earlier stage performances . Polanski 's version also emphasises Banquo 's objection to Macbeth 's ascendency by showing him remaining silent as the other thanes around him hail Macbeth as king . in the 1990 telling of Macbeth in a New York Mafia crime family setting , Men of Respect , the character of Banquo is named `` Bankie Como '' and played by American actor Dennis Farina . See also ( edit ) List of ghosts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coursen , Herbert ( 1997 ) . Macbeth . Westport : Greenwood Press . pp. 15 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30047 - X . ^ Jump up to : Nagarajan , S. ( October 1956 ) . `` A Note on Banquo '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 7 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 6 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866356 . Jump up ^ Bevington , David ( 1988 ) . Four Tragedies . Bantam . p. 714 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 21283 - 4 . Jump up ^ Palmer , J. Foster ( 1886 ) .", "8": "`` The Celt in Power : Tudor and Cromwell '' . Transactions of the Royal Historical Society . Royal Historical Society . 3 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 70 . doi : 10.2307 / 3677851 . Jump up ^ Maskell , D.W. ( January 1971 ) . `` The Transformation of History into Epic : The `` Stuartide '' ( 1611 ) of Jean de Schelandre `` . The Modern Language Review . Modern Humanities Research Association . 66 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 65 . doi : 10.2307 / 3722467 . Jump up ^ Macbeth , Act 1 , Scene 3 , line 104 . Jump up ^ Amneus , Daniel ( 1978 ) . `` Macbeth 's `` Greater Honor '' `` . In Barroll , J. Leeds . Shakespeare Studies . New York : Burt Franklin . pp. 223 -- 30 . ISBN 0 - 89102 - 084 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tredell , Nicolas , Macbeth Jump up ^ Braunmuller , A.R. ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Braunmuller , A.R. Macbeth . The New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29455 - X . Jump up ^ Macbeth . Act 1 , Scene 3 . Jump up ^ Macbeth , Act 3 , Scene 1 , lines 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Macbeth . Act 3 , Scene 1 . Jump up ^ Macbeth . Act 3 , Scene 3 . Jump up ^ Macbeth . Act 4 , Scene 1 . ^ Jump up to : Macbeth , Act 2 , Scene 1 , lines 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Macbeth , Act 3 , Scene 3 , line 16 . Jump up ^ Watson , Robert N. ( 1987 ) . `` '' Thriftless Ambition , '' Foolish Wishes , and the Tragedy of Macbeth `` . In Bloom , Harold . William Shakespeare 's Macbeth .", "9": "Modern Critical Interpretations . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . pp. 133 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 87754 - 930 - 3 . Jump up ^ Macbeth , Act 2 , Scene 1 , lines 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Perry D. ( January 1946 ) . `` A Note on `` Macbeth , '' Act II , Scene 1 `` . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 7 ( 4 ) : 219 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 371197 . Jump up ^ Henneberger , Olive ( October 1946 ) . `` Banquo , Loyal Subject '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 8 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 370443 . Jump up ^ Calderwood , James L. ( 1986 ) . If It Were Done : Macbeth and Tragic Action . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 96 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 534 - 4 . Jump up ^ Williams , George Walton ( May 1982 ) . `` '' Macbeth `` : King James 's Play '' . South Atlantic Review . 47 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 21 . doi : 10.2307 / 3199207 . Jump up ^ Crawford , A.W. ( November 1924 ) . `` The Apparitions in Macbeth , Part II '' . Modern Language Notes . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 39 ( 7 ) : 383 -- 8 . doi : 10.2307 / 2914760 . Jump up ^ Macbeth , Act 3 , Scene 4 , lines 106 -- 107 . Archived 3 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Calderwood , James L. ( 1986 ) . If It Were Done : Macbeth and Tragic Action . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 126 -- 9 .", "10": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 534 - 4 . Jump up ^ Macbeth , Act 3 , Scene 4 , line 91 . Archived 3 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Furness , Horace Howard , ed. ( 2007 ) . Macbeth . Classic Books . pp. 167 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 7426 - 5283 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bradley , A.C. ( 2003 ) . Shakespearean Tragedy . Boston : Adamant Media . pp. 492 -- 3 . ISBN 1 - 4212 - 0849 - 0 . Jump up ^ Macbeth , Act 3 , Scene 4 . Jump up ^ Jones , Claude E. ( April 1955 ) . `` The Imperial Theme : `` Macbeth '' on Television `` . The Quarterly of Film Radio and television . University of California Press . 9 ( 3 ) : 292 -- 8 . doi : 10.1525 / fq. 1955.9. 3.04 a00070 . ^ Jump up to : Barnet , Sylvan ( 1963 ) . `` Macbeth on Stage and Screen '' . In Barnet , Sylvan . Macbeth . London : Penguin Books . pp. 186 -- 200 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 52444 - 6 . Jump up ^ Braunmuller , A.R. ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Braunmuller , A.R. Macbeth . The New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 85 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29455 - X . Jump up ^ Kliman , Bernice W. ( 1998 ) . `` Gleanings : The Residue of Difference in Scripts : The Case of Polanski 's Macbeth '' . In Halio , Jay L. ; Richmond , Hugh . Shakespearean illuminations : essays in honor of Marvin Rosenberg . Newark : University of Delaware Press . pp. 135 -- 6 .", "11": "ISBN 0 - 87413 - 657 - 1 . ( hide ) William Shakespeare 's Macbeth Characters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff 's son Third Murderer Young Siward Inspirations Macbeth , King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward , Earl of Northumbria King James VI and I Sources Daemonologie ( 1597 ) The Witch ( play ) Holinshed 's Chronicles Darraðarljóð Film 1908 1909 ( French ) 1909 ( Italian ) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 1971 2006 2015 Cancelled ( Olivier ) Television 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1982 2005 TV / film adaptations The Real Thing at Last ( 1916 ) Marmayogi ( 1951 ) Joe MacBeth ( 1955 ) Throne of Blood ( 1957 ) Macbeth ( Verdi opera ) ( 1987 ) Men of Respect ( 1990 ) Scotland , PA ( 2001 ) Makibefo ( 2001 ) Maqbool ( 2003 ) Shakespeare Must Die ( 2012 ) Veeram ( 2016 ) Plays Voodoo Macbeth ( 1936 ) MacBird ! ( 1967 ) uMabatha ( 1970 ) Macbett ( 1972 ) Cahoot 's Macbeth ( 1979 ) MacHomer ( 1995 ) Sleep No More ( 2003 ) Sleep No More ( 2009 ) Dunsinane ( 2010 ) Sleep No More ( 2011 ) Just Macbeth !", "12": "Operas Macbeth ( 1847 , Verdi ) discography Macbeth ( 1910 , Bloch ) Literary adaptations Wyrd Sisters ( 1988 ) The Last King of Scotland ( 1998 ) The Tragedy of Macbeth Part II ( 2008 ) Albums Music from Macbeth ( 1972 ) Macbeth ( 1990 ) Thane to the Throne ( 2000 ) Shakespeare 's Macbeth -- A Tragedy in Steel ( 2003 ) Lady Macbeth ( 2005 ) Art Pity ( 1795 ) The Night of Enitharmon 's Joy ( 1795 ) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth ( 1889 ) Scenes and speeches `` On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth '' ( 1823 ) Sleepwalking Scene ( 5.1 ) `` Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow '' Words and phrases `` What 's done is done '' `` Crack of doom '' `` Strange but true '' The Scottish Play Thane of Cawdor Story within a story We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair `` The Movies '' `` Sleeping with the Enemy '' `` The Shower Principle '' Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare Episodes `` A Witch 's Tangled Hare '' ( 1959 , Looney Tunes ) `` The Bellero Shield '' ( 1964 , The Outer Limits ) `` Sense and Senility '' ( 1987 , Blackadder the Third ) `` The Coup '' ( 2006 , The Office ) `` Dial `` N '' for Nerder '' ( 2008 , The Simpsons ) `` Four Great Women and a Manicure '' ( 2009 , The Simpsons ) `` The Understudy '' ( 2014 , Inside No. 9 ) Other Macbeth ( Strauss ) The Scottish Play Piano Trios , Op.", "13": "70 ( Beethoven ) The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards ( UK , 1990 ) House of Cards ( US , 2013 -- present ) LCCN : sh2010006869 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banquo&oldid=836501483 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1603 Characters in Macbeth Fictional generals Fictional ghosts Fictional Scottish people Male Shakespearean characters Fictional lords and ladies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 05 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "14": null, "15": null, "16": null, "17": null, "18": null, "19": null, "20": null, "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 0, 4, 13, 2, 3, 5, 1, 7, 11, 8, 9, 6, 12, 10 ]	[ 0, 4, 13, 2, 3 ]
-4911625429276396291	when was as you like it first performed	[ "uncertain, though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility", "1603" ]	{ "0": "As You Like It - wikipedia As You Like It Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Shakespeare 's play . For other uses , see As You Like It ( disambiguation ) . The first page of As You Like It from the First Folio of Shakespeare 's plays , published in 1623 As You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in 1599 and first published in the First Folio in 1623 . The play 's first performance is uncertain , though a performance at Wilton House in 1603 has been suggested as a possibility . As You Like It follows its heroine Rosalind as she flees persecution in her uncle 's court , accompanied by her cousin Celia to find safety and , eventually , love , in the Forest of Arden . In the forest , they encounter a variety of memorable characters , notably the melancholy traveller Jaques who speaks many of Shakespeare 's most famous speeches ( such as `` All the world 's a stage '' , `` too much of a good thing '' and `` A fool ! A fool ! I met a fool in the forest '' ) . Jaques provides a sharp contrast to the other characters in the play , always observing and disputing the hardships of life in the country . Historically , critical response has varied , with some critics finding the play a work of great merit and some finding the work of lesser quality than other Shakespearean works . The play remains a favourite among audiences and has been adapted for radio , film , and musical theatre . The piece has been a favorite of famous actors on stage and screen , notably Vanessa Redgrave , Juliet Stevenson , Rebecca Hall , Helen Mirren , and Patti LuPone in the role of Rosalind and Alan Rickman , Stephen Spinella , Kevin Kline , Stephen Dillane , and Ellen Burstyn in the role of Jaques . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 4.1 External evidence 4.2 Internal evidence 5 Analysis and criticism 5.1 Setting 5.2 Themes 5.2. 1 Love 5.2. 2 Usurpation and Injustice 5.2. 3 Forgiveness 5.2.", "1": "4 Court life and country life 5.3 Religious allegory 5.4 Music and songs 5.5 Language 5.5. 1 Use of prose 5.5. 2 All the world 's a stage 5.5. 3 Pastoral mode 6 Performance history 7 Adaptations 7.1 Music 7.2 Radio 7.3 Film 7.4 Musical theatre 7.5 Graphic novel 7.6 Other musical work 8 References 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Main Characters : The Court of Duke Frederick : Duke Frederick , Duke Senior 's younger brother and his usurper , also Celia 's father Rosalind , Duke Senior 's daughter Celia , Duke Frederick 's daughter and Rosalind 's cousin Touchstone , a court fool or jester Le Beau , a courtier Charles , a wrestler Lords and ladies in Duke Frederick 's court The Household of the deceased Sir Rowland de Boys : Oliver de Boys , the eldest son and heir Jacques de Boys , the second son Orlando de Boys , the youngest son Adam , a faithful old servant who follows Orlando into exile Dennis , Oliver 's servant who called Charles The Exiled Court of Duke Senior in the Forest of Arden : Duke Senior , Duke Frederick 's older brother and Rosalind 's father Jaques , a discontented , melancholic lord Amiens , an attending lord and musician Lords in Duke Senior 's forest court Country folk in the Forest of Arden : Phoebe , a proud shepherdess Silvius , a shepherd Audrey , a country girl Corin , an elderly shepherd William , a country man Sir Oliver Martext , a curate Other characters : Hymen , officiates over the weddings in the end ; God of marriage , as appearing in a masque Pages and musicians Synopsis ( edit ) The wrestling scene from As You Like It , Francis Hayman , c. 1750 The play is set in a duchy in France , but most of the action takes place in a location called the Forest of Arden .", "2": "This may be intended as the Ardennes , a forested region covering an area located in southeast Belgium , western Luxembourg and northeastern France , or Arden , Warwickshire , near Shakespeare 's home town , which was the ancestral origin of his mother 's family -- who incidentally were called Arden . Frederick has usurped the duchy and exiled his older brother , Duke Senior . Duke Senior 's daughter , Rosalind , has been permitted to remain at court because she is the closest friend and cousin of Frederick 's only child , Celia . Orlando , a young gentleman of the kingdom who at first sight has fallen in love with Rosalind , is forced to flee his home after being persecuted by his older brother , Oliver . Frederick becomes angry and banishes Rosalind from court . Celia and Rosalind decide to flee together accompanied by the court fool , Touchstone , with Rosalind disguised as a young man and Celia disguised as a poor lady . Rosalind , now disguised as Ganymede ( `` Jove 's own page '' ) , and Celia , now disguised as Aliena ( Latin for `` stranger '' ) , arrive in the Arcadian Forest of Arden , where the exiled Duke now lives with some supporters , including `` the melancholy Jaques , '' a malcontent figure , who is introduced to us weeping over the slaughter of a deer . `` Ganymede '' and `` Aliena '' do not immediately encounter the Duke and his companions . Instead , they meet Corin , an impoverished tenant , and offer to buy his master 's crude cottage . Audrey by Philip Richard Morris Orlando and his servant Adam , meanwhile , find the Duke and his men and are soon living with them and posting simplistic love poems for Rosalind on the trees . ( The role of Adam may have been played by Shakespeare , though this story is said to be apocryphal . ) Rosalind , also in love with Orlando , meets him as Ganymede and pretends to counsel him to cure him of being in love . Ganymede says that `` he '' will take Rosalind 's place and that `` he '' and Orlando can act out their relationship .", "3": "The shepherdess , Phoebe , with whom Silvius is in love , has fallen in love with Ganymede ( Rosalind in disguise ) , though `` Ganymede '' continually shows that `` he '' is not interested in Phoebe . Touchstone , meanwhile , has fallen in love with the dull - witted shepherdess , Audrey , and tries to woo her , but eventually is forced to be married first . William , another shepherd , attempts to marry Audrey as well , but is stopped by Touchstone , who threatens to kill him `` a hundred and fifty ways . '' Finally , Silvius , Phoebe , Ganymede , and Orlando are brought together in an argument with each other over who will get whom . Ganymede says he will solve the problem , having Orlando promise to marry Rosalind , and Phoebe promise to marry Silvius if she can not marry Ganymede . Orlando sees Oliver in the forest and rescues him from a lioness , causing Oliver to repent for mistreating Orlando . Oliver meets Aliena ( Celia 's false identity ) and falls in love with her , and they agree to marry . Orlando and Rosalind , Oliver and Celia , Silvius and Phoebe , and Touchstone and Audrey all are married in the final scene , after which they discover that Frederick also has repented his faults , deciding to restore his legitimate brother to the dukedom and adopt a religious life . Jaques , ever melancholic , declines their invitation to return to the court preferring to stay in the forest and to adopt a religious life as well . Rosalind speaks an epilogue to the audience , commending the play to both men and women in the audience . Sources ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The direct and immediate source of As You Like It is Thomas Lodge 's Rosalynde , Euphues Golden Legacie , written 1586 - 7 and first published in 1590 . Lodge 's story is based upon `` The Tale of Gamelyn , '' wrongly attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer and sometimes printed among his Canterbury Tales .", "4": "Although it was first printed in 1721 , `` Gamelyin '' must have existed in manuscript form in Shakespeare 's time . It is doubtful that Shakespeare had read it , but Lodge must have built his pastoral romance on the foundation of `` Gamelyin , '' giving it a pastoral setting and the artificial sentimental vein , much in fashion at the time . The tale provided the intertwined plots , and suggested all the characters except Touchstone and Jaques . A watercolor illustration : Orlando pins love poems on the trees of the forest of Arden . Some have suggested two other minor debts . The first is Michael Drayton 's Poly - Olbion , a poetic description of England , but there is no evidence that the poem was written before As You Like It . The second suggested source is The Historie of Orlando Furioso by Robert Greene , acted about 1592 . It is suggested that Shakespeare derived the idea of Orlando 's carving his lady 's name on barks of trees from this play , but a lover carving love - poems on barks of trees was already in Lodge 's tale . Date and text ( edit ) The first page of As You Like It , printed in the Second Folio of 1632 As You Like It was first printed in the collected edition of Shakespeare 's plays , known as the First Folio , during 1623 . No copy of it in Quarto exists , for the play is mentioned by the printers of the First Folio among those which `` are not formerly entered to other men . '' By means of evidences , external and internal , the date of composition of the play has been approximately fixed at a period between the end of 1598 and the middle of 1599 . External evidence ( edit ) As You Like It was entered into the Register of the Stationers ' Company on 4 August 1600 as a work which was `` to be stayed , '' i.e. , not published till the Stationers ' Company were satisfied that the publisher in whose name the work was entered was the undisputed owner of the copyright . Thomas Morley 's First Book of Ayres , published in London in 1600 contains a musical setting for the song `` It was a Lover and his Lass '' from As You Like It .", "5": "This evidence implies that the play was in existence in some shape or other before 1600 . It seems likely this play was written after 1598 , since Francis Meres did not mention it in his Palladis Tamia . Although twelve plays are listed in Palladis Tamia , it was an incomplete inventory of Shakespeare 's plays to that date ( 1598 ) . The new Globe Theatre opened some time in the summer of 1599 , and tradition has it that the new playhouse 's motto was Totus mundus agit histrionem -- `` all the Globe 's a stage '' -- an echo of Jaques ' famous line `` All the world 's a stage '' ( II. 7 ) . This evidence posits September 1598 and September 1599 as the time frame within which the play was likely written . Internal evidence ( edit ) In Act III , vi , Phoebe refers to the famous line `` Whoever loved that loved not at first sight '' taken from Marlowe 's `` Hero and Leander , '' which was published in 1598 . This line , however , dates from 1593 when Marlowe was killed , and the poem was likely circulated in unfinished form before being completed by George Chapman . It is suggested in Michael Wood 's In Search of Shakespeare that the words of Touchstone , `` When a man 's verses can not be understood , nor a man 's good wit seconded with the forward child understanding , it strikes a man more dead than a great reckoning in a little room , '' allude to Marlowe 's assassination . According to the inquest into his death , Marlowe had been killed in a brawl following an argument over the `` reckoning '' of a bill in a room in a house in Deptford , owned by the widow Eleanor Bull in 1593 . The 1598 posthumous publication of Hero and Leander would have revived interest in his work and the circumstances of his death . These words in Act IV , i , in Rosalind 's speech , `` I will weep for nothing , like Diana in the fountain , '' may refer to an Alabaster image of Diana which was set up in Cheapside in 1598 .", "6": "However , it should be remembered Diana is mentioned by Shakespeare in at least ten other plays , and is often depicted in myth and art as at her bath . Diana was a literary epithet for Queen Elizabeth I during her reign , along with Cynthia , Phoebe , Astraea , and the Virgin Mary . Certain anachronisms exist as well , such as the minor character Sir Oliver Mar - text 's possible reference to the Marprelate Controversy which transpired between 1588 - 1589 . On the basis of these references , it seems that As You Like It may have been composed in 1599 - 1600 , but it remains impossible to say with any certainty . Analysis and Criticism ( edit ) Rosalind by Robert Walker Macbeth Scholars have long disagreed about the merits of the play . George Bernard Shaw complained that As You Like It is lacking in the high artistry of which Shakespeare was capable . Shaw liked to think that Shakespeare wrote the play as a mere crowdpleaser , and signalled his own middling opinion of the work by calling it As You Like It -- as if the playwright did not agree . Tolstoy objected to the immorality of the characters and Touchstone 's constant clowning . Other critics have found great literary value in the work . Harold Bloom has written that Rosalind is among Shakespeare 's greatest and most fully realised female characters . Despite critical disputes , the play remains one of Shakespeare 's most frequently performed comedies . The elaborate gender reversals in the story are of particular interest to modern critics interested in gender studies . Through four acts of the play , Rosalind , who in Shakespeare 's day would have been played by a boy , finds it necessary to disguise herself as a boy , whereupon the rustic Phoebe , also played by a boy , becomes infatuated with this `` Ganymede , '' a name with homoerotic overtones . In fact , the epilogue , spoken by Rosalind to the audience , states rather explicitly that she ( or at least the actor playing her ) is not a woman . In several scenes , `` Ganymede '' impersonates Rosalind ' so a boy actor would have been playing a girl disguised as a boy impersonating a girl .", "7": "Setting ( edit ) An 1889 etching of the Forest of Arden , created by John Macpherson for a series by Frederick Gard Fleay Arden is possibly a toponym for a forest close to Shakespeare 's home town of Stratford - upon - Avon , although the play is ostensibly set in France . The Oxford Shakespeare edition rationalises this geographical discrepancy by assuming that `` Arden '' is an anglicisation of the forested Ardennes region of France , where Lodge set his tale ) and alters the spelling to reflect this . Other editions keep Shakespeare 's `` Arden '' spelling , since it can be argued that the pastoral mode depicts a fantastical world in which geographical details are irrelevant . The Arden edition of Shakespeare makes the suggestion that the name `` Arden '' comes from a combination of the classical region of Arcadia and the biblical garden of Eden , as there is a strong interplay of classical and Christian belief systems and philosophies within the play . Arden was also the maiden name of Shakespeare 's mother and her family home is located within the Forest of Arden . Themes ( edit ) Love ( edit ) Love is the central theme of As You Like It , like other romantic comedies of Shakespeare . Following the tradition of a romantic comedy , As You Like It is a tale of love manifested in its varied forms . In many of the love - stories , it is love at first sight . This principle of `` love at first sight '' is seen in the love - stories of Rosalind and Orlando , Celia and Oliver , as well as Phoebe and Ganymede . The love - story of Audrey and Touchstone is a parody of romantic love . Another form of love is between women , as in Rosalind and Celia 's deep bond . Usurpation and injustice ( edit ) This is a significant theme of this play . The new Duke Frederick usurps his older brother Duke Senior , while Oliver parallels this behavior by treating his younger brother Orlando so ungenerously as to compel him to seek his fortune elsewhere . Both Duke Senior and Orlando take refuge in the forest , where justice is restored `` through nature . '' Forgiveness ( edit ) The play highlights the theme of usurpation and injustice on the property of others . However , it ends happily with reconciliation and forgiveness .", "8": "Duke Frederick is converted by a hermit and he restores the dukedom to Duke Senior who , in his turn , restores the forest to the deer . Oliver also undergoes a change of heart and learns to love Orlando . Thus , the play ends on a note of rejoicing and merry - making . Court life and country life ( edit ) An 1870 print of Act II , Scene iv : Rosalind and Celia in the forest with Touchstone . Most of the play is a celebration of life in the country . The inhabitants of Duke Frederick 's court suffer the perils of arbitrary injustice and even threats of death ; the courtiers who followed the old duke into forced exile in the `` desert city '' of the forest are , by contrast , experiencing liberty but at the expense of some easily borne discomfort . ( Act II , i ) . A passage between Touchstone , the court jester , and shepherd Corin establishes the contentment to be found in country life , compared with the perfumed , mannered life at court . ( Act III , I ) . At the end of the play the usurping duke and the exiled courtier Jaques both elect to remain within the forest . Religious allegory ( edit ) Illustration for Shakespeare 's As You Like It by Émile Bayard ( 1837 -- 1891 ) . `` Rosalind gives Orlando a chain . '' University of Wisconsin professor Richard Knowles , the editor of the 1977 New Variorum edition of this play , in his article `` Myth and Type in As You Like It , '' pointed out that the play contains mythological references in particular to Eden and to Hercules . Music and songs ( edit ) As You Like It is known as a musical comedy because of the number of songs in the play . Indeed , there are more songs in it than in any other play of Shakespeare . These songs and music are incorporated in the action that takes place in the forest of Arden , as shown below : Under the Greenwood Tree : It summarises the views of Duke Senior on the advantages of country life over the amenities of the court . Amiens sings this song . Blow , Blow , Thou Winter Wind : This song is sung by Amiens .", "9": "It states that physical suffering caused by frost and winter winds is preferable to the inner suffering caused by man 's ingratitude . What Shall He Have That Killed the Deer : It is another song which adds a lively spectacle and some forest - colouring to contrast with love - talk in the adjoining scenes . it highlights the pastoral atmosphere . It Was a Lover and his Lass : It serves as a prelude to the wedding ceremony . It praises spring time and is intended to announce the rebirth of nature and the theme of moral regeneration in human life . Language ( edit ) Use of prose ( edit ) Shakespeare uses prose for about 55 % of the text , with the remainder in verse . Shaw explains that as used here the prose , `` brief ( and ) sure , '' drives the meaning and is part of the play 's appeal , whereas some of its verse he regards only as ornament . The dramatic convention of the time required the courtly characters to use verse , and the country characters prose , but in As You Like It this convention is deliberately overturned . For example , Rosalind , although the daughter of a Duke and thinking and behaving in high poetic style , actually speaks in prose as this is the `` natural and suitable '' way of expressing the directness of her character , and the love scenes between Rosalind and Orlando are in prose ( III , ii , 277 ) . In a deliberate contrast , Silvius describes his love for Phoebe in verse ( II , iv , 20 ) . As a mood of a character changes , he or she may change from one form of expression to the other in mid-scene . Indeed , in a metafictional touch , Jaques cuts off a prose dialogue with Rosalind because Orlando enters , using verse : `` Nay then , God be with you , an you talk in blank verse '' ( IV , i , 29 ) . The defiance of convention is continued when the epilogue is given in prose .", "10": "All the world 's a stage ( edit ) Main article : All the world 's a stage Act II , Scene VII , features one of Shakespeare 's most famous monologues , spoken by Jaques , which begins : `` All the world 's a stage And all the men and women merely players ; They have their exits and their entrances , And one man in his time plays many parts ... '' The arresting imagery and figures of speech in the monologue develop the central metaphor : a person 's lifespan is a play in seven acts . These acts , or `` seven ages '' , begin with `` the infant / Mewling and puking in the nurse 's arms '' and work through six further vivid verbal sketches , culminating in `` second childishness and mere oblivion , / Sans teeth , sans eyes , sans taste , sans everything , '' . Pastoral mode ( edit ) Walter Deverell , The Mock Marriage of Orlando and Rosalind , 1853 The main theme of pastoral comedy is love in all its guises in a rustic setting , the genuine love embodied by Rosalind contrasted with the sentimentalised affectations of Orlando , and the improbable happenings that set the urban courtiers wandering to find exile , solace or freedom in a woodland setting are no more unrealistic than the string of chance encounters in the forest which provoke witty banter and which require no subtleties of plotting and character development . The main action of the first act is no more than a wrestling match , and the action throughout is often interrupted by a song . At the end , Hymen himself arrives to bless the wedding festivities . William Shakespeare 's play As You Like It clearly falls into the Pastoral Romance genre ; but Shakespeare does not merely use the genre , he develops it . Shakespeare also used the Pastoral genre in As You Like It to ' cast a critical eye on social practices that produce injustice and unhappiness , and to make fun of anti-social , foolish and self - destructive behaviour ' , most obviously through the theme of love , culminating in a rejection of the notion of the traditional Petrarchan lovers . The stock characters in conventional situations were familiar material for Shakespeare and his audience ; it is the light repartee and the breadth of the subjects that provide opportunities for wit that put a fresh stamp on the proceedings .", "11": "At the centre the optimism of Rosalind is contrasted with the misogynistic melancholy of Jaques . Shakespeare would take up some of the themes more seriously later : the usurper Duke and the Duke in exile provide themes for Measure for Measure and The Tempest . The play , turning upon chance encounters in the forest and several entangled love affairs in a serene pastoral setting , has been found , by many directors , to be especially effective staged outdoors in a park or similar site . Performance history ( edit ) There is no certain record of any performance before the Restoration . Evidence suggests that the premiere may have taken place at Richmond Palace on 20 Feb 1599 , enacted by the Lord Chamberlain 's Men . Another possible performance may have taken place at Wilton House in Wiltshire , the country seat of the Earls of Pembroke . William Herbert , 3rd Earl of Pembroke hosted James I and his Court at Wilton House from October to December 1603 , while Jacobean London was suffering an epidemic of bubonic plague . The King 's Men were paid £ 30 to come to Wilton House and perform for the King and Court on 2 December 1603 . A Herbert family tradition holds that the play acted that night was As You Like It . During the English Restoration , the King 's Company was assigned the play by royal warrant in 1669 . It is known to have been acted at Drury Lane in 1723 , in an adapted form called Love in a Forest ; Colley Cibber played Jaques . Another Drury Lane production seventeen years later returned to the Shakespearean text ( 1740 ) . Notable recent productions of As You Like It include the 1936 Old Vic Theatre production starring Edith Evans and the 1961 Shakespeare Memorial Theatre production starring Vanessa Redgrave . The longest running Broadway production starred Katharine Hepburn as Rosalind , Cloris Leachman as Celia , William Prince as Orlando , and Ernest Thesiger as Jaques , and was directed by Michael Benthall . It ran for 145 performances in 1950 . Another notable production was at the 2005 Stratford Festival in Stratford , Ontario , which was set in the 1960s and featured Shakespeare 's lyrics set to music written by Barenaked Ladies .", "12": "In 2014 , theatre critic Michael Billington said his favourite production of the play was Cheek by Jowl 's 1991 production , directed by Declan Donnellan . Adaptations ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Rosalind and Celia by Hugh Thomson . Thomas Morley ( c. 1557 -- 1602 ) composed music for `` It Was a Lover and His Lass '' ; he lived in the same parish as Shakespeare , and at times composed music for Shakespeare 's plays . In 1942 , Gerald Finzi included a setting of `` It Was a Lover and His Lass '' ( V , iii ) in his song cycle on Shakespearean texts Let Us Garlands Bring . Donovan set `` Under the Greenwood Tree '' to music and recorded it for A Gift from a Flower to a Garden in 1968 . Mark Nichols wrote a musical version of the play in 2007 . In 2008 , to celebrate the 450th anniversary of the ascension of Elizabeth I , Lady and Lord Salisbury , descendant of Robert Cecil , commissioned composer Scott Stroman to create a new set of Shakespeare Songs , most which were drawn from As You Like It . They were premiered in the Great Hall in which Elizabeth had held her first council of state in 1558 . Michael John Trotta composed a setting of `` Blow , Blow , Thou Winter Wind '' for choir in 2013 . Radio ( edit ) According to the history of radio station WCAL in the US state of Minnesota , As You Like It may have been the first play ever broadcast . It went over the air in 1922 . On 1 March 2015 , BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new production directed by Sally Avens with music composed by actor and singer Johnny Flynn of acclaimed folk rock band Johnny Flynn and The Sussex Wit . The production included Pippa Nixon as Rosalind , Luke Norris as Orlando , Adrian Scarborough as Touchstone , William Houston as Jaques , Ellie Kendrick as Celia and Jude Akuwudike as Corin . Film ( edit ) See also : Shakespeare on screen § As You Like It As You Like It was Laurence Olivier 's first Shakespeare film . Olivier , however , served only in an acting capacity ( performing the role of Orlando ) , rather than producing or directing the film .", "13": "Made in England and released in 1936 , As You Like It also starred director Paul Czinner 's wife Elizabeth Bergner , who played Rosalind with a thick German accent . Although it is much less `` Hollywoody '' than the versions of A Midsummer Night 's Dream and Romeo and Juliet made at about the same time , and although its cast was made up entirely of Shakespearean actors , it was not considered a success by either Olivier or the critics . Helen Mirren starred as Rosalind in the 1978 BBC videotaped version of As You Like It , directed by Basil Coleman . In 1992 , Christine Edzard made another film adaptation of the play . It features James Fox , Cyril Cusack , Andrew Tiernan , Griff Rhys Jones , and Ewen Bremner . The action is transposed to a modern and bleak urban world . A film version of As You Like It , set in 19th - century Japan , was released in 2006 , directed by Kenneth Branagh . It stars Bryce Dallas Howard , David Oyelowo , Romola Garai , Alfred Molina , Kevin Kline , and Brian Blessed . Although it was actually made for cinemas , it was released to theatres only in Europe , and had its U.S. premiere on HBO in 2007 . And although it was not a made - for - television film , Kevin Kline won a Screen Actors Guild award for Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries for his performance as Jaques . In 2012 , Distant Thunder Films produced an award - winning film adaptation of the play set in modern - day San Francisco 's Mission District . Directed by Marika Sonja Cotter , a graduate of the USC School of Cinematic Arts , LOVE : As You Like It was produced with a crowd - sourced budget of roughly $16,000 . Though deeply abridged , this feature - length adaptation features the original language of the play and offers an interpretation of the play through the use of performance , color , camera movement , space and medium ( both Super 8mm film and digital video were used ) . Musical Theatre ( edit ) Daniel Aquisito and Sammy Buck adapted this play into an 1980s themed musical entitled Like You Like It .", "14": "For Shakespeare 's 450th birthday Scott Stroman adapted the play into a stage musical of the same name , premiered in London , England by Highbury Opera Theatre in June 2014 . www.highburyoperatheatre.com Stroman 's version edits Shakespeare 's original text , removing subplots and combining characters to make room for the jazz - influenced music , which also alludes to the music of William Byrd . In addition to the songs existing in the play he sets some sections of dialogue as songs ( All the World 's a Stage , What ' Tis to Love , Married Tomorrow ) , borrows songs from other plays ( O Mistress Mine , Sigh No More , Fear No More ) and creates a musical prologue ( Crabbed Age and Youth , from The Passionate Pilgrim ) . Graphic novel ( edit ) A manga - style graphic novel was released in January 2009 by Self - Made Hero publishers , where the setting of the Forest of Arden has been transposed to modern - day China . The story has been adapted by Richard Appignanesi and features the illustrations of Chie Kutsuwada . Other musical work ( edit ) The Seven Doors of Danny , by Ricky Horscraft and John McCullough is based on the `` Seven Ages of Man '' element of the `` All the World 's a Stage '' speech and was premiered in April 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dolan , Frances E. `` Introduction '' in Shakespeare , As You Like It . New York : Penguin Books , 2000 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , edited by Dinah Birch , OUP Oxford , 2009 Jump up ^ King Henry V , New Cambridge Shakespeare , Cambridge University Press , page 4 , 2005 Jump up ^ Act III , Sc. 6 , 80f . Michael Hattaway ( Ed . ) : William Shakespeare : As you like it . The New Cambridge Shakespeare . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge 2009 , Pg. 174 . Jump up ^ Bate , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . Soul of the Age : the life , mind and world of William Shakespeare . London : Viking . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91482 - 1 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Dusinberre , Juliet ( 2006 ) . `` Introduction '' . As You Like it . Arden Shakespeare . London : Thomson Learning . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904271 - 21 - 5 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Penelope ( 2007 ) . Power and passion in Shakespeare 's pronouns . Aldershot , England : Ashgate . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5830 - 6 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Marilyn L ( 1986 ) . `` The Comedies in Historical Context '' . In Habicht , Werner ; et al. Images of Shakespeare . University of Delaware Press . pp. 189 ; 193 . ISBN 0 - 87413 - 329 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( 2008 ) . As You Like It . Bloom 's Literary Criticism . New York : Infobase . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9591 - 1 . Jump up ^ ELH , volume 33 , March ( 1966 ) pp 1 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric ( 2010 ) . As You Like It . Basingstoke , England : Macmillan . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24380 - 4 . Reversing dramatic convention , it is the courtly characters who speak prose and the shepherds who court in verse . Jump up ^ Shaw , George Bernard ( 1897 ) . `` Shaw on Shakespear '' . In Tomarken , Edward . As You Like It from 1600 to the Present : Critical Essays . New York : Routledge . pp. 533 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gentleman , Francis ( 1770 ) . `` The dramatic censor ; or , critical companion '' . In Tomarken , Edward . As You Like It from 1600 to the Present : Critical Essays .", "16": "New York : Routledge . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1174 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pinciss , Gerald M ( 2005 ) . `` Mixing verse and prose '' . Why Shakespeare : An Introduction to the Playwright 's Art . New York : Continuum . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1688 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sarah Clough . `` As You Like It : Pastoral Comedy , The Roots and History of Pastoral Romance '' . Sheffield Theatres . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 August 2008 . Jump up ^ ( Julie Dusinberre ) , `` As You Like It ( Third Edition ) '' London : Arden Shakespeare , 2006 ; p. 37 Jump up ^ F.E. Halliday , A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 , Baltimore , Penguin , 1964 ; p. 531 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Shakespeare Companion , p. 40 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/28/best-shakespeare-productions-favourite-as-you-like-it Jump up ^ `` Michael John Trotta 's setting for choir '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b053zssp Jump up ^ As You Like It ( 1978 ) at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ IMDb.com Jump up ^ LOVE : As You Like It Production Information at distantthunderfilms.com Jump up ^ LOVE : As You Like It Awards Information at IMDB.com ^ Jump up to : LOVE : As You Like It About Us at loveasyoulikeit.wordpress.com Archived 14 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ LOVE : As You Like It View on YouTube.com Jump up ^ `` Sammy Buck '' . Sammy Buck . 29 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2009 .", "17": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : As You Like It Wikisource has original text related to this article : As You Like It Wikimedia Commons has media related to As You Like It . As You Like It at the Internet Broadway Database As You Like It at the Internet off - Broadway Database List of ' As You Like It ' movies on IMDB `` Modern Translation of the Play '' - Modern version of the play As You Like It -- HTML version of this title . As You Like It at Project Gutenberg As You Like It public domain audiobook at LibriVox MaximumEdge.com -- scene - indexed , searchable version of the play Lesson plans for As You Like It at Web English Teacher `` Variations on a Theme of Love '' introduction to the play and pastoral comedy as a genre Text of As You Like It , fully edited by David Bevington , as well as original - spelling texts , facsimiles of the 1623 Folio text , and other resources , at the Internet Shakespeare Editions Costume and set designs by the Motley Theatre Design Group for the 1949 production at The Old Vic and the 1957 production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre - Motley Collection of Theatre & Costume Design William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII ", "18": "See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife )", "19": "Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's As You Like It Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Screen 1912 1936 1978 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) 2006 Related `` All the world 's a stage '' Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Pericles ( 1991 ) Hedda Gabler ( 1992 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1993 ) Machinal ( 1994 ) As You Like It ( 1995 ) Complete list ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) VIAF : 178316948 LCCN : n96056406 GND : 4099346 - 2 SUDOC : 034390782 BNF : cb12515108r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "20": "php?title=As_You_Like_It&oldid=818612056 '' Categories : 1599 plays Cross-dressing in literature English Renaissance plays Love stories British plays adapted into films Shakespearean comedies Plays set in France Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from November 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 15 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "21": null, "22": null, "23": null, "24": null, "25": null, "26": null, "27": null, "28": null, "29": null, "30": null, "31": null, "32": null, "33": null, "34": null, "35": null, "36": null, "37": null, "38": null, "39": null, "40": null, "41": null, "42": null, "43": null, "44": null, "45": null, "46": null, "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 5, 11, 4, 6, 2, 3, 20, 18, 9, 8, 0, 12, 17, 1, 7, 14, 13, 19, 15, 10, 16 ]	[ 11, 5, 4, 6, 2 ]
-430859680692445019	when did computer become widespread in homes and schools	[ "1980s" ]	{ "0": "Home computer - wikipedia Home computer Jump to : navigation , search This article is primarily about a certain class of personal computers from the late 1970s to mid-1980s . See home server and home automation or desktop computer for other uses of a computer in a home . Children playing Paperboy on an Amstrad CPC 464 in 1988 Most home computers , such as this Tandy Color Computer 3 , featured a version of the BASIC programming language . The sometimes - sprawling nature of the well - outfitted home computer system is very much in evidence . A TI 99 / 4 with expansion modules attached . No more than a few expansion options were practical with this type of arrangement . Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977 , and becoming common during the 1980s . They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that , for the first time , were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user . These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business , scientific or engineering - oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC , and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability . However , a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers . Their most common uses were playing video games , but they were also regularly used for word processing , doing homework , and programming . Home computers were usually not electronic kits ; home computers were sold already manufactured in stylish metal or plastic enclosures . There were , however , commercial kits like the Sinclair ZX80 which were both home and home - built computers since the purchaser could assemble the unit from a kit . Advertisements in the popular press for early home computers were rife with possibilities for their practical use in the home , from cataloging recipes to personal finance to home automation , but these were seldom realized in practice . For example , using a typical 1980s home computer as a home automation appliance would require the computer to be kept powered on at all times and dedicated to this task . Personal finance and database use required tedious data entry . By contrast , advertisements in the specialty computer press often simply listed specifications .", "1": "If no packaged software was available for a particular application , the home computer user could program one -- provided they had invested the requisite hours to learn computer programming , as well as the idiosyncrasies of their system . Since most systems shipped with the BASIC programming language included on the system ROM , it was easy for users to get started creating their own simple applications . Many users found programming to be a fun and rewarding experience , and an excellent introduction to the world of digital technology . The line between ' business ' and ' home ' computer market segments blurred or vanished completely once IBM PC compatibles became commonly used in the home , since now both categories of computers typically use the same processor architectures , peripherals , operating systems , and applications . Often the only difference may be the sales outlet through which they are purchased . Another change from the home computer era is that the once - common endeavour of writing one 's own software programs has almost vanished from home computer use . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Background 3 Technology 3.1 High performance 4 Radio frequency interference 5 Reception and sociological impact 6 Use in the 21st century 7 Notable home computers 7.1 1970s 7.2 1980s 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links History ( edit ) Five waves of home computer : Low - price single - user computers aimed at the home market arrived in five waves between 1976 and 1986 : Source Trinity of 1977 , plus one ( 1976 to December 1977 ) The invention of the Intel 8080 microprocessor chip in April 1974 made practical the development of the ( relatively ) affordable mass - market microcomputer . In the USA this first appeared in early 1975 in the form of an unassembled kit , the Altair 8800 ; shortly afterward pre-assembled Altairs were offered . The sudden popularity of desktop computers happened because the 8080 CPU could represent and manipulate 256 discrete values in its 8 - bit registers . Thus the 7 - bit ASCII standard for the representation of alphanumeric data became feasible for the first time in a machine much smaller and less expensive than the furniture - size minicomputers , with their processors that occupied entire circuit boards .", "2": "This new class of computer was practical for serious work because it could input , process , and output alphanumeric information . It also enabled sophisticated programs such as database managers and BASIC interpreters to become available to a larger market consisting of people possessing lesser technical skills . Soon after , other companies entered the market with similar , ready - to - run microcomputers like the IMSAI 8080 . These sold in the tens of thousands , surprising everyone in the industry . Beyond businesses and hobbyists , however , these computers were not widely used because ( in the early days ) they lacked conveniences like video displays and keyboards , required programming skills at the machine code level , and systems large enough for serious work cost many thousands . The very first home computer was the Compucolor by Compucolor Corporation in 1976 , soon followed by the Compucolor II which was made by Intelligent Systems Corp . They used the 8080 but otherwise sported very advanced features , including RAM starting at 8 KB , expandable up to 32 KB , 64 column by 32 line color CRT display , a professional keyboard , an enhanced BASIC interpreter , and a built - in floppy disk drive . It only sold a few thousand units , however , and the company went bust not long after . In 1975 two new microprocessors were developed that were easier and less expensive to implement than the 8080 : the MOS Technology 6502 and Zilog Z80 . In 1977 three companies decided to use this new technology to develop and market affordable , fully assembled , easy - to - use , programmable computers for individual users in their businesses and homes . These were the Commodore PET , Apple II , and TRS - 80 , which Byte magazine christened the `` 1977 Trinity '' . These comprise the First Wave of home computers . All three were instant successes and created a huge , surprise demand . It would not be until 1979 , however , when these pioneering manufacturers produced successor machines ( 1980 in the case of Tandy / Radio Shack ) . Aside from the efforts of product development and ramping up production to meet the unexpected demand , each had unique difficulties expanding their new businesses . In the cases of Commodore and Apple , they had to build up networks of dealers , not only for sales but for reliable customer service .", "3": "Tandy / Radio Shack had a great head start in this area because of its some 3500 retail stores in the USA , but still had to work up its repair and training capability for after - sales support . They focused their efforts on the in - house development of hardware peripherals ( especially the first 5.25 inch floppy disk drives ) and software . Apple and Commodore encouraged third - party companies to do this work for them ( except for floppy drives ) . Tandy also took up the task of establishing a presence in the growing market for small business computers , with its follow - on TRS - 80 Model II which they introduced in October 1979 . The TRS - 80 took a large , early lead in the new market , and Apple lagged Commodore . Tandy / Radio Shack would hold its number one position until 1982 . Rise of rival 8 - bit lines ( October 1979 to April 1982 ) The Second Wave arrived in October 1979 when the first competitor in the new home computer market , Texas Instruments , fielded their TI - 99 / 4 ( featuring a CPU that handled 16 - bit data , but had an instruction set entirely its own ) . Established game console maker Atari followed closely in November with their 400 and 800 , which were the first home computers ever to have circuitry dedicated to processing of graphical video and audio data ( inherited from Atari game console products ) . In 1980 Sinclair in the UK launched their super-cheap ZX80 , heralded as the least expensive computer ever offered . Also in early 1980 the Radio Shack Color Computer made its debut . This was the first commercial computer to use the powerful Motorola 6809 CPU . In early 1981 Commodore introduced its VIC - 20 which rivaled the Ataris for gameplay with a custom video chip that made hi - res color affordable but not so capable as the Atari 's graphics coprocessors . The VIC - 20 would become the first computer to sell one million units . Sinclair followed up the ZX80 with its ZX81 in March 1981 . Sinclair would team up with Timex to market its home computers in the USA . In June Texas Instruments followed up its 99 / 4 with the improved 99 / 4A .", "4": "In December Acorn Computer in the UK produced the BBC Micro . Finally in April 1982 Sinclair again topped itself with its new Spectrum . This last can be seen as a transition between the second wave and the third ; successor models of the Spectrum would evolve in that direction . Essentially , this second wave of home computers were video game consoles equipped with a few computerlike enhancements like keyboards , BASIC interpreters ( which served as the operating system ) , and provision for cassette tape mass storage . They introduced features that would typify the low - end home computer : slots for plug - in cartridges , borrowed from the video game consoles , joystick ports , and the use of the family television set as a video display ( the Apple II was the only Trinity computer to allow use of a TV ) , though provisions were often made for low - cost composite video output . These lower cost new machines lacked features of more costly machines . One such was the full - travel keyboard . Membrane or `` chiclet '' keyboards were used in the least expensive models like the Sinclairs , Color Computer , and Atari 400 ( as did the Trinity 's Commodore PET ) . A lack of lowercase alpha characters was still typical in the cheaper models , like the Sinclair ZX80 / 81s . Serial ports and interfaces for printers were offered only on the pricier models . Less expensive memory chips afforded the later computers of this wave of home computer a full complement of RAM : usually 48 KB which with 16 KB of system / BASIC ROM filled out the memory map of the 8 - bit CPU . Also in the later period the VIC - 20 and Ataris got their first floppy disk drives ( The Commodore 1540 and Atari 810 respectively ) . The dedicated video chips used in the Ataris and the software sprites supported by the VIC - 20 would spur software publishers to produce a new breed of games with fast - moving high resolution color graphics . The emphasis in the home market on graphics would also compel the writers of the BASIC interpreters to support the new graphics capabilities with advanced commands for drawing lines and geometric shapes and filling areas , rather than the primitive commands for merely setting and resetting pixels as provided in earlier computers .", "5": "Golden Age of the 8 - bit lines ( August 1982 to early 1984 ) The first of the mature 8 - bit machines that constituted the Third Wave of home computers was the famous Commodore 64 ( August 1982 ) . It sported many features that would typify this generation . Most important was the use of bank - switching technology to address more than the 64 kilobytes of memory that 8 - bit processors were limited to . The C - 64 was the first home computer with 64 KB of RAM , using bank - switching to page in ROM routines as needed , thus filling out the 6502 's memory map completely with RAM . This made larger , more sophisticated programs possible . The C - 64 eventually drove Texas Instruments from the home computer market with aggressive cost - cutting , and wounded the Atari 8 - bit line 's market position as well . The C - 64 cost less than the Atari 800 and at last had a custom graphics and sound chips of comparable capability . A few years after coming to market the C - 64 would sell some 2 million units per year ( despite early on acquiring a reputation for poor construction quality and reliability ) and went on to become the all - time bestselling computer ( in units sold ) until the PCs overtook it in the early 1990s . In late 1983 Atari countered Commodore in the low - end `` price wars '' with its 800XL , which was cheaper to produce and slightly improved , though still limited to 48 KB RAM . Ending this third wave of home computer , 1984 saw new entrant Amstrad in the UK introduce the Amstrad CPC . This new Z80 machine would spawn many variants in following years and sell some 3 million units . As costs for DRAM chips continued to decline , other 8 - bit computers would use bank - switching to offer even more RAM than the 64 KB limit of the 8 - bit CPUs. 128 KB was the amount most convenient , as two banks of 64 KB DRAM chips occupied little area on the circuit board and provided a low - cost option by leaving the upper bank empty for later expansion .", "6": "Three home computers that fit this description were the ZX Spectrum 128 , Apple IIe ( January 1983 ) and Radio Shack TRS - 80 Model 4 ( April 1983 ) . Later the Commodore 128 and Atari 130XE would follow suit with 128 KB of bank - swtiched RAM . The two higher - end home computers by Apple and Tandy / Radio Shack ( around $2000 with dual disk drives ) brought many features of pricier business computers within reach of the home computerist , such as 80 column text displays , RS - 232 serial ports , RAM disks , task switching software , and sophisticated operating systems and applications rivaling the emerging MS - DOS standard of the professional world . The first of the small computer Productivity suites , Appleworks and Deskmate , would appear on these two computers . Robotic manufacturing in low - wage Asian countries and advanced , denser circuit design permitted engineers to build in more and better features while reducing production costs , so greater capabilities became available to the consumer at lesser prices . Greater quantities of units shipped drove down costs further as economies of scale kicked in . As sales of home computers sold grew , software publishers increasingly turned their attention to the gaming , educational , and home productivity market . They began to support the more advanced features of the newer computers , especially the greater memory capacities available . Prices of hardware and software continued to fall and spurred further growth and programming sophistication . Another effect of the mass marketing of home computers was a shift in the distribution channels used by the manufacturers . Particularly for Commodore , Atari , and Sinclair / Timex in the USA , it became feasible to sell through department stores like Sears and J.C. Penney , and toy / hobby stores like Toys `` R '' Us . This trend resulted in further price reductions to the consumer , and allowed manufacturers to economically move greater volumes of product into new markets away from the big coastal cities of the USA . MSX was a standard for a home computing architecture that was intended and hoped to become a universal platform for home computing . It was conceived and engineered by Microsoft and marketed by Microsoft Japan . Computers conforming to the MSX standard were produced by most all major Japanese electronics manufacturers , as well as two Korean ones and several others in Europe and South America . Some 5 million units are known to have been sold in Japan alone .", "7": "They sold in smaller numbers throughout the world . Due to the `` price wars '' being waged in the USA home computer market during the 1983 - 85 period , MSX computers were never marketed to any great extent in the USA . Eventually more advanced mainstream home computers and game consoles obsoleted the MSX machines . By the end of this period in early 1984 ( with the launch of Amstrad 's CPC ) , all the major lines of 8 - bit home computer had been introduced . All subsequent computers designed for home use would use more powerful 16 - bit processors , which could more efficiently use the ever-less - expensive memory chips . It was actually the years following 1984 that would be the Golden Age of the 8 - bit home computers . They would continue to sell ( on price ) , spawn improved and repackaged versions , and gain an ever - wider selection of software applications and hardware peripherals ( many using the same new technologies the 16 - bit computers would , such as 3.5 inch floppy disk drives ) . Indeed , all these 8 - bit home computers would persist into the early 1990s ( the TRS - 80 Model 4D ceased production sometime in the late 1980s but was kept in the Radio Shack catalog until 1991 ) . January 1984 may be seen as the very beginning of a transition to the new generation of 16 - bit computers that would blossom in 1985 - 86 , for this was when Sinclair produced their Sinclair QL , which was the first home computer to use Motorola 's new 68000 - series CPU with an internal 32 - bit architecture and multitasking operating system . The Sinclair implementation used the 68008 version with an external 8 - bit bus . The QL was rushed to market and not much of a success as a product , however . PCs Invade the Home ( March 1984 to November 1984 ) From the introduction of the IBM Personal Computer ( ubiquitously known as the PC ) in 1981 , the market for computers meant for the corporate , business , and government sectors came to be dominated by the new machine and its MS - DOS operating system . Even basic PCs cost thousands of dollars and were far out of reach for typical home computerists .", "8": "However , in the following years technological advances and improved manufacturing capabilities ( mainly greater use of robotics and relocation of production plants to lower - wage locations in Asia ) permitted several computer companies to offer lower - cost PC style machines that would become competitive with many 8 - bit home - market pioneers . PCs could never become as affordable as these because the same price - reducing measures were available to all computer makers . Furthermore , software and peripherals for PC style computers tended to cost more than those for 8 - bit computers because of the anchoring effect caused by the pricey IBM PC . Though the PC 's first graphics adapter , CGA , could be used with a television set in 40 character mode , this was not a practical option because very little software was written for this display mode ; therefore the PCs could not practically use the family TV set as a video display like the cheaper home computers and thus the effective price of a PC was that much greater . Nonetheless , the overall reduction in manufacturing costs narrowed the price difference between old 8 - bit technology and new PCs . In other words , the simpler machines could not benefit so much from more efficient manufacturing as did the complex PCs . Despite their higher absolute prices PCs were perceived by many to be better values for their utility as superior productivity tools and their access to industry - standard software . Another advantage was the 8088 / 8086 's wider 20 - bit address bus : the PC could access more than 64 kilobytes of memory relatively inexpensively ( 8 - bit CPUs required complicated , tricky memory management techniques like bank - switching ) . Similarly , the PC floppy was double - sided with about twice the storage capacity of floppy disks used by 8 - bit home computers . PC drives tended to cost less because they were most often built - in , requiring no external case , controller , and power supply . The faster clock rates and wider buses available to later Intel CPUs compensated somewhat for the custom graphics and sound chips of the Commodores and Ataris . In time the growing popularity of home PCs spurred many software publishers to offer gaming and children 's software titles . Many decision makers in the computer industry believed there could be a viable market for office workers who used PC / DOS computers at their jobs and would appreciate an ability to bring diskettes of data home on weeknights and weekends to continue work after - hours on their `` home '' computers .", "9": "So the ability to run industry - standard MS - DOS software on affordable , user - friendly PCs was anticipated as a source of new sales . Furthermore , many in the industry felt that MS - DOS would eventually ( inevitably , it seemed ) come to dominate the computer business entirely , and some manufacturers felt the need to offer individual customers PC - style products suitable for the home market . In early 1984 market colossus IBM produced the PCjr as a PC / DOS - compatible machine aimed squarely at the home user . It proved a spectacular failure because IBM deliberately limited its capabilities and expansion possibilities in order to avoid cannibalizing sales of the profitable PC . IBM management believed that if they made the PCjr too powerful too many buyers would prefer it over the bigger , more expensive PC . Poor reviews in the computer press and poor sales doomed the PCjr . Tandy Corporation capitalized on IBM 's blunder with its PCjr - compatible Tandy 1000 in November . Like the PCjr it was pitched as a home , education , and small - business computer featuring joystick ports , better sound and graphics ( same as the PCjr but with enhancements ) , combined with near - PC / DOS compatibility ( unlike Tandy 's earlier Tandy 2000 ) . The improved Tandy 1000 video hardware became a standard of its own , known as Tandy Graphics Adapter or TGA . Later , Tandy produced Tandy 1000 variants in form factors and price - points even more suited to the home computer market , consisting particularly of the Tandy 1000 EX and HX models ( later supplanted by the 1000 RL ) , which came in cases resembling the original Apple IIs ( CPU , keyboard , expansion slots , and power supply in a slimline cabinet ) but also included floppy disk drives . The proprietary Deskmate productivity suite came bundled with the Tandy 1000s . Deskmate was suited to use by computer novices with its point - and - click ( though not graphical ) user interface . From the launch of the Tandy 1000 series , their manufacture were price - competitive because of Tandy 's use of high - density ASIC chip technology , which allowed their engineers to integrate many hardware features into the motherboard ( obviating the need for circuit cards in expansion slots as with other brands of PC ) .", "10": "Tandy never transferred its manufacturing operation to Asia ; all Tandy desktop computers were built in the USA ( this was not true of the laptop and pocket computers , nor peripherals ) . In 1985 the Epson corporation , a popular and respected producer of inexpensive dot - matrix printers and business computers ( the QX - 10 and QX - 16 ) , introduced its low - cost Epson Equity PC . Its designers took minor shortcuts such as few expansion slots and a lack of a socket for an 8087 math chip , but Epson did bundle some utility programs that offered decent turnkey functionality for novice users . While not a high performer , the Equity was a reliable and compatible design for half the price of a similarly - configured IBM PC . Epson often promoted sales by bundling one of their printers with it at cost . The Equity I sold well enough to warrant the furtherance of the Equity line with the follow - on Equity II , Equity III , and others based on the i386SX . In 1986 UK home computer maker Amstrad began producing their PC1512 PC - compatible for sale in the UK . Later they would market the machine in the USA as the PC6400 . In June 1987 an improved model was produced as the PC1640 . These machines had fast 8086 CPUs , enhanced CGA graphics , and were feature - laden for their modest prices . They had joystick adapters built into their keyboards and shipped with a licensed version of the Digital Research Graphical Environment Manager ( or GEM ) , a GUI for the MS - DOS operating system . They became marginal successes in the home market . For a short time Amstrad also marketed a home - computer style PC with an RF modulator for use with a television set display . This was the PC20 , also as the Sinclair PC200 . In 1987 longtime small computer maker Zenith introduced a low - cost PC they called the eaZy PC . This was positioned as an `` appliance '' computer much like the original Apple Macintosh : turnkey startup , built - in monochrome monitor , and lacking expansion slots requiring proprietary add - ons available only from Zenith , but instead with the traditional MS - DOS Command - line interface .", "11": "The eaZy PC used a turbo NEC V40 CPU ( uprated 8088 ) which was rather slow for its time , but the display did feature 400 pixel vertical resolution ( double - scanned CGA in text mode only ) . It failed for the same reasons as did IBM 's PCjr : poor performance and expandability , and an uncompetetive price for the home market . Another company that offered low - cost PCs for home use was Leading Edge with their Model M and Model D computers . These were configured like full - featured business PCs yet still could compete in the home market on price because Leading Edge had access to low - cost hardware from their Asian manufacturing partners Mitsubishi with the Model M and Daewoo with the Model D . The Leading Edge Word Processor was bundled with the Model D. It was favorably reviewed by the computer press and sold very well . Still another budget offering from Korea was the Hyundai Blue Chip PC - XT clone , which was sold through Target , Sears , and Wal - Mart department stores . By the mid-80s the market for inexpensive PCs for use in the home market was expanding at a rate such that the two leaders in the USA , Commodore and Atari , themselves felt compelled to enter the market with their own lines . They were only marginally successful compared to other companies that made only PCs . Still later prices of white box PC clone computers by various manufacturers became competitive with the higher - end home computers ( see below ) . Throughout the 1980s costs and prices continued to be driven down by : advanced circuit design and manufacturing , multifunction expansion cards , shareware applications such as PC - Talk , PC - Write , and PC - File , greater hardware reliability , and more user - friendly software that demanded less customer support services . The increasing availability of faster processor and memory chips , inexpensive EGA and VGA video cards , sound cards , and joystick adapters also bolstered the viability of PC / DOS computers as alternatives to specially - made computers and game consoles for the home . 68000s Come Home ( June 1985 to early 1986 ) The Fifth , last wave of computers specially meant for use as home computers arrived in June 1985 with the Atari ST . Soon after , but unavailable until 1986 , came Commodore 's Amiga .", "12": "These new machines were an entirely new breed built around Motorola 's 16 / 32 - bit 68000 processor , the same as used in Apple 's expensive Macintosh and premature Sinclair QL . This chip promised superior performance due to its advanced architecture and fast clock rate , made possible by fast yet inexpensive memory chips . Also , the 68000 could access megabytes of memory linearly , without any need for Intel 's segmented memory model . This made huge , sophisticated programs easy to produce . Both machines used the new 3.5 inch floppy drives offering four times the storage of the 5.25 inch drives . The user interface used was graphical , like the Macintosh . The ST used a licensed version of Digital Research 's GEM and the Amiga 's original GUI featured true multitasking and windowing capability . The video hardware in these two computers could render graphics in hundreds or thousands of colors in high resolution . The Amiga had dedicated graphics and sound coprocessors for high performance video and audio . It found use as a workstation for motion video , a first for a standalone computer costing far less than dedicated motion - video processing equipment . Stereo sound became standard for the first time ; the Atari ST gained popularity as an affordable alternative for MIDI equipment for the production of music . After a slow start the ST and Amiga gained traction in the market as software developers increased support for them . In following years both lines would be advanced using the faster , fully 32 - bit successors of the Motorola 68000 CPU . In June 1987 a computer appeared in the UK which can be considered a member of this wave ; this was the Acorn Archimedes . Because it used Acorn 's own ARM architecture processor rather than the Motorola 68000 , it offered superior performance to the ST and Amiga ( about double ) and likewise was ahead of its time . The Archimedes gained share in the UK educational market but , like the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga , was crowded out in the 1990s by inexpensive PCs with similar multimedia capability running Microsoft Windows . The 8 - bit Swan Song During this period , three venerable 8 - bit computers made something of a comeback , if short - lived .", "13": "These were the Commodore 128 in January 1985 ( and its variant C - 128D a bit later ) , the Radio Shack Color Computer 3 in July 1986 , and the Apple IIGS ( whose CPU is a full 16 - bit processor ) in September 1986 . They incorporated features typical of business - class computers like expanded memory beyond 64 kilobytes , 80 column text screens , higher resolution graphics with more colors , and in the case of the IIGS a Macintosh - like graphical interface . The C - 128 had a Z80 chip for CP / M compatibility and the C - 128D a PC - style case with an internal disk drive that could read and write data to PC disks . The new Coco could run a windowing , multitasking operating system called OS - 9 . Yet these updated veterans offered full compatibility with the software of their ancestors . Eventually these three , like all the other home computers , were eclipsed by the PCs due to constantly falling prices for the newer technologies . The three companies that opened the 8 - bit home computer era in 1977 , Tandy / Radio Shack , Apple , and Commodore , at last closed it . Also noteworthy during this time ( September 1985 ) was the Amstrad PCW . This was Z80 - based and ran CP / M - 80 , tailored and marketed specifically as a word processing machine ( with bundled printer ) available at a remarkably low price . While not introducing new technology apart from its 3.0 inch floppy drives and 90 column by 32 line video display , with time it grew to be a popular ( especially in the UK and Europe ) general - purpose CP / M system running many kinds of applications besides its bundled word processor , Locoscript . It sold some 8 million units during its market lifespan of more than a decade . Background ( edit ) Computer at home , USA 1965 As early as 1965 , some experimental projects such as Jim Sutherland 's ECHO IV ( hr ) explored the possible utility of a computer in the home . In 1969 , the Honeywell Kitchen Computer was marketed as a luxury gift item , and would have inaugurated the era of home computing , but none were sold .", "14": "Computers became affordable for the general public in the 1970s due to the mass production of the microprocessor starting in 1971 . Early microcomputers such as the Altair 8800 had front - mounted switches and diagnostic lights ( nicknamed `` blinkenlights '' ) to control and indicate internal system status , and were often sold in kit form to hobbyists . These kits would contain an empty printed circuit board which the buyer would fill with the integrated circuits , other individual electronic components , wires and connectors , and then hand - solder all the connections . While two early home computers ( Sinclair ZX80 and Acorn Atom ) could be bought either in kit form or assembled , most home computers were only sold pre-assembled . They were enclosed in plastic or metal cases similar in appearance to typewriter or hi - fi equipment enclosures , which were more familiar and attractive to consumers than the industrial metal card - cage enclosures used by the Altair and similar computers . The keyboard - a feature lacking on the Altair - was usually built into the same case as the motherboard . Ports for plug - in peripheral devices such as a video display , cassette tape recorders , joysticks , and ( later ) disk drives were either built - in or available on expansion cards . Although the Apple II series had internal expansion slots , most other home computer models ' expansion arrangements were through externally accessible ' expansion ports ' that also served as a place to plug in cartridge - based games . Usually the manufacturer would sell peripheral devices designed to be compatible with their computers as extra cost accessories . Peripherals and software were not often interchangeable between different brands of home computer , or even between successive models of the same brand . To save the cost of a dedicated monitor , the home computer would often connect through an RF modulator to the family TV set , which served as both video display and sound system . By 1982 , an estimated 621,000 home computers were in American households , at an average sales price of US $530 . After the success of the Radio Shack TRS - 80 , the Commodore PET and the Apple II in 1977 , almost every manufacturer of consumer electronics rushed to introduce a home computer . Large numbers of new machines of all types began to appear during the late 1970s and early 1980s .", "15": "Mattel , Coleco , Texas Instruments and Timex , none of which had any previous connection to the computer industry , all had short - lived home computer lines in the early 1980s . Some home computers were more successful -- the BBC Micro , Sinclair ZX Spectrum , Atari 800XL and Commodore 64 , sold many units over several years and attracted third - party software development . Almost universally , home computers had a BASIC interpreter combined with a line editor in permanent read - only memory which one could use to type in BASIC programs and execute them immediately or save them to tape or disk . In direct mode , the BASIC interpreter was also used as the user interface , and given tasks such as loading , saving , managing , and running files . One exception was the Jupiter Ace , which had a Forth interpreter instead of BASIC . A built - in programming language was seen as a requirement for any computer of the era , and was the main feature setting home computers apart from video game consoles . Still , home computers competed in the same market as the consoles . A home computer was often seen as simply as a higher end purchase than a console , adding abilities and productivity potential to what would still be mainly a gaming device . A common marketing tactic was to show a computer system and console playing games side by side , then emphasizing the computer 's greater ability by showing it running user - created programs , education software , word processing , spreadsheet and other applications while the game console showed a blank screen or continued playing the same repetitive game . Another capability home computers had that game consoles of the time lacked was the ability to access remote services over telephone lines by adding a serial port interface , a modem , and communication software . Though it could be costly , it permitted the computer user to access services like Compuserve and private or corporate bulletin board systems to post or read messages , or to download or upload software . Some enthusiasts with computers equipped with large storage capacity and a dedicated phone line operated bulletin boards of their own . This capability anticipated the internet by nearly twenty years . Some game consoles offered `` programming packs '' consisting of a version of BASIC in a ROM cartridge . Atari 's BASIC Programming for the Atari 2600 was one of these . For the ColecoVision console , Coleco even announced an expansion module which would convert it into a full - fledged computer system .", "16": "This never materialised , but a standalone computer , the Coleco Adam was eventually released . The Magnavox Odyssey2 game console had a built - in keyboard to support its C7420 Home Computer Module . Books of type - in program listings like BASIC Computer Games were available dedicated for the BASICs of most models of computer with titles along the lines of 64 Amazing BASIC Games for the Commodore 64 . While most of the programs in these books were short and simple games or demos , some titles such as Compute ! 's SpeedScript series , contained productivity software that rivaled commercial packages . To avoid the tedious process of typing in a program listing from a book , these books would sometimes include a mail - in offer from the author to obtain the programs on disk or cassette for a few dollars . Before the Internet , and before most computer owners had a modem , books were a popular and low - cost means of software distribution -- one that had the advantage of incorporating its own documentation . These books also served a role in familiarizing new computer owners with the concepts of programming ; some titles added suggested modifications to the program listings for the user to carry out . Modifying software to be compatible with one 's system or writing a utility program to fit one 's needs was a skill every advanced computer owner was expected to have . During the peak years of the home computer market , scores of models were produced , usually as individual design projects with little or no thought given to compatibility between different manufacturers or even within product lines of the same manufacturer . Except for the Japanese MSX standard , the concept of a computer platform was still forming , with most companies considering rudimentary BASIC language and disk format compatibility sufficient to claim a model as `` compatible '' . Things were different in the business world , where cost - conscious small business owners had been using CP / M running on Z80 based computers from Osborne , Kaypro , Morrow Designs and a host of other manufacturers . For many of these businesses , the development of the microcomputer made computing and business software affordable where they had not been before . Introduced in August 1981 , the IBM Personal Computer would eventually supplant CP / M as the standard platform used in business . This was largely due to the IBM name and the system 's 16 bit open architecture , which expanded maximum memory tenfold , and also encouraged production of third - party clones .", "17": "In the late 1970s , the 6502 - based Apple II series had carved out a niche for itself in business , thanks to the industry 's first killer app , VisiCalc , released in 1979 . However the Apple II would quickly be displaced for office use by IBM PC compatibles running Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 . Apple Computer 's 1980 Apple III was underwhelming , and although the 1984 release of the Apple Macintosh introduced the modern GUI to the market , it was n't common until IBM - compatible computers adopted it . Throughout the 1980s , businesses large and small adopted the PC platform , leading , by the end of the decade , to sub-US $1000 IBM PC XT - class white box machines , usually built in Asia and sold by US companies like PCs Limited . In 1980 Wayne Green , the publisher of Kilobaud Microcomputing , recommended that companies avoid the term `` home computer '' in their advertising as `` I feel is self - limiting for sales ... I prefer the term `` microcomputers '' since it does n't limit the uses of the equipment in the imagination of the prospective customers `` . With the exception of Tandy , most computer companies -- even those with a majority of sales to home users -- agreed , avoiding the term `` home computer '' because of its association with the image of , as Compute ! wrote , `` a low - powered , low - end machine primarily suited for playing games '' . Apple consistently avoided stating that it was a home - computer company , and described the IIc as `` a serious computer for the serious home user '' despite competing against IBM 's PCjr home computer . John Sculley denied that his company sold home computers ; rather , he said , Apple sold `` computers for use in the home '' . In 1990 the company reportedly refused to support joysticks on its low - cost Macintosh LC and IIsi computers to prevent customers from considering them as `` game machines '' . Although the Apple II and Atari computers are functionally similar , Atari 's home - oriented marketing resulted in a game - heavy library with much less business software . By the late 1980s , many mass merchants sold video game consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System , but no longer sold home computers .", "18": "Toward the end of the 1980s , clones also became popular with non-corporate customers . Inexpensive , highly compatible clones succeeded where the PCjr had failed . Replacing the hobbyists who had made up the majority of the home computer market were , as Compute ! described them , `` people who want to take work home from the office now and then , play a game now and then , learn more about computers , and help educate their children '' . By 1986 industry experts predicted an `` MS - DOS Christmas '' , and the magazine stated that clones threatened Commodore , Atari , and Apple 's domination of the home - computer market . The declining cost of IBM compatibles on the one hand , and the greatly increased graphics , sound , and storage abilities of fourth generation video game consoles such as the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System on the other , combined to cause the market segment for home computers to vanish by the early 1990s in the US . In Europe , the home computer remained a distinct presence for a few years more , with the low - end models of the 16 - bit Amiga and Atari ST families being the dominant players , but by the mid-1990s even the European market had dwindled . The Dutch government even ran a program that allowed businesses to sell computers tax - free to its employees , often accompanied by home training programs . Naturally , these businesses chose to equip their employees with the same systems they themselves were using . Today a computer bought for home use anywhere will be very similar to those used in offices -- made by the same manufacturers , with compatible peripherals , operating systems , and application software . Technology ( edit ) A Commodore 64 system , showing the basic layout of a typical home computer system of the era . Pictured are the CPU / keyboard unit , floppy disk drive , and dedicated color monitor . Many systems also had a dot matrix printer for producing paper output . Eastern Bloc computers were often significantly different in appearance from western computers . Pictured is a KC 85 / 3 with its keyboard placed on top , by VEB Mikroelektronik Mühlhausen released in 1986 and based on an East German Zilog Z80 clone . The Soviet Electronika BK0010.", "19": "01 home computer was based on the К1801ВМ1 ( Soviet LSI - 11 - compatible CPU ) and was , basically , a very stripped - down PDP - 11 . Many home computers were superficially similar . Most had a keyboard integrated into the same case as the motherboard , or , more frequently , a mainboard -- while the expandable home computers appeared from the very start ( the Apple II offered as much as seven expansion slots ) , as the whole segment was generally aimed downmarket , few offers were priced and / or positioned high enough to allow for such expandability . Some systems have only one expansion port , often realized in the form of cumbersome `` sidecar '' system , such as on the TI - 99 / 4 , or required finicky and unwieldy ribbon cables to connect the expansion modules . Sometimes they were equipped with a cheap membrane or chiclet keyboard in the early days , although full - travel keyboards quickly became universal due to overwhelming consumer preference . Most systems could use an RF modulator to display 20 -- 40 column text output on a home television . Indeed , the use of a television set as a display almost defines the pre-PC home computer . Although dedicated composite or `` green screen '' computer displays were available for this market segment and offered a sharper display , a monitor was often a later purchase made only after users had bought a floppy disk drive , printer , modem , and the other pieces of a full system . The reason for this was that while those TV - monitors had difficulty displaying the clear and readable 80 - column text that became the industry standard at the time , the only consumers who really needed that were the power users utilizing the machine for business purposes , while the average casual consumer would use the system for games only and was content with the lower resolution for which a TV worked fine . An important exception was the Radio Shack TRS - 80 , the first mass - marketed computer for home use , which included its own 64 - column display monitor and full - travel keyboard as standard features . This `` peripherals sold separately '' approach is another defining characteristic of the home computer era .", "20": "A first time computer buyer who brought a base C - 64 system home and hooked it up to their TV would find they needed to buy a disk drive ( the Commodore 1541 was the only fully compatible model ) or Datasette before they could make use of it as anything but a game machine or TV Typewriter . In the early part of the 1980s , the dominant microprocessors used in home computers were the 8 - bit MOS Technology 6502 ( Apple , Commodore , Atari , BBC Micro ) and Zilog Z80 ( TRS - 80 , ZX81 , ZX Spectrum , Commodore 128 , Amstrad CPC ) . One exception was the TI - 99 series , announced in 1979 with a 16 - bit TMS9900 CPU . The TI was originally to use the 8 - bit 9985 processor designed especially for it , but this project was cancelled . However , the glue logic needed to retrofit the 16 - bit CPU to an 8 - bit 9985 system negated the advantages of the more powerful CPU . Another exception was the Soviet Elektronika BK series of 1984 , which used the fully 16 - bit and powerful for the time 1801 series CPU , offering a full PDP - 11 compatibility and a fully functional Q - Bus slot , though at the cost of very anemic RAM and graphics . The Motorola 6809 was used by the Radio Shack TRS - 80 Color Computer , the Fujitsu FM - 7 , and Dragon 32 / 64 . Processor clock rates were typically 1 -- 2 MHz for 6502 and 6809 based CPU 's and 2 -- 4 MHz for Z80 based systems ( yielding roughly equal performance ) , but this aspect was not emphasized by users or manufacturers , as the systems ' limited RAM capacity , graphics abilities and storage options had a more perceivable effect on performance than CPU speed . For low - price computers the cost of RAM memory chips contributed greatly to the final product price to the consumer , and fast CPUs demanded expensive , fast memory . So designers kept clock rates only adequate ; in some cases like the Atari and Commodore 8 - bit machines , coprocessors were added to speed processing of graphics and audio data .", "21": "For these computers clock rate was considered a technical detail of interest only to users needing accurate timing for their own programs . To economize on component cost , often the same crystal used to produce color television compatible signals was also divided down and used for the processor clock . This meant processors rarely operated at their full rated speed , and had the side - effect that European and North American versions of the same home computer operated at slightly different speeds and different video resolution due to different television standards . Initially , many home computers used the then - ubiquitous compact audio cassette as a storage mechanism . A rough analogy to how this worked would be to place a recorder on the phone line as a file was uploaded by modem to `` save '' it , and playing the recording back through the modem to `` load '' . Most cassette implementations were notoriously slow and unreliable , but 8 '' drives were too bulky for home use , and early 5.25 '' form factor drives were priced for business use , out of reach of most home buyers . An innovative alternative was the Exatron Stringy Floppy , a continuous loop tape drive which was much faster than a datacassette drive and could perform much like a floppy disk drive . It was available for the TRS - 80 and some others . A closely related technology was the ZX Microdrive developed by Sinclair Research in the UK for their ZX Spectrum and QL home computers . Eventually mass production of 5.25 '' drives resulted in lower prices , and after about 1984 they pushed cassette drives out of the US home computer market . 5.25 '' floppy disk drives would remain standard until the end of the 8 - bit era . Though external 3.5 '' drives were made available for home computer systems toward the latter part of the 1980s , almost all software sold for 8 - bit home computers remained on 5.25 '' disks ; 3.5 '' drives were used for data storage . Standardization of disk formats was not common ; sometimes even different models from the same manufacturer used different disk formats . Almost universally the floppy disk drives available for 8 - bit home computers were housed in external cases with their own controller boards and power supplies contained within .", "22": "Only the later , advanced 8 - bit home computers housed their drives within the main unit ; these included the TRS - 80 Model III , TRS - 80 Model 4 , Apple IIc , and Commodore 128D . The later 16 - bit machines such as the Atari 1040ST ( not the 520ST ) , the Commodore Amigas , and the Tandy 1000s did house floppy drive ( s ) internally . At any rate , to expand any computer with additional floppy drives external units would have to be plugged in . Toward the end of the home computer era , drives for a number of home computer models appeared offering disk - format compatibility with the IBM PC . The disk drives sold with the Commodore 128 , Amiga and Atari ST were all able to read and write PC disks , which themselves were undergoing the transition from 5.25 '' to 3.5 '' format at the time ( though 5.25 '' drives remained common on PCs until the late 1990s , due to existence of the large software and data archives on five - inch floppies ) . 5.25 '' drives were made available for the ST , Amiga and Macintosh , otherwise 3.5 '' based systems with no other use for a 5.25 '' format . Hard drives were never popular on home computers , remaining an expensive , niche product mainly for BBS sysops and the few business users . Various copy protection schemes were developed for floppy disks ; most were broken in short order . Many users would only tolerate copy protection for games , as wear and tear on disks was a significant issue in an entirely floppy - based system . The ability to make a `` working backup '' disk of vital application software was seen as important . Copy programs that advertised their ability to copy or even remove common protection schemes were a common category of utility software in this pre-DMCA era . In another defining characteristic of the home computer , instead of a command line , the BASIC interpreter served double duty as a user interface . Coupled to a character - based screen or line editor , BASIC 's file management commands could be entered in direct mode . In contrast to modern computers , home computers most often had their operating system ( OS ) stored in ROM chips .", "23": "This made startup times very fast -- no more than a few seconds -- but made OS upgrades difficult or impossible without buying a new unit . Usually only the most severe bugs were fixed by issuing new ROMs to replace the old ones at the user 's cost . Also , the small size and limited scope of home computer `` operating systems '' ( really little more than what today would be called a kernel ) left little room for bugs to hide . Although modern operating systems include extensive programming libraries to ease development and promote standardization , home computer operating systems provided little support to application programs . Professionally written software often switched out the ROM based OS anyway to free the address space it occupied and maximize RAM capacity . This gave the program full control of the hardware and allowed the programmer to optimize performance for a specific task . Games would often turn off unused I / O ports , as well as the interrupts that served them . As multitasking was never common on home computers , this practice went largely unnoticed by users . Most software even lacked an exit command , requiring a reboot to use the system for something else . In an enduring reflection of their early cassette - oriented nature , most home computers loaded their disk operating system ( DOS ) separately from the main OS . The DOS was only used for disk and file related commands and was not required to perform other computing functions . One exception was Commodore DOS , which was not loaded into the computer 's main memory at all -- Commodore disk drives contained a 6502 processor and ran DOS from internal ROM . While this gave Commodore systems some advanced capabilities -- a utility program could sideload a disk copy routine onto the drive and return control to the user while the drive copied the disk on its own -- it also made Commodore drives more expensive and difficult to clone . Many home computers had a cartridge interface which accepted ROM - based software . This was also used for expansion or upgrades such as fast loaders . Application software on cartridge did exist , which loaded instantly and eliminated the need for disk swapping on single drive setups , but the vast majority of cartridges were games .", "24": "High performance ( edit ) Clock rates on the 68000 - based systems , the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga , were approximately 8 MHz with RAM capacities of 256 KB ( for the base Amiga 1000 ) up to 1024 KB ( 1 megabyte , a milestone , first seen on the Atari 1040ST ) . These systems used 3.5 '' floppy disks from the beginning but 5.25 '' drives were made available to facilitate data exchange with IBM PC compatibles . The Amiga and ST both had GUIs with windowing technology . These were inspired by the Apple Macintosh , but at a list price of US $2495 ( over $5000 in 2007 dollars ) , the Macintosh itself was too expensive for most households . The Commodore Amiga in particular had true multitasking capability and unlike all other low - cost computers of the era could run multiple applications in their own windows . Radio frequency interference ( edit ) After the first wave of game consoles and computers landed in American homes , the United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) began receiving complaints of electromagnetic interference to television reception . By 1979 the FCC demanded that home computer makers submit samples for radio frequency interference testing . It was found that `` first generation '' home computers emitted too much radio frequency noise for household use . The Atari 400 and 800 were designed with heavy RF shielding to meet the new requirements . Between 1980 and 1982 regulations governing RF emittance from home computers were phased in . Some companies appealed to the FCC to waive the requirements for home computers , while others ( with compliant designs ) objected to the waiver . Eventually techniques to suppress interference became standardized . Reception and sociological impact ( edit ) See also : Microcomputer revolution In 1977 , referring to computers used in home automation at the dawn of the home computer era , Digital Equipment Corporation CEO Ken Olsen is quoted as saying `` There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home . '' Despite Olsen 's warning , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , from about 1977 to 1983 , it was widely predicted that computers would soon revolutionize many aspects of home and family life as they had business practices in the previous decades .", "25": "Mothers would keep their recipe catalog in `` kitchen computer '' databases and turn to a medical database for help with child care , fathers would use the family 's computer to manage family finances and track automobile maintenance . Children would use online encyclopedias for school work and would be avid video gamers . The computer would even be tasked with babysitting younger children . Home automation would bring about the intelligent home of the 1980s . Using Videotex , NAPLPS or some sort of vaguely conceptualized computer technology , television would gain interactivity . It would be possible to do the week 's grocery shopping through the television . The `` personalized newspaper '' ( to be displayed on the television screen ) was another commonly predicted application . Morning coffee would be brewed automatically under computer control . The same household computer would control the home 's lighting and temperature . Robots would take the garbage out , and be programmed to perform new tasks via the home computer . Electronics were expensive , so it was generally assumed that each home would have only one computer for the entire family to use . Home control would be performed in a multitasking time - sharing arrangement , with interfaces to the various devices it was expected to control . `` As an industry we have n't found any compelling reason to buy a computer for the home . '' -- Tandy executive Steve Leininger , July 1984 `` When the computer revolution was unofficially announced in the early 1980s , all indications were that it would change the world . Experts predicted that within five years , every household would have a computer . Dad would run his business on it . Mom would store her recipes on it . The kids would do their homework on it . Today only 15 % of American homes have a computer -- and the other 85 % do n't seem the least bit interested . There is a general feeling that the home computer was a fad and that there is really no practical purpose for a computer in the home . '' -- Commodore Magazine , September 1987 All this was predicted to be commonplace by the end of the 1980s , but by 1987 Dan Gutman wrote that the predicted revolution was `` in shambles '' , with only 15 % of American homes owning a computer .", "26": "Virtually every aspect that was foreseen would be delayed to later years or would be entirely surpassed by later technological developments . The home computers of the early 1980s could not multitask , which meant that using one as a home automation or entertainment appliance would require it be kept powered on at all times and dedicated exclusively for this use . Even if the computers could be used for multiple purposes simultaneously as today , other technical limitations predominated ; memory capacities were too small to hold entire encyclopedias or databases of financial records ; floppy disk - based storage was inadequate in both capacity and speed for multimedia work ; and the home computers ' graphics chips could only display blocky , unrealistic images and blurry , jagged text that would be difficult to read a newspaper from . Although CD - ROM technology was introduced in 1985 with much promise for its future use , the drives were prohibitively expensive and only interfaced with IBM PCs and compatibles . The Boston Phoenix stated in 1983 that `` people are catching on to the fact that ' applications ' like balancing your checkbook and filing kitchen recipes are actually faster and easier to do with a pocket calculator and a box of index cards '' . inCider observed that `` companies can not live by dilettantes alone '' . Gutman wrote that when the first computer boom ended in 1984 , `` Suddenly , everybody was saying that the home computer was a fad , just another hula hoop '' . Robert Lydon , publisher of Personal Computing , stated in 1985 that the home market `` never really existed . It was a fad . Just about everyone who was going to buy a computer for their home has done it '' , and predicted that Apple would cease to exist within two years . Home computers of the 1980s have been called `` a technology in search of a use '' . A 1982 survey of Los Angeles home - computer users found that although they purchased their computers primarily for hobbies and education , word processing and games were the two main uses . In 1984 Tandy executive Steve Leininger , designer of the TRS - 80 Model I , admitted that `` As an industry we have n't found any compelling reason to buy a computer for the home '' other than for word processing .", "27": "`` For more than three years now , it has been the secret of the home computer industry , seldom whispered aloud : No one has figured out how a computer can be truly useful at home '' , The New York Times stated in 1985 . It quoted Sculley of Apple denying that a home computer market existed at all : `` People use computers in the home , of course , but for education and running a small business . There are not uses in the home itself '' . A study that year found that , during a typical week , 40 % of adult computer owners did not use their computers at all . Usage rates among children were higher , with households reporting that only 16 - 20 % of children aged 6 -- -- 17 did not use the computer during a typical week . It would take another 10 years for technology to mature , for the graphical user interface to make the computer approachable for non-technical users , and for the World Wide Web to provide a compelling reason for most people to want a computer in their homes . Separate 1998 studies found that 75 % of Americans with Internet access accessed primarily from home and that not having Internet access at home inhibited Internet use . Predicted aspects of the revolution were left by the wayside or modified in the face of an emerging reality . The cost of electronics dropped precipitously and today many families have a computer for each family member , or a laptop for mom 's active lifestyle , a desktop for dad with the kids sharing a computer . Encyclopedias , recipe catalogs and medical databases are kept online and accessed over the World Wide Web -- not stored locally on floppy disks or CD - ROM . TV has yet to gain substantial interactivity ; instead , the web has evolved alongside television , giving rise to the second screen concept . The HTPC and services like Netflix , Google TV or Apple TV , along with internet video sites such as YouTube and Hulu , may one day replace traditional broadcast and cable television . Our coffee may be brewed automatically every morning , but the computer is a simple one embedded in the coffee maker , not under external control . As of 2008 , robots are just beginning to make an impact in the home , with Roomba and Aibo leading the charge . This delay was n't out of keeping with other technologies newly introduced to an unprepared public .", "28": "Early motorists were widely derided with the cry of `` Get a horse ! '' until the automobile was accepted . Television languished in research labs for decades before regular public broadcasts began . In an example of changing applications for technology , before the invention of radio , the telephone was used to distribute opera and news reports , whose subscribers were denounced as `` illiterate , blind , bedridden and incurably lazy people '' . Likewise , the acceptance of computers into daily life today is a product of continuing refinement of both technology and perception . Use in the 21st century ( edit ) Retrocomputing is the use of vintage hardware , possibly performing modern tasks such as surfing the web and email . As programming techniques evolved and these systems were well understood after decades of use , it became possible to write software giving home computers capabilities undreamed of by their designers . The Contiki OS implements a GUI and TCP / IP stack on the Apple II , Commodore 8 - bit and Atari ST ( 16 - bit ) platforms , allowing these home computers to function as both internet clients and servers . The Commodore 64 has been repackaged as the C - One and C64 Direct - to - TV , both designed by Jeri Ellsworth with modern enhancements . Throughout the 1990s and 1st decade of the 21st century , many home computer systems were available inexpensively at garage sales and on eBay . Many enthusiasts started to collect home computers , with older and rarer systems being much sought after . Sometimes the collections turned into a virtual museum presented on web sites . As their often - inexpensively manufactured hardware ages and the supply of replacement parts dwindles , it has become popular among enthusiasts to emulate these machines , recreating their software environments on modern computers . One of the more well - known emulators is the Multi Emulator Super System ( MESS ) which can emulate most of the better - known home computers . A more or less complete list of home computer emulators can be found in the List of computer system emulators article . Games for many 8 and 16 bit home computers are becoming available for the Wii Virtual Console . Notable home computers ( edit ) For more details on home computer models , see List of home computers .", "29": "The 1977 Apple II with 2 Disk II disk drives and an Apple monitor The time line below describes many of the most popular or significant home computers of the late 1970s and of the 1980s . The most popular home computers in the USA up to 1985 were : the TRS - 80 ( 1977 ) , various models of the Apple II family ( first introduced in 1977 ) , the Atari 400 / 800 ( 1979 ) along with its follow up models the 800XL and 130XE , and the Commodore VIC - 20 ( 1980 ) and the Commodore 64 ( 1982 ) . The VIC was the first computer of any type to sell over one million units , and the 64 is still the highest - selling single model of personal computer ever , with over 17 million produced before production stopped in 1994 -- a 12 - year run with only minor changes . At one point in 1983 Commodore was selling as many 64s as the rest of the industry 's computers combined . The British market was different , as relatively high prices and lower disposable incomes reduced the appeal of most American products . New Scientist stated in 1977 that `` the price of an American kit in dollars rapidly translates into the same figure in pounds sterling by the time it has reached the shores of Britain '' . The Commodore 64 was also popular , but a BYTE columnist stated in 1985 : It 's not easy for a U.K. citizen to write about home computers for an American magazine . We use the term to refer to an altogether different object on our side of the Atlantic . In the U.S.A. , an Apple II is a home computer ; the IBM PC in its smaller configurations is a home computer ; the Macintosh is a home computer . Home computers use floppy disks for mass storage and perform useful functions like word processing and income tax preparation as well as playing games . In the U.K. , those computers would be considered rather expensive as business computers , let alone for home use . Home computers typically cost less than £ 200 ( about $250 ) and use cassette tape recorders for mass storage . We have various manufacturers of our own , some unheard of in the U.S.A.", "30": "... Even when we do have machines in common ( the Commodore 64 ) , I suspect that the vast majority of U.S. users buy the disk drive , while the majority of U.K. users have only the cassette deck . Many of the British - made systems like Sinclair 's ZX81 and Spectrum , and later the Amstrad / Schneider CPC were much more widely used in Europe than US systems . A few low - cost British Sinclair models were sold in the US by Timex Corporation as the Timex Sinclair 1000 and the ill - fated Timex Sinclair 2068 , but neither established a strong following . The only transatlantic success was the Commodore 64 , which competed favorably price-wise with the British systems , and was the most popular system in Europe as in the USA . Until the introduction of the IBM PC in 1981 , computers such as the Apple II and TRS 80 also found considerable use in office work . In 1983 IBM introduced the PCjr in an attempt to continue their business computer success in the home computer market , but incompatibilities between it and the standard PC kept users away . Assisted by a large public domain software library and promotional offers from Commodore , the PET had a sizable presence in the North American education market until that segment was largely ceded to the Apple II as Commodore focused on the C - 64 's success in the mass retail market . 1970s ( edit ) Three microcomputers were the prototypes for what would later become the home computer market segment ; but when introduced they sold as much to hobbyists and small businesses as to the home . June 1977 : Apple II ( North America ) , color graphics , eight expansion slots ; one of the first computers to use a typewriter - like plastic case design . August 1977 : Tandy Radio Shack TRS - 80 ( N. Am . ) , first home computer for less than US $600 , used a dedicated monitor for US Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) rules compliance . October 1977 : Commodore PET ( N. Am . ) , first all - in - one computer : keyboard / screen / tape storage built into stamped sheet metal enclosure .", "31": "The following computers also introduced significant advancements to the home computer segment : 1979 : TI - 99 / 4 , first home computer with a 16 - bit processor and first to add sprite graphics 1979 : Atari 400 / 800 ( N. Am . ) , first computer with custom chip set and programmable video chip and built - in audio output 1980s ( edit ) No computer has sold more units than the Commodore 64 . The East German Robotron KC 85 / 1 was virtually not available for sale due to huge demand by industrial , educational , and military institutions . 1980 : Commodore VIC - 20 ( N. Am . ) , under US $300 ; first computer of any kind to pass one million sold . 1980 : TRS - 80 Color Computer ( N. Am . ) , Motorola 6809 , optional OS - 9 multi-user multi-tasking . July 1980 : TRS - 80 Model III ( N. Am . ) , essentially a TRS - 80 Model I repackaged in an all - in - one cabinet , to comply with FCC regulations for radiofrequency interference , to eliminate cable clutter , and use only one electrical outlet . Some enhancements like extended character set , repeating keys , and real time clock . June 1981 : Texas Instruments TI - 99 / 4A , based on the less successful TI - 99 / 4 . 1981 : Sinclair ZX81 ( Europe ) , £ 49.95 in kit form ; £ 69.95 pre-built , released as Timex Sinclair 1000 in US in 1982 . 1981 : BBC Micro ( Europe ) , premier educational computer in the UK for a decade ; advanced BBC BASIC with integrated 6502 machine code assembler , featured a myriad of I / O ports , ~ 1.5 million sold . April 1982 : Sinclair ZX Spectrum ( Europe ) , best - selling British home computer ; catalysed the UK software industry , widely cloned by the Soviet Union . June 1982 : MicroBee ( Australia ) , initially as a kit , then as a finished unit . August 1982 : Dragon 32 ( UK ) became , for a short time , the best - selling home micro in the United Kingdom .", "32": "August 1982 : Commodore 64 ( N. Am . ) , custom graphic & synthesizer chipset , best - selling computer model of all time : ~ 17 million sold . January 1983 : Apple IIe , Apple II enhanced . Reduced component count and production costs enabled high - volume production , until 1993 . April 1983 : TRS - 80 Model 4 , major upgrade compatible with Model III . Ran industry - standard CP / M , updated TRSDOS 6 , 4 MHz speed , 128KB RAM max , 80x24 screen , 640x240 high - res option . In September the transportable `` luggable '' Model 4P unveiled . 1983 : Acorn Electron A stripped down ' sibling ' of the BBC microcomputer with limited functionality . The Electron recovered from a slow start to become one of the more popular home computers of that era in the UK . 1983 : Coleco Adam , one of the few home computers to be sold only as a complete system with storage device and printer ; cousin to the ColecoVision game console . 1983 : MSX ( Japan , Korea , the Arab League , Europe , N + S. Am. , USSR ) , a computer ' reference design ' by ASCII and Microsoft , produced by several companies : ~ 5 million sold . 1983 : VTech Laser 200 , entry level computer aimed at being the cheapest on market , also sold as Salora Fellow , Texet TX8000 & Dick Smith VZ 200 . 1983 : Oric 1 and Oric Atmos , a home computer equipped with a full travel keyboard and an extended version of Microsoft BASIC in ROM . January 1984 : The Apple Macintosh is introduced , providing many consumers their first look at a graphical user interface , which would eventually replace the home computer as it was known . April 1984 : Apple IIc , Apple II compact . No expansion slots , and built - in ports for pseudo-plug and play ease of use . The Apple II most geared to home use , to complement the Apple IIe 's dominant education market share . 1984 : Tiki 100 ( Norway ) , Zilog Z80 - based home / educational computer made by Tiki Data .", "33": "1984 : Amstrad / Schneider , CPC , PCW ranges ( Europe ) , British standard before IBM PC ; German sales next to C64 . 1985 : TRS - 80 Model 4D : updated Model 4 with double - sided drives and Deskmate productivity suite . 1985 : Elektronika BK - 0010 , one of the first 16 - bit home computers ; made in USSR . 1985 : Robotron KC 85 / 1 ( Europe ) , one of the few home computers produced by the East German VEB Robotron - Meßelektronik `` Otto Schön '' Dresden . 1985 : Atari ST ( N. Am . ) , first with a graphical user interface ( GEM ) for less than US $1000 ; first with built - in MIDI interface ; also 1 MB RAM and 16 - bit Motorola 68000 processor for under US $1000 . June 1985 : Commodore 128 ( N. Am . ) Final , most advanced 8 - bit Commodore , retained full C64 compatibility while adding CP / M in a complex multi-mode architecture July 1985 : Commodore Amiga ( N. Am . ) , custom chip set for graphics and digital audio ; multitasking OS with both GUI and CLI interfaces ; 16 - bit Motorola 68000 processor . Initially designed as a game console but repositioned as a home computer . 1986 : Apple IIGS , Fifth and final model in the Apple II series , with greatly enhanced graphics and sound abilities . Used a 16 - bit 65C816 CPU , the same as used in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . June 1987 : Acorn Archimedes ( Europe ) , launched with an 8 MHz 32 - bit ARM 2 microprocessor , with between 512 KB and 4 MB of RAM , and an optional 20 or 40 MB hard drive . October 1987 : Commodore Amiga 500 ( N. Am . ) , Amiga 1000 repackaged into a C64 - like housing with keyboard and motherboard in the same enclosure , along with a 3.5 '' floppy disk drive . Introduced at the same time as the more expandable Amiga 2000 .", "34": "1989 : SAM Coupé ( Europe ) , based on 6 MHz Z80 microprocessor ; marketed as a logical upgrade from the Sinclair ZX Spectrum . See also ( edit ) Educational toy Computer magazines History of computing hardware ( 1960s -- present ) Homebuilt computer Honeywell 316 a `` home computer '' from 1969 Raspberry Pi List of home computers List of home computers by category List of home computers by video hardware List of video game consoles Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market Microprocessor development board and List of early microcomputers , first microprocessor based systems used by hobbyists Personal computer Pirates of Silicon Valley -- docu - fiction focused on Apple and Microsoft evolution Triumph of the Nerds Video Display Controller , chips that were used to create the video graphics of many early home computers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IBM PC turns 25 '' . CNN . Several popular home computers existed before the 1981 IBM PC launch . But the regimented business world considered Apple , Commodore , and Radio Shack 's Tandy products `` toys . '' Jump up ^ Video of old TV Ad for Atari Home computers from YouTube Archived January 30 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Home computer ads '' . Wotsit.thingy.com. 2001 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ More home computer TV ads Jump up ^ `` May 1982 VIC - 20 ad '' . Jump up ^ `` Franklin ACE2000 ad '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Age of Basic '' . Let 's not kid ourselves in a haze of nostalgia -- there are very good reasons why things like Scratch and Processing were created , the same reasons why many , if not most , of those 8 - bit machines wound up being used solely to play games . Tapping out Basic programs often meant a lot of effort with nothing to show for it other than that Great Sphinx of computer messages : `` SYNTAX ERROR . '' Jump up ^ `` Fifty Years of BASIC , the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal '' .", "35": "Jump up ^ `` CNN.com readers recall the life - changing Commodore 64 '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Reimer ( December 2005 ) . `` Personal Computer Market Share : 1975 -- 2004 '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ David Brin . `` Why Johnny ca n't code '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 21 , page 34 '' . Radio Shack Catalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halfhill , Tom . `` Compute ! Magazine , December 1986 , The MS - DOS Invasion , IBM Compatibles Are Coming Home , page 32 '' . atarimagazines.com . ABC Publishing . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , David . `` IBM home computer clones stream in '' . csmonitor dot com . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 17 , page 9 '' . radioshackcatalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 19 , page 9 '' . radioshackcatalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 22 , page 14 '' . radioshackcatalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 22 , page 15 '' . radioshackcatalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Epson Equity 1e '' . ancientelectronics . justinwt . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 .", "36": "Jump up ^ `` PC1512 and the Fall of Amstrad '' . I Programmer . Mike James ( website Editor ) . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Amstrad PC - 1512 : The Affordable IBM PC Compatible for Europe '' . Nerdly Pleasures . Great Hierophant . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infoworld , September 28 , 1987 , page 76 '' . books.google.com/books . International Data Group . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zenith EaZy PC '' . oldcomputers.net . Steven Stengel . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosch , Winn . `` Cost - Conscious Computing '' . books.google.com/books . PC Magazine . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kellner , Mark . `` Plain Vanilla Korean PC Offers Users Basic Value , Infoworld Review , January 26 , 1987 , page 54 '' . books.google.com/books . International Data Group . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Offers An I.B.M. ' Clone ' , October 23 , 1986 '' . newyorktimes dot com . New York Times Co . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Chip , Hyundai introduce new PC , October 22 , 1986 '' . upi dot com / Archives / 1986 . United Press International . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commodore PC compatible systems '' . old - computers dot com . Thierry Schembri and Olivier Boisseau . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atari PCs '' . old - computers dot com . Thierry Schembri and Olivier Boisseau . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spicer , Dag ( 2000 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Dag Spier , ' ' If You Ca n't Stand the Coding , Stay Out of the Kitchen ' ' , `` Dr.", "37": "Dobb 's Journal ' ' , August 12 , 2000 '' . Drdobbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` James Tomayko `` Anecdotes : Electronic Computer for Home Operation , The First Home Computer '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://jdh.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/2/163.full.pdf Paul Atkinson , The Curious Case of the Kitchen Computer : Products and Non-Products in Design History , from Journal of Design History , Vol. 23 No. 2 doi : 10.1093. jdh / epq010 Jump up ^ `` Ed Roberts Interview '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Texas Instruments TI - 99 / 4 computer : At the start , the TI99 / 4 could not offer an RF - modulator certified by United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and had to use an expensive modified TV instead Jump up ^ Blundell , Gregory S. ( January 1983 ) . `` Personal Computers in the Eighties '' . BYTE . p. 166 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Specialty Expressions : Microsoft Basic '' . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beuscher , Dave ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) . `` About the Expansion Module # 3 for the Colecovision '' . AllGame . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` C64 Type - In Books '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 10 PRINT CHR $ ( 205.5 + RND ( 1 ) ) ; : GOTO 10 '' . Jump up ^ `` SYSTEMS RELEASED IN ~ 1982 ~ '' . Jump up ^ `` about the history of the MSX standard '' . Msx.gnu-linux.net . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` VisiCalc and the Rise of the Apple II '' . lowendmac.com .", "38": "Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Triumph of the Nerds Television Program Transcripts : Part III '' . PBS ( Public Broadcasting System ) . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Green , Wayne ( July 1980 ) . `` Publisher 's Remarks '' . Kilobaud . p. 6 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Keith ( 1988 - 07 ) . `` Windows on John Roach '' . Compute ! . pp. 88 -- 89 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` IBM PCjr leads the way for industry '' . The Pantagraph . The Washington Post . 1983 - 11 - 06 . pp. E6 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( 1984 - 05 - 17 ) . `` I.B.M. 'S PROBLEMS WITH JUNIOR '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Halfhill , Tom R. ( December 1986 ) . `` The MS - DOS Invasion / IBM Compatibles Are Coming Home '' . Compute ! . p. 32 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fusion , Transfusion or Confusion / Future Directions In Computer Entertainment '' . Computer Gaming World . December 1990 . p. 26 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Jeffrey ; Wells , Robert P. ; Rochowansky , Sandra ; Mellid , Michael , eds. ( 1984 ) . The Addison - Wesley Book of Atari Software . Addison - Wesley . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 16454 - X . Jump up ^ Harris , Neil ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Re : Is Atari killing the 8 bit ? '' . Newsgroup : comp. sys. atari. 8bit .", "39": "Usenet : 730@atari.UUCP . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hacking Europe : From Computer Cultures to Demoscenes '' . Jump up ^ The TI99 / 4 was unique in using a 16 bit processor from Retrogaming Times , Issue 42 , February 20 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Early Home Computers '' . Jump up ^ `` TI vs Tomy Tutor '' . Jump up ^ `` Telecomputing Today , Compute September 1983 '' . This process may sound familiar . That 's because it 's very similar to the way the computer saves programs and other data on the cassette recorder . Jump up ^ Hall , Douglas V. ( 1983 ) . Microprocessors and Digital Systems ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 153 -- 154 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 025552 - 0 . Jump up ^ List of TI99 / 4 cartridges , mostly games from OldComputers.net Jump up ^ `` Games vs. Hardware . The History of PC video games : The 80 's '' . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to EMC '' . Jump up ^ TRS - 80 the `` Trash - 80 '' from PC-History.org Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( 27 September 2007 ) . `` Ken Olsen Computer Quote '' . snopes . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The Computer Revolution from eNotes.com Jump up ^ The computer revolution from The Eighties Club Jump up ^ `` Commodore.ca - History - 1983 Telecomputing , Vic Modem '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide '' ( PDF ) . The Commodore 64 Home Babysitter cartridge can keep your youngest child occupied for hours and teach alphabet / keyboard recognition at the same time . It also teaches special learning concepts and relationships . Jump up ^ `` Online Shopping in the 1980s '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . October -- December 2011 . pp. 57 -- 61 . ISSN 1058 - 6180 .", "40": "Jump up ^ `` How Newspapers Tried to Invent the Web '' . Jump up ^ A Small World : Smart Houses and the Dream of the Perfect Day . Jump up ^ `` Livable New York Resource Manual : SMART HOMES ( Home Automation ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` A 1980s Home Computer Family Celebration '' . ^ Jump up to : Needle , David ( 1984 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Q&A : Steve Leininger '' . InfoWorld . p. 66 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gutman , Dan ( September 1987 ) . `` What happened to the computer revolution ? '' . Commodore Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` What is UNIX '' . Jump up ^ `` How Much Information ? '' . Jump up ^ `` NAVIGATION THROUGH CD - ROM MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES : THE APPLICATION OF MULTIMEDIA CD - ROMS IN SCHOOLS '' . Jump up ^ `` Reading from paper versus screens : a critical review of the empirical literature '' . Jump up ^ InfoWorld Jan 20 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Personal Computing : The CD - ROMs Are Coming , Compute ! magazine February 1987 '' . Jump up ^ `` New Technologies : The Converging Digital Universe , Compute ! magazine , April 1986 '' . Although the initial purchase price of $1495 may keep initial sales out of the home market in volume , the price for CD - ROM technology is expected to drop quickly over the next couple of years . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Peter W. ( 1983 - 09 - 06 ) . `` A summer - CES report '' . Boston Phoenix . p. 4 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitmore , Sam ( November 1983 ) . `` Fermentations '' . inCider . p. 10 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gutman , Dan ( December 1987 ) . `` The Fall And Rise Of Computer Games '' . Compute ! 's Apple Applications . p. 64 .", "41": "Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbeloth , DeWitt ( October -- November 1985 ) . `` Whither Apple ? '' . II Computing . p. 8 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1980s Home Coding the art of amateur programming '' . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Ronald ( 1983 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Computers ; The Abounding Uncertainties ; Consumers and Companies Spar in New Arena without Guidelines '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( 1985 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Home Computer is Out in the Cold '' . The New York Times . p . C1 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Science Foundation , Division of Science Resources Studies The Application and Implications of Information Technologies in the Home : Where are the Data and What Do They Say ? Arlington , VA ( NSF 01 - 313 ) ( March 2001 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Why TV Lost '' . About twenty years ago people noticed computers and TV were on a collision course and started to speculate about what they 'd produce when they converged . We now know the answer : computers . Jump up ^ Horseless Classrooms from the Hawaii Education & Research Network Archived June 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Clement Ader from Beb 's Old Phones Jump up ^ `` Surf the Web on your Commodore 64 '' . Jump up ^ `` Retro - Computing with FPGAs - Slashdot '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HCM : Links '' . Jump up ^ Reviving Old Computer Games from xtrazone.com Archived October 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` gametap.com Site Overview '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` number of C64s sold '' . Gamasutra.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 .", "42": "Jump up ^ Valéry , Nicholas ( 1977 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Spare a byte for the family '' . New Scientist . pp. 405 -- 406 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Pountain , Dick ( January 1985 ) . `` The Amstrad CPC 464 '' . BYTE . p. 401 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ 25th Anniversary of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum from Slashdot Jump up ^ Format Wars : The Tech that should have Won from ArmchairArcade.com Jump up ^ Tandy TRS - 80 catalog listing many business uses ( PDF ) Archived May 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' VisiCalc was first released for the Apple II , which quickly became an invaluable tool for businesspeople - at least until IBM moved into the `` personal computing '' market in 1981. `` '' . Lowendmac.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` IBM PCjr '' . Jump up ^ `` IBM PCjr '' . Jump up ^ administrator@commodore.ca . `` Commodore Educational brochure '' . Commodore.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( June 5 , 2007 ) . `` June 5 , 1977 : From a Little Apple a Mighty Industry Grows '' . Wired . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Retails Z80 - Based System '' . Computerworld . IDG Enterprise . 11 ( 34 ) : 37 . August 22 , 1977 . ISSN 0010 - 4841 . Jump up ^ What 's New ( February 1978 ) , `` Commodore Ships First PET Computers '' , BYTE , Byte Publications , vol. 3 no . 2 , p. 190 Commodore press release . `` The PET computer made its debut recently as the first 100 units were shipped to waiting customers in mid-October 1977 . ''", "43": "Jump up ^ Grandiose Price for a Modest PC from Wired Jump up ^ `` Amiga : The Computer That Would n't Die '' . In response to its designers ' ambitions and a changing marketplace , it evolved from a video game console into a home computer before it even reached the prototype stage . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1978 a Z80 based home computer called the Exidy Sorcerer was introduced , starting at $895 . It was similar to the TRS - 80 but ran the industry standard CP / M operating system . Also in 1978 , in Japan , Sharp introduced its Sharp MZ computer aimed at consumers . It was the first of a series of Z80 machines which sold well in Europe . Later in 1982 Sharp launched its similar but more advanced X1 . Another early and ( relatively ) inexpensive Z80 computer was the Heathkit H89 first available in 1979 . It cost $2295 preassembled or $1595 as a kit . It used its own OS called HDOS but later CP / M became standard . Jump up ^ In late 1979 Apple upgraded its Apple II with the II Plus . Tandy / Radio Shack replaced its Model I with the shielded , all - in - one Model III , which added a few new features . This period is unique because for the first time used computers became available , as owners upgraded to newer models . Users satisfied with older technology but interested in saving money could find bargains not only for the computers but also for peripherals . Technically savvy individuals often found that newer technology could be retrofitted to obsolete computers . In the Netherlands in 1982 , a small firm called MCP ( Music Computer Products ) made a hybrid Model III - CP / M computer they called the Aster CT - 80 , which was notably advanced . Jump up ^ In October 1983 the Coleco Adam was developed from the Colecovision game console . It caused a commotion in the market with advanced features ( Z80 chip with 64KB memory and CP / M capability , color graphics , decent keyboard and letter - quality printer ) , an existing large library of game programs , and an affordable price , but suffered from major technical deficiencies .", "44": "The Commodore 16 was a low - end machine meant to compete against the TI , Mattel Aquarius , and Timex / Sinclair computers . It lost importance when these competitors were withdrawn . Further , it was technically related to the failed business - oriented Commodore Plus / 4 and was incompatible with the VIC - 20 and C - 64 , which doomed it to obscurity . Atari also produced the 600XL , a smaller companion to the 800XL . It had 16 KB RAM but was otherwise similar . Tandy / Radio Shack also produced the ultra-cheap lesser - known MC - 10 . In the UK , Acorn produced its Electron , which was a budget version of the BBC Micro , and Dragon Data in Wales produced a Color Computer workalike based on the 6809 , the Dragon 32 . In Japan , Fujitsu marketed the Coco - like FM - 7 . Jump up ^ See text below for descriptions of other popular PCs for the home market : Epson Equity , Leading Edge Models M and D , Hyundai Blue Chip , Amstrad PC - 1512 , Zenith eaZy PC , and Commodore and Atari PC - compatibles . Also during this period Apple introduced its Apple IIc and Tandy / Radio Shack the last of its Z80 powered line , the TRS - 80 Model 4D . Jump up ^ In late 1990 Apple produced its Macintosh LC ( Low Cost ) , which was meant to compete with cheap PCs for the home and small business markets . It was priced around $3000 with a color monitor . The Commodore 64 was repackaged as the C - 64C , the Atari 800XL was repackaged as the Atari 65XE , and an enhanced version with 128 KB of banked RAM was produced as the Atari 130XE . The Atari STs evolved into the 32 - bit TT030 and Falcon , and Amigas likewise grew into various models ( A600 , A1200 , A2000 , A3000 , A4000 ) with 32 - bit 680x0 CPUs with faster clock rates and megabytes of RAM . In Japan , in 1987 Sharp produced its advanced X68000 strictly for the Japanese market .", "45": "All these updated computer lines , 8 - , 16 - , and 32 - bit , continued to sell into the early 1990s . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Home computers . Rune 's PC Museum Home of the home computer Collection of old analog and digital computers at Old Computer Museum Computer History Museum -- An online museum of home computing and gaming HCM - Home Computer Museum `` Total share : 30 years of personal computer market share figures '' -- From Ars Technica article on computing in the 1980s Google Books link to A history of the personal computer : the people and the technology by Roy A. Allan Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement Notebook 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "46": "php?title=Home_computer&oldid=804915862 '' Categories : Home computers Computer - related introductions in 1977 1980s fads and trends Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Interlingua Íslenska Italiano Lietuvių Lumbaart Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 22 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia", "47": null, "48": null, "49": null, "50": null, "51": null, "52": null, "53": null, "54": null, "55": null, "56": null, "57": null, "58": null, "59": null, "60": null, "61": null, "62": null, "63": null, "64": null, "65": null, "66": null, "67": null, "68": null, "69": null, "70": null, "71": null, "72": null, "73": null, "74": null, "75": null, "76": null, "77": null, "78": null, "79": null, "80": null, "81": null, "82": null, "83": null, "84": null, "85": null, "86": null, "87": null, "88": null, "89": null, "90": null, "91": null, "92": null, "93": null, "94": null, "95": null, "96": null, "97": null, "98": null, "99": null, "100": null, "101": null, "102": null, "103": null, "104": null, "105": null, "106": null, "107": null, "108": null, "109": null, "110": null, "111": null, "112": null, "113": null, "114": null, "115": null, "116": null, "117": null, "118": null, "119": null, "120": null, "121": null, "122": null, "123": null, "124": null, "125": null, "126": null, "127": null, "128": null, "129": null, "130": null, "131": null, "132": null, "133": null, "134": null, "135": null, "136": null, "137": null, "138": null, "139": null, "140": null, "141": null, "142": null, "143": null, "144": null, "145": null, "146": null, "147": null, "148": null, "149": null, "150": null, "151": null, "152": null, "153": null, "154": null, "155": null, "156": null, "157": null, "158": null, "159": null, "160": null, "161": null, "162": null, "163": null, "164": null, "165": null, "166": null, "167": null, "168": null, "169": null, "170": null, "171": null, "172": null, "173": null, "174": null, "175": null, "176": null, "177": null, "178": null, "179": null, "180": null, "181": null, "182": null, "183": null, "184": null, "185": null }	[ 33, 32, 13, 18, 3, 26, 7, 12, 17, 45, 4, 20, 30, 11, 16, 29, 31, 10, 6, 25, 46, 0, 5, 43, 34, 14, 15, 21, 42, 24, 2, 41, 44, 19, 39, 8, 37, 40, 9, 35, 22, 38, 23, 28, 27, 1, 36 ]	[ 18, 33, 32, 13, 3 ]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.